initial commit of ebook 37535HEADmain

12 files changed, 14892 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/37535-8.txt b/37535-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68eaf84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4922 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National Monument
+and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society
+
+Author: Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+Release Date: September 25, 2011 [EBook #37535]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+  OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+  AND OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL
+  MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+  BY FREDERICK L. HARVEY, Secretary,
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+
+  PRESS OF
+  NORMAN T. ELLIOTT PRINTING CO.,
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+  1902.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+
+AND OF THE
+
+WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+
+The practical construction of the Washington National Monument, in
+detail, as a work of great engineering skill, is a subject for separate
+account and technical discussion.
+
+The _history_ of the Monument is found in the annals and proceedings of
+Congress and in the records and archives of the Washington National
+Monument Society. This history, in the main, is the history of that
+Society--its original formation, subsequent incorporation by act of
+Congress, and its long continued and patriotic labors to fulfil the
+object of its existence, the erection at the seat of the Federal
+Government of a great Monument to the memory of Washington.
+
+The origin of the Society is to be found in the failure of the National
+Congress, through a long series of years, to redeem a solemn pledge made
+by the Continental Congress, in 1783.
+
+A review of this failure properly precedes any account of the Society or
+of the constructed Monument.
+
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+On the 7th of August, 1783, it was resolved by the Congress "that an
+equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the place where
+the residence of Congress shall be established." The resolution also
+directed that "the statue should be supported by a marble pedestal on
+which should be represented four principal events of the war in which he
+commanded in person."
+
+On the pedestal were to have been engraved the following words:
+
+  "The United States, in Congress assembled, ordered this statue to be
+  erected in the year of our Lord, 1783, in honor of George
+  Washington, the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the
+  United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured
+  their liberty, sovereignty, and independence."
+
+At this time Washington was beloved by the American people as their
+great leader in their struggle for liberty. But the passage of this
+resolution by Congress was not followed by any legislative action
+looking to its practical execution.
+
+As President of the United States, by his wise administration of the
+affairs of the new-born Republic, he so added to his fame and so won the
+gratitude of his countrymen, that on his death a select joint committee
+of both Houses of Congress was appointed to consider a suitable manner
+of paying honor to his memory.
+
+December 24, 1799, on motion of John Marshall, in the House of
+Representatives, it was resolved by Congress, among other things, "that
+a marble monument be erected by the United States at the City of
+Washington, and that the family of General Washington be requested to
+permit his body to be deposited under it; and that the monument be so
+designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and
+political life."
+
+A copy of the resolutions was sent to his widow by the President of the
+United States. In her reply, acceding to the request, she said:
+
+  "Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me
+  never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I need not, I
+  cannot, say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense
+  of public duty."
+
+The select committee which was appointed to carry into effect the
+foregoing resolution, and of which Mr. Henry Lee was chairman, reported
+on the 8th of May, 1800, that a marble monument be erected by the United
+States, at the Capital, in honor of General Washington, to commemorate
+his services, and to express the feeling of the American people for
+their irreparable loss. It was further directed by this report that the
+resolution of the Continental Congress of August 7, 1783, should be
+carried into immediate execution, the pedestal to bear the inscription
+which that Congress had ordered for it.
+
+Upon considering the report and resolution of the select committee that
+part in reference to the equestrian statue was so amended by Congress as
+to provide that a "mausoleum of American granite and marble, in
+pyramidal form, one hundred feet square at the base and of a
+proportionate height," should be erected instead of it.
+
+To carry these resolves into execution no appropriation was then made;
+but on the 1st of January, 1801, it appears the House of Representatives
+passed a bill appropriating $200,000 to cover the objects of their
+resolution.
+
+The Senate, however, did not concur in this act. The reason, perhaps,
+may be found in the political questions then absorbing the attention of
+Congress and the people, and which continued until the War of 1812.
+
+The subject of a suitable national memorial to Washington now slept
+apparently forgotten until 1816, when it again awoke in the Halls of
+Congress. In the month of February of that year, the General Assembly of
+Virginia instructed the Governor of that State to correspond with Judge
+Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon, with the object of
+securing his consent to the removal of Washington's remains to Richmond,
+to be there marked by a fitting monument to his memory. Upon learning of
+this action by the General Assembly of Virginia, Congress, being then in
+session, Hon. Benjamin Huger, a member from South Carolina, and who had
+been in the Congress of 1799, moved that a select joint committee of
+both Houses be appointed to carry into effect the proceedings had by
+Congress at the time of Washington's death. In this the Senate
+concurred.
+
+The committee proposed was appointed, and later introduced a bill and
+reported, recommending that a tomb should be prepared in the foundations
+of the Capitol for the remains of Washington, and that a _monument_
+should be erected to his memory. But this plan for the removal of the
+remains failed. Judge Bushrod Washington declining to consent to their
+removal on the ground that they had been deposited in the vault at Mount
+Vernon in conformity with Washington's express wish. "It is his own
+will," said Judge Washington, writing to the Governor of Virginia, "and
+that will is to me a law which I dare not disobey." The recorded action
+in the House of Representatives on this bill was, "And that said bill be
+indefinitely postponed."
+
+No report seems to have been made in the Senate. A vault, however,
+appears to have been prepared for the remains beneath the center of the
+dome and rotunda of the Capitol and beneath the floor of its crypt.
+
+Again did Congress fail to take steps to carry out its deliberate action
+to build a monument to Washington. In 1819, Mr. Goldsborough, in the
+Senate, moved a resolution to erect an equestrian statue to General
+Washington, which passed July 19th. The resolution was read twice in the
+House, referred to Committee of the Whole, and was indefinitely
+postponed.
+
+On the 15th of January, 1824, Mr. James Buchanan, then a member of the
+House of Representatives, and later President of the United States,
+offered to that body the following resolution:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That a committee be appointed whose duty it shall be to
+    inquire in what manner the resolution of Congress, passed on the
+    24th of December, 1799, relative to the erection of a marble
+    monument in the Capitol, at the City of Washington, to commemorate
+    the great events of the military and political life of General
+    Washington may be best accomplished, and that they have leave to
+    report by bill or otherwise."
+
+This resolution, after some discussion, was laid on the table. The hour
+was not propitious, and honor to the memory of Washington was again
+deferred.
+
+In his first annual message to Congress, dated December 6, 1825, the
+President, John Quincy Adams, invited the attention of Congress to its
+unfulfilled pledge in the following language:
+
+  "On the 24th of December, 1799, it was resolved by Congress that a
+  marble monument should be erected by the United States in the Capitol,
+  at the City of Washington; that the family of General Washington should
+  be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it, and that the
+  monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his
+  military and political life. In reminding Congress of this resolution,
+  and that the monument contemplated by it remains yet without execution,
+  I shall indulge only the remarks that the works at the Capitol are
+  approaching completion; that the consent of the family, desired by the
+  resolution, was requested and obtained; that a monument has been
+  recently erected in this city over the remains of another distinguished
+  patriot of the Revolution, and that a spot has been reserved within the
+  walls where you are deliberating for the benefit of this and future
+  ages, in which the mortal remains may be deposited of him whose spirit
+  hovers over you and listens with delight to every act of the
+  Representatives of this Nation which can tend to exalt and adorn his and
+  their country."
+
+But this reminder of the President's went unheeded by the Congress to
+which it was addressed.
+
+Several years now elapsed before the question again arose in Congress of
+a monument to the memory of Washington. On the 13th of February, 1832, a
+report was made to the Senate of the United States by Henry Clay, and to
+the House of Representatives by Mr. Philemon Thomas, chairmen,
+respectively, of committees to make arrangements for celebrating the
+approaching centennial anniversary of Washington's birthday. One of the
+resolutions authorized the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
+the House of Representatives "to make application to John A. Washington,
+of Mount Vernon, for the body of George Washington, to be removed and
+deposited in the Capitol at Washington City, in conformity with the
+resolutions of Congress of the 24th of December, 1799, and that if they
+obtain the requisite consent to the removal thereof they be further
+authorized to cause it to be removed and deposited in the Capitol on the
+22d day of February, 1832."
+
+It will be noted that this resolution does not suggest any connection
+between the removal of the remains and their being deposited under a
+monument, as proposed by the resolution of 1799. At this time, one of
+the standing committees of the House of Representatives, as it appears,
+had under consideration the erection of a marble statue of Washington,
+to be executed by Mr. Horatio Greenough, and which it was proposed to
+place in the centre of the rotunda of the Capitol. The resolution
+providing for this statue had been introduced into the House of
+Representatives in 1830.
+
+Upon the submission of the select committee's resolutions for the
+removal of Washington's remains discussion arose. From a remark by Mr.
+Clay, the purpose seems to have been to place the remains in the vault
+under the center of the rotunda, which had been suggested on a former
+occasion by President Adams, in 1825.
+
+The two Senators and some of the Representatives from Virginia opposed
+the removal of the remains of Washington from Mount Vernon. In the
+discussion Senator Tazewell referred to the application by Virginia in
+1816 for the removal of the remains of Washington to Richmond, to be
+there deposited under a suitable monument. He remarked that Judge
+Washington replied that "it was impossible for him consent to the
+removal unless the remains of one of those dear relations accompanied
+the body."
+
+"Are the remains," asked Mr. Tazewell, "of the husband to be removed
+from the side of the wife? In their lives they lived happily together,
+and I never will consent to divide them in death."
+
+This thought appears to have made so strong an impression on Congress
+that the resolution was altered so as to ask the consent of Mr. John A.
+Washington and that of Mr. George Washington P. Custis, the grandson of
+Mrs. Martha Washington, for the removal and depositing in the Capitol at
+Washington City of her remains at the same time with those of her late
+consort, George Washington.
+
+In response to the purpose of the resolution, Mr. John A. Washington
+felt constrained to withhold his consent by the fact that General
+Washington's will, in respect to the disposition of his remains, had
+been recently carried into full effect. Mr. Custis, however, took a
+different view of that clause in the will, and gave his "most hearty
+consent to the removal of the remains after the manner proposed," and
+congratulated "the Government upon the approaching consummation of a
+great act of national gratitude."
+
+In the debate in the House of Representatives on the resolution and
+accompanying report, Mr. Doddridge, of Virginia, remarked that he was a
+member of the State's legislature when the transaction by it took place
+in 1816, and "he felt entirely satisfied that the resolution for
+removing the remains to Richmond would never have passed the Assembly of
+Virginia but for the loss of all hope that Congress would act in the
+matter."
+
+Mr. Duffie opposed the removal of the remains, saying: "As to a
+monument, rear it; spend upon it what you will; make it durable as the
+pyramids, eternal as the mountains; you shall have my co-operation.
+Erect, if you please, a mausoleum to the memory of Washington in the
+Capitol, and let it be as splendid as art can make it."
+
+The refusal of Mr. John A. Washington to permit the removal of the
+remains of Washington seems to have prompted Mr. Clay to urge the
+adoption of the pending resolution to erect a statue of Washington at
+the Capitol. "An image," he said, "a testimonial of this great man, the
+Father of his Country, should exist in every part of the Union as a
+memorial of his patriotism and of the services rendered his country; but
+of all places, it was required in this Capitol, the center of the Union,
+the offspring, the creation, of his mind and of his labors."
+
+The resolution for the statue of Washington by Greenough was adopted,
+and it was ordered. The statue was made and was placed in the rotunda in
+1841, but subsequently removed into the east park of the Capitol, where
+it now rests.
+
+In 1853, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the erection of an equestrian
+statue of George Washington by Clark Mills.
+
+This statue, in bronze, representing Washington on the line at the
+battle of Princeton, was placed in its present location in the public
+circle at Pennsylvania avenue and Twenty-third street, in the City of
+Washington.
+
+
+THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+The resolutions and proceedings of Congress which have been referred to
+having remained unexecuted as late as 1833, certain citizens of the City
+of Washington, whose names were a passport to public confidence, took
+steps in that year to form a voluntary association for erecting "a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government."
+
+In September, 1833, a paragraph appeared in the "National
+Intelligencer," leading paper of the City of Washington, calling for a
+public meeting of the citizens of Washington to take up the matter and
+redeem the pledges of Congress. In response to this call a meeting of
+citizens was held in the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, on the
+26th of September, 1833. There was great interest and earnestness
+manifested on the part of those present in the object of the meeting.
+The oft-repeated failure of Congress to finally act in the matter of
+erecting a monument to Washington was reviewed, and it was deemed almost
+hopeless to expect that body to provide for such a monument in the near
+future.
+
+The meeting resulted in the organization of the Washington National
+Monument Society. Committees were appointed to draft a constitution and
+by-laws, and to report at a future meeting of the citizens and to devise
+a practical plan for the collection of funds and to prepare an address
+to the country.
+
+On October 31 following the second meeting was had, Constitution and
+By-Laws were adopted, and officers were chosen, being nominated by a
+committee and elected by ballot:
+
+John Marshall, the great Chief Justice, then seventy-eight years of age,
+was chosen the first President of the Society, and Judge William Cranch,
+eminent as a learned jurist, as a just and impartial magistrate and for
+the uprightness of his life, was selected as the first Vice-President.
+
+In accepting the office of President of the Society, Mr. Marshall
+replied as follows to the letter of notification addressed to him by
+Judge Cranch:
+
+                                       "RICHMOND, _November 25, 1833_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: I received yesterday your letter of the 22d, informing me
+  that the 'Washington Monument Society' has done me the honor to
+  choose me as its President.
+
+  "You are right in supposing that the most ardent wish of my heart is
+  to see some lasting testimonial of the grateful affection of his
+  country erected to the memory of her first citizen. I have always
+  wished it, and have always thought that the Metropolis of the Union
+  was the fit place for this National Monument. I cannot, therefore,
+  refuse to take any place which the Society may assign me; and though
+  my advanced age forbids the hope of being useful, I am encouraged by
+  the name of the First Vice-President to believe that in him ample
+  compensation will be found for any defects in the President.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I am, dear sir,
+
+                   "Your obd't,
+
+                                                         "J. MARSHALL."
+
+Other officers then chosen were the Mayor of Washington, Second
+Vice-President (at that time John P. Van Ness, formerly a Representative
+in Congress); W. W. Seaton, Third Vice-President; Samuel H. Smith,
+Treasurer; and George Watterston, Secretary. A board of thirteen
+managers was also appointed to correspond in number with the original
+States. This board consisted of Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, Col. Jas.
+Kearney, Col. Nathan Towson, Col. Archibald Henderson, Matthew St.
+Claire Clark, John McClelland, Thomas Munroe, Col. Geo. Bomford, Robert
+C. Weightman, Peter Force, Wm. Brent, Esq., Wm. A. Bradley, and Thomas
+Carbery. Aside from other stated meetings to be provided for, an
+election for officers and managers was to be held every third year on
+the 22d of February.
+
+Of the founders of the Society, the name of George Watterston calls for
+especial mention. With him originated the conception of the enterprise.
+He remained as Secretary of the Society from its beginning to his death,
+in February, 1854, conducting its extensive correspondence, preparing
+its numerous addresses and publications, and it appears, in every branch
+of the Society's business, he devoted his whole time and energies to its
+object with constant, ardent, and effective zeal. To no one name does
+the country owe more in the labor and effort to rear a monument to the
+memory of Washington than to that of the Society's first Secretary. On
+the death of Mr. Watterston he was succeeded in his office by Mr. John
+Carroll Brent, of distinguished family, a gentleman of culture and fine
+scholarship, and who continued actively and patriotically to discharge
+the duties of Secretary until his death, February 11, 1876. It is as
+well here to mention the other and succeeding secretaries of the
+Society, who in turn ardently and effectively aided the work of the
+Society through years. Dr. John B. Blake, a prominent, highly-respected
+resident of the District of Columbia, who served from the year 1876 to
+his death, in October, 1881, and to whose labors before Congress in
+connection with the Society's special committees, the certainty of an
+appropriation by that body to aid in the completion of the monument was
+assured. He was succeeded by Mr. Horatio King, formerly
+Postmaster-General of the United States, who in turn, on his death, was
+succeeded by Dr. Francis M. Gunnell of the United States Navy, and the
+latter by Frederick L. Harvey.
+
+The Society, upon organization, established its headquarters and offices
+in rooms in the basement of the City Hall, and where its office
+remained until the year 1878.
+
+An address was issued to the people of the country invoking them to
+redeem the promise of the Congress. In order that all might have an
+opportunity to contribute the amount to be received from any one person
+was limited to a dollar a year. Agents were everywhere appointed in 1835
+and the ensuing years to collect funds, and care is shown to have been
+taken in their selection by requiring the highest and strongest
+endorsement of their fitness for the work, and as to private character
+and being men of respectability. The archives of the Society show that
+in nearly every instance collectors for a State or Territory were
+nominated to the Society for appointment by the Senators,
+Representatives, or leading men of the State or community. To obtain
+security in the returns front collections, it was required in every case
+that bond should be given by the agent for the faithful performance of
+his duty in accounting to the Treasurer of the Society. This method of
+collecting funds was adhered to until as late as 1855.
+
+The following is the form of a commission that was given to the agents
+of the Society:
+
+  "To all who shall see these presents, Greeting:
+
+  "Know ye, That reposing special trust and confidence in the
+  integrity, diligence, and discretion of ---- ----, the Board of
+  Managers of the Washington National Monument Society do authorize
+  and empower him to receive from the White Inhabitants of the
+  District for which he has been appointed Collector, embracing ----
+  such donations money, not exceeding one dollar each, as they may be
+  disposed to contribute to the erection of a National Monument to
+  the memory of Washington at the seat of the General Government.
+
+  "Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this -- day of
+  ----, 183 .
+
+                                                "WM. CRANCH,
+                                          "_First Vice-President_.
+
+  "Test.
+    "GEO. WATTERSTON,
+             "_Secretary_."
+
+Simultaneous with this commission instructions were given requiring the
+regular rendition of accounts at short intervals, and the deposit of the
+money collected by them in safe banks to the credit of the Treasurer.
+For these services a commission, in most cases of ten per centum (later
+increased to fifteen per centum), was allowed.
+
+In 1835, the President of the Society, John Marshall, died, and he was
+succeeded in the office by ex-President of the United States James
+Madison, who, on accepting the position, addressed the Society as
+follows:
+
+  "I am very sensible of the distinction conferred by the relations in
+  which the Society has placed me; and feeling like my illustrious
+  predecessor, a deep interest in the object of the association, I
+  cannot withhold, as an evidence of it, the acceptance of the
+  appointment, though aware that, in my actual condition, it cannot be
+  more than honorary, and that under no circumstances could it supply
+  the loss which the Society has sustained. A monument worthy the name
+  of Washington, reared by the means proposed, will commemorate at the
+  same time a virtue, a patriotism, and a gratitude truly national,
+  with which the friends of liberty everywhere will sympathize and of
+  which our country may always be proud."
+
+It may be here remarked that upon the death of Mr. Madison the Society
+amended its Constitution so that thereafter the President of the United
+States should be _ex officio_ its President. The first to so occupy the
+office was Andrew Jackson.
+
+The progress of the Society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about
+$28,000 had been collected. This fund was placed in the hands of Gen.
+Nathan Towson, Samuel H. Smith, and Thomas Munroe, gentlemen of the
+highest respectability, members of the Society. Under their faithful and
+judicious management this fund was invested, as also the interest
+accruing on it, in good stocks or securities. This fund was from time to
+time augmented by small amounts raised on special occasions by churches,
+organizations, and meetings of the citizens and collections by agents.
+The financial difficulties of the Union arising in 1837 operated largely
+to suspend collections for the monument for several years despite
+frequent addresses to the people and urgent appeals for funds by the
+Society and activity by its agents.
+
+In this year, 1836, advertisements were published by order of the
+Society inviting designs from American artists, but no limitation was
+placed upon the form of the design. It was determined by the Society,
+and so recommended, that any plans submitted should "harmoniously blend
+durability, simplicity, and grandeur." The estimated cost for the
+proposed monument was not less than one million dollars.
+
+A great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the
+number was that of Mr. Robert Mills, a well known and eminent architect
+of the times.
+
+This plan, as published to the country, was described in the following
+language:
+
+  _Description of the Design of the Washington National Monument, to
+    be erected at the seat of the General Government of the United
+    States of America, in honor of "the Father of his Country," and the
+    worthy compatriots of the Revolution._
+
+  This design embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded
+  building, 250 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, from which springs
+  a obelisk shaft 70 feet at the base and 500 feet high, making a
+  total elevation of 600 feet.
+
+  This vast rotunda, forming the grand base of the Monument, is
+  surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in
+  diameter and 45 feet high, elevated upon a lofty base or stylobate
+  of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet square, surmounted by an
+  entablature 20 feet high, and crowned by a massive balustrade 15
+  feet in height.
+
+  The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the
+  pronaos or walk within the colonnade, including the column space, 25
+  feet. The walks enclosing the cella, or gallery within, are fretted
+  with 30 massive antę (pilasters) 10 feet wide, 45 feet high, and
+  7½ feet projection, answering to the columns in front, surmounted
+  by their appropriate architrave. The deep recesses formed by the
+  projection of the antę provide suitable niches for the reception of
+  statues.
+
+  A tetrastyle portico (4 columns in front) in triple rows of the same
+  proportions and order with the columns of the colonnade,
+  distinguishes the entrance to the Monument, and serves as a pedestal
+  for the triumphal car and statue of the illustrious Chief; the steps
+  of this portico are flanked by massive blockings, surmounted by
+  appropriate figures and trophies.
+
+  Over each column, in the great frieze of the entablatures around the
+  entire building, are sculptured escutcheons (coats of arms of each
+  State in the Union), surrounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded
+  together by festoons of oak leaves, &c., all of which spring (each
+  way) from the centre of the portico, where the coat of arms of the
+  United States are emblazoned.
+
+  The statues surrounding the rotunda outside, under the colonnade,
+  are all elevated upon pedestals, and will be those of the glorious
+  signers of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+  Ascending the portico outside to the terrace level a lofty vomitoria
+  (door way) 30 feet high leads into the cella (rotundo gallery) 50
+  feet wide, 500 feet in circumference and 60 feet high, with a
+  colossal pillar in the centre 70 feet in diameter, around which the
+  gallery sweeps. This pillar forms the foundation of the obelisk
+  column above.
+
+  Both sides of the gallery are divided into spaces by pilasters,
+  elevated on a continued zocle or base 5 feet high, forming an order
+  with its entablature 40 feet high, crowned by a vaulted ceiling 20
+  feet high, divided by radiating archevaults, corresponding with the
+  relative positions of the opposing pilasters, and enclosing deep
+  sunken coffers enriched with paintings.
+
+  The spaces between the pilasters are sunk into niches for the
+  reception of the statues of the fathers of the Revolution,
+  contemporary with the immortal WASHINGTON; over which are large
+  tablets to receive the National Paintings commemorative of the
+  battle and other scenes of that memorable period. Opposite to the
+  entrance of this gallery, at the extremity of the great circular
+  wall, is the grand niche for the reception of the statue of the
+  "Father of his Country"--elevated on its appropriate pedestal, and
+  designated as _principal_ in the group by its colossal proportions.
+
+  This spacious Gallery and Rotunda, which properly may be denominated
+  the "National Pantheon," is lighted in four grand divisions from
+  above, and by its circular form presents each subject decorating it
+  walls in an interesting point of view and with proper effect, as the
+  curiosity is kept up every moment, from the whole room not being
+  presented to the eye at one glance, as in the case of a straight
+  gallery.
+
+  Entering the centre pier through an arched way, you pass into a
+  spacious circular area, and ascend with an easy grade, by a railway,
+  to the grand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the Monument. This
+  terrace is 700 feet in circumference, 180 feet wide, enclosed by a
+  colonnaded balustrade, 15 feet high with its base and capping. The
+  circuit of this grand terrace is studded with small temple-formed
+  structures, constituting the cupolas of the lanterns, lighting the
+  Pantheon gallery below; by means of these little temples, from a
+  gallery within, a bird's eye view is had of the statues, &c., below.
+
+  Through the base of the great circle of the balustrade are four
+  apertures at the four cardinal points, leading _outside_ of the
+  balustrade, upon the top of the main cornice, where a gallery 6 feet
+  wide and 750 feet in circumference encircles the whole, enclosed by
+  an ornamental guard, forming the crowning member on the top of the
+  tholus of the main cornice of the grand colonnade. Within the
+  thickness of this wall, staircases descend to a lower gallery over
+  the plafond of the proanos of the colonnade lighted from above. This
+  gallery, which extends all round the colonnade, is 20 feet
+  wide--divided into rooms for the records of the monument, works of
+  art, or studios for artists engaged in the service of the Monument.
+  Two other ways communicate with this gallery from below.
+
+  In the centre of the grand terrace above described, rises the lofty
+  obelisk shaft of the Monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 500
+  feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet
+  square; at the foot of this shaft and on each face project four
+  massive zocles 25 feet high, supporting so many colossal symbolic
+  tripods of victory 20 feet high, surmounted by fascial columns with
+  their symbols of authority. These zocle faces are embellished with
+  inscriptions, which are continued around the entire base of the
+  shaft, and occupy the surface of that part of the shaft between the
+  tripods. On each face of the shaft above this is sculptured the four
+  leading events in General Washington's eventful career, _in basso
+  relievo_, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50
+  feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the
+  glory which the name of WASHINGTON has attained.
+
+  To ascend to the summit of the column, the same facilities as below
+  are provided within the shaft, by an easy graded gallery, which may
+  be traversed by a railway, terminating in a circular observatory 20
+  feet in diameter, around which at the top is a look-out gallery,
+  which opens a prospect all around the horizon.
+
+  With reference to the area embraced by the foundations and basement
+  of the Monument and the uses to which they may be applied, the
+  underspace outwards, occupied by the lower terrace and colonnade,
+  may be appropriated to the accommodation of the keepers of the
+  Monument, or those having charge of it and attending on visitors.
+
+  These apartments, which are arched, are well lighted and aired, as
+  they are all above ground, the light being disposed in the sunk
+  panels of the stylobate (base). The principal entrance to all these
+  apartments will be from the rear, or opposite side of the portico
+  entrance. The _inner_ space, or that under the grand gallery or
+  Rotundo, may be appropriated to catacombs for the reception of the
+  remains of such distinguished men as the Nation may honor with
+  interment here. This subterranean gallery is so large and lofty that
+  it would accommodate many catacombs.
+
+  In the centre of the Monument is placed the tomb of WASHINGTON, to
+  receive his remains, should they be removed thither, the descent to
+  which is by a broad flight of steps lighted by the same light which
+  illuminates his statue.
+
+The feature of the pantheon surrounding the shaft was never formally and
+finally adopted by the Society as a part of the Monument. The first
+purpose was to erect the shaft and to secure funds to that end.
+
+In this year (1838) the Society addressed a memorial to Congress praying
+that a site be accorded the Monument on the public mall. For this
+purpose a bill was reported in the Senate, which, being under
+consideration in that body, June 15th, caused much debate and adverse
+criticism of the Society and its work.
+
+Mr. Roane, replying to an inquiry of Mr. Allen (Ohio), stated that the
+sum collected by the Society was about $30,000 which was put out at
+interest.
+
+To this Mr. Allen answered that he believed they had collected more than
+that sum in his own State.
+
+Mr. Bayard thought that to erect the Monument on the place proposed
+would be to destroy the whole plan of the mall, and that as far as the
+prospect was concerned, nothing could be more unfortunate. Besides the
+means of the Society were very insignificant compared with the object in
+view, for as they had agents all over the United States collecting
+simultaneously it was to be presumed they had collected all they were to
+get.
+
+Mr. Norvell was satisfied that they (the Society) were incapable of
+meriting the imputation impliedly, he hoped not intentionally, cast upon
+them by the Senator from Ohio. He presumed extensive subscriptions had
+been made to the work, but not yet collected, and that considerable
+expense must have been incurred in the employment of agents. As to the
+location of the site he could say nothing, but he was certain that such
+a monument as proposed ought long since to have been erected to the
+memory of the illustrious Chief under whose guidance this Nation had
+been led to victory, liberty, and independence.
+
+Mr. Hubbard thought the original plan of building the Monument by the
+voluntary contributions of the people ought to be carried out, and that
+the President and the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds ought
+to have nothing to do with it. As to the expense, he said, judging from
+the cost of the Bunker Hill Monument, the $30,000 of the Society would
+not be enough to lay the foundations.
+
+Mr. Morris (Ohio) thought the public ought to be informed why so paltry
+a sum had been contributed; his own county had contributed over $1,000.
+There was a sort of enthusiasm on the subject in Ohio. The Governor had
+issued his proclamation in favor of it, and the _sheriffs_ VOLUNTEERED
+to act as collectors, and judging from _these tokens_ the sum collected
+could not fall short of $30,000 (in Ohio). He also thought the work
+should go on without aid by Congress, and hoped the bill would be laid
+on the table. Mr. Allen, in further remarks said, in substance, he did
+not believe the story that only $30,000 had been collected. He
+considered it a reproach to the liberality of the country. He would vote
+with the boldest to erect a suitable monument to the memory of the
+Father of his country; he would vote a million of dollars, but he
+considered it a reproach to the country to commence work with the paltry
+sum the Society say they had in hand.
+
+On motion of Mr. Morris, the bill was indefinitely postponed.
+
+These proceedings appearing in the daily press, the Society adopted and
+presented the following memorial:
+
+  "_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+  "The Board of Managers of the Washington National Monument Society,
+  having seen in the public prints a statement that representations
+  have been made in your body derogatory to their character, consider
+  it their duty to lay before you an official account of their
+  receipts and expenditures. They hope that the alleged statement is
+  erroneous in ascribing to honorable members of your body imputations
+  on private character which would not, without proof of their
+  correctness, have been hazarded. The respect we entertain for the
+  Senate restrains the expression of feelings which are not, however,
+  the less indignant for this forbearance.
+
+  "We make this communication in the confidence that it will be the
+  means of correcting any honest misapprehensions that may have
+  existed; that it will be gratifying to a body distinguished for its
+  justice to shield honesty from wanton aspersion within its own
+  walls; that it will afford an opportunity to men of honorable
+  feelings, who may be conscious of having cast unmerited reproach on
+  characters, we flatter ourselves, unsullied, to retract them; that
+  more especially, in case the charges be not retracted, it may be
+  lodged among the public archives as evidence as well of their
+  unfounded nature as of the fidelity with which we have discharged
+  duties of a disinterested and elevated nature; and that, if it be
+  deemed expedient, it be printed by your order by such publicity
+  challenging any detection of the slightest departure from truth. We
+  indeed not only hold ourselves amenable to the public, but are ready
+  at any moment to submit our proceedings to the most rigid
+  examination which either House of Congress may see fit to institute.
+
+  "By order of the Board of Managers:
+
+                                                       "PETER FORCE,
+                                               "_Second Vice-President_.
+
+  "GEORGE WATTERSTON,
+               "_Secretary_."
+
+The statement of receipts and _expenditures_ exhibited showed the
+following collections:
+
+  Maine,                $1,600.00
+  Vermont,                  31.95
+  Connecticut,           1,438.61
+  New York,              1,167.21
+  New Jersey,            1,491.61
+  Pennsylvania,          2,102.85
+  Delaware,                361.98
+  Maryland,              3,057.99
+  Virginia,              1,500.00
+  South Carolina,          570.00
+  Kentucky,              1,610.00
+  Ohio,                  6,391.19
+  Louisiana,               701.26
+  Indiana,                 340.00
+  Illinois,                700.00
+  Mississippi,           2,120.00
+  District of Columbia,    836.36
+  Florida,                 227.00
+  Army,                    565.89
+  Navy,                    228.25
+
+Interest on stocks, in which net collections were invested, $1,608.73,
+all of which sums, except $476.67, cash in hand, and the _necessary_
+expenses of the Society, amounting to _only_ $465.56, had been invested
+in productive stocks.
+
+June 19, 1838, Mr. Morris (Ohio) arose in the Senate to a question of
+privilege. He found in a morning paper of the city an editorial
+censuring the course which his colleague and himself had deemed it their
+duty to take with regard to the bill to grant leave to a Society or
+company of gentlemen who have united together to erect a monument to the
+memory of Washington upon a portion of the public grounds in this city.
+* * * The object of his colleague and himself had been to obtain
+information on the subject, and he stated expressly, if in error, he
+wished the error to be corrected by authentic documents, and on that
+account he objected to the bill until it was clearly shown what money
+had been taken up and to what use it had been applied. * * * He was not
+willing to attach the honor of his country to a scheme which, for aught
+he knew, might have been carried on by means of fraud and deception. Yet
+this reasonable _request_ had been trumped up by the morning papers as
+making a grave charge, or at least casting imputations. * * * He said it
+was evident to his mind that the object and design of this publication
+was to produce political effect. It was well known that a majority of
+the Senate were the friends of the administration, and if this article
+could impress the public mind with the belief that those who sustained
+the administration had no regard for the memory of Washington, he had no
+doubt it was expected it would tend to promote individual and _party_
+views. It was a kind of left-handed blow to injure the administration
+and its friends in the Senate by charging them with meanness in refusing
+to accede to the wishes of the Society. But he feared there was another
+motive beside veneration for the name of Washington that prompted the
+agents and managers of this project to be so ardent in their endeavor to
+link themselves and scheme to the public concerns of the country. They
+were reported as having about $30,000. This sum they could easily expend
+on the foundation, or even the first corner-stone of the Monument. They
+could devise a plan for the superstructure that would cost millions of
+dollars, and if they could make this affair a government concern, they
+would insist, no doubt, that the country would be disgraced if the
+building was not completed, and Congress would be solicited and urged to
+appropriate for the purpose with all the force of speech and the
+_blandishments of parties_. Millions would be thus called for, and, in
+his opinion, appropriated if the scheme now in operation can succeed, to
+be expended by a private corporation, whose dependent friends and
+followers would grow rich in the progress of the work. He was totally
+averse to the Government having anything to do in this matter or any
+other in which individuals were also to be concerned. It was this that
+induced him to move postponement of the bill.
+
+Mr. Allen concurred with his colleague. He objected to the bill because
+it placed the construction under the Commissioner of Public Buildings
+and Grounds, and being upon public ground, Congress must appropriate any
+deficiency or the people must be again visited by hosts of traveling
+agents. * * * These he thought sufficient reasons for rejecting the bill
+without division.
+
+Mr. Clay deprecated the irregular discussion, and said that no newspaper
+in the country was conducted with more regard to propriety, decorum,
+truth, and _faithfulness_ of report than the "National Intelligencer,"
+and he could wish that the other journals of this city, and particularly
+the one connected with the Government, would look more to this point for
+example.
+
+Notwithstanding the Society by its memorial had furnished the
+information _requested_ by Mr. Morris, and stood ready for investigation
+of its affairs, the memorial was ultimately laid on the table and the
+matter was dropped.
+
+This debate was noticed in the public press, local and elsewhere. It
+cannot be known what, if any, influence it had throughout the country to
+impair the efforts of the Society in the collection of funds or to
+weaken confidence in the enterprise. Such a result was not improbable.
+
+December 10, 1818, the Society adopted and issued in pamphlet form--
+
+        "AN ADDRESS
+           OF THE
+       BOARD OF MANAGERS
+           OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+           SOCIETY,
+     WITH A STATEMENT OF THE
+   RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES."
+
+This address was sent to the Society's agents and friends of the
+Monument in all parts of the country, which address they were
+"requested," in an accompanying letter, "to diffuse as widely as may be
+without incurring expense."
+
+The measure of the result of the Society's efforts at this period, the
+discouragement met with, and its faith in the work it had undertaken, is
+evidenced by language in this address, which recited, in part:
+
+  "The annexed statement of the sums received and accounted for by
+  them (the agents) shows the measure of their success. This, though
+  various, has, in no instance, equalled the least sanguine
+  expectations. This may be ascribed in some degree to the fundamental
+  feature of the plan itself, which, in limiting the individual
+  subscriptions to one dollar, has been found, excepting in towns, to
+  have involved an expense to the agent nearly, if not quite, equal
+  to the amount collected; while in the larger towns the abortion
+  heretofore of schemes for a like purpose has produced a general
+  impression that this plan would share the same fate. Other causes,
+  some of a temporary, others of a permanent nature, co-operated in
+  leading to this result, of which, perhaps, the most powerful was the
+  general derangement of the currency, and the real or apprehended
+  evils that followed in its train, with the impression that it was
+  the duty of the General Government, out of the vast resources at its
+  command, to effect the object.
+
+  "In reviewing the course of measures pursued, the Board of Managers
+  have satisfaction in perceiving no neglect or omission on their part
+  in discharging the duties assigned them. If an assiduity
+  proportioned to the dignity of the object, a devotion seeking no
+  reward but in the gratification of honest feelings, and an economy
+  attested by the small expenditures for contingent expenses, are the
+  truest evidences of fidelity, they trust that they may, without
+  unworthy imputations, lay claim to this humble virtue. * * * Upon
+  the whole, however great the disappointment of the Board of
+  Managers, they have not abandoned the hope that a plan which, at its
+  inception, was hailed with universal approbation, may yet, with
+  proper modifications, be effected."
+
+It is shown by this address that the amount collected and interest
+accrued on stocks in this year was $30,779.84.
+
+The restriction of a contribution to the sum of one dollar appears to
+have been removed on one occasion in 1839. A committee of the Society,
+having been appointed for the purpose on November 13, 1839, prepared and
+issued a special circular letter, to be sent to the deputy marshals of
+the United States, who shortly were to begin taking the census of the
+country. This appeal recited in part:
+
+  "The measures incident to the approaching census present an
+  opportunity of overcoming this last difficulty (the former
+  limitation of subscriptions). It will be the duty of the deputies of
+  the marshals to see the head of every family; and as the greater
+  portion of their time will be consumed in traveling from one
+  dwelling to another, it is thought that but little additional time
+  will be occupied in submitting a subscription paper for this object
+  at each dwelling and receiving the sums that may be subscribed,
+  whereby an opportunity will be offered to every individual in the
+  United States to promote it by contributions corresponding to their
+  means. There being no limitation in the amount, every man, woman,
+  and child will be enabled to enroll their names by subscriptions
+  according to their ability. The rich will, it is hoped, be
+  munificent in their donations, while from those in inferior
+  circumstances any sum will be thankfully received."
+
+It was proposed to allow these special collectors a commission of twenty
+per cent. on "amounts that may be received and accounted for by a
+deposit in some sound bank to the credit of Samuel H. Smith, Treasurer
+of the Society, together with the transmission to him of the names of
+the contributors, with the respective sums subscribed by them, and the
+certificates of deposits."
+
+The address concluded:
+
+  "The subscription papers may be headed as follows:
+
+  "We, the undersigned, for the purpose of contributing to the
+  erection of a great National Monument at the seat of the General
+  Government, do subscribe the sums placed opposite our names
+  respectively.
+
+  "The favor of an early answer is requested."
+
+Beautiful lithographs, in two sizes, of the design selected for the
+Monument were printed and placed in the hands of the agents of the
+Society as certificates, and in the form of receipts, to be given
+individuals or organizations contributing the sum of one dollar to the
+funds of the Society.
+
+These certificates bore the following words and autograph names on the
+lower margin and beneath the picture of the proposed Monument:
+
+  "Earnestly recommended to the favor of our countrymen,
+
+  Z. TAYLOR,         MILLARD FILLMORE,
+  JAMES K. POLK,     JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,
+  G. M. DALLAS,      DANIEL WEBSTER,
+  H. CLAY,           ALBERT GALLATIN."
+
+
+There was also prepared for distribution through the Society's agents
+other lithographs, portraits of Washington, it being thought the
+contributor might prefer such a portrait to the lithograph of the
+Monument.
+
+The results of this special appeal are to be found in the subsequently
+stated accounts of the Treasurer, but the amounts returned did not meet
+the expectations of the Society.
+
+May 25, 1844, a joint resolution (No. 514) was introduced into the House
+of Representatives, accompanied by a report submitted by Mr. Pratt from
+the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, which provided "that the
+Washington Monument Society, in the City of Washington, be, and they are
+hereby, authorized to occupy that part of reservation _No._ 2, bounded
+by the Canal, B, Seventh and Twelfth streets, south, for the purpose of
+erecting thereon a monument to Washington, under the direction of the
+President of the United States, according to the _design proposed by the
+Committee on Public Buildings_, and to _aid_ the said Society in
+_completing the same_, and for defraying the expense of enclosing the
+grounds, laying out walks and planting trees, the Committee on Public
+Buildings is hereby authorized and required to cause to be laid into
+lots and to sell at auction or otherwise, on condition that three-story
+brick, granite or marble buildings be erected thereon within five years
+from the day of sale, the piece of vacant ground bounded by the circular
+road, New Jersey avenue and B and First streets, north, and the piece of
+ground bounded by the circular road, Delaware avenue, B and F streets,
+south; also twenty-seven lots between the circular road and Third
+street, on Pennsylvania avenue, and twenty-seven lots between the
+circular road and Third street, on Maryland avenue, northwest, or so
+much as shall be necessary to complete the same. The same to be
+designated as 'Monument Square.'"
+
+The report stated, the proposed park would contain about fifty-two
+acres, which it was designed "to fence in and lay out in drives, walks,
+and trees, and to erect thereon a _National Monument_ in the center
+thereof." The position would command a view of all the public buildings,
+particularly from the Monument, "which is to be one hundred and fifty
+feet high," and "devoted to the public as a place of resort where busts,
+statues, and paintings of all the great men connected with the history
+of our country may be seen." The site is nearly opposite to the "Patent
+and Post Office buildings, or center of the city, and but a square or
+two south of the _great_ thoroughfare of the city, the Pennsylvania
+avenue, which, in point of magnitude and of easy approach to our
+citizens, there is no ground in the District, or in any other country,
+which could vie with it as a public square of beauty and recreation."
+
+Lots were to be sold at auction and proceeds used for creating the park,
+as described in the resolution, and "so that preparations may be
+immediately made" for a "site for a _National Monument_, which in the
+course of a few years will become a beautiful resort for the citizens
+and visitors of the District as well as for strangers from all parts of
+the world." The park would have circles and every device of walk, all
+the emblems of the Nation together with forest trees of every State,
+plants, flowers, &c. The construction of a national monument the
+committee regarded as of great interest to the American people. Half a
+century had passed away, and no worthy memorial is found in the Capital.
+The committee recommend the "temple form" as best for a monument, "built
+to contain busts and statues of Presidents and other illustrious men of
+the country, as well as 'paintings' of historical subjects." The
+construction of the Monument "would carry out the views of this Society
+to erect a monument to Washington," and which it is understood will
+apply its funds toward this object "whenever Congress shall authorize
+its erection on some portion of the public ground," the site to be due
+west of the Capitol. The construction was to be under the direction of
+the President of the United States and the Washington Monument Society.
+A plan of the proposed temple form of monument accompanied the report, a
+statue of Washington surmounting its dome.
+
+While the Society at this time was willing to concede a change in the
+form of the Monument, and apply funds collected to speedily realize such
+change, no action by Congress resulted from the report quoted so far as
+authorizing the building of the National Monument suggested by the
+committee or lending aid to the Society, or granting a site for the
+Monument it had projected.
+
+In 1845 the Society removed generally the limitation of one dollar as
+the amount of a subscription. This action seems to have been wise, as
+the later annual gross receipts were for a time greatly increased.
+
+In view of the previous recognition by the Society of this evil of
+limitation of contributions, it is surprising that it was not generally
+removed when it was specially removed for the occasion of the census in
+1840.
+
+In 1846 the Society issued a further address "to the American people,"
+announcing that it had "appointed the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, of Ohio,
+the General Agent of the Society, whose office will be held in
+Washington. To him has been delegated the power of appointing subagents,
+who will receive a commission on the funds they may collect as a
+compensation for their services. * * * It is scarcely necessary to
+remark that the character of the General Agent appointed by the Board of
+Managers to make additional collections for the Monument is such as to
+insure success and produce entire confidence. It is known to the whole
+country; and Mr. Whittlesey's efforts in this new and noble undertaking,
+it is hoped, will be crowned with that success which cannot fail to
+accompany so glorious an object."
+
+It was further said by this address:
+
+  "It may be proper to state for the information of the public that
+  the delay in commencing the Monument has been occasioned by the want
+  of a proper site, which the Board had hoped would long since have
+  been granted by Congress. * * * The Board designed at as early
+  period to commence the Monument, but as no site could be obtained
+  sufficientlyy eligible on any other ground than the public mall,
+  near the Potomac, and as that could only be obtained by a grant from
+  Congress, which has not yet been made, that purpose has been
+  unavoidably postponed until the next session of the National
+  Legislature, when it is believed no objection will be made to allow
+  the Board the use of the ground it desires for so laudable and
+  patriotic an object."
+
+This address, signed by the officers of the Society, James K. Polk, _ex
+officio_ President; Wm. Brent, First Vice-President; Mayor of
+Washington, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; George
+Watterston, Secretary; and by the entire Board of Managers, including
+among the number Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott, Thos. Carbery, Peter Force,
+Philip R. Fendall, Gen. Nathan Townson, Gen. Walter Jones, Col. J.
+Kearney, J. J. Abert, W. A. Bradley, and Thomas Munroe, contained the
+following eloquent language:
+
+  "The pilgrim to Mount Vernon, the spot consecrated by Washington's
+  hallowed remains, is often shocked when he looks upon the humble
+  sepulchre which contains his dust, and laments that no monument has
+  yet reared its lofty head to mark a _Nation's_ gratitude.
+
+  "It is true that the 'storied urn, the animated bust,' or the
+  splendid mausoleum, cannot call back the departed spirit, or 'soothe
+  the dull, cold ear of death;' but it is equally true that it can and
+  does manifest the gratitude and veneration of the living for those
+  who have passed away forever from the stage of life and left behind
+  them the cherished memory of their virtues. The posthumous honors
+  bestowed by a grateful nation on its distinguished citizens serve
+  the further purpose of stimulating those who survive them to similar
+  acts of greatness and of virtue, while the respect and admiration of
+  the country which confers them upon its children are mere deeply and
+  ardently felt. The character of Washington is identified with the
+  glory and greatness of his country. It belongs to history, into
+  which it has infused a moral grandeur and beauty. It presents a
+  verdant oasis on the dreary waste of the world, on which the mind
+  loves to repose, and the patriot and philosopher delights to dwell.
+  Such a being but seldom appears to illustrate and give splendor to
+  the annals of mankind, and the country which gave him birth should
+  take a pride in bestowing posthumous honors on his name. It is not
+  to transmit the name or fame of the illustrious Washington to future
+  ages that a Monument should be erected to his memory; but to show
+  that the People of this Republic at least are not ungrateful, and
+  that they desire to manifest their love of eminent public and
+  private virtues by some enduring memorial which, like the pyramids
+  of Egypt, shall fatigue time by its duration."
+
+The General Agent, Mr. Whittlesey, submitted a plan which was adopted by
+the Society for a systematic collection of funds, which included
+constituting Congressional districts as distinct collection districts,
+and in 1847 a circular letter was addressed to Members of Congress
+respecting the formation of such districts and the appointment of
+collecting agents therein. As formerly, it was required that the
+appointee should be well recommended and endorsed by Representatives,
+Senators, and well-known citizens of the district or State.
+
+It was also determined to specially appeal to the Masonic fraternity of
+the country.
+
+The agents appointed were supplied with properly prepared blank books
+for the autograph enrollment of contributors, which books, when filled
+with names, were to be returned to the office of the Society for deposit
+and safe keeping.
+
+On the request of the Society, Mrs. James Madison, Mrs. John Quincy
+Adams, and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton effected an organization of ladies to
+aid in collecting funds for the proposed Monument. Through appeals,
+entertainments, fairs, and many social functions given for the purpose
+by ladies in various parts of the country, there resulted but a very
+moderate addition to the funds of the Society, but in no way
+commensurate with its expectations in the premises.
+
+On the 29th of February, 1847, the Society adopted the following
+resolution offered by Mr. Brent:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the several Consuls of the United States abroad,
+    and the Pursers of the Navy, be requested by the General Agent to
+    solicit subscriptions for the erection of a suitable National
+    Monument to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen,
+    and others of liberal patriotic feelings, and that the Secretary of
+    State and the Secretary of the Navy be respectfully requested, on
+    behalf of the National Washington Monument Society, to cause to be
+    forwarded the letters and papers necessary to accomplish the object
+    embraced in this resolution."
+
+In accordance with this resolve (the consent of the Honorable Secretary
+of State and the Honorable Secretary of the Navy having been given), a
+circular letter was prepared and sent out to the persons named in the
+resolution.
+
+After setting forth the object of the Society, and earnestly appealing
+for funds to accomplish that purpose, the circular stated a compensation
+of 20 per cent. would be allowed on funds collected and faithfully
+accounted for. This circular was accompanied by a supply of "prints," to
+be distributed to subscribers, as follows:
+
+  "Copies of a large portrait of Washington, copied from Stuart's
+  painting in Fanueil Hall, Boston.
+
+  "Copies of the large print of the design of the Monument."
+
+Smaller prints of the same subjects were also furnished.
+
+The subscriber of $5.00 was to receive one of the large prints; of
+$8.00, both the large prints; of $1.00, one of the small prints; and to
+the subscriber of $1.50, both of the small prints.
+
+It was also publicly announced that the corner stone of the Monument
+would be laid "on the 4th of July next, and arrangements will be made to
+give to the ceremony a national character corresponding with the
+character and magnitude of the work."
+
+The accounts of the Treasurer of the Society from time to time show, in
+response to this _special_ appeal, a considerable collection of funds,
+especially among the officers and seamen of the Navy.
+
+In 1847, the aggregate of collections and accumulated interest was some
+$87,000, which amount was deemed sufficient to justify the Society in
+beginning the erection of the Monument.
+
+A resolution was adopted that the corner-stone be laid on the 22d of
+February next "provided that a suitable site can be obtained in time,"
+and a committee was appointed to apply to Congress early in the session
+for a "site on the public mall for the Monument." A committee was also
+appointed to ascertain "the best terms on which a suitable site on
+private grounds within the limits of the City of Washington can be
+obtained."
+
+Before the latter committee reported, in response to the memorial by the
+Society to Congress, desiring action by that body to accord a site for
+the Monument, on the 31st of January, 1848, Congress passed a resolution
+authorizing the Washington National Monument Society to erect "a
+Monument to the memory of George Washington upon such portion of the
+public grounds or reservations within the City of Washington, not
+otherwise occupied, as shall be selected by the President of the United
+States and the Board of Managers of said Society as a suitable site on
+which to erect the said Monument, and for the necessary protection
+thereof."
+
+January 23, 1848, General Archibald Henderson, Lieut. M. F. Maury, and
+Mr. Walter Lenox were appointed a committee to make the necessary
+arrangements to lay the corner-stone, but it being found impossible to
+make arrangements for that ceremony on the 22d of February, on the 29th
+of January it was postponed until July 4th following.
+
+
+SITE OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+The site selected under the authority of the resolution of Congress was
+the public reservation, numbered 3, on the plan of the City of
+Washington, containing upwards of thirty acres, where the Monument now
+stands, near the Potomac river, west of the Capitol and south of the
+President's House. The deed was executed on the 12th day of April, 1849,
+and was duly recorded among the land records of the District of Columbia
+on the 22d day of February, 1849.
+
+This deed was executed by James K. Polk, President of the United States,
+"and in testimony of the selection as aforesaid of the said reservation,
+numbered three (3), for the purpose aforesaid," was also signed by
+William Brent, First Vice-President; W. W. Seaton, Second
+Vice-President; Archibald Henderson, Third Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer; George Watterston, Secretary; and Peter Force; the
+signing being "in the presence of Winfield Scott, Nathan Towson, John.
+J. Abert, Walter Jones, Thomas Carbery, W. A. Bradley, P. R. Fendall,
+Thomas Munroe, Walter Lenox, M. F. Maury, Thomas Blagden."
+
+As to the reasons for the selection of this particular site, we find
+them stated by the Society in an address to the country, in later years,
+as follows:
+
+  "The site selected presents a beautiful view of the Potomac; is so
+  elevated that the Monument will be seen from all parts of the city
+  and the surrounding country, and, being a public reservation, it is
+  safe from any future obstruction of the view. It is so near the
+  river that materials for constructing the Monument can be conveyed
+  to it from the river at but little expense; stone, sand, and lime,
+  all of the best kind, can be brought to it by water from convenient
+  distances; and marble of the most beautiful quality, obtained at a
+  distance of only eleven miles from Baltimore, on the Susquehanna
+  railroad, can be brought either on the railroad or in vessels. In
+  addition to these and kindred reasons, the adoption of the site was
+  further and impressively recommended by the consideration that the
+  Monument to be erected on it would be in full view of Mount Vernon,
+  where rest the ashes of the Chief; and by evidence that Washington
+  himself, whose unerring judgment had selected this city to be the
+  Capital of the Nation, had also selected this particular spot for a
+  Monument to the American Revolution, which in the year 1795 it was
+  proposed should be erected or placed at the 'permanent seat of
+  Government of the United States.' This Monument was to have been
+  executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for by
+  contributions of individuals. The same site is marked on Major
+  L'Enfant's map of Washington City for the equestrian statue of
+  General Washington, ordered by Congress in 1783, which map was
+  examined, approved, and transmitted to Congress by him when
+  President of the United States."
+
+It may be here remarked, with reference to the site selected for the
+Monument, that the foundations were laid but a short distance to the
+east of the meridian line, run, at the instance of President Jefferson,
+by Nicholas King, surveyor, October 15, 1804. The report of Mr. King, as
+found in the Department of State, bears the endorsement, "to be filed in
+the office of State as a record of demarcation of the first meridian of
+the United States." This line, by the President's instructions, passed
+through the center of the White House, and where it intersected a line
+due east and west through the center of the Capitol a small monument or
+pyramid of stones was placed--an object which disappeared about the year
+1874, in the process of improving the Monument grounds. It would also
+appear that the center of the District of Columbia, within its original
+lines, was not far removed northwestward from the Monument as it stands,
+being near the corner of Seventeenth and C streets, N.W., 1,305 feet
+north and 1,579 feet west of the Monument. (National Geographic
+Magazine, vol. 6, p. 149.)
+
+It does not appear, however, that these latter existing facts were in
+any manner considered by the Board of Managers in the selection of the
+site for the Monument.
+
+The corner-stone for the Monument, a block of marble weighing
+"twenty-four thousand five hundred pounds," was quarried and presented
+to the Society by Mr. Thomas Symington, of Baltimore, Md. On its arrival
+in the city, the stone was enthusiastically drawn to the site of the
+Monument by many workmen from the navy yard, and other persons.
+
+In planning the ceremonies to occur on the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Monument, the Society invited ex-President John Quincy Adams to
+deliver the oration, but the invitation, however, was regretfully
+declined by Mr. Adams on account of the state of his health.
+
+Hon. Daniel Webster being requested to deliver the oration declined
+because of pressure of business and the shortness of the time allowed in
+which to prepare one.
+
+Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, Speaker of the House of
+Representatives, being then requested consented to deliver the oration.
+
+Invitations were sent by the committee of arrangements to Mrs. Alexander
+Hamilton, Mrs. Dolly P. Madison, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Martin Van
+Buren, Millard Fillmore, Lewis Cass, General Sam Houston, Chief Justice
+Taney, George Washington Parke Custis, and other distinguished persons
+to attend the ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone. The replies
+received indicate the interest of those invited in the erection of the
+Monument to Washington.
+
+For the occasion transportation lines entering the District of Columbia
+reduced their usual rates of travel.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, Senators and
+Representatives in Congress, Heads of Executive Departments, and other
+officers of the Government, the Judiciary, Representatives of Foreign
+Governments, the corporate authorities of Washington, Georgetown, and
+Alexandria, military commands, associations of many descriptions,
+delegations from States and Territories and from several Indian tribes,
+and a great multitude of citizens, the corner-stone was laid.
+
+The Rev. Mr. McJilton offered the consecration prayer, and the oration,
+lofty and eloquent, was delivered by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+Mr. Benj. B. French, Grand Master of the Masonic Fraternity of the
+United States, then delivered a beautiful and appropriate address, after
+which he descended to the corner-stone and performed the Masonic
+ceremonies of laying it.
+
+The gavel used was that employed by George Washington, as Master Mason,
+in the Masonic ceremonies in the laying of the corner-stone of the
+National Capitol. A patriotic song, written by Robert Treat Paine, was
+sung, after which the benediction was pronounced.
+
+The corner-stone was laid at the northeast angle of the foundation.
+Among the distinguished guests on the stand at the laying of the
+corner-stone were Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (then ninety-one years old),
+Mrs. Dolly Paine Madison, George Washington Parke Custis, and others of
+eminence.
+
+The proceedings are thus discussed in the papers of the times:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "The day was fine. The rain had laid the dust and infused a
+  delicious freshness in the air. The procession was extensive and
+  beautiful. It embraced many military companies of our own and our
+  sister cities--various associations, with their characteristic
+  emblems; the President and Cabinet and various officers of the
+  Executive Departments; many of the Members of Congress; citizens and
+  strangers who had poured into the city. When the lengthened
+  procession had reached the site of the Monument they were joined by
+  a whole cortege of ladies and gentlemen; and we are free to say we
+  never beheld so magnificent a spectacle. From 15,000 to 20,000
+  persons are estimated to have been present, stretched over a large
+  area of ground from the southern hill, gradually sloping down to the
+  plain below."
+
+
+  "In a hollow spread with boards and surrounded with seats the
+  crowd gathered. Around two sides of this space were high and
+  solidly-constructed seats, hired out to spectators, covered with
+  awnings, and affording a favorable position for seeing and hearing.
+  A temporary arch was erected, covered with colored cotton and
+  suitably embellished. But its most attractive ornament was a living
+  American eagle, with its dark plumage, piercing eye, and snowy head
+  and tail, who seemed to look with anxious gaze on the unwonted
+  spectacle below. This is the same eagle which in Alexandria
+  surmounted the arch of welcome there erected to Lafayette; and to
+  complete its honors and its public character, it has since been
+  entrusted to M. Vattemare, to be presented to the National Museum in
+  Paris. He is now forty years old."
+
+
+  "The fireworks (at night) exhibited on the same theatre, and
+  prepared by the pyrotechnists of the navy yard, were admirable
+  beyond description. They were witnessed by an immense multitude.
+  The President's reception at night in the East Room was very
+  numerously attended. Thus passed one of the most splendid and
+  agreeable days Washington has ever witnessed."
+
+
+Objections having been from time to time urged against the plan of the
+Monument, the Society, early in 1848, appointed a committee to consider
+them. In April of that year, pursuant to a report of a committee of its
+members, the Society fixed upon a height of 500 feet for the shaft,
+leaving in abeyance the surrounding pantheon and base. And this
+modification continued to be the plan of the Monument until it was again
+altered at a later period.
+
+The corner-stone laid, the Society began active operations to raise the
+shaft, which were most vigorously prosecuted. The purchase of materials
+and the general construction of the Monument, embracing the employment
+of labor, skilled and common, were committed by the Society to three of
+their number, denominated a Building Committee.
+
+The members of this committee devoted much of their time patriotically
+to the duties assigned them, held weekly meetings during several years,
+and served without any sort of compensation whatever.
+
+With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented in
+the Monument, the Society extended an invitation for each State to
+furnish for insertion in the interior walls a block of marble or other
+durable stone, a production of its soil, of the following dimensions:
+Four feet long, two feet high, and with a bed of from twelve to eighteen
+inches, the name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and,
+if desirable to the donor, the State's coat of arms also. Later, this
+invitation to contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to
+embrace such a gift from a foreign government.
+
+In response to these invitations were received from time to time the
+many rich and durable blocks which now adorn the interior walls of the
+shaft, in themselves smaller but not less impressive monuments to the
+memory of Washington.
+
+In about six years from the laying of the corner-stone the Monument had
+reached the height of 156 feet, not quite one-third of its ultimate
+modified elevation. During this period the Society continued most
+actively at work in the raising of funds to carry the Monument forward.
+
+An appeal to the people was adopted and issued by the Society in 1848,
+immediately after the laying of the corner-stone, in which the past
+history of the work was given, what was desired and in contemplation to
+do, and an urgent request for contributions was made, and an eloquent
+reference to Washington was embodied.
+
+In June, 1849, a special appeal for contributions, to be made in all
+parts of the country on the ensuing 4th of July, was issued, and
+everywhere distributed.
+
+Another special appeal was made in this year, which recited, among other
+things--
+
+  "The scholars and pupils, male and female, of all the institutions
+  of learning, and the public and private schools in this country, are
+  requested to make such _monthly_ contributions as may be convenient
+  towards the erection of the Monument till it shall be completed. It
+  is estimated that there are about 3,000,000 of pupils of all ages in
+  the United States, and the monthly contribution of even _one cent_
+  by each would alone, in a few years, complete the structure now in
+  progress. The assistance of the principals and teachers in these
+  schools, however, will be essential, and the Board would be thankful
+  if they would lend their aid to carry out this plan by making such
+  collections monthly, and transmitting the amount collected to the
+  Treasurer or to the General Agent of the Society here," &c.
+
+February 5, 1850, the Society adopted the following resolution:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That in view of the liberal contributions made by two
+    of the banks of the City of Washington, the General Agent be
+    requested to address a circular letter to the several banking
+    institutions of the United States, bearing the signatures of the
+    Board of Managers, soliciting from them contributions to the
+    erection of the Monument."
+
+In accordance with this resolve a circular letter was issued March 1,
+1850, appealing to all banks for contributions.
+
+In May, 1850, circular letters were sent to all deputy marshals of the
+United States who were to be employed in taking the census then at hand,
+soliciting their aid in the collection of funds while engaged in the
+enumeration of the people, and offering a commission of 15 per cent. on
+the amount collected to each collector, following in this plan the one
+pursued in 1840. A further general appeal was also printed and
+distributed everywhere.
+
+Early in 1851 the following resolution was adopted by the Society:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That a circular be addressed in the name of this Board
+    to the respective Grand Lodges of the Masonic and Odd Fellows'
+    fraternities and Grand Divisions of the Sons of Temperance in the
+    United States, requesting that arrangements be made to obtain such
+    periodical contributions as they may deem proper, to be applied to
+    the erection of the Washington National Monument, until the same
+    shall be completed."
+
+Accordingly, an appeal was issued to the bodies mentioned in the
+resolution.
+
+In January, 1852, pursuant to a resolution of the Society, the military
+organizations of the country were specially called upon for
+contributions.
+
+In 1853, another urgent and general appeal was put forth for funds, to
+be given by the Masonic bodies of the country.
+
+In 1854, there was another general address to the country, similar in
+character to former appeals, and a special appeal was sent to the
+officers of the Navy of the United States, invoking their co-operation
+and aid in raising money to carry on the work of building the Monument.
+
+The tangible result of these general and special appeals for funds was
+far short of hope. The funds collected went into the treasury of the
+Society, and were at once expended to meet the current and contract
+obligations of the work of building the Monument.
+
+
+STONE FROM ROME.
+
+In this year an act occurred at the Monument which created much
+indignation and excitement in the District, and was the subject of much
+public discussion throughout the country.
+
+The facts furnished to the press by the Society, after an investigation
+by it, were reported thus in the "Daily National Intelligencer" on March
+8, 1854:
+
+  "A deed of barbarism was enacted on Monday morning last, between one
+  and two o'clock, by several persons (number not known, but supposed
+  to be from four to ten), which will be considered as belonging
+  rather to some of the centuries considerably in our rear than to the
+  better half of the boasted Nineteenth Century. We refer to the
+  forcible seizure from its place of deposit, in a shed at the
+  Washington Monument, of a block of marble sent hither from Rome, a
+  tribute to the memory of Washington by the Pontiff, and intended to
+  become a part of the edifice now erecting to signalize his name and
+  glory. It originally stood in the Temple of Concord at Rome, was of
+  beautiful texture, and had for its dimensions a length of three
+  feet, height of eighteen inches, and thickness of ten inches. The
+  account we hear of the matter is this: That at about the time above
+  mentioned several men suddenly surrounded the watch box of the night
+  watchman, and passed a cord, such as is used for clothes lines,
+  around the box, and piled stones against the door, calling to the
+  man within that if he kept quiet he would not be injured, at the
+  same time they pasted pieces of newspapers on the two or three
+  window openings that commanded the particular shed containing the
+  fated block, so as to prevent the watchman from seeing their
+  operations. They then removed one of the strips in front of the
+  place where the block stood, and passing in and out by the opening
+  carried it off by placing it on a hand cart used about the premises.
+  There is no doubt they took the block to the river side, not less
+  than a quarter of a mile off, and pitched it over the steep bank
+  upon the river beach, where they enjoyed a favorable opportunity of
+  breaking it up undiscovered or boating it off into the river, which
+  they probably did after defacing it. All this went on, it seems,
+  without effective remonstrance from the watchman, although he had
+  with him a double-barrel shot gun loaded with buck shot, and the
+  operations at the shed were within easy shot. As for the pasting on
+  the windows, there was nothing in that, for they slid up and down
+  like the sashes of an omnibus. These proceedings, the watchman says,
+  took place about half-past one; but he gave no notice of it to the
+  family residing at the Monument until four. For these and other
+  similar reasons he has been suspended."
+
+A meeting of the Society was held on the 7th of March in reference to
+this vandalism, and it was resolved to offer a reward to discover the
+perpetrators. Accordingly, the following advertisement appeared in the
+"Daily National Intelligencer" on March 8th:
+
+    "$100 REWARD. The Board of Managers of the Washington National
+    Monument Society will pay the above reward of $100 for the arrest
+    and conviction of the person or persons who, on the night of the 5th
+    instant, stole and destroyed a block of marble contributed to said
+    Monument."
+
+This advertisement availed nothing as to the discovery of the guilty
+persons. It was understood to have been the work of persons belonging to
+the party styled "Know-Nothings;" one of their professions being
+opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and any political preference of
+its members. It was not thought the persons were generally depraved
+characters, but, on the contrary, were supposed to be identified with
+the respectable part of the community. From the time of the reception of
+this stone from Rome by the Society until its destruction, there had
+been frequent expressions in a portion of the daily press in opposition
+to its being placed in the Monument, and the Society had received many
+protesting letters and, in some instances, long petitions from various
+parts of the country, numerously signed, urging that the stone be not
+used by the Society, as it was representative of the Roman Church, &c.
+
+Many petitions from New Jersey recited:
+
+  "We, the undersigned, citizens of ----, in the State of New Jersey,
+  believing the proffer of a block of marble recently made by the Pope
+  of Rome to this country for the Washington Monument to be totally
+  inconsistent with the known principles of that despotic system of
+  government of which he is the head; that the inscription, 'Rome to
+  America,' engraved upon it, bears a significance beyond its natural
+  meaning; that the construction is an artful stratagem, calculated to
+  divert the attention of the American people for the present from his
+  animosity to republican institutions by an outward profession of
+  regard; that the gift of a despot, if placed within those walls, can
+  never be looked upon by true Americans but with feelings of
+  mortification and disgust; and believing that the original design of
+  the structure was to perpetuate the memory of Washington as the
+  champion of American liberty, its national character should be
+  preserved, do therefore most earnestly protest against the placing
+  of said stone within the Monument, or any other stone from any other
+  than a republican government."
+
+But the Society was not organized on sectarian or political lines, and
+to the opposition and protests no heed was given. The Society was
+composed of men of different political beliefs and church affiliations.
+
+The immediate effect of the destruction of the "Pope's stone" was to
+anger a large body of the citizens of the country, members of the
+Catholic Church, and then, and for a long time afterward, to estrange
+any interest they had had in the building of the Monument, and to this
+extent to impair the field for the collection of funds for the Monument.
+
+It has never been certainly known what the precise fate of the stone
+was, though occasional uncorroborated statements of individuals,
+alleging knowledge of or participation in its destruction, have been
+made as to it. But their variance has rendered them of no value.
+
+The further collection of funds for the Monument was not only curtailed
+by the destruction of the Pope's stone, but the political and business
+conditions of the country in 1854 caused a great falling off in
+contributions. The Monument had now reached a height of 153 feet above
+the foundation, and the Society had expended on the entire structure
+$230,000. The funds being now practically exhausted, and all its efforts
+to obtain further sums proving abortive in this year, 1854, the Society
+presented a memorial to Congress representing that they were unable to
+devise any plan likely to succeed in raising the requisite means, and
+under the circumstances asked that Congress might take such action as it
+deemed proper.
+
+In the House of Representatives the memorial was referred to a select
+committee of thirteen members, appointed under a resolution July 13th,
+of which committee the Hon. Henry May, of Maryland, was chairman.
+
+By a previous order, Mr. May, on the 22d of February, 1855, made an
+eloquent and able report to the House, in which, after a careful
+examination of the whole subject, the proceedings of the Society were
+reviewed and approved, and an appropriation of $200,000 by Congress was
+recommended "on behalf of the people of the United States to _aid_ the
+funds of this Society." There was no suggestion made that Congress
+should assume the completion of the Monument; the Society were to
+continue actively in the work they had been prosecuting. Congress would
+make simply a donation to the funds. The sum proposed was the same in
+amount which the House of Representatives, by their resolution of
+January 1, 1801, had agreed to appropriate for erecting a mausoleum to
+Washington, in the City of Washington. The report referred to the
+Society and its work in the following terms of approval:
+
+  "The Society was organized on an admirable plan, and its officers
+  undertook the duties assigned them by its Constitution, and have, as
+  your committee are well satisfied, faithfully performed them.
+
+  "The funds were to be collected in all parts of the United States;
+  and agents as competent and as faithful as could be found were
+  appointed, after giving bond for the performance of their duties.
+  These agents were sent to all parts of the country, and
+  contributions were commenced and continued by the subscription of
+  $1.00 for each person. This plan was adopted in order that all might
+  have the opportunity to contribute.
+
+  "In the appointment of these agents a careful scrutiny was exercised
+  by the Society, and undoubted recommendations of both character and
+  capacity were in every case required, and though an opinion may
+  prevail in some parts of the country to the contrary, your committee
+  are satisfied that these agents generally proved to be worthy of the
+  confidence reposed in them. Of the large number employed but two of
+  them failed to account for the money collected, and legal measures
+  resorted to promptly by the Society against their bonds have, in one
+  of these instances, obtained the full amount of the liability.
+
+  "It may well be questioned if any Society executing a plan for
+  collecting money so extensively has met with equal success in
+  justifying the integrity of its agents, and it is pleasing to state
+  that not one cent of the funds received by the Society has at any
+  time been lost by investment or otherwise."
+
+This report, recommending "that the sum of two hundred thousand dollars
+should be subscribed by Congress on behalf of the people of the United
+States to aid the funds of the Society" was submitted to the House with
+every assurance of its adoption, and that the appropriation recommended
+would be made. But an unfortunate occurrence arose, news of which, upon
+reaching Mr. May upon the floor, occasioned a suspension of further
+consideration of the report, and the whole matter was laid upon the
+table. The occurrence was the result of "a plot, secretly contrived and
+suddenly disclosed, to reverse the principles on which the Society had
+uniformly acted, and to degrade an enterprise, sacred to patriotism and
+humanity, into an instrument of party or sect." On the day the report of
+Mr. May was submitted to the House of Representatives, "a crowd of
+persons assembled at the City Hall and there voted for seventeen
+individuals, named in a printed ticket, to be officers and managers of
+'the' Society. The only previous announcement of this proceeding was
+notice signed 'F. W. Eckloff, clerk W. N. M. Society,' and published on
+the evening of the 21st of February in the American Organ' and the
+'Evening Star,' and on the morning of the 22d in the `National
+Intelligencer.' On the 24th of February the result of the election was
+proclaimed in the Press," by which it appeared 755 votes were cast,
+resulting in the election of the following officers: Vespasian Ellis,
+First Vice-President; George H. Plant, Second V. P.; Charles C. Tucker,
+Secretary; John M. McCalla, Treasurer; and the following Board of
+Managers: Samuel S. Briggs, French S. Evans, Henry Addison, Charles R.
+Belt, Joseph H. Bradley, J. N. Craig, Thomas D. Sandy, Samuel C. Busey,
+James A. Gordon, Robert T. Knight, Samuel E. Douglass, Joseph Libbey,
+Sr., Thomas A. Brooke.
+
+This pretended election was not had according to the Constitution of the
+Society. The constitutional time of election was every third year from
+the year 1835, and the last election had been held in 1853.
+
+It was the province of the Secretary of the Society to issue all notices
+of meetings, and the clerk (Eckloff), a mere recorder and messenger, had
+no color of authority to issue any such notice. The last regular weekly
+meeting of the Society was held on the 20th of February, and it had then
+adjourned to meet on the 27th of that month. Of the 755 votes cast all
+were given to each of the seventeen persons elected, except one, who
+received 754 votes, and not one of the persons elected was a member of
+the existing board. This election was carried on certificates of
+membership, which could be obtained from the Society or its agents on
+the payment of one dollar, but which were issued without any knowledge
+of the Society, and no money representing them was ever received by its
+Treasurer.
+
+Abundant evidence shows that the plan of this election was "silently yet
+solemnly resolved," and framed in the secret lodges of the
+"Know-Nothing" or American party of that day, its object being to
+transfer the entire and exclusive management into its own hands, and to
+oust every other description of citizens from participation in the
+trust.
+
+On the 24th of February, the existing Society held a special meeting,
+protesting against the pretended election of February 22d, and appointed
+a committee "to investigate the existing state of things and report
+thereon at the next regular meeting."
+
+The committee reported at a meeting of the Society on the 27th of
+February, and in accordance therewith adopted resolutions declaring
+"that the election held on the 22d instant of officers and managers of
+the Washington National Monument Society was in direct violation of the
+Constitution of said Society, and therefore null and void; that this
+Board, being by virtue of the Constitution of the Washington National
+Monument Society, the existing Board of Managers, and as such charged
+with a trust of the most solemn character, in behalf of the American
+people cannot voluntarily surrender the same; that the above resolutions
+be communicated to the gentlemen claiming under the election of the 22d
+instant, and that we propose that an amicable suit be instituted for the
+purpose of testing the rights of the two parties."
+
+Replying to a transmitted copy of these resolutions, the "Know-Nothing"
+board adopted resolutions not admitting any right in "the late Board of
+Managers" to participate in the "administration of this Society other
+than as _members_ thereof," and appointed a committee of three persons
+"to confer with those gentlemen in response to the resolutions received
+from them to-day, and that they report to the next meeting of this
+Board."
+
+The two committees met on the 3d of March, but were unable to agree on
+terms of arrangement, the committee of the "Know-Nothing" board adhering
+to a refusal to submit the dispute to judicial decision.
+
+The Superintendent in charge of the Monument, William Dougherty,
+declining to recognize the authority of the pretended board or to
+surrender possession of any of the buildings on the Monument grounds to
+the new superintendent appointed by it, on the evening of the 9th of
+March these buildings were forcibly taken possession of in its name, and
+the "new" superintendent was installed in place. Thereafter, for several
+years, the Society had no further communication with the "Know-Nothing"
+board, and published in the daily press a full account of the
+controversy, which demonstrated the illegality of the organization of
+the board in usurped possession. Arrangements were also made to secure a
+decision by the courts in the premises. The Society's agents were also
+advised of the existing conditions. Being bonded, no moneys collected by
+them were paid to the treasurer of the "Know-Nothing" board, which board
+shortly issued the following address, thereby stamping its character:
+
+  "BRETHREN OF THE AMERICAN PARTY:
+
+  "For twenty years past a voluntary association has existed in this
+  city, formed for the purpose of raising funds to erect a monument to
+  WASHINGTON. It was founded on the scheme of voluntary contributions
+  among the people of the United States, in such sums as would enable
+  every citizen to contribute towards it. After years of patient
+  waiting, a sufficient amount was accumulated to justify them in
+  adopting a plan and beginning the work. A plan was adopted of a
+  single shaft of white marble, of four equal sides, having a base 55
+  feet square, and rising to the height of 600 feet, diminishing
+  gradually from base to top, and to be 33 feet square at the top. The
+  base is to be a pantheon, surrounded by columns and ornamented by
+  statues. The interior of the Monument is a square chamber: the
+  walls, 15 feet in thickness, are composed of the solid blue stone of
+  the Potomac in large masses, faced on the outside with white marble
+  18 inches thick, firmly bonded at every course into the blue stone.
+  The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1848. The structure
+  has reached the height of 170 feet at a cost of upward of $230,000.
+  And it appears to be firm as the materials of which it is composed.
+
+  "Last year the contributions were wholly insufficient to keep up the
+  ordinary progress of the work, and the managers were constrained to
+  apply to Congress for aid. In the course of its construction they
+  had thought it expedient and proper to receive not only
+  contributions in money from every quarter of the globe, but they
+  invited contributions in ornamented stones, to be placed, under the
+  direction of the architect, in the face of the wall of the chamber.
+  Among others, a stone sent from the Pope of Rome, and was received
+  by the managers, to be placed, as the others, in some conspicuous
+  place.
+
+  "It was an American Monument, and its construction and management
+  was said to be mainly in the hands of Catholics and foreigners.
+  Complaints were also made of the administration of the association,
+  and of the expenditures and losses in the collections of funds. For
+  these and divers other causes, the Americans of this District
+  resolved in their respective Councils that this work ought to be
+  typical of their Government, completed by the free act of the
+  People, under the direction and by the hands of the natives.
+  Accordingly, at the election held on the 22d of February last, they
+  nominated and elected a ticket of their own Order, who now have the
+  control of the work.
+
+  "It will require at least one million of dollars to complete it as
+  it was originally designed, and that sum must be raised by the
+  Councils of our Order, or we must suffer indelible disgrace and
+  become a bye-word. There are enrolled in the Order at this time not
+  less than two millions of freemen. A contribution of fifty cents
+  from each, a sum within the reach of every member, will effect it.
+  There may be some too poor--there cannot be any too mean or too
+  insensible to the obligation upon them--to give this sum. If this
+  shall be so, we have adopted a plan by which that difficulty may be
+  met. For every contribution of one dollar, a certificate of
+  membership is to be issued to the person in whose name the
+  subscription is made. It is therefore proposed that collections
+  shall be made in each Council throughout the Nation in such manner
+  as each may deem most expedient, and the money remitted to JOHN M.
+  McCALLA, Esq., Treasurer of the National Monument, accompanied by a
+  letter addressed to CHARLES C. TUCKER, Secretary of the National
+  Monument, stating the amount thus forwarded, and transmitting a list
+  of the names to whom a certificate for each dollar thus paid in is
+  to be sent. For each single subscription of five dollars a handsome
+  engraved plate of the Monument, of large size, will be sent.
+
+  "But, Brethren, while the sum of fifty cents from each member of the
+  Order may be barely sufficient to complete the structure, it will
+  take as much more to finish the work and the grounds, and leave a
+  surplus to be invested and yield an interest to keep it in repair
+  end defray the incidental annual expenses.
+
+  "We have pledged the American party to this work. We have taken the
+  great step of overthrowing, on this pledge, the administration which
+  has preceded us, and which not only failed but went as beggars to
+  Congress to ask legislative aid for that which loses all merit,
+  unless it be the free-will offering of grateful hearts.
+
+  "Have we done right?
+
+  "Brothers, we come to you to demand your aid in this great work to
+  which we have been appointed, and to which, through us, you are
+  pledged. We do not come alone. Our brethren in the District of
+  Columbia, beneath the walls of the Presidential Mansion, from which
+  a frowning brow is ever turned upon us--these brethren, moved by the
+  sacred fire that ever burns in their hearts, the altars of
+  patriotism, defying the scorn and contumely and lust of those
+  temporarily in power, have come up freely to our aid. They have set
+  to you, the free citizens of free States, with power to remove and
+  bring to account those who dare to turn a wrathful eye on the
+  movements of those native to the soil--to you in every sense
+  Freemen--they have set a bright and glorious example. May you walk
+  by its light. The Councils in this the heart of the Nation--yet not
+  one of its members--our Councils have, with wondrous unanimity,
+  resolved to contribute _one dollar_ for each member enrolled in each
+  separate Council. Let it go forth--publish it wherever in this broad
+  land, those born beneath the stars and stripes, the glorious banner
+  of our Union, have met, or shall meet, to resolve that Americans
+  must and shall govern America. Ring it in the ear of the
+  slothful--breathe it into the heart of the earnest--the native
+  Americans in Council, in the District of Columbia, have resolved to
+  contribute a dollar for each member toward the completion of the
+  work; and they have already begun their contributions.
+
+  "Brethren, it is a national work--it is the heaped-up offering of
+  mighty people--it is the work of the age. To it, from every kindred
+  and nation, offerings have been brought--the tribute of far-off
+  lands to that name which stands single, alone, mighty, majestic, in
+  the history of the world, as though it were written in letters of
+  starry light in the high heavens, to be read by all men. These are
+  but the homage paid to virtue end renown, while the heart is cold or
+  hostile.
+
+  "But to you, Brethren, his name is a household word. It was breathed
+  over you on a mother's name and graven on your heart by a mother's
+  love. It was taught you by a father's watchful care, and has been
+  held ever before you as your beacon and your guide by a father's
+  ceaseless anxiety. It was your watchword in the sports of youth; it
+  is, it must be, your polar star in the mazes of a maturer life; it
+  is the name for patriotism; it is little less than that of a god.
+  Oh, the heart--the true American heart--the heart that beats
+  responsive to the call of country--the heart that thrills at those
+  words of wisdom and warning which fell from his lips, teaching us
+  the dangers of foreign influence--the heart that swells with
+  gratitude to the great human benefactor, who, having led us through
+  the perils of the terrible conflicts of the Revolution, and guided
+  us through the scarcely less perilous history of the Federation, and
+  presided over that grand and august assembly which framed our
+  matchless Constitution, laid in practice the deep foundations of
+  this mighty Nation--the heart of the native-born American leaps up
+  with joy to testify its deep love and veneration for him and seeks
+  some adequate means to express it. And, Brethren and Countrymen, we
+  bring it to you; we give you, by the means spread before you, an
+  opportunity to enroll your names in the book where is found the
+  mighty company who have contributed to this the most remarkable
+  Monument ever erected to man, which, as his name, shall stand
+  unique, lofty--towering above all others known among men.
+
+  "Brethren, come to our aid.
+
+  "By order of the Board:
+
+                                              "CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                                                        "_Secretary_.
+
+  "WASHINGTON, D. C., _May, 1855_."
+
+
+                 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY:
+
+                     FRANKLIN PIERCE,
+  _President of the United Slates and ex officio President_.
+
+                     VESPASIAN ELLIS,
+                 _First Vice-President_.
+
+                     JOHN T. TOWERS,
+  _Mayor of Washington and ex officio Second Vice-President_.
+
+                     GEORGE H. PLANT,
+                 _Third Vice-President_.
+
+                     JOHN M. McCALLA,
+                       _Treasurer_.
+
+                     CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                       _Secretary_.
+
+
+                        MANAGERS:
+
+          HENRY ADDISON,      THOMAS D. SANDY,
+          CHARLES R. BELT,    JOSEPH H. BRADLEY,
+          FRENCH S. EVANS,    SAMUEL C. BUSEY,
+          CHARLES W. DAVIS,   JAMES GORDON,
+          JOHN N. CRAIG,      ROBERT T. KNIGHT,
+          SAMUEL E. DOUGLAS,  JOSEPH LIBBY, SR.,
+                    THOMAS A. BROOKE.
+
+The address was printed in certain of the daily papers, and transmitted
+to the "Councils" of the party by the following letter:
+
+                                           "OFFICE OF THE
+                                 WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY,
+                                         WASHINGTON, D. C., _May, 1855_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR AND BROTHER:
+
+  "Enclosed I send you an address from the Board of Managers of the
+  Washington National Monument Society to members of our Order, asking
+  their contributions in aid of the Washington National Monument, and
+  request that you will place it before your Council and lend your
+  influence towards the accomplishment of the object in view.
+
+  "By the action of your brethren in the District of Columbia our
+  Order stands pledged to the country and the world to complete the
+  Monument, and the glory of success or the disgrace of failure will
+  be ours alone. The pledge was freely given; for we were confident
+  that our brethren in the States would rejoice at the opportunity
+  thus presented of testifying their gratitude and veneration for him
+  whose "memory, maxims, and deathless example" we endeavor to keep
+  alive in the hearts of the American people.
+
+  "I would suggest that your Council appoint a Washington Monument
+  Committee to receive subscriptions and forward the sums collected to
+  the Treasurer of the Society. The committee should procure a book in
+  which to insert the name and address of each contributor and the
+  amount contributed. This book should be forwarded to me, to be
+  placed in the archives of the Monument, and to each contributor of
+  one dollar or upwards will be forwarded a certificate of membership
+  and a print of the Monument or a portrait of Washington.
+
+  "The plan laid down by the Board of Managers is to forward to each
+  contributor of one dollar or upwards and less than five dollars a
+  small print of the Monument, and to each contributor of five dollars
+  a print of the Monument, 22 by 30 inches in size, or a large
+  portrait of Washington, and both the large print and portrait to
+  each contributor of eight dollars or upwards. To each Council will
+  be sent a copy of the large print or portrait or both, depending
+  upon the amount contributed in such Council.
+
+  "It is not expected, nor is it necessary, that the subscriptions be
+  paid at once; but they may be paid in weekly, semi-monthly or
+  monthly payments, as the Council or committee may determine. One
+  dime per week from each member of our Order for three months will be
+  more than sufficient to erect the Monument to its destined height,
+  thus bringing it within the means of all to assist us in our noble
+  work.
+
+  "If the Council deems it advisable to collect subscriptions outside
+  of the Council, but within its jurisdiction, let it recommend a
+  suitable person to act as agent, who will receive a compensation for
+  his services by a commission upon the amount collected. Upon such
+  recommendations being received, there will be forwarded to the agent
+  named a certificate authorizing him to receive contributions. The
+  Council will determine whether the proceeds of such collections be
+  received and transmitted by the committee having charge of the
+  collections within the Council or be remitted by the agent direct to
+  the Treasurer. It is intended that the amount of such collection be
+  placed to the credit of the Council in the reports from the Board of
+  Managers to the State Councils and National Council.
+
+  "May we not rely upon your best exertion to aid us in the work in
+  which we are engaged? We know that our brethren will cheerfully
+  contribute their mites if the subject is properly placed before
+  them. We wish to dispense, as far as possible, with the services of
+  special agents; that all contributions may be applied directly to
+  the purpose for which they are intended, and we must rely mainly
+  upon those whose abilities or position enable them to render us the
+  aid required; and who, like the officers of the Society, will desire
+  no compensation for their services other than the pleasure of
+  engaging in this patriotic undertaking.
+
+                               "Fraternally yours,
+
+                                                     "CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                                               "_Secretary W. N. M. S._"
+
+The following "Notice to the Public" was issued by the "Know-Nothing"
+Board:
+
+                                         "OFFICE OF
+                                  "WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY,
+                                          "WASHINGTON, _July 1, 1856_.
+
+  "IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN ORDER OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS, the public
+  are requested to pay no more contributions for the Washington
+  National Monument to agents heretofore commissioned by the Board.
+
+  "This notice is not to be construed as a censure on the agents, but
+  it is designed to effectuate a general settlement of the affairs of
+  the Society. The Board is well assured of eventual success in the
+  patriotic enterprise in which it is engaged, but it has resolved to
+  suspend further proceedings by agency until a plan, now under
+  consideration, for combining efficiency, promptitude, and safety, is
+  matured.
+
+  "Balances due from agents, or offerings from independent
+  contributors, are to be sent by draft, _payable to the order of the
+  Treasurer of Washington National Monument Society_, enclosed in a
+  letter to the undersigned.
+
+  "By order:                                  SAMUEL YORKE ATLEE,
+                                                "_Secretary W. N. M. S._
+
+  "N. B.--Editors throughout the United States will confer a favor on
+  the Society and benefit the public by publishing this notice and
+  sending to the Secretary a copy of the paper containing the same."
+
+Manifestly, the rival claims of the two Boards of Managers, and the
+office, books, papers, and property of the Society and the Monument
+itself, being in the possession and control of a narrow political
+faction, practically arrested the work of the Society's agents in the
+collection of funds and further building operations.
+
+The "Know-Nothing" Board, as apparent evidence of its earnestness in the
+premises, and presumably to support its appeal for funds (several later
+ones being issued) and to establish public confidence, proceeded to add
+two courses of stone to the height of the shaft by the use of marble on
+the ground when it took possession. But this marble, in the main, were
+blocks which had been theretofore rejected and condemned as unfit for
+use. In later years, on the final resumption of work on the Monument,
+these courses were removed by the engineer in charge of its
+construction.
+
+The receipts of the Society for the year 1855, from January 3d to
+February 20th, amounted to $695; for the remainder of that year, to
+$51.66--evidence of the result of the dispossession of the Society and
+the disinclination of the public to contribute funds under the existing
+conditions.
+
+The "Know-Nothing" Board continued in possession of the Monument until
+October 25, 1858.
+
+The political party which it represented disintegrating, and not being
+able to secure contributions toward building the Monument, or to awaken
+any interest in the enterprise, it concluded to surrender possession of
+the Monument.
+
+On the date named the surrender was made, and the Society was reinstated
+in the possession of its office, books and papers, and the Monument. A
+number of collectors' filled subscription books, however, were missing.
+The Treasurer of the out-going Board passed to the Treasurer of the
+Society, through the Bank of Washington, December 14, 1858, the sum of
+$285.09. The full amount collected by the "Know-Nothing" Board during
+over three years of its control does not appear.
+
+At a meeting, December 28, 1858, the Society reappointed the Hon. Elisha
+Whittlesey its General Agent. A committee previously appointed reported
+on the present condition of the Monument and other property of the
+Society, by which it appeared that the engine house and some other
+buildings on "Monument place" were in a dilapidated condition, though
+the engine and boiler were in good order; that of two large cranes for
+hoisting stone at the wharves, one had fallen down, the other had
+disappeared; that marble valued at $300 had been taken away; that the
+rope wove through a block at the top of the Monument to enable persons
+to ascend had been pulled down, and no means remained for ascent of the
+shaft save by scaffolding on the inside. "It will require an expenditure
+of at least $2,000 to place the fixtures and machinery in a condition to
+enable your Board to resume the progress of the work."
+
+The enterprise having now passed into the hands of the Society again,
+they proceeded at once to make suitable arrangements for the
+conservation of the Monument and protection of the grounds and other
+property connected with it. Admonished by the transaction of February
+22, 1856, and its results, of the legal difficulties in the way of
+voluntary association, consisting of members residing in all parts of
+the Union, they applied to Congress for a charter.
+
+This was at length granted. On the 22d of February, 1859, an act passed
+Congress, and was approved by the President on the 26th of the same
+month, incorporating "The Washington National Monument Society * * *
+for the purpose of completing the erection now in progress of a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government." The incorporators named were Winfield Scott, Walter Jones,
+John J. Abert, James Kearney, Thomas Carberry, Peter Force, William A.
+Bradley, Philip R. Fendall, Walter Lennox, Matthew F. Maury (as
+survivors of the grantees of the site under the grant made by President
+Polk), and Jonathan B. H. Smith, William W. Seaton, Elisha Whittlesey,
+Benj. Ogte Tayloe, Thomas H. Crawford, William W. Corcoran, and John
+Carroll Brent.
+
+The charter vested in and confirmed to the Society all the easements,
+rights, privileges theretofore held by the Society under the name of
+incorporation, and all thereafter to be acquired, for the purpose of
+erecting the Monument; provided for the election of officers and for
+exercising the right of amotion; that the President of the United States
+should be _ex officio_ President of the Society, and the Governors of
+the several States should be respectively _ex officio_ Vice-Presidents;
+gave the right to sue and be sued, and rendered the members of the
+Society liable in their individual capacities for any indebtedness
+contracted in the name of the Society.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION OF THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL
+MONUMENT SOCIETY UNDER THE CHARTER.
+
+The meeting for the organization of the Society under the charter
+granted by Congress took place on Tuesday evening, March 22, 1859, in
+the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, Washington, D. C.
+
+President James Buchanan, as _ex officio_ President of the Society,
+presided.
+
+Mr. Fendall very briefly reviewed some of the circumstances out of which
+the original Society had sprung, stating that but four of its members
+now survived, and the object and aim of the Society were remarked.
+
+Eloquently referring to Washington, he concluded:
+
+  "The completion of the Monument now in progress is far more
+  important to the fame of the American people than to the fame of
+  Washington."
+
+The President, rising, referred to his efforts to awaken the interest of
+Congress in the erection of a monument to Washington while he was a
+member of the House in 1824.
+
+  "It was considered at that time (1824), and so remarked in Congress,
+  that it was rather an indignity that any effort should be made to
+  raise a monument to the honor and memory of Washington besides that
+  which existed in the hearts of his countrymen."
+
+Mr. Buchanan concluded:
+
+  "Not only in this country is his name loved and revered beyond that
+  of all other men, but abroad, in foreign lands, our country is
+  illustrated by him, and his name is never mentioned but as that of
+  the purest, most unselfish patriot that ever lived; not only the
+  most unselfish, but the most self-sacrificing of whom history has
+  kept record."
+
+Resolutions were then offered, accepting the act of incorporation by
+Congress, and making the charter the Constitution of the Society,
+providing for an annual election on the 22d of February of each year,
+and such other meetings as might be duly called; the officers of the
+Society to be a First Vice-President, (to be the Mayor of Washington;)
+Second and Third Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer and Secretary, committees
+to draft and report by-laws and to define and prescribe the duties of
+officers and agents, and to prepare "An Address to the People of the
+United States."
+
+Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott was chosen Second Vice-President, Thomas
+Carberry, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; and John
+Carroll Brent, Secretary.
+
+Every effort was now put forth to revive public interest in the
+Monument, and to obtain substantial aid for its completion, the Society
+exercising great patience, forbearance, and industry to restore matters
+to their former condition.
+
+The plan now proposed and to be carried into execution was the securing
+of contributions from voters at all municipal and general elections, and
+appropriations by State Legislatures and the invoking by circular letter
+of aid from all political, corporate, or voluntary bodies, the Army and
+Navy, _all_ associations, societies, churches, and individuals.
+
+June 6, 1859, at a general election in the City of Washington,
+contributions were received at the polls towards the funds of the
+Society amounting to $150.76.
+
+In the result of this first renewed attempt to raise money to complete
+the Monument the Society, however, was not discouraged.
+
+The matter was noticed in a daily paper in an article which, after
+referring to the former dispossession of the Society and the long
+"silence" at the base of the Monument, said:
+
+  "It was not till this state of things unhappily took place that the
+  popular enthusiasm drooped and cooled, and it is hardly fair to
+  expect a resuscitation in an hour or a day. We trust, however, that
+  the night is far spent; that the day is at hand, and even the
+  tribute of the voters of Washington on Monday last, small as it was,
+  is an evidence of new life and returning vigor.
+
+  "It will require on the part of the Monument Board the exercise of
+  patience and forbearance as well as industry to restore matters to
+  the condition they once were in."
+
+In April, 1859, the Society applied to the Honorable the Secretary of
+War for the detail of an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers
+to assume the duty of Engineer of the Monument and to superintend its
+construction.
+
+June 7, 1859, a letter was received from the Hon. John B. Floyd,
+Secretary of War, stating that in compliance with the Society's request
+he had detailed Lieut. J. C. Ives, of the Corps of Topographical
+Engineers, to act under the direction of the Society as Engineer and
+Architect of the Monument. Subsequently, Lieutenant Ives reported for
+duty to the officers of the Society. In his letter advising of the
+detail of Lieutenant Ives, Secretary Floyd stated:
+
+  "The favorable auspices under which the enterprise has been resumed
+  encourage the hope that this reproach will be removed. Composed of
+  gentlemen of well-known standing, * * * the Society has a claim upon
+  the confidence of the public that is the surest guarantee of the
+  success of its labors."
+
+Doubts having been raised as to the stability of the material which had
+been employed in building the Monument and as to the sufficiency of its
+foundations to support the shaft at its proposed height of 600 feet,
+Lieutenant Ives, on the 10th of August, 1859, made a report upon the
+subject after a careful examination of all the conditions, which
+recited, in part:
+
+  "To those who are aware of the care which was taken in laying the
+  foundation of the Monument, both in the selection and preparation of
+  the bed and in the execution of masonry work, it will be scarcely
+  necessary to enter into any statement in regard to its present
+  condition. * * * For five years during which the work has been
+  suspended, the foundation has been bearing about four-sevenths of
+  the pressure that it will ultimately be required to sustain, and, in
+  a recent examination, I was unable to detect any appearance of
+  settling or indication of insecurity. * * * Whether the height of
+  600 feet can be attained without endangering the stability of the
+  obelisk, a computation is herewith subjoined, from which it would
+  appear that, without taking into consideration the adhesion of the
+  mortar, the weight alone of the structure would offer a resistance
+  nearly eight times greater than the overturning effort of the
+  heaviest tempest to which it would probably ever be exposed."
+
+The conclusions of this report set at rest at that time all doubts that
+had existed as to the stability of the Monument completed and of its
+foundation.
+
+A proposition, submitted by Lieutenant Ives, to raise funds by erecting
+contribution boxes in the post-offices throughout the country,
+constituting postmasters agents of the Society for their care and
+supervision and the transmission of money thus collected to the
+Treasurer of the Society, was adopted, and Lieutenant Ives was charged
+with the execution of the plan. Amounts collected from the boxes were
+sent directly to the Treasurer, and memoranda of the same to Lieutenant
+Ives, a record being also kept at the Washington City post-office of all
+letters addressed to that officer as Engineer of the Monument.
+
+May 17, 1859, the Society published and circulated a general appeal to
+the public. Collateral to the raising of funds by the "post-office
+plan," agents were appointed, under bond (allowed the usual 15 per cent.
+on the amount of collections to defray their expenses), in defined
+districts to solicit contributions, and a circular appeal was
+_specially_ addressed to corporations, literary and benevolent
+institutions, to schools, organizations, the Masonic fraternity, and to
+officers of the Navy in command, asking their aid to bring the subject
+before the officers and men under them.
+
+At the end of the first _four_ months under Lieutenant Ives' plan
+returns were had from 841 post-offices, the sums aggregating $2,240.31
+(some 28,000 offices making no response at all), an amount far short of
+hope. It had been estimated that $45,000 a year would be required to
+keep the work on the Monument in fair progress when again resumed.
+
+Aside from the post-office receipts, the most considerable items
+collected in this year were: Contribution box at the Monument, $822.40;
+box at the Patent Office, $396.26; California, $1,000; from collections
+in the City of Washington, $49.73. The entire receipts for the year were
+$3,074.96, while the expenditures made in preparation to resume work,
+printing, &c., amounted to $1,429.39.
+
+On the 15th of March, 1859, at the Masonic National Convention held in
+the City of Chicago, a number of the wives, daughters, and sisters of
+Masons in attendance upon the Convention, assembled in the "Richmond
+House" and formed a "Ladies' National Washington Monument Association to
+aid in the completion of the Washington Monument now being erected in
+Washington, D. C." Mrs. Finley M. King, Port Byron, N. Y., was elected
+President, and Mrs. John L. Lewis, Penn Yan, N. Y., Secretary and
+Treasurer, and Vice-Presidents were appointed, residents of different
+States, among the number Mrs. Reuben Hyde Walworth, N. Y.; Mrs. Robert
+M. Henderson, Mo.; Mrs. Floride C. Cunningham, S. C.; Mrs. William
+Sheets, Ind.; Mrs. Margaret C. Brown, Fla.; Mrs. Elbert H. English,
+Ark.; Mrs. Giles M. Hillyer, Miss.; Mrs. Jane Van Wagoner, N. J.; Mrs.
+Martha E. Holbrook, Or.; Mrs. Gilbert C. Morell, Neb.; Mrs. William S.
+Long, Cal.; Mrs. John G. Saxe, Vt.; Miss Sallie Bell, Tenn.; Mrs.
+Richard Vaux, Pa.
+
+The Ladies' Association proceeded actively to work to raise funds by
+various plans, but with small result. In the year 1860 there was issued
+an "Appeal of The Ladies' Washington National Monument Society to the
+judges and inspectors of elections of the various towns, wards,
+precincts, and election districts in the United States, to every paper
+and periodical published, and to the whole people." After reference to
+the unfinished Monument and a glowing tribute to the memory of
+Washington, the address requested "judges and inspectors of election" in
+every place in the ensuing Presidential election (or _any person_, if
+they fail to do so) to provide boxes in which to receive contributions,
+and appoint suitable persons to take charge of them, and "every voter"
+was earnestly entreated to deposit in the boxes any sum, "however
+small," and the press were asked to give the appeal notice.
+
+Money collected was to be transmitted by draft or "in postage stamps" to
+the Secretary or to any one of the lady Vice-Presidents in the several
+States, the amounts collected to be finally published in the daily
+papers.
+
+The success achieved by the association of ladies was but indifferent
+compared with the expectations in its formation, and it collapsed in
+about two years. In 1860 it paid to the Treasurer of the Society, as
+shown by his account, $458.50.
+
+The prosecution of the "post-office plan" of collection was continued,
+and by September, 1860, response had been had from 1,118 postmasters,
+contributions received aggregating $4,179.56. Of this amount, through
+the post-offices of California was received $1,120.63, of which $755.49
+was from the City of San Francisco.
+
+Having been ordered by the War Department to other duty, September 22,
+1860, Lieutenant Ives resigned as Architect and Engineer of the
+Monument, submitting with his resignation a report of the operations he
+had conducted, together with an account of his receipts and
+expenditures. He was thanked in a resolution "for the faithful,
+efficient, and patriotic manner in which he has discharged the duties as
+Engineer of the Monument and originator and superintendent of
+post-office contributions."
+
+In his report Lieutenant Ives stated:
+
+  "I am still of opinion that if the plan could have had, as I at
+  first supposed it would, the direct aid of the Postmaster-General, a
+  great majority, if not all, of the postmasters would have united in
+  it, and that it would have insured in a few years a sufficient sum
+  to complete the work. Without that aid I have been unable to secure
+  the co-operation of a sufficient number to accomplish the work."
+
+A general appeal was now issued, requesting contributions at the polls
+at the Presidential election to occur November 6th, following. The
+success of this effort was marked and peculiar. From the State of
+California was realized $10,962.01; Prince George County, Md., $3.63;
+St. Louis, Mo., $54.20. No other receipts are reported. Other
+contributions during this year were $290 from employees of the Panama
+Railroad; $25.80 from the Post-Office Department; $807.45 from the box
+at the Monument, and $413.55 from one maintained at the Patent Office.
+The total of all collections reported being for the year $6,026.22;
+expenditures, $3,514.32. The California collections were paid over in
+the following year.
+
+The expenditures were charged to the erection of new buildings on the
+Monument grounds and the necessary repair of others, reorganizing the
+plant, and the costs of collections, no salary being paid except to a
+watchman.
+
+Improvements made were thus noticed in a daily paper:
+
+  "The place has been placed in such a condition that all the Board
+  wants now in order to resume the work of erection is funds."
+
+To an appeal issued asking contributions to be made on February 23,
+1861, but one response was reported.
+
+March 26, 1861, an appeal was addressed "To the people and postmasters,"
+reciting:
+
+  "In consequence of the great falling off in post-office
+  contributions, ascribable chiefly to the troubles of the times and
+  the usual change on the advent of a new administration, the
+  undersigned deem it proper to again appeal to the patriotism of the
+  people and postmasters. They therefore respectfully request
+  out-going postmasters to commend the system to their successors and
+  the incoming to imitate the laudable example of their predecessors,
+  and in cases where the latter have not responded and put up boxes to
+  have them erected and forward contributions, however small."
+
+In response to this appeal the amount reported through the post-office
+for the entire year amounted to only $88.52, of which Rhode Island sent
+75 cents, Virginia 48 cents, and Mississippi 15 cents.
+
+A memorial by the Society addressed to Congress, briefly reviewing the
+history of the Monument, giving an account of the Society's
+transactions, and asking the aid of Congress in the premises, was
+adversely reported upon by the Committee on the District of Columbia. A
+minority report by Mr. Hughes, from the same committee, to accompany a
+bill H. R. 769, among other statements, after referring to the report of
+the Select Committee of the House made in 1855, recited:
+
+  "Your committee find no reason for dissenting from the views
+  unanimously taken by the select committee in the report already
+  cited. We cannot but regard the proceedings adopted by Congress
+  shortly after the death of Washington as pledging the public faith
+  to the erection of a suitable monument to his memory. It cannot be
+  doubted that the pledge was given in full consonance with the
+  feelings and wishes of the whole country. Whatever may be said to
+  excuse or explain the delay which has been suffered in redeeming the
+  pledge, the contributions of nearly a quarter of a million of
+  dollars which individual citizens have already made towards erecting
+  a monument to the father of his country, abundantly shows that its
+  completion is an object dear to the hearts of the people. They
+  cannot understand why the universal custom of free States in all
+  ages of the world, to commemorate by monumental representations
+  deeds of patriotism and glory, has so long been disregarded in the
+  instance of the noblest of all national benefactors.
+
+  "Your committee recommend that the sum of $200,000 be appropriated
+  by Congress, on behalf of the people of the United States, to aid
+  the memorialists in completing the Monument to Washington now in the
+  process of erection at the seat of the Federal Government. But they
+  are of opinion that this amount ought to be disbursed in annual sums
+  of $20,000 for each fiscal year; that each annual installment be
+  paid to the Treasurer of the Society, on a joint warrant, to be
+  signed by the chairmen of the committees of the two Houses of
+  Congress for the District of Columbia; and that the accounts of
+  disbursements be settled at the Treasury in the usual mode of
+  auditing the accounts of disbursing agents. We report herewith a
+  bill accordingly."
+
+The recommendations of this report, however, were not adopted.
+
+The reported collections for the year 1861 were $9,917.64, of which
+amount $9,000 was the contributions collected in California in
+November, 1860; the balance, $424.08, was collected at the Monument,
+$70.02 in the box at the Patent Office, and $298.33 paid by the Ladies'
+Washington Monument Society.
+
+The funds the Society had now secured--about $12,000 net over necessary
+expense incurred--was invested in good interest-bearing stocks. The
+change in the national administration and changes in the reorganization
+of the Post-Office Department demoralized the plan to secure collections
+through the medium of local post-offices, and it was shortly
+discontinued.
+
+The funds of the Society were now but little augmented for a number of
+years, the only moneys received being deposits of small amounts in boxes
+placed for the purpose at the Monument grounds, in the United States
+Patent Office, and in the Smithsonian Institute. At no time did the sums
+thus received aggregate more than $700 per annum (1867), the average
+being far less.
+
+The paralyzing influences of the Civil War put a blight upon any further
+labors of the Society to accomplish the long-cherished object of
+erecting, on behalf of the people, a national monument to Washington,
+and public interest and attention being absorbed in more momentous
+questions, the erection of the Monument was all but forgotten. To the
+pen and to the patriotic devotion of the learned and scholarly
+Secretary, Mr. John Carroll Brent, is due what little public notice the
+Monument obtained during the years of strife.
+
+At the meeting on the 22d of February, 1866, for election of officers,
+there was a large attendance. The President of the United States, Mr.
+Andrew Johnson, presided. Replying to some remarks of welcome, he said:
+
+  "GENTLEMEN OF THE ASSOCIATION: It is no ordinary pleasure to me to
+  have it in my power to meet you here on this occasion and
+  participate in your proceedings, intended to resume and progress in
+  the completion of a monument, if I may speak the language of his
+  eulogist, to him who was 'the first in war, the first in peace, and
+  the first in the hearts of his countrymen.'
+
+  "I repeat, it is no ordinary pleasure to me to meet you here on this
+  occasion, on the birthday of the Father of his Country, and
+  participate with you in your efforts to complete the Monument
+  intended to commemorate his name. * * * I hope and trust the work
+  will soon be completed. I hope and trust if there are any States
+  which have not yet contributed and placed their pledges in that
+  Monument of the Union bearing their inscription, it will go on until
+  all the States have done so. I will here remark, it will continue to
+  go on notwithstanding we have disturbed relations of some of the
+  States to the Federal Government; that it will continue to go on
+  until those relations are harmonized and our Union again be
+  complete. Let us _restore the Union_, and let us proceed with the
+  Monument as _its_ symbol until it shall contain the pledge of _all_
+  the States of the Union. Let us go on with this great work; let us
+  complete it at the earliest moment practicable; let your Monument
+  rise--if I may speak in the language of that celebrated and
+  distinguished statesman who made the greatest effort of his life in
+  vindication of the Union of these States--'let this Monument to
+  Washington rise higher and higher until it shall meet the sun in his
+  coming, and his last parting ray shall linger and play on its
+  summit.'
+
+  "I thank you, gentlemen, for the compliment you have conferred upon
+  me in inviting me to attend on this, the birthday of the Father of
+  his Country, to participate in your proceedings, and I hope and
+  trust your efforts will be crowned with success."
+
+Little progress, however, was made toward resuming work on the Monument
+in this year. The receipts from all sources, chiefly at the Monument and
+Patent Office, and accrued interest, amounted to only $1,281.06. Early
+in 1867 the Society again memorialized Congress, as on former occasions.
+
+July 17th, Mr. Driggs, in the House, offered a preamble and resolution,
+which was adopted, reciting that the Society "had been in existence
+twenty years without having accomplished anything beyond the partial
+erection of a square column on the public grounds; that large sums of
+money had been collected, and that collections are still continued in
+the _Patent Office_ and other buildings, and directing the Secretary of
+the Interior to inform the House what became of the money collected _in
+the Patent Office_ and as to the present condition of the Association."
+
+The memorial was referred to a committee of the House, and there filed.
+
+On the following day the Secretary replied to the House with the
+information requested, showing present resources of the Society,
+disposition of its funds, current expenses, present condition and
+purposes.
+
+March 26, 1869, Mr. Nye (Nevada), in the Senate, introduced--
+
+  "A bill to insure the completion of the Washington Monument."
+
+The preamble recited, in part--
+
+  "Whereas the Monument proposed to be erected in the City of
+  Washington in memory of George Washington, the Father of his
+  Country, has been shamefully neglected and is now incompleted, with
+  no prospect of its being finished at all for want of means; and
+  whereas the Government is so deeply in debt in consequence of our
+  late international war that there is no prospect of an appropriation
+  for the completion of said Monument, and there is now, as there
+  always has been, a general, even a national, desire, on the part of
+  the people of the United States to complete this great work as
+  originally designed for the credit of this country and the national
+  respect for our heroic dead; and whereas a number of citizens
+  propose that in case certain privileges are granted them by the
+  National Congress _to complete_ said Monument _within twenty-one
+  years_ from the passage of this act, and that one hundred thousand
+  dollars shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States within
+  two years from the date hereof, and a like amount per annum until
+  the expiration of this act," &c.
+
+The bill provided "that A. T. Stewart, C. Vanderbilt," and other persons
+named, "_as per agreement_, dated March 14, 1869, executed by Charles P.
+Briton and Charles B. Phillips, &c., are hereby created a body corporate
+and politic under the name and style of the _Washington Monument Union_
+for the purpose of devising ways and means for completion of said
+Monument."
+
+It was further provided that the said Union could hold and convey
+property "and issue certificates of subscription, which shall entitle
+the holders thereof to any consideration that may be awarded by such
+system, scheme, plan, or means said corporation may devise or adopt, and
+use such agency as they shall deem necessary to their success." One
+hundred thousand dollars was to be paid in within two years, and
+thereafter the same sum _annually_.
+
+April 1, 1869, Mr. Osborne offered a somewhat similar bill, which was
+also referred, but having other incorporators, who were to "have the
+right, privilege, and franchise of devising such ways and means as they
+may desire for the distribution of money or property for the term of
+twenty years from the date of the passage of this act."
+
+Precedent to the exercise of these rights a bond should be given the
+United States in penalty of $100,000 to pay into its Treasury within two
+years a like sum, and such sum every year thereafter for twenty years
+the first $200,000 to be subject to the order of the Lincoln Monument
+Association, the balance to be subject to the order of the Washington
+Monument Association.
+
+These schemes for completing the Monument, however, went no further.
+
+Not until 1871 did the Society feel encouraged to again issue a general
+appeal to the public.
+
+February 22, 1871, the Society resolved to offer through the public
+press the following propositions, either of which, when accepted, by the
+required donation should be a contract between the donor and the
+Society: The name of any person, corporation, or society contributing
+the sum of $5,000 or more to the Monument fund shall be perpetuated by
+inscription on a block in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society
+for that purpose. The names of _all_ persons, corporations, or societies
+contributing the sum of $2,500 or more and _less_ than $5,000 shall be
+included in a list, and such list shall be inscribed on a _block_ or
+blocks in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society for that purpose.
+The names of all persons, corporations, or societies contributing $1,000
+or more and less than $2,500 to be inscribed on a tablet to be erected
+in the Monument. Any person or body contributing $100 and less than
+$1,000 to be recorded on a list, and such list kept perpetually in the
+archives of the Society.
+
+Mr. John S. Benson was appointed the agent of the Society to place these
+propositions before the country and to invoke the aid of private
+citizens and public men; legislatures, municipal bodies, assemblies,
+and _every form_ of organization of the people. Numerous articles in the
+press called attention to the claims of the Monument.
+
+The Legislature of New York, April 20, 1871, by a two-thirds vote,
+appropriated the sum of $10,000 "as the contribution of the State of New
+York, to be paid by the Treasurer on the warrant of the Comptroller to
+the Treasurer of the National Washington Monument Society whenever the
+Governor shall certify * * * a sufficient sum has been subscribed from
+other sources to enable the said Society to resume work with a
+reasonable prospect of completing the obelisk or shaft."
+
+By the second section of the same act the Governor was to transmit
+copies of it to the Governors of other States, "with a request that they
+communicate the same to the Legislatures of their respective States."
+
+The New York "Jewish Messenger," of its own account, undertook to raise
+the necessary funds, and appealed to the Jewish people, and especially
+the Jewish ladies, to complete the National Washington Monument; "that
+the Israelites in America should be Americans in every relation of life,
+and distinct only in their fealty to the faith of their fathers. The
+Jewesses of America will earn the kindest and most-enduring
+acknowledgements of America's sons; they will rear a proud monument for
+themselves in working together for the accomplishment of this national
+duty."
+
+Receipts this year from collections, chiefly at the Monument, and
+accrued interest, were $1,008.
+
+Following the act of New York, the Legislature of Minnesota
+appropriated, February 27, 1872, the sum of $1,000 towards the
+completion of the Monument.
+
+Also, by act of February 28, 1872, upon the like conditions, the
+Legislature of the State of New Jersey appropriated the sum of $3,000
+towards the work, which was followed on July 30, 1872, by an act of the
+State of Connecticut appropriating on the same terms the sum of $2,000.
+But these examples of duty discharged, not less than of patriotism, were
+not imitated by any other of the State governments.
+
+In February, 1872, a bill was introduced in the House providing that the
+affairs of the Society should be vested in a board of directors, to
+consist of five members of the Society and President and Secretary _ex
+officio_. Any person on payment of $5.00 to be a member, with all the
+rights and privileges of incorporators, to vote and hold office, except
+that of President of the Association. The bill was referred.
+
+The Society once more addressed a memorial to Congress praying a
+_direct_ appropriation might be made towards the completion of the
+Monument, or that "such action might be had as to the assembled
+patriotism of the Nation might seem meet."
+
+The memorial was referred in the House of Representatives to the
+Committee on the District of Columbia, which subsequently reported the
+subject back, April 19, 1872, recommending that "it be referred to the
+Committee on Appropriations," and it was so ordered, but no action was
+taken on the report at this session.
+
+January 27, 1873, a select committee of thirteen was appointed by the
+House under a resolution adopted to confer with the Society as to the
+practicability of completing the Monument by the "approaching
+Centennial."
+
+February 22, 1873, the committee submitted its report, which recommended
+that $200,000 be appropriated to aid the Society in its work. The report
+recited in part--
+
+  "The committee have become fully impressed with the belief that the
+  present time is not only opportune for Congressional action in the
+  matter, but that the _honor_ of the Nation demands it. * * * "Some
+  question has been made as to the security of the foundations, and
+  the committee caused an examination to be made upon this point. The
+  Chief of Engineers was called upon to detail an officer to make an
+  examination and report. His report is appended hereto, and shows
+  that no perceptible change has taken place since the Monument was
+  raised to its present height. * * *
+
+  * * * "An opinion has also obtained some credence that the funds of
+  the Society, though considerably increased from year to year, are
+  absorbed in the payment of sinecures. The committee have had before
+  them _the accounts of the Society from its organization to the
+  present time_. * * * It will there be found that the Society _has no
+  salaried officers connected with it_. Their services have been
+  gratuitous, and they are much to be commended for their faithfulness
+  and their patriotic zeal in this great work. There are less than
+  fourteen thousand dollars, funds of the Society, in the hands of
+  the Treasurer, most of which are invested in interest-bearing
+  securities."
+
+It was estimated that $700,000 would be required to finish the shaft,
+constructing also a suitable base, and that the work might be completed
+by the 4th of July, 1876.
+
+The report concluded:
+
+  "In considering the question as to what action Congress shall take
+  in this matter, three views are presented: First, Shall the
+  responsibility for the completion of the Monument rest wholly upon
+  the efforts of the Monument Society? Second, Shall Congress assume
+  the entire responsibility, and to that end repeal the charter of the
+  Society? Third, Shall Congress aid the Society by an appropriation,
+  leaving it to continue its efforts to raise funds for the completion
+  of the Monument?
+
+  "As to the first, the committee find that the Society has made
+  _every reasonable effort_ to revive public interest and to secure
+  subscriptions, but its efforts have failed and will _continue_ to
+  fail without _some expression of confidence on the part of Congress_
+  in the form of material aid.
+
+  "As to the second view, the committee are unwilling to recommend the
+  disbandment of an association which has already done so much, and is
+  still willing to continue its patriotic efforts to redeem the
+  plighted faith of the Nation.
+
+  "The committee have taken the third view--that of recommending an
+  appropriation by Congress and of the continuation of the Society
+  for the purpose of soliciting further subscriptions under the
+  original idea upon which it started." * * *
+
+The present consideration of the report, however, was postponed until
+the following "Wednesday, at two o'clock," and made a special order. But
+on the appointed day the committee failed to secure recognition, and not
+obtaining the floor at any time during the remainder of the session,
+addressed a letter to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate
+asking an amendment to the sundry civil appropriation act of $200,000,
+to be expended as provided in the bill it had reported to the House. But
+Congress adjourned without action on the report.
+
+At the next session the select committee of the last Congress was
+reappointed, and on May 1, 1874, submitted a report comprehending its
+former one, and to which was appended a transcript of the complete
+accounts of the Society. The report concurred with prior ones in
+Congress, commending the Society's past management and efforts to erect
+the Monument.
+
+A report by Lieut. W. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers, bearing on the
+sufficiency of the foundations to support the Monument at a height of
+600 feet was also submitted as a part of the committee's report,
+Lieutenant Marshall making his report as a result of a request preferred
+by the chairman of the select committee to the Chief of Engineers,
+U.S.A. It was stated by Lieutenant Marshall:
+
+  "It seems inadvisable to complete the Washington Monument to the
+  full height of 600 feet. The area covered by its foundations is too
+  small for a structure of the proposed dimensions and weight, causing
+  an excessive pressure upon a soil not wholly incompressible."
+
+And he recommended the height be less than 500 feet.
+
+The committee's report recommended the passage of a joint resolution
+"that it is the duty of Congress to provide by a sufficient
+appropriation for the completion of the unfinished Washington Monument,
+at Washington City, by the 4th of July, 1876, the one hundredth
+anniversary of American Independence."
+
+The report was ordered printed, and recommitted to the select committee
+on the Washington Monument. No further action was had on the report
+before the adjournment of Congress.
+
+Abandoning hope that Congress would aid in the resumption of work on the
+Monument that it might be under way by the "Centennial year," the
+Society proceeded to appeal to the country. Mr. Frederick L. Harvey,
+Sr., was appointed its General Agent, and charged with the execution of
+a plan he had proposed and which the Society had adopted. This plan was
+to appeal to all organized bodies and associations in the country to
+make a "contingent" contribution of funds towards building the Monument,
+one-half to be payable to the Treasurer of the Society on official
+advice that the total sum estimated to be required, $500,000, had been
+subscribed, the balance to become payable in equal installments from six
+to twelve months later. The interest of the country was to be aroused by
+frequent articles in the daily press and by lectures. Contributions to
+be sought also from churches and schools and by placing contribution
+boxes in the exhibition buildings on the Centennial Exposition grounds,
+in the City of Philadelphia, when opened.
+
+Mr. Harvey proceeded most actively and energetically to execute the
+plan. The press of Washington and elsewhere earnestly commended the work
+and urged contributions.
+
+Rev. Dr. Otis Tiffany, an eloquent pulpit orator, was commissioned to
+visit the larger cities of the country and deliver an address on the
+life and character of Washington, and this gentleman spoke in Baltimore,
+Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, and other cities, thus helping to
+awaken public attention to the Monument.
+
+President Grant and his Cabinet attended the lecture in Baltimore, going
+from Washington.
+
+Between July and September, 1874, over two hundred pledges were received
+by the Society from organizations in every part of the country, chiefly,
+however, from the Masonic Order, Odd-Fellows, Knights of Pythias,
+Independent Order of Red Men, Temperance, and other fraternal bodies.
+Subscriptions ranged from five to fifty dollars each. Circular letters
+were prepared and sent directly to the executive officers of all
+organizations. Interest seemed once more aroused in the completion of
+the Monument, the contingent subscriptions continuing to be made.
+
+February 22, 1875, the Society adopted an address to the country, which,
+referring to the plan of contingent contributions payable direct to its
+Treasurer, continued:
+
+  "The result of their first appeal in this direction has been such as
+  to strengthen their faith. * * * The organizations which have been
+  thus far reached have responded with subscriptions which, if
+  generally and promptly emulated in amount by kindred institutions
+  throughout the land, would secure the completion of the structure
+  during the Jubilee Year. Had their recent appeal fallen dead upon
+  the country and yielded no fruits, they would have been inclined to
+  despair of ever reaching success in the great undertaking so long
+  entrusted to their care."
+
+A special letter to the railway and banking corporations embodying the
+"contingent" plan produced many substantial subscriptions.
+
+In June, 1876, the Society published a further appeal, signed by its
+officers, U. S. Grant, _ex officio_ President; W. W. Corcoran, First
+Vice-President; Robert C. Winthrop, Second Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer, and John B. Blake, Secretary, requesting collections
+in churches and Sunday schools throughout the country on the 2d of July
+following. This appeal was endorsed and signed by the pastors of the
+different religious denominations in the City of Washington. Application
+to the management of the Centennial Exposition to place contribution
+boxes for the Monument in the Exposition buildings was denied; but
+permission having been granted by proper authority, boxes were placed in
+the State buildings on the Exposition grounds in June, 1876. By the
+prosecution of this plan some $90,000 had been contingently subscribed
+when the inflow of subscriptions was arrested by unexpected action by
+Congress in the matter. The "contingent" plan had been one of the most
+successful the Society had ever pursued, and had given every assurance
+of final success.
+
+Deferring to the opinion of Lieutenant Marshall the height of the
+Monument was reduced to 485 feet.
+
+While pursuing its "contingent" plan of contributions, February 3, 1876,
+the Society appointed a special committee, composed of Rear Admiral
+Levin M. Powell (chairman), Hon. Walter S. Cox, Dr. John B. Blake, Dr.
+Charles F. Stansbury, and Fred D. Stuart, to prepare and present to
+Congress a memorial praying an appropriation in aid of its efforts as a
+contribution toward completing the Monument.
+
+February 6, 1876, Hon. George F. Edmunds offered in the Senate the
+following resolution, which was considered by unanimous consent, agreed
+to, and referred to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds be,
+    and it is hereby, instructed to inquire into the expediency of
+    making an adequate provision for the speedy completion of the
+    Washington Monument in the City of Washington, and that it have
+    leave to report by bill or otherwise."
+
+February 10, 1876, Mr. Edmunds laid before the Senate a memorial of the
+Society, presented by its committee, which was read and referred to the
+Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.
+
+It being understood that plans were suggested in some quarters looking
+to a demolition of the uncompleted Monument, and the, use of the
+materials of it in the construction of a different style of monument to
+Washington, at a meeting of the Society on March 30, 1876, among other
+things, it was resolved "that all idea of surrendering the character of
+the Monument or allowing the structure, as far as completed, to be taken
+down, should be positively and emphatically disavowed."
+
+In view of the resolution of the Senate of February 6th, the chairman of
+its Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds received plans for
+changing the Monument to a Lombard Tower, and for erecting an arch of
+its materials. Bat the committee made no report.
+
+
+ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.
+
+On the 5th of July, 1876, Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, offered in the
+Senate a joint resolution declaring, after an appropriate preamble, that
+the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled, "in the
+name of the people of the United States, at the beginning of the second
+century of the national existence, do assume and direct the completion
+of the Washington Monument, in the City of Washington." This resolution
+was unanimously adopted in both Houses of Congress.
+
+On July 22d, the Senate passed a bill appropriating $100,000, "to
+continue the construction of the Washington Monument in the City of
+Washington."
+
+In the debate in the Senate there was some criticism of the design of
+the Monument as an obelisk, and preference was expressed for some other
+form of Monument.
+
+It was said by Senator Bayard:
+
+  "I do not believe that the impression we desire to produce upon them
+  (the people) will in any degree be assisted by the continuance of
+  such a blot upon architecture, as I must consider this obelisk which
+  stands here half-shorn of its height."
+
+It was remarked by Mr. Sherman:
+
+  "I think it is the misfortune now of this Washington Monument that
+  it has been talked of in Congress for one hundred years. We have
+  made promise after promise, and the very moment we come to do
+  anything like the execution of the promise we are met by these
+  delays."
+
+The question of the sufficiency of the foundation of the Monument was
+also raised, resulting in adding a section to the bill providing for an
+examination of the foundation before commencing work on the Monument,
+and if the same should be found insufficient no work to be done until
+the matter was reported to Congress.
+
+The bill also provided that before the expenditure of any of the
+appropriation the Society should transfer and covey to the United
+States, in due form, all the property, rights, and privileges belonging
+to it in the Monument.
+
+The construction of the Monument was placed under a joint commission
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, and the Architect of the Capitol.
+
+In the House of Representatives the bill was referred, on July 24th, to
+the Committee on Appropriations, and reported back by Mr. Foster, of
+Ohio, on July 27th, with amendments. As amended, the bill provided for
+an appropriation of $200,000, payable in four equal annual installments,
+to continue the construction of the Washington Monument, "and provided
+that nothing in the bill should be 'so construed as to prohibit the
+Society' from continuing its organization for the purpose of soliciting
+money and material from the States, associations, and the people in aid
+of the completion of the Monument, and acting in an advisory and
+co-operative capacity with the Commissioners hereinafter named until the
+completion and dedication of the same."
+
+The Joint Commission was increased from the three members provided by
+the Senate to five by adding to it the "Chief of Engineers of the United
+Staten Army and the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society."
+
+It was explained by Mr. Foster that the sum had been raised to $200,000,
+with an annual expenditure of it of $50,000, and the Society continued;
+"because we hope by continuing the Society in existence they can raise
+from the people the balance of the sum needed, and as it will take at
+least four years to complete the Monument." He further remarked: "This
+puts the appropriation of $200,000 in the form of a donation, while at
+the same time it secures to the United States all the property and
+rights or every name and nature of the Society. * * The present purpose
+is to complete the Monument within live years," and to dedicate it
+"October 19, 1881, being the centennial of the surrender of Cornwallis
+at Yorktown, the last 'great act of Washington's' military career, and
+the closing act of the war."
+
+In considering the bill, several amendments were adopted at the instance
+of Mr. Holman, of Indiana, and other members.
+
+The bill passed the House July 27th, and as amended, was passed by the
+Senate the next day and was approved by President Grant on the 2d of
+August, 1876.
+
+September 7, 1876, the Society adopted and issued an appeal "To the
+People of the United States," which was signed by its Secretary, John B.
+Blake.
+
+After referring to the act of Congress appropriating $200,000 to aid in
+the completion of the Monument, the appeal recited:
+
+  "The occasion is deemed a fitting one to address the citizens of the
+  United States upon that subject, and to exhort them, in the name of
+  patriotism, not for a moment, on that account, to relax their
+  efforts to hasten the accomplishment of that long delayed but much
+  desired result."
+
+No response, however, was had from the appeal. The country evidently now
+looked to Congress to assume the whole amount required to finish the
+Monument.
+
+January 19, 1877. Mr. W. W. Corcoran and Dr. John B. Blake, as officers
+of the Society, conveyed by deed to the United States the property
+referred to in the act of August 2, 1876, which deed was duly recorded
+in the land records of the District of Columbia.
+
+Of the funds in the possession of the Society was later erected the
+memorial building on the Monument grounds for the office of the
+custodian, the deposit of the Society's archives, and for the
+accommodation of the visitor.
+
+The relations of the Society to the Monument were now limited as
+provided in the law. Such States as had omitted providing memorial
+blocks to represent them in the Monument had their attention called to
+the omission and supplied them.
+
+In accordance with the proviso in the act of Congress the foundations of
+the Monument were examined. The board of officers detailed from the
+Engineer Corps of the Army by the President to make the examination
+reported adversely as to their sufficiency to sustain the weight of the
+Monument at its proposed height, and the matter was reported to
+Congress.
+
+Under authority of joint resolutions of Congress of June 14, 1878, and
+June 27, 1879, authorizing it, the foundations were strengthened.
+
+This difficult work was successfully accomplished by the eminent
+engineer, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey (later Brigadier-General),
+Corps of Engineers, who had been detailed by the President, at the
+request of the Joint Commission, as engineer officer in charge of the
+construction of the Monument. Capt. George W. Davis, U. S. A., was
+detailed as Assistant Engineer. He had been recommended and endorsed for
+the position of engineer in charge by the Society. Later, Mr. Bernard R.
+Green, C. E., also acted as assistant to Colonel Casey.
+
+Many important features of the work performed emanated from suggestions
+made and worked out by these officers, and which were adopted. To
+Captain Davis was assigned the duty of observing and superintending the
+execution of the details of construction as the work progressed and the
+performance of the contracts for materials. The immediate direction of
+work and workmen on the grounds was the duty of the master mechanic, Mr.
+P. H. McLaughlin. To Mr. Green is to be ascribed the conception and
+working out of the plans for placing the pyramidion or top on the shaft,
+plans adopted by the Engineer-in-Charge and approved by the Joint
+Commission.
+
+The detail plans of construction were drawn by Mr. Gustav Friebus, of
+Washington, D. C., an architect employed in the office of the
+Engineer-in-Charge, and under his direction.
+
+The work of strengthening the foundations approaching completion, the
+fact was reported to Congress by the Joint Commission, and an
+appropriation recommended to begin and continue the erection of the
+shaft.
+
+In support of this recommendation, and to secure adherence to the
+original plan of a simple obelisk and to meet the objections frequently
+raised, both in and out of Congress as to that form of monument, the
+Society, after some correspondence with Colonel Casey, at a meeting held
+on the 1st of April, 1880, appointed the following committee "to take
+charge of the interests of the Monument before Congress:" Robert C.
+Winthrop, Joseph M. Toner, James G. Berret, Horatio King, John B. Blake,
+and Daniel B. Clarke.
+
+This committee carefully prepared a memorial, addressed to Congress,
+which was adopted at a special meeting of the Society on the 26th of
+April, 1880. The memorial was presented to Congress by the committee on
+the 20th of April, 1880, referred to the Committee on the District of
+Columbia, and ordered printed. The memorial recited, in part:
+
+  "The undersigned are not unmindful that strong efforts have been
+  made of late to throw discredit on the design of the Monument, and
+  that various plans have been presented for changing the character of
+  the structure. Nor has the Association, which the undersigned have
+  the honor to represent, ever been unwilling that such modifications
+  of the design should be made as should be found necessary for the
+  absolute security of the work. With this view they gave formal
+  expression a year ago to their acquiescence in the general plans of
+  the accomplished American artist, Mr. Story, who had kindly given
+  his attention to the subject: but now that the strengthening of the
+  foundation has been successfully and triumphantly accomplished by a
+  signal application of skill and science, they cannot forbear front
+  making a respectful but urgent appeal to Congress to give their
+  final sanction to the prosecution and completion of the work without
+  more delay according to the plans recommended by the commissioners
+  appointed by Congress with the President of the United States at
+  their head and by the engineer under their direction. Any other
+  course, they are convinced, would be likely to postpone the
+  completion of the Monument for another generation, to involve the
+  whole subject in continued perplexity, and to necessitate vastly
+  larger appropriations in the end than have now been asked for. * * *
+
+  "It has been objected in some quarters that the ancient obelisks
+  were all monolithic--massive single stones, cut whole from the
+  quarry; but our country has been proud to give examples of both
+  political and material structures which owe their strength to union;
+  and this Monument to Washington will not be the less significant or
+  stately from embodying the idea of our national motto, '_E pluribus
+  unum_.'
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "Something more original and more ornate might have been conceived
+  at the outset or might now be designed, but there are abundant
+  fields for the exhibition of advanced art in other parts of the
+  country, if not here. This Monument and its design will date back to
+  the time of its inception, and will make no pretensions to
+  illustrate the arts of 1880. It was not undertaken to illustrate the
+  fine arts of any period, but to commemorate the foremost man of all
+  ages. Indeed, it will date back in its form and in its proportions
+  to a remote antiquity. It is a most interesting fact communicated to
+  us in the letters, hereto appended, of our accomplished American
+  minister at Rome, the Hon. George P. Marsh, as the result of his own
+  researches, that the proportions of this Monument, as now designed,
+  are precisely those of all the best-known Egyptian obelisks. The
+  height of those monuments is ascertained by him to have been
+  uniformly and almost precisely ten times the dimensions of the base,
+  and _this proportion_ has now been decided on for our own Monument
+  to Washington, the measurements of the base being fifty-five feet,
+  and projected elevation five hundred and fifty feet. * * * It seems
+  to the undersigned sufficient respectfully to suggest that the
+  question before Congress at this moment is not whether the original
+  plans might not have been improved to advantage, but whether this
+  long-delayed work shall be finished within any reasonable period or
+  be left still longer as a subject for competition among designers
+  and constructors.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "By the adoption of the recommendations of the Commissioners and
+  Engineer the work may be completed within the next four years. * * *
+  While the structure would make no appeal to a close and critical
+  inspection as a mere work of art, it would give a crowning finish to
+  the grand public buildings of the Capital, would add a unique
+  feature to the surrounding landscape, and would attract the admiring
+  gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which it
+  would be visible. It would be eminently a monument for the
+  appreciation of the many, if not of the few, and would thus verify
+  the designation originally given it, of 'The People's Monument to
+  their most illustrious Benefactor.'"
+
+In a letter to the chairman of the committee of the Society by Colonel
+Casey, dated April 19, 1887, he stated:
+
+  "The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet
+  6 inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof,
+  50 feet in height. The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are
+  in exact accordance with the classic proportions of parts of this
+  style of architecture, as determined after careful research by the
+  Hon. George P. Marsh, American Minister at Rome."
+
+The recommendations of the Joint Commission, of the Engineer, Colonel
+Casey, and of the Society, as to plan and proportions of the shaft, were
+happily sustained.
+
+The prediction in the Society's last memorial to Congress was fully
+realized in the completed Monument, which has ever since attracted "the
+admiring gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which
+it is visible." None are found to regret the form of the Monument, which
+was firmly adhered to as most fitting to perpetuate the name and fame of
+Washington.
+
+
+Congress making the required annual appropriation for the purpose, the
+work proceeded and the Monument was finally completed on the 6th of
+December, 1884, on which day its capstone was set in place.
+
+By joint resolution of Congress, approved May 13, 1884, a commission was
+created, consisting of five Senators, eight Representatives, and three
+members of the Washington National Monument Society to make arrangements
+for the dedication of the Monument. The following persons composed the
+Commission:
+
+  Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,
+  Hon. JUSTIN S. MORRILL,
+  Hon. WILLIAM B. ALLISON,
+  Hon. THOMAS F. BAYARD,
+  Hon. LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR,
+  Hon. WILLIAM DORSHEIMER,
+  Hon. JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER,
+  Hon. JOHN H. REGAN,
+  Hon. PATRICK COLLINS,
+  Hon. NATHANIEL B. ELDREDGE,
+  Hon. HENRY H. BINGHAM,
+  Hon. JOSEPH G. CANNON,
+  Hon. JAMES LAIRD, AND
+  Hon. W. W. CORCORAN,
+  President JAMES C. WELLING,
+  Dr. JOSEPH M. TONER.
+
+Pursuant to the order of proceedings adopted by the Commission the
+Monument was dedicated on the 21st of February, 1885. The ceremonies,
+began at the base of the Monument at 11 o'clock, Hon. John Sherman,
+Chairman of the Commission, presided. After music, prayer by the Rev.
+Mr. Suter, of Christ Church, Alexandria, Va.; an address prepared by W.
+W. Corcoran, the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society, read by Dr. James C. Welling, Mr. Corcoran being
+unable to attend; Masonic ceremonies by the Grand Lodge of the District
+of Columbia, Grand Master Myron M. Parker; remarks by Col. Thomas L.
+Casey, the Engineer of the Joint Commission, delivering the Monument to
+the President of the United States, the Monument was dedicated by the
+President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, in the following
+words:
+
+  "FELLOW COUNTRYMEN: Before the dawn of the century whose eventful
+  years will soon have faded into the past--when death had but lately
+  robbed this Republic of its most beloved and illustrious
+  citizen--the Congress of the United States pledged the faith of the
+  Nation that in this city, bearing his honored name, and then, as
+  now, the seat of the General Government, a monument should be
+  erected to commemorate the great events of his military and
+  political life.
+
+  "The stately column that stretches heavenward front the plain
+  whereon we stand bears witness to all who behold it that the
+  covenant which our fathers made, their children have fulfilled.
+
+  "In the completion of this great work of patriotic endeavor there is
+  abundant cause for national rejoicing; for while this structure
+  shall endure it shall be to all mankind a steadfast token of the
+  affectionate and reverent regard in which this people continue to
+  hold the memory of Washington. Well may he ever keep the foremost
+  place in the hearts of his countrymen.
+
+  "The faith that never faltered; the wisdom that was broader and
+  deeper than any learning taught in schools; the courage that shrank
+  from no peril and was dismayed by no defeat; the loyalty that kept
+  all selfish purpose subordinate to the demands of patriotism and
+  honor; the sagacity that displayed itself in camp and cabinet alike;
+  and, above all, that harmonious union of moral and intellectual
+  qualities which has never found its parallel among men--these are
+  the attributes of character which the intelligent thought of this
+  century ascribes to the grandest figure of the last.
+
+  "But other and more eloquent lips than mine will to-day rehearse to
+  you the story of his noble life and its glorious achievements.
+
+  "To myself has been assigned a simpler and more formal duty, in
+  fulfillment of which I do now, as President of the United States and
+  in behalf of the people, receive this Monument from the hands of its
+  builder, and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the
+  immortal name and memory of George Washington."
+
+The proceedings occurred in the presence of a great concourse of
+citizens and visitors from all parts of the country. The day was clear
+and cold, and a light fall of snow covered the earth.
+
+The procession to the Capitol, comprising a military escort, embracing
+the regular forces of the Army and Navy and visiting military bodies
+and a civic division, under command of Lieut.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan,
+marshal of the day, was imposing.
+
+The proceedings arranged in the hall of the House of Representatives
+occurred in the presence of the President of the United States and his
+Cabinet, the assembled Congress, the Judges of the Supreme Court of the
+United States, Governors of States, Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers,
+official heads in the Departments of the Government, municipal officers
+of Washington, judges, distinguished officers of the Army and Navy, the
+Marine Corps, and the Militia, scientists, journalists, scholars of
+distinction, and many other invited guests of prominence. Among those
+present were descendants of the family of Washington, and of his friends
+and neighbors.
+
+Prayer was offered by the Rev. S. A. Wallis, of Pohick Church, near
+Mount Vernon, Va. An oration by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of
+Massachusetts, was read by Hon. John D. Long, a Representative from
+Massachusetts. Music by the United States marine band was followed by an
+eloquent oration by the Hon, John W. Daniel, of Virginia.
+
+The benediction was pronounced by the Rev. John A. Lindsay, Chaplain of
+the House of Representatives.
+
+
+The resolution of Congress of 1799 was at last fulfilled. The efforts of
+the Washington National Monument Society were realized, and the American
+people beheld the consummation of their desire--a great National
+Monument erected at the seat of the Federal Government to the name and
+memory of George Washington.
+
+A provision in the sundry civil bill, approved October 2, 1888,
+dissolved the Joint Commission, and placed the Monument "in the custody,
+care, and protection" of the Secretary of War, and "continued" the
+Washington National Monument Society "with the same powers as provided
+in the act of August 2, 1876, creating the Joint Commission."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+ROLL OF THE
+Washington National Monument Society.
+
+  Chief Justice John Marshall.
+  Ex-President James Madison.
+  Hon. Roger C. Weightman.
+  Com. John Rodgers.
+  Gen. Thomas S. Jessup.
+  Col. George Bomford.
+  Matthew St. Claire Clarke.
+  Samuel Harrison Smith.
+  John McClelland.
+  Judge William Cranch.
+  Hon. William Brent.
+  George Watterston.
+  Col. Nathan Towson.
+  Gen. Archibald Henderson.
+  Thomas Munroe.
+  Hon. Thomas Carbery.
+  Hom. Peter Force.
+  Hon. John P. Van Ness.
+  William Ingle.
+  William L. Brent.
+  Gen. Alexander McComb.
+  John J. Abert.
+  Philip R. Fendall.
+  Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott.
+  John Carter.
+  Gen. Walter Jones.
+  Hon. Walter Lenox.
+  T. Hartley Crawford.
+  Com. M. F. Maury.
+  Benj. Ogle Tayloe.
+  Thomas Blagden.
+  John Carroll Brent.
+  Col. James Kearney.
+  Hon. Elisha Whittlesey.
+  Hon. W. W. Seaton.
+  J. Bayard H. Smith.
+  Hon. W. W. Corcoran.
+  John P. Ingle.
+  James Mandeville Carlisle.
+  Dr. John B. Blake.
+  Dr. William Jones.
+  William L. Hodge.
+  Dr. James C. Hall.
+  William B. Todd.
+  Hon. James Dunlop.
+  Gen. U. S. Grant.
+  George W. Riggs.
+  Hon. Henry D. Cooke.
+  Hon. Peter G. Washington.
+  William J. McDonald.
+  Hon. John M. Broadhead.
+  Gen. William T. Sherman.
+  Dr. Charles H. Nicols.
+  David A. Watterston.
+  Hon. Alexander R. Shepherd.
+  Fitzhugh Coyle.
+  Hon. James G. Berret.
+  J. C. Kennedy.
+  Hon. William A. Richardson.
+  Gen. O. E. Babcock.
+  Edward Clark.
+  Hon. Walter S. Cox.
+  Rear-Admiral Levin M. Powell.
+  Dr. Charles F. Stansbury.
+  Fred D. Stuart.
+  Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.
+  Professor Joseph Henry.
+  Gen. William McKee Dunn.
+  John C. Harkness.
+  Hon. Horatio King.
+  Dr. Daniel B. Clarke.
+  Hon. George W. McCrary.
+  Dr. Joseph M. Toner.
+  President James C. Welling.
+  Hon. George Bancroft.
+  Rear-Adm'l C. R. P. Rodgers.
+  Hon. Hugh McCulloch.
+  Hon. John Sherman.
+  Hon. William Strong.
+  Hon. Arthur McArthur.
+  Brig.-Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey.
+  Hon. A. R. Spofford.
+  Hon. J. C. Bancroft Davis.
+  Gen. C. C. Augur.
+  Professor Asaph Hall.
+  Rear-Adm'l S. R. Franklin.
+  Dr. Francis M. Gunnell.
+  Professor E. M. Gallaudet.
+  Hon. Martin F. Morris.
+  Hon. George S. Boutwell.
+  Samuel H. Kauffmann.
+  Maj.-Gen. John M. Schofield.
+  Rev. John F. Hurst, D. D.
+  Rt. Rev. John J. Keane.
+  Hon. Henry B. Brown.
+  Hon. William A. Maury.
+  Henry A. Willard.
+  Charles C. Glover.
+  Professor S. D. Langley.
+  Frederick L. Harvey.
+  R. Ross Perry.
+
+GENERAL AGENTS.
+
+  Elisha Whittlesey,                     1848.
+  Lieut. J. C. Ives,                     1859 to 1860.
+  John S. Benson,                        1870.
+  Frederick L. Harvey,                   1874 to 1876.
+
+
+
+
+INSCRIPTION
+ON
+COPPER PLATE COVERING DEPOSIT-RECESS IN THE
+CORNER-STONE OF MONUMENT.
+
+                  4th JULY, 1776.
+
+  DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+                     AMERICA.
+
+
+                  4th JULY, 1848.
+
+      THIS CORNER-STONE LAID OF A MONUMENT,
+    BY THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, TO THE
+           MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+
+                  JAMES K. POLK,
+  _President of the United States and Ex-officio President of the Board
+                   of Managers._
+
+        WILLIAM BRENT, _1st Vice-President_.
+
+  WILLIAM W. SEATON, _Mayor of Washington, 2d Vice-President_.
+
+       GEN'L A. HENDERSON, _3d Vice-President_.
+
+             J. B. H. SMITH, _Treasurer_.
+
+            GEORGE WATTERSTON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+BOARD OF MANAGERS.
+
+  MAJOR-GEN'L WINFIELD SCOTT.
+  GEN'L N. TOWSON.
+  COL. J. J. ABERT.
+  COL. J. KEARNEY.
+  GEN'L WALTER JONES.
+  THOMAS CARBERY.
+  PETER FORCE.
+  WM. A. BRADLEY.
+  P. R. FENDALL.
+  THOMAS MUNROE.
+  WALTER LENOX.
+  M. F. MAURY.
+  THOMAS BLAGDEN.
+  ELISHA WHITTLESEY, _General Agent_.
+
+BUILDING COMMITTEE.
+
+  THOMAS CARBERY.
+  WILLIAM A. BRADLEY.
+  GEORGE WATTERSTON.
+  COL. J. J. ABERT.
+
+COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.
+
+  GEN'L A. HENDERSON.
+  WALTER LENOX.
+  LIEUT. M. F. MAURY.
+  JOSEPH H. BRADLEY, _Chief Marshal_.
+  ROBERT MILLS, _Architect_.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF MEMBERS
+OF THE
+JOINT COMMISSION,
+COMPLETION OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.
+
+(Commission Dissolved October 2, 1888.)
+
+
+_Presidents._
+
+  ULYSSES S. GRANT.      JAS. A. GARFIELD.
+  R. B. HAYES.           CHESTER A. ARTHUR.
+            GROVER CLEVELAND.
+
+_Chiefs of Corps of Engineers, U. S. A._
+
+  Brig.-Gen. A. A. HUMPHREYS.     Brig.-Gen. HORATIO WRIGHT.
+  Brig.-Gen. JOHN NEWTON.         Brig.-Gen. THOS. L. CASEY (1888).
+
+_Architect of the Capitol._
+
+  EDWARD CLARK.
+
+_Architects of the Treasury._
+
+  JAS. G. HILL.      JOHN FRASER, Acting.      M. E. BELL.
+
+_First Vice-President of Washington National Monument Society._
+
+  W. W. CORCORAN.
+
+_Secretary._
+
+  F. L. HARVEY.
+
+_Engineers in Charge Under Joint Commission._
+
+  Col. THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,      Col. JOHN M. WILSON (1888),
+                     Corps of Engineers.
+
+_Assistants._
+
+  Capt. GEO. W. DAVIS,        BERNARD R. GREEN,
+     14th Inft., U. S. A.        Civil Engineer.
+
+_Master Mechanic_--P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.
+
+_Chief Clerk_--JAMES B. DUTTON.
+
+_Draftsman_--GUSTAV FRIEBUS.
+
+
+
+
+INSCRIPTIONS
+ON THE
+FOUR FACES OF THE ALUMINUM POINT CROWNING
+APEX OF MONUMENT.
+
+(NORTH FACE.)
+
+JOINT COMMISSION
+AT
+SETTING OF CAP-STONE.
+
+  CHESTER A. ARTHUR.
+  W. W. CORCORAN, _Chairman_.
+  M. E. BELL.
+  EDWARD CLARK.
+  JOHN NEWTON.
+  _Act of August 2nd, 1876._
+
+(WEST FACE.)
+
+  CORNER-STONE LAID ON BED OF FOUNDATION
+  JULY 4, 1848.
+
+  FIRST STONE AT HEIGHT OF 152 FEET
+  LAID
+  AUGUST 7, 1880.
+
+  CAP-STONE SET DECEMBER 6, 1884.
+
+(SOUTH FACE.)
+
+  CHIEF ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT,
+    THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,
+      COLONEL CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
+
+  _Assistants:_
+    GEORGE W. DAVIS,
+      CAPTAIN 14TH INFANTRY.
+
+    BERNARD R. GREEN,
+      CIVIL ENGINEER.
+
+  _Master Mechanic._
+    P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.
+
+(EAST FACE.)
+
+  LAUS DEO.
+
+
+
+
+                             ENGINEER OFFICE WASHINGTON MONUMENT,
+                                 CORNER SEVENTEENTH AND F STREETS,
+                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., _April 19, 1880_.
+
+Hon. ROBERT C. WINTHROP,
+  _Chairman of Committee of Washington Monument society_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Agreeably to your request that a succinct account of the
+project for the completion and the condition of the work upon the
+Washington National Monument should be given your committee, I have the
+honor, with the sanction of the Joint Commission for the completion of
+the Monument, to report as follows.
+
+ADMINISTRATION.
+
+Under the authority of the act of Congress of August 2, 1876, and joint
+resolutions of June 14, 1878, and June 27, 1879, the Monument is being
+constructed under the direction and supervision of a Joint Commission,
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, the Architect of the Capitol, the
+Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, and the First
+Vice-President of the Washington National Monument Society.
+
+PROJECT.
+
+The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height,
+faced with white marble mid hacked with dressed granite rock. Of this
+structure 156 feet is already finished.
+
+The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6
+inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50
+feet in height.
+
+The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance
+with the classic proportions of parts of this style of architecture, as
+determined after careful research by the Hon. George P. Marsh, American
+Minister at Rome.
+
+The shaft, as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be
+entirely stable as against winds that could exert a pressure of one
+hundred pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the structure.
+
+The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to enable
+it to carry this structure. This preparation, or strengthening, consists
+in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in order to
+distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon each
+square foot of the earth pressed no greater weight then it is known to
+be able to sustain.
+
+CONDITION OF THE WORK.
+
+1. _Preparation of foundation._--This consisted in placing a mass of
+Portland cement concrete beneath the existing foundation, extending
+downwards 13½ feet; underneath and within the outer edge of the old
+foundation 18 feet; and without this edge 23 feet; then, of taking out
+the old foundation from beneath the shaft, for a sufficient distance
+back to obtain a good bearing upon the new masonry which is built out
+upon the slab first mentioned.
+
+This work is so far advanced that it will be entirely completed by the
+15th of June.
+
+2. _Preparation for the shaft._--The other operations have consisted in
+the erection of the interior frame-work for the staircases and elevator
+within the shaft, which frame-work will be used in the construction of
+the masonry; the collection of granite and marble for continuing the
+shaft; and the preparation of the machinery for raising the stones to
+the top of the shaft, and setting them in place on the walls.
+
+APPROPRIATIONS.
+
+The only appropriation for this work as yet made by Congress is two
+hundred thousand dollars, contained in the act of August 2, 1876, which
+sum will be exhausted by the end of August, 1880.
+
+The estimate for completing this work is $667,000, and the time required
+will be four working seasons.
+
+    Very respectfully, your ob't servant,
+                                              THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,
+                                _Lieutenant-Colonel Engineers, U.S.A.,
+                                                    Engineer in Charge._
+
+
+                                    UNITED STATES SENATE CHAMBER,
+                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 31, 1879_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I inclose, as possibly of interest, extracts from a letter I
+have just received from Hon. George P. Marsh, our Minister at Rome.
+
+These extracts refer to the Washington Monument question. Mr. Marsh is
+among the most learned and accomplished of those in any country who have
+given the subject of architecture and monumental art attention.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+                                                        GEO. F. EDMUNDS.
+  Gen. T. L. CASEY,
+    _Corps of Engineers_.
+
+
+
+
+[Extracts.]
+
+                                               ROME, _February 9, 1879_.
+
+DEAR MR. EDMUNDS: By a letter from the sculptor Mead to Mrs. Marsh, I
+understand that the main feature of the Washington Monument is to be an
+obelisk of great height, surmounted by a colossal statue, and with
+_bas-reliefs_ at a suitable height from the base. I believe I have
+not only seen but sketched every existing genuine--that is,
+Egyptian--obelisk, for no other can fairly said to be genuine. The
+obelisk is not an arbitrary structure which every one is free to erect
+with such form and proportions as suit his taste and convenience, but
+its objects, form, and proportions were fixed by the usage of thousands
+of years; they satisfy every cultivated eye, and I hold it an esthetical
+crime to depart from them.
+
+In its objects the obelisk is monumental, its inscriptions having
+reference to and indicating what or whom it commemorates. I do of think
+_bas-reliefs_ too great a departure from the primitive character the
+inscriptions, because we can come no nearer an alphabet answering the
+purpose.
+
+The most important point is the form and proportions of the structure,
+as to which the modern builder of obelisks transgresses greatly. The
+Egyptian obelisks do not, indeed, all conform with mathematical
+exactness to their own normal proportions, but (probably from defects in
+the stone) frequently vary somewhat from them. When truly fashioned,
+however, they are more pleasing to the eye than when deviating from the
+regular shape.
+
+The obelisk consists: First, of a naked shaft, with or without
+inscription, the height of which is ten times the width of its base, so
+that if the base of the shaft is fifty feet square, then the height of
+the shaft must be five hundred feet. For optical reasons (which cannot
+be considered in the Washington Monument, it being too late) the faces
+of the shaft are slightly convex.
+
+The dimensions of the shaft are reduced as it rises, and in this point
+the ancient obelisks vary more than any other, the top of the shaft
+varying from two-thirds to three-quarters of the linear measurement of
+the base. Hence, if the base of the shaft (I do mot mean of the pedestal
+or plinth, if there is one) is fifty feet square, its summit may be
+anywhere between thirty-three and one-third and thirty-seven and
+one-half feet square. The obelisks much reduced are the most graceful,
+but in this case the great height will of itself reduce the apparent
+measurement, so that perhaps thirty-five would not be too much. But the
+shaft has already gone up so far as to have settled those questions of
+form irrevocably. Second, of a pyramidion or apex, the form and
+proportions of which are constant. The base of the pyramidion is of
+exactly the same dimensions as the summit of the shaft, and unites with
+it directly without any break (except, of course, one angle), and with
+no ledge, molding, or other disfigurement. The height of the pyramidion
+is equal to the length of a side of the base of the shaft, and therefore
+greater than the side of its own base.
+
+There are cases where the hyeroglyphics run up one or more faces of the
+pyramidion, but in general these faces are perfectly plain.
+
+The Egyptians often covered the whole pyramidion with a closely fitted
+gilt bronze cap, the effect of which most have been magnificent.
+
+It has been said that it was sometimes surmounted by a gilt star, but I
+doubt this, for the casing of the pyramidion would of itself have much
+the same effect.
+
+The notion of spitting an the sharp point of the pyramidion is supremely
+absurd. Not less so is the substitution of a low hipped roof for am
+acute pyramidion, or the making of a window in the face of the
+pyramidion or of the shaft, both which atrocities were committed in the
+Bunker Hill Monument. There will no doubt be people who will be foolish
+enough to insist on a peep-hole somewhere; and if they must be gratified
+the window should be of the exact form and size of one of the stones,and
+provided with a close-fitting shutter colored exactly like the stone, so
+that when shut it would be nearly or quite imperceptible from below.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                          GEO. P. MARSH.
+
+  Hon. GEO. F. EDMUNDS.
+
+
+                                      WASHINGTON, D. C., _May 12, 1879_.
+
+MY DEAR GENERAL: I have received from Mr. Marsh a letter on the subject
+of the Monument, a copy of which I herewith forward to you, thinking it
+may interest you.
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                      GEORGE F. EDMUNDS.
+
+  General T. L. CASEY,
+    _Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C._
+
+
+                                                 ROME, _April 25, 1879_.
+
+DEAR MR. EDMUNDS: I am much obliged to you for yours of April 8, with
+General Casey's letter and the two Congressional documents. I am
+agreeably surprised to learn from General Casey's interesting letter
+that the normal proportions have been so early observed hitherto in the
+construction of the obelisk. In fact, it being difficult to obtain such
+vast masses of granite rock, even in the quarries of Syene, entirely
+free from flaws, the Egyptians were very often obliged to depart more or
+less from the proportions most satisfactory to the eye, and the
+Washington obelisk conforms so nearly to those proportions, except in
+two points, that it is hardly subject to criticism. These points are,
+the batter, which is more rapid than in any obelisk known to me, and the
+pyramidion. Perhaps the designer adopted the proportions from
+considerations of stability, as a summit considerably less than the base
+would give greater security, and when the dimensions are all so great,
+differences of proportion are less appreciable.
+
+As to the form and proportion of the pyramidion, the existing obelisks
+are more uniform than in the measurements of the shaft, and I think
+that, not merely on the ground of precedent but on that of taste, it
+would be by all means advisable to give to the pyramidion of the
+Washington obelisk a height of not less than fifty feet. In any case, if
+the height of the pyramidion is not greater than the side of its base,
+the summit will have a truncated shape quite out of harmony with the
+_soaring_ character of the structure.
+
+I infer from General Casey's drawings, accompanying Mr. Corcoran's
+letter, that the plan of a sort of temple-like excrescence from the
+base--a highly objectionable feature--is abandoned. It is curious that
+we do not know precisely what the Egyptian form of the base was. Some
+authorities state it was a die of larger dimensions than the shaft, and
+with sides battering at the same rate as the shaft, but I do not find
+satisfactory evidence that this was by any means universal, though it
+would certainly be an appropriate and harmonious form. Of course any
+desirable base can be constructed around the shaft. There are obelisks
+the surface of which indicates that they were stuccoed, and this
+suggests that if the shaft of the Washington obelisk shall from time or
+difference of material be found parti-colored, surface uniformity of
+tone may be obtained by the same process.
+
+We have no knowledge of any Egyptian obelisk much exceeding one hundred
+feet in height, though some writers speak of such monuments of
+considerably greater dimensions. The extreme difficulty of obtaining
+monoliths exceeding one hundred feet renders it probable that the
+measurements of the authorities referred to were mere vague estimates
+rather than ascertained dimensions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                          GEO. P. MARSH.
+
+
+                                     BROOKLINE, MASS., _August 1, 1878_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: Your favor of the 20th ultimo reached me yesterday. I thank
+you for sending me the copy of Mr. Story's letter, which I have read
+with great interest. I am only a second vice-president of the Monument
+Association, and am not included in the commission for completing the
+work. I had no part or lot in the original design of the Monument. * * *
+As an original question, I might have desired a different design; and I
+had no small part in inducing the building committee, many years ago, to
+omit the pantheon at the base, and to confine the design to a simple
+obelisk. After that was arranged, and when the Monument had reached so
+considerable a height, I was very averse to changing the plan. A whole
+generation of men, women, and children had contributed, in larger or
+smaller sums, to this particular Monument; and States, cities, and
+foreign nations had sent stones for its completion.
+
+To tear it all down, with a view to improve the design, was abhorrent to
+me. Story called to see me when he was in Boston, and I told him that,
+so far as I was concerned, my first wish was to finish the Monument as a
+simple obelisk; but that, if a change was unavoidable, owing to any
+insecurity of the foundations, his idea of turning it into an ornamental
+Lombard Tower was the best plan I had seen suggested. * * *
+
+I am aware that what is called "advanced art" looks with scorn on
+anything so simple and bald as an obelisk, more especially when it is
+made up of a thousand pieces, instead of being a monolith shaft. Yet the
+Bunker Hill Monument, of which the design was furnished by one of our
+earliest and best artists, Horatio Greenough, is one of these complete
+obelisks, and Webster was proud to apostrophize it as "the true orator
+of the day," when he was pronouncing his own incomparable oration.
+
+I recall other obelisks, at home and abroad, which tell their story most
+impressively; and when I look around to see what "advanced art" has done
+for us and done for itself to the myriad soldiers' monuments which have
+been recently erected, I fall back on the simple shaft as at least not
+inferior to any one of them in effect and as free from anything tinsel
+or tawdry.
+
+A grand arch, which I believe you once proposed, would be a noble
+monument of our Union, and might well be the subject of independent
+consideration in season for the centennial of the organization of the
+Government in 1889. I have repeatedly urged such an arch as
+commemorative of our Constitutional Union, in Boston. But it would have
+still greater propriety in Washington. I cannot help hoping, however,
+that it will be erected with new stones, and without any disturbance of
+the Washington obelisk.
+
+Pardon me for so long a letter and for so frank an expression of my
+views.
+
+I have heard nothing on the subject of late from any of the
+Commissioners or of the Association, but have taken it for granted that
+the whole matter was decided.
+
+If, however, it is to be reopened, I shall be very glad to see Mr.
+Story's designs, and to consult with you agreeably to your friendly
+invitation.
+
+Believe me, dear Mr. Morrill, respectfully and truly,
+
+                                                     ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
+
+  Hon. JUSTIN S. MORRILL,
+    _United States Senator_.
+
+
+
+
+ACTS OF CONGRESS RELATING TO THE COMPLETION OF
+THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+Act of August 2, 1876,                19 Statutes, p. 123.
+Joint Resolution, June 14, 1878,      20    "      p. 254.
+Joint Resolution, June 27, 1879,      21    "      p.  54.
+Sundry Civil Act, June 16, 1880,      21    "      p. 268.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1881,      21    "      p. 444.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1883,      22    "      p. 615.
+Sundry Civil Act, August 9, 1886,     24    "      p. 245.
+Sundry Civil Act, February 28, 1887,  24    "      p. 424.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1887,      24    "      p. 509.
+Sundry Civil Act, October 2, 1888,    25    "      p. 553.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF BLOCKS
+
+CONTRIBUTED FOR INSERTION IN THE INTERIOR
+WALLS OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+  Maine.
+  New Hampshire.
+  Vermont.
+  Massachusetts.
+  Connecticut.
+  Rhode Island.
+  New York.
+  Pennsylvania.
+  New Jersey.
+  Delaware.
+  Maryland.
+  Virginia.
+  West Virginia.
+  North Carolina.
+  South Carolina.
+  Georgia.
+  Florida.
+  Alabama.
+  Mississippi.
+  Louisiana.
+  Texas.
+  Arkansas.
+  Tennessee.
+  Missouri.
+  Kentucky.
+  Ohio.
+  Indiana.
+  Illinois.
+  Michigan.
+  Iowa.
+  Wisconsin.
+  Minnesota.
+  Kansas.
+  Nebraska.
+  Wyoming.
+  Dakota.
+  Montana.
+  Utah.
+  Nevada.
+  California.
+  Oregon.
+
+  Turkey.
+  Greece.
+  Japan.
+  China.
+  Siam.
+  Brazil.
+  Paros and Naxos, in Grecian Archipelago.
+  Bremen.
+  Switzerland.
+  Cherokee Nation.
+  Wales.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+  New York City.
+  Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Warren, R. I.
+  Boston, Mass.
+  Baltimore, Md.
+  Richmond, Va.
+  Washington City.
+  Alexandria, Va.
+  Frederick, Md.
+  Charlestown, Mass.
+  Little Rock, Ark.
+  Durham, N. H.
+  Stockton, Cal.
+  New Bedford, Mass.
+  Lowell, Mass.
+  Nashville, Tenn.
+  Newark, N. J.
+  Salem, Mass.
+  City of Roxbury, Mass.
+
+F. A. A. M.
+
+  Patmos Lodge, Maryland.
+  Grand Lodge of Maryland.
+    "     "      Ohio.
+    "     "      Mississippi.
+    "     "      Kentucky.
+    "     "      New York.
+    "     "      Virginia.
+    "     "      Alabama.
+    "     "      Tennessee.
+    "     "      Florida.
+    "     "      Pennsylvania.
+    "     "      Arkansas.
+    "     "      Georgia.
+    "     "      Dist. of Colum.
+  Subordinate Lodges, Philadelphia.
+  Roxbury Lodge, Mass.
+  St. John's Lodge, Richmond, Va.
+  Washington Naval Lodge, No. 4.
+  Arthenia Lodge, Troy, N. Y.
+  Lafayette Lodge, 64, New York.
+
+I. O. O. F.
+
+  Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.
+    "     "      Mississippi.
+    "     "      Kentucky.
+    "     "      Indiana.
+    "     "      Iowa.
+    "     "      Virginia.
+    "     "      New Jersey.
+    "     "      Ohio.
+    "     "      United States.
+    "     "      Maryland.
+  Philadelphia, Penna.
+  Eureka Lodge 117, New York City.
+  Troy, N. Y.
+  Germantown, Penna.
+
+SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
+
+  Grand Division of North Carolina.
+    "      "        Connecticut.
+    "      "        Illinois.
+    "      "        New Jersey.
+    "      "        Ohio.
+    "      "        Rhode Isl'nd.
+  Philadelphia, Penna.
+
+  Mount Lebanon Lodge, B. B. B.
+  Washington Naval, A. Y. M.
+  Addisonian Literary Society.
+  "Cincinnati Commercial, 1850."
+  United Sons America, Penna.
+  American Whig Society.
+  Hibernian Society, Baltimore, Md.
+  Independent United Order of Brothers.
+  Uni'd Amer'n Mechanics, Phila'a.
+
+  Fire Department, New York City.
+  Invincible Fire Co., Cincinnati, O.
+  Washington Light Inft., D. C.
+  Fire Depart't., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Co. I, 4th U. S. Infantry. 1851.
+  National Greys, Washington, D. C.
+  Continental Guards of New Orleans.
+  First Regiment, Light Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteers.
+  Westmoreland County, Va., Birthplace of Washington.
+  "Braddock's Field."
+  "Battlefield of Long Island." Kings County, 1776.
+  Association of Journeymen Stonecutters, Philadelphia, Penna.
+  "From the Home of Knox--Citizens of Thomaston, Maine."
+  Hawkins County, Tenn.
+  "From Otter's Summit--Virginia's loftiest peak."
+  Oakland College, Miss.
+  General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, Washington, May, 1852.
+  American Institute, New York.
+  "Maryland Pilgrims."
+  German Benevolent Society, Washington, D. C.
+  Columbia Typographical Society, Washington, D. C.
+  "Postmasters and Assistant Postmasters, Indiana, 1852."
+  "Pupils of the Public Schools, Baltimore, Md."
+  Cliosophic Society, Nassau Hall, N. J.
+  Wilmington, North Carolina, Thalian Association.
+  Tuscarora Tribe, District of Columbia, I. O. R. M.
+  Anacostia Tribe, No. 3, I. O. R. M.
+  Oldest Inhabitant's Association, Washington, D. C.
+  Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Mosaic Block--ruins of ancient Carthage.
+  From Chapel of William Tell, Luzerne, Switzerland.
+  Americans residing in Foo-Chow-Foo, China, 1857.
+  "From the Temple of Ęsculapius, Island of Paros. Presented by Officers
+    of U. S. S. Saranac."
+  American Medical Society.
+  Jefferson Society, University of Virginia.
+  Lava--Vesuvius. Geo. Wm. Terrell.
+  Pupils Buffalo Public Schools.
+  Honesdale, Wayne County, Penna., 1853.
+  Citizens of Stockton, San Joaquin County, Cal.
+  "From two Disciples of Daguerre," of Philadelphia.
+  Children of Sunday Schools, M. E. Church, City of New York.
+  Ladies and Gentlemen--Dramatic Profession of America.
+  Erina Guard, Newark, N. J.
+  Sons of New England in Canada.
+  "From Alexandrian Library in Egypt."
+  "From Tomb of Napoleon, St. Helena."
+  Western Military Institute, Ky.
+  Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATIONS
+OF THE
+INSCRIPTIONS ON FOREIGN BLOCKS.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+"So as to strengthen the friendship between the two countries,
+Abdul-Majid Kahn has also had his name written on the Monument to
+Washington."
+
+These words form a chronogram--"1269-1779 of the Hegira." Above the
+inscription is a monogram signifying "Abdul-Majid, son of Mahomet Kahn."
+Upon a lower corner, "Written by the court poet, Mustapha Izyt."
+
+Block is of white marble, highly polished, and ornamental.
+
+
+BREMEN.
+
+"Washington dem Grossen und Gerechten das befreundete Bremen."
+
+(Friendly Bremen to the great and good Washington.)
+
+
+JAPAN.
+
+"Exported from the harbor of Simoda, in the Province of Isu, the fifth
+month of the year Ansey Tora." [April, 1853.]
+
+
+GREECE.
+
+Block of white marble from ruins of the Parthenon:
+
+"George Washington, the hero, the citizen of the new and illustrious
+liberty: The land of Solon, Themistocles, and Pericles--the mother of
+ancient liberty--sends this ancient stone as a testimony of honor and
+admiration from the Parthenon."
+
+
+CHINA.
+
+"Su-Ki-Yu, by imperial appointment, Lieutenant Governor of the Province
+of Fuh Kun, in his Universal Geography, says:
+
+"'It is evident that Washington was a remarkable man. In devising plans
+he was more decided than Chin-Sing, or Wu-Kang,[A] in winning a country,
+he was braver than Tsau-Tsau or Lin Pi.[B] Wielding his four-footed
+falchion, he extended the frontiers thousands of miles, and then refused
+to usurp the regal dignity or transmit it to his posterity, but first
+established rules for an elective administration. Where in the world can
+be found such a public spirit? Truly, the sentiments of three dynasties
+have all at once unexpectedly appeared in our day! In ruling the State
+he promoted and fostered good customs, and did not depend on military
+merit. In this he differed from all other nations. I have seen his
+portrait; his air and form are grand and imposing in a remarkable
+degree. Ah! who would not call him a hero?
+
+"'The United States of America regard it promotive of national virtue
+generally and extensively neither to establish titles of nobility and
+royalty nor to conform to the age, as respects customs and public
+influence, but instead deliver over their own public deliberations and
+inventions, so that the like of such a nation--one so remarkable--does
+not exist in ancient or modern times. Among the people of the Great
+West, can any man, in ancient or modern times, fail to pronounce
+Washington peerless?'
+
+"This stone is presented by a company of Christians and engraved at
+Ningpo, in the Province of Che Heang, China, this third year of the
+reign of the Emperor He-en Fung, sixth month and seventh day." [July 12,
+1853.]
+
+
+
+
+ARTICLES DEPOSITED
+IN
+RECESS IN THE CORNER-STONE OF THE
+MONUMENT
+ON JULY 4, 1848.
+
+Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence;
+presented by Mr. Hickey.
+
+American Constitutions; by W. Patton.
+
+Large design of the Washington National Monument, with the _fac simile_
+of the names of the Presidents of the United States and others.
+Lithographed.
+
+Large design of the Washington National Monument. Lithographed.
+
+Historical sketch of the Washington National Monument since its origin,
+in MS.
+
+Portrait of Washington, from Stuart's painting, Faneuil Hall.
+
+Plate engraved with the names of the officers and members of the Board
+of Managers.
+
+The Statesman's Manual, containing President's Messages from Washington
+to Polk, from 1789 to 1846, vols. 1 and 2.
+
+Copy of the grant for the site of the Monument under the joint
+resolution of Congress.
+
+Constitutions of the Washington National Monument Society, addresses,
+circulars, commissions, instructions, form of bond, from 1835 to 1848.
+
+Small design of Monument and likeness of Washington, with blank
+certificates for contributors.
+
+Watterston's New Guide to Washington; by G. Watterston.
+
+Map of the City of Washington; by Joseph Ratcliffe.
+
+Laws of the Corporation of Washington; by A. Rothwell.
+
+J. B. Varnum, Jr., on the Seat of Government; by J. B. Varnum, Jr.
+
+Statistics by John Sessford of the number of dwellings, value of
+improvements, assessments of the real and personal tax, &c., in the City
+of Washington, from 1824 to 1848, print and manuscript; by John
+Sessford.
+
+Census of the United States, 1840; Force's Guide to Washington and
+vicinity, 1848; by W. Q. Force.
+
+Drake's Poems; Catalogue of the Library of Congress, printed 1839;
+Catalogue from 1840 to 1847, both inclusive; by Joint Committee on the
+Library of Congress.
+
+Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico, 1846-'47; by R. P. Anderson.
+
+All the coins of the United States, from the eagle to the half-dime,
+inclusive.
+
+Census of the United States from 1790 to 1848, inclusive.
+
+A list of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, its
+Officers, with the dates of their respective appointments; by W. J.
+Carroll, Clerk Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, with the original
+institution of the order and _fac simile_ of the signatures of the
+original members of the State Society of Pennsylvania; by Charles L.
+Coltman.
+
+Constitution and General Laws of the Great Council of the Improved Order
+of Red Men of the District of Columbia.
+
+By-Laws of Powhatan Tribe, No. 1, and General Laws of the Great Council
+of the same Order.
+
+American Silk Flag; presented by Joseph K. Boyd, citizen of Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 4th of July, 1848.
+
+The Temple of Liberty, two copies, one ornamented and lettered with red.
+The letters are so arranged in each that the name of Washington may be
+spelled more than one thousand times in connection; by John Kilbourn.
+
+Design of the Monument, small plate, produced by a process called
+electrotype; by Chas. Fenderich, Washington.
+
+A copy of the Constitution of the first organized Temperance Society in
+America; by L. H. Sprague, July 4, 1848.
+
+Sons of Temperance in the District of Columbia.
+
+Report on the Organization of the Smithsonian Institution; by Professor
+Henry.
+
+Coat of Arms of the Washington family; by Mrs. Jane Charlotte
+Washington, July 4, 1848.
+
+The Blue Book for 1847; Congressional Directory; by J. & G. S. Gideon.
+
+Thirty-first Annual Report of the American Colonization Society.
+
+Message of the President of the United States and accompanying
+documents, 1847.
+
+Navy Register, 1848; by C. Alexander.
+
+Coast Survey Document; Army Register for 1848.
+
+The Washington Monument; Shall It Be Built? by J. S. Lyon.
+
+Holy Bible; presented by the Bible Society; instituted 1816.
+
+Vail's Description of the Magnetic Telegraph; by A. Vail.
+
+Report of the Joint Committee on the Library, May 4, 1848, and an
+engraving; by M. Vattemare.
+
+Morse's North American Atlas.
+
+African Repository and Colonial Journal, 1848.
+
+Military Laws of the United States, 1846; by G. Templeman.
+
+Appleton's Railroad and Steamboat Companion.
+
+Daguerreotype likeness of General and Mrs. Mary Washington, with a
+description of the Daguerreotype process; by John S. Grubb, Alexandria,
+Va.
+
+True Republican; the likeness of all the Presidents to 1846, and
+inaugural addresses; by G. Templeman.
+
+Silver Medal, representing General Washington and the National Monument;
+by Jacob Seeger.
+
+Copies of the Union Magazine, National Magazine, Godey's Lady's Book,
+Graham's Magazine, and Columbian Magazine, for July, 1848; by Brooke &
+Shillington.
+
+Constitution of the Smithsonian Association, on the Island, instituted
+November 9, 1847.
+
+Harper's Illustrated Catalogue; by S. Colman.
+
+Smithsonian Institution--Report of the Commissioners on its
+organization; Reports from the Board of Regents; by W. W. Seaton.
+
+American Archives; A Documentary History of the American Colonies to the
+present time; fourth series, vol. 5; by Peter Force.
+
+Guide to the Capitol; by R. Mills.
+
+An American Dollar; by Miss Sarah Smith, Stafford, N. J.
+
+American State Papers, 1832; National Intelligencer for 1846 (bound); by
+Gales & Seaton.
+
+Abstract Log for the use of American Navigators; by Lieut. M. F. Maury,
+U. S. N.; by M. F. Manry.
+
+Report of Prof. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey; by Coast
+Survey Office.
+
+_Fac simile_ of Washington's Accounts; by Michael Nourse.
+
+Claypole's American Daily Advertiser, December 25, 1799, and the
+Philadelphia Gazette, December 27, 1799, containing a full account of
+the death and funeral ceremony of General Washington, the official
+proceedings of Congress, Executive, &c.; by G. M. Grouard.
+
+Publication No. 1, Boston, 1833.
+
+A cent of 1783 of the United States of America; by W. G. Paine.
+
+United States Fiscal Department, vols. 1 and 2; by R. Mayo, M. D.
+
+Maps and Charts of the Coast Survey; by Survey Office.
+
+Letters of John Quincy Adams to W. L. Stone, and introduction; letters
+of J. Q. Adams to Edward Livingston, Grand High Priest, &c.; Vindication
+of General Washington, &c., by Joseph Ritner, Governor of Pennsylvania,
+with a letter to Daniel Webster and his reply, printed in 1841;
+American Antimason, No. 1, vol. 1, Hartford, Connecticut, 1839, Maine
+Free Press; Correspondence Committee of York, Pennsylvania, to Richard
+Rush, April, 1831; his answer, May 4, 1841; Credentials of a Delegate
+from Jefferson County, Missouri, and proceedings of a meeting of
+citizens to make the appointment of a delegate; by Henry Gassitt,
+Boston, Massachusetts.
+
+Annual Report of the Comptroller of the State of New York, January 5,
+1848; Tolls, Trade, and Tonnage of the New York Canals, 1847; State of
+New York--first report of the Commissioner, Practice and Pleadings; by
+Hon. Washington Hunt.
+
+Specimens of Continental Money, 1776; by Thos. Adams.
+
+Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847; by Edmund Burke.
+
+Walton's Vermont Register and Farmers' Almanac, 1848; by Hon. Mr. Henry.
+
+Maury's Wind and Current Charts of the North Atlantic; by M. F. Maury.
+
+Astronomical Observations for 1845, made under M. F. Maury, at the
+Washington Observatory; by M. F. Maury.
+
+Casts from the seals of the S. of T. and I. O. R. M.; by J. W. Eckloff.
+
+Journals of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Thirtieth
+Congress and Documents; by R. P. Anderson.
+
+
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS
+Deposited in Corner-Stone.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+  Worcester Palladium                Worcester.
+  Salem Oracle                           Salem.
+  The Telegraph                     Gloucester.
+  Cape Ann Light                         "
+  Boston Daily Atlas                    Boston.
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+
+  New England Weekly Gazette          Hartford.
+
+NEW YORK.
+
+  Irving Democrat                       Irving.
+  Long Island Farmer                   Jamaica.
+  Cayuga New Era                        Auburn.
+  Troy Daily Post                         Troy.
+  Troy Daily Whig                          "
+  Journal and Advertiser                Auburn.
+  Auburn Daily Advertiser                  "
+  Star of Temperance                       "
+  New York Day Book                   New York.
+  Mercantile Times                        "
+  Northern Christian Advocate           Auburn.
+  New York Daily Sun                  New York.
+  New York Weekly Sun                     "
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+  American Democrat                   Carlisle.
+  Pennsylvania Democrat              Uniontown.
+  Lycoming Gazette                Williamsport.
+  American Press Republican          Lancaster.
+  Daily Morning Post                 Pittsburg.
+  Lancaster County Farmer            Lancaster.
+  Bradford Argus                       Towanda.
+  Pittsburg Daily Gazette            Pittsburg.
+  Daily Morning Telegraph                "
+  Pennsylvania Republican                 York.
+  North American U. S. Gazette    Philadelphia.
+  Public Ledger                        "
+
+MARYLAND.
+
+  Somerset Herald                     Somerset.
+  Der Somerset Republican                 "
+  Marlboro Gazette              Upper Marlboro.
+  Baltimore Daily Sun                Baltimore.
+  Baltimore American                      "
+
+VIRGINIA.
+
+  Spirit of Jefferson              Charlestown.
+  Valley Whig                        Fincastle.
+  Martinsburg Gazette              Martinsburg.
+  Weston Sentinel                       Weston.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+  North Carolinian                Fayetteville.
+  Old North State               Elizabeth City.
+
+GEORGIA.
+
+  Federal Union                  Milledgeville.
+  Southern Recorder                    "
+
+ALABAMA.
+
+  Mobile Register and Journal           Mobile.
+  Mobile Daily Advertiser                  "
+  Alabama Tribune                          "
+  Hannibal Journal                    Hannibal.
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+
+  Weekly Jacksonian              Holly Springs.
+  Vicksburg Weekly Whig              Vicksburg.
+  Mississippi Telegraph             Louisville.
+
+OHIO.
+
+  Daily Cincinnati Gazette          Cincinnati.
+  Western Reserve Chronicle             Warren.
+  Greenville Banner                 Greenville.
+  Buckeye Eagle                         Marion.
+  Defiance Democrat                   Defiance.
+  Democratic Herald                 Greenville.
+  Claremount Courier                   Batavia.
+  Massillon Telegraph                Massillon.
+  Mahoning Index                      Canfield.
+  Troy Weekly Times                       Troy.
+  Daily Cleveland Times              Cleveland.
+  Cleveland Plain Dealer                 "
+  Democratic Inquirer               Portsmouth.
+
+KENTUCKY.
+
+  Western Citizen                        Paris.
+  Kentucky Flag                      Mazeville.
+
+FLORIDA.
+
+  Quincy Times                          Quincy.
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+
+  National Intelligencer            Washington.
+  Union                                  "
+  National Era                           "
+  Saturday Evening News                  "
+
+NOTE.--The papers above all contained articles relative to General
+Washington or the erection of the proposed National Monument to his
+memory.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Chin Shing and Wu-Kwang, two Chinese patriots, who commenced the
+overthrow of the Tsin dynasty (B. C. 209), remarkable for their vigor of
+character.
+
+[B] Tsau-Tsau destroyed the Han dynasty A. D. 220, and Ling Pi, having
+survived all his own efforts to uphold it, founded the Shuh State, which
+had a short duration.
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+
+  Text in italics is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
+
+  Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
+    Page 21: pannels changed to panels
+    Page 72: Amercan changed to American
+    Page 76: consituting changed to constituting
+    Page 85: memoralized changed to memorialized
+    Page 115: Rorert changed to Robert
+    Page 118: missing word feet added
+    Page 123: apostophize changed to apostrophize
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National
+Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37535-8.txt or 37535-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/3/37535/
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/37535-8.zip b/37535-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c135cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-8.zip
diff --git a/37535-h.zip b/37535-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6520eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-h.zip
diff --git a/37535-h/37535-h.htm b/37535-h/37535-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4f3cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-h/37535-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,5032 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ -->
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick L. Harvey.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;}
+
+table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;}
+
+.blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+.bqright {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;}
+
+.bqhang {margin-left: 7%; margin-right: 10%; text-indent: -1em;}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.big {font-size: 125%;}
+.huge {font-size: 150%;}
+.giant {font-size: 200%;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National Monument
+and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society
+
+Author: Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+Release Date: September 25, 2011 [EBook #37535]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">HISTORY</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">OF THE</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant"><span class="smcap">Washington National Monument</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">AND OF THE</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant"><span class="smcap"><span style="margin-left: -3em;">Washington National</span></span></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant"><span class="smcap"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Monument Society</span>.</span></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/tp-ill.png" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">BY FREDERICK L. HARVEY, Secretary,<br/>
+<span class="smcap">Washington National Monument Society.</span></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRESS OF<br/>
+NORMAN T. ELLIOTT PRINTING CO.,<br/>
+WASHINGTON, D. C.<br/>
+1902.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fixed-ill-003.png" alt="" /></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ill-005.png" alt="" /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">HISTORY</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">AND OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The practical construction of the Washington National Monument, in
+detail, as a work of great engineering skill, is a subject for separate
+account and technical discussion.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>history</i> of the Monument is found in the annals and proceedings of
+Congress and in the records and archives of the Washington National
+Monument Society. This history, in the main, is the history of that
+Society&mdash;its original formation, subsequent incorporation by act of
+Congress, and its long continued and patriotic labors to fulfil the
+object of its existence, the erection at the seat of the Federal
+Government of a great Monument to the memory of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the Society is to be found in the failure of the National
+Congress, through a long series of years, to redeem a solemn pledge made
+by the Continental Congress, in 1783.</p>
+
+<p>A review of this failure properly precedes any account of the Society or
+of the constructed Monument.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">IN CONGRESS.</span></p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of August, 1783, it was resolved by the Congress "that an
+equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the place where
+the residence of Congress shall be established." The resolution also
+directed that "the statue should be supported by a marble pedestal on
+which should be represented four principal events of the war in which he
+commanded in person."</p>
+
+<p>On the pedestal were to have been engraved the following words:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The United States, in Congress assembled, ordered this statue to be
+erected in the year of our Lord, 1783, in honor of George Washington,
+the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States of
+America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty,
+sovereignty, and independence."</p>
+
+<p>At this time Washington was beloved by the American people as their
+great leader in their struggle for liberty. But the passage of this
+resolution by Congress was not followed by any legislative action
+looking to its practical execution.</p>
+
+<p>As President of the United States, by his wise administration of the
+affairs of the new-born Republic, he so added to his fame and so won the
+gratitude of his countrymen, that on his death a select joint committee
+of both Houses of Congress was appointed to consider a suitable manner
+of paying honor to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>December 24, 1799, on motion of John Marshall, in the House of
+Representatives, it was resolved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> by Congress, among other things, "that
+a marble monument be erected by the United States at the City of
+Washington, and that the family of General Washington be requested to
+permit his body to be deposited under it; and that the monument be so
+designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and
+political life."</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the resolutions was sent to his widow by the President of the
+United States. In her reply, acceding to the request, she said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me never to
+oppose my private wishes to the public will, I need not, I cannot, say
+what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public
+duty."</p>
+
+<p>The select committee which was appointed to carry into effect the
+foregoing resolution, and of which Mr. Henry Lee was chairman, reported
+on the 8th of May, 1800, that a marble monument be erected by the United
+States, at the Capital, in honor of General Washington, to commemorate
+his services, and to express the feeling of the American people for
+their irreparable loss. It was further directed by this report that the
+resolution of the Continental Congress of August 7, 1783, should be
+carried into immediate execution, the pedestal to bear the inscription
+which that Congress had ordered for it.</p>
+
+<p>Upon considering the report and resolution of the select committee that
+part in reference to the equestrian statue was so amended by Congress as
+to provide that a "mausoleum of American granite and marble, in
+pyramidal form, one hundred feet square<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> at the base and of a
+proportionate height," should be erected instead of it.</p>
+
+<p>To carry these resolves into execution no appropriation was then made;
+but on the 1st of January, 1801, it appears the House of Representatives
+passed a bill appropriating $200,000 to cover the objects of their
+resolution.</p>
+
+<p>The Senate, however, did not concur in this act. The reason, perhaps,
+may be found in the political questions then absorbing the attention of
+Congress and the people, and which continued until the War of 1812.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of a suitable national memorial to Washington now slept
+apparently forgotten until 1816, when it again awoke in the Halls of
+Congress. In the month of February of that year, the General Assembly of
+Virginia instructed the Governor of that State to correspond with Judge
+Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon, with the object of
+securing his consent to the removal of Washington's remains to Richmond,
+to be there marked by a fitting monument to his memory. Upon learning of
+this action by the General Assembly of Virginia, Congress, being then in
+session, Hon. Benjamin Huger, a member from South Carolina, and who had
+been in the Congress of 1799, moved that a select joint committee of
+both Houses be appointed to carry into effect the proceedings had by
+Congress at the time of Washington's death. In this the Senate
+concurred.</p>
+
+<p>The committee proposed was appointed, and later introduced a bill and
+reported, recommending that a tomb should be prepared in the foundations
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> Capitol for the remains of Washington, and that a <i>monument</i>
+should be erected to his memory. But this plan for the removal of the
+remains failed. Judge Bushrod Washington declining to consent to their
+removal on the ground that they had been deposited in the vault at Mount
+Vernon in conformity with Washington's express wish. "It is his own
+will," said Judge Washington, writing to the Governor of Virginia, "and
+that will is to me a law which I dare not disobey." The recorded action
+in the House of Representatives on this bill was, "And that said bill be
+indefinitely postponed."</p>
+
+<p>No report seems to have been made in the Senate. A vault, however,
+appears to have been prepared for the remains beneath the center of the
+dome and rotunda of the Capitol and beneath the floor of its crypt.</p>
+
+<p>Again did Congress fail to take steps to carry out its deliberate action
+to build a monument to Washington. In 1819, Mr. Goldsborough, in the
+Senate, moved a resolution to erect an equestrian statue to General
+Washington, which passed July 19th. The resolution was read twice in the
+House, referred to Committee of the Whole, and was indefinitely
+postponed.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of January, 1824, Mr. James Buchanan, then a member of the
+House of Representatives, and later President of the United States,
+offered to that body the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Resolved</i>, That a committee be appointed whose duty it shall be to
+inquire in what manner the resolution of Congress, passed on the
+24th of December, 1799, relative to the erection of a marble
+monument in the Capitol, at the City of Washington, to commemorate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+the great events of the military and political life of General
+Washington may be best accomplished, and that they have leave to
+report by bill or otherwise."</p>
+
+<p>This resolution, after some discussion, was laid on the table. The hour
+was not propitious, and honor to the memory of Washington was again
+deferred.</p>
+
+<p>In his first annual message to Congress, dated December 6, 1825, the
+President, John Quincy Adams, invited the attention of Congress to its
+unfulfilled pledge in the following language:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"On the 24th of December, 1799, it was resolved by Congress that a
+marble monument should be erected by the United States in the Capitol,
+at the City of Washington; that the family of General Washington should
+be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it, and that the
+monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his
+military and political life. In reminding Congress of this resolution,
+and that the monument contemplated by it remains yet without execution,
+I shall indulge only the remarks that the works at the Capitol are
+approaching completion; that the consent of the family, desired by the
+resolution, was requested and obtained; that a monument has been
+recently erected in this city over the remains of another distinguished
+patriot of the Revolution, and that a spot has been reserved within the
+walls where you are deliberating for the benefit of this and future
+ages, in which the mortal remains may be deposited of him whose spirit
+hovers over you and listens with delight to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> every act of the
+Representatives of this Nation which can tend to exalt and adorn his and
+their country."</p>
+
+<p>But this reminder of the President's went unheeded by the Congress to
+which it was addressed.</p>
+
+<p>Several years now elapsed before the question again arose in Congress of
+a monument to the memory of Washington. On the 13th of February, 1832, a
+report was made to the Senate of the United States by Henry Clay, and to
+the House of Representatives by Mr. Philemon Thomas, chairmen,
+respectively, of committees to make arrangements for celebrating the
+approaching centennial anniversary of Washington's birthday. One of the
+resolutions authorized the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
+the House of Representatives "to make application to John A. Washington,
+of Mount Vernon, for the body of George Washington, to be removed and
+deposited in the Capitol at Washington City, in conformity with the
+resolutions of Congress of the 24th of December, 1799, and that if they
+obtain the requisite consent to the removal thereof they be further
+authorized to cause it to be removed and deposited in the Capitol on the
+22d day of February, 1832."</p>
+
+<p>It will be noted that this resolution does not suggest any connection
+between the removal of the remains and their being deposited under a
+monument, as proposed by the resolution of 1799. At this time, one of
+the standing committees of the House of Representatives, as it appears,
+had under consideration the erection of a marble statue of Washington,
+to be executed by Mr. Horatio Greenough,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> and which it was proposed to
+place in the centre of the rotunda of the Capitol. The resolution
+providing for this statue had been introduced into the House of
+Representatives in 1830.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the submission of the select committee's resolutions for the
+removal of Washington's remains discussion arose. From a remark by Mr.
+Clay, the purpose seems to have been to place the remains in the vault
+under the center of the rotunda, which had been suggested on a former
+occasion by President Adams, in 1825.</p>
+
+<p>The two Senators and some of the Representatives from Virginia opposed
+the removal of the remains of Washington from Mount Vernon. In the
+discussion Senator Tazewell referred to the application by Virginia in
+1816 for the removal of the remains of Washington to Richmond, to be
+there deposited under a suitable monument. He remarked that Judge
+Washington replied that "it was impossible for him consent to the
+removal unless the remains of one of those dear relations accompanied
+the body."</p>
+
+<p>"Are the remains," asked Mr. Tazewell, "of the husband to be removed
+from the side of the wife? In their lives they lived happily together,
+and I never will consent to divide them in death."</p>
+
+<p>This thought appears to have made so strong an impression on Congress
+that the resolution was altered so as to ask the consent of Mr. John A.
+Washington and that of Mr. George Washington P. Custis, the grandson of
+Mrs. Martha Washington, for the removal and depositing in the Capitol at
+Washington City of her remains at the same time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> with those of her late
+consort, George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In response to the purpose of the resolution, Mr. John A. Washington
+felt constrained to withhold his consent by the fact that General
+Washington's will, in respect to the disposition of his remains, had
+been recently carried into full effect. Mr. Custis, however, took a
+different view of that clause in the will, and gave his "most hearty
+consent to the removal of the remains after the manner proposed," and
+congratulated "the Government upon the approaching consummation of a
+great act of national gratitude."</p>
+
+<p>In the debate in the House of Representatives on the resolution and
+accompanying report, Mr. Doddridge, of Virginia, remarked that he was a
+member of the State's legislature when the transaction by it took place
+in 1816, and "he felt entirely satisfied that the resolution for
+removing the remains to Richmond would never have passed the Assembly of
+Virginia but for the loss of all hope that Congress would act in the
+matter."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Duffie opposed the removal of the remains, saying: "As to a
+monument, rear it; spend upon it what you will; make it durable as the
+pyramids, eternal as the mountains; you shall have my co-operation.
+Erect, if you please, a mausoleum to the memory of Washington in the
+Capitol, and let it be as splendid as art can make it."</p>
+
+<p>The refusal of Mr. John A. Washington to permit the removal of the
+remains of Washington seems to have prompted Mr. Clay to urge the
+adoption of the pending resolution to erect a statue of Washington at
+the Capitol. "An image," he said,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> "a testimonial of this great man, the
+Father of his Country, should exist in every part of the Union as a
+memorial of his patriotism and of the services rendered his country; but
+of all places, it was required in this Capitol, the center of the Union,
+the offspring, the creation, of his mind and of his labors."</p>
+
+<p>The resolution for the statue of Washington by Greenough was adopted,
+and it was ordered. The statue was made and was placed in the rotunda in
+1841, but subsequently removed into the east park of the Capitol, where
+it now rests.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the erection of an equestrian
+statue of George Washington by Clark Mills.</p>
+
+<p>This statue, in bronze, representing Washington on the line at the
+battle of Princeton, was placed in its present location in the public
+circle at Pennsylvania avenue and Twenty-third street, in the City of
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.</span></p>
+
+<p>The resolutions and proceedings of Congress which have been referred to
+having remained unexecuted as late as 1833, certain citizens of the City
+of Washington, whose names were a passport to public confidence, took
+steps in that year to form a voluntary association for erecting "a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government."</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1833, a paragraph appeared in the "National
+Intelligencer," leading paper of the City of Washington, calling for a
+public meeting of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> citizens of Washington to take up the matter and
+redeem the pledges of Congress. In response to this call a meeting of
+citizens was held in the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, on the
+26th of September, 1833. There was great interest and earnestness
+manifested on the part of those present in the object of the meeting.
+The oft-repeated failure of Congress to finally act in the matter of
+erecting a monument to Washington was reviewed, and it was deemed almost
+hopeless to expect that body to provide for such a monument in the near
+future.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting resulted in the organization of the Washington National
+Monument Society. Committees were appointed to draft a constitution and
+by-laws, and to report at a future meeting of the citizens and to devise
+a practical plan for the collection of funds and to prepare an address
+to the country.</p>
+
+<p>On October 31 following the second meeting was had, Constitution and
+By-Laws were adopted, and officers were chosen, being nominated by a
+committee and elected by ballot:</p>
+
+<p>John Marshall, the great Chief Justice, then seventy-eight years of age,
+was chosen the first President of the Society, and Judge William Cranch,
+eminent as a learned jurist, as a just and impartial magistrate and for
+the uprightness of his life, was selected as the first Vice-President.</p>
+
+<p>In accepting the office of President of the Society, Mr. Marshall
+replied as follows to the letter of notification addressed to him by
+Judge Cranch:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Richmond</span>, <i>November 25, 1833</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I received yesterday your letter of the 22d, informing me
+that the 'Washington Monument Society' has done me the honor to
+choose me as its President.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"You are right in supposing that the most ardent wish of my heart is
+to see some lasting testimonial of the grateful affection of his
+country erected to the memory of her first citizen. I have always
+wished it, and have always thought that the Metropolis of the Union
+was the fit place for this National Monument. I cannot, therefore,
+refuse to take any place which the Society may assign me; and though
+my advanced age forbids the hope of being useful, I am encouraged by
+the name of the First Vice-President to believe that in him ample
+compensation will be found for any defects in the President.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"With great respect and esteem, I am, dear sir,<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"Your obd't,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">J. Marshall</span>."</p>
+
+
+<p>Other officers then chosen were the Mayor of Washington, Second
+Vice-President (at that time John P. Van Ness, formerly a Representative
+in Congress); W. W. Seaton, Third Vice-President; Samuel H. Smith,
+Treasurer; and George Watterston, Secretary. A board of thirteen
+managers was also appointed to correspond in number with the original
+States. This board consisted of Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, Col. Jas.
+Kearney, Col. Nathan Towson, Col. Archibald Henderson, Matthew St.
+Claire Clark, John McClelland, Thomas Munroe, Col. Geo. Bomford, Robert
+C. Weightman, Peter Force, Wm. Brent, Esq., Wm. A. Bradley, and Thomas
+Carbery. Aside from other stated meetings to be provided for, an
+election for officers and managers was to be held every third year on
+the 22d of February.</p>
+
+<p>Of the founders of the Society, the name of George Watterston calls for
+especial mention. With him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> originated the conception of the enterprise.
+He remained as Secretary of the Society from its beginning to his death,
+in February, 1854, conducting its extensive correspondence, preparing
+its numerous addresses and publications, and it appears, in every branch
+of the Society's business, he devoted his whole time and energies to its
+object with constant, ardent, and effective zeal. To no one name does
+the country owe more in the labor and effort to rear a monument to the
+memory of Washington than to that of the Society's first Secretary. On
+the death of Mr. Watterston he was succeeded in his office by Mr. John
+Carroll Brent, of distinguished family, a gentleman of culture and fine
+scholarship, and who continued actively and patriotically to discharge
+the duties of Secretary until his death, February 11, 1876. It is as
+well here to mention the other and succeeding secretaries of the
+Society, who in turn ardently and effectively aided the work of the
+Society through years. Dr. John B. Blake, a prominent, highly-respected
+resident of the District of Columbia, who served from the year 1876 to
+his death, in October, 1881, and to whose labors before Congress in
+connection with the Society's special committees, the certainty of an
+appropriation by that body to aid in the completion of the monument was
+assured. He was succeeded by Mr. Horatio King, formerly
+Postmaster-General of the United States, who in turn, on his death, was
+succeeded by Dr. Francis M. Gunnell of the United States Navy, and the
+latter by Frederick L. Harvey.</p>
+
+<p>The Society, upon organization, established its headquarters and offices
+in rooms in the basement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> of the City Hall, and where its office
+remained until the year 1878.</p>
+
+<p>An address was issued to the people of the country invoking them to
+redeem the promise of the Congress. In order that all might have an
+opportunity to contribute the amount to be received from any one person
+was limited to a dollar a year. Agents were everywhere appointed in 1835
+and the ensuing years to collect funds, and care is shown to have been
+taken in their selection by requiring the highest and strongest
+endorsement of their fitness for the work, and as to private character
+and being men of respectability. The archives of the Society show that
+in nearly every instance collectors for a State or Territory were
+nominated to the Society for appointment by the Senators,
+Representatives, or leading men of the State or community. To obtain
+security in the returns front collections, it was required in every case
+that bond should be given by the agent for the faithful performance of
+his duty in accounting to the Treasurer of the Society. This method of
+collecting funds was adhered to until as late as 1855.</p>
+
+<p>The following is the form of a commission that was given to the agents
+of the Society:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"To all who shall see these presents, Greeting:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Know ye, That reposing special trust and confidence in the
+integrity, diligence, and discretion of &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, the Board of
+Managers of the Washington National Monument Society do authorize
+and empower him to receive from the White Inhabitants of the
+District for which he has been appointed Collector, embracing &mdash;&mdash;
+such donations money, not exceeding one dollar each, as they may be
+disposed to contribute to the erection of a National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> Monument to
+the memory of Washington at the seat of the General Government.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this &mdash; day of
+&mdash;&mdash;, 183 .</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">
+"<span class="smcap">Wm. Cranch</span>,<br />
+"<i>First Vice-President</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Test.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">Geo. Watterston</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"<i>Secretary</i>."</span></p>
+
+<p>Simultaneous with this commission instructions were given requiring the
+regular rendition of accounts at short intervals, and the deposit of the
+money collected by them in safe banks to the credit of the Treasurer.
+For these services a commission, in most cases of ten per centum (later
+increased to fifteen per centum), was allowed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1835, the President of the Society, John Marshall, died, and he was
+succeeded in the office by ex-President of the United States James
+Madison, who, on accepting the position, addressed the Society as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am very sensible of the distinction conferred by the relations in
+which the Society has placed me; and feeling like my illustrious
+predecessor, a deep interest in the object of the association, I cannot
+withhold, as an evidence of it, the acceptance of the appointment,
+though aware that, in my actual condition, it cannot be more than
+honorary, and that under no circumstances could it supply the loss which
+the Society has sustained. A monument worthy the name of Washington,
+reared by the means proposed, will commemorate at the same time a
+virtue, a patriotism, and a gratitude truly national, with which the
+friends of liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> everywhere will sympathize and of which our country
+may always be proud."</p>
+
+<p>It may be here remarked that upon the death of Mr. Madison the Society
+amended its Constitution so that thereafter the President of the United
+States should be <i>ex officio</i> its President. The first to so occupy the
+office was Andrew Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of the Society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about
+$28,000 had been collected. This fund was placed in the hands of Gen.
+Nathan Towson, Samuel H. Smith, and Thomas Munroe, gentlemen of the
+highest respectability, members of the Society. Under their faithful and
+judicious management this fund was invested, as also the interest
+accruing on it, in good stocks or securities. This fund was from time to
+time augmented by small amounts raised on special occasions by churches,
+organizations, and meetings of the citizens and collections by agents.
+The financial difficulties of the Union arising in 1837 operated largely
+to suspend collections for the monument for several years despite
+frequent addresses to the people and urgent appeals for funds by the
+Society and activity by its agents.</p>
+
+<p>In this year, 1836, advertisements were published by order of the
+Society inviting designs from American artists, but no limitation was
+placed upon the form of the design. It was determined by the Society,
+and so recommended, that any plans submitted should "harmoniously blend
+durability, simplicity, and grandeur." The estimated cost for the
+proposed monument was not less than one million dollars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>A great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the
+number was that of Mr. Robert Mills, a well known and eminent architect
+of the times.</p>
+
+<p>This plan, as published to the country, was described in the following
+language:</p>
+
+<p class="bqhang"><i>Description of the Design of the Washington National Monument, to
+be erected at the seat of the General Government of the United
+States of America, in honor of "the Father of his Country," and the
+worthy compatriots of the Revolution.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This design embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded
+building, 250 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, from which springs
+a obelisk shaft 70 feet at the base and 500 feet high, making a
+total elevation of 600 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This vast rotunda, forming the grand base of the Monument, is
+surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in
+diameter and 45 feet high, elevated upon a lofty base or stylobate
+of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet square, surmounted by an
+entablature 20 feet high, and crowned by a massive balustrade 15
+feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the
+pronaos or walk within the colonnade, including the column space, 25
+feet. The walks enclosing the cella, or gallery within, are fretted
+with 30 massive antę (pilasters) 10 feet wide, 45 feet high, and
+7-1/2 feet projection, answering to the columns in front, surmounted
+by their appropriate architrave. The deep recesses formed by the
+projection of the antę provide suitable niches for the reception of
+statues.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A tetrastyle portico (4 columns in front) in triple rows of the same
+proportions and order with the columns of the colonnade,
+distinguishes the entrance to the Monument, and serves as a pedestal
+for the triumphal car and statue of the illustrious Chief; the steps
+of this portico are flanked by massive blockings, surmounted by
+appropriate figures and trophies.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Over each column, in the great frieze of the entablatures around the
+entire building, are sculptured escutcheons (coats of arms of each
+State in the Union), surrounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded
+together by festoons of oak leaves, &amp;c., all of which spring (each
+way) from the centre of the portico, where the coat of arms of the
+United States are emblazoned.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The statues surrounding the rotunda outside, under the colonnade,
+are all elevated upon pedestals, and will be those of the glorious
+signers of the Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Ascending the portico outside to the terrace level a lofty vomitoria
+(door way) 30 feet high leads into the cella (rotundo gallery) 50
+feet wide, 500 feet in circumference and 60 feet high, with a
+colossal pillar in the centre 70 feet in diameter, around which the
+gallery sweeps. This pillar forms the foundation of the obelisk
+column above.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Both sides of the gallery are divided into spaces by pilasters,
+elevated on a continued zocle or base 5 feet high, forming an order
+with its entablature 40 feet high, crowned by a vaulted ceiling 20
+feet high, divided by radiating archevaults, corresponding with the
+relative positions of the opposing pilasters, and enclosing deep
+sunken coffers enriched with paintings.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The spaces between the pilasters are sunk into niches for the
+reception of the statues of the fathers of the Revolution,
+contemporary with the immortal <span class="smcap">Washington</span>; over which are large
+tablets to receive the National Paintings commemorative of the
+battle and other scenes of that memorable period. Opposite to the
+entrance of this gallery, at the extremity of the great circular
+wall, is the grand niche for the reception of the statue of the
+"Father of his Country"&mdash;elevated on its appropriate pedestal, and
+designated as <i>principal</i> in the group by its colossal proportions.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This spacious Gallery and Rotunda, which properly may be denominated
+the "National Pantheon," is lighted in four grand divisions from
+above, and by its circular form presents each subject decorating it
+walls in an interesting point of view and with proper effect, as the
+curiosity is kept up every moment, from the whole room not being
+presented to the eye at one glance, as in the case of a straight
+gallery.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Entering the centre pier through an arched way, you pass into a
+spacious circular area, and ascend with an easy grade, by a railway,
+to the grand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the Monument. This
+terrace is 700 feet in circumference, 180 feet wide, enclosed by a
+colonnaded balustrade, 15 feet high with its base and capping. The
+circuit of this grand terrace is studded with small temple-formed
+structures, constituting the cupolas of the lanterns, lighting the
+Pantheon gallery below; by means of these little temples, from a
+gallery within, a bird's eye view is had of the statues, &amp;c., below.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Through the base of the great circle of the balustrade are four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+apertures at the four cardinal points, leading <i>outside</i> of the
+balustrade, upon the top of the main cornice, where a gallery 6 feet
+wide and 750 feet in circumference encircles the whole, enclosed by
+an ornamental guard, forming the crowning member on the top of the
+tholus of the main cornice of the grand colonnade. Within the
+thickness of this wall, staircases descend to a lower gallery over
+the plafond of the proanos of the colonnade lighted from above. This
+gallery, which extends all round the colonnade, is 20 feet
+wide&mdash;divided into rooms for the records of the monument, works of
+art, or studios for artists engaged in the service of the Monument.
+Two other ways communicate with this gallery from below.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In the centre of the grand terrace above described, rises the lofty
+obelisk shaft of the Monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 500
+feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet
+square; at the foot of this shaft and on each face project four
+massive zocles 25 feet high, supporting so many colossal symbolic
+tripods of victory 20 feet high, surmounted by fascial columns with
+their symbols of authority. These zocle faces are embellished with
+inscriptions, which are continued around the entire base of the
+shaft, and occupy the surface of that part of the shaft between the
+tripods. On each face of the shaft above this is sculptured the four
+leading events in General Washington's eventful career, <i>in basso
+relievo</i>, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50
+feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the
+glory which the name of <span class="smcap">Washington</span> has attained.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">To ascend to the summit of the column, the same facilities as below
+are provided within the shaft, by an easy graded gallery, which may
+be traversed by a railway, terminating in a circular observatory 20
+feet in diameter, around which at the top is a look-out gallery,
+which opens a prospect all around the horizon.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">With reference to the area embraced by the foundations and basement
+of the Monument and the uses to which they may be applied, the
+underspace outwards, occupied by the lower terrace and colonnade,
+may be appropriated to the accommodation of the keepers of the
+Monument, or those having charge of it and attending on visitors.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">These apartments, which are arched, are well lighted and aired, as
+they are all above ground, the light being disposed in the sunk
+panels of the stylobate (base). The principal entrance to all these
+apartments will be from the rear, or opposite side of the portico
+entrance. The <i>inner</i> space, or that under the grand gallery or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+Rotundo, may be appropriated to catacombs for the reception of the
+remains of such distinguished men as the Nation may honor with
+interment here. This subterranean gallery is so large and lofty that
+it would accommodate many catacombs.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In the centre of the Monument is placed the tomb of <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, to
+receive his remains, should they be removed thither, the descent to
+which is by a broad flight of steps lighted by the same light which
+illuminates his statue.</p>
+
+<p>The feature of the pantheon surrounding the shaft was never formally and
+finally adopted by the Society as a part of the Monument. The first
+purpose was to erect the shaft and to secure funds to that end.</p>
+
+<p>In this year (1838) the Society addressed a memorial to Congress praying
+that a site be accorded the Monument on the public mall. For this
+purpose a bill was reported in the Senate, which, being under
+consideration in that body, June 15th, caused much debate and adverse
+criticism of the Society and its work.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Roane, replying to an inquiry of Mr. Allen (Ohio), stated that the
+sum collected by the Society was about $30,000 which was put out at
+interest.</p>
+
+<p>To this Mr. Allen answered that he believed they had collected more than
+that sum in his own State.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bayard thought that to erect the Monument on the place proposed
+would be to destroy the whole plan of the mall, and that as far as the
+prospect was concerned, nothing could be more unfortunate. Besides the
+means of the Society were very insignificant compared with the object in
+view, for as they had agents all over the United States collecting
+simultaneously it was to be presumed they had collected all they were to
+get.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Mr. Norvell was satisfied that they (the Society) were incapable of
+meriting the imputation impliedly, he hoped not intentionally, cast upon
+them by the Senator from Ohio. He presumed extensive subscriptions had
+been made to the work, but not yet collected, and that considerable
+expense must have been incurred in the employment of agents. As to the
+location of the site he could say nothing, but he was certain that such
+a monument as proposed ought long since to have been erected to the
+memory of the illustrious Chief under whose guidance this Nation had
+been led to victory, liberty, and independence.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hubbard thought the original plan of building the Monument by the
+voluntary contributions of the people ought to be carried out, and that
+the President and the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds ought
+to have nothing to do with it. As to the expense, he said, judging from
+the cost of the Bunker Hill Monument, the $30,000 of the Society would
+not be enough to lay the foundations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morris (Ohio) thought the public ought to be informed why so paltry
+a sum had been contributed; his own county had contributed over $1,000.
+There was a sort of enthusiasm on the subject in Ohio. The Governor had
+issued his proclamation in favor of it, and the <i>sheriffs</i> <small>VOLUNTEERED</small>
+to act as collectors, and judging from <i>these tokens</i> the sum collected
+could not fall short of $30,000 (in Ohio). He also thought the work
+should go on without aid by Congress, and hoped the bill would be laid
+on the table. Mr. Allen, in further remarks said, in substance, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> did
+not believe the story that only $30,000 had been collected. He
+considered it a reproach to the liberality of the country. He would vote
+with the boldest to erect a suitable monument to the memory of the
+Father of his country; he would vote a million of dollars, but he
+considered it a reproach to the country to commence work with the paltry
+sum the Society say they had in hand.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of Mr. Morris, the bill was indefinitely postponed.</p>
+
+<p>These proceedings appearing in the daily press, the Society adopted and
+presented the following memorial:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>To the Senate of the United States</i>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The Board of Managers of the Washington National Monument Society,
+having seen in the public prints a statement that representations
+have been made in your body derogatory to their character, consider
+it their duty to lay before you an official account of their
+receipts and expenditures. They hope that the alleged statement is
+erroneous in ascribing to honorable members of your body imputations
+on private character which would not, without proof of their
+correctness, have been hazarded. The respect we entertain for the
+Senate restrains the expression of feelings which are not, however,
+the less indignant for this forbearance.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We make this communication in the confidence that it will be the
+means of correcting any honest misapprehensions that may have
+existed; that it will be gratifying to a body distinguished for its
+justice to shield honesty from wanton aspersion within its own
+walls; that it will afford an opportunity to men of honorable
+feelings, who may be conscious of having cast unmerited reproach on
+characters, we flatter ourselves, unsullied, to retract them; that
+more especially, in case the charges be not retracted, it may be
+lodged among the public archives as evidence as well of their
+unfounded nature as of the fidelity with which we have discharged
+duties of a disinterested and elevated nature; and that, if it be
+deemed expedient, it be printed by your order by such publicity
+challenging any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> detection of the slightest departure from truth. We
+indeed not only hold ourselves amenable to the public, but are ready
+at any moment to submit our proceedings to the most rigid
+examination which either House of Congress may see fit to institute.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"By order of the Board of Managers:</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Peter Force</span>,<br />
+"<i>Second Vice-President</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">George Watterston</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"<i>Secretary</i>."</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The statement of receipts and <i>expenditures</i> exhibited showed the
+following collections:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Maine,</td><td align="right"> $1,600.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vermont,</td><td align="right">                  31.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Connecticut,</td><td align="right">           1,438.61</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York,</td><td align="right">              1,167.21</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Jersey,</td><td align="right">            1,491.61</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania,</td><td align="right">          2,102.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Delaware,</td><td align="right">                361.98</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maryland,</td><td align="right">              3,057.99</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Virginia,</td><td align="right">              1,500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Carolina,</td><td align="right">          570.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky,</td><td align="right">              1,610.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ohio,</td><td align="right">                  6,391.19</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisiana,</td><td align="right">               701.26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indiana,</td><td align="right">                 340.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Illinois,</td><td align="right">                700.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mississippi,</td><td align="right">           2,120.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>District of Columbia, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td align="right">    836.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Florida,</td><td align="right">                 227.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Army,</td><td align="right">                    565.89</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Navy,</td><td align="right">                    228.25</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>Interest on stocks, in which net collections were invested, $1,608.73,
+all of which sums, except $476.67, cash in hand, and the <i>necessary</i>
+expenses of the Society, amounting to <i>only</i> $465.56, had been invested
+in productive stocks.</p>
+
+<p>June 19, 1838, Mr. Morris (Ohio) arose in the Senate to a question of
+privilege. He found in a morning paper of the city an editorial
+censuring the course which his colleague and himself had deemed it their
+duty to take with regard to the bill to grant leave to a Society or
+company of gentlemen who have united together to erect a monument to the
+memory of Washington upon a portion of the public grounds in this city.
+* * * The object of his colleague and himself had been to obtain
+information on the subject, and he stated expressly, if in error, he
+wished the error to be corrected by authentic documents, and on that
+account he objected to the bill until it was clearly shown what money
+had been taken up and to what use it had been applied. * * * He was not
+willing to attach the honor of his country to a scheme which, for aught
+he knew, might have been carried on by means of fraud and deception. Yet
+this reasonable <i>request</i> had been trumped up by the morning papers as
+making a grave charge, or at least casting imputations. * * * He said it
+was evident to his mind that the object and design of this publication
+was to produce political effect. It was well known that a majority of
+the Senate were the friends of the administration, and if this article
+could impress the public mind with the belief that those who sustained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+the administration had no regard for the memory of Washington, he had no
+doubt it was expected it would tend to promote individual and <i>party</i>
+views. It was a kind of left-handed blow to injure the administration
+and its friends in the Senate by charging them with meanness in refusing
+to accede to the wishes of the Society. But he feared there was another
+motive beside veneration for the name of Washington that prompted the
+agents and managers of this project to be so ardent in their endeavor to
+link themselves and scheme to the public concerns of the country. They
+were reported as having about $30,000. This sum they could easily expend
+on the foundation, or even the first corner-stone of the Monument. They
+could devise a plan for the superstructure that would cost millions of
+dollars, and if they could make this affair a government concern, they
+would insist, no doubt, that the country would be disgraced if the
+building was not completed, and Congress would be solicited and urged to
+appropriate for the purpose with all the force of speech and the
+<i>blandishments of parties</i>. Millions would be thus called for, and, in
+his opinion, appropriated if the scheme now in operation can succeed, to
+be expended by a private corporation, whose dependent friends and
+followers would grow rich in the progress of the work. He was totally
+averse to the Government having anything to do in this matter or any
+other in which individuals were also to be concerned. It was this that
+induced him to move postponement of the bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>Mr. Allen concurred with his colleague. He objected to the bill because
+it placed the construction under the Commissioner of Public Buildings
+and Grounds, and being upon public ground, Congress must appropriate any
+deficiency or the people must be again visited by hosts of traveling
+agents. * * * These he thought sufficient reasons for rejecting the bill
+without division.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clay deprecated the irregular discussion, and said that no newspaper
+in the country was conducted with more regard to propriety, decorum,
+truth, and <i>faithfulness</i> of report than the "National Intelligencer,"
+and he could wish that the other journals of this city, and particularly
+the one connected with the Government, would look more to this point for
+example.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the Society by its memorial had furnished the
+information <i>requested</i> by Mr. Morris, and stood ready for investigation
+of its affairs, the memorial was ultimately laid on the table and the
+matter was dropped.</p>
+
+<p>This debate was noticed in the public press, local and elsewhere. It
+cannot be known what, if any, influence it had throughout the country to
+impair the efforts of the Society in the collection of funds or to
+weaken confidence in the enterprise. Such a result was not improbable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>December 10, 1818, the Society adopted and issued in pamphlet form&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">"An Address<br />
+of the<br />
+Board of Managers<br />
+of the<br />
+Washington National Monument<br />
+Society,<br />
+with a statement of the<br />
+Receipts and Expenditures."</span></p>
+
+<p>This address was sent to the Society's agents and friends of the
+Monument in all parts of the country, which address they were
+"requested," in an accompanying letter, "to diffuse as widely as may be
+without incurring expense."</p>
+
+<p>The measure of the result of the Society's efforts at this period, the
+discouragement met with, and its faith in the work it had undertaken, is
+evidenced by language in this address, which recited, in part:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The annexed statement of the sums received and accounted for by them
+(the agents) shows the measure of their success. This, though various,
+has, in no instance, equalled the least sanguine expectations. This may
+be ascribed in some degree to the fundamental feature of the plan
+itself, which, in limiting the individual subscriptions to one dollar,
+has been found, excepting in towns, to have involved an expense to the
+agent nearly, if not quite,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> equal to the amount collected; while in the
+larger towns the abortion heretofore of schemes for a like purpose has
+produced a general impression that this plan would share the same fate.
+Other causes, some of a temporary, others of a permanent nature,
+co-operated in leading to this result, of which, perhaps, the most
+powerful was the general derangement of the currency, and the real or
+apprehended evils that followed in its train, with the impression that
+it was the duty of the General Government, out of the vast resources at
+its command, to effect the object.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In reviewing the course of measures pursued, the Board of Managers
+have satisfaction in perceiving no neglect or omission on their part
+in discharging the duties assigned them. If an assiduity
+proportioned to the dignity of the object, a devotion seeking no
+reward but in the gratification of honest feelings, and an economy
+attested by the small expenditures for contingent expenses, are the
+truest evidences of fidelity, they trust that they may, without
+unworthy imputations, lay claim to this humble virtue. * * * Upon
+the whole, however great the disappointment of the Board of
+Managers, they have not abandoned the hope that a plan which, at its
+inception, was hailed with universal approbation, may yet, with
+proper modifications, be effected."</p>
+
+<p>It is shown by this address that the amount collected and interest
+accrued on stocks in this year was $30,779.84.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>The restriction of a contribution to the sum of one dollar appears to
+have been removed on one occasion in 1839. A committee of the Society,
+having been appointed for the purpose on November 13, 1839, prepared and
+issued a special circular letter, to be sent to the deputy marshals of
+the United States, who shortly were to begin taking the census of the
+country. This appeal recited in part:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The measures incident to the approaching census present an
+opportunity of overcoming this last difficulty (the former
+limitation of subscriptions). It will be the duty of the deputies of
+the marshals to see the head of every family; and as the greater
+portion of their time will be consumed in traveling from one
+dwelling to another, it is thought that but little additional time
+will be occupied in submitting a subscription paper for this object
+at each dwelling and receiving the sums that may be subscribed,
+whereby an opportunity will be offered to every individual in the
+United States to promote it by contributions corresponding to their
+means. There being no limitation in the amount, every man, woman,
+and child will be enabled to enroll their names by subscriptions
+according to their ability. The rich will, it is hoped, be
+munificent in their donations, while from those in inferior
+circumstances any sum will be thankfully received."</p>
+
+<p>It was proposed to allow these special collectors a commission of twenty
+per cent. on "amounts that may be received and accounted for by a
+deposit in some sound bank to the credit of Samuel H. Smith,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> Treasurer
+of the Society, together with the transmission to him of the names of
+the contributors, with the respective sums subscribed by them, and the
+certificates of deposits."</p>
+
+<p>The address concluded:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The subscription papers may be headed as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We, the undersigned, for the purpose of contributing to the
+erection of a great National Monument at the seat of the General
+Government, do subscribe the sums placed opposite our names
+respectively.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The favor of an early answer is requested."</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful lithographs, in two sizes, of the design selected for the
+Monument were printed and placed in the hands of the agents of the
+Society as certificates, and in the form of receipts, to be given
+individuals or organizations contributing the sum of one dollar to the
+funds of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>These certificates bore the following words and autograph names on the
+lower margin and beneath the picture of the proposed Monument:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Earnestly recommended to the favor of our countrymen,</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Z. Taylor,</span></td><td><span class="smcap">         Millard Fillmore,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">James K. Polk, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></td><td><span class="smcap">     John Quincy Adams,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">G. M. Dallas,</span></td><td><span class="smcap">      Daniel Webster,</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">H. Clay,</span></td><td><span class="smcap">           Albert Gallatin</span>."</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>There was also prepared for distribution through the Society's agents
+other lithographs, portraits of Washington, it being thought the
+contributor might prefer such a portrait to the lithograph of the
+Monument.</p>
+
+<p>The results of this special appeal are to be found in the subsequently
+stated accounts of the Treasurer, but the amounts returned did not meet
+the expectations of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>May 25, 1844, a joint resolution (No. 514) was introduced into the House
+of Representatives, accompanied by a report submitted by Mr. Pratt from
+the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, which provided "that the
+Washington Monument Society, in the City of Washington, be, and they are
+hereby, authorized to occupy that part of reservation <i>No.</i> 2, bounded
+by the Canal, B, Seventh and Twelfth streets, south, for the purpose of
+erecting thereon a monument to Washington, under the direction of the
+President of the United States, according to the <i>design proposed by the
+Committee on Public Buildings</i>, and to <i>aid</i> the said Society in
+<i>completing the same</i>, and for defraying the expense of enclosing the
+grounds, laying out walks and planting trees, the Committee on Public
+Buildings is hereby authorized and required to cause to be laid into
+lots and to sell at auction or otherwise, on condition that three-story
+brick, granite or marble buildings be erected thereon within five years
+from the day of sale, the piece of vacant ground bounded by the circular
+road, New Jersey avenue and B and First streets, north, and the piece of
+ground bounded by the circular road, Delaware avenue, B and F streets,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+south; also twenty-seven lots between the circular road and Third
+street, on Pennsylvania avenue, and twenty-seven lots between the
+circular road and Third street, on Maryland avenue, northwest, or so
+much as shall be necessary to complete the same. The same to be
+designated as 'Monument Square.'"</p>
+
+<p>The report stated, the proposed park would contain about fifty-two
+acres, which it was designed "to fence in and lay out in drives, walks,
+and trees, and to erect thereon a <i>National Monument</i> in the center
+thereof." The position would command a view of all the public buildings,
+particularly from the Monument, "which is to be one hundred and fifty
+feet high," and "devoted to the public as a place of resort where busts,
+statues, and paintings of all the great men connected with the history
+of our country may be seen." The site is nearly opposite to the "Patent
+and Post Office buildings, or center of the city, and but a square or
+two south of the <i>great</i> thoroughfare of the city, the Pennsylvania
+avenue, which, in point of magnitude and of easy approach to our
+citizens, there is no ground in the District, or in any other country,
+which could vie with it as a public square of beauty and recreation."</p>
+
+<p>Lots were to be sold at auction and proceeds used for creating the park,
+as described in the resolution, and "so that preparations may be
+immediately made" for a "site for a <i>National Monument</i>, which in the
+course of a few years will become a beautiful resort for the citizens
+and visitors of the District as well as for strangers from all parts of
+the world." The park would have circles and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> every device of walk, all
+the emblems of the Nation together with forest trees of every State,
+plants, flowers, &amp;c. The construction of a national monument the
+committee regarded as of great interest to the American people. Half a
+century had passed away, and no worthy memorial is found in the Capital.
+The committee recommend the "temple form" as best for a monument, "built
+to contain busts and statues of Presidents and other illustrious men of
+the country, as well as 'paintings' of historical subjects." The
+construction of the Monument "would carry out the views of this Society
+to erect a monument to Washington," and which it is understood will
+apply its funds toward this object "whenever Congress shall authorize
+its erection on some portion of the public ground," the site to be due
+west of the Capitol. The construction was to be under the direction of
+the President of the United States and the Washington Monument Society.
+A plan of the proposed temple form of monument accompanied the report, a
+statue of Washington surmounting its dome.</p>
+
+<p>While the Society at this time was willing to concede a change in the
+form of the Monument, and apply funds collected to speedily realize such
+change, no action by Congress resulted from the report quoted so far as
+authorizing the building of the National Monument suggested by the
+committee or lending aid to the Society, or granting a site for the
+Monument it had projected.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 the Society removed generally the limitation of one dollar as
+the amount of a subscription. This action seems to have been wise, as
+the later<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> annual gross receipts were for a time greatly increased.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the previous recognition by the Society of this evil of
+limitation of contributions, it is surprising that it was not generally
+removed when it was specially removed for the occasion of the census in
+1840.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846 the Society issued a further address "to the American people,"
+announcing that it had "appointed the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, of Ohio,
+the General Agent of the Society, whose office will be held in
+Washington. To him has been delegated the power of appointing subagents,
+who will receive a commission on the funds they may collect as a
+compensation for their services. * * * It is scarcely necessary to
+remark that the character of the General Agent appointed by the Board of
+Managers to make additional collections for the Monument is such as to
+insure success and produce entire confidence. It is known to the whole
+country; and Mr. Whittlesey's efforts in this new and noble undertaking,
+it is hoped, will be crowned with that success which cannot fail to
+accompany so glorious an object."</p>
+
+<p>It was further said by this address:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It may be proper to state for the information of the public that
+the delay in commencing the Monument has been occasioned by the want
+of a proper site, which the Board had hoped would long since have
+been granted by Congress. * * * The Board designed at as early
+period to commence the Monument, but as no site could be obtained
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>sufficientlyy eligible on any other ground than the public mall,
+near the Potomac, and as that could only be obtained by a grant from
+Congress, which has not yet been made, that purpose has been
+unavoidably postponed until the next session of the National
+Legislature, when it is believed no objection will be made to allow
+the Board the use of the ground it desires for so laudable and
+patriotic an object."</p>
+
+<p>This address, signed by the officers of the Society, James K. Polk, <i>ex
+officio</i> President; Wm. Brent, First Vice-President; Mayor of
+Washington, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; George
+Watterston, Secretary; and by the entire Board of Managers, including
+among the number Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott, Thos. Carbery, Peter Force,
+Philip R. Fendall, Gen. Nathan Townson, Gen. Walter Jones, Col. J.
+Kearney, J. J. Abert, W. A. Bradley, and Thomas Munroe, contained the
+following eloquent language:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The pilgrim to Mount Vernon, the spot consecrated by Washington's
+hallowed remains, is often shocked when he looks upon the humble
+sepulchre which contains his dust, and laments that no monument has
+yet reared its lofty head to mark a <i>Nation's</i> gratitude.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It is true that the 'storied urn, the animated bust,' or the
+splendid mausoleum, cannot call back the departed spirit, or 'soothe
+the dull, cold ear of death;' but it is equally true that it can and
+does manifest the gratitude and veneration of the living for those
+who have passed away forever from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> stage of life and left behind
+them the cherished memory of their virtues. The posthumous honors
+bestowed by a grateful nation on its distinguished citizens serve
+the further purpose of stimulating those who survive them to similar
+acts of greatness and of virtue, while the respect and admiration of
+the country which confers them upon its children are mere deeply and
+ardently felt. The character of Washington is identified with the
+glory and greatness of his country. It belongs to history, into
+which it has infused a moral grandeur and beauty. It presents a
+verdant oasis on the dreary waste of the world, on which the mind
+loves to repose, and the patriot and philosopher delights to dwell.
+Such a being but seldom appears to illustrate and give splendor to
+the annals of mankind, and the country which gave him birth should
+take a pride in bestowing posthumous honors on his name. It is not
+to transmit the name or fame of the illustrious Washington to future
+ages that a Monument should be erected to his memory; but to show
+that the People of this Republic at least are not ungrateful, and
+that they desire to manifest their love of eminent public and
+private virtues by some enduring memorial which, like the pyramids
+of Egypt, shall fatigue time by its duration."</p>
+
+<p>The General Agent, Mr. Whittlesey, submitted a plan which was adopted by
+the Society for a systematic collection of funds, which included
+constituting Congressional districts as distinct collection districts,
+and in 1847 a circular letter was addressed to Members of Congress
+respecting the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> formation of such districts and the appointment of
+collecting agents therein. As formerly, it was required that the
+appointee should be well recommended and endorsed by Representatives,
+Senators, and well-known citizens of the district or State.</p>
+
+<p>It was also determined to specially appeal to the Masonic fraternity of
+the country.</p>
+
+<p>The agents appointed were supplied with properly prepared blank books
+for the autograph enrollment of contributors, which books, when filled
+with names, were to be returned to the office of the Society for deposit
+and safe keeping.</p>
+
+<p>On the request of the Society, Mrs. James Madison, Mrs. John Quincy
+Adams, and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton effected an organization of ladies to
+aid in collecting funds for the proposed Monument. Through appeals,
+entertainments, fairs, and many social functions given for the purpose
+by ladies in various parts of the country, there resulted but a very
+moderate addition to the funds of the Society, but in no way
+commensurate with its expectations in the premises.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of February, 1847, the Society adopted the following
+resolution offered by Mr. Brent:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Resolved</i>, That the several Consuls of the United States abroad,
+and the Pursers of the Navy, be requested by the General Agent to
+solicit subscriptions for the erection of a suitable National
+Monument to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen,
+and others of liberal patriotic feelings, and that the Secretary of
+State and the Secretary of the Navy be respectfully requested, on
+behalf of the National Washington Monument Society, to cause to be
+forwarded the letters and papers necessary to accomplish the object
+embraced in this resolution."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+In accordance with this resolve (the consent of the Honorable Secretary
+of State and the Honorable Secretary of the Navy having been given), a
+circular letter was prepared and sent out to the persons named in the
+resolution.</p>
+
+<p>After setting forth the object of the Society, and earnestly appealing
+for funds to accomplish that purpose, the circular stated a compensation
+of 20 per cent. would be allowed on funds collected and faithfully
+accounted for. This circular was accompanied by a supply of "prints," to
+be distributed to subscribers, as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Copies of a large portrait of Washington, copied from Stuart's
+painting in Fanueil Hall, Boston.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Copies of the large print of the design of the Monument."</p>
+
+<p>Smaller prints of the same subjects were also furnished.</p>
+
+<p>The subscriber of $5.00 was to receive one of the large prints; of
+$8.00, both the large prints; of $1.00, one of the small prints; and to
+the subscriber of $1.50, both of the small prints.</p>
+
+<p>It was also publicly announced that the corner stone of the Monument
+would be laid "on the 4th of July next, and arrangements will be made to
+give to the ceremony a national character corresponding with the
+character and magnitude of the work."</p>
+
+<p>The accounts of the Treasurer of the Society from time to time show, in
+response to this <i>special</i> appeal, a considerable collection of funds,
+especially among the officers and seamen of the Navy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>In 1847, the aggregate of collections and accumulated interest was some
+$87,000, which amount was deemed sufficient to justify the Society in
+beginning the erection of the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>A resolution was adopted that the corner-stone be laid on the 22d of
+February next "provided that a suitable site can be obtained in time,"
+and a committee was appointed to apply to Congress early in the session
+for a "site on the public mall for the Monument." A committee was also
+appointed to ascertain "the best terms on which a suitable site on
+private grounds within the limits of the City of Washington can be
+obtained."</p>
+
+<p>Before the latter committee reported, in response to the memorial by the
+Society to Congress, desiring action by that body to accord a site for
+the Monument, on the 31st of January, 1848, Congress passed a resolution
+authorizing the Washington National Monument Society to erect "a
+Monument to the memory of George Washington upon such portion of the
+public grounds or reservations within the City of Washington, not
+otherwise occupied, as shall be selected by the President of the United
+States and the Board of Managers of said Society as a suitable site on
+which to erect the said Monument, and for the necessary protection
+thereof."</p>
+
+<p>January 23, 1848, General Archibald Henderson, Lieut. M. F. Maury, and
+Mr. Walter Lenox were appointed a committee to make the necessary
+arrangements to lay the corner-stone, but it being found impossible to
+make arrangements for that ceremony on the 22d of February, on the 29th
+of January it was postponed until July 4th following.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">SITE OF THE MONUMENT.</span></p>
+
+<p>The site selected under the authority of the resolution of Congress was
+the public reservation, numbered 3, on the plan of the City of
+Washington, containing upwards of thirty acres, where the Monument now
+stands, near the Potomac river, west of the Capitol and south of the
+President's House. The deed was executed on the 12th day of April, 1849,
+and was duly recorded among the land records of the District of Columbia
+on the 22d day of February, 1849.</p>
+
+<p>This deed was executed by James K. Polk, President of the United States,
+"and in testimony of the selection as aforesaid of the said reservation,
+numbered three (3), for the purpose aforesaid," was also signed by
+William Brent, First Vice-President; W. W. Seaton, Second
+Vice-President; Archibald Henderson, Third Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer; George Watterston, Secretary; and Peter Force; the
+signing being "in the presence of Winfield Scott, Nathan Towson, John.
+J. Abert, Walter Jones, Thomas Carbery, W. A. Bradley, P. R. Fendall,
+Thomas Munroe, Walter Lenox, M. F. Maury, Thomas Blagden."</p>
+
+<p>As to the reasons for the selection of this particular site, we find
+them stated by the Society in an address to the country, in later years,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The site selected presents a beautiful view of the Potomac; is so
+elevated that the Monument will be seen from all parts of the city
+and the surrounding country, and, being a public reservation, it is
+safe from any future obstruction of the view.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> It is so near the
+river that materials for constructing the Monument can be conveyed
+to it from the river at but little expense; stone, sand, and lime,
+all of the best kind, can be brought to it by water from convenient
+distances; and marble of the most beautiful quality, obtained at a
+distance of only eleven miles from Baltimore, on the Susquehanna
+railroad, can be brought either on the railroad or in vessels. In
+addition to these and kindred reasons, the adoption of the site was
+further and impressively recommended by the consideration that the
+Monument to be erected on it would be in full view of Mount Vernon,
+where rest the ashes of the Chief; and by evidence that Washington
+himself, whose unerring judgment had selected this city to be the
+Capital of the Nation, had also selected this particular spot for a
+Monument to the American Revolution, which in the year 1795 it was
+proposed should be erected or placed at the 'permanent seat of
+Government of the United States.' This Monument was to have been
+executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for by
+contributions of individuals. The same site is marked on Major
+L'Enfant's map of Washington City for the equestrian statue of
+General Washington, ordered by Congress in 1783, which map was
+examined, approved, and transmitted to Congress by him when
+President of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>It may be here remarked, with reference to the site selected for the
+Monument, that the foundations were laid but a short distance to the
+east of the meridian line, run, at the instance of President<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> Jefferson,
+by Nicholas King, surveyor, October 15, 1804. The report of Mr. King, as
+found in the Department of State, bears the endorsement, "to be filed in
+the office of State as a record of demarcation of the first meridian of
+the United States." This line, by the President's instructions, passed
+through the center of the White House, and where it intersected a line
+due east and west through the center of the Capitol a small monument or
+pyramid of stones was placed&mdash;an object which disappeared about the year
+1874, in the process of improving the Monument grounds. It would also
+appear that the center of the District of Columbia, within its original
+lines, was not far removed northwestward from the Monument as it stands,
+being near the corner of Seventeenth and C streets, N.W., 1,305 feet
+north and 1,579 feet west of the Monument. (National Geographic
+Magazine, vol. 6, p. 149.)</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear, however, that these latter existing facts were in
+any manner considered by the Board of Managers in the selection of the
+site for the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>The corner-stone for the Monument, a block of marble weighing
+"twenty-four thousand five hundred pounds," was quarried and presented
+to the Society by Mr. Thomas Symington, of Baltimore, Md. On its arrival
+in the city, the stone was enthusiastically drawn to the site of the
+Monument by many workmen from the navy yard, and other persons.</p>
+
+<p>In planning the ceremonies to occur on the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Monument, the Society invited ex-President John Quincy Adams to
+deliver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> the oration, but the invitation, however, was regretfully
+declined by Mr. Adams on account of the state of his health.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Daniel Webster being requested to deliver the oration declined
+because of pressure of business and the shortness of the time allowed in
+which to prepare one.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, Speaker of the House of
+Representatives, being then requested consented to deliver the oration.</p>
+
+<p>Invitations were sent by the committee of arrangements to Mrs. Alexander
+Hamilton, Mrs. Dolly P. Madison, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Martin Van
+Buren, Millard Fillmore, Lewis Cass, General Sam Houston, Chief Justice
+Taney, George Washington Parke Custis, and other distinguished persons
+to attend the ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone. The replies
+received indicate the interest of those invited in the erection of the
+Monument to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>For the occasion transportation lines entering the District of Columbia
+reduced their usual rates of travel.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, Senators and
+Representatives in Congress, Heads of Executive Departments, and other
+officers of the Government, the Judiciary, Representatives of Foreign
+Governments, the corporate authorities of Washington, Georgetown, and
+Alexandria, military commands, associations of many descriptions,
+delegations from States and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> Territories and from several Indian tribes,
+and a great multitude of citizens, the corner-stone was laid.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. McJilton offered the consecration prayer, and the oration,
+lofty and eloquent, was delivered by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Benj. B. French, Grand Master of the Masonic Fraternity of the
+United States, then delivered a beautiful and appropriate address, after
+which he descended to the corner-stone and performed the Masonic
+ceremonies of laying it.</p>
+
+<p>The gavel used was that employed by George Washington, as Master Mason,
+in the Masonic ceremonies in the laying of the corner-stone of the
+National Capitol. A patriotic song, written by Robert Treat Paine, was
+sung, after which the benediction was pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>The corner-stone was laid at the northeast angle of the foundation.
+Among the distinguished guests on the stand at the laying of the
+corner-stone were Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (then ninety-one years old),
+Mrs. Dolly Paine Madison, George Washington Parke Custis, and others of
+eminence.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings are thus discussed in the papers of the times:</p>
+
+<p class="center">* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The day was fine. The rain had laid the dust and infused a
+delicious freshness in the air. The procession was extensive and
+beautiful. It embraced many military companies of our own and our
+sister cities&mdash;various associations, with their characteristic
+emblems; the President and Cabinet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> and various officers of the
+Executive Departments; many of the Members of Congress; citizens and
+strangers who had poured into the city. When the lengthened
+procession had reached the site of the Monument they were joined by
+a whole cortege of ladies and gentlemen; and we are free to say we
+never beheld so magnificent a spectacle. From 15,000 to 20,000
+persons are estimated to have been present, stretched over a large
+area of ground from the southern hill, gradually sloping down to the
+plain below."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In a hollow spread with boards and surrounded with seats the
+crowd gathered. Around two sides of this space were high and
+solidly-constructed seats, hired out to spectators, covered with
+awnings, and affording a favorable position for seeing and hearing.
+A temporary arch was erected, covered with colored cotton and
+suitably embellished. But its most attractive ornament was a living
+American eagle, with its dark plumage, piercing eye, and snowy head
+and tail, who seemed to look with anxious gaze on the unwonted
+spectacle below. This is the same eagle which in Alexandria
+surmounted the arch of welcome there erected to Lafayette; and to
+complete its honors and its public character, it has since been
+entrusted to M. Vattemare, to be presented to the National Museum in
+Paris. He is now forty years old."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The fireworks (at night) exhibited on the same theatre, and
+prepared by the pyrotechnists of the navy yard, were admirable
+beyond description.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> They were witnessed by an immense multitude.
+The President's reception at night in the East Room was very
+numerously attended. Thus passed one of the most splendid and
+agreeable days Washington has ever witnessed."</p>
+
+<p>Objections having been from time to time urged against the plan of the
+Monument, the Society, early in 1848, appointed a committee to consider
+them. In April of that year, pursuant to a report of a committee of its
+members, the Society fixed upon a height of 500 feet for the shaft,
+leaving in abeyance the surrounding pantheon and base. And this
+modification continued to be the plan of the Monument until it was again
+altered at a later period.</p>
+
+<p>The corner-stone laid, the Society began active operations to raise the
+shaft, which were most vigorously prosecuted. The purchase of materials
+and the general construction of the Monument, embracing the employment
+of labor, skilled and common, were committed by the Society to three of
+their number, denominated a Building Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The members of this committee devoted much of their time patriotically
+to the duties assigned them, held weekly meetings during several years,
+and served without any sort of compensation whatever.</p>
+
+<p>With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented in
+the Monument, the Society extended an invitation for each State to
+furnish for insertion in the interior walls a block of marble or other
+durable stone, a production of its soil, of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> following dimensions:
+Four feet long, two feet high, and with a bed of from twelve to eighteen
+inches, the name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and,
+if desirable to the donor, the State's coat of arms also. Later, this
+invitation to contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to
+embrace such a gift from a foreign government.</p>
+
+<p>In response to these invitations were received from time to time the
+many rich and durable blocks which now adorn the interior walls of the
+shaft, in themselves smaller but not less impressive monuments to the
+memory of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In about six years from the laying of the corner-stone the Monument had
+reached the height of 156 feet, not quite one-third of its ultimate
+modified elevation. During this period the Society continued most
+actively at work in the raising of funds to carry the Monument forward.</p>
+
+<p>An appeal to the people was adopted and issued by the Society in 1848,
+immediately after the laying of the corner-stone, in which the past
+history of the work was given, what was desired and in contemplation to
+do, and an urgent request for contributions was made, and an eloquent
+reference to Washington was embodied.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1849, a special appeal for contributions, to be made in all
+parts of the country on the ensuing 4th of July, was issued, and
+everywhere distributed.</p>
+
+<p>Another special appeal was made in this year, which recited, among other
+things&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>"The scholars and pupils, male and female, of all the institutions
+of learning, and the public and private schools in this country, are
+requested to make such <i>monthly</i> contributions as may be convenient
+towards the erection of the Monument till it shall be completed. It
+is estimated that there are about 3,000,000 of pupils of all ages in
+the United States, and the monthly contribution of even <i>one cent</i>
+by each would alone, in a few years, complete the structure now in
+progress. The assistance of the principals and teachers in these
+schools, however, will be essential, and the Board would be thankful
+if they would lend their aid to carry out this plan by making such
+collections monthly, and transmitting the amount collected to the
+Treasurer or to the General Agent of the Society here," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>February 5, 1850, the Society adopted the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Resolved</i>, That in view of the liberal contributions made by two
+of the banks of the City of Washington, the General Agent be
+requested to address a circular letter to the several banking
+institutions of the United States, bearing the signatures of the
+Board of Managers, soliciting from them contributions to the
+erection of the Monument."</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with this resolve a circular letter was issued March 1,
+1850, appealing to all banks for contributions.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1850, circular letters were sent to all deputy marshals of the
+United States who were to be employed in taking the census then at hand,
+soliciting their aid in the collection of funds while engaged in the
+enumeration of the people, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> offering a commission of 15 per cent. on
+the amount collected to each collector, following in this plan the one
+pursued in 1840. A further general appeal was also printed and
+distributed everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1851 the following resolution was adopted by the Society:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Resolved</i>, That a circular be addressed in the name of this Board
+to the respective Grand Lodges of the Masonic and Odd Fellows'
+fraternities and Grand Divisions of the Sons of Temperance in the
+United States, requesting that arrangements be made to obtain such
+periodical contributions as they may deem proper, to be applied to
+the erection of the Washington National Monument, until the same
+shall be completed."</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, an appeal was issued to the bodies mentioned in the
+resolution.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1852, pursuant to a resolution of the Society, the military
+organizations of the country were specially called upon for
+contributions.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853, another urgent and general appeal was put forth for funds, to
+be given by the Masonic bodies of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854, there was another general address to the country, similar in
+character to former appeals, and a special appeal was sent to the
+officers of the Navy of the United States, invoking their co-operation
+and aid in raising money to carry on the work of building the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>The tangible result of these general and special appeals for funds was
+far short of hope. The funds collected went into the treasury of the
+Society, and were at once expended to meet the current and contract
+obligations of the work of building the Monument.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">STONE FROM ROME.</span></p>
+
+<p>In this year an act occurred at the Monument which created much
+indignation and excitement in the District, and was the subject of much
+public discussion throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p>The facts furnished to the press by the Society, after an investigation
+by it, were reported thus in the "Daily National Intelligencer" on March
+8, 1854:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"A deed of barbarism was enacted on Monday morning last, between one
+and two o'clock, by several persons (number not known, but supposed
+to be from four to ten), which will be considered as belonging
+rather to some of the centuries considerably in our rear than to the
+better half of the boasted Nineteenth Century. We refer to the
+forcible seizure from its place of deposit, in a shed at the
+Washington Monument, of a block of marble sent hither from Rome, a
+tribute to the memory of Washington by the Pontiff, and intended to
+become a part of the edifice now erecting to signalize his name and
+glory. It originally stood in the Temple of Concord at Rome, was of
+beautiful texture, and had for its dimensions a length of three
+feet, height of eighteen inches, and thickness of ten inches. The
+account we hear of the matter is this: That at about the time above
+mentioned several men suddenly surrounded the watch box of the night
+watchman, and passed a cord, such as is used for clothes lines,
+around the box, and piled stones against the door, calling to the
+man within that if he kept quiet he would not be injured, at the
+same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> time they pasted pieces of newspapers on the two or three
+window openings that commanded the particular shed containing the
+fated block, so as to prevent the watchman from seeing their
+operations. They then removed one of the strips in front of the
+place where the block stood, and passing in and out by the opening
+carried it off by placing it on a hand cart used about the premises.
+There is no doubt they took the block to the river side, not less
+than a quarter of a mile off, and pitched it over the steep bank
+upon the river beach, where they enjoyed a favorable opportunity of
+breaking it up undiscovered or boating it off into the river, which
+they probably did after defacing it. All this went on, it seems,
+without effective remonstrance from the watchman, although he had
+with him a double-barrel shot gun loaded with buck shot, and the
+operations at the shed were within easy shot. As for the pasting on
+the windows, there was nothing in that, for they slid up and down
+like the sashes of an omnibus. These proceedings, the watchman says,
+took place about half-past one; but he gave no notice of it to the
+family residing at the Monument until four. For these and other
+similar reasons he has been suspended."</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the Society was held on the 7th of March in reference to
+this vandalism, and it was resolved to offer a reward to discover the
+perpetrators. Accordingly, the following advertisement appeared in the
+"Daily National Intelligencer" on March 8th:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>"$100 <span class="smcap">Reward</span>. The Board of Managers of the Washington National
+Monument Society will pay the above reward of $100 for the arrest
+and conviction of the person or persons who, on the night of the 5th
+instant, stole and destroyed a block of marble contributed to said
+Monument."</p>
+
+<p>This advertisement availed nothing as to the discovery of the guilty
+persons. It was understood to have been the work of persons belonging to
+the party styled "Know-Nothings;" one of their professions being
+opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and any political preference of
+its members. It was not thought the persons were generally depraved
+characters, but, on the contrary, were supposed to be identified with
+the respectable part of the community. From the time of the reception of
+this stone from Rome by the Society until its destruction, there had
+been frequent expressions in a portion of the daily press in opposition
+to its being placed in the Monument, and the Society had received many
+protesting letters and, in some instances, long petitions from various
+parts of the country, numerously signed, urging that the stone be not
+used by the Society, as it was representative of the Roman Church, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Many petitions from New Jersey recited:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We, the undersigned, citizens of &mdash;&mdash;, in the State of New Jersey,
+believing the proffer of a block of marble recently made by the Pope
+of Rome to this country for the Washington Monument to be totally
+inconsistent with the known principles of that despotic system of
+government of which he is the head; that the inscription, 'Rome to
+America,' engraved upon it, bears a significance beyond<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> its natural
+meaning; that the construction is an artful stratagem, calculated to
+divert the attention of the American people for the present from his
+animosity to republican institutions by an outward profession of
+regard; that the gift of a despot, if placed within those walls, can
+never be looked upon by true Americans but with feelings of
+mortification and disgust; and believing that the original design of
+the structure was to perpetuate the memory of Washington as the
+champion of American liberty, its national character should be
+preserved, do therefore most earnestly protest against the placing
+of said stone within the Monument, or any other stone from any other
+than a republican government."</p>
+
+<p>But the Society was not organized on sectarian or political lines, and
+to the opposition and protests no heed was given. The Society was
+composed of men of different political beliefs and church affiliations.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate effect of the destruction of the "Pope's stone" was to
+anger a large body of the citizens of the country, members of the
+Catholic Church, and then, and for a long time afterward, to estrange
+any interest they had had in the building of the Monument, and to this
+extent to impair the field for the collection of funds for the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>It has never been certainly known what the precise fate of the stone
+was, though occasional uncorroborated statements of individuals,
+alleging knowledge of or participation in its destruction, have been
+made as to it. But their variance has rendered them of no value.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>The further collection of funds for the Monument was not only curtailed
+by the destruction of the Pope's stone, but the political and business
+conditions of the country in 1854 caused a great falling off in
+contributions. The Monument had now reached a height of 153 feet above
+the foundation, and the Society had expended on the entire structure
+$230,000. The funds being now practically exhausted, and all its efforts
+to obtain further sums proving abortive in this year, 1854, the Society
+presented a memorial to Congress representing that they were unable to
+devise any plan likely to succeed in raising the requisite means, and
+under the circumstances asked that Congress might take such action as it
+deemed proper.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Representatives the memorial was referred to a select
+committee of thirteen members, appointed under a resolution July 13th,
+of which committee the Hon. Henry May, of Maryland, was chairman.</p>
+
+<p>By a previous order, Mr. May, on the 22d of February, 1855, made an
+eloquent and able report to the House, in which, after a careful
+examination of the whole subject, the proceedings of the Society were
+reviewed and approved, and an appropriation of $200,000 by Congress was
+recommended "on behalf of the people of the United States to <i>aid</i> the
+funds of this Society." There was no suggestion made that Congress
+should assume the completion of the Monument; the Society were to
+continue actively in the work they had been prosecuting. Congress would
+make simply a donation to the funds. The sum proposed was the same in
+amount<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> which the House of Representatives, by their resolution of
+January 1, 1801, had agreed to appropriate for erecting a mausoleum to
+Washington, in the City of Washington. The report referred to the
+Society and its work in the following terms of approval:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The Society was organized on an admirable plan, and its officers
+undertook the duties assigned them by its Constitution, and have, as
+your committee are well satisfied, faithfully performed them.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The funds were to be collected in all parts of the United States;
+and agents as competent and as faithful as could be found were
+appointed, after giving bond for the performance of their duties.
+These agents were sent to all parts of the country, and
+contributions were commenced and continued by the subscription of
+$1.00 for each person. This plan was adopted in order that all might
+have the opportunity to contribute.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In the appointment of these agents a careful scrutiny was exercised
+by the Society, and undoubted recommendations of both character and
+capacity were in every case required, and though an opinion may
+prevail in some parts of the country to the contrary, your committee
+are satisfied that these agents generally proved to be worthy of the
+confidence reposed in them. Of the large number employed but two of
+them failed to account for the money collected, and legal measures
+resorted to promptly by the Society against their bonds have, in one
+of these instances, obtained the full amount of the liability.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>"It may well be questioned if any Society executing a plan for
+collecting money so extensively has met with equal success in
+justifying the integrity of its agents, and it is pleasing to state
+that not one cent of the funds received by the Society has at any
+time been lost by investment or otherwise."</p>
+
+<p>This report, recommending "that the sum of two hundred thousand dollars
+should be subscribed by Congress on behalf of the people of the United
+States to aid the funds of the Society" was submitted to the House with
+every assurance of its adoption, and that the appropriation recommended
+would be made. But an unfortunate occurrence arose, news of which, upon
+reaching Mr. May upon the floor, occasioned a suspension of further
+consideration of the report, and the whole matter was laid upon the
+table. The occurrence was the result of "a plot, secretly contrived and
+suddenly disclosed, to reverse the principles on which the Society had
+uniformly acted, and to degrade an enterprise, sacred to patriotism and
+humanity, into an instrument of party or sect." On the day the report of
+Mr. May was submitted to the House of Representatives, "a crowd of
+persons assembled at the City Hall and there voted for seventeen
+individuals, named in a printed ticket, to be officers and managers of
+'the' Society. The only previous announcement of this proceeding was
+notice signed 'F. W. Eckloff, clerk W. N. M. Society,' and published on
+the evening of the 21st of February in the American Organ' and the
+'Evening Star,' and on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> morning of the 22d in the `National
+Intelligencer.' On the 24th of February the result of the election was
+proclaimed in the Press," by which it appeared 755 votes were cast,
+resulting in the election of the following officers: Vespasian Ellis,
+First Vice-President; George H. Plant, Second V. P.; Charles C. Tucker,
+Secretary; John M. McCalla, Treasurer; and the following Board of
+Managers: Samuel S. Briggs, French S. Evans, Henry Addison, Charles R.
+Belt, Joseph H. Bradley, J. N. Craig, Thomas D. Sandy, Samuel C. Busey,
+James A. Gordon, Robert T. Knight, Samuel E. Douglass, Joseph Libbey,
+Sr., Thomas A. Brooke.</p>
+
+<p>This pretended election was not had according to the Constitution of the
+Society. The constitutional time of election was every third year from
+the year 1835, and the last election had been held in 1853.</p>
+
+<p>It was the province of the Secretary of the Society to issue all notices
+of meetings, and the clerk (Eckloff), a mere recorder and messenger, had
+no color of authority to issue any such notice. The last regular weekly
+meeting of the Society was held on the 20th of February, and it had then
+adjourned to meet on the 27th of that month. Of the 755 votes cast all
+were given to each of the seventeen persons elected, except one, who
+received 754 votes, and not one of the persons elected was a member of
+the existing board. This election was carried on certificates of
+membership, which could be obtained from the Society or its agents on
+the payment of one dollar, but which were issued without any knowledge
+of the Society, and no money representing them was ever received by its
+Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>Abundant evidence shows that the plan of this election was "silently yet
+solemnly resolved," and framed in the secret lodges of the
+"Know-Nothing" or American party of that day, its object being to
+transfer the entire and exclusive management into its own hands, and to
+oust every other description of citizens from participation in the
+trust.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of February, the existing Society held a special meeting,
+protesting against the pretended election of February 22d, and appointed
+a committee "to investigate the existing state of things and report
+thereon at the next regular meeting."</p>
+
+<p>The committee reported at a meeting of the Society on the 27th of
+February, and in accordance therewith adopted resolutions declaring
+"that the election held on the 22d instant of officers and managers of
+the Washington National Monument Society was in direct violation of the
+Constitution of said Society, and therefore null and void; that this
+Board, being by virtue of the Constitution of the Washington National
+Monument Society, the existing Board of Managers, and as such charged
+with a trust of the most solemn character, in behalf of the American
+people cannot voluntarily surrender the same; that the above resolutions
+be communicated to the gentlemen claiming under the election of the 22d
+instant, and that we propose that an amicable suit be instituted for the
+purpose of testing the rights of the two parties."</p>
+
+<p>Replying to a transmitted copy of these resolutions, the "Know-Nothing"
+board adopted resolutions not admitting any right in "the late Board of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+Managers" to participate in the "administration of this Society other
+than as <i>members</i> thereof," and appointed a committee of three persons
+"to confer with those gentlemen in response to the resolutions received
+from them to-day, and that they report to the next meeting of this
+Board."</p>
+
+<p>The two committees met on the 3d of March, but were unable to agree on
+terms of arrangement, the committee of the "Know-Nothing" board adhering
+to a refusal to submit the dispute to judicial decision.</p>
+
+<p>The Superintendent in charge of the Monument, William Dougherty,
+declining to recognize the authority of the pretended board or to
+surrender possession of any of the buildings on the Monument grounds to
+the new superintendent appointed by it, on the evening of the 9th of
+March these buildings were forcibly taken possession of in its name, and
+the "new" superintendent was installed in place. Thereafter, for several
+years, the Society had no further communication with the "Know-Nothing"
+board, and published in the daily press a full account of the
+controversy, which demonstrated the illegality of the organization of
+the board in usurped possession. Arrangements were also made to secure a
+decision by the courts in the premises. The Society's agents were also
+advised of the existing conditions. Being bonded, no moneys collected by
+them were paid to the treasurer of the "Know-Nothing" board, which board
+shortly issued the following address, thereby stamping its character:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>"<span class="smcap">Brethren of the American Party</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"For twenty years past a voluntary association has existed in this
+city, formed for the purpose of raising funds to erect a monument to
+<span class="smcap">Washington</span>. It was founded on the scheme of voluntary contributions
+among the people of the United States, in such sums as would enable
+every citizen to contribute towards it. After years of patient
+waiting, a sufficient amount was accumulated to justify them in
+adopting a plan and beginning the work. A plan was adopted of a
+single shaft of white marble, of four equal sides, having a base 55
+feet square, and rising to the height of 600 feet, diminishing
+gradually from base to top, and to be 33 feet square at the top. The
+base is to be a pantheon, surrounded by columns and ornamented by
+statues. The interior of the Monument is a square chamber: the
+walls, 15 feet in thickness, are composed of the solid blue stone of
+the Potomac in large masses, faced on the outside with white marble
+18 inches thick, firmly bonded at every course into the blue stone.
+The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1848. The structure
+has reached the height of 170 feet at a cost of upward of $230,000.
+And it appears to be firm as the materials of which it is composed.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Last year the contributions were wholly insufficient to keep up the
+ordinary progress of the work, and the managers were constrained to
+apply to Congress for aid. In the course of its construction they
+had thought it expedient and proper to receive not only
+contributions in money from every quarter of the globe, but they
+invited contributions in ornamented stones, to be placed, under the
+direction of the architect, in the face of the wall of the chamber.
+Among others, a stone sent from the Pope of Rome, and was received
+by the managers, to be placed, as the others, in some conspicuous
+place.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It was an American Monument, and its construction and management
+was said to be mainly in the hands of Catholics and foreigners.
+Complaints were also made of the administration of the association,
+and of the expenditures and losses in the collections of funds. For
+these and divers other causes, the Americans of this District
+resolved in their respective Councils that this work ought to be
+typical of their Government, completed by the free act of the
+People, under the direction and by the hands of the natives.
+Accordingly, at the election held on the 22d of February last, they
+nominated and elected a ticket of their own Order, who now have the
+control of the work.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>"It will require at least one million of dollars to complete it as
+it was originally designed, and that sum must be raised by the
+Councils of our Order, or we must suffer indelible disgrace and
+become a bye-word. There are enrolled in the Order at this time not
+less than two millions of freemen. A contribution of fifty cents
+from each, a sum within the reach of every member, will effect it.
+There may be some too poor&mdash;there cannot be any too mean or too
+insensible to the obligation upon them&mdash;to give this sum. If this
+shall be so, we have adopted a plan by which that difficulty may be
+met. For every contribution of one dollar, a certificate of
+membership is to be issued to the person in whose name the
+subscription is made. It is therefore proposed that collections
+shall be made in each Council throughout the Nation in such manner
+as each may deem most expedient, and the money remitted to <span class="smcap">John M.
+McCalla</span>, Esq., Treasurer of the National Monument, accompanied by a
+letter addressed to <span class="smcap">Charles C. Tucker</span>, Secretary of the National
+Monument, stating the amount thus forwarded, and transmitting a list
+of the names to whom a certificate for each dollar thus paid in is
+to be sent. For each single subscription of five dollars a handsome
+engraved plate of the Monument, of large size, will be sent.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"But, Brethren, while the sum of fifty cents from each member of the
+Order may be barely sufficient to complete the structure, it will
+take as much more to finish the work and the grounds, and leave a
+surplus to be invested and yield an interest to keep it in repair
+end defray the incidental annual expenses.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We have pledged the American party to this work. We have taken the
+great step of overthrowing, on this pledge, the administration which
+has preceded us, and which not only failed but went as beggars to
+Congress to ask legislative aid for that which loses all merit,
+unless it be the free-will offering of grateful hearts.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Have we done right?</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Brothers, we come to you to demand your aid in this great work to
+which we have been appointed, and to which, through us, you are
+pledged. We do not come alone. Our brethren in the District of
+Columbia, beneath the walls of the Presidential Mansion, from which
+a frowning brow is ever turned upon us&mdash;these brethren, moved by the
+sacred fire that ever burns in their hearts, the altars of
+patriotism, defying the scorn and contumely and lust of those
+temporarily in power, have come up freely to our aid. They have set
+to you, the free citizens of free States, with power to remove and
+bring to account those who dare to turn a wrathful eye on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+movements of those native to the soil&mdash;to you in every sense
+Freemen&mdash;they have set a bright and glorious example. May you walk
+by its light. The Councils in this the heart of the Nation&mdash;yet not
+one of its members&mdash;our Councils have, with wondrous unanimity,
+resolved to contribute <i>one dollar</i> for each member enrolled in each
+separate Council. Let it go forth&mdash;publish it wherever in this broad
+land, those born beneath the stars and stripes, the glorious banner
+of our Union, have met, or shall meet, to resolve that Americans
+must and shall govern America. Ring it in the ear of the
+slothful&mdash;breathe it into the heart of the earnest&mdash;the native
+Americans in Council, in the District of Columbia, have resolved to
+contribute a dollar for each member toward the completion of the
+work; and they have already begun their contributions.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Brethren, it is a national work&mdash;it is the heaped-up offering of
+mighty people&mdash;it is the work of the age. To it, from every kindred
+and nation, offerings have been brought&mdash;the tribute of far-off
+lands to that name which stands single, alone, mighty, majestic, in
+the history of the world, as though it were written in letters of
+starry light in the high heavens, to be read by all men. These are
+but the homage paid to virtue end renown, while the heart is cold or
+hostile.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"But to you, Brethren, his name is a household word. It was breathed
+over you on a mother's name and graven on your heart by a mother's
+love. It was taught you by a father's watchful care, and has been
+held ever before you as your beacon and your guide by a father's
+ceaseless anxiety. It was your watchword in the sports of youth; it
+is, it must be, your polar star in the mazes of a maturer life; it
+is the name for patriotism; it is little less than that of a god.
+Oh, the heart&mdash;the true American heart&mdash;the heart that beats
+responsive to the call of country&mdash;the heart that thrills at those
+words of wisdom and warning which fell from his lips, teaching us
+the dangers of foreign influence&mdash;the heart that swells with
+gratitude to the great human benefactor, who, having led us through
+the perils of the terrible conflicts of the Revolution, and guided
+us through the scarcely less perilous history of the Federation, and
+presided over that grand and august assembly which framed our
+matchless Constitution, laid in practice the deep foundations of
+this mighty Nation&mdash;the heart of the native-born American leaps up
+with joy to testify its deep love and veneration for him and seeks
+some adequate means to express it. And, Brethren and Countrymen, we
+bring it to you; we give you, by the means spread before you, an
+opportunity to enroll your names in the book<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> where is found the
+mighty company who have contributed to this the most remarkable
+Monument ever erected to man, which, as his name, shall stand
+unique, lofty&mdash;towering above all others known among men.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Brethren, come to our aid.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"By order of the Board:</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Chas. C. Tucker</span>,<br />
+"<i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Washington, D. C.</span>, <i>May, 1855</i>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Franklin Pierce</span>,<br />
+<i>President of the United Slates and ex officio President</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Vespasian Ellis</span>,<br />
+<i>First Vice-President</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">John T. Towers</span>,<br />
+<i>Mayor of Washington and ex officio Second Vice-President</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">George H. Plant</span>,<br />
+<i>Third Vice-President</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">John M. McCalla</span>,<br />
+<i>Treasurer</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chas. C. Tucker</span>,<br />
+<i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">MANAGERS:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Henry Addison</span>,</td><td>  <span class="smcap">Thomas D. Sandy</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Charles R. Belt</span>,</td><td>  <span class="smcap">Joseph H. Bradley</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">French S. Evans</span>,</td><td>  <span class="smcap">Samuel C. Busey</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Charles W. Davis</span>,</td><td>  <span class="smcap">James Gordon</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">John N. Craig</span>,</td><td>  <span class="smcap">Robert T. Knight</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Samuel E. Douglas</span>, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td>  <span class="smcap">Joseph Libby, Sr.</span>,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="smcap">Thomas A. Brooke</span>.</td></tr></table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>The address was printed in certain of the daily papers, and transmitted
+to the "Councils" of the party by the following letter:</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Office of the<br />
+Washington National Monument Society,<br />
+Washington, D. C.</span>, <i>May, 1855</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir and Brother</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Enclosed I send you an address from the Board of Managers of the
+Washington National Monument Society to members of our Order, asking
+their contributions in aid of the Washington National Monument, and
+request that you will place it before your Council and lend your
+influence towards the accomplishment of the object in view.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"By the action of your brethren in the District of Columbia our
+Order stands pledged to the country and the world to complete the
+Monument, and the glory of success or the disgrace of failure will
+be ours alone. The pledge was freely given; for we were confident
+that our brethren in the States would rejoice at the opportunity
+thus presented of testifying their gratitude and veneration for him
+whose "memory, maxims, and deathless example" we endeavor to keep
+alive in the hearts of the American people.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I would suggest that your Council appoint a Washington Monument
+Committee to receive subscriptions and forward the sums collected to
+the Treasurer of the Society. The committee should procure a book in
+which to insert the name and address of each contributor and the
+amount contributed. This book should be forwarded to me, to be
+placed in the archives of the Monument, and to each contributor of
+one dollar or upwards will be forwarded a certificate of membership
+and a print of the Monument or a portrait of Washington.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The plan laid down by the Board of Managers is to forward to each
+contributor of one dollar or upwards and less than five dollars a
+small print of the Monument, and to each contributor of five dollars
+a print of the Monument, 22 by 30 inches in size, or a large
+portrait of Washington, and both the large print and portrait to
+each contributor of eight dollars or upwards. To each Council will
+be sent a copy of the large print or portrait or both, depending
+upon the amount contributed in such Council.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It is not expected, nor is it necessary, that the subscriptions be
+paid at once; but they may be paid in weekly, semi-monthly or
+monthly payments, as the Council or committee may determine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> One
+dime per week from each member of our Order for three months will be
+more than sufficient to erect the Monument to its destined height,
+thus bringing it within the means of all to assist us in our noble
+work.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"If the Council deems it advisable to collect subscriptions outside
+of the Council, but within its jurisdiction, let it recommend a
+suitable person to act as agent, who will receive a compensation for
+his services by a commission upon the amount collected. Upon such
+recommendations being received, there will be forwarded to the agent
+named a certificate authorizing him to receive contributions. The
+Council will determine whether the proceeds of such collections be
+received and transmitted by the committee having charge of the
+collections within the Council or be remitted by the agent direct to
+the Treasurer. It is intended that the amount of such collection be
+placed to the credit of the Council in the reports from the Board of
+Managers to the State Councils and National Council.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"May we not rely upon your best exertion to aid us in the work in
+which we are engaged? We know that our brethren will cheerfully
+contribute their mites if the subject is properly placed before
+them. We wish to dispense, as far as possible, with the services of
+special agents; that all contributions may be applied directly to
+the purpose for which they are intended, and we must rely mainly
+upon those whose abilities or position enable them to render us the
+aid required; and who, like the officers of the Society, will desire
+no compensation for their services other than the pleasure of
+engaging in this patriotic undertaking.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 8em;">"Fraternally yours,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Chas. C. Tucker</span>,<br />
+"<i>Secretary W. N. M. S.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>The following "Notice to the Public" was issued by the "Know-Nothing"
+Board:</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Office of<br />
+"Washington National Monument Society,<br />
+"Washington</span>, <i>July</i> 1, 1856.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">In accordance with an order of the Board of Managers</span>, the public
+are requested to pay no more contributions for the Washington
+National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> Monument to agents heretofore commissioned by the Board.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"This notice is not to be construed as a censure on the agents, but
+it is designed to effectuate a general settlement of the affairs of
+the Society. The Board is well assured of eventual success in the
+patriotic enterprise in which it is engaged, but it has resolved to
+suspend further proceedings by agency until a plan, now under
+consideration, for combining efficiency, promptitude, and safety, is
+matured.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Balances due from agents, or offerings from independent
+contributors, are to be sent by draft, <i>payable to the order of the
+Treasurer of Washington National Monument Society</i>, enclosed in a
+letter to the undersigned.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"By order: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Samuel Yorke AtLee</span>,<br />
+"<i>Secretary W. N. M. S.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"N. B.&mdash;Editors throughout the United States will confer a favor on
+the Society and benefit the public by publishing this notice and
+sending to the Secretary a copy of the paper containing the same."</p>
+
+<p>Manifestly, the rival claims of the two Boards of Managers, and the
+office, books, papers, and property of the Society and the Monument
+itself, being in the possession and control of a narrow political
+faction, practically arrested the work of the Society's agents in the
+collection of funds and further building operations.</p>
+
+<p>The "Know-Nothing" Board, as apparent evidence of its earnestness in the
+premises, and presumably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> to support its appeal for funds (several later
+ones being issued) and to establish public confidence, proceeded to add
+two courses of stone to the height of the shaft by the use of marble on
+the ground when it took possession. But this marble, in the main, were
+blocks which had been theretofore rejected and condemned as unfit for
+use. In later years, on the final resumption of work on the Monument,
+these courses were removed by the engineer in charge of its
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>The receipts of the Society for the year 1855, from January 3d to
+February 20th, amounted to $695; for the remainder of that year, to
+$51.66&mdash;evidence of the result of the dispossession of the Society and
+the disinclination of the public to contribute funds under the existing
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The "Know-Nothing" Board continued in possession of the Monument until
+October 25, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>The political party which it represented disintegrating, and not being
+able to secure contributions toward building the Monument, or to awaken
+any interest in the enterprise, it concluded to surrender possession of
+the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>On the date named the surrender was made, and the Society was reinstated
+in the possession of its office, books and papers, and the Monument. A
+number of collectors' filled subscription books, however, were missing.
+The Treasurer of the out-going Board passed to the Treasurer of the
+Society, through the Bank of Washington, December 14, 1858, the sum of
+$285.09. The full amount collected by the "Know-Nothing" Board during
+over three years of its control does not appear.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>At a meeting, December 28, 1858, the Society reappointed the Hon. Elisha
+Whittlesey its General Agent. A committee previously appointed reported
+on the present condition of the Monument and other property of the
+Society, by which it appeared that the engine house and some other
+buildings on "Monument place" were in a dilapidated condition, though
+the engine and boiler were in good order; that of two large cranes for
+hoisting stone at the wharves, one had fallen down, the other had
+disappeared; that marble valued at $300 had been taken away; that the
+rope wove through a block at the top of the Monument to enable persons
+to ascend had been pulled down, and no means remained for ascent of the
+shaft save by scaffolding on the inside. "It will require an expenditure
+of at least $2,000 to place the fixtures and machinery in a condition to
+enable your Board to resume the progress of the work."</p>
+
+<p>The enterprise having now passed into the hands of the Society again,
+they proceeded at once to make suitable arrangements for the
+conservation of the Monument and protection of the grounds and other
+property connected with it. Admonished by the transaction of February
+22, 1856, and its results, of the legal difficulties in the way of
+voluntary association, consisting of members residing in all parts of
+the Union, they applied to Congress for a charter.</p>
+
+<p>This was at length granted. On the 22d of February, 1859, an act passed
+Congress, and was approved by the President on the 26th of the same
+month, incorporating "The Washington National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> Monument Society * * *
+for the purpose of completing the erection now in progress of a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government." The incorporators named were Winfield Scott, Walter Jones,
+John J. Abert, James Kearney, Thomas Carberry, Peter Force, William A.
+Bradley, Philip R. Fendall, Walter Lennox, Matthew F. Maury (as
+survivors of the grantees of the site under the grant made by President
+Polk), and Jonathan B. H. Smith, William W. Seaton, Elisha Whittlesey,
+Benj. Ogte Tayloe, Thomas H. Crawford, William W. Corcoran, and John
+Carroll Brent.</p>
+
+<p>The charter vested in and confirmed to the Society all the easements,
+rights, privileges theretofore held by the Society under the name of
+incorporation, and all thereafter to be acquired, for the purpose of
+erecting the Monument; provided for the election of officers and for
+exercising the right of amotion; that the President of the United States
+should be <i>ex officio</i> President of the Society, and the Governors of
+the several States should be respectively <i>ex officio</i> Vice-Presidents;
+gave the right to sue and be sued, and rendered the members of the
+Society liable in their individual capacities for any indebtedness
+contracted in the name of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">ORGANIZATION OF THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY UNDER THE
+CHARTER.</span></p>
+
+<p>The meeting for the organization of the Society under the charter
+granted by Congress took place on Tuesday evening, March 22, 1859, in
+the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>President James Buchanan, as <i>ex officio</i> President of the Society,
+presided.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fendall very briefly reviewed some of the circumstances out of which
+the original Society had sprung, stating that but four of its members
+now survived, and the object and aim of the Society were remarked.</p>
+
+<p>Eloquently referring to Washington, he concluded:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The completion of the Monument now in progress is far more
+important to the fame of the American people than to the fame of
+Washington."</p>
+
+<p>The President, rising, referred to his efforts to awaken the interest of
+Congress in the erection of a monument to Washington while he was a
+member of the House in 1824.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It was considered at that time (1824), and so remarked in Congress,
+that it was rather an indignity that any effort should be made to
+raise a monument to the honor and memory of Washington besides that
+which existed in the hearts of his countrymen."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Buchanan concluded:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Not only in this country is his name loved and revered beyond that
+of all other men, but abroad,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> in foreign lands, our country is
+illustrated by him, and his name is never mentioned but as that of
+the purest, most unselfish patriot that ever lived; not only the
+most unselfish, but the most self-sacrificing of whom history has
+kept record."</p>
+
+<p>Resolutions were then offered, accepting the act of incorporation by
+Congress, and making the charter the Constitution of the Society,
+providing for an annual election on the 22d of February of each year,
+and such other meetings as might be duly called; the officers of the
+Society to be a First Vice-President, (to be the Mayor of Washington;)
+Second and Third Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer and Secretary, committees
+to draft and report by-laws and to define and prescribe the duties of
+officers and agents, and to prepare "An Address to the People of the
+United States."</p>
+
+<p>Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott was chosen Second Vice-President, Thomas
+Carberry, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; and John
+Carroll Brent, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort was now put forth to revive public interest in the
+Monument, and to obtain substantial aid for its completion, the Society
+exercising great patience, forbearance, and industry to restore matters
+to their former condition.</p>
+
+<p>The plan now proposed and to be carried into execution was the securing
+of contributions from voters at all municipal and general elections, and
+appropriations by State Legislatures and the invoking by circular letter
+of aid from all political, corporate, or voluntary bodies, the Army and
+Navy, <i>all</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> associations, societies, churches, and individuals.</p>
+
+<p>June 6, 1859, at a general election in the City of Washington,
+contributions were received at the polls towards the funds of the
+Society amounting to $150.76.</p>
+
+<p>In the result of this first renewed attempt to raise money to complete
+the Monument the Society, however, was not discouraged.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was noticed in a daily paper in an article which, after
+referring to the former dispossession of the Society and the long
+"silence" at the base of the Monument, said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It was not till this state of things unhappily took place that the
+popular enthusiasm drooped and cooled, and it is hardly fair to
+expect a resuscitation in an hour or a day. We trust, however, that
+the night is far spent; that the day is at hand, and even the
+tribute of the voters of Washington on Monday last, small as it was,
+is an evidence of new life and returning vigor.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It will require on the part of the Monument Board the exercise of
+patience and forbearance as well as industry to restore matters to
+the condition they once were in."</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1859, the Society applied to the Honorable the Secretary of
+War for the detail of an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers
+to assume the duty of Engineer of the Monument and to superintend its
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>June 7, 1859, a letter was received from the Hon. John B. Floyd,
+Secretary of War, stating that in compliance with the Society's request
+he had detailed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> Lieut. J. C. Ives, of the Corps of Topographical
+Engineers, to act under the direction of the Society as Engineer and
+Architect of the Monument. Subsequently, Lieutenant Ives reported for
+duty to the officers of the Society. In his letter advising of the
+detail of Lieutenant Ives, Secretary Floyd stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The favorable auspices under which the enterprise has been resumed
+encourage the hope that this reproach will be removed. Composed of
+gentlemen of well-known standing, * * * the Society has a claim upon
+the confidence of the public that is the surest guarantee of the
+success of its labors."</p>
+
+<p>Doubts having been raised as to the stability of the material which had
+been employed in building the Monument and as to the sufficiency of its
+foundations to support the shaft at its proposed height of 600 feet,
+Lieutenant Ives, on the 10th of August, 1859, made a report upon the
+subject after a careful examination of all the conditions, which
+recited, in part:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"To those who are aware of the care which was taken in laying the
+foundation of the Monument, both in the selection and preparation of
+the bed and in the execution of masonry work, it will be scarcely
+necessary to enter into any statement in regard to its present
+condition. * * * For five years during which the work has been
+suspended, the foundation has been bearing about four-sevenths of
+the pressure that it will ultimately be required to sustain, and, in
+a recent examination, I was unable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> to detect any appearance of
+settling or indication of insecurity. * * * Whether the height of
+600 feet can be attained without endangering the stability of the
+obelisk, a computation is herewith subjoined, from which it would
+appear that, without taking into consideration the adhesion of the
+mortar, the weight alone of the structure would offer a resistance
+nearly eight times greater than the overturning effort of the
+heaviest tempest to which it would probably ever be exposed."</p>
+
+<p>The conclusions of this report set at rest at that time all doubts that
+had existed as to the stability of the Monument completed and of its
+foundation.</p>
+
+<p>A proposition, submitted by Lieutenant Ives, to raise funds by erecting
+contribution boxes in the post-offices throughout the country,
+constituting postmasters agents of the Society for their care and
+supervision and the transmission of money thus collected to the
+Treasurer of the Society, was adopted, and Lieutenant Ives was charged
+with the execution of the plan. Amounts collected from the boxes were
+sent directly to the Treasurer, and memoranda of the same to Lieutenant
+Ives, a record being also kept at the Washington City post-office of all
+letters addressed to that officer as Engineer of the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>May 17, 1859, the Society published and circulated a general appeal to
+the public. Collateral to the raising of funds by the "post-office
+plan," agents were appointed, under bond (allowed the usual 15 per cent.
+on the amount of collections to defray their expenses), in defined
+districts to solicit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> contributions, and a circular appeal was
+<i>specially</i> addressed to corporations, literary and benevolent
+institutions, to schools, organizations, the Masonic fraternity, and to
+officers of the Navy in command, asking their aid to bring the subject
+before the officers and men under them.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the first <i>four</i> months under Lieutenant Ives' plan
+returns were had from 841 post-offices, the sums aggregating $2,240.31
+(some 28,000 offices making no response at all), an amount far short of
+hope. It had been estimated that $45,000 a year would be required to
+keep the work on the Monument in fair progress when again resumed.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from the post-office receipts, the most considerable items
+collected in this year were: Contribution box at the Monument, $822.40;
+box at the Patent Office, $396.26; California, $1,000; from collections
+in the City of Washington, $49.73. The entire receipts for the year were
+$3,074.96, while the expenditures made in preparation to resume work,
+printing, &amp;c., amounted to $1,429.39.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of March, 1859, at the Masonic National Convention held in
+the City of Chicago, a number of the wives, daughters, and sisters of
+Masons in attendance upon the Convention, assembled in the "Richmond
+House" and formed a "Ladies' National Washington Monument Association to
+aid in the completion of the Washington Monument now being erected in
+Washington, D. C." Mrs. Finley M. King, Port Byron, N. Y., was elected
+President, and Mrs. John L. Lewis, Penn Yan, N. Y., Secretary and
+Treasurer, and Vice-Presidents were appointed, residents of different
+States, among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> the number Mrs. Reuben Hyde Walworth, N. Y.; Mrs. Robert
+M. Henderson, Mo.; Mrs. Floride C. Cunningham, S. C.; Mrs. William
+Sheets, Ind.; Mrs. Margaret C. Brown, Fla.; Mrs. Elbert H. English,
+Ark.; Mrs. Giles M. Hillyer, Miss.; Mrs. Jane Van Wagoner, N. J.; Mrs.
+Martha E. Holbrook, Or.; Mrs. Gilbert C. Morell, Neb.; Mrs. William S.
+Long, Cal.; Mrs. John G. Saxe, Vt.; Miss Sallie Bell, Tenn.; Mrs.
+Richard Vaux, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>The Ladies' Association proceeded actively to work to raise funds by
+various plans, but with small result. In the year 1860 there was issued
+an "Appeal of The Ladies' Washington National Monument Society to the
+judges and inspectors of elections of the various towns, wards,
+precincts, and election districts in the United States, to every paper
+and periodical published, and to the whole people." After reference to
+the unfinished Monument and a glowing tribute to the memory of
+Washington, the address requested "judges and inspectors of election" in
+every place in the ensuing Presidential election (or <i>any person</i>, if
+they fail to do so) to provide boxes in which to receive contributions,
+and appoint suitable persons to take charge of them, and "every voter"
+was earnestly entreated to deposit in the boxes any sum, "however
+small," and the press were asked to give the appeal notice.</p>
+
+<p>Money collected was to be transmitted by draft or "in postage stamps" to
+the Secretary or to any one of the lady Vice-Presidents in the several
+States, the amounts collected to be finally published in the daily
+papers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>The success achieved by the association of ladies was but indifferent
+compared with the expectations in its formation, and it collapsed in
+about two years. In 1860 it paid to the Treasurer of the Society, as
+shown by his account, $458.50.</p>
+
+<p>The prosecution of the "post-office plan" of collection was continued,
+and by September, 1860, response had been had from 1,118 postmasters,
+contributions received aggregating $4,179.56. Of this amount, through
+the post-offices of California was received $1,120.63, of which $755.49
+was from the City of San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>Having been ordered by the War Department to other duty, September 22,
+1860, Lieutenant Ives resigned as Architect and Engineer of the
+Monument, submitting with his resignation a report of the operations he
+had conducted, together with an account of his receipts and
+expenditures. He was thanked in a resolution "for the faithful,
+efficient, and patriotic manner in which he has discharged the duties as
+Engineer of the Monument and originator and superintendent of
+post-office contributions."</p>
+
+<p>In his report Lieutenant Ives stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am still of opinion that if the plan could have had, as I at
+first supposed it would, the direct aid of the Postmaster-General, a
+great majority, if not all, of the postmasters would have united in
+it, and that it would have insured in a few years a sufficient sum
+to complete the work. Without that aid I have been unable to secure
+the co-operation of a sufficient number to accomplish the work."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>A general appeal was now issued, requesting contributions at the polls
+at the Presidential election to occur November 6th, following. The
+success of this effort was marked and peculiar. From the State of
+California was realized $10,962.01; Prince George County, Md., $3.63;
+St. Louis, Mo., $54.20. No other receipts are reported. Other
+contributions during this year were $290 from employees of the Panama
+Railroad; $25.80 from the Post-Office Department; $807.45 from the box
+at the Monument, and $413.55 from one maintained at the Patent Office.
+The total of all collections reported being for the year $6,026.22;
+expenditures, $3,514.32. The California collections were paid over in
+the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The expenditures were charged to the erection of new buildings on the
+Monument grounds and the necessary repair of others, reorganizing the
+plant, and the costs of collections, no salary being paid except to a
+watchman.</p>
+
+<p>Improvements made were thus noticed in a daily paper:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The place has been placed in such a condition that all the Board
+wants now in order to resume the work of erection is funds."</p>
+
+<p>To an appeal issued asking contributions to be made on February 23,
+1861, but one response was reported.</p>
+
+<p>March 26, 1861, an appeal was addressed "To the people and postmasters,"
+reciting:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In consequence of the great falling off in post-office
+contributions, ascribable chiefly to the troubles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> of the times and
+the usual change on the advent of a new administration, the
+undersigned deem it proper to again appeal to the patriotism of the
+people and postmasters. They therefore respectfully request
+out-going postmasters to commend the system to their successors and
+the incoming to imitate the laudable example of their predecessors,
+and in cases where the latter have not responded and put up boxes to
+have them erected and forward contributions, however small."</p>
+
+<p>In response to this appeal the amount reported through the post-office
+for the entire year amounted to only $88.52, of which Rhode Island sent
+75 cents, Virginia 48 cents, and Mississippi 15 cents.</p>
+
+<p>A memorial by the Society addressed to Congress, briefly reviewing the
+history of the Monument, giving an account of the Society's
+transactions, and asking the aid of Congress in the premises, was
+adversely reported upon by the Committee on the District of Columbia. A
+minority report by Mr. Hughes, from the same committee, to accompany a
+bill H. R. 769, among other statements, after referring to the report of
+the Select Committee of the House made in 1855, recited:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Your committee find no reason for dissenting from the views
+unanimously taken by the select committee in the report already
+cited. We cannot but regard the proceedings adopted by Congress
+shortly after the death of Washington as pledging the public faith
+to the erection of a suitable monument to his memory. It cannot be
+doubted that the pledge was given in full consonance with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+feelings and wishes of the whole country. Whatever may be said to
+excuse or explain the delay which has been suffered in redeeming the
+pledge, the contributions of nearly a quarter of a million of
+dollars which individual citizens have already made towards erecting
+a monument to the father of his country, abundantly shows that its
+completion is an object dear to the hearts of the people. They
+cannot understand why the universal custom of free States in all
+ages of the world, to commemorate by monumental representations
+deeds of patriotism and glory, has so long been disregarded in the
+instance of the noblest of all national benefactors.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Your committee recommend that the sum of $200,000 be appropriated
+by Congress, on behalf of the people of the United States, to aid
+the memorialists in completing the Monument to Washington now in the
+process of erection at the seat of the Federal Government. But they
+are of opinion that this amount ought to be disbursed in annual sums
+of $20,000 for each fiscal year; that each annual installment be
+paid to the Treasurer of the Society, on a joint warrant, to be
+signed by the chairmen of the committees of the two Houses of
+Congress for the District of Columbia; and that the accounts of
+disbursements be settled at the Treasury in the usual mode of
+auditing the accounts of disbursing agents. We report herewith a
+bill accordingly."</p>
+
+<p>The recommendations of this report, however, were not adopted.</p>
+
+<p>The reported collections for the year 1861 were $9,917.64, of which
+amount $9,000 was the contributions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> collected in California in
+November, 1860; the balance, $424.08, was collected at the Monument,
+$70.02 in the box at the Patent Office, and $298.33 paid by the Ladies'
+Washington Monument Society.</p>
+
+<p>The funds the Society had now secured&mdash;about $12,000 net over necessary
+expense incurred&mdash;was invested in good interest-bearing stocks. The
+change in the national administration and changes in the reorganization
+of the Post-Office Department demoralized the plan to secure collections
+through the medium of local post-offices, and it was shortly
+discontinued.</p>
+
+<p>The funds of the Society were now but little augmented for a number of
+years, the only moneys received being deposits of small amounts in boxes
+placed for the purpose at the Monument grounds, in the United States
+Patent Office, and in the Smithsonian Institute. At no time did the sums
+thus received aggregate more than $700 per annum (1867), the average
+being far less.</p>
+
+<p>The paralyzing influences of the Civil War put a blight upon any further
+labors of the Society to accomplish the long-cherished object of
+erecting, on behalf of the people, a national monument to Washington,
+and public interest and attention being absorbed in more momentous
+questions, the erection of the Monument was all but forgotten. To the
+pen and to the patriotic devotion of the learned and scholarly
+Secretary, Mr. John Carroll Brent, is due what little public notice the
+Monument obtained during the years of strife.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>At the meeting on the 22d of February, 1866, for election of officers,
+there was a large attendance. The President of the United States, Mr.
+Andrew Johnson, presided. Replying to some remarks of welcome, he said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Gentlemen of the Association</span>: It is no ordinary pleasure to me to
+have it in my power to meet you here on this occasion and
+participate in your proceedings, intended to resume and progress in
+the completion of a monument, if I may speak the language of his
+eulogist, to him who was 'the first in war, the first in peace, and
+the first in the hearts of his countrymen.'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I repeat, it is no ordinary pleasure to me to meet you here on this
+occasion, on the birthday of the Father of his Country, and
+participate with you in your efforts to complete the Monument
+intended to commemorate his name. * * * I hope and trust the work
+will soon be completed. I hope and trust if there are any States
+which have not yet contributed and placed their pledges in that
+Monument of the Union bearing their inscription, it will go on until
+all the States have done so. I will here remark, it will continue to
+go on notwithstanding we have disturbed relations of some of the
+States to the Federal Government; that it will continue to go on
+until those relations are harmonized and our Union again be
+complete. Let us <i>restore the Union</i>, and let us proceed with the
+Monument as <i>its</i> symbol until it shall contain the pledge of <i>all</i>
+the States of the Union. Let us go on with this great work; let us
+complete it at the earliest moment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> practicable; let your Monument
+rise&mdash;if I may speak in the language of that celebrated and
+distinguished statesman who made the greatest effort of his life in
+vindication of the Union of these States&mdash;'let this Monument to
+Washington rise higher and higher until it shall meet the sun in his
+coming, and his last parting ray shall linger and play on its
+summit.'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I thank you, gentlemen, for the compliment you have conferred upon
+me in inviting me to attend on this, the birthday of the Father of
+his Country, to participate in your proceedings, and I hope and
+trust your efforts will be crowned with success."</p>
+
+<p>Little progress, however, was made toward resuming work on the Monument
+in this year. The receipts from all sources, chiefly at the Monument and
+Patent Office, and accrued interest, amounted to only $1,281.06. Early
+in 1867 the Society again memorialized Congress, as on former occasions.</p>
+
+<p>July 17th, Mr. Driggs, in the House, offered a preamble and resolution,
+which was adopted, reciting that the Society "had been in existence
+twenty years without having accomplished anything beyond the partial
+erection of a square column on the public grounds; that large sums of
+money had been collected, and that collections are still continued in
+the <i>Patent Office</i> and other buildings, and directing the Secretary of
+the Interior to inform the House what became of the money collected <i>in
+the Patent Office</i> and as to the present condition of the Association."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>The memorial was referred to a committee of the House, and there filed.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the Secretary replied to the House with the
+information requested, showing present resources of the Society,
+disposition of its funds, current expenses, present condition and
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>March 26, 1869, Mr. Nye (Nevada), in the Senate, introduced&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"A bill to insure the completion of the Washington Monument."</p>
+
+<p>The preamble recited, in part&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Whereas the Monument proposed to be erected in the City of
+Washington in memory of George Washington, the Father of his
+Country, has been shamefully neglected and is now incompleted, with
+no prospect of its being finished at all for want of means; and
+whereas the Government is so deeply in debt in consequence of our
+late international war that there is no prospect of an appropriation
+for the completion of said Monument, and there is now, as there
+always has been, a general, even a national, desire, on the part of
+the people of the United States to complete this great work as
+originally designed for the credit of this country and the national
+respect for our heroic dead; and whereas a number of citizens
+propose that in case certain privileges are granted them by the
+National Congress <i>to complete</i> said Monument <i>within twenty-one
+years</i> from the passage of this act, and that one hundred thousand
+dollars shall be paid into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> Treasury of the United States within
+two years from the date hereof, and a like amount per annum until
+the expiration of this act," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The bill provided "that A. T. Stewart, C. Vanderbilt," and other persons
+named, "<i>as per agreement</i>, dated March 14, 1869, executed by Charles P.
+Briton and Charles B. Phillips, &amp;c., are hereby created a body corporate
+and politic under the name and style of the <i>Washington Monument Union</i>
+for the purpose of devising ways and means for completion of said
+Monument."</p>
+
+<p>It was further provided that the said Union could hold and convey
+property "and issue certificates of subscription, which shall entitle
+the holders thereof to any consideration that may be awarded by such
+system, scheme, plan, or means said corporation may devise or adopt, and
+use such agency as they shall deem necessary to their success." One
+hundred thousand dollars was to be paid in within two years, and
+thereafter the same sum <i>annually</i>.</p>
+
+<p>April 1, 1869, Mr. Osborne offered a somewhat similar bill, which was
+also referred, but having other incorporators, who were to "have the
+right, privilege, and franchise of devising such ways and means as they
+may desire for the distribution of money or property for the term of
+twenty years from the date of the passage of this act."</p>
+
+<p>Precedent to the exercise of these rights a bond should be given the
+United States in penalty of $100,000 to pay into its Treasury within two
+years a like sum, and such sum every year thereafter for twenty years
+the first $200,000 to be subject to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> order of the Lincoln Monument
+Association, the balance to be subject to the order of the Washington
+Monument Association.</p>
+
+<p>These schemes for completing the Monument, however, went no further.</p>
+
+<p>Not until 1871 did the Society feel encouraged to again issue a general
+appeal to the public.</p>
+
+<p>February 22, 1871, the Society resolved to offer through the public
+press the following propositions, either of which, when accepted, by the
+required donation should be a contract between the donor and the
+Society: The name of any person, corporation, or society contributing
+the sum of $5,000 or more to the Monument fund shall be perpetuated by
+inscription on a block in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society
+for that purpose. The names of <i>all</i> persons, corporations, or societies
+contributing the sum of $2,500 or more and <i>less</i> than $5,000 shall be
+included in a list, and such list shall be inscribed on a <i>block</i> or
+blocks in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society for that purpose.
+The names of all persons, corporations, or societies contributing $1,000
+or more and less than $2,500 to be inscribed on a tablet to be erected
+in the Monument. Any person or body contributing $100 and less than
+$1,000 to be recorded on a list, and such list kept perpetually in the
+archives of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John S. Benson was appointed the agent of the Society to place these
+propositions before the country and to invoke the aid of private
+citizens and public men; legislatures, municipal bodies, assemblies,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+and <i>every form</i> of organization of the people. Numerous articles in the
+press called attention to the claims of the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature of New York, April 20, 1871, by a two-thirds vote,
+appropriated the sum of $10,000 "as the contribution of the State of New
+York, to be paid by the Treasurer on the warrant of the Comptroller to
+the Treasurer of the National Washington Monument Society whenever the
+Governor shall certify * * * a sufficient sum has been subscribed from
+other sources to enable the said Society to resume work with a
+reasonable prospect of completing the obelisk or shaft."</p>
+
+<p>By the second section of the same act the Governor was to transmit
+copies of it to the Governors of other States, "with a request that they
+communicate the same to the Legislatures of their respective States."</p>
+
+<p>The New York "Jewish Messenger," of its own account, undertook to raise
+the necessary funds, and appealed to the Jewish people, and especially
+the Jewish ladies, to complete the National Washington Monument; "that
+the Israelites in America should be Americans in every relation of life,
+and distinct only in their fealty to the faith of their fathers. The
+Jewesses of America will earn the kindest and most-enduring
+acknowledgements of America's sons; they will rear a proud monument for
+themselves in working together for the accomplishment of this national
+duty."</p>
+
+<p>Receipts this year from collections, chiefly at the Monument, and
+accrued interest, were $1,008.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>Following the act of New York, the Legislature of Minnesota
+appropriated, February 27, 1872, the sum of $1,000 towards the
+completion of the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>Also, by act of February 28, 1872, upon the like conditions, the
+Legislature of the State of New Jersey appropriated the sum of $3,000
+towards the work, which was followed on July 30, 1872, by an act of the
+State of Connecticut appropriating on the same terms the sum of $2,000.
+But these examples of duty discharged, not less than of patriotism, were
+not imitated by any other of the State governments.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1872, a bill was introduced in the House providing that the
+affairs of the Society should be vested in a board of directors, to
+consist of five members of the Society and President and Secretary <i>ex
+officio</i>. Any person on payment of $5.00 to be a member, with all the
+rights and privileges of incorporators, to vote and hold office, except
+that of President of the Association. The bill was referred.</p>
+
+<p>The Society once more addressed a memorial to Congress praying a
+<i>direct</i> appropriation might be made towards the completion of the
+Monument, or that "such action might be had as to the assembled
+patriotism of the Nation might seem meet."</p>
+
+<p>The memorial was referred in the House of Representatives to the
+Committee on the District of Columbia, which subsequently reported the
+subject back, April 19, 1872, recommending that "it be referred to the
+Committee on Appropriations," and it was so ordered, but no action was
+taken on the report at this session.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>January 27, 1873, a select committee of thirteen was appointed by the
+House under a resolution adopted to confer with the Society as to the
+practicability of completing the Monument by the "approaching
+Centennial."</p>
+
+<p>February 22, 1873, the committee submitted its report, which recommended
+that $200,000 be appropriated to aid the Society in its work. The report
+recited in part&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The committee have become fully impressed with the belief that the
+present time is not only opportune for Congressional action in the
+matter, but that the <i>honor</i> of the Nation demands it. * * * "Some
+question has been made as to the security of the foundations, and
+the committee caused an examination to be made upon this point. The
+Chief of Engineers was called upon to detail an officer to make an
+examination and report. His report is appended hereto, and shows
+that no perceptible change has taken place since the Monument was
+raised to its present height. * * *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">* * * "An opinion has also obtained some credence that the funds of
+the Society, though considerably increased from year to year, are
+absorbed in the payment of sinecures. The committee have had before
+them <i>the accounts of the Society from its organization to the
+present time</i>. * * * It will there be found that the Society <i>has no
+salaried officers connected with it</i>. Their services have been
+gratuitous, and they are much to be commended for their faithfulness
+and their patriotic zeal in this great work. There are less than
+fourteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> thousand dollars, funds of the Society, in the hands of
+the Treasurer, most of which are invested in interest-bearing
+securities."</p>
+
+<p>It was estimated that $700,000 would be required to finish the shaft,
+constructing also a suitable base, and that the work might be completed
+by the 4th of July, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>The report concluded:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In considering the question as to what action Congress shall take
+in this matter, three views are presented: First, Shall the
+responsibility for the completion of the Monument rest wholly upon
+the efforts of the Monument Society? Second, Shall Congress assume
+the entire responsibility, and to that end repeal the charter of the
+Society? Third, Shall Congress aid the Society by an appropriation,
+leaving it to continue its efforts to raise funds for the completion
+of the Monument?</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"As to the first, the committee find that the Society has made
+<i>every reasonable effort</i> to revive public interest and to secure
+subscriptions, but its efforts have failed and will <i>continue</i> to
+fail without <i>some expression of confidence on the part of Congress</i>
+in the form of material aid.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"As to the second view, the committee are unwilling to recommend the
+disbandment of an association which has already done so much, and is
+still willing to continue its patriotic efforts to redeem the
+plighted faith of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The committee have taken the third view&mdash;that of recommending an
+appropriation by Congress and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> of the continuation of the Society
+for the purpose of soliciting further subscriptions under the
+original idea upon which it started." * * *</p>
+
+<p>The present consideration of the report, however, was postponed until
+the following "Wednesday, at two o'clock," and made a special order. But
+on the appointed day the committee failed to secure recognition, and not
+obtaining the floor at any time during the remainder of the session,
+addressed a letter to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate
+asking an amendment to the sundry civil appropriation act of $200,000,
+to be expended as provided in the bill it had reported to the House. But
+Congress adjourned without action on the report.</p>
+
+<p>At the next session the select committee of the last Congress was
+reappointed, and on May 1, 1874, submitted a report comprehending its
+former one, and to which was appended a transcript of the complete
+accounts of the Society. The report concurred with prior ones in
+Congress, commending the Society's past management and efforts to erect
+the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>A report by Lieut. W. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers, bearing on the
+sufficiency of the foundations to support the Monument at a height of
+600 feet was also submitted as a part of the committee's report,
+Lieutenant Marshall making his report as a result of a request preferred
+by the chairman of the select committee to the Chief of Engineers,
+U.S.A. It was stated by Lieutenant Marshall:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>"It seems inadvisable to complete the Washington Monument to the
+full height of 600 feet. The area covered by its foundations is too
+small for a structure of the proposed dimensions and weight, causing
+an excessive pressure upon a soil not wholly incompressible."</p>
+
+<p>And he recommended the height be less than 500 feet.</p>
+
+<p>The committee's report recommended the passage of a joint resolution
+"that it is the duty of Congress to provide by a sufficient
+appropriation for the completion of the unfinished Washington Monument,
+at Washington City, by the 4th of July, 1876, the one hundredth
+anniversary of American Independence."</p>
+
+<p>The report was ordered printed, and recommitted to the select committee
+on the Washington Monument. No further action was had on the report
+before the adjournment of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Abandoning hope that Congress would aid in the resumption of work on the
+Monument that it might be under way by the "Centennial year," the
+Society proceeded to appeal to the country. Mr. Frederick L. Harvey,
+Sr., was appointed its General Agent, and charged with the execution of
+a plan he had proposed and which the Society had adopted. This plan was
+to appeal to all organized bodies and associations in the country to
+make a "contingent" contribution of funds towards building the Monument,
+one-half to be payable to the Treasurer of the Society on official
+advice that the total sum estimated to be required, $500,000,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> had been
+subscribed, the balance to become payable in equal installments from six
+to twelve months later. The interest of the country was to be aroused by
+frequent articles in the daily press and by lectures. Contributions to
+be sought also from churches and schools and by placing contribution
+boxes in the exhibition buildings on the Centennial Exposition grounds,
+in the City of Philadelphia, when opened.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey proceeded most actively and energetically to execute the
+plan. The press of Washington and elsewhere earnestly commended the work
+and urged contributions.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. Otis Tiffany, an eloquent pulpit orator, was commissioned to
+visit the larger cities of the country and deliver an address on the
+life and character of Washington, and this gentleman spoke in Baltimore,
+Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, and other cities, thus helping to
+awaken public attention to the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>President Grant and his Cabinet attended the lecture in Baltimore, going
+from Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Between July and September, 1874, over two hundred pledges were received
+by the Society from organizations in every part of the country, chiefly,
+however, from the Masonic Order, Odd-Fellows, Knights of Pythias,
+Independent Order of Red Men, Temperance, and other fraternal bodies.
+Subscriptions ranged from five to fifty dollars each. Circular letters
+were prepared and sent directly to the executive officers of all
+organizations. Interest seemed once more aroused in the completion of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> Monument, the contingent subscriptions continuing to be made.</p>
+
+<p>February 22, 1875, the Society adopted an address to the country, which,
+referring to the plan of contingent contributions payable direct to its
+Treasurer, continued:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The result of their first appeal in this direction has been such as
+to strengthen their faith. * * * The organizations which have been
+thus far reached have responded with subscriptions which, if
+generally and promptly emulated in amount by kindred institutions
+throughout the land, would secure the completion of the structure
+during the Jubilee Year. Had their recent appeal fallen dead upon
+the country and yielded no fruits, they would have been inclined to
+despair of ever reaching success in the great undertaking so long
+entrusted to their care."</p>
+
+<p>A special letter to the railway and banking corporations embodying the
+"contingent" plan produced many substantial subscriptions.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1876, the Society published a further appeal, signed by its
+officers, U. S. Grant, <i>ex officio</i> President; W. W. Corcoran, First
+Vice-President; Robert C. Winthrop, Second Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer, and John B. Blake, Secretary, requesting collections
+in churches and Sunday schools throughout the country on the 2d of July
+following. This appeal was endorsed and signed by the pastors of the
+different religious denominations in the City of Washington. Application
+to the management of the Centennial Exposition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> to place contribution
+boxes for the Monument in the Exposition buildings was denied; but
+permission having been granted by proper authority, boxes were placed in
+the State buildings on the Exposition grounds in June, 1876. By the
+prosecution of this plan some $90,000 had been contingently subscribed
+when the inflow of subscriptions was arrested by unexpected action by
+Congress in the matter. The "contingent" plan had been one of the most
+successful the Society had ever pursued, and had given every assurance
+of final success.</p>
+
+<p>Deferring to the opinion of Lieutenant Marshall the height of the
+Monument was reduced to 485 feet.</p>
+
+<p>While pursuing its "contingent" plan of contributions, February 3, 1876,
+the Society appointed a special committee, composed of Rear Admiral
+Levin M. Powell (chairman), Hon. Walter S. Cox, Dr. John B. Blake, Dr.
+Charles F. Stansbury, and Fred D. Stuart, to prepare and present to
+Congress a memorial praying an appropriation in aid of its efforts as a
+contribution toward completing the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>February 6, 1876, Hon. George F. Edmunds offered in the Senate the
+following resolution, which was considered by unanimous consent, agreed
+to, and referred to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds be,
+and it is hereby, instructed to inquire into the expediency of
+making an adequate provision for the speedy completion of the
+Washington Monument in the City of Washington, and that it have
+leave to report by bill or otherwise."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>February 10, 1876, Mr. Edmunds laid before the Senate a memorial of the
+Society, presented by its committee, which was read and referred to the
+Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.</p>
+
+<p>It being understood that plans were suggested in some quarters looking
+to a demolition of the uncompleted Monument, and the, use of the
+materials of it in the construction of a different style of monument to
+Washington, at a meeting of the Society on March 30, 1876, among other
+things, it was resolved "that all idea of surrendering the character of
+the Monument or allowing the structure, as far as completed, to be taken
+down, should be positively and emphatically disavowed."</p>
+
+<p>In view of the resolution of the Senate of February 6th, the chairman of
+its Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds received plans for
+changing the Monument to a Lombard Tower, and for erecting an arch of
+its materials. Bat the committee made no report.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.</span></p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of July, 1876, Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, offered in the
+Senate a joint resolution declaring, after an appropriate preamble, that
+the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled, "in the
+name of the people of the United States, at the beginning of the second
+century of the national existence, do assume and direct the completion
+of the Washington Monument, in the City of Washington." This resolution
+was unanimously adopted in both Houses of Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>On July 22d, the Senate passed a bill appropriating $100,000, "to
+continue the construction of the Washington Monument in the City of
+Washington."</p>
+
+<p>In the debate in the Senate there was some criticism of the design of
+the Monument as an obelisk, and preference was expressed for some other
+form of Monument.</p>
+
+<p>It was said by Senator Bayard:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I do not believe that the impression we desire to produce upon them
+(the people) will in any degree be assisted by the continuance of
+such a blot upon architecture, as I must consider this obelisk which
+stands here half-shorn of its height."</p>
+
+<p>It was remarked by Mr. Sherman:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I think it is the misfortune now of this Washington Monument that
+it has been talked of in Congress for one hundred years. We have
+made promise after promise, and the very moment we come to do
+anything like the execution of the promise we are met by these
+delays."</p>
+
+<p>The question of the sufficiency of the foundation of the Monument was
+also raised, resulting in adding a section to the bill providing for an
+examination of the foundation before commencing work on the Monument,
+and if the same should be found insufficient no work to be done until
+the matter was reported to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The bill also provided that before the expenditure of any of the
+appropriation the Society should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> transfer and covey to the United
+States, in due form, all the property, rights, and privileges belonging
+to it in the Monument.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of the Monument was placed under a joint commission
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, and the Architect of the Capitol.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Representatives the bill was referred, on July 24th, to
+the Committee on Appropriations, and reported back by Mr. Foster, of
+Ohio, on July 27th, with amendments. As amended, the bill provided for
+an appropriation of $200,000, payable in four equal annual installments,
+to continue the construction of the Washington Monument, "and provided
+that nothing in the bill should be 'so construed as to prohibit the
+Society' from continuing its organization for the purpose of soliciting
+money and material from the States, associations, and the people in aid
+of the completion of the Monument, and acting in an advisory and
+co-operative capacity with the Commissioners hereinafter named until the
+completion and dedication of the same."</p>
+
+<p>The Joint Commission was increased from the three members provided by
+the Senate to five by adding to it the "Chief of Engineers of the United
+Staten Army and the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society."</p>
+
+<p>It was explained by Mr. Foster that the sum had been raised to $200,000,
+with an annual expenditure of it of $50,000, and the Society continued;
+"because we hope by continuing the Society in existence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> they can raise
+from the people the balance of the sum needed, and as it will take at
+least four years to complete the Monument." He further remarked: "This
+puts the appropriation of $200,000 in the form of a donation, while at
+the same time it secures to the United States all the property and
+rights or every name and nature of the Society. * * The present purpose
+is to complete the Monument within live years," and to dedicate it
+"October 19, 1881, being the centennial of the surrender of Cornwallis
+at Yorktown, the last 'great act of Washington's' military career, and
+the closing act of the war."</p>
+
+<p>In considering the bill, several amendments were adopted at the instance
+of Mr. Holman, of Indiana, and other members.</p>
+
+<p>The bill passed the House July 27th, and as amended, was passed by the
+Senate the next day and was approved by President Grant on the 2d of
+August, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>September 7, 1876, the Society adopted and issued an appeal "To the
+People of the United States," which was signed by its Secretary, John B.
+Blake.</p>
+
+<p>After referring to the act of Congress appropriating $200,000 to aid in
+the completion of the Monument, the appeal recited:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The occasion is deemed a fitting one to address the citizens of the
+United States upon that subject, and to exhort them, in the name of
+patriotism, not for a moment, on that account, to relax their
+efforts to hasten the accomplishment of that long delayed but much
+desired result."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>No response, however, was had from the appeal. The country evidently now
+looked to Congress to assume the whole amount required to finish the
+Monument.</p>
+
+<p>January 19, 1877. Mr. W. W. Corcoran and Dr. John B. Blake, as officers
+of the Society, conveyed by deed to the United States the property
+referred to in the act of August 2, 1876, which deed was duly recorded
+in the land records of the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>Of the funds in the possession of the Society was later erected the
+memorial building on the Monument grounds for the office of the
+custodian, the deposit of the Society's archives, and for the
+accommodation of the visitor.</p>
+
+<p>The relations of the Society to the Monument were now limited as
+provided in the law. Such States as had omitted providing memorial
+blocks to represent them in the Monument had their attention called to
+the omission and supplied them.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the proviso in the act of Congress the foundations of
+the Monument were examined. The board of officers detailed from the
+Engineer Corps of the Army by the President to make the examination
+reported adversely as to their sufficiency to sustain the weight of the
+Monument at its proposed height, and the matter was reported to
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Under authority of joint resolutions of Congress of June 14, 1878, and
+June 27, 1879, authorizing it, the foundations were strengthened.</p>
+
+<p>This difficult work was successfully accomplished by the eminent
+engineer, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Lincoln<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> Casey (later Brigadier-General),
+Corps of Engineers, who had been detailed by the President, at the
+request of the Joint Commission, as engineer officer in charge of the
+construction of the Monument. Capt. George W. Davis, U. S. A., was
+detailed as Assistant Engineer. He had been recommended and endorsed for
+the position of engineer in charge by the Society. Later, Mr. Bernard R.
+Green, C. E., also acted as assistant to Colonel Casey.</p>
+
+<p>Many important features of the work performed emanated from suggestions
+made and worked out by these officers, and which were adopted. To
+Captain Davis was assigned the duty of observing and superintending the
+execution of the details of construction as the work progressed and the
+performance of the contracts for materials. The immediate direction of
+work and workmen on the grounds was the duty of the master mechanic, Mr.
+P. H. McLaughlin. To Mr. Green is to be ascribed the conception and
+working out of the plans for placing the pyramidion or top on the shaft,
+plans adopted by the Engineer-in-Charge and approved by the Joint
+Commission.</p>
+
+<p>The detail plans of construction were drawn by Mr. Gustav Friebus, of
+Washington, D. C., an architect employed in the office of the
+Engineer-in-Charge, and under his direction.</p>
+
+<p>The work of strengthening the foundations approaching completion, the
+fact was reported to Congress by the Joint Commission, and an
+appropriation recommended to begin and continue the erection of the
+shaft.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>In support of this recommendation, and to secure adherence to the
+original plan of a simple obelisk and to meet the objections frequently
+raised, both in and out of Congress as to that form of monument, the
+Society, after some correspondence with Colonel Casey, at a meeting held
+on the 1st of April, 1880, appointed the following committee "to take
+charge of the interests of the Monument before Congress:" Robert C.
+Winthrop, Joseph M. Toner, James G. Berret, Horatio King, John B. Blake,
+and Daniel B. Clarke.</p>
+
+<p>This committee carefully prepared a memorial, addressed to Congress,
+which was adopted at a special meeting of the Society on the 26th of
+April, 1880. The memorial was presented to Congress by the committee on
+the 20th of April, 1880, referred to the Committee on the District of
+Columbia, and ordered printed. The memorial recited, in part:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The undersigned are not unmindful that strong efforts have been
+made of late to throw discredit on the design of the Monument, and
+that various plans have been presented for changing the character of
+the structure. Nor has the Association, which the undersigned have
+the honor to represent, ever been unwilling that such modifications
+of the design should be made as should be found necessary for the
+absolute security of the work. With this view they gave formal
+expression a year ago to their acquiescence in the general plans of
+the accomplished American artist, Mr. Story, who had kindly given
+his attention to the subject: but now that the strengthening of the
+foundation has been successfully and triumphantly accomplished by a
+signal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> application of skill and science, they cannot forbear front
+making a respectful but urgent appeal to Congress to give their
+final sanction to the prosecution and completion of the work without
+more delay according to the plans recommended by the commissioners
+appointed by Congress with the President of the United States at
+their head and by the engineer under their direction. Any other
+course, they are convinced, would be likely to postpone the
+completion of the Monument for another generation, to involve the
+whole subject in continued perplexity, and to necessitate vastly
+larger appropriations in the end than have now been asked for. * * *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It has been objected in some quarters that the ancient obelisks
+were all monolithic&mdash;massive single stones, cut whole from the
+quarry; but our country has been proud to give examples of both
+political and material structures which owe their strength to union;
+and this Monument to Washington will not be the less significant or
+stately from embodying the idea of our national motto, '<i>E pluribus
+unum</i>.'</p>
+
+<p class="center">* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Something more original and more ornate might have been conceived
+at the outset or might now be designed, but there are abundant
+fields for the exhibition of advanced art in other parts of the
+country, if not here. This Monument and its design will date back to
+the time of its inception, and will make no pretensions to
+illustrate the arts of 1880. It was not undertaken to illustrate the
+fine arts of any period, but to commemorate the foremost man of all
+ages. Indeed, it will date back in its form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> and in its proportions
+to a remote antiquity. It is a most interesting fact communicated to
+us in the letters, hereto appended, of our accomplished American
+minister at Rome, the Hon. George P. Marsh, as the result of his own
+researches, that the proportions of this Monument, as now designed,
+are precisely those of all the best-known Egyptian obelisks. The
+height of those monuments is ascertained by him to have been
+uniformly and almost precisely ten times the dimensions of the base,
+and <i>this proportion</i> has now been decided on for our own Monument
+to Washington, the measurements of the base being fifty-five feet,
+and projected elevation five hundred and fifty feet. * * * It seems
+to the undersigned sufficient respectfully to suggest that the
+question before Congress at this moment is not whether the original
+plans might not have been improved to advantage, but whether this
+long-delayed work shall be finished within any reasonable period or
+be left still longer as a subject for competition among designers
+and constructors.</p>
+
+<p class="center">* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"By the adoption of the recommendations of the Commissioners and
+Engineer the work may be completed within the next four years. * * *
+While the structure would make no appeal to a close and critical
+inspection as a mere work of art, it would give a crowning finish to
+the grand public buildings of the Capital, would add a unique
+feature to the surrounding landscape, and would attract the admiring
+gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which it
+would be visible. It would be eminently a monument for the
+appreciation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> of the many, if not of the few, and would thus verify
+the designation originally given it, of 'The People's Monument to
+their most illustrious Benefactor.'"</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to the chairman of the committee of the Society by Colonel
+Casey, dated April 19, 1887, he stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet
+6 inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof,
+50 feet in height. The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are
+in exact accordance with the classic proportions of parts of this
+style of architecture, as determined after careful research by the
+Hon. George P. Marsh, American Minister at Rome."</p>
+
+<p>The recommendations of the Joint Commission, of the Engineer, Colonel
+Casey, and of the Society, as to plan and proportions of the shaft, were
+happily sustained.</p>
+
+<p>The prediction in the Society's last memorial to Congress was fully
+realized in the completed Monument, which has ever since attracted "the
+admiring gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which
+it is visible." None are found to regret the form of the Monument, which
+was firmly adhered to as most fitting to perpetuate the name and fame of
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Congress making the required annual appropriation for the purpose, the
+work proceeded and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> Monument was finally completed on the 6th of
+December, 1884, on which day its capstone was set in place.</p>
+
+<p>By joint resolution of Congress, approved May 13, 1884, a commission was
+created, consisting of five Senators, eight Representatives, and three
+members of the Washington National Monument Society to make arrangements
+for the dedication of the Monument. The following persons composed the
+Commission:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Hon. <span class="smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Justin S. Morrill</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">William B. Allison</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Thomas F. Bayard</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Lucius Q. C. Lamar</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">William Dorsheimer</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">John Randolph Tucker</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">John H. Regan</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Patrick Collins</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Nathaniel B. Eldredge</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Henry H. Bingham</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">Joseph G. Cannon</span>,<br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">James Laird, and</span><br />
+Hon. <span class="smcap">W. W. Corcoran</span>,<br />
+President <span class="smcap">James C. Welling</span>,<br />
+Dr. <span class="smcap">Joseph M. Toner</span>.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Pursuant to the order of proceedings adopted by the Commission the
+Monument was dedicated on the 21st of February, 1885. The ceremonies,
+began at the base of the Monument at 11 o'clock, Hon. John Sherman,
+Chairman of the Commission,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> presided. After music, prayer by the Rev.
+Mr. Suter, of Christ Church, Alexandria, Va.; an address prepared by W.
+W. Corcoran, the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society, read by Dr. James C. Welling, Mr. Corcoran being
+unable to attend; Masonic ceremonies by the Grand Lodge of the District
+of Columbia, Grand Master Myron M. Parker; remarks by Col. Thomas L.
+Casey, the Engineer of the Joint Commission, delivering the Monument to
+the President of the United States, the Monument was dedicated by the
+President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, in the following
+words:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Fellow Countrymen</span>: Before the dawn of the century whose eventful
+years will soon have faded into the past&mdash;when death had but lately
+robbed this Republic of its most beloved and illustrious
+citizen&mdash;the Congress of the United States pledged the faith of the
+Nation that in this city, bearing his honored name, and then, as
+now, the seat of the General Government, a monument should be
+erected to commemorate the great events of his military and
+political life.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The stately column that stretches heavenward front the plain
+whereon we stand bears witness to all who behold it that the
+covenant which our fathers made, their children have fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In the completion of this great work of patriotic endeavor there is
+abundant cause for national rejoicing; for while this structure
+shall endure it shall be to all mankind a steadfast token of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+affectionate and reverent regard in which this people continue to
+hold the memory of Washington. Well may he ever keep the foremost
+place in the hearts of his countrymen.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The faith that never faltered; the wisdom that was broader and
+deeper than any learning taught in schools; the courage that shrank
+from no peril and was dismayed by no defeat; the loyalty that kept
+all selfish purpose subordinate to the demands of patriotism and
+honor; the sagacity that displayed itself in camp and cabinet alike;
+and, above all, that harmonious union of moral and intellectual
+qualities which has never found its parallel among men&mdash;these are
+the attributes of character which the intelligent thought of this
+century ascribes to the grandest figure of the last.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"But other and more eloquent lips than mine will to-day rehearse to
+you the story of his noble life and its glorious achievements.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"To myself has been assigned a simpler and more formal duty, in
+fulfillment of which I do now, as President of the United States and
+in behalf of the people, receive this Monument from the hands of its
+builder, and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the
+immortal name and memory of George Washington."</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings occurred in the presence of a great concourse of
+citizens and visitors from all parts of the country. The day was clear
+and cold, and a light fall of snow covered the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The procession to the Capitol, comprising a military escort, embracing
+the regular forces of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> Army and Navy and visiting military bodies
+and a civic division, under command of Lieut.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan,
+marshal of the day, was imposing.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings arranged in the hall of the House of Representatives
+occurred in the presence of the President of the United States and his
+Cabinet, the assembled Congress, the Judges of the Supreme Court of the
+United States, Governors of States, Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers,
+official heads in the Departments of the Government, municipal officers
+of Washington, judges, distinguished officers of the Army and Navy, the
+Marine Corps, and the Militia, scientists, journalists, scholars of
+distinction, and many other invited guests of prominence. Among those
+present were descendants of the family of Washington, and of his friends
+and neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>Prayer was offered by the Rev. S. A. Wallis, of Pohick Church, near
+Mount Vernon, Va. An oration by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of
+Massachusetts, was read by Hon. John D. Long, a Representative from
+Massachusetts. Music by the United States marine band was followed by an
+eloquent oration by the Hon, John W. Daniel, of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The benediction was pronounced by the Rev. John A. Lindsay, Chaplain of
+the House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The resolution of Congress of 1799 was at last fulfilled. The efforts of
+the Washington National Monument Society were realized, and the American
+people beheld the consummation of their desire&mdash;a great National
+Monument erected at the seat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> of the Federal Government to the name and
+memory of George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>A provision in the sundry civil bill, approved October 2, 1888,
+dissolved the Joint Commission, and placed the Monument "in the custody,
+care, and protection" of the Secretary of War, and "continued" the
+Washington National Monument Society "with the same powers as provided
+in the act of August 2, 1876, creating the Joint Commission."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">APPENDIX.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="big">ROLL OF THE</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">Washington National Monument Society.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Chief Justice John Marshall.</td><td>Thomas Blagden.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ex-President James Madison.</td><td>John Carroll Brent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Roger C. Weightman.</td><td>Col. James Kearney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Com. John Rodgers.</td><td>Hon. Elisha Whittlesey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gen. Thomas S. Jessup.</td><td>Hon. W. W. Seaton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Col. George Bomford.</td><td>J. Bayard H. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Matthew St. Claire Clarke.</td><td>Hon. W. W. Corcoran.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Samuel Harrison Smith.</td><td>John P. Ingle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John McClelland.</td><td>James Mandeville Carlisle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Judge William Cranch.</td><td>Dr. John B. Blake.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. William Brent.</td><td>Dr. William Jones.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>George Watterston.</td><td>William L. Hodge.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Col. Nathan Towson.</td><td>Dr. James C. Hall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gen. Archibald Henderson.</td><td>William B. Todd.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thomas Munroe.</td><td>Hon. James Dunlop.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Thomas Carbery.</td><td>Gen. U. S. Grant.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hom. Peter Force.</td><td>George W. Riggs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. John P. Van Ness.</td><td>Hon. Henry D. Cooke.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Ingle.</td><td>Hon. Peter G. Washington.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William L. Brent.</td><td>William J. McDonald.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gen. Alexander McComb.</td><td>Hon. John M. Broadhead.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John J. Abert.</td><td>Gen. William T. Sherman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philip R. Fendall.</td><td>Dr. Charles H. Nicols.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott.</td><td>David A. Watterston.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Carter.</td><td>Hon. Alexander R. Shepherd.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gen. Walter Jones.</td><td>Fitzhugh Coyle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Walter Lenox.</td><td>Hon. James G. Berret.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>T. Hartley Crawford.</td><td>J. C. Kennedy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Com. M. F. Maury.</td><td>Hon. William A. Richardson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Benj. Ogle Tayloe.</td><td>Gen. O. E. Babcock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Edward Clark.</td><td>Hon. A. R. Spofford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Walter S. Cox.</td><td>Hon. J. C. Bancroft Davis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rear-Admiral Levin M. Powell. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Gen. C. C. Augur.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. Charles F. Stansbury.</td><td>Professor Asaph Hall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fred D. Stuart.</td><td>Rear-Adm'l S. R. Franklin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.</td><td>Dr. Francis M. Gunnell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Professor Joseph Henry.</td><td>Professor E. M. Gallaudet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gen. William McKee Dunn.</td><td>Hon. Martin F. Morris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John C. Harkness.</td><td>Hon. George S. Boutwell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Horatio King.</td><td>Samuel H. Kauffmann.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. Daniel B. Clarke.</td><td>Maj.-Gen. John M. Schofield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. George W. McCrary.</td><td>Rev. John F. Hurst, D. D.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. Joseph M. Toner.</td><td>Rt. Rev. John J. Keane.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>President James C. Welling.</td><td>Hon. Henry B. Brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. George Bancroft.</td><td>Hon. William A. Maury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rear-Adm'l C. R. P. Rodgers.</td><td>Henry A. Willard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Hugh McCulloch.</td><td>Charles C. Glover.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. John Sherman.</td><td>Professor S. D. Langley.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. William Strong.</td><td>Frederick L. Harvey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Arthur McArthur.</td><td>R. Ross Perry.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brig.-Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">GENERAL AGENTS.</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Elisha Whittlesey,</td><td>1848.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lieut. J. C. Ives,</td><td>1859 to 1860.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John S. Benson,</td><td>1870.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Frederick L. Harvey, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>1874 to 1876.</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">INSCRIPTION</span></p>
+<p class="center">ON</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">COPPER PLATE COVERING DEPOSIT-RECESS IN THE<br/>
+CORNER-STONE OF MONUMENT.</span></p>
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">4th JULY, 1776.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence of the United States of<br />
+America.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">4th JULY, 1848.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">This Corner-Stone Laid of a Monument,<br />
+by the People of the United States, to the<br />
+Memory of George Washington.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">James K. Polk</span>,<br />
+<i>President of the United States and Ex-officio President of the Board<br />
+of Managers.</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">William Brent</span>, <i>1st Vice-President</i>.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">William W. Seaton</span>, <i>Mayor of Washington, 2d Vice-President</i>.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Gen'l A. Henderson</span>, <i>3d Vice-President</i>.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">J. B. H. Smith</span>, <i>Treasurer</i>.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">George Watterston</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">BOARD OF MANAGERS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Major-Gen'l Winfield Scott. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Peter Force.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gen'l N. Towson.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Wm. A. Bradley.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Col. J. J. Abert.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">P. R. Fendall.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Col. J. Kearney.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Thomas Munroe.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gen'l Walter Jones.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Walter Lenox.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Thomas Carbery.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">M. F. Maury.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="smcap">Thomas Blagden.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="smcap">Elisha Whittlesey</span>, <i>General Agent</i>.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">BUILDING COMMITTEE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Thomas Carbery.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">George Watterston.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">William A. Bradley. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Col. J. J. Abert.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gen'l A. Henderson. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Walter Lenox. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Lieut. M. F. Maury.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><span class="smcap">Joseph H. Bradley</span>, <i>Chief Marshal</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><span class="smcap">Robert Mills</span>, <i>Architect</i>.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">LIST OF MEMBERS</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">JOINT COMMISSION,</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">COMPLETION OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Commission Dissolved October 2, 1888.)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>Presidents.</i></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ulysses S. Grant. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Jas. A. Garfield.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">R. B. Hayes.</span> </td><td><span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Chiefs of Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.</i></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">A. A. Humphreys. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></td><td>Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Horatio Wright.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John Newton.</span></td><td>Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Thos. L. Casey</span> (1888).</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Architect of the Capitol.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edward Clark.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Architects of the Treasury.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Jas. G. Hill.</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">John Fraser,</span> Acting. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">M. E. Bell.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>First Vice-President of Washington National Monument Society.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">W. W. Corcoran.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Secretary.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">F. L. Harvey.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Engineers in Charge Under Joint Commission.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Col. <span class="smcap">Thos. Lincoln Casey</span>, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Col. <span class="smcap">John M. Wilson</span> (1888),</p>
+<p class="center">Corps of Engineers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Assistants.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Capt. <span class="smcap">Geo. W. Davis</span>, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="smcap">Bernard R. Green</span>,<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14th Inft., U. S. A.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Civil Engineer.</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>
+<i>Master Mechanic</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">P. H. McLaughlin.</span><br />
+<i>Chief Clerk</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">James B. Dutton.</span><br />
+<i>Draftsman</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Gustav Friebus.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">INSCRIPTIONS</span></p>
+<p class="center">ON THE</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">FOUR FACES OF THE ALUMINUM POINT CROWNING</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">APEX OF MONUMENT.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">(NORTH FACE.)<br />
+<br />
+<span class="big">JOINT COMMISSION</span><br />
+AT<br />
+<span class="big">SETTING OF CAP-STONE.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">W. W. Corcoran</span>, <i>Chairman</i>.<br />
+<span class="smcap">M. E. Bell.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Edward Clark.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">John Newton.</span><br />
+<i>Act of August 2nd, 1876.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">(WEST FACE.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Corner-Stone laid on bed of foundation<br />
+July 4, 1848.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">First stone at Height of 152 feet<br />
+laid<br />
+August 7, 1880.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cap-Stone set December 6, 1884.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">(SOUTH FACE.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Chief Engineer and Architect,<br />
+Thos. Lincoln Casey,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Colonel Corps of Engineers.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Assistants:</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">George W. Davis,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Captain 14th Infantry.</span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bernard R. Green,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Civil Engineer.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>Master Mechanic.</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">P. H. McLaughlin.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">(EAST FACE.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">LAUS DEO.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Engineer Office Washington Monument,<br />
+Corner Seventeenth and F Streets,<br />
+Washington</span>, D. C., <i>April 19, 1880</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Chairman of Committee of Washington Monument society</i>.</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: Agreeably to your request that a succinct account of the
+project for the completion and the condition of the work upon the
+Washington National Monument should be given your committee, I have the
+honor, with the sanction of the Joint Commission for the completion of
+the Monument, to report as follows.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ADMINISTRATION.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Under the authority of the act of Congress of August 2, 1876, and joint
+resolutions of June 14, 1878, and June 27, 1879, the Monument is being
+constructed under the direction and supervision of a Joint Commission,
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, the Architect of the Capitol, the
+Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, and the First
+Vice-President of the Washington National Monument Society.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PROJECT.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height,
+faced with white marble mid hacked with dressed granite rock. Of this
+structure 156 feet is already finished.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6
+inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50
+feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance
+with the classic proportions of parts of this style of architecture, as
+determined after careful research by the Hon. George P. Marsh, American
+Minister at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The shaft, as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be
+entirely stable as against winds that could exert a pressure of one
+hundred pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the structure.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to enable
+it to carry this structure. This preparation, or strengthening, consists
+in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in order to
+distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon each
+square foot of the earth pressed no greater weight then it is known to
+be able to sustain.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CONDITION OF THE WORK.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1. <i>Preparation of foundation.</i>&mdash;This consisted in placing a mass of
+Portland cement concrete beneath the existing foundation, extending
+downwards 13-1/2 feet; underneath and within the outer edge of the old
+foundation 18 feet; and without this edge 23 feet; then, of taking out
+the old foundation from beneath the shaft, for a sufficient distance
+back to obtain a good bearing upon the new masonry which is built out
+upon the slab first mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This work is so far advanced that it will be entirely completed by the
+15th of June.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">2. <i>Preparation for the shaft.</i>&mdash;The other operations have consisted in
+the erection of the interior frame-work for the staircases and elevator
+within the shaft, which frame-work will be used in the construction of
+the masonry; the collection of granite and marble for continuing the
+shaft; and the preparation of the machinery for raising the stones to
+the top of the shaft, and setting them in place on the walls.</p>
+
+<p class="center">APPROPRIATIONS.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The only appropriation for this work as yet made by Congress is two
+hundred thousand dollars, contained in the act of August 2, 1876, which
+sum will be exhausted by the end of August, 1880.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The estimate for completing this work is $667,000, and the time required
+will be four working seasons.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Very respectfully, your ob't servant,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,<br />
+<i>Lieutenant-Colonel Engineers, U.S.A.,<br />
+Engineer in Charge.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">United States Senate Chamber,<br />
+Washington</span>, D. C., <i>March 31, 1879</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I inclose, as possibly of interest, extracts from a letter I
+have just received from Hon. George P. Marsh, our Minister at Rome.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">These extracts refer to the Washington Monument question. Mr. Marsh is
+among the most learned and accomplished of those in any country who have
+given the subject of architecture and monumental art attention.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Very truly yours,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">GEO. F. EDMUNDS.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Gen. <span class="smcap">T. L. Casey</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Corps of Engineers</i>.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">[Extracts.]</p>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, <i>February 9, 1879.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Edmunds</span>: By a letter from the sculptor Mead to Mrs. Marsh, I
+understand that the main feature of the Washington Monument is to be an
+obelisk of great height, surmounted by a colossal statue, and with
+<i>bas-reliefs</i> at a suitable height from the base. I believe I have not
+only seen but sketched every existing genuine&mdash;that is,
+Egyptian&mdash;obelisk, for no other can fairly said to be genuine. The
+obelisk is not an arbitrary structure which every one is free to erect
+with such form and proportions as suit his taste and convenience, but
+its objects, form, and proportions were fixed by the usage of thousands
+of years; they satisfy every cultivated eye, and I hold it an esthetical
+crime to depart from them.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In its objects the obelisk is monumental, its inscriptions having
+reference to and indicating what or whom it commemorates. I do of think
+<i>bas-reliefs</i> too great a departure from the primitive character the
+inscriptions, because we can come no nearer an alphabet answering the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The most important point is the form and proportions of the structure,
+as to which the modern builder of obelisks transgresses greatly. The
+Egyptian obelisks do not, indeed, all conform with mathematical
+exactness to their own normal proportions, but (probably from defects in
+the stone) frequently vary somewhat from them. When truly fashioned,
+however, they are more pleasing to the eye than when deviating from the
+regular shape.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The obelisk consists: First, of a naked shaft, with or without
+inscription, the height of which is ten times the width of its base, so
+that if the base of the shaft is fifty feet square, then the height of
+the shaft must be five hundred feet. For optical reasons (which cannot
+be considered in the Washington Monument, it being too late) the faces
+of the shaft are slightly convex.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The dimensions of the shaft are reduced as it rises, and in this point
+the ancient obelisks vary more than any other, the top of the shaft
+varying from two-thirds to three-quarters of the linear measurement of
+the base. Hence, if the base of the shaft (I do mot mean of the pedestal
+or plinth, if there is one) is fifty feet square, its summit may be
+anywhere between thirty-three and one-third and thirty-seven and
+one-half feet square. The obelisks much reduced are the most graceful,
+but in this case the great height will of itself reduce the apparent
+measurement, so that perhaps thirty-five would not be too much. But the
+shaft has already gone up so far as to have settled those questions of
+form irrevocably. Second, of a pyramidion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> or apex, the form and
+proportions of which are constant. The base of the pyramidion is of
+exactly the same dimensions as the summit of the shaft, and unites with
+it directly without any break (except, of course, one angle), and with
+no ledge, molding, or other disfigurement. The height of the pyramidion
+is equal to the length of a side of the base of the shaft, and therefore
+greater than the side of its own base.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">There are cases where the hyeroglyphics run up one or more faces of the
+pyramidion, but in general these faces are perfectly plain.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Egyptians often covered the whole pyramidion with a closely fitted
+gilt bronze cap, the effect of which most have been magnificent.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It has been said that it was sometimes surmounted by a gilt star, but I
+doubt this, for the casing of the pyramidion would of itself have much
+the same effect.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The notion of spitting an the sharp point of the pyramidion is supremely
+absurd. Not less so is the substitution of a low hipped roof for am
+acute pyramidion, or the making of a window in the face of the
+pyramidion or of the shaft, both which atrocities were committed in the
+Bunker Hill Monument. There will no doubt be people who will be foolish
+enough to insist on a peep-hole somewhere; and if they must be gratified
+the window should be of the exact form and size of one of the stones,and
+provided with a close-fitting shutter colored exactly like the stone, so
+that when shut it would be nearly or quite imperceptible from below.</p>
+
+<p class="center">* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Yours truly,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">GEO. P. MARSH.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Hon. <span class="smcap">Geo. F. Edmunds</span>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., <i>May 12, 1879</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">My Dear General</span>: I have received from Mr. Marsh a letter on the subject
+of the Monument, a copy of which I herewith forward to you, thinking it
+may interest you.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Yours truly,</span></p>
+<p class="bqright">GEORGE F. EDMUNDS.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">General <span class="smcap">T. L. Casey</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.</i></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, <i>April 25, 1879</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Edmunds</span>: I am much obliged to you for yours of April 8, with
+General Casey's letter and the two Congressional documents. I am
+agreeably surprised to learn from General Casey's interesting letter
+that the normal proportions have been so early observed hitherto in the
+construction of the obelisk. In fact, it being difficult to obtain such
+vast masses of granite rock, even in the quarries of Syene, entirely
+free from flaws, the Egyptians were very often obliged to depart more or
+less from the proportions most satisfactory to the eye, and the
+Washington obelisk conforms so nearly to those proportions, except in
+two points, that it is hardly subject to criticism. These points are,
+the batter, which is more rapid than in any obelisk known to me, and the
+pyramidion. Perhaps the designer adopted the proportions from
+considerations of stability, as a summit considerably less than the base
+would give greater security, and when the dimensions are all so great,
+differences of proportion are less appreciable.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">As to the form and proportion of the pyramidion, the existing obelisks
+are more uniform than in the measurements of the shaft, and I think
+that, not merely on the ground of precedent but on that of taste, it
+would be by all means advisable to give to the pyramidion of the
+Washington obelisk a height of not less than fifty feet. In any case, if
+the height of the pyramidion is not greater than the side of its base,
+the summit will have a truncated shape quite out of harmony with the
+<i>soaring</i> character of the structure.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I infer from General Casey's drawings, accompanying Mr. Corcoran's
+letter, that the plan of a sort of temple-like excrescence from the
+base&mdash;a highly objectionable feature&mdash;is abandoned. It is curious that
+we do not know precisely what the Egyptian form of the base was. Some
+authorities state it was a die of larger dimensions than the shaft, and
+with sides battering at the same rate as the shaft, but I do not find
+satisfactory evidence that this was by any means universal, though it
+would certainly be an appropriate and harmonious form. Of course any
+desirable base can be constructed around the shaft. There are obelisks
+the surface of which indicates that they were stuccoed, and this
+suggests that if the shaft of the Washington obelisk shall from time or
+difference of material be found parti-colored, surface uniformity of
+tone may be obtained by the same process.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We have no knowledge of any Egyptian obelisk much exceeding one hundred
+feet in height, though some writers speak of such monuments of
+considerably greater dimensions. The extreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> difficulty of obtaining
+monoliths exceeding one hundred feet renders it probable that the
+measurements of the authorities referred to were mere vague estimates
+rather than ascertained dimensions.</p>
+
+<p class="center">* &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Yours truly,</span></p>
+<p class="bqright">GEO. P. MARSH.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">Brookline, Mass.</span>, <i>August 1, 1878</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: Your favor of the 20th ultimo reached me yesterday. I thank
+you for sending me the copy of Mr. Story's letter, which I have read
+with great interest. I am only a second vice-president of the Monument
+Association, and am not included in the commission for completing the
+work. I had no part or lot in the original design of the Monument. * * *
+As an original question, I might have desired a different design; and I
+had no small part in inducing the building committee, many years ago, to
+omit the pantheon at the base, and to confine the design to a simple
+obelisk. After that was arranged, and when the Monument had reached so
+considerable a height, I was very averse to changing the plan. A whole
+generation of men, women, and children had contributed, in larger or
+smaller sums, to this particular Monument; and States, cities, and
+foreign nations had sent stones for its completion.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">To tear it all down, with a view to improve the design, was abhorrent to
+me. Story called to see me when he was in Boston, and I told him that,
+so far as I was concerned, my first wish was to finish the Monument as a
+simple obelisk; but that, if a change was unavoidable, owing to any
+insecurity of the foundations, his idea of turning it into an ornamental
+Lombard Tower was the best plan I had seen suggested. * * *</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I am aware that what is called "advanced art" looks with scorn on
+anything so simple and bald as an obelisk, more especially when it is
+made up of a thousand pieces, instead of being a monolith shaft. Yet the
+Bunker Hill Monument, of which the design was furnished by one of our
+earliest and best artists, Horatio Greenough, is one of these complete
+obelisks, and Webster was proud to apostrophize it as "the true orator
+of the day," when he was pronouncing his own incomparable oration.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I recall other obelisks, at home and abroad, which tell their story most
+impressively; and when I look around to see what "advanced art" has done
+for us and done for itself to the myriad soldiers'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> monuments which have
+been recently erected, I fall back on the simple shaft as at least not
+inferior to any one of them in effect and as free from anything tinsel
+or tawdry.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A grand arch, which I believe you once proposed, would be a noble
+monument of our Union, and might well be the subject of independent
+consideration in season for the centennial of the organization of the
+Government in 1889. I have repeatedly urged such an arch as
+commemorative of our Constitutional Union, in Boston. But it would have
+still greater propriety in Washington. I cannot help hoping, however,
+that it will be erected with new stones, and without any disturbance of
+the Washington obelisk.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Pardon me for so long a letter and for so frank an expression of my
+views.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">I have heard nothing on the subject of late from any of the
+Commissioners or of the Association, but have taken it for granted that
+the whole matter was decided.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">If, however, it is to be reopened, I shall be very glad to see Mr.
+Story's designs, and to consult with you agreeably to your friendly
+invitation.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Believe me, dear Mr. Morrill, respectfully and truly,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">ROBERT C. WINTHROP.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Hon. <span class="smcap">Justin S. Morrill</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>United States Senator</i>.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="center">ACTS OF CONGRESS RELATING TO THE COMPLETION OF<br/>
+THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Act of August 2, 1876,</td><td>                19 Statutes, p. 123.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joint Resolution, June 14, 1878,</td><td>      20   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      p. 254.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Joint Resolution, June 27, 1879,</td><td>      21   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     p. &nbsp; 54.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, June 16, 1880,</td><td>      21   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    p. 268.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1881,</td><td>      21   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   p. 444.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1883,</td><td>      22  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     p. 615.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, August 9, 1886,</td><td>     24   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    p. 245.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, February 28, 1887, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>  24  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    "  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      p. 424.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1887,</td><td>      24   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   "  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      p. 509.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundry Civil Act, October 2, 1888,</td><td>    25   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   "   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     p. 553.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">LIST OF BLOCKS</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">CONTRIBUTED FOR INSERTION IN THE INTERIOR<br/>
+WALLS OF THE MONUMENT.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Maine.</td><td>South Carolina. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Michigan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Hampshire. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Georgia.</td><td>Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vermont.</td><td>Florida.</td><td>Wisconsin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Massachusetts.</td><td>Alabama.</td><td>Minnesota.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Connecticut.</td><td>Mississippi.</td><td>Kansas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rhode Island.</td><td>Louisiana.</td><td>Nebraska.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York.</td><td>Texas.</td><td>Wyoming.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania.</td><td>Arkansas.</td><td>Dakota.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Jersey.</td><td>Tennessee.</td><td>Montana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Delaware.</td><td>Missouri.</td><td>Utah.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maryland.</td><td>Kentucky.</td><td>Nevada.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Virginia.</td><td>Ohio.</td><td>California.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>West Virginia.</td><td>Indiana.</td><td>Oregon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>North Carolina.</td><td>Illinois.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Turkey. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>Siam.</td><td>Bremen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Greece.</td><td>Brazil.</td><td>Switzerland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Japan.</td><td>Paros and Naxos, in</td><td>Cherokee Nation.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>China.</td><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Grecian Archipelago.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>Wales.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">CITIES AND TOWNS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>New York City.</td><td>Washington City.</td><td>New Bedford, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philadelphia, Pa. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Alexandria, Va.</td><td>Lowell, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Warren, R. I.</td><td>Frederick, Md.</td><td>Nashville, Tenn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston, Mass.</td><td>Charlestown, Mass. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Newark, N. J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore, Md.</td><td>Little Rock, Ark.</td><td>Salem, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Richmond, Va.</td><td>Durham, N. H.</td><td>City of Roxbury, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Stockton, Cal.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">F. A. A. M.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Patmos Lodge, Maryland.</td><td>Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Grand Lodge of Maryland. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Arkansas.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  Ohio.</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;Georgia.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  Mississippi.</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;Dist. of Colum.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Kentucky.</span></td><td>Subordinate Lodges, Philadelphia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  New York.</span></td><td>Roxbury Lodge, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  Virginia.</span></td><td>St. John's Lodge, Richmond, Va.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  Alabama.</span></td><td>Washington Naval Lodge, No. 4.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Tennessee.</span></td><td>Arthenia Lodge, Troy, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  Florida.</span></td><td>Lafayette Lodge, 64, New York.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<p class="center">I. O. O. F.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Grand Lodge of Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Mississippi.</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;United States.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Kentucky.</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; "  &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Maryland.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Indiana.</span></td><td>Philadelphia, Penna.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Iowa.</span></td><td>Eureka Lodge 117, New York City.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Virginia.</span></td><td>Troy, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;New Jersey.</span></td><td>Germantown, Penna.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p class="center">SONS OF TEMPERANCE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Grand Division of North Carolina. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Grand Division of Ohio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Connecticut.</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Rhode Isl'nd.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Illinois.</span></td><td>Philadelphia, Penna.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; New Jersey.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Mount Lebanon Lodge, B. B. B. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>American Whig Society.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Naval, A. Y. M.</td><td>Hibernian Society, Baltimore, Md.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Addisonian Literary Society.</td><td>Independent United Order of Brothers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"Cincinnati Commercial, 1850."</td><td>Uni'd Amer'n Mechanics, Phila'a.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United Sons America, Penna.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Fire Department, New York City.</td><td>Fire Depart't., Philadelphia, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Invincible Fire Co., Cincinnati, O. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Co. I, 4th U. S. Infantry. 1851.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Light Inft., D. C.</td><td>National Greys, Washington, D. C.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>Continental Guards of New Orleans.<br />
+First Regiment, Light Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteers.<br />
+Westmoreland County, Va., Birthplace of Washington.<br />
+"Braddock's Field."<br />
+"Battlefield of Long Island." Kings County, 1776.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span><br />
+Association of Journeymen Stonecutters, Philadelphia, Penna.<br />
+"From the Home of Knox&mdash;Citizens of Thomaston, Maine."<br />
+Hawkins County, Tenn.<br />
+"From Otter's Summit&mdash;Virginia's loftiest peak."<br />
+Oakland College, Miss.<br />
+General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, Washington, May,<br/>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; 1852.<br />
+American Institute, New York.<br />
+"Maryland Pilgrims."<br />
+German Benevolent Society, Washington, D. C.<br />
+Columbia Typographical Society, Washington, D. C.<br />
+"Postmasters and Assistant Postmasters, Indiana, 1852."<br />
+"Pupils of the Public Schools, Baltimore, Md."<br />
+Cliosophic Society, Nassau Hall, N. J.<br />
+Wilmington, North Carolina, Thalian Association.<br />
+Tuscarora Tribe, District of Columbia, I. O. R. M.<br />
+Anacostia Tribe, No. 3, I. O. R. M.<br />
+Oldest Inhabitant's Association, Washington, D. C.<br />
+Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.<br />
+Mosaic Block&mdash;ruins of ancient Carthage.<br />
+From Chapel of William Tell, Luzerne, Switzerland.<br />
+Americans residing in Foo-Chow-Foo, China, 1857.<br />
+"From the Temple of &AElig;sculapius, Island of Paros. Presented<br/>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; by Officers of U. S. S. Saranac."<br />
+American Medical Society.<br />
+Jefferson Society, University of Virginia.<br />
+Lava&mdash;Vesuvius. Geo. Wm. Terrell.<br />
+Pupils Buffalo Public Schools.<br />
+Honesdale, Wayne County, Penna., 1853.<br />
+Citizens of Stockton, San Joaquin County, Cal.<br />
+"From two Disciples of Daguerre," of Philadelphia.<br />
+Children of Sunday Schools, M. E. Church, City of New York.<br />
+Ladies and Gentlemen&mdash;Dramatic Profession of America.<br />
+Erina Guard, Newark, N. J.<br />
+Sons of New England in Canada.<br />
+"From Alexandrian Library in Egypt."<br />
+"From Tomb of Napoleon, St. Helena."<br />
+Western Military Institute, Ky.<br />
+Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">TRANSLATIONS</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">INSCRIPTIONS ON FOREIGN BLOCKS.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">TURKEY.</p>
+
+<p>"So as to strengthen the friendship between the two countries,
+Abdul-Majid Kahn has also had his name written on the Monument to
+Washington."</p>
+
+<p>These words form a chronogram&mdash;"1269-1779 of the Hegira." Above the
+inscription is a monogram signifying "Abdul-Majid, son of Mahomet Kahn."
+Upon a lower corner, "Written by the court poet, Mustapha Izyt."</p>
+
+<p>Block is of white marble, highly polished, and ornamental.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">BREMEN.</p>
+
+<p>"Washington dem Grossen und Gerechten das befreundete Bremen."</p>
+
+<p>(Friendly Bremen to the great and good Washington.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">JAPAN.</p>
+
+<p>"Exported from the harbor of Simoda, in the Province of Isu, the fifth
+month of the year Ansey Tora." [April, 1853.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GREECE.</p>
+
+<p>Block of white marble from ruins of the Parthenon:</p>
+
+<p>"George Washington, the hero, the citizen of the new and illustrious
+liberty: The land of Solon, Themistocles, and Pericles&mdash;the mother of
+ancient liberty&mdash;sends this ancient stone as a testimony of honor and
+admiration from the Parthenon."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">CHINA.</p>
+
+<p>"Su-Ki-Yu, by imperial appointment, Lieutenant Governor of the Province
+of Fuh Kun, in his Universal Geography, says:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>"'It is evident that Washington was a remarkable man. In devising plans
+he was more decided than Chin-Sing, or Wu-Kang,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in winning a country,
+he was braver than Tsau-Tsau or Lin Pi.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> Wielding his four-footed
+falchion, he extended the frontiers thousands of miles, and then refused
+to usurp the regal dignity or transmit it to his posterity, but first
+established rules for an elective administration. Where in the world can
+be found such a public spirit? Truly, the sentiments of three dynasties
+have all at once unexpectedly appeared in our day! In ruling the State
+he promoted and fostered good customs, and did not depend on military
+merit. In this he differed from all other nations. I have seen his
+portrait; his air and form are grand and imposing in a remarkable
+degree. Ah! who would not call him a hero?</p>
+
+<p>"'The United States of America regard it promotive of national virtue
+generally and extensively neither to establish titles of nobility and
+royalty nor to conform to the age, as respects customs and public
+influence, but instead deliver over their own public deliberations and
+inventions, so that the like of such a nation&mdash;one so remarkable&mdash;does
+not exist in ancient or modern times. Among the people of the Great
+West, can any man, in ancient or modern times, fail to pronounce
+Washington peerless?'</p>
+
+<p>"This stone is presented by a company of Christians and engraved at
+Ningpo, in the Province of Che Heang, China, this third year of the
+reign of the Emperor He-en Fung, sixth month and seventh day." [July 12,
+1853.]</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">ARTICLES DEPOSITED</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">IN</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">RECESS IN THE CORNER-STONE OF THE<br />
+MONUMENT</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">ON JULY 4, 1848.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence;
+presented by Mr. Hickey.</p>
+
+<p>American Constitutions; by W. Patton.</p>
+
+<p>Large design of the Washington National Monument, with the <i>fac simile</i>
+of the names of the Presidents of the United States and others.
+Lithographed.</p>
+
+<p>Large design of the Washington National Monument. Lithographed.</p>
+
+<p>Historical sketch of the Washington National Monument since its origin,
+in MS.</p>
+
+<p>Portrait of Washington, from Stuart's painting, Faneuil Hall.</p>
+
+<p>Plate engraved with the names of the officers and members of the Board
+of Managers.</p>
+
+<p>The Statesman's Manual, containing President's Messages from Washington
+to Polk, from 1789 to 1846, vols. 1 and 2.</p>
+
+<p>Copy of the grant for the site of the Monument under the joint
+resolution of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Constitutions of the Washington National Monument Society, addresses,
+circulars, commissions, instructions, form of bond, from 1835 to 1848.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>Small design of Monument and likeness of Washington, with blank
+certificates for contributors.</p>
+
+<p>Watterston's New Guide to Washington; by G. Watterston.</p>
+
+<p>Map of the City of Washington; by Joseph Ratcliffe.</p>
+
+<p>Laws of the Corporation of Washington; by A. Rothwell.</p>
+
+<p>J. B. Varnum, Jr., on the Seat of Government; by J. B. Varnum, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Statistics by John Sessford of the number of dwellings, value of
+improvements, assessments of the real and personal tax, &amp;c., in the City
+of Washington, from 1824 to 1848, print and manuscript; by John
+Sessford.</p>
+
+<p>Census of the United States, 1840; Force's Guide to Washington and
+vicinity, 1848; by W. Q. Force.</p>
+
+<p>Drake's Poems; Catalogue of the Library of Congress, printed 1839;
+Catalogue from 1840 to 1847, both inclusive; by Joint Committee on the
+Library of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico, 1846-'47; by R. P. Anderson.</p>
+
+<p>All the coins of the United States, from the eagle to the half-dime,
+inclusive.</p>
+
+<p>Census of the United States from 1790 to 1848, inclusive.</p>
+
+<p>A list of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, its
+Officers, with the dates of their respective appointments; by W. J.
+Carroll, Clerk Supreme Court of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, with the original
+institution of the order and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> <i>fac simile</i> of the signatures of the
+original members of the State Society of Pennsylvania; by Charles L.
+Coltman.</p>
+
+<p>Constitution and General Laws of the Great Council of the Improved Order
+of Red Men of the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>By-Laws of Powhatan Tribe, No. 1, and General Laws of the Great Council
+of the same Order.</p>
+
+<p>American Silk Flag; presented by Joseph K. Boyd, citizen of Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 4th of July, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The Temple of Liberty, two copies, one ornamented and lettered with red.
+The letters are so arranged in each that the name of Washington may be
+spelled more than one thousand times in connection; by John Kilbourn.</p>
+
+<p>Design of the Monument, small plate, produced by a process called
+electrotype; by Chas. Fenderich, Washington.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the Constitution of the first organized Temperance Society in
+America; by L. H. Sprague, July 4, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>Sons of Temperance in the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>Report on the Organization of the Smithsonian Institution; by Professor
+Henry.</p>
+
+<p>Coat of Arms of the Washington family; by Mrs. Jane Charlotte
+Washington, July 4, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The Blue Book for 1847; Congressional Directory; by J. &amp; G. S. Gideon.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-first Annual Report of the American Colonization Society.</p>
+
+<p>Message of the President of the United States and accompanying
+documents, 1847.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>Navy Register, 1848; by C. Alexander.</p>
+
+<p>Coast Survey Document; Army Register for 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The Washington Monument; Shall It Be Built? by J. S. Lyon.</p>
+
+<p>Holy Bible; presented by the Bible Society; instituted 1816.</p>
+
+<p>Vail's Description of the Magnetic Telegraph; by A. Vail.</p>
+
+<p>Report of the Joint Committee on the Library, May 4, 1848, and an
+engraving; by M. Vattemare.</p>
+
+<p>Morse's North American Atlas.</p>
+
+<p>African Repository and Colonial Journal, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>Military Laws of the United States, 1846; by G. Templeman.</p>
+
+<p>Appleton's Railroad and Steamboat Companion.</p>
+
+<p>Daguerreotype likeness of General and Mrs. Mary Washington, with a
+description of the Daguerreotype process; by John S. Grubb, Alexandria,
+Va.</p>
+
+<p>True Republican; the likeness of all the Presidents to 1846, and
+inaugural addresses; by G. Templeman.</p>
+
+<p>Silver Medal, representing General Washington and the National Monument;
+by Jacob Seeger.</p>
+
+<p>Copies of the Union Magazine, National Magazine, Godey's Lady's Book,
+Graham's Magazine, and Columbian Magazine, for July, 1848; by Brooke &amp;
+Shillington.</p>
+
+<p>Constitution of the Smithsonian Association, on the Island, instituted
+November 9, 1847.</p>
+
+<p>Harper's Illustrated Catalogue; by S. Colman.</p>
+
+<p>Smithsonian Institution&mdash;Report of the Commissioners on its
+organization; Reports from the Board of Regents; by W. W. Seaton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>American Archives; A Documentary History of the American Colonies to the
+present time; fourth series, vol. 5; by Peter Force.</p>
+
+<p>Guide to the Capitol; by R. Mills.</p>
+
+<p>An American Dollar; by Miss Sarah Smith, Stafford, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>American State Papers, 1832; National Intelligencer for 1846 (bound); by
+Gales &amp; Seaton.</p>
+
+<p>Abstract Log for the use of American Navigators; by Lieut. M. F. Maury,
+U. S. N.; by M. F. Manry.</p>
+
+<p>Report of Prof. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey; by Coast
+Survey Office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fac simile</i> of Washington's Accounts; by Michael Nourse.</p>
+
+<p>Claypole's American Daily Advertiser, December 25, 1799, and the
+Philadelphia Gazette, December 27, 1799, containing a full account of
+the death and funeral ceremony of General Washington, the official
+proceedings of Congress, Executive, &amp;c.; by G. M. Grouard.</p>
+
+<p>Publication No. 1, Boston, 1833.</p>
+
+<p>A cent of 1783 of the United States of America; by W. G. Paine.</p>
+
+<p>United States Fiscal Department, vols. 1 and 2; by R. Mayo, M. D.</p>
+
+<p>Maps and Charts of the Coast Survey; by Survey Office.</p>
+
+<p>Letters of John Quincy Adams to W. L. Stone, and introduction; letters
+of J. Q. Adams to Edward Livingston, Grand High Priest, &amp;c.; Vindication
+of General Washington, &amp;c., by Joseph Ritner, Governor of Pennsylvania,
+with a letter to Daniel Webster and his reply, printed in 1841;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+American Antimason, No. 1, vol. 1, Hartford, Connecticut, 1839, Maine
+Free Press; Correspondence Committee of York, Pennsylvania, to Richard
+Rush, April, 1831; his answer, May 4, 1841; Credentials of a Delegate
+from Jefferson County, Missouri, and proceedings of a meeting of
+citizens to make the appointment of a delegate; by Henry Gassitt,
+Boston, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>Annual Report of the Comptroller of the State of New York, January 5,
+1848; Tolls, Trade, and Tonnage of the New York Canals, 1847; State of
+New York&mdash;first report of the Commissioner, Practice and Pleadings; by
+Hon. Washington Hunt.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of Continental Money, 1776; by Thos. Adams.</p>
+
+<p>Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847; by Edmund Burke.</p>
+
+<p>Walton's Vermont Register and Farmers' Almanac, 1848; by Hon. Mr. Henry.</p>
+
+<p>Maury's Wind and Current Charts of the North Atlantic; by M. F. Maury.</p>
+
+<p>Astronomical Observations for 1845, made under M. F. Maury, at the
+Washington Observatory; by M. F. Maury.</p>
+
+<p>Casts from the seals of the S. of T. and I. O. R. M.; by J. W. Eckloff.</p>
+
+<p>Journals of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Thirtieth
+Congress and Documents; by R. P. Anderson.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">NEWSPAPERS</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">Deposited in Corner-Stone.</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">MASSACHUSETTS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Worcester Palladium</td><td align="right">                Worcester.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salem Oracle</td><td align="right">                            Salem.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Telegraph</td><td align="right">                      Gloucester.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cape Ann Light</td><td align="center"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                          "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston Daily Atlas</td><td align="right">                     Boston.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CONNECTICUT.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>New England Weekly Gazette</td><td align="right">           Hartford.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">NEW YORK.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Irving Democrat</td><td align="right">                        Irving.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Long Island Farmer</td><td align="right">                    Jamaica.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cayuga New Era</td><td align="right">                         Auburn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Troy Daily Post</td><td align="right">                          Troy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Troy Daily Whig</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                          "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Journal and Advertiser</td><td align="right">                 Auburn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Auburn Daily Advertiser</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                  "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Star of Temperance</td><td align="center">    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                     "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York Day Book</td><td align="right">                    New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mercantile Times</td><td align="center"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                          "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Northern Christian Advocate</td><td align="right">            Auburn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York Daily Sun</td><td align="right">                   New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York Weekly Sun</td><td align="center">    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                   "</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">PENNSYLVANIA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>American Democrat</td><td align="right">                   Carlisle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania Democrat</td><td align="right">              Uniontown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lycoming Gazette</td><td align="right">                Williamsport.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>American Press Republican</td><td align="right">          Lancaster.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daily Morning Post</td><td align="right">                 Pittsburg.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lancaster County Farmer</td><td align="right">            Lancaster.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bradford Argus</td><td align="right">                       Towanda.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pittsburg Daily Gazette</td><td align="right">            Pittsburg.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daily Morning Telegraph</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;               "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania Republican</td><td align="right">                 York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>North American U. S. Gazette &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">    Philadelphia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Public Ledger</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                        "</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">MARYLAND.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Somerset Herald</td><td align="right">                     Somerset.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Der Somerset Republican</td><td align="center">   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;               "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marlboro Gazette</td><td align="right">              Upper Marlboro.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore Daily Sun</td><td align="right">                Baltimore.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore American</td><td align="center">   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                    "</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">VIRGINIA.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Spirit of Jefferson</td><td align="right">               Charlestown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Valley Whig</td><td align="right">                         Fincastle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Martinsburg Gazette</td><td align="right">               Martinsburg.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Weston Sentinel</td><td align="right">                        Weston.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">NORTH CAROLINA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>North Carolinian</td><td align="right">                 Fayetteville.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old North State</td><td align="right">                Elizabeth City.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">GEORGIA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Federal Union</td><td align="right">                   Milledgeville.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Southern Recorder</td><td align="center">     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                 "</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">ALABAMA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Mobile Register and Journal</td><td align="right">            Mobile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mobile Daily Advertiser</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;                "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Alabama Tribune</td><td align="center">    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                        "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hannibal Journal</td><td align="right">                     Hannibal.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">MISSISSIPPI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Weekly Jacksonian</td><td align="right">               Holly Springs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vicksburg Weekly Whig</td><td align="right">               Vicksburg.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mississippi Telegraph</td><td align="right">              Louisville.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">OHIO.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Daily Cincinnati Gazette</td><td align="right">           Cincinnati.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Western Reserve Chronicle</td><td align="right">              Warren.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Greenville Banner</td><td align="right">                  Greenville.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buckeye Eagle</td><td align="right">                          Marion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Defiance Democrat</td><td align="right">                    Defiance.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Democratic Herald</td><td align="right">                  Greenville.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Claremount Courier</td><td align="right">                    Batavia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Massillon Telegraph</td><td align="right">                 Massillon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mahoning Index</td><td align="right">                      Canfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Troy Weekly Times</td><td align="right">                        Troy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daily Cleveland Times </td><td align="right">              Cleveland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cleveland Plain Dealer</td><td align="center"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                  "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Democratic Inquirer</td><td align="right">                Portsmouth.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">KENTUCKY.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Western Citizen</td><td align="right">                         Paris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky Flag </td><td align="right">                      Mazeville.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">FLORIDA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Quincy Times</td><td align="right">                           Quincy.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>National Intelligencer</td><td align="right">             Washington.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Union</td><td align="center">    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;                               "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>National Era </td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;                        "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saturday Evening News</td><td align="center">  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;                  "</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The papers above all contained articles relative to General
+Washington or the erection of the proposed National Monument to his
+memory.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Chin Shing and Wu-Kwang, two Chinese patriots, who
+commenced the overthrow of the Tsin dynasty (B. C. 209), remarkable for
+their vigor of character.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Tsau-Tsau destroyed the Han dynasty A. D. 220, and Ling Pi,
+having survived all his own efforts to uphold it, founded the Shuh
+State, which had a short duration.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation has been corrected without note.</p>
+
+<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:<br/>
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page &nbsp; 21: pannels changed to panels</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page &nbsp; 72: Amercan changed to American</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page &nbsp; 76: consituting changed to constituting</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page &nbsp; 85: memoralized changed to memorialized</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page 115: Rorert changed to Robert</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page 118: missing word feet added</span><br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page 123: apostophize changed to apostrophize</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National
+Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37535-h.htm or 37535-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/3/37535/
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/37535-h/images/fixed-ill-003.png b/37535-h/images/fixed-ill-003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22d2b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-h/images/fixed-ill-003.png
diff --git a/37535-h/images/ill-005.png b/37535-h/images/ill-005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b53427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-h/images/ill-005.png
diff --git a/37535-h/images/tp-ill.png b/37535-h/images/tp-ill.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ee3ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535-h/images/tp-ill.png
diff --git a/37535.txt b/37535.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e0e847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4922 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National Monument
+and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society
+
+Author: Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+Release Date: September 25, 2011 [EBook #37535]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+  OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+  AND OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL
+  MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+  BY FREDERICK L. HARVEY, Secretary,
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+
+  PRESS OF
+  NORMAN T. ELLIOTT PRINTING CO.,
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+  1902.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+
+AND OF THE
+
+WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+
+The practical construction of the Washington National Monument, in
+detail, as a work of great engineering skill, is a subject for separate
+account and technical discussion.
+
+The _history_ of the Monument is found in the annals and proceedings of
+Congress and in the records and archives of the Washington National
+Monument Society. This history, in the main, is the history of that
+Society--its original formation, subsequent incorporation by act of
+Congress, and its long continued and patriotic labors to fulfil the
+object of its existence, the erection at the seat of the Federal
+Government of a great Monument to the memory of Washington.
+
+The origin of the Society is to be found in the failure of the National
+Congress, through a long series of years, to redeem a solemn pledge made
+by the Continental Congress, in 1783.
+
+A review of this failure properly precedes any account of the Society or
+of the constructed Monument.
+
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+On the 7th of August, 1783, it was resolved by the Congress "that an
+equestrian statue of General Washington be erected at the place where
+the residence of Congress shall be established." The resolution also
+directed that "the statue should be supported by a marble pedestal on
+which should be represented four principal events of the war in which he
+commanded in person."
+
+On the pedestal were to have been engraved the following words:
+
+  "The United States, in Congress assembled, ordered this statue to be
+  erected in the year of our Lord, 1783, in honor of George
+  Washington, the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the
+  United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured
+  their liberty, sovereignty, and independence."
+
+At this time Washington was beloved by the American people as their
+great leader in their struggle for liberty. But the passage of this
+resolution by Congress was not followed by any legislative action
+looking to its practical execution.
+
+As President of the United States, by his wise administration of the
+affairs of the new-born Republic, he so added to his fame and so won the
+gratitude of his countrymen, that on his death a select joint committee
+of both Houses of Congress was appointed to consider a suitable manner
+of paying honor to his memory.
+
+December 24, 1799, on motion of John Marshall, in the House of
+Representatives, it was resolved by Congress, among other things, "that
+a marble monument be erected by the United States at the City of
+Washington, and that the family of General Washington be requested to
+permit his body to be deposited under it; and that the monument be so
+designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and
+political life."
+
+A copy of the resolutions was sent to his widow by the President of the
+United States. In her reply, acceding to the request, she said:
+
+  "Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me
+  never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I need not, I
+  cannot, say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense
+  of public duty."
+
+The select committee which was appointed to carry into effect the
+foregoing resolution, and of which Mr. Henry Lee was chairman, reported
+on the 8th of May, 1800, that a marble monument be erected by the United
+States, at the Capital, in honor of General Washington, to commemorate
+his services, and to express the feeling of the American people for
+their irreparable loss. It was further directed by this report that the
+resolution of the Continental Congress of August 7, 1783, should be
+carried into immediate execution, the pedestal to bear the inscription
+which that Congress had ordered for it.
+
+Upon considering the report and resolution of the select committee that
+part in reference to the equestrian statue was so amended by Congress as
+to provide that a "mausoleum of American granite and marble, in
+pyramidal form, one hundred feet square at the base and of a
+proportionate height," should be erected instead of it.
+
+To carry these resolves into execution no appropriation was then made;
+but on the 1st of January, 1801, it appears the House of Representatives
+passed a bill appropriating $200,000 to cover the objects of their
+resolution.
+
+The Senate, however, did not concur in this act. The reason, perhaps,
+may be found in the political questions then absorbing the attention of
+Congress and the people, and which continued until the War of 1812.
+
+The subject of a suitable national memorial to Washington now slept
+apparently forgotten until 1816, when it again awoke in the Halls of
+Congress. In the month of February of that year, the General Assembly of
+Virginia instructed the Governor of that State to correspond with Judge
+Bushrod Washington, then proprietor of Mount Vernon, with the object of
+securing his consent to the removal of Washington's remains to Richmond,
+to be there marked by a fitting monument to his memory. Upon learning of
+this action by the General Assembly of Virginia, Congress, being then in
+session, Hon. Benjamin Huger, a member from South Carolina, and who had
+been in the Congress of 1799, moved that a select joint committee of
+both Houses be appointed to carry into effect the proceedings had by
+Congress at the time of Washington's death. In this the Senate
+concurred.
+
+The committee proposed was appointed, and later introduced a bill and
+reported, recommending that a tomb should be prepared in the foundations
+of the Capitol for the remains of Washington, and that a _monument_
+should be erected to his memory. But this plan for the removal of the
+remains failed. Judge Bushrod Washington declining to consent to their
+removal on the ground that they had been deposited in the vault at Mount
+Vernon in conformity with Washington's express wish. "It is his own
+will," said Judge Washington, writing to the Governor of Virginia, "and
+that will is to me a law which I dare not disobey." The recorded action
+in the House of Representatives on this bill was, "And that said bill be
+indefinitely postponed."
+
+No report seems to have been made in the Senate. A vault, however,
+appears to have been prepared for the remains beneath the center of the
+dome and rotunda of the Capitol and beneath the floor of its crypt.
+
+Again did Congress fail to take steps to carry out its deliberate action
+to build a monument to Washington. In 1819, Mr. Goldsborough, in the
+Senate, moved a resolution to erect an equestrian statue to General
+Washington, which passed July 19th. The resolution was read twice in the
+House, referred to Committee of the Whole, and was indefinitely
+postponed.
+
+On the 15th of January, 1824, Mr. James Buchanan, then a member of the
+House of Representatives, and later President of the United States,
+offered to that body the following resolution:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That a committee be appointed whose duty it shall be to
+    inquire in what manner the resolution of Congress, passed on the
+    24th of December, 1799, relative to the erection of a marble
+    monument in the Capitol, at the City of Washington, to commemorate
+    the great events of the military and political life of General
+    Washington may be best accomplished, and that they have leave to
+    report by bill or otherwise."
+
+This resolution, after some discussion, was laid on the table. The hour
+was not propitious, and honor to the memory of Washington was again
+deferred.
+
+In his first annual message to Congress, dated December 6, 1825, the
+President, John Quincy Adams, invited the attention of Congress to its
+unfulfilled pledge in the following language:
+
+  "On the 24th of December, 1799, it was resolved by Congress that a
+  marble monument should be erected by the United States in the Capitol,
+  at the City of Washington; that the family of General Washington should
+  be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it, and that the
+  monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his
+  military and political life. In reminding Congress of this resolution,
+  and that the monument contemplated by it remains yet without execution,
+  I shall indulge only the remarks that the works at the Capitol are
+  approaching completion; that the consent of the family, desired by the
+  resolution, was requested and obtained; that a monument has been
+  recently erected in this city over the remains of another distinguished
+  patriot of the Revolution, and that a spot has been reserved within the
+  walls where you are deliberating for the benefit of this and future
+  ages, in which the mortal remains may be deposited of him whose spirit
+  hovers over you and listens with delight to every act of the
+  Representatives of this Nation which can tend to exalt and adorn his and
+  their country."
+
+But this reminder of the President's went unheeded by the Congress to
+which it was addressed.
+
+Several years now elapsed before the question again arose in Congress of
+a monument to the memory of Washington. On the 13th of February, 1832, a
+report was made to the Senate of the United States by Henry Clay, and to
+the House of Representatives by Mr. Philemon Thomas, chairmen,
+respectively, of committees to make arrangements for celebrating the
+approaching centennial anniversary of Washington's birthday. One of the
+resolutions authorized the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
+the House of Representatives "to make application to John A. Washington,
+of Mount Vernon, for the body of George Washington, to be removed and
+deposited in the Capitol at Washington City, in conformity with the
+resolutions of Congress of the 24th of December, 1799, and that if they
+obtain the requisite consent to the removal thereof they be further
+authorized to cause it to be removed and deposited in the Capitol on the
+22d day of February, 1832."
+
+It will be noted that this resolution does not suggest any connection
+between the removal of the remains and their being deposited under a
+monument, as proposed by the resolution of 1799. At this time, one of
+the standing committees of the House of Representatives, as it appears,
+had under consideration the erection of a marble statue of Washington,
+to be executed by Mr. Horatio Greenough, and which it was proposed to
+place in the centre of the rotunda of the Capitol. The resolution
+providing for this statue had been introduced into the House of
+Representatives in 1830.
+
+Upon the submission of the select committee's resolutions for the
+removal of Washington's remains discussion arose. From a remark by Mr.
+Clay, the purpose seems to have been to place the remains in the vault
+under the center of the rotunda, which had been suggested on a former
+occasion by President Adams, in 1825.
+
+The two Senators and some of the Representatives from Virginia opposed
+the removal of the remains of Washington from Mount Vernon. In the
+discussion Senator Tazewell referred to the application by Virginia in
+1816 for the removal of the remains of Washington to Richmond, to be
+there deposited under a suitable monument. He remarked that Judge
+Washington replied that "it was impossible for him consent to the
+removal unless the remains of one of those dear relations accompanied
+the body."
+
+"Are the remains," asked Mr. Tazewell, "of the husband to be removed
+from the side of the wife? In their lives they lived happily together,
+and I never will consent to divide them in death."
+
+This thought appears to have made so strong an impression on Congress
+that the resolution was altered so as to ask the consent of Mr. John A.
+Washington and that of Mr. George Washington P. Custis, the grandson of
+Mrs. Martha Washington, for the removal and depositing in the Capitol at
+Washington City of her remains at the same time with those of her late
+consort, George Washington.
+
+In response to the purpose of the resolution, Mr. John A. Washington
+felt constrained to withhold his consent by the fact that General
+Washington's will, in respect to the disposition of his remains, had
+been recently carried into full effect. Mr. Custis, however, took a
+different view of that clause in the will, and gave his "most hearty
+consent to the removal of the remains after the manner proposed," and
+congratulated "the Government upon the approaching consummation of a
+great act of national gratitude."
+
+In the debate in the House of Representatives on the resolution and
+accompanying report, Mr. Doddridge, of Virginia, remarked that he was a
+member of the State's legislature when the transaction by it took place
+in 1816, and "he felt entirely satisfied that the resolution for
+removing the remains to Richmond would never have passed the Assembly of
+Virginia but for the loss of all hope that Congress would act in the
+matter."
+
+Mr. Duffie opposed the removal of the remains, saying: "As to a
+monument, rear it; spend upon it what you will; make it durable as the
+pyramids, eternal as the mountains; you shall have my co-operation.
+Erect, if you please, a mausoleum to the memory of Washington in the
+Capitol, and let it be as splendid as art can make it."
+
+The refusal of Mr. John A. Washington to permit the removal of the
+remains of Washington seems to have prompted Mr. Clay to urge the
+adoption of the pending resolution to erect a statue of Washington at
+the Capitol. "An image," he said, "a testimonial of this great man, the
+Father of his Country, should exist in every part of the Union as a
+memorial of his patriotism and of the services rendered his country; but
+of all places, it was required in this Capitol, the center of the Union,
+the offspring, the creation, of his mind and of his labors."
+
+The resolution for the statue of Washington by Greenough was adopted,
+and it was ordered. The statue was made and was placed in the rotunda in
+1841, but subsequently removed into the east park of the Capitol, where
+it now rests.
+
+In 1853, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the erection of an equestrian
+statue of George Washington by Clark Mills.
+
+This statue, in bronze, representing Washington on the line at the
+battle of Princeton, was placed in its present location in the public
+circle at Pennsylvania avenue and Twenty-third street, in the City of
+Washington.
+
+
+THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY.
+
+The resolutions and proceedings of Congress which have been referred to
+having remained unexecuted as late as 1833, certain citizens of the City
+of Washington, whose names were a passport to public confidence, took
+steps in that year to form a voluntary association for erecting "a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government."
+
+In September, 1833, a paragraph appeared in the "National
+Intelligencer," leading paper of the City of Washington, calling for a
+public meeting of the citizens of Washington to take up the matter and
+redeem the pledges of Congress. In response to this call a meeting of
+citizens was held in the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, on the
+26th of September, 1833. There was great interest and earnestness
+manifested on the part of those present in the object of the meeting.
+The oft-repeated failure of Congress to finally act in the matter of
+erecting a monument to Washington was reviewed, and it was deemed almost
+hopeless to expect that body to provide for such a monument in the near
+future.
+
+The meeting resulted in the organization of the Washington National
+Monument Society. Committees were appointed to draft a constitution and
+by-laws, and to report at a future meeting of the citizens and to devise
+a practical plan for the collection of funds and to prepare an address
+to the country.
+
+On October 31 following the second meeting was had, Constitution and
+By-Laws were adopted, and officers were chosen, being nominated by a
+committee and elected by ballot:
+
+John Marshall, the great Chief Justice, then seventy-eight years of age,
+was chosen the first President of the Society, and Judge William Cranch,
+eminent as a learned jurist, as a just and impartial magistrate and for
+the uprightness of his life, was selected as the first Vice-President.
+
+In accepting the office of President of the Society, Mr. Marshall
+replied as follows to the letter of notification addressed to him by
+Judge Cranch:
+
+                                       "RICHMOND, _November 25, 1833_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: I received yesterday your letter of the 22d, informing me
+  that the 'Washington Monument Society' has done me the honor to
+  choose me as its President.
+
+  "You are right in supposing that the most ardent wish of my heart is
+  to see some lasting testimonial of the grateful affection of his
+  country erected to the memory of her first citizen. I have always
+  wished it, and have always thought that the Metropolis of the Union
+  was the fit place for this National Monument. I cannot, therefore,
+  refuse to take any place which the Society may assign me; and though
+  my advanced age forbids the hope of being useful, I am encouraged by
+  the name of the First Vice-President to believe that in him ample
+  compensation will be found for any defects in the President.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I am, dear sir,
+
+                   "Your obd't,
+
+                                                         "J. MARSHALL."
+
+Other officers then chosen were the Mayor of Washington, Second
+Vice-President (at that time John P. Van Ness, formerly a Representative
+in Congress); W. W. Seaton, Third Vice-President; Samuel H. Smith,
+Treasurer; and George Watterston, Secretary. A board of thirteen
+managers was also appointed to correspond in number with the original
+States. This board consisted of Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, Col. Jas.
+Kearney, Col. Nathan Towson, Col. Archibald Henderson, Matthew St.
+Claire Clark, John McClelland, Thomas Munroe, Col. Geo. Bomford, Robert
+C. Weightman, Peter Force, Wm. Brent, Esq., Wm. A. Bradley, and Thomas
+Carbery. Aside from other stated meetings to be provided for, an
+election for officers and managers was to be held every third year on
+the 22d of February.
+
+Of the founders of the Society, the name of George Watterston calls for
+especial mention. With him originated the conception of the enterprise.
+He remained as Secretary of the Society from its beginning to his death,
+in February, 1854, conducting its extensive correspondence, preparing
+its numerous addresses and publications, and it appears, in every branch
+of the Society's business, he devoted his whole time and energies to its
+object with constant, ardent, and effective zeal. To no one name does
+the country owe more in the labor and effort to rear a monument to the
+memory of Washington than to that of the Society's first Secretary. On
+the death of Mr. Watterston he was succeeded in his office by Mr. John
+Carroll Brent, of distinguished family, a gentleman of culture and fine
+scholarship, and who continued actively and patriotically to discharge
+the duties of Secretary until his death, February 11, 1876. It is as
+well here to mention the other and succeeding secretaries of the
+Society, who in turn ardently and effectively aided the work of the
+Society through years. Dr. John B. Blake, a prominent, highly-respected
+resident of the District of Columbia, who served from the year 1876 to
+his death, in October, 1881, and to whose labors before Congress in
+connection with the Society's special committees, the certainty of an
+appropriation by that body to aid in the completion of the monument was
+assured. He was succeeded by Mr. Horatio King, formerly
+Postmaster-General of the United States, who in turn, on his death, was
+succeeded by Dr. Francis M. Gunnell of the United States Navy, and the
+latter by Frederick L. Harvey.
+
+The Society, upon organization, established its headquarters and offices
+in rooms in the basement of the City Hall, and where its office
+remained until the year 1878.
+
+An address was issued to the people of the country invoking them to
+redeem the promise of the Congress. In order that all might have an
+opportunity to contribute the amount to be received from any one person
+was limited to a dollar a year. Agents were everywhere appointed in 1835
+and the ensuing years to collect funds, and care is shown to have been
+taken in their selection by requiring the highest and strongest
+endorsement of their fitness for the work, and as to private character
+and being men of respectability. The archives of the Society show that
+in nearly every instance collectors for a State or Territory were
+nominated to the Society for appointment by the Senators,
+Representatives, or leading men of the State or community. To obtain
+security in the returns front collections, it was required in every case
+that bond should be given by the agent for the faithful performance of
+his duty in accounting to the Treasurer of the Society. This method of
+collecting funds was adhered to until as late as 1855.
+
+The following is the form of a commission that was given to the agents
+of the Society:
+
+  "To all who shall see these presents, Greeting:
+
+  "Know ye, That reposing special trust and confidence in the
+  integrity, diligence, and discretion of ---- ----, the Board of
+  Managers of the Washington National Monument Society do authorize
+  and empower him to receive from the White Inhabitants of the
+  District for which he has been appointed Collector, embracing ----
+  such donations money, not exceeding one dollar each, as they may be
+  disposed to contribute to the erection of a National Monument to
+  the memory of Washington at the seat of the General Government.
+
+  "Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this -- day of
+  ----, 183 .
+
+                                                "WM. CRANCH,
+                                          "_First Vice-President_.
+
+  "Test.
+    "GEO. WATTERSTON,
+             "_Secretary_."
+
+Simultaneous with this commission instructions were given requiring the
+regular rendition of accounts at short intervals, and the deposit of the
+money collected by them in safe banks to the credit of the Treasurer.
+For these services a commission, in most cases of ten per centum (later
+increased to fifteen per centum), was allowed.
+
+In 1835, the President of the Society, John Marshall, died, and he was
+succeeded in the office by ex-President of the United States James
+Madison, who, on accepting the position, addressed the Society as
+follows:
+
+  "I am very sensible of the distinction conferred by the relations in
+  which the Society has placed me; and feeling like my illustrious
+  predecessor, a deep interest in the object of the association, I
+  cannot withhold, as an evidence of it, the acceptance of the
+  appointment, though aware that, in my actual condition, it cannot be
+  more than honorary, and that under no circumstances could it supply
+  the loss which the Society has sustained. A monument worthy the name
+  of Washington, reared by the means proposed, will commemorate at the
+  same time a virtue, a patriotism, and a gratitude truly national,
+  with which the friends of liberty everywhere will sympathize and of
+  which our country may always be proud."
+
+It may be here remarked that upon the death of Mr. Madison the Society
+amended its Constitution so that thereafter the President of the United
+States should be _ex officio_ its President. The first to so occupy the
+office was Andrew Jackson.
+
+The progress of the Society was at first slow, and in 1836 only about
+$28,000 had been collected. This fund was placed in the hands of Gen.
+Nathan Towson, Samuel H. Smith, and Thomas Munroe, gentlemen of the
+highest respectability, members of the Society. Under their faithful and
+judicious management this fund was invested, as also the interest
+accruing on it, in good stocks or securities. This fund was from time to
+time augmented by small amounts raised on special occasions by churches,
+organizations, and meetings of the citizens and collections by agents.
+The financial difficulties of the Union arising in 1837 operated largely
+to suspend collections for the monument for several years despite
+frequent addresses to the people and urgent appeals for funds by the
+Society and activity by its agents.
+
+In this year, 1836, advertisements were published by order of the
+Society inviting designs from American artists, but no limitation was
+placed upon the form of the design. It was determined by the Society,
+and so recommended, that any plans submitted should "harmoniously blend
+durability, simplicity, and grandeur." The estimated cost for the
+proposed monument was not less than one million dollars.
+
+A great many designs were submitted, but the one selected among the
+number was that of Mr. Robert Mills, a well known and eminent architect
+of the times.
+
+This plan, as published to the country, was described in the following
+language:
+
+  _Description of the Design of the Washington National Monument, to
+    be erected at the seat of the General Government of the United
+    States of America, in honor of "the Father of his Country," and the
+    worthy compatriots of the Revolution._
+
+  This design embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded
+  building, 250 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, from which springs
+  a obelisk shaft 70 feet at the base and 500 feet high, making a
+  total elevation of 600 feet.
+
+  This vast rotunda, forming the grand base of the Monument, is
+  surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, being 12 feet in
+  diameter and 45 feet high, elevated upon a lofty base or stylobate
+  of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet square, surmounted by an
+  entablature 20 feet high, and crowned by a massive balustrade 15
+  feet in height.
+
+  The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the
+  pronaos or walk within the colonnade, including the column space, 25
+  feet. The walks enclosing the cella, or gallery within, are fretted
+  with 30 massive antae (pilasters) 10 feet wide, 45 feet high, and
+  71/2 feet projection, answering to the columns in front, surmounted
+  by their appropriate architrave. The deep recesses formed by the
+  projection of the antae provide suitable niches for the reception of
+  statues.
+
+  A tetrastyle portico (4 columns in front) in triple rows of the same
+  proportions and order with the columns of the colonnade,
+  distinguishes the entrance to the Monument, and serves as a pedestal
+  for the triumphal car and statue of the illustrious Chief; the steps
+  of this portico are flanked by massive blockings, surmounted by
+  appropriate figures and trophies.
+
+  Over each column, in the great frieze of the entablatures around the
+  entire building, are sculptured escutcheons (coats of arms of each
+  State in the Union), surrounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded
+  together by festoons of oak leaves, &c., all of which spring (each
+  way) from the centre of the portico, where the coat of arms of the
+  United States are emblazoned.
+
+  The statues surrounding the rotunda outside, under the colonnade,
+  are all elevated upon pedestals, and will be those of the glorious
+  signers of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+  Ascending the portico outside to the terrace level a lofty vomitoria
+  (door way) 30 feet high leads into the cella (rotundo gallery) 50
+  feet wide, 500 feet in circumference and 60 feet high, with a
+  colossal pillar in the centre 70 feet in diameter, around which the
+  gallery sweeps. This pillar forms the foundation of the obelisk
+  column above.
+
+  Both sides of the gallery are divided into spaces by pilasters,
+  elevated on a continued zocle or base 5 feet high, forming an order
+  with its entablature 40 feet high, crowned by a vaulted ceiling 20
+  feet high, divided by radiating archevaults, corresponding with the
+  relative positions of the opposing pilasters, and enclosing deep
+  sunken coffers enriched with paintings.
+
+  The spaces between the pilasters are sunk into niches for the
+  reception of the statues of the fathers of the Revolution,
+  contemporary with the immortal WASHINGTON; over which are large
+  tablets to receive the National Paintings commemorative of the
+  battle and other scenes of that memorable period. Opposite to the
+  entrance of this gallery, at the extremity of the great circular
+  wall, is the grand niche for the reception of the statue of the
+  "Father of his Country"--elevated on its appropriate pedestal, and
+  designated as _principal_ in the group by its colossal proportions.
+
+  This spacious Gallery and Rotunda, which properly may be denominated
+  the "National Pantheon," is lighted in four grand divisions from
+  above, and by its circular form presents each subject decorating it
+  walls in an interesting point of view and with proper effect, as the
+  curiosity is kept up every moment, from the whole room not being
+  presented to the eye at one glance, as in the case of a straight
+  gallery.
+
+  Entering the centre pier through an arched way, you pass into a
+  spacious circular area, and ascend with an easy grade, by a railway,
+  to the grand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the Monument. This
+  terrace is 700 feet in circumference, 180 feet wide, enclosed by a
+  colonnaded balustrade, 15 feet high with its base and capping. The
+  circuit of this grand terrace is studded with small temple-formed
+  structures, constituting the cupolas of the lanterns, lighting the
+  Pantheon gallery below; by means of these little temples, from a
+  gallery within, a bird's eye view is had of the statues, &c., below.
+
+  Through the base of the great circle of the balustrade are four
+  apertures at the four cardinal points, leading _outside_ of the
+  balustrade, upon the top of the main cornice, where a gallery 6 feet
+  wide and 750 feet in circumference encircles the whole, enclosed by
+  an ornamental guard, forming the crowning member on the top of the
+  tholus of the main cornice of the grand colonnade. Within the
+  thickness of this wall, staircases descend to a lower gallery over
+  the plafond of the proanos of the colonnade lighted from above. This
+  gallery, which extends all round the colonnade, is 20 feet
+  wide--divided into rooms for the records of the monument, works of
+  art, or studios for artists engaged in the service of the Monument.
+  Two other ways communicate with this gallery from below.
+
+  In the centre of the grand terrace above described, rises the lofty
+  obelisk shaft of the Monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 500
+  feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet
+  square; at the foot of this shaft and on each face project four
+  massive zocles 25 feet high, supporting so many colossal symbolic
+  tripods of victory 20 feet high, surmounted by fascial columns with
+  their symbols of authority. These zocle faces are embellished with
+  inscriptions, which are continued around the entire base of the
+  shaft, and occupy the surface of that part of the shaft between the
+  tripods. On each face of the shaft above this is sculptured the four
+  leading events in General Washington's eventful career, _in basso
+  relievo_, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50
+  feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the
+  glory which the name of WASHINGTON has attained.
+
+  To ascend to the summit of the column, the same facilities as below
+  are provided within the shaft, by an easy graded gallery, which may
+  be traversed by a railway, terminating in a circular observatory 20
+  feet in diameter, around which at the top is a look-out gallery,
+  which opens a prospect all around the horizon.
+
+  With reference to the area embraced by the foundations and basement
+  of the Monument and the uses to which they may be applied, the
+  underspace outwards, occupied by the lower terrace and colonnade,
+  may be appropriated to the accommodation of the keepers of the
+  Monument, or those having charge of it and attending on visitors.
+
+  These apartments, which are arched, are well lighted and aired, as
+  they are all above ground, the light being disposed in the sunk
+  panels of the stylobate (base). The principal entrance to all these
+  apartments will be from the rear, or opposite side of the portico
+  entrance. The _inner_ space, or that under the grand gallery or
+  Rotundo, may be appropriated to catacombs for the reception of the
+  remains of such distinguished men as the Nation may honor with
+  interment here. This subterranean gallery is so large and lofty that
+  it would accommodate many catacombs.
+
+  In the centre of the Monument is placed the tomb of WASHINGTON, to
+  receive his remains, should they be removed thither, the descent to
+  which is by a broad flight of steps lighted by the same light which
+  illuminates his statue.
+
+The feature of the pantheon surrounding the shaft was never formally and
+finally adopted by the Society as a part of the Monument. The first
+purpose was to erect the shaft and to secure funds to that end.
+
+In this year (1838) the Society addressed a memorial to Congress praying
+that a site be accorded the Monument on the public mall. For this
+purpose a bill was reported in the Senate, which, being under
+consideration in that body, June 15th, caused much debate and adverse
+criticism of the Society and its work.
+
+Mr. Roane, replying to an inquiry of Mr. Allen (Ohio), stated that the
+sum collected by the Society was about $30,000 which was put out at
+interest.
+
+To this Mr. Allen answered that he believed they had collected more than
+that sum in his own State.
+
+Mr. Bayard thought that to erect the Monument on the place proposed
+would be to destroy the whole plan of the mall, and that as far as the
+prospect was concerned, nothing could be more unfortunate. Besides the
+means of the Society were very insignificant compared with the object in
+view, for as they had agents all over the United States collecting
+simultaneously it was to be presumed they had collected all they were to
+get.
+
+Mr. Norvell was satisfied that they (the Society) were incapable of
+meriting the imputation impliedly, he hoped not intentionally, cast upon
+them by the Senator from Ohio. He presumed extensive subscriptions had
+been made to the work, but not yet collected, and that considerable
+expense must have been incurred in the employment of agents. As to the
+location of the site he could say nothing, but he was certain that such
+a monument as proposed ought long since to have been erected to the
+memory of the illustrious Chief under whose guidance this Nation had
+been led to victory, liberty, and independence.
+
+Mr. Hubbard thought the original plan of building the Monument by the
+voluntary contributions of the people ought to be carried out, and that
+the President and the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds ought
+to have nothing to do with it. As to the expense, he said, judging from
+the cost of the Bunker Hill Monument, the $30,000 of the Society would
+not be enough to lay the foundations.
+
+Mr. Morris (Ohio) thought the public ought to be informed why so paltry
+a sum had been contributed; his own county had contributed over $1,000.
+There was a sort of enthusiasm on the subject in Ohio. The Governor had
+issued his proclamation in favor of it, and the _sheriffs_ VOLUNTEERED
+to act as collectors, and judging from _these tokens_ the sum collected
+could not fall short of $30,000 (in Ohio). He also thought the work
+should go on without aid by Congress, and hoped the bill would be laid
+on the table. Mr. Allen, in further remarks said, in substance, he did
+not believe the story that only $30,000 had been collected. He
+considered it a reproach to the liberality of the country. He would vote
+with the boldest to erect a suitable monument to the memory of the
+Father of his country; he would vote a million of dollars, but he
+considered it a reproach to the country to commence work with the paltry
+sum the Society say they had in hand.
+
+On motion of Mr. Morris, the bill was indefinitely postponed.
+
+These proceedings appearing in the daily press, the Society adopted and
+presented the following memorial:
+
+  "_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+  "The Board of Managers of the Washington National Monument Society,
+  having seen in the public prints a statement that representations
+  have been made in your body derogatory to their character, consider
+  it their duty to lay before you an official account of their
+  receipts and expenditures. They hope that the alleged statement is
+  erroneous in ascribing to honorable members of your body imputations
+  on private character which would not, without proof of their
+  correctness, have been hazarded. The respect we entertain for the
+  Senate restrains the expression of feelings which are not, however,
+  the less indignant for this forbearance.
+
+  "We make this communication in the confidence that it will be the
+  means of correcting any honest misapprehensions that may have
+  existed; that it will be gratifying to a body distinguished for its
+  justice to shield honesty from wanton aspersion within its own
+  walls; that it will afford an opportunity to men of honorable
+  feelings, who may be conscious of having cast unmerited reproach on
+  characters, we flatter ourselves, unsullied, to retract them; that
+  more especially, in case the charges be not retracted, it may be
+  lodged among the public archives as evidence as well of their
+  unfounded nature as of the fidelity with which we have discharged
+  duties of a disinterested and elevated nature; and that, if it be
+  deemed expedient, it be printed by your order by such publicity
+  challenging any detection of the slightest departure from truth. We
+  indeed not only hold ourselves amenable to the public, but are ready
+  at any moment to submit our proceedings to the most rigid
+  examination which either House of Congress may see fit to institute.
+
+  "By order of the Board of Managers:
+
+                                                       "PETER FORCE,
+                                               "_Second Vice-President_.
+
+  "GEORGE WATTERSTON,
+               "_Secretary_."
+
+The statement of receipts and _expenditures_ exhibited showed the
+following collections:
+
+  Maine,                $1,600.00
+  Vermont,                  31.95
+  Connecticut,           1,438.61
+  New York,              1,167.21
+  New Jersey,            1,491.61
+  Pennsylvania,          2,102.85
+  Delaware,                361.98
+  Maryland,              3,057.99
+  Virginia,              1,500.00
+  South Carolina,          570.00
+  Kentucky,              1,610.00
+  Ohio,                  6,391.19
+  Louisiana,               701.26
+  Indiana,                 340.00
+  Illinois,                700.00
+  Mississippi,           2,120.00
+  District of Columbia,    836.36
+  Florida,                 227.00
+  Army,                    565.89
+  Navy,                    228.25
+
+Interest on stocks, in which net collections were invested, $1,608.73,
+all of which sums, except $476.67, cash in hand, and the _necessary_
+expenses of the Society, amounting to _only_ $465.56, had been invested
+in productive stocks.
+
+June 19, 1838, Mr. Morris (Ohio) arose in the Senate to a question of
+privilege. He found in a morning paper of the city an editorial
+censuring the course which his colleague and himself had deemed it their
+duty to take with regard to the bill to grant leave to a Society or
+company of gentlemen who have united together to erect a monument to the
+memory of Washington upon a portion of the public grounds in this city.
+* * * The object of his colleague and himself had been to obtain
+information on the subject, and he stated expressly, if in error, he
+wished the error to be corrected by authentic documents, and on that
+account he objected to the bill until it was clearly shown what money
+had been taken up and to what use it had been applied. * * * He was not
+willing to attach the honor of his country to a scheme which, for aught
+he knew, might have been carried on by means of fraud and deception. Yet
+this reasonable _request_ had been trumped up by the morning papers as
+making a grave charge, or at least casting imputations. * * * He said it
+was evident to his mind that the object and design of this publication
+was to produce political effect. It was well known that a majority of
+the Senate were the friends of the administration, and if this article
+could impress the public mind with the belief that those who sustained
+the administration had no regard for the memory of Washington, he had no
+doubt it was expected it would tend to promote individual and _party_
+views. It was a kind of left-handed blow to injure the administration
+and its friends in the Senate by charging them with meanness in refusing
+to accede to the wishes of the Society. But he feared there was another
+motive beside veneration for the name of Washington that prompted the
+agents and managers of this project to be so ardent in their endeavor to
+link themselves and scheme to the public concerns of the country. They
+were reported as having about $30,000. This sum they could easily expend
+on the foundation, or even the first corner-stone of the Monument. They
+could devise a plan for the superstructure that would cost millions of
+dollars, and if they could make this affair a government concern, they
+would insist, no doubt, that the country would be disgraced if the
+building was not completed, and Congress would be solicited and urged to
+appropriate for the purpose with all the force of speech and the
+_blandishments of parties_. Millions would be thus called for, and, in
+his opinion, appropriated if the scheme now in operation can succeed, to
+be expended by a private corporation, whose dependent friends and
+followers would grow rich in the progress of the work. He was totally
+averse to the Government having anything to do in this matter or any
+other in which individuals were also to be concerned. It was this that
+induced him to move postponement of the bill.
+
+Mr. Allen concurred with his colleague. He objected to the bill because
+it placed the construction under the Commissioner of Public Buildings
+and Grounds, and being upon public ground, Congress must appropriate any
+deficiency or the people must be again visited by hosts of traveling
+agents. * * * These he thought sufficient reasons for rejecting the bill
+without division.
+
+Mr. Clay deprecated the irregular discussion, and said that no newspaper
+in the country was conducted with more regard to propriety, decorum,
+truth, and _faithfulness_ of report than the "National Intelligencer,"
+and he could wish that the other journals of this city, and particularly
+the one connected with the Government, would look more to this point for
+example.
+
+Notwithstanding the Society by its memorial had furnished the
+information _requested_ by Mr. Morris, and stood ready for investigation
+of its affairs, the memorial was ultimately laid on the table and the
+matter was dropped.
+
+This debate was noticed in the public press, local and elsewhere. It
+cannot be known what, if any, influence it had throughout the country to
+impair the efforts of the Society in the collection of funds or to
+weaken confidence in the enterprise. Such a result was not improbable.
+
+December 10, 1818, the Society adopted and issued in pamphlet form--
+
+        "AN ADDRESS
+           OF THE
+       BOARD OF MANAGERS
+           OF THE
+  WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT
+           SOCIETY,
+     WITH A STATEMENT OF THE
+   RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES."
+
+This address was sent to the Society's agents and friends of the
+Monument in all parts of the country, which address they were
+"requested," in an accompanying letter, "to diffuse as widely as may be
+without incurring expense."
+
+The measure of the result of the Society's efforts at this period, the
+discouragement met with, and its faith in the work it had undertaken, is
+evidenced by language in this address, which recited, in part:
+
+  "The annexed statement of the sums received and accounted for by
+  them (the agents) shows the measure of their success. This, though
+  various, has, in no instance, equalled the least sanguine
+  expectations. This may be ascribed in some degree to the fundamental
+  feature of the plan itself, which, in limiting the individual
+  subscriptions to one dollar, has been found, excepting in towns, to
+  have involved an expense to the agent nearly, if not quite, equal
+  to the amount collected; while in the larger towns the abortion
+  heretofore of schemes for a like purpose has produced a general
+  impression that this plan would share the same fate. Other causes,
+  some of a temporary, others of a permanent nature, co-operated in
+  leading to this result, of which, perhaps, the most powerful was the
+  general derangement of the currency, and the real or apprehended
+  evils that followed in its train, with the impression that it was
+  the duty of the General Government, out of the vast resources at its
+  command, to effect the object.
+
+  "In reviewing the course of measures pursued, the Board of Managers
+  have satisfaction in perceiving no neglect or omission on their part
+  in discharging the duties assigned them. If an assiduity
+  proportioned to the dignity of the object, a devotion seeking no
+  reward but in the gratification of honest feelings, and an economy
+  attested by the small expenditures for contingent expenses, are the
+  truest evidences of fidelity, they trust that they may, without
+  unworthy imputations, lay claim to this humble virtue. * * * Upon
+  the whole, however great the disappointment of the Board of
+  Managers, they have not abandoned the hope that a plan which, at its
+  inception, was hailed with universal approbation, may yet, with
+  proper modifications, be effected."
+
+It is shown by this address that the amount collected and interest
+accrued on stocks in this year was $30,779.84.
+
+The restriction of a contribution to the sum of one dollar appears to
+have been removed on one occasion in 1839. A committee of the Society,
+having been appointed for the purpose on November 13, 1839, prepared and
+issued a special circular letter, to be sent to the deputy marshals of
+the United States, who shortly were to begin taking the census of the
+country. This appeal recited in part:
+
+  "The measures incident to the approaching census present an
+  opportunity of overcoming this last difficulty (the former
+  limitation of subscriptions). It will be the duty of the deputies of
+  the marshals to see the head of every family; and as the greater
+  portion of their time will be consumed in traveling from one
+  dwelling to another, it is thought that but little additional time
+  will be occupied in submitting a subscription paper for this object
+  at each dwelling and receiving the sums that may be subscribed,
+  whereby an opportunity will be offered to every individual in the
+  United States to promote it by contributions corresponding to their
+  means. There being no limitation in the amount, every man, woman,
+  and child will be enabled to enroll their names by subscriptions
+  according to their ability. The rich will, it is hoped, be
+  munificent in their donations, while from those in inferior
+  circumstances any sum will be thankfully received."
+
+It was proposed to allow these special collectors a commission of twenty
+per cent. on "amounts that may be received and accounted for by a
+deposit in some sound bank to the credit of Samuel H. Smith, Treasurer
+of the Society, together with the transmission to him of the names of
+the contributors, with the respective sums subscribed by them, and the
+certificates of deposits."
+
+The address concluded:
+
+  "The subscription papers may be headed as follows:
+
+  "We, the undersigned, for the purpose of contributing to the
+  erection of a great National Monument at the seat of the General
+  Government, do subscribe the sums placed opposite our names
+  respectively.
+
+  "The favor of an early answer is requested."
+
+Beautiful lithographs, in two sizes, of the design selected for the
+Monument were printed and placed in the hands of the agents of the
+Society as certificates, and in the form of receipts, to be given
+individuals or organizations contributing the sum of one dollar to the
+funds of the Society.
+
+These certificates bore the following words and autograph names on the
+lower margin and beneath the picture of the proposed Monument:
+
+  "Earnestly recommended to the favor of our countrymen,
+
+  Z. TAYLOR,         MILLARD FILLMORE,
+  JAMES K. POLK,     JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,
+  G. M. DALLAS,      DANIEL WEBSTER,
+  H. CLAY,           ALBERT GALLATIN."
+
+
+There was also prepared for distribution through the Society's agents
+other lithographs, portraits of Washington, it being thought the
+contributor might prefer such a portrait to the lithograph of the
+Monument.
+
+The results of this special appeal are to be found in the subsequently
+stated accounts of the Treasurer, but the amounts returned did not meet
+the expectations of the Society.
+
+May 25, 1844, a joint resolution (No. 514) was introduced into the House
+of Representatives, accompanied by a report submitted by Mr. Pratt from
+the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, which provided "that the
+Washington Monument Society, in the City of Washington, be, and they are
+hereby, authorized to occupy that part of reservation _No._ 2, bounded
+by the Canal, B, Seventh and Twelfth streets, south, for the purpose of
+erecting thereon a monument to Washington, under the direction of the
+President of the United States, according to the _design proposed by the
+Committee on Public Buildings_, and to _aid_ the said Society in
+_completing the same_, and for defraying the expense of enclosing the
+grounds, laying out walks and planting trees, the Committee on Public
+Buildings is hereby authorized and required to cause to be laid into
+lots and to sell at auction or otherwise, on condition that three-story
+brick, granite or marble buildings be erected thereon within five years
+from the day of sale, the piece of vacant ground bounded by the circular
+road, New Jersey avenue and B and First streets, north, and the piece of
+ground bounded by the circular road, Delaware avenue, B and F streets,
+south; also twenty-seven lots between the circular road and Third
+street, on Pennsylvania avenue, and twenty-seven lots between the
+circular road and Third street, on Maryland avenue, northwest, or so
+much as shall be necessary to complete the same. The same to be
+designated as 'Monument Square.'"
+
+The report stated, the proposed park would contain about fifty-two
+acres, which it was designed "to fence in and lay out in drives, walks,
+and trees, and to erect thereon a _National Monument_ in the center
+thereof." The position would command a view of all the public buildings,
+particularly from the Monument, "which is to be one hundred and fifty
+feet high," and "devoted to the public as a place of resort where busts,
+statues, and paintings of all the great men connected with the history
+of our country may be seen." The site is nearly opposite to the "Patent
+and Post Office buildings, or center of the city, and but a square or
+two south of the _great_ thoroughfare of the city, the Pennsylvania
+avenue, which, in point of magnitude and of easy approach to our
+citizens, there is no ground in the District, or in any other country,
+which could vie with it as a public square of beauty and recreation."
+
+Lots were to be sold at auction and proceeds used for creating the park,
+as described in the resolution, and "so that preparations may be
+immediately made" for a "site for a _National Monument_, which in the
+course of a few years will become a beautiful resort for the citizens
+and visitors of the District as well as for strangers from all parts of
+the world." The park would have circles and every device of walk, all
+the emblems of the Nation together with forest trees of every State,
+plants, flowers, &c. The construction of a national monument the
+committee regarded as of great interest to the American people. Half a
+century had passed away, and no worthy memorial is found in the Capital.
+The committee recommend the "temple form" as best for a monument, "built
+to contain busts and statues of Presidents and other illustrious men of
+the country, as well as 'paintings' of historical subjects." The
+construction of the Monument "would carry out the views of this Society
+to erect a monument to Washington," and which it is understood will
+apply its funds toward this object "whenever Congress shall authorize
+its erection on some portion of the public ground," the site to be due
+west of the Capitol. The construction was to be under the direction of
+the President of the United States and the Washington Monument Society.
+A plan of the proposed temple form of monument accompanied the report, a
+statue of Washington surmounting its dome.
+
+While the Society at this time was willing to concede a change in the
+form of the Monument, and apply funds collected to speedily realize such
+change, no action by Congress resulted from the report quoted so far as
+authorizing the building of the National Monument suggested by the
+committee or lending aid to the Society, or granting a site for the
+Monument it had projected.
+
+In 1845 the Society removed generally the limitation of one dollar as
+the amount of a subscription. This action seems to have been wise, as
+the later annual gross receipts were for a time greatly increased.
+
+In view of the previous recognition by the Society of this evil of
+limitation of contributions, it is surprising that it was not generally
+removed when it was specially removed for the occasion of the census in
+1840.
+
+In 1846 the Society issued a further address "to the American people,"
+announcing that it had "appointed the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, of Ohio,
+the General Agent of the Society, whose office will be held in
+Washington. To him has been delegated the power of appointing subagents,
+who will receive a commission on the funds they may collect as a
+compensation for their services. * * * It is scarcely necessary to
+remark that the character of the General Agent appointed by the Board of
+Managers to make additional collections for the Monument is such as to
+insure success and produce entire confidence. It is known to the whole
+country; and Mr. Whittlesey's efforts in this new and noble undertaking,
+it is hoped, will be crowned with that success which cannot fail to
+accompany so glorious an object."
+
+It was further said by this address:
+
+  "It may be proper to state for the information of the public that
+  the delay in commencing the Monument has been occasioned by the want
+  of a proper site, which the Board had hoped would long since have
+  been granted by Congress. * * * The Board designed at as early
+  period to commence the Monument, but as no site could be obtained
+  sufficientlyy eligible on any other ground than the public mall,
+  near the Potomac, and as that could only be obtained by a grant from
+  Congress, which has not yet been made, that purpose has been
+  unavoidably postponed until the next session of the National
+  Legislature, when it is believed no objection will be made to allow
+  the Board the use of the ground it desires for so laudable and
+  patriotic an object."
+
+This address, signed by the officers of the Society, James K. Polk, _ex
+officio_ President; Wm. Brent, First Vice-President; Mayor of
+Washington, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; George
+Watterston, Secretary; and by the entire Board of Managers, including
+among the number Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott, Thos. Carbery, Peter Force,
+Philip R. Fendall, Gen. Nathan Townson, Gen. Walter Jones, Col. J.
+Kearney, J. J. Abert, W. A. Bradley, and Thomas Munroe, contained the
+following eloquent language:
+
+  "The pilgrim to Mount Vernon, the spot consecrated by Washington's
+  hallowed remains, is often shocked when he looks upon the humble
+  sepulchre which contains his dust, and laments that no monument has
+  yet reared its lofty head to mark a _Nation's_ gratitude.
+
+  "It is true that the 'storied urn, the animated bust,' or the
+  splendid mausoleum, cannot call back the departed spirit, or 'soothe
+  the dull, cold ear of death;' but it is equally true that it can and
+  does manifest the gratitude and veneration of the living for those
+  who have passed away forever from the stage of life and left behind
+  them the cherished memory of their virtues. The posthumous honors
+  bestowed by a grateful nation on its distinguished citizens serve
+  the further purpose of stimulating those who survive them to similar
+  acts of greatness and of virtue, while the respect and admiration of
+  the country which confers them upon its children are mere deeply and
+  ardently felt. The character of Washington is identified with the
+  glory and greatness of his country. It belongs to history, into
+  which it has infused a moral grandeur and beauty. It presents a
+  verdant oasis on the dreary waste of the world, on which the mind
+  loves to repose, and the patriot and philosopher delights to dwell.
+  Such a being but seldom appears to illustrate and give splendor to
+  the annals of mankind, and the country which gave him birth should
+  take a pride in bestowing posthumous honors on his name. It is not
+  to transmit the name or fame of the illustrious Washington to future
+  ages that a Monument should be erected to his memory; but to show
+  that the People of this Republic at least are not ungrateful, and
+  that they desire to manifest their love of eminent public and
+  private virtues by some enduring memorial which, like the pyramids
+  of Egypt, shall fatigue time by its duration."
+
+The General Agent, Mr. Whittlesey, submitted a plan which was adopted by
+the Society for a systematic collection of funds, which included
+constituting Congressional districts as distinct collection districts,
+and in 1847 a circular letter was addressed to Members of Congress
+respecting the formation of such districts and the appointment of
+collecting agents therein. As formerly, it was required that the
+appointee should be well recommended and endorsed by Representatives,
+Senators, and well-known citizens of the district or State.
+
+It was also determined to specially appeal to the Masonic fraternity of
+the country.
+
+The agents appointed were supplied with properly prepared blank books
+for the autograph enrollment of contributors, which books, when filled
+with names, were to be returned to the office of the Society for deposit
+and safe keeping.
+
+On the request of the Society, Mrs. James Madison, Mrs. John Quincy
+Adams, and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton effected an organization of ladies to
+aid in collecting funds for the proposed Monument. Through appeals,
+entertainments, fairs, and many social functions given for the purpose
+by ladies in various parts of the country, there resulted but a very
+moderate addition to the funds of the Society, but in no way
+commensurate with its expectations in the premises.
+
+On the 29th of February, 1847, the Society adopted the following
+resolution offered by Mr. Brent:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the several Consuls of the United States abroad,
+    and the Pursers of the Navy, be requested by the General Agent to
+    solicit subscriptions for the erection of a suitable National
+    Monument to the memory of Washington from American citizens, seamen,
+    and others of liberal patriotic feelings, and that the Secretary of
+    State and the Secretary of the Navy be respectfully requested, on
+    behalf of the National Washington Monument Society, to cause to be
+    forwarded the letters and papers necessary to accomplish the object
+    embraced in this resolution."
+
+In accordance with this resolve (the consent of the Honorable Secretary
+of State and the Honorable Secretary of the Navy having been given), a
+circular letter was prepared and sent out to the persons named in the
+resolution.
+
+After setting forth the object of the Society, and earnestly appealing
+for funds to accomplish that purpose, the circular stated a compensation
+of 20 per cent. would be allowed on funds collected and faithfully
+accounted for. This circular was accompanied by a supply of "prints," to
+be distributed to subscribers, as follows:
+
+  "Copies of a large portrait of Washington, copied from Stuart's
+  painting in Fanueil Hall, Boston.
+
+  "Copies of the large print of the design of the Monument."
+
+Smaller prints of the same subjects were also furnished.
+
+The subscriber of $5.00 was to receive one of the large prints; of
+$8.00, both the large prints; of $1.00, one of the small prints; and to
+the subscriber of $1.50, both of the small prints.
+
+It was also publicly announced that the corner stone of the Monument
+would be laid "on the 4th of July next, and arrangements will be made to
+give to the ceremony a national character corresponding with the
+character and magnitude of the work."
+
+The accounts of the Treasurer of the Society from time to time show, in
+response to this _special_ appeal, a considerable collection of funds,
+especially among the officers and seamen of the Navy.
+
+In 1847, the aggregate of collections and accumulated interest was some
+$87,000, which amount was deemed sufficient to justify the Society in
+beginning the erection of the Monument.
+
+A resolution was adopted that the corner-stone be laid on the 22d of
+February next "provided that a suitable site can be obtained in time,"
+and a committee was appointed to apply to Congress early in the session
+for a "site on the public mall for the Monument." A committee was also
+appointed to ascertain "the best terms on which a suitable site on
+private grounds within the limits of the City of Washington can be
+obtained."
+
+Before the latter committee reported, in response to the memorial by the
+Society to Congress, desiring action by that body to accord a site for
+the Monument, on the 31st of January, 1848, Congress passed a resolution
+authorizing the Washington National Monument Society to erect "a
+Monument to the memory of George Washington upon such portion of the
+public grounds or reservations within the City of Washington, not
+otherwise occupied, as shall be selected by the President of the United
+States and the Board of Managers of said Society as a suitable site on
+which to erect the said Monument, and for the necessary protection
+thereof."
+
+January 23, 1848, General Archibald Henderson, Lieut. M. F. Maury, and
+Mr. Walter Lenox were appointed a committee to make the necessary
+arrangements to lay the corner-stone, but it being found impossible to
+make arrangements for that ceremony on the 22d of February, on the 29th
+of January it was postponed until July 4th following.
+
+
+SITE OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+The site selected under the authority of the resolution of Congress was
+the public reservation, numbered 3, on the plan of the City of
+Washington, containing upwards of thirty acres, where the Monument now
+stands, near the Potomac river, west of the Capitol and south of the
+President's House. The deed was executed on the 12th day of April, 1849,
+and was duly recorded among the land records of the District of Columbia
+on the 22d day of February, 1849.
+
+This deed was executed by James K. Polk, President of the United States,
+"and in testimony of the selection as aforesaid of the said reservation,
+numbered three (3), for the purpose aforesaid," was also signed by
+William Brent, First Vice-President; W. W. Seaton, Second
+Vice-President; Archibald Henderson, Third Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer; George Watterston, Secretary; and Peter Force; the
+signing being "in the presence of Winfield Scott, Nathan Towson, John.
+J. Abert, Walter Jones, Thomas Carbery, W. A. Bradley, P. R. Fendall,
+Thomas Munroe, Walter Lenox, M. F. Maury, Thomas Blagden."
+
+As to the reasons for the selection of this particular site, we find
+them stated by the Society in an address to the country, in later years,
+as follows:
+
+  "The site selected presents a beautiful view of the Potomac; is so
+  elevated that the Monument will be seen from all parts of the city
+  and the surrounding country, and, being a public reservation, it is
+  safe from any future obstruction of the view. It is so near the
+  river that materials for constructing the Monument can be conveyed
+  to it from the river at but little expense; stone, sand, and lime,
+  all of the best kind, can be brought to it by water from convenient
+  distances; and marble of the most beautiful quality, obtained at a
+  distance of only eleven miles from Baltimore, on the Susquehanna
+  railroad, can be brought either on the railroad or in vessels. In
+  addition to these and kindred reasons, the adoption of the site was
+  further and impressively recommended by the consideration that the
+  Monument to be erected on it would be in full view of Mount Vernon,
+  where rest the ashes of the Chief; and by evidence that Washington
+  himself, whose unerring judgment had selected this city to be the
+  Capital of the Nation, had also selected this particular spot for a
+  Monument to the American Revolution, which in the year 1795 it was
+  proposed should be erected or placed at the 'permanent seat of
+  Government of the United States.' This Monument was to have been
+  executed by Ceracchi, a Roman sculptor, and paid for by
+  contributions of individuals. The same site is marked on Major
+  L'Enfant's map of Washington City for the equestrian statue of
+  General Washington, ordered by Congress in 1783, which map was
+  examined, approved, and transmitted to Congress by him when
+  President of the United States."
+
+It may be here remarked, with reference to the site selected for the
+Monument, that the foundations were laid but a short distance to the
+east of the meridian line, run, at the instance of President Jefferson,
+by Nicholas King, surveyor, October 15, 1804. The report of Mr. King, as
+found in the Department of State, bears the endorsement, "to be filed in
+the office of State as a record of demarcation of the first meridian of
+the United States." This line, by the President's instructions, passed
+through the center of the White House, and where it intersected a line
+due east and west through the center of the Capitol a small monument or
+pyramid of stones was placed--an object which disappeared about the year
+1874, in the process of improving the Monument grounds. It would also
+appear that the center of the District of Columbia, within its original
+lines, was not far removed northwestward from the Monument as it stands,
+being near the corner of Seventeenth and C streets, N.W., 1,305 feet
+north and 1,579 feet west of the Monument. (National Geographic
+Magazine, vol. 6, p. 149.)
+
+It does not appear, however, that these latter existing facts were in
+any manner considered by the Board of Managers in the selection of the
+site for the Monument.
+
+The corner-stone for the Monument, a block of marble weighing
+"twenty-four thousand five hundred pounds," was quarried and presented
+to the Society by Mr. Thomas Symington, of Baltimore, Md. On its arrival
+in the city, the stone was enthusiastically drawn to the site of the
+Monument by many workmen from the navy yard, and other persons.
+
+In planning the ceremonies to occur on the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Monument, the Society invited ex-President John Quincy Adams to
+deliver the oration, but the invitation, however, was regretfully
+declined by Mr. Adams on account of the state of his health.
+
+Hon. Daniel Webster being requested to deliver the oration declined
+because of pressure of business and the shortness of the time allowed in
+which to prepare one.
+
+Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, Speaker of the House of
+Representatives, being then requested consented to deliver the oration.
+
+Invitations were sent by the committee of arrangements to Mrs. Alexander
+Hamilton, Mrs. Dolly P. Madison, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Martin Van
+Buren, Millard Fillmore, Lewis Cass, General Sam Houston, Chief Justice
+Taney, George Washington Parke Custis, and other distinguished persons
+to attend the ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone. The replies
+received indicate the interest of those invited in the erection of the
+Monument to Washington.
+
+For the occasion transportation lines entering the District of Columbia
+reduced their usual rates of travel.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1848, under a bright sky, in the presence of the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, Senators and
+Representatives in Congress, Heads of Executive Departments, and other
+officers of the Government, the Judiciary, Representatives of Foreign
+Governments, the corporate authorities of Washington, Georgetown, and
+Alexandria, military commands, associations of many descriptions,
+delegations from States and Territories and from several Indian tribes,
+and a great multitude of citizens, the corner-stone was laid.
+
+The Rev. Mr. McJilton offered the consecration prayer, and the oration,
+lofty and eloquent, was delivered by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+Mr. Benj. B. French, Grand Master of the Masonic Fraternity of the
+United States, then delivered a beautiful and appropriate address, after
+which he descended to the corner-stone and performed the Masonic
+ceremonies of laying it.
+
+The gavel used was that employed by George Washington, as Master Mason,
+in the Masonic ceremonies in the laying of the corner-stone of the
+National Capitol. A patriotic song, written by Robert Treat Paine, was
+sung, after which the benediction was pronounced.
+
+The corner-stone was laid at the northeast angle of the foundation.
+Among the distinguished guests on the stand at the laying of the
+corner-stone were Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (then ninety-one years old),
+Mrs. Dolly Paine Madison, George Washington Parke Custis, and others of
+eminence.
+
+The proceedings are thus discussed in the papers of the times:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "The day was fine. The rain had laid the dust and infused a
+  delicious freshness in the air. The procession was extensive and
+  beautiful. It embraced many military companies of our own and our
+  sister cities--various associations, with their characteristic
+  emblems; the President and Cabinet and various officers of the
+  Executive Departments; many of the Members of Congress; citizens and
+  strangers who had poured into the city. When the lengthened
+  procession had reached the site of the Monument they were joined by
+  a whole cortege of ladies and gentlemen; and we are free to say we
+  never beheld so magnificent a spectacle. From 15,000 to 20,000
+  persons are estimated to have been present, stretched over a large
+  area of ground from the southern hill, gradually sloping down to the
+  plain below."
+
+
+  "In a hollow spread with boards and surrounded with seats the
+  crowd gathered. Around two sides of this space were high and
+  solidly-constructed seats, hired out to spectators, covered with
+  awnings, and affording a favorable position for seeing and hearing.
+  A temporary arch was erected, covered with colored cotton and
+  suitably embellished. But its most attractive ornament was a living
+  American eagle, with its dark plumage, piercing eye, and snowy head
+  and tail, who seemed to look with anxious gaze on the unwonted
+  spectacle below. This is the same eagle which in Alexandria
+  surmounted the arch of welcome there erected to Lafayette; and to
+  complete its honors and its public character, it has since been
+  entrusted to M. Vattemare, to be presented to the National Museum in
+  Paris. He is now forty years old."
+
+
+  "The fireworks (at night) exhibited on the same theatre, and
+  prepared by the pyrotechnists of the navy yard, were admirable
+  beyond description. They were witnessed by an immense multitude.
+  The President's reception at night in the East Room was very
+  numerously attended. Thus passed one of the most splendid and
+  agreeable days Washington has ever witnessed."
+
+
+Objections having been from time to time urged against the plan of the
+Monument, the Society, early in 1848, appointed a committee to consider
+them. In April of that year, pursuant to a report of a committee of its
+members, the Society fixed upon a height of 500 feet for the shaft,
+leaving in abeyance the surrounding pantheon and base. And this
+modification continued to be the plan of the Monument until it was again
+altered at a later period.
+
+The corner-stone laid, the Society began active operations to raise the
+shaft, which were most vigorously prosecuted. The purchase of materials
+and the general construction of the Monument, embracing the employment
+of labor, skilled and common, were committed by the Society to three of
+their number, denominated a Building Committee.
+
+The members of this committee devoted much of their time patriotically
+to the duties assigned them, held weekly meetings during several years,
+and served without any sort of compensation whatever.
+
+With a view of having the States of the Union properly represented in
+the Monument, the Society extended an invitation for each State to
+furnish for insertion in the interior walls a block of marble or other
+durable stone, a production of its soil, of the following dimensions:
+Four feet long, two feet high, and with a bed of from twelve to eighteen
+inches, the name of the State to be cut thereon in large letters, and,
+if desirable to the donor, the State's coat of arms also. Later, this
+invitation to contribute memorial blocks of stone was extended to
+embrace such a gift from a foreign government.
+
+In response to these invitations were received from time to time the
+many rich and durable blocks which now adorn the interior walls of the
+shaft, in themselves smaller but not less impressive monuments to the
+memory of Washington.
+
+In about six years from the laying of the corner-stone the Monument had
+reached the height of 156 feet, not quite one-third of its ultimate
+modified elevation. During this period the Society continued most
+actively at work in the raising of funds to carry the Monument forward.
+
+An appeal to the people was adopted and issued by the Society in 1848,
+immediately after the laying of the corner-stone, in which the past
+history of the work was given, what was desired and in contemplation to
+do, and an urgent request for contributions was made, and an eloquent
+reference to Washington was embodied.
+
+In June, 1849, a special appeal for contributions, to be made in all
+parts of the country on the ensuing 4th of July, was issued, and
+everywhere distributed.
+
+Another special appeal was made in this year, which recited, among other
+things--
+
+  "The scholars and pupils, male and female, of all the institutions
+  of learning, and the public and private schools in this country, are
+  requested to make such _monthly_ contributions as may be convenient
+  towards the erection of the Monument till it shall be completed. It
+  is estimated that there are about 3,000,000 of pupils of all ages in
+  the United States, and the monthly contribution of even _one cent_
+  by each would alone, in a few years, complete the structure now in
+  progress. The assistance of the principals and teachers in these
+  schools, however, will be essential, and the Board would be thankful
+  if they would lend their aid to carry out this plan by making such
+  collections monthly, and transmitting the amount collected to the
+  Treasurer or to the General Agent of the Society here," &c.
+
+February 5, 1850, the Society adopted the following resolution:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That in view of the liberal contributions made by two
+    of the banks of the City of Washington, the General Agent be
+    requested to address a circular letter to the several banking
+    institutions of the United States, bearing the signatures of the
+    Board of Managers, soliciting from them contributions to the
+    erection of the Monument."
+
+In accordance with this resolve a circular letter was issued March 1,
+1850, appealing to all banks for contributions.
+
+In May, 1850, circular letters were sent to all deputy marshals of the
+United States who were to be employed in taking the census then at hand,
+soliciting their aid in the collection of funds while engaged in the
+enumeration of the people, and offering a commission of 15 per cent. on
+the amount collected to each collector, following in this plan the one
+pursued in 1840. A further general appeal was also printed and
+distributed everywhere.
+
+Early in 1851 the following resolution was adopted by the Society:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That a circular be addressed in the name of this Board
+    to the respective Grand Lodges of the Masonic and Odd Fellows'
+    fraternities and Grand Divisions of the Sons of Temperance in the
+    United States, requesting that arrangements be made to obtain such
+    periodical contributions as they may deem proper, to be applied to
+    the erection of the Washington National Monument, until the same
+    shall be completed."
+
+Accordingly, an appeal was issued to the bodies mentioned in the
+resolution.
+
+In January, 1852, pursuant to a resolution of the Society, the military
+organizations of the country were specially called upon for
+contributions.
+
+In 1853, another urgent and general appeal was put forth for funds, to
+be given by the Masonic bodies of the country.
+
+In 1854, there was another general address to the country, similar in
+character to former appeals, and a special appeal was sent to the
+officers of the Navy of the United States, invoking their co-operation
+and aid in raising money to carry on the work of building the Monument.
+
+The tangible result of these general and special appeals for funds was
+far short of hope. The funds collected went into the treasury of the
+Society, and were at once expended to meet the current and contract
+obligations of the work of building the Monument.
+
+
+STONE FROM ROME.
+
+In this year an act occurred at the Monument which created much
+indignation and excitement in the District, and was the subject of much
+public discussion throughout the country.
+
+The facts furnished to the press by the Society, after an investigation
+by it, were reported thus in the "Daily National Intelligencer" on March
+8, 1854:
+
+  "A deed of barbarism was enacted on Monday morning last, between one
+  and two o'clock, by several persons (number not known, but supposed
+  to be from four to ten), which will be considered as belonging
+  rather to some of the centuries considerably in our rear than to the
+  better half of the boasted Nineteenth Century. We refer to the
+  forcible seizure from its place of deposit, in a shed at the
+  Washington Monument, of a block of marble sent hither from Rome, a
+  tribute to the memory of Washington by the Pontiff, and intended to
+  become a part of the edifice now erecting to signalize his name and
+  glory. It originally stood in the Temple of Concord at Rome, was of
+  beautiful texture, and had for its dimensions a length of three
+  feet, height of eighteen inches, and thickness of ten inches. The
+  account we hear of the matter is this: That at about the time above
+  mentioned several men suddenly surrounded the watch box of the night
+  watchman, and passed a cord, such as is used for clothes lines,
+  around the box, and piled stones against the door, calling to the
+  man within that if he kept quiet he would not be injured, at the
+  same time they pasted pieces of newspapers on the two or three
+  window openings that commanded the particular shed containing the
+  fated block, so as to prevent the watchman from seeing their
+  operations. They then removed one of the strips in front of the
+  place where the block stood, and passing in and out by the opening
+  carried it off by placing it on a hand cart used about the premises.
+  There is no doubt they took the block to the river side, not less
+  than a quarter of a mile off, and pitched it over the steep bank
+  upon the river beach, where they enjoyed a favorable opportunity of
+  breaking it up undiscovered or boating it off into the river, which
+  they probably did after defacing it. All this went on, it seems,
+  without effective remonstrance from the watchman, although he had
+  with him a double-barrel shot gun loaded with buck shot, and the
+  operations at the shed were within easy shot. As for the pasting on
+  the windows, there was nothing in that, for they slid up and down
+  like the sashes of an omnibus. These proceedings, the watchman says,
+  took place about half-past one; but he gave no notice of it to the
+  family residing at the Monument until four. For these and other
+  similar reasons he has been suspended."
+
+A meeting of the Society was held on the 7th of March in reference to
+this vandalism, and it was resolved to offer a reward to discover the
+perpetrators. Accordingly, the following advertisement appeared in the
+"Daily National Intelligencer" on March 8th:
+
+    "$100 REWARD. The Board of Managers of the Washington National
+    Monument Society will pay the above reward of $100 for the arrest
+    and conviction of the person or persons who, on the night of the 5th
+    instant, stole and destroyed a block of marble contributed to said
+    Monument."
+
+This advertisement availed nothing as to the discovery of the guilty
+persons. It was understood to have been the work of persons belonging to
+the party styled "Know-Nothings;" one of their professions being
+opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and any political preference of
+its members. It was not thought the persons were generally depraved
+characters, but, on the contrary, were supposed to be identified with
+the respectable part of the community. From the time of the reception of
+this stone from Rome by the Society until its destruction, there had
+been frequent expressions in a portion of the daily press in opposition
+to its being placed in the Monument, and the Society had received many
+protesting letters and, in some instances, long petitions from various
+parts of the country, numerously signed, urging that the stone be not
+used by the Society, as it was representative of the Roman Church, &c.
+
+Many petitions from New Jersey recited:
+
+  "We, the undersigned, citizens of ----, in the State of New Jersey,
+  believing the proffer of a block of marble recently made by the Pope
+  of Rome to this country for the Washington Monument to be totally
+  inconsistent with the known principles of that despotic system of
+  government of which he is the head; that the inscription, 'Rome to
+  America,' engraved upon it, bears a significance beyond its natural
+  meaning; that the construction is an artful stratagem, calculated to
+  divert the attention of the American people for the present from his
+  animosity to republican institutions by an outward profession of
+  regard; that the gift of a despot, if placed within those walls, can
+  never be looked upon by true Americans but with feelings of
+  mortification and disgust; and believing that the original design of
+  the structure was to perpetuate the memory of Washington as the
+  champion of American liberty, its national character should be
+  preserved, do therefore most earnestly protest against the placing
+  of said stone within the Monument, or any other stone from any other
+  than a republican government."
+
+But the Society was not organized on sectarian or political lines, and
+to the opposition and protests no heed was given. The Society was
+composed of men of different political beliefs and church affiliations.
+
+The immediate effect of the destruction of the "Pope's stone" was to
+anger a large body of the citizens of the country, members of the
+Catholic Church, and then, and for a long time afterward, to estrange
+any interest they had had in the building of the Monument, and to this
+extent to impair the field for the collection of funds for the Monument.
+
+It has never been certainly known what the precise fate of the stone
+was, though occasional uncorroborated statements of individuals,
+alleging knowledge of or participation in its destruction, have been
+made as to it. But their variance has rendered them of no value.
+
+The further collection of funds for the Monument was not only curtailed
+by the destruction of the Pope's stone, but the political and business
+conditions of the country in 1854 caused a great falling off in
+contributions. The Monument had now reached a height of 153 feet above
+the foundation, and the Society had expended on the entire structure
+$230,000. The funds being now practically exhausted, and all its efforts
+to obtain further sums proving abortive in this year, 1854, the Society
+presented a memorial to Congress representing that they were unable to
+devise any plan likely to succeed in raising the requisite means, and
+under the circumstances asked that Congress might take such action as it
+deemed proper.
+
+In the House of Representatives the memorial was referred to a select
+committee of thirteen members, appointed under a resolution July 13th,
+of which committee the Hon. Henry May, of Maryland, was chairman.
+
+By a previous order, Mr. May, on the 22d of February, 1855, made an
+eloquent and able report to the House, in which, after a careful
+examination of the whole subject, the proceedings of the Society were
+reviewed and approved, and an appropriation of $200,000 by Congress was
+recommended "on behalf of the people of the United States to _aid_ the
+funds of this Society." There was no suggestion made that Congress
+should assume the completion of the Monument; the Society were to
+continue actively in the work they had been prosecuting. Congress would
+make simply a donation to the funds. The sum proposed was the same in
+amount which the House of Representatives, by their resolution of
+January 1, 1801, had agreed to appropriate for erecting a mausoleum to
+Washington, in the City of Washington. The report referred to the
+Society and its work in the following terms of approval:
+
+  "The Society was organized on an admirable plan, and its officers
+  undertook the duties assigned them by its Constitution, and have, as
+  your committee are well satisfied, faithfully performed them.
+
+  "The funds were to be collected in all parts of the United States;
+  and agents as competent and as faithful as could be found were
+  appointed, after giving bond for the performance of their duties.
+  These agents were sent to all parts of the country, and
+  contributions were commenced and continued by the subscription of
+  $1.00 for each person. This plan was adopted in order that all might
+  have the opportunity to contribute.
+
+  "In the appointment of these agents a careful scrutiny was exercised
+  by the Society, and undoubted recommendations of both character and
+  capacity were in every case required, and though an opinion may
+  prevail in some parts of the country to the contrary, your committee
+  are satisfied that these agents generally proved to be worthy of the
+  confidence reposed in them. Of the large number employed but two of
+  them failed to account for the money collected, and legal measures
+  resorted to promptly by the Society against their bonds have, in one
+  of these instances, obtained the full amount of the liability.
+
+  "It may well be questioned if any Society executing a plan for
+  collecting money so extensively has met with equal success in
+  justifying the integrity of its agents, and it is pleasing to state
+  that not one cent of the funds received by the Society has at any
+  time been lost by investment or otherwise."
+
+This report, recommending "that the sum of two hundred thousand dollars
+should be subscribed by Congress on behalf of the people of the United
+States to aid the funds of the Society" was submitted to the House with
+every assurance of its adoption, and that the appropriation recommended
+would be made. But an unfortunate occurrence arose, news of which, upon
+reaching Mr. May upon the floor, occasioned a suspension of further
+consideration of the report, and the whole matter was laid upon the
+table. The occurrence was the result of "a plot, secretly contrived and
+suddenly disclosed, to reverse the principles on which the Society had
+uniformly acted, and to degrade an enterprise, sacred to patriotism and
+humanity, into an instrument of party or sect." On the day the report of
+Mr. May was submitted to the House of Representatives, "a crowd of
+persons assembled at the City Hall and there voted for seventeen
+individuals, named in a printed ticket, to be officers and managers of
+'the' Society. The only previous announcement of this proceeding was
+notice signed 'F. W. Eckloff, clerk W. N. M. Society,' and published on
+the evening of the 21st of February in the American Organ' and the
+'Evening Star,' and on the morning of the 22d in the `National
+Intelligencer.' On the 24th of February the result of the election was
+proclaimed in the Press," by which it appeared 755 votes were cast,
+resulting in the election of the following officers: Vespasian Ellis,
+First Vice-President; George H. Plant, Second V. P.; Charles C. Tucker,
+Secretary; John M. McCalla, Treasurer; and the following Board of
+Managers: Samuel S. Briggs, French S. Evans, Henry Addison, Charles R.
+Belt, Joseph H. Bradley, J. N. Craig, Thomas D. Sandy, Samuel C. Busey,
+James A. Gordon, Robert T. Knight, Samuel E. Douglass, Joseph Libbey,
+Sr., Thomas A. Brooke.
+
+This pretended election was not had according to the Constitution of the
+Society. The constitutional time of election was every third year from
+the year 1835, and the last election had been held in 1853.
+
+It was the province of the Secretary of the Society to issue all notices
+of meetings, and the clerk (Eckloff), a mere recorder and messenger, had
+no color of authority to issue any such notice. The last regular weekly
+meeting of the Society was held on the 20th of February, and it had then
+adjourned to meet on the 27th of that month. Of the 755 votes cast all
+were given to each of the seventeen persons elected, except one, who
+received 754 votes, and not one of the persons elected was a member of
+the existing board. This election was carried on certificates of
+membership, which could be obtained from the Society or its agents on
+the payment of one dollar, but which were issued without any knowledge
+of the Society, and no money representing them was ever received by its
+Treasurer.
+
+Abundant evidence shows that the plan of this election was "silently yet
+solemnly resolved," and framed in the secret lodges of the
+"Know-Nothing" or American party of that day, its object being to
+transfer the entire and exclusive management into its own hands, and to
+oust every other description of citizens from participation in the
+trust.
+
+On the 24th of February, the existing Society held a special meeting,
+protesting against the pretended election of February 22d, and appointed
+a committee "to investigate the existing state of things and report
+thereon at the next regular meeting."
+
+The committee reported at a meeting of the Society on the 27th of
+February, and in accordance therewith adopted resolutions declaring
+"that the election held on the 22d instant of officers and managers of
+the Washington National Monument Society was in direct violation of the
+Constitution of said Society, and therefore null and void; that this
+Board, being by virtue of the Constitution of the Washington National
+Monument Society, the existing Board of Managers, and as such charged
+with a trust of the most solemn character, in behalf of the American
+people cannot voluntarily surrender the same; that the above resolutions
+be communicated to the gentlemen claiming under the election of the 22d
+instant, and that we propose that an amicable suit be instituted for the
+purpose of testing the rights of the two parties."
+
+Replying to a transmitted copy of these resolutions, the "Know-Nothing"
+board adopted resolutions not admitting any right in "the late Board of
+Managers" to participate in the "administration of this Society other
+than as _members_ thereof," and appointed a committee of three persons
+"to confer with those gentlemen in response to the resolutions received
+from them to-day, and that they report to the next meeting of this
+Board."
+
+The two committees met on the 3d of March, but were unable to agree on
+terms of arrangement, the committee of the "Know-Nothing" board adhering
+to a refusal to submit the dispute to judicial decision.
+
+The Superintendent in charge of the Monument, William Dougherty,
+declining to recognize the authority of the pretended board or to
+surrender possession of any of the buildings on the Monument grounds to
+the new superintendent appointed by it, on the evening of the 9th of
+March these buildings were forcibly taken possession of in its name, and
+the "new" superintendent was installed in place. Thereafter, for several
+years, the Society had no further communication with the "Know-Nothing"
+board, and published in the daily press a full account of the
+controversy, which demonstrated the illegality of the organization of
+the board in usurped possession. Arrangements were also made to secure a
+decision by the courts in the premises. The Society's agents were also
+advised of the existing conditions. Being bonded, no moneys collected by
+them were paid to the treasurer of the "Know-Nothing" board, which board
+shortly issued the following address, thereby stamping its character:
+
+  "BRETHREN OF THE AMERICAN PARTY:
+
+  "For twenty years past a voluntary association has existed in this
+  city, formed for the purpose of raising funds to erect a monument to
+  WASHINGTON. It was founded on the scheme of voluntary contributions
+  among the people of the United States, in such sums as would enable
+  every citizen to contribute towards it. After years of patient
+  waiting, a sufficient amount was accumulated to justify them in
+  adopting a plan and beginning the work. A plan was adopted of a
+  single shaft of white marble, of four equal sides, having a base 55
+  feet square, and rising to the height of 600 feet, diminishing
+  gradually from base to top, and to be 33 feet square at the top. The
+  base is to be a pantheon, surrounded by columns and ornamented by
+  statues. The interior of the Monument is a square chamber: the
+  walls, 15 feet in thickness, are composed of the solid blue stone of
+  the Potomac in large masses, faced on the outside with white marble
+  18 inches thick, firmly bonded at every course into the blue stone.
+  The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1848. The structure
+  has reached the height of 170 feet at a cost of upward of $230,000.
+  And it appears to be firm as the materials of which it is composed.
+
+  "Last year the contributions were wholly insufficient to keep up the
+  ordinary progress of the work, and the managers were constrained to
+  apply to Congress for aid. In the course of its construction they
+  had thought it expedient and proper to receive not only
+  contributions in money from every quarter of the globe, but they
+  invited contributions in ornamented stones, to be placed, under the
+  direction of the architect, in the face of the wall of the chamber.
+  Among others, a stone sent from the Pope of Rome, and was received
+  by the managers, to be placed, as the others, in some conspicuous
+  place.
+
+  "It was an American Monument, and its construction and management
+  was said to be mainly in the hands of Catholics and foreigners.
+  Complaints were also made of the administration of the association,
+  and of the expenditures and losses in the collections of funds. For
+  these and divers other causes, the Americans of this District
+  resolved in their respective Councils that this work ought to be
+  typical of their Government, completed by the free act of the
+  People, under the direction and by the hands of the natives.
+  Accordingly, at the election held on the 22d of February last, they
+  nominated and elected a ticket of their own Order, who now have the
+  control of the work.
+
+  "It will require at least one million of dollars to complete it as
+  it was originally designed, and that sum must be raised by the
+  Councils of our Order, or we must suffer indelible disgrace and
+  become a bye-word. There are enrolled in the Order at this time not
+  less than two millions of freemen. A contribution of fifty cents
+  from each, a sum within the reach of every member, will effect it.
+  There may be some too poor--there cannot be any too mean or too
+  insensible to the obligation upon them--to give this sum. If this
+  shall be so, we have adopted a plan by which that difficulty may be
+  met. For every contribution of one dollar, a certificate of
+  membership is to be issued to the person in whose name the
+  subscription is made. It is therefore proposed that collections
+  shall be made in each Council throughout the Nation in such manner
+  as each may deem most expedient, and the money remitted to JOHN M.
+  McCALLA, Esq., Treasurer of the National Monument, accompanied by a
+  letter addressed to CHARLES C. TUCKER, Secretary of the National
+  Monument, stating the amount thus forwarded, and transmitting a list
+  of the names to whom a certificate for each dollar thus paid in is
+  to be sent. For each single subscription of five dollars a handsome
+  engraved plate of the Monument, of large size, will be sent.
+
+  "But, Brethren, while the sum of fifty cents from each member of the
+  Order may be barely sufficient to complete the structure, it will
+  take as much more to finish the work and the grounds, and leave a
+  surplus to be invested and yield an interest to keep it in repair
+  end defray the incidental annual expenses.
+
+  "We have pledged the American party to this work. We have taken the
+  great step of overthrowing, on this pledge, the administration which
+  has preceded us, and which not only failed but went as beggars to
+  Congress to ask legislative aid for that which loses all merit,
+  unless it be the free-will offering of grateful hearts.
+
+  "Have we done right?
+
+  "Brothers, we come to you to demand your aid in this great work to
+  which we have been appointed, and to which, through us, you are
+  pledged. We do not come alone. Our brethren in the District of
+  Columbia, beneath the walls of the Presidential Mansion, from which
+  a frowning brow is ever turned upon us--these brethren, moved by the
+  sacred fire that ever burns in their hearts, the altars of
+  patriotism, defying the scorn and contumely and lust of those
+  temporarily in power, have come up freely to our aid. They have set
+  to you, the free citizens of free States, with power to remove and
+  bring to account those who dare to turn a wrathful eye on the
+  movements of those native to the soil--to you in every sense
+  Freemen--they have set a bright and glorious example. May you walk
+  by its light. The Councils in this the heart of the Nation--yet not
+  one of its members--our Councils have, with wondrous unanimity,
+  resolved to contribute _one dollar_ for each member enrolled in each
+  separate Council. Let it go forth--publish it wherever in this broad
+  land, those born beneath the stars and stripes, the glorious banner
+  of our Union, have met, or shall meet, to resolve that Americans
+  must and shall govern America. Ring it in the ear of the
+  slothful--breathe it into the heart of the earnest--the native
+  Americans in Council, in the District of Columbia, have resolved to
+  contribute a dollar for each member toward the completion of the
+  work; and they have already begun their contributions.
+
+  "Brethren, it is a national work--it is the heaped-up offering of
+  mighty people--it is the work of the age. To it, from every kindred
+  and nation, offerings have been brought--the tribute of far-off
+  lands to that name which stands single, alone, mighty, majestic, in
+  the history of the world, as though it were written in letters of
+  starry light in the high heavens, to be read by all men. These are
+  but the homage paid to virtue end renown, while the heart is cold or
+  hostile.
+
+  "But to you, Brethren, his name is a household word. It was breathed
+  over you on a mother's name and graven on your heart by a mother's
+  love. It was taught you by a father's watchful care, and has been
+  held ever before you as your beacon and your guide by a father's
+  ceaseless anxiety. It was your watchword in the sports of youth; it
+  is, it must be, your polar star in the mazes of a maturer life; it
+  is the name for patriotism; it is little less than that of a god.
+  Oh, the heart--the true American heart--the heart that beats
+  responsive to the call of country--the heart that thrills at those
+  words of wisdom and warning which fell from his lips, teaching us
+  the dangers of foreign influence--the heart that swells with
+  gratitude to the great human benefactor, who, having led us through
+  the perils of the terrible conflicts of the Revolution, and guided
+  us through the scarcely less perilous history of the Federation, and
+  presided over that grand and august assembly which framed our
+  matchless Constitution, laid in practice the deep foundations of
+  this mighty Nation--the heart of the native-born American leaps up
+  with joy to testify its deep love and veneration for him and seeks
+  some adequate means to express it. And, Brethren and Countrymen, we
+  bring it to you; we give you, by the means spread before you, an
+  opportunity to enroll your names in the book where is found the
+  mighty company who have contributed to this the most remarkable
+  Monument ever erected to man, which, as his name, shall stand
+  unique, lofty--towering above all others known among men.
+
+  "Brethren, come to our aid.
+
+  "By order of the Board:
+
+                                              "CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                                                        "_Secretary_.
+
+  "WASHINGTON, D. C., _May, 1855_."
+
+
+                 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY:
+
+                     FRANKLIN PIERCE,
+  _President of the United Slates and ex officio President_.
+
+                     VESPASIAN ELLIS,
+                 _First Vice-President_.
+
+                     JOHN T. TOWERS,
+  _Mayor of Washington and ex officio Second Vice-President_.
+
+                     GEORGE H. PLANT,
+                 _Third Vice-President_.
+
+                     JOHN M. McCALLA,
+                       _Treasurer_.
+
+                     CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                       _Secretary_.
+
+
+                        MANAGERS:
+
+          HENRY ADDISON,      THOMAS D. SANDY,
+          CHARLES R. BELT,    JOSEPH H. BRADLEY,
+          FRENCH S. EVANS,    SAMUEL C. BUSEY,
+          CHARLES W. DAVIS,   JAMES GORDON,
+          JOHN N. CRAIG,      ROBERT T. KNIGHT,
+          SAMUEL E. DOUGLAS,  JOSEPH LIBBY, SR.,
+                    THOMAS A. BROOKE.
+
+The address was printed in certain of the daily papers, and transmitted
+to the "Councils" of the party by the following letter:
+
+                                           "OFFICE OF THE
+                                 WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY,
+                                         WASHINGTON, D. C., _May, 1855_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR AND BROTHER:
+
+  "Enclosed I send you an address from the Board of Managers of the
+  Washington National Monument Society to members of our Order, asking
+  their contributions in aid of the Washington National Monument, and
+  request that you will place it before your Council and lend your
+  influence towards the accomplishment of the object in view.
+
+  "By the action of your brethren in the District of Columbia our
+  Order stands pledged to the country and the world to complete the
+  Monument, and the glory of success or the disgrace of failure will
+  be ours alone. The pledge was freely given; for we were confident
+  that our brethren in the States would rejoice at the opportunity
+  thus presented of testifying their gratitude and veneration for him
+  whose "memory, maxims, and deathless example" we endeavor to keep
+  alive in the hearts of the American people.
+
+  "I would suggest that your Council appoint a Washington Monument
+  Committee to receive subscriptions and forward the sums collected to
+  the Treasurer of the Society. The committee should procure a book in
+  which to insert the name and address of each contributor and the
+  amount contributed. This book should be forwarded to me, to be
+  placed in the archives of the Monument, and to each contributor of
+  one dollar or upwards will be forwarded a certificate of membership
+  and a print of the Monument or a portrait of Washington.
+
+  "The plan laid down by the Board of Managers is to forward to each
+  contributor of one dollar or upwards and less than five dollars a
+  small print of the Monument, and to each contributor of five dollars
+  a print of the Monument, 22 by 30 inches in size, or a large
+  portrait of Washington, and both the large print and portrait to
+  each contributor of eight dollars or upwards. To each Council will
+  be sent a copy of the large print or portrait or both, depending
+  upon the amount contributed in such Council.
+
+  "It is not expected, nor is it necessary, that the subscriptions be
+  paid at once; but they may be paid in weekly, semi-monthly or
+  monthly payments, as the Council or committee may determine. One
+  dime per week from each member of our Order for three months will be
+  more than sufficient to erect the Monument to its destined height,
+  thus bringing it within the means of all to assist us in our noble
+  work.
+
+  "If the Council deems it advisable to collect subscriptions outside
+  of the Council, but within its jurisdiction, let it recommend a
+  suitable person to act as agent, who will receive a compensation for
+  his services by a commission upon the amount collected. Upon such
+  recommendations being received, there will be forwarded to the agent
+  named a certificate authorizing him to receive contributions. The
+  Council will determine whether the proceeds of such collections be
+  received and transmitted by the committee having charge of the
+  collections within the Council or be remitted by the agent direct to
+  the Treasurer. It is intended that the amount of such collection be
+  placed to the credit of the Council in the reports from the Board of
+  Managers to the State Councils and National Council.
+
+  "May we not rely upon your best exertion to aid us in the work in
+  which we are engaged? We know that our brethren will cheerfully
+  contribute their mites if the subject is properly placed before
+  them. We wish to dispense, as far as possible, with the services of
+  special agents; that all contributions may be applied directly to
+  the purpose for which they are intended, and we must rely mainly
+  upon those whose abilities or position enable them to render us the
+  aid required; and who, like the officers of the Society, will desire
+  no compensation for their services other than the pleasure of
+  engaging in this patriotic undertaking.
+
+                               "Fraternally yours,
+
+                                                     "CHAS. C. TUCKER,
+                                               "_Secretary W. N. M. S._"
+
+The following "Notice to the Public" was issued by the "Know-Nothing"
+Board:
+
+                                         "OFFICE OF
+                                  "WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY,
+                                          "WASHINGTON, _July 1, 1856_.
+
+  "IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN ORDER OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS, the public
+  are requested to pay no more contributions for the Washington
+  National Monument to agents heretofore commissioned by the Board.
+
+  "This notice is not to be construed as a censure on the agents, but
+  it is designed to effectuate a general settlement of the affairs of
+  the Society. The Board is well assured of eventual success in the
+  patriotic enterprise in which it is engaged, but it has resolved to
+  suspend further proceedings by agency until a plan, now under
+  consideration, for combining efficiency, promptitude, and safety, is
+  matured.
+
+  "Balances due from agents, or offerings from independent
+  contributors, are to be sent by draft, _payable to the order of the
+  Treasurer of Washington National Monument Society_, enclosed in a
+  letter to the undersigned.
+
+  "By order:                                  SAMUEL YORKE ATLEE,
+                                                "_Secretary W. N. M. S._
+
+  "N. B.--Editors throughout the United States will confer a favor on
+  the Society and benefit the public by publishing this notice and
+  sending to the Secretary a copy of the paper containing the same."
+
+Manifestly, the rival claims of the two Boards of Managers, and the
+office, books, papers, and property of the Society and the Monument
+itself, being in the possession and control of a narrow political
+faction, practically arrested the work of the Society's agents in the
+collection of funds and further building operations.
+
+The "Know-Nothing" Board, as apparent evidence of its earnestness in the
+premises, and presumably to support its appeal for funds (several later
+ones being issued) and to establish public confidence, proceeded to add
+two courses of stone to the height of the shaft by the use of marble on
+the ground when it took possession. But this marble, in the main, were
+blocks which had been theretofore rejected and condemned as unfit for
+use. In later years, on the final resumption of work on the Monument,
+these courses were removed by the engineer in charge of its
+construction.
+
+The receipts of the Society for the year 1855, from January 3d to
+February 20th, amounted to $695; for the remainder of that year, to
+$51.66--evidence of the result of the dispossession of the Society and
+the disinclination of the public to contribute funds under the existing
+conditions.
+
+The "Know-Nothing" Board continued in possession of the Monument until
+October 25, 1858.
+
+The political party which it represented disintegrating, and not being
+able to secure contributions toward building the Monument, or to awaken
+any interest in the enterprise, it concluded to surrender possession of
+the Monument.
+
+On the date named the surrender was made, and the Society was reinstated
+in the possession of its office, books and papers, and the Monument. A
+number of collectors' filled subscription books, however, were missing.
+The Treasurer of the out-going Board passed to the Treasurer of the
+Society, through the Bank of Washington, December 14, 1858, the sum of
+$285.09. The full amount collected by the "Know-Nothing" Board during
+over three years of its control does not appear.
+
+At a meeting, December 28, 1858, the Society reappointed the Hon. Elisha
+Whittlesey its General Agent. A committee previously appointed reported
+on the present condition of the Monument and other property of the
+Society, by which it appeared that the engine house and some other
+buildings on "Monument place" were in a dilapidated condition, though
+the engine and boiler were in good order; that of two large cranes for
+hoisting stone at the wharves, one had fallen down, the other had
+disappeared; that marble valued at $300 had been taken away; that the
+rope wove through a block at the top of the Monument to enable persons
+to ascend had been pulled down, and no means remained for ascent of the
+shaft save by scaffolding on the inside. "It will require an expenditure
+of at least $2,000 to place the fixtures and machinery in a condition to
+enable your Board to resume the progress of the work."
+
+The enterprise having now passed into the hands of the Society again,
+they proceeded at once to make suitable arrangements for the
+conservation of the Monument and protection of the grounds and other
+property connected with it. Admonished by the transaction of February
+22, 1856, and its results, of the legal difficulties in the way of
+voluntary association, consisting of members residing in all parts of
+the Union, they applied to Congress for a charter.
+
+This was at length granted. On the 22d of February, 1859, an act passed
+Congress, and was approved by the President on the 26th of the same
+month, incorporating "The Washington National Monument Society * * *
+for the purpose of completing the erection now in progress of a great
+National Monument to the memory of Washington at the seat of the Federal
+Government." The incorporators named were Winfield Scott, Walter Jones,
+John J. Abert, James Kearney, Thomas Carberry, Peter Force, William A.
+Bradley, Philip R. Fendall, Walter Lennox, Matthew F. Maury (as
+survivors of the grantees of the site under the grant made by President
+Polk), and Jonathan B. H. Smith, William W. Seaton, Elisha Whittlesey,
+Benj. Ogte Tayloe, Thomas H. Crawford, William W. Corcoran, and John
+Carroll Brent.
+
+The charter vested in and confirmed to the Society all the easements,
+rights, privileges theretofore held by the Society under the name of
+incorporation, and all thereafter to be acquired, for the purpose of
+erecting the Monument; provided for the election of officers and for
+exercising the right of amotion; that the President of the United States
+should be _ex officio_ President of the Society, and the Governors of
+the several States should be respectively _ex officio_ Vice-Presidents;
+gave the right to sue and be sued, and rendered the members of the
+Society liable in their individual capacities for any indebtedness
+contracted in the name of the Society.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION OF THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL
+MONUMENT SOCIETY UNDER THE CHARTER.
+
+The meeting for the organization of the Society under the charter
+granted by Congress took place on Tuesday evening, March 22, 1859, in
+the aldermen's chamber, in the City Hall, Washington, D. C.
+
+President James Buchanan, as _ex officio_ President of the Society,
+presided.
+
+Mr. Fendall very briefly reviewed some of the circumstances out of which
+the original Society had sprung, stating that but four of its members
+now survived, and the object and aim of the Society were remarked.
+
+Eloquently referring to Washington, he concluded:
+
+  "The completion of the Monument now in progress is far more
+  important to the fame of the American people than to the fame of
+  Washington."
+
+The President, rising, referred to his efforts to awaken the interest of
+Congress in the erection of a monument to Washington while he was a
+member of the House in 1824.
+
+  "It was considered at that time (1824), and so remarked in Congress,
+  that it was rather an indignity that any effort should be made to
+  raise a monument to the honor and memory of Washington besides that
+  which existed in the hearts of his countrymen."
+
+Mr. Buchanan concluded:
+
+  "Not only in this country is his name loved and revered beyond that
+  of all other men, but abroad, in foreign lands, our country is
+  illustrated by him, and his name is never mentioned but as that of
+  the purest, most unselfish patriot that ever lived; not only the
+  most unselfish, but the most self-sacrificing of whom history has
+  kept record."
+
+Resolutions were then offered, accepting the act of incorporation by
+Congress, and making the charter the Constitution of the Society,
+providing for an annual election on the 22d of February of each year,
+and such other meetings as might be duly called; the officers of the
+Society to be a First Vice-President, (to be the Mayor of Washington;)
+Second and Third Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer and Secretary, committees
+to draft and report by-laws and to define and prescribe the duties of
+officers and agents, and to prepare "An Address to the People of the
+United States."
+
+Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott was chosen Second Vice-President, Thomas
+Carberry, Third Vice-President; J. B. H. Smith, Treasurer; and John
+Carroll Brent, Secretary.
+
+Every effort was now put forth to revive public interest in the
+Monument, and to obtain substantial aid for its completion, the Society
+exercising great patience, forbearance, and industry to restore matters
+to their former condition.
+
+The plan now proposed and to be carried into execution was the securing
+of contributions from voters at all municipal and general elections, and
+appropriations by State Legislatures and the invoking by circular letter
+of aid from all political, corporate, or voluntary bodies, the Army and
+Navy, _all_ associations, societies, churches, and individuals.
+
+June 6, 1859, at a general election in the City of Washington,
+contributions were received at the polls towards the funds of the
+Society amounting to $150.76.
+
+In the result of this first renewed attempt to raise money to complete
+the Monument the Society, however, was not discouraged.
+
+The matter was noticed in a daily paper in an article which, after
+referring to the former dispossession of the Society and the long
+"silence" at the base of the Monument, said:
+
+  "It was not till this state of things unhappily took place that the
+  popular enthusiasm drooped and cooled, and it is hardly fair to
+  expect a resuscitation in an hour or a day. We trust, however, that
+  the night is far spent; that the day is at hand, and even the
+  tribute of the voters of Washington on Monday last, small as it was,
+  is an evidence of new life and returning vigor.
+
+  "It will require on the part of the Monument Board the exercise of
+  patience and forbearance as well as industry to restore matters to
+  the condition they once were in."
+
+In April, 1859, the Society applied to the Honorable the Secretary of
+War for the detail of an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers
+to assume the duty of Engineer of the Monument and to superintend its
+construction.
+
+June 7, 1859, a letter was received from the Hon. John B. Floyd,
+Secretary of War, stating that in compliance with the Society's request
+he had detailed Lieut. J. C. Ives, of the Corps of Topographical
+Engineers, to act under the direction of the Society as Engineer and
+Architect of the Monument. Subsequently, Lieutenant Ives reported for
+duty to the officers of the Society. In his letter advising of the
+detail of Lieutenant Ives, Secretary Floyd stated:
+
+  "The favorable auspices under which the enterprise has been resumed
+  encourage the hope that this reproach will be removed. Composed of
+  gentlemen of well-known standing, * * * the Society has a claim upon
+  the confidence of the public that is the surest guarantee of the
+  success of its labors."
+
+Doubts having been raised as to the stability of the material which had
+been employed in building the Monument and as to the sufficiency of its
+foundations to support the shaft at its proposed height of 600 feet,
+Lieutenant Ives, on the 10th of August, 1859, made a report upon the
+subject after a careful examination of all the conditions, which
+recited, in part:
+
+  "To those who are aware of the care which was taken in laying the
+  foundation of the Monument, both in the selection and preparation of
+  the bed and in the execution of masonry work, it will be scarcely
+  necessary to enter into any statement in regard to its present
+  condition. * * * For five years during which the work has been
+  suspended, the foundation has been bearing about four-sevenths of
+  the pressure that it will ultimately be required to sustain, and, in
+  a recent examination, I was unable to detect any appearance of
+  settling or indication of insecurity. * * * Whether the height of
+  600 feet can be attained without endangering the stability of the
+  obelisk, a computation is herewith subjoined, from which it would
+  appear that, without taking into consideration the adhesion of the
+  mortar, the weight alone of the structure would offer a resistance
+  nearly eight times greater than the overturning effort of the
+  heaviest tempest to which it would probably ever be exposed."
+
+The conclusions of this report set at rest at that time all doubts that
+had existed as to the stability of the Monument completed and of its
+foundation.
+
+A proposition, submitted by Lieutenant Ives, to raise funds by erecting
+contribution boxes in the post-offices throughout the country,
+constituting postmasters agents of the Society for their care and
+supervision and the transmission of money thus collected to the
+Treasurer of the Society, was adopted, and Lieutenant Ives was charged
+with the execution of the plan. Amounts collected from the boxes were
+sent directly to the Treasurer, and memoranda of the same to Lieutenant
+Ives, a record being also kept at the Washington City post-office of all
+letters addressed to that officer as Engineer of the Monument.
+
+May 17, 1859, the Society published and circulated a general appeal to
+the public. Collateral to the raising of funds by the "post-office
+plan," agents were appointed, under bond (allowed the usual 15 per cent.
+on the amount of collections to defray their expenses), in defined
+districts to solicit contributions, and a circular appeal was
+_specially_ addressed to corporations, literary and benevolent
+institutions, to schools, organizations, the Masonic fraternity, and to
+officers of the Navy in command, asking their aid to bring the subject
+before the officers and men under them.
+
+At the end of the first _four_ months under Lieutenant Ives' plan
+returns were had from 841 post-offices, the sums aggregating $2,240.31
+(some 28,000 offices making no response at all), an amount far short of
+hope. It had been estimated that $45,000 a year would be required to
+keep the work on the Monument in fair progress when again resumed.
+
+Aside from the post-office receipts, the most considerable items
+collected in this year were: Contribution box at the Monument, $822.40;
+box at the Patent Office, $396.26; California, $1,000; from collections
+in the City of Washington, $49.73. The entire receipts for the year were
+$3,074.96, while the expenditures made in preparation to resume work,
+printing, &c., amounted to $1,429.39.
+
+On the 15th of March, 1859, at the Masonic National Convention held in
+the City of Chicago, a number of the wives, daughters, and sisters of
+Masons in attendance upon the Convention, assembled in the "Richmond
+House" and formed a "Ladies' National Washington Monument Association to
+aid in the completion of the Washington Monument now being erected in
+Washington, D. C." Mrs. Finley M. King, Port Byron, N. Y., was elected
+President, and Mrs. John L. Lewis, Penn Yan, N. Y., Secretary and
+Treasurer, and Vice-Presidents were appointed, residents of different
+States, among the number Mrs. Reuben Hyde Walworth, N. Y.; Mrs. Robert
+M. Henderson, Mo.; Mrs. Floride C. Cunningham, S. C.; Mrs. William
+Sheets, Ind.; Mrs. Margaret C. Brown, Fla.; Mrs. Elbert H. English,
+Ark.; Mrs. Giles M. Hillyer, Miss.; Mrs. Jane Van Wagoner, N. J.; Mrs.
+Martha E. Holbrook, Or.; Mrs. Gilbert C. Morell, Neb.; Mrs. William S.
+Long, Cal.; Mrs. John G. Saxe, Vt.; Miss Sallie Bell, Tenn.; Mrs.
+Richard Vaux, Pa.
+
+The Ladies' Association proceeded actively to work to raise funds by
+various plans, but with small result. In the year 1860 there was issued
+an "Appeal of The Ladies' Washington National Monument Society to the
+judges and inspectors of elections of the various towns, wards,
+precincts, and election districts in the United States, to every paper
+and periodical published, and to the whole people." After reference to
+the unfinished Monument and a glowing tribute to the memory of
+Washington, the address requested "judges and inspectors of election" in
+every place in the ensuing Presidential election (or _any person_, if
+they fail to do so) to provide boxes in which to receive contributions,
+and appoint suitable persons to take charge of them, and "every voter"
+was earnestly entreated to deposit in the boxes any sum, "however
+small," and the press were asked to give the appeal notice.
+
+Money collected was to be transmitted by draft or "in postage stamps" to
+the Secretary or to any one of the lady Vice-Presidents in the several
+States, the amounts collected to be finally published in the daily
+papers.
+
+The success achieved by the association of ladies was but indifferent
+compared with the expectations in its formation, and it collapsed in
+about two years. In 1860 it paid to the Treasurer of the Society, as
+shown by his account, $458.50.
+
+The prosecution of the "post-office plan" of collection was continued,
+and by September, 1860, response had been had from 1,118 postmasters,
+contributions received aggregating $4,179.56. Of this amount, through
+the post-offices of California was received $1,120.63, of which $755.49
+was from the City of San Francisco.
+
+Having been ordered by the War Department to other duty, September 22,
+1860, Lieutenant Ives resigned as Architect and Engineer of the
+Monument, submitting with his resignation a report of the operations he
+had conducted, together with an account of his receipts and
+expenditures. He was thanked in a resolution "for the faithful,
+efficient, and patriotic manner in which he has discharged the duties as
+Engineer of the Monument and originator and superintendent of
+post-office contributions."
+
+In his report Lieutenant Ives stated:
+
+  "I am still of opinion that if the plan could have had, as I at
+  first supposed it would, the direct aid of the Postmaster-General, a
+  great majority, if not all, of the postmasters would have united in
+  it, and that it would have insured in a few years a sufficient sum
+  to complete the work. Without that aid I have been unable to secure
+  the co-operation of a sufficient number to accomplish the work."
+
+A general appeal was now issued, requesting contributions at the polls
+at the Presidential election to occur November 6th, following. The
+success of this effort was marked and peculiar. From the State of
+California was realized $10,962.01; Prince George County, Md., $3.63;
+St. Louis, Mo., $54.20. No other receipts are reported. Other
+contributions during this year were $290 from employees of the Panama
+Railroad; $25.80 from the Post-Office Department; $807.45 from the box
+at the Monument, and $413.55 from one maintained at the Patent Office.
+The total of all collections reported being for the year $6,026.22;
+expenditures, $3,514.32. The California collections were paid over in
+the following year.
+
+The expenditures were charged to the erection of new buildings on the
+Monument grounds and the necessary repair of others, reorganizing the
+plant, and the costs of collections, no salary being paid except to a
+watchman.
+
+Improvements made were thus noticed in a daily paper:
+
+  "The place has been placed in such a condition that all the Board
+  wants now in order to resume the work of erection is funds."
+
+To an appeal issued asking contributions to be made on February 23,
+1861, but one response was reported.
+
+March 26, 1861, an appeal was addressed "To the people and postmasters,"
+reciting:
+
+  "In consequence of the great falling off in post-office
+  contributions, ascribable chiefly to the troubles of the times and
+  the usual change on the advent of a new administration, the
+  undersigned deem it proper to again appeal to the patriotism of the
+  people and postmasters. They therefore respectfully request
+  out-going postmasters to commend the system to their successors and
+  the incoming to imitate the laudable example of their predecessors,
+  and in cases where the latter have not responded and put up boxes to
+  have them erected and forward contributions, however small."
+
+In response to this appeal the amount reported through the post-office
+for the entire year amounted to only $88.52, of which Rhode Island sent
+75 cents, Virginia 48 cents, and Mississippi 15 cents.
+
+A memorial by the Society addressed to Congress, briefly reviewing the
+history of the Monument, giving an account of the Society's
+transactions, and asking the aid of Congress in the premises, was
+adversely reported upon by the Committee on the District of Columbia. A
+minority report by Mr. Hughes, from the same committee, to accompany a
+bill H. R. 769, among other statements, after referring to the report of
+the Select Committee of the House made in 1855, recited:
+
+  "Your committee find no reason for dissenting from the views
+  unanimously taken by the select committee in the report already
+  cited. We cannot but regard the proceedings adopted by Congress
+  shortly after the death of Washington as pledging the public faith
+  to the erection of a suitable monument to his memory. It cannot be
+  doubted that the pledge was given in full consonance with the
+  feelings and wishes of the whole country. Whatever may be said to
+  excuse or explain the delay which has been suffered in redeeming the
+  pledge, the contributions of nearly a quarter of a million of
+  dollars which individual citizens have already made towards erecting
+  a monument to the father of his country, abundantly shows that its
+  completion is an object dear to the hearts of the people. They
+  cannot understand why the universal custom of free States in all
+  ages of the world, to commemorate by monumental representations
+  deeds of patriotism and glory, has so long been disregarded in the
+  instance of the noblest of all national benefactors.
+
+  "Your committee recommend that the sum of $200,000 be appropriated
+  by Congress, on behalf of the people of the United States, to aid
+  the memorialists in completing the Monument to Washington now in the
+  process of erection at the seat of the Federal Government. But they
+  are of opinion that this amount ought to be disbursed in annual sums
+  of $20,000 for each fiscal year; that each annual installment be
+  paid to the Treasurer of the Society, on a joint warrant, to be
+  signed by the chairmen of the committees of the two Houses of
+  Congress for the District of Columbia; and that the accounts of
+  disbursements be settled at the Treasury in the usual mode of
+  auditing the accounts of disbursing agents. We report herewith a
+  bill accordingly."
+
+The recommendations of this report, however, were not adopted.
+
+The reported collections for the year 1861 were $9,917.64, of which
+amount $9,000 was the contributions collected in California in
+November, 1860; the balance, $424.08, was collected at the Monument,
+$70.02 in the box at the Patent Office, and $298.33 paid by the Ladies'
+Washington Monument Society.
+
+The funds the Society had now secured--about $12,000 net over necessary
+expense incurred--was invested in good interest-bearing stocks. The
+change in the national administration and changes in the reorganization
+of the Post-Office Department demoralized the plan to secure collections
+through the medium of local post-offices, and it was shortly
+discontinued.
+
+The funds of the Society were now but little augmented for a number of
+years, the only moneys received being deposits of small amounts in boxes
+placed for the purpose at the Monument grounds, in the United States
+Patent Office, and in the Smithsonian Institute. At no time did the sums
+thus received aggregate more than $700 per annum (1867), the average
+being far less.
+
+The paralyzing influences of the Civil War put a blight upon any further
+labors of the Society to accomplish the long-cherished object of
+erecting, on behalf of the people, a national monument to Washington,
+and public interest and attention being absorbed in more momentous
+questions, the erection of the Monument was all but forgotten. To the
+pen and to the patriotic devotion of the learned and scholarly
+Secretary, Mr. John Carroll Brent, is due what little public notice the
+Monument obtained during the years of strife.
+
+At the meeting on the 22d of February, 1866, for election of officers,
+there was a large attendance. The President of the United States, Mr.
+Andrew Johnson, presided. Replying to some remarks of welcome, he said:
+
+  "GENTLEMEN OF THE ASSOCIATION: It is no ordinary pleasure to me to
+  have it in my power to meet you here on this occasion and
+  participate in your proceedings, intended to resume and progress in
+  the completion of a monument, if I may speak the language of his
+  eulogist, to him who was 'the first in war, the first in peace, and
+  the first in the hearts of his countrymen.'
+
+  "I repeat, it is no ordinary pleasure to me to meet you here on this
+  occasion, on the birthday of the Father of his Country, and
+  participate with you in your efforts to complete the Monument
+  intended to commemorate his name. * * * I hope and trust the work
+  will soon be completed. I hope and trust if there are any States
+  which have not yet contributed and placed their pledges in that
+  Monument of the Union bearing their inscription, it will go on until
+  all the States have done so. I will here remark, it will continue to
+  go on notwithstanding we have disturbed relations of some of the
+  States to the Federal Government; that it will continue to go on
+  until those relations are harmonized and our Union again be
+  complete. Let us _restore the Union_, and let us proceed with the
+  Monument as _its_ symbol until it shall contain the pledge of _all_
+  the States of the Union. Let us go on with this great work; let us
+  complete it at the earliest moment practicable; let your Monument
+  rise--if I may speak in the language of that celebrated and
+  distinguished statesman who made the greatest effort of his life in
+  vindication of the Union of these States--'let this Monument to
+  Washington rise higher and higher until it shall meet the sun in his
+  coming, and his last parting ray shall linger and play on its
+  summit.'
+
+  "I thank you, gentlemen, for the compliment you have conferred upon
+  me in inviting me to attend on this, the birthday of the Father of
+  his Country, to participate in your proceedings, and I hope and
+  trust your efforts will be crowned with success."
+
+Little progress, however, was made toward resuming work on the Monument
+in this year. The receipts from all sources, chiefly at the Monument and
+Patent Office, and accrued interest, amounted to only $1,281.06. Early
+in 1867 the Society again memorialized Congress, as on former occasions.
+
+July 17th, Mr. Driggs, in the House, offered a preamble and resolution,
+which was adopted, reciting that the Society "had been in existence
+twenty years without having accomplished anything beyond the partial
+erection of a square column on the public grounds; that large sums of
+money had been collected, and that collections are still continued in
+the _Patent Office_ and other buildings, and directing the Secretary of
+the Interior to inform the House what became of the money collected _in
+the Patent Office_ and as to the present condition of the Association."
+
+The memorial was referred to a committee of the House, and there filed.
+
+On the following day the Secretary replied to the House with the
+information requested, showing present resources of the Society,
+disposition of its funds, current expenses, present condition and
+purposes.
+
+March 26, 1869, Mr. Nye (Nevada), in the Senate, introduced--
+
+  "A bill to insure the completion of the Washington Monument."
+
+The preamble recited, in part--
+
+  "Whereas the Monument proposed to be erected in the City of
+  Washington in memory of George Washington, the Father of his
+  Country, has been shamefully neglected and is now incompleted, with
+  no prospect of its being finished at all for want of means; and
+  whereas the Government is so deeply in debt in consequence of our
+  late international war that there is no prospect of an appropriation
+  for the completion of said Monument, and there is now, as there
+  always has been, a general, even a national, desire, on the part of
+  the people of the United States to complete this great work as
+  originally designed for the credit of this country and the national
+  respect for our heroic dead; and whereas a number of citizens
+  propose that in case certain privileges are granted them by the
+  National Congress _to complete_ said Monument _within twenty-one
+  years_ from the passage of this act, and that one hundred thousand
+  dollars shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States within
+  two years from the date hereof, and a like amount per annum until
+  the expiration of this act," &c.
+
+The bill provided "that A. T. Stewart, C. Vanderbilt," and other persons
+named, "_as per agreement_, dated March 14, 1869, executed by Charles P.
+Briton and Charles B. Phillips, &c., are hereby created a body corporate
+and politic under the name and style of the _Washington Monument Union_
+for the purpose of devising ways and means for completion of said
+Monument."
+
+It was further provided that the said Union could hold and convey
+property "and issue certificates of subscription, which shall entitle
+the holders thereof to any consideration that may be awarded by such
+system, scheme, plan, or means said corporation may devise or adopt, and
+use such agency as they shall deem necessary to their success." One
+hundred thousand dollars was to be paid in within two years, and
+thereafter the same sum _annually_.
+
+April 1, 1869, Mr. Osborne offered a somewhat similar bill, which was
+also referred, but having other incorporators, who were to "have the
+right, privilege, and franchise of devising such ways and means as they
+may desire for the distribution of money or property for the term of
+twenty years from the date of the passage of this act."
+
+Precedent to the exercise of these rights a bond should be given the
+United States in penalty of $100,000 to pay into its Treasury within two
+years a like sum, and such sum every year thereafter for twenty years
+the first $200,000 to be subject to the order of the Lincoln Monument
+Association, the balance to be subject to the order of the Washington
+Monument Association.
+
+These schemes for completing the Monument, however, went no further.
+
+Not until 1871 did the Society feel encouraged to again issue a general
+appeal to the public.
+
+February 22, 1871, the Society resolved to offer through the public
+press the following propositions, either of which, when accepted, by the
+required donation should be a contract between the donor and the
+Society: The name of any person, corporation, or society contributing
+the sum of $5,000 or more to the Monument fund shall be perpetuated by
+inscription on a block in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society
+for that purpose. The names of _all_ persons, corporations, or societies
+contributing the sum of $2,500 or more and _less_ than $5,000 shall be
+included in a list, and such list shall be inscribed on a _block_ or
+blocks in the Monument, to be prepared by the Society for that purpose.
+The names of all persons, corporations, or societies contributing $1,000
+or more and less than $2,500 to be inscribed on a tablet to be erected
+in the Monument. Any person or body contributing $100 and less than
+$1,000 to be recorded on a list, and such list kept perpetually in the
+archives of the Society.
+
+Mr. John S. Benson was appointed the agent of the Society to place these
+propositions before the country and to invoke the aid of private
+citizens and public men; legislatures, municipal bodies, assemblies,
+and _every form_ of organization of the people. Numerous articles in the
+press called attention to the claims of the Monument.
+
+The Legislature of New York, April 20, 1871, by a two-thirds vote,
+appropriated the sum of $10,000 "as the contribution of the State of New
+York, to be paid by the Treasurer on the warrant of the Comptroller to
+the Treasurer of the National Washington Monument Society whenever the
+Governor shall certify * * * a sufficient sum has been subscribed from
+other sources to enable the said Society to resume work with a
+reasonable prospect of completing the obelisk or shaft."
+
+By the second section of the same act the Governor was to transmit
+copies of it to the Governors of other States, "with a request that they
+communicate the same to the Legislatures of their respective States."
+
+The New York "Jewish Messenger," of its own account, undertook to raise
+the necessary funds, and appealed to the Jewish people, and especially
+the Jewish ladies, to complete the National Washington Monument; "that
+the Israelites in America should be Americans in every relation of life,
+and distinct only in their fealty to the faith of their fathers. The
+Jewesses of America will earn the kindest and most-enduring
+acknowledgements of America's sons; they will rear a proud monument for
+themselves in working together for the accomplishment of this national
+duty."
+
+Receipts this year from collections, chiefly at the Monument, and
+accrued interest, were $1,008.
+
+Following the act of New York, the Legislature of Minnesota
+appropriated, February 27, 1872, the sum of $1,000 towards the
+completion of the Monument.
+
+Also, by act of February 28, 1872, upon the like conditions, the
+Legislature of the State of New Jersey appropriated the sum of $3,000
+towards the work, which was followed on July 30, 1872, by an act of the
+State of Connecticut appropriating on the same terms the sum of $2,000.
+But these examples of duty discharged, not less than of patriotism, were
+not imitated by any other of the State governments.
+
+In February, 1872, a bill was introduced in the House providing that the
+affairs of the Society should be vested in a board of directors, to
+consist of five members of the Society and President and Secretary _ex
+officio_. Any person on payment of $5.00 to be a member, with all the
+rights and privileges of incorporators, to vote and hold office, except
+that of President of the Association. The bill was referred.
+
+The Society once more addressed a memorial to Congress praying a
+_direct_ appropriation might be made towards the completion of the
+Monument, or that "such action might be had as to the assembled
+patriotism of the Nation might seem meet."
+
+The memorial was referred in the House of Representatives to the
+Committee on the District of Columbia, which subsequently reported the
+subject back, April 19, 1872, recommending that "it be referred to the
+Committee on Appropriations," and it was so ordered, but no action was
+taken on the report at this session.
+
+January 27, 1873, a select committee of thirteen was appointed by the
+House under a resolution adopted to confer with the Society as to the
+practicability of completing the Monument by the "approaching
+Centennial."
+
+February 22, 1873, the committee submitted its report, which recommended
+that $200,000 be appropriated to aid the Society in its work. The report
+recited in part--
+
+  "The committee have become fully impressed with the belief that the
+  present time is not only opportune for Congressional action in the
+  matter, but that the _honor_ of the Nation demands it. * * * "Some
+  question has been made as to the security of the foundations, and
+  the committee caused an examination to be made upon this point. The
+  Chief of Engineers was called upon to detail an officer to make an
+  examination and report. His report is appended hereto, and shows
+  that no perceptible change has taken place since the Monument was
+  raised to its present height. * * *
+
+  * * * "An opinion has also obtained some credence that the funds of
+  the Society, though considerably increased from year to year, are
+  absorbed in the payment of sinecures. The committee have had before
+  them _the accounts of the Society from its organization to the
+  present time_. * * * It will there be found that the Society _has no
+  salaried officers connected with it_. Their services have been
+  gratuitous, and they are much to be commended for their faithfulness
+  and their patriotic zeal in this great work. There are less than
+  fourteen thousand dollars, funds of the Society, in the hands of
+  the Treasurer, most of which are invested in interest-bearing
+  securities."
+
+It was estimated that $700,000 would be required to finish the shaft,
+constructing also a suitable base, and that the work might be completed
+by the 4th of July, 1876.
+
+The report concluded:
+
+  "In considering the question as to what action Congress shall take
+  in this matter, three views are presented: First, Shall the
+  responsibility for the completion of the Monument rest wholly upon
+  the efforts of the Monument Society? Second, Shall Congress assume
+  the entire responsibility, and to that end repeal the charter of the
+  Society? Third, Shall Congress aid the Society by an appropriation,
+  leaving it to continue its efforts to raise funds for the completion
+  of the Monument?
+
+  "As to the first, the committee find that the Society has made
+  _every reasonable effort_ to revive public interest and to secure
+  subscriptions, but its efforts have failed and will _continue_ to
+  fail without _some expression of confidence on the part of Congress_
+  in the form of material aid.
+
+  "As to the second view, the committee are unwilling to recommend the
+  disbandment of an association which has already done so much, and is
+  still willing to continue its patriotic efforts to redeem the
+  plighted faith of the Nation.
+
+  "The committee have taken the third view--that of recommending an
+  appropriation by Congress and of the continuation of the Society
+  for the purpose of soliciting further subscriptions under the
+  original idea upon which it started." * * *
+
+The present consideration of the report, however, was postponed until
+the following "Wednesday, at two o'clock," and made a special order. But
+on the appointed day the committee failed to secure recognition, and not
+obtaining the floor at any time during the remainder of the session,
+addressed a letter to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate
+asking an amendment to the sundry civil appropriation act of $200,000,
+to be expended as provided in the bill it had reported to the House. But
+Congress adjourned without action on the report.
+
+At the next session the select committee of the last Congress was
+reappointed, and on May 1, 1874, submitted a report comprehending its
+former one, and to which was appended a transcript of the complete
+accounts of the Society. The report concurred with prior ones in
+Congress, commending the Society's past management and efforts to erect
+the Monument.
+
+A report by Lieut. W. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers, bearing on the
+sufficiency of the foundations to support the Monument at a height of
+600 feet was also submitted as a part of the committee's report,
+Lieutenant Marshall making his report as a result of a request preferred
+by the chairman of the select committee to the Chief of Engineers,
+U.S.A. It was stated by Lieutenant Marshall:
+
+  "It seems inadvisable to complete the Washington Monument to the
+  full height of 600 feet. The area covered by its foundations is too
+  small for a structure of the proposed dimensions and weight, causing
+  an excessive pressure upon a soil not wholly incompressible."
+
+And he recommended the height be less than 500 feet.
+
+The committee's report recommended the passage of a joint resolution
+"that it is the duty of Congress to provide by a sufficient
+appropriation for the completion of the unfinished Washington Monument,
+at Washington City, by the 4th of July, 1876, the one hundredth
+anniversary of American Independence."
+
+The report was ordered printed, and recommitted to the select committee
+on the Washington Monument. No further action was had on the report
+before the adjournment of Congress.
+
+Abandoning hope that Congress would aid in the resumption of work on the
+Monument that it might be under way by the "Centennial year," the
+Society proceeded to appeal to the country. Mr. Frederick L. Harvey,
+Sr., was appointed its General Agent, and charged with the execution of
+a plan he had proposed and which the Society had adopted. This plan was
+to appeal to all organized bodies and associations in the country to
+make a "contingent" contribution of funds towards building the Monument,
+one-half to be payable to the Treasurer of the Society on official
+advice that the total sum estimated to be required, $500,000, had been
+subscribed, the balance to become payable in equal installments from six
+to twelve months later. The interest of the country was to be aroused by
+frequent articles in the daily press and by lectures. Contributions to
+be sought also from churches and schools and by placing contribution
+boxes in the exhibition buildings on the Centennial Exposition grounds,
+in the City of Philadelphia, when opened.
+
+Mr. Harvey proceeded most actively and energetically to execute the
+plan. The press of Washington and elsewhere earnestly commended the work
+and urged contributions.
+
+Rev. Dr. Otis Tiffany, an eloquent pulpit orator, was commissioned to
+visit the larger cities of the country and deliver an address on the
+life and character of Washington, and this gentleman spoke in Baltimore,
+Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, and other cities, thus helping to
+awaken public attention to the Monument.
+
+President Grant and his Cabinet attended the lecture in Baltimore, going
+from Washington.
+
+Between July and September, 1874, over two hundred pledges were received
+by the Society from organizations in every part of the country, chiefly,
+however, from the Masonic Order, Odd-Fellows, Knights of Pythias,
+Independent Order of Red Men, Temperance, and other fraternal bodies.
+Subscriptions ranged from five to fifty dollars each. Circular letters
+were prepared and sent directly to the executive officers of all
+organizations. Interest seemed once more aroused in the completion of
+the Monument, the contingent subscriptions continuing to be made.
+
+February 22, 1875, the Society adopted an address to the country, which,
+referring to the plan of contingent contributions payable direct to its
+Treasurer, continued:
+
+  "The result of their first appeal in this direction has been such as
+  to strengthen their faith. * * * The organizations which have been
+  thus far reached have responded with subscriptions which, if
+  generally and promptly emulated in amount by kindred institutions
+  throughout the land, would secure the completion of the structure
+  during the Jubilee Year. Had their recent appeal fallen dead upon
+  the country and yielded no fruits, they would have been inclined to
+  despair of ever reaching success in the great undertaking so long
+  entrusted to their care."
+
+A special letter to the railway and banking corporations embodying the
+"contingent" plan produced many substantial subscriptions.
+
+In June, 1876, the Society published a further appeal, signed by its
+officers, U. S. Grant, _ex officio_ President; W. W. Corcoran, First
+Vice-President; Robert C. Winthrop, Second Vice-President; J. B. H.
+Smith, Treasurer, and John B. Blake, Secretary, requesting collections
+in churches and Sunday schools throughout the country on the 2d of July
+following. This appeal was endorsed and signed by the pastors of the
+different religious denominations in the City of Washington. Application
+to the management of the Centennial Exposition to place contribution
+boxes for the Monument in the Exposition buildings was denied; but
+permission having been granted by proper authority, boxes were placed in
+the State buildings on the Exposition grounds in June, 1876. By the
+prosecution of this plan some $90,000 had been contingently subscribed
+when the inflow of subscriptions was arrested by unexpected action by
+Congress in the matter. The "contingent" plan had been one of the most
+successful the Society had ever pursued, and had given every assurance
+of final success.
+
+Deferring to the opinion of Lieutenant Marshall the height of the
+Monument was reduced to 485 feet.
+
+While pursuing its "contingent" plan of contributions, February 3, 1876,
+the Society appointed a special committee, composed of Rear Admiral
+Levin M. Powell (chairman), Hon. Walter S. Cox, Dr. John B. Blake, Dr.
+Charles F. Stansbury, and Fred D. Stuart, to prepare and present to
+Congress a memorial praying an appropriation in aid of its efforts as a
+contribution toward completing the Monument.
+
+February 6, 1876, Hon. George F. Edmunds offered in the Senate the
+following resolution, which was considered by unanimous consent, agreed
+to, and referred to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds:
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds be,
+    and it is hereby, instructed to inquire into the expediency of
+    making an adequate provision for the speedy completion of the
+    Washington Monument in the City of Washington, and that it have
+    leave to report by bill or otherwise."
+
+February 10, 1876, Mr. Edmunds laid before the Senate a memorial of the
+Society, presented by its committee, which was read and referred to the
+Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.
+
+It being understood that plans were suggested in some quarters looking
+to a demolition of the uncompleted Monument, and the, use of the
+materials of it in the construction of a different style of monument to
+Washington, at a meeting of the Society on March 30, 1876, among other
+things, it was resolved "that all idea of surrendering the character of
+the Monument or allowing the structure, as far as completed, to be taken
+down, should be positively and emphatically disavowed."
+
+In view of the resolution of the Senate of February 6th, the chairman of
+its Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds received plans for
+changing the Monument to a Lombard Tower, and for erecting an arch of
+its materials. Bat the committee made no report.
+
+
+ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.
+
+On the 5th of July, 1876, Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, offered in the
+Senate a joint resolution declaring, after an appropriate preamble, that
+the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled, "in the
+name of the people of the United States, at the beginning of the second
+century of the national existence, do assume and direct the completion
+of the Washington Monument, in the City of Washington." This resolution
+was unanimously adopted in both Houses of Congress.
+
+On July 22d, the Senate passed a bill appropriating $100,000, "to
+continue the construction of the Washington Monument in the City of
+Washington."
+
+In the debate in the Senate there was some criticism of the design of
+the Monument as an obelisk, and preference was expressed for some other
+form of Monument.
+
+It was said by Senator Bayard:
+
+  "I do not believe that the impression we desire to produce upon them
+  (the people) will in any degree be assisted by the continuance of
+  such a blot upon architecture, as I must consider this obelisk which
+  stands here half-shorn of its height."
+
+It was remarked by Mr. Sherman:
+
+  "I think it is the misfortune now of this Washington Monument that
+  it has been talked of in Congress for one hundred years. We have
+  made promise after promise, and the very moment we come to do
+  anything like the execution of the promise we are met by these
+  delays."
+
+The question of the sufficiency of the foundation of the Monument was
+also raised, resulting in adding a section to the bill providing for an
+examination of the foundation before commencing work on the Monument,
+and if the same should be found insufficient no work to be done until
+the matter was reported to Congress.
+
+The bill also provided that before the expenditure of any of the
+appropriation the Society should transfer and covey to the United
+States, in due form, all the property, rights, and privileges belonging
+to it in the Monument.
+
+The construction of the Monument was placed under a joint commission
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, and the Architect of the Capitol.
+
+In the House of Representatives the bill was referred, on July 24th, to
+the Committee on Appropriations, and reported back by Mr. Foster, of
+Ohio, on July 27th, with amendments. As amended, the bill provided for
+an appropriation of $200,000, payable in four equal annual installments,
+to continue the construction of the Washington Monument, "and provided
+that nothing in the bill should be 'so construed as to prohibit the
+Society' from continuing its organization for the purpose of soliciting
+money and material from the States, associations, and the people in aid
+of the completion of the Monument, and acting in an advisory and
+co-operative capacity with the Commissioners hereinafter named until the
+completion and dedication of the same."
+
+The Joint Commission was increased from the three members provided by
+the Senate to five by adding to it the "Chief of Engineers of the United
+Staten Army and the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society."
+
+It was explained by Mr. Foster that the sum had been raised to $200,000,
+with an annual expenditure of it of $50,000, and the Society continued;
+"because we hope by continuing the Society in existence they can raise
+from the people the balance of the sum needed, and as it will take at
+least four years to complete the Monument." He further remarked: "This
+puts the appropriation of $200,000 in the form of a donation, while at
+the same time it secures to the United States all the property and
+rights or every name and nature of the Society. * * The present purpose
+is to complete the Monument within live years," and to dedicate it
+"October 19, 1881, being the centennial of the surrender of Cornwallis
+at Yorktown, the last 'great act of Washington's' military career, and
+the closing act of the war."
+
+In considering the bill, several amendments were adopted at the instance
+of Mr. Holman, of Indiana, and other members.
+
+The bill passed the House July 27th, and as amended, was passed by the
+Senate the next day and was approved by President Grant on the 2d of
+August, 1876.
+
+September 7, 1876, the Society adopted and issued an appeal "To the
+People of the United States," which was signed by its Secretary, John B.
+Blake.
+
+After referring to the act of Congress appropriating $200,000 to aid in
+the completion of the Monument, the appeal recited:
+
+  "The occasion is deemed a fitting one to address the citizens of the
+  United States upon that subject, and to exhort them, in the name of
+  patriotism, not for a moment, on that account, to relax their
+  efforts to hasten the accomplishment of that long delayed but much
+  desired result."
+
+No response, however, was had from the appeal. The country evidently now
+looked to Congress to assume the whole amount required to finish the
+Monument.
+
+January 19, 1877. Mr. W. W. Corcoran and Dr. John B. Blake, as officers
+of the Society, conveyed by deed to the United States the property
+referred to in the act of August 2, 1876, which deed was duly recorded
+in the land records of the District of Columbia.
+
+Of the funds in the possession of the Society was later erected the
+memorial building on the Monument grounds for the office of the
+custodian, the deposit of the Society's archives, and for the
+accommodation of the visitor.
+
+The relations of the Society to the Monument were now limited as
+provided in the law. Such States as had omitted providing memorial
+blocks to represent them in the Monument had their attention called to
+the omission and supplied them.
+
+In accordance with the proviso in the act of Congress the foundations of
+the Monument were examined. The board of officers detailed from the
+Engineer Corps of the Army by the President to make the examination
+reported adversely as to their sufficiency to sustain the weight of the
+Monument at its proposed height, and the matter was reported to
+Congress.
+
+Under authority of joint resolutions of Congress of June 14, 1878, and
+June 27, 1879, authorizing it, the foundations were strengthened.
+
+This difficult work was successfully accomplished by the eminent
+engineer, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey (later Brigadier-General),
+Corps of Engineers, who had been detailed by the President, at the
+request of the Joint Commission, as engineer officer in charge of the
+construction of the Monument. Capt. George W. Davis, U. S. A., was
+detailed as Assistant Engineer. He had been recommended and endorsed for
+the position of engineer in charge by the Society. Later, Mr. Bernard R.
+Green, C. E., also acted as assistant to Colonel Casey.
+
+Many important features of the work performed emanated from suggestions
+made and worked out by these officers, and which were adopted. To
+Captain Davis was assigned the duty of observing and superintending the
+execution of the details of construction as the work progressed and the
+performance of the contracts for materials. The immediate direction of
+work and workmen on the grounds was the duty of the master mechanic, Mr.
+P. H. McLaughlin. To Mr. Green is to be ascribed the conception and
+working out of the plans for placing the pyramidion or top on the shaft,
+plans adopted by the Engineer-in-Charge and approved by the Joint
+Commission.
+
+The detail plans of construction were drawn by Mr. Gustav Friebus, of
+Washington, D. C., an architect employed in the office of the
+Engineer-in-Charge, and under his direction.
+
+The work of strengthening the foundations approaching completion, the
+fact was reported to Congress by the Joint Commission, and an
+appropriation recommended to begin and continue the erection of the
+shaft.
+
+In support of this recommendation, and to secure adherence to the
+original plan of a simple obelisk and to meet the objections frequently
+raised, both in and out of Congress as to that form of monument, the
+Society, after some correspondence with Colonel Casey, at a meeting held
+on the 1st of April, 1880, appointed the following committee "to take
+charge of the interests of the Monument before Congress:" Robert C.
+Winthrop, Joseph M. Toner, James G. Berret, Horatio King, John B. Blake,
+and Daniel B. Clarke.
+
+This committee carefully prepared a memorial, addressed to Congress,
+which was adopted at a special meeting of the Society on the 26th of
+April, 1880. The memorial was presented to Congress by the committee on
+the 20th of April, 1880, referred to the Committee on the District of
+Columbia, and ordered printed. The memorial recited, in part:
+
+  "The undersigned are not unmindful that strong efforts have been
+  made of late to throw discredit on the design of the Monument, and
+  that various plans have been presented for changing the character of
+  the structure. Nor has the Association, which the undersigned have
+  the honor to represent, ever been unwilling that such modifications
+  of the design should be made as should be found necessary for the
+  absolute security of the work. With this view they gave formal
+  expression a year ago to their acquiescence in the general plans of
+  the accomplished American artist, Mr. Story, who had kindly given
+  his attention to the subject: but now that the strengthening of the
+  foundation has been successfully and triumphantly accomplished by a
+  signal application of skill and science, they cannot forbear front
+  making a respectful but urgent appeal to Congress to give their
+  final sanction to the prosecution and completion of the work without
+  more delay according to the plans recommended by the commissioners
+  appointed by Congress with the President of the United States at
+  their head and by the engineer under their direction. Any other
+  course, they are convinced, would be likely to postpone the
+  completion of the Monument for another generation, to involve the
+  whole subject in continued perplexity, and to necessitate vastly
+  larger appropriations in the end than have now been asked for. * * *
+
+  "It has been objected in some quarters that the ancient obelisks
+  were all monolithic--massive single stones, cut whole from the
+  quarry; but our country has been proud to give examples of both
+  political and material structures which owe their strength to union;
+  and this Monument to Washington will not be the less significant or
+  stately from embodying the idea of our national motto, '_E pluribus
+  unum_.'
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "Something more original and more ornate might have been conceived
+  at the outset or might now be designed, but there are abundant
+  fields for the exhibition of advanced art in other parts of the
+  country, if not here. This Monument and its design will date back to
+  the time of its inception, and will make no pretensions to
+  illustrate the arts of 1880. It was not undertaken to illustrate the
+  fine arts of any period, but to commemorate the foremost man of all
+  ages. Indeed, it will date back in its form and in its proportions
+  to a remote antiquity. It is a most interesting fact communicated to
+  us in the letters, hereto appended, of our accomplished American
+  minister at Rome, the Hon. George P. Marsh, as the result of his own
+  researches, that the proportions of this Monument, as now designed,
+  are precisely those of all the best-known Egyptian obelisks. The
+  height of those monuments is ascertained by him to have been
+  uniformly and almost precisely ten times the dimensions of the base,
+  and _this proportion_ has now been decided on for our own Monument
+  to Washington, the measurements of the base being fifty-five feet,
+  and projected elevation five hundred and fifty feet. * * * It seems
+  to the undersigned sufficient respectfully to suggest that the
+  question before Congress at this moment is not whether the original
+  plans might not have been improved to advantage, but whether this
+  long-delayed work shall be finished within any reasonable period or
+  be left still longer as a subject for competition among designers
+  and constructors.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "By the adoption of the recommendations of the Commissioners and
+  Engineer the work may be completed within the next four years. * * *
+  While the structure would make no appeal to a close and critical
+  inspection as a mere work of art, it would give a crowning finish to
+  the grand public buildings of the Capital, would add a unique
+  feature to the surrounding landscape, and would attract the admiring
+  gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which it
+  would be visible. It would be eminently a monument for the
+  appreciation of the many, if not of the few, and would thus verify
+  the designation originally given it, of 'The People's Monument to
+  their most illustrious Benefactor.'"
+
+In a letter to the chairman of the committee of the Society by Colonel
+Casey, dated April 19, 1887, he stated:
+
+  "The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet
+  6 inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof,
+  50 feet in height. The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are
+  in exact accordance with the classic proportions of parts of this
+  style of architecture, as determined after careful research by the
+  Hon. George P. Marsh, American Minister at Rome."
+
+The recommendations of the Joint Commission, of the Engineer, Colonel
+Casey, and of the Society, as to plan and proportions of the shaft, were
+happily sustained.
+
+The prediction in the Society's last memorial to Congress was fully
+realized in the completed Monument, which has ever since attracted "the
+admiring gaze of the most distant observers in the wide range over which
+it is visible." None are found to regret the form of the Monument, which
+was firmly adhered to as most fitting to perpetuate the name and fame of
+Washington.
+
+
+Congress making the required annual appropriation for the purpose, the
+work proceeded and the Monument was finally completed on the 6th of
+December, 1884, on which day its capstone was set in place.
+
+By joint resolution of Congress, approved May 13, 1884, a commission was
+created, consisting of five Senators, eight Representatives, and three
+members of the Washington National Monument Society to make arrangements
+for the dedication of the Monument. The following persons composed the
+Commission:
+
+  Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,
+  Hon. JUSTIN S. MORRILL,
+  Hon. WILLIAM B. ALLISON,
+  Hon. THOMAS F. BAYARD,
+  Hon. LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR,
+  Hon. WILLIAM DORSHEIMER,
+  Hon. JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER,
+  Hon. JOHN H. REGAN,
+  Hon. PATRICK COLLINS,
+  Hon. NATHANIEL B. ELDREDGE,
+  Hon. HENRY H. BINGHAM,
+  Hon. JOSEPH G. CANNON,
+  Hon. JAMES LAIRD, AND
+  Hon. W. W. CORCORAN,
+  President JAMES C. WELLING,
+  Dr. JOSEPH M. TONER.
+
+Pursuant to the order of proceedings adopted by the Commission the
+Monument was dedicated on the 21st of February, 1885. The ceremonies,
+began at the base of the Monument at 11 o'clock, Hon. John Sherman,
+Chairman of the Commission, presided. After music, prayer by the Rev.
+Mr. Suter, of Christ Church, Alexandria, Va.; an address prepared by W.
+W. Corcoran, the First Vice-President of the Washington National
+Monument Society, read by Dr. James C. Welling, Mr. Corcoran being
+unable to attend; Masonic ceremonies by the Grand Lodge of the District
+of Columbia, Grand Master Myron M. Parker; remarks by Col. Thomas L.
+Casey, the Engineer of the Joint Commission, delivering the Monument to
+the President of the United States, the Monument was dedicated by the
+President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, in the following
+words:
+
+  "FELLOW COUNTRYMEN: Before the dawn of the century whose eventful
+  years will soon have faded into the past--when death had but lately
+  robbed this Republic of its most beloved and illustrious
+  citizen--the Congress of the United States pledged the faith of the
+  Nation that in this city, bearing his honored name, and then, as
+  now, the seat of the General Government, a monument should be
+  erected to commemorate the great events of his military and
+  political life.
+
+  "The stately column that stretches heavenward front the plain
+  whereon we stand bears witness to all who behold it that the
+  covenant which our fathers made, their children have fulfilled.
+
+  "In the completion of this great work of patriotic endeavor there is
+  abundant cause for national rejoicing; for while this structure
+  shall endure it shall be to all mankind a steadfast token of the
+  affectionate and reverent regard in which this people continue to
+  hold the memory of Washington. Well may he ever keep the foremost
+  place in the hearts of his countrymen.
+
+  "The faith that never faltered; the wisdom that was broader and
+  deeper than any learning taught in schools; the courage that shrank
+  from no peril and was dismayed by no defeat; the loyalty that kept
+  all selfish purpose subordinate to the demands of patriotism and
+  honor; the sagacity that displayed itself in camp and cabinet alike;
+  and, above all, that harmonious union of moral and intellectual
+  qualities which has never found its parallel among men--these are
+  the attributes of character which the intelligent thought of this
+  century ascribes to the grandest figure of the last.
+
+  "But other and more eloquent lips than mine will to-day rehearse to
+  you the story of his noble life and its glorious achievements.
+
+  "To myself has been assigned a simpler and more formal duty, in
+  fulfillment of which I do now, as President of the United States and
+  in behalf of the people, receive this Monument from the hands of its
+  builder, and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the
+  immortal name and memory of George Washington."
+
+The proceedings occurred in the presence of a great concourse of
+citizens and visitors from all parts of the country. The day was clear
+and cold, and a light fall of snow covered the earth.
+
+The procession to the Capitol, comprising a military escort, embracing
+the regular forces of the Army and Navy and visiting military bodies
+and a civic division, under command of Lieut.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan,
+marshal of the day, was imposing.
+
+The proceedings arranged in the hall of the House of Representatives
+occurred in the presence of the President of the United States and his
+Cabinet, the assembled Congress, the Judges of the Supreme Court of the
+United States, Governors of States, Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers,
+official heads in the Departments of the Government, municipal officers
+of Washington, judges, distinguished officers of the Army and Navy, the
+Marine Corps, and the Militia, scientists, journalists, scholars of
+distinction, and many other invited guests of prominence. Among those
+present were descendants of the family of Washington, and of his friends
+and neighbors.
+
+Prayer was offered by the Rev. S. A. Wallis, of Pohick Church, near
+Mount Vernon, Va. An oration by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of
+Massachusetts, was read by Hon. John D. Long, a Representative from
+Massachusetts. Music by the United States marine band was followed by an
+eloquent oration by the Hon, John W. Daniel, of Virginia.
+
+The benediction was pronounced by the Rev. John A. Lindsay, Chaplain of
+the House of Representatives.
+
+
+The resolution of Congress of 1799 was at last fulfilled. The efforts of
+the Washington National Monument Society were realized, and the American
+people beheld the consummation of their desire--a great National
+Monument erected at the seat of the Federal Government to the name and
+memory of George Washington.
+
+A provision in the sundry civil bill, approved October 2, 1888,
+dissolved the Joint Commission, and placed the Monument "in the custody,
+care, and protection" of the Secretary of War, and "continued" the
+Washington National Monument Society "with the same powers as provided
+in the act of August 2, 1876, creating the Joint Commission."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+ROLL OF THE
+Washington National Monument Society.
+
+  Chief Justice John Marshall.
+  Ex-President James Madison.
+  Hon. Roger C. Weightman.
+  Com. John Rodgers.
+  Gen. Thomas S. Jessup.
+  Col. George Bomford.
+  Matthew St. Claire Clarke.
+  Samuel Harrison Smith.
+  John McClelland.
+  Judge William Cranch.
+  Hon. William Brent.
+  George Watterston.
+  Col. Nathan Towson.
+  Gen. Archibald Henderson.
+  Thomas Munroe.
+  Hon. Thomas Carbery.
+  Hom. Peter Force.
+  Hon. John P. Van Ness.
+  William Ingle.
+  William L. Brent.
+  Gen. Alexander McComb.
+  John J. Abert.
+  Philip R. Fendall.
+  Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott.
+  John Carter.
+  Gen. Walter Jones.
+  Hon. Walter Lenox.
+  T. Hartley Crawford.
+  Com. M. F. Maury.
+  Benj. Ogle Tayloe.
+  Thomas Blagden.
+  John Carroll Brent.
+  Col. James Kearney.
+  Hon. Elisha Whittlesey.
+  Hon. W. W. Seaton.
+  J. Bayard H. Smith.
+  Hon. W. W. Corcoran.
+  John P. Ingle.
+  James Mandeville Carlisle.
+  Dr. John B. Blake.
+  Dr. William Jones.
+  William L. Hodge.
+  Dr. James C. Hall.
+  William B. Todd.
+  Hon. James Dunlop.
+  Gen. U. S. Grant.
+  George W. Riggs.
+  Hon. Henry D. Cooke.
+  Hon. Peter G. Washington.
+  William J. McDonald.
+  Hon. John M. Broadhead.
+  Gen. William T. Sherman.
+  Dr. Charles H. Nicols.
+  David A. Watterston.
+  Hon. Alexander R. Shepherd.
+  Fitzhugh Coyle.
+  Hon. James G. Berret.
+  J. C. Kennedy.
+  Hon. William A. Richardson.
+  Gen. O. E. Babcock.
+  Edward Clark.
+  Hon. Walter S. Cox.
+  Rear-Admiral Levin M. Powell.
+  Dr. Charles F. Stansbury.
+  Fred D. Stuart.
+  Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.
+  Professor Joseph Henry.
+  Gen. William McKee Dunn.
+  John C. Harkness.
+  Hon. Horatio King.
+  Dr. Daniel B. Clarke.
+  Hon. George W. McCrary.
+  Dr. Joseph M. Toner.
+  President James C. Welling.
+  Hon. George Bancroft.
+  Rear-Adm'l C. R. P. Rodgers.
+  Hon. Hugh McCulloch.
+  Hon. John Sherman.
+  Hon. William Strong.
+  Hon. Arthur McArthur.
+  Brig.-Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey.
+  Hon. A. R. Spofford.
+  Hon. J. C. Bancroft Davis.
+  Gen. C. C. Augur.
+  Professor Asaph Hall.
+  Rear-Adm'l S. R. Franklin.
+  Dr. Francis M. Gunnell.
+  Professor E. M. Gallaudet.
+  Hon. Martin F. Morris.
+  Hon. George S. Boutwell.
+  Samuel H. Kauffmann.
+  Maj.-Gen. John M. Schofield.
+  Rev. John F. Hurst, D. D.
+  Rt. Rev. John J. Keane.
+  Hon. Henry B. Brown.
+  Hon. William A. Maury.
+  Henry A. Willard.
+  Charles C. Glover.
+  Professor S. D. Langley.
+  Frederick L. Harvey.
+  R. Ross Perry.
+
+GENERAL AGENTS.
+
+  Elisha Whittlesey,                     1848.
+  Lieut. J. C. Ives,                     1859 to 1860.
+  John S. Benson,                        1870.
+  Frederick L. Harvey,                   1874 to 1876.
+
+
+
+
+INSCRIPTION
+ON
+COPPER PLATE COVERING DEPOSIT-RECESS IN THE
+CORNER-STONE OF MONUMENT.
+
+                  4th JULY, 1776.
+
+  DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+                     AMERICA.
+
+
+                  4th JULY, 1848.
+
+      THIS CORNER-STONE LAID OF A MONUMENT,
+    BY THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, TO THE
+           MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+
+                  JAMES K. POLK,
+  _President of the United States and Ex-officio President of the Board
+                   of Managers._
+
+        WILLIAM BRENT, _1st Vice-President_.
+
+  WILLIAM W. SEATON, _Mayor of Washington, 2d Vice-President_.
+
+       GEN'L A. HENDERSON, _3d Vice-President_.
+
+             J. B. H. SMITH, _Treasurer_.
+
+            GEORGE WATTERSTON, _Secretary_.
+
+
+BOARD OF MANAGERS.
+
+  MAJOR-GEN'L WINFIELD SCOTT.
+  GEN'L N. TOWSON.
+  COL. J. J. ABERT.
+  COL. J. KEARNEY.
+  GEN'L WALTER JONES.
+  THOMAS CARBERY.
+  PETER FORCE.
+  WM. A. BRADLEY.
+  P. R. FENDALL.
+  THOMAS MUNROE.
+  WALTER LENOX.
+  M. F. MAURY.
+  THOMAS BLAGDEN.
+  ELISHA WHITTLESEY, _General Agent_.
+
+BUILDING COMMITTEE.
+
+  THOMAS CARBERY.
+  WILLIAM A. BRADLEY.
+  GEORGE WATTERSTON.
+  COL. J. J. ABERT.
+
+COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.
+
+  GEN'L A. HENDERSON.
+  WALTER LENOX.
+  LIEUT. M. F. MAURY.
+  JOSEPH H. BRADLEY, _Chief Marshal_.
+  ROBERT MILLS, _Architect_.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF MEMBERS
+OF THE
+JOINT COMMISSION,
+COMPLETION OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+ACT OF AUGUST 2, 1876.
+
+(Commission Dissolved October 2, 1888.)
+
+
+_Presidents._
+
+  ULYSSES S. GRANT.      JAS. A. GARFIELD.
+  R. B. HAYES.           CHESTER A. ARTHUR.
+            GROVER CLEVELAND.
+
+_Chiefs of Corps of Engineers, U. S. A._
+
+  Brig.-Gen. A. A. HUMPHREYS.     Brig.-Gen. HORATIO WRIGHT.
+  Brig.-Gen. JOHN NEWTON.         Brig.-Gen. THOS. L. CASEY (1888).
+
+_Architect of the Capitol._
+
+  EDWARD CLARK.
+
+_Architects of the Treasury._
+
+  JAS. G. HILL.      JOHN FRASER, Acting.      M. E. BELL.
+
+_First Vice-President of Washington National Monument Society._
+
+  W. W. CORCORAN.
+
+_Secretary._
+
+  F. L. HARVEY.
+
+_Engineers in Charge Under Joint Commission._
+
+  Col. THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,      Col. JOHN M. WILSON (1888),
+                     Corps of Engineers.
+
+_Assistants._
+
+  Capt. GEO. W. DAVIS,        BERNARD R. GREEN,
+     14th Inft., U. S. A.        Civil Engineer.
+
+_Master Mechanic_--P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.
+
+_Chief Clerk_--JAMES B. DUTTON.
+
+_Draftsman_--GUSTAV FRIEBUS.
+
+
+
+
+INSCRIPTIONS
+ON THE
+FOUR FACES OF THE ALUMINUM POINT CROWNING
+APEX OF MONUMENT.
+
+(NORTH FACE.)
+
+JOINT COMMISSION
+AT
+SETTING OF CAP-STONE.
+
+  CHESTER A. ARTHUR.
+  W. W. CORCORAN, _Chairman_.
+  M. E. BELL.
+  EDWARD CLARK.
+  JOHN NEWTON.
+  _Act of August 2nd, 1876._
+
+(WEST FACE.)
+
+  CORNER-STONE LAID ON BED OF FOUNDATION
+  JULY 4, 1848.
+
+  FIRST STONE AT HEIGHT OF 152 FEET
+  LAID
+  AUGUST 7, 1880.
+
+  CAP-STONE SET DECEMBER 6, 1884.
+
+(SOUTH FACE.)
+
+  CHIEF ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT,
+    THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,
+      COLONEL CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
+
+  _Assistants:_
+    GEORGE W. DAVIS,
+      CAPTAIN 14TH INFANTRY.
+
+    BERNARD R. GREEN,
+      CIVIL ENGINEER.
+
+  _Master Mechanic._
+    P. H. MCLAUGHLIN.
+
+(EAST FACE.)
+
+  LAUS DEO.
+
+
+
+
+                             ENGINEER OFFICE WASHINGTON MONUMENT,
+                                 CORNER SEVENTEENTH AND F STREETS,
+                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., _April 19, 1880_.
+
+Hon. ROBERT C. WINTHROP,
+  _Chairman of Committee of Washington Monument society_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Agreeably to your request that a succinct account of the
+project for the completion and the condition of the work upon the
+Washington National Monument should be given your committee, I have the
+honor, with the sanction of the Joint Commission for the completion of
+the Monument, to report as follows.
+
+ADMINISTRATION.
+
+Under the authority of the act of Congress of August 2, 1876, and joint
+resolutions of June 14, 1878, and June 27, 1879, the Monument is being
+constructed under the direction and supervision of a Joint Commission,
+consisting of the President of the United States, the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury Department, the Architect of the Capitol, the
+Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, and the First
+Vice-President of the Washington National Monument Society.
+
+PROJECT.
+
+The project or design of the work is an obelisk 550 feet in height,
+faced with white marble mid hacked with dressed granite rock. Of this
+structure 156 feet is already finished.
+
+The base of the Monument is 55 feet square, the top will be 34 feet 6
+inches square, and it will be crowned with a pyramidion, or roof, 50
+feet in height.
+
+The proportions of the parts of this obelisk are in exact accordance
+with the classic proportions of parts of this style of architecture, as
+determined after careful research by the Hon. George P. Marsh, American
+Minister at Rome.
+
+The shaft, as proportioned, both in dimensions and weight, will be
+entirely stable as against winds that could exert a pressure of one
+hundred pounds or more per square foot upon any face of the structure.
+
+The project includes the preparation of the foundation so as to enable
+it to carry this structure. This preparation, or strengthening, consists
+in making the existing foundation wider and deeper, in order to
+distribute the weight over a greater area, and in bringing upon each
+square foot of the earth pressed no greater weight then it is known to
+be able to sustain.
+
+CONDITION OF THE WORK.
+
+1. _Preparation of foundation._--This consisted in placing a mass of
+Portland cement concrete beneath the existing foundation, extending
+downwards 131/2 feet; underneath and within the outer edge of the old
+foundation 18 feet; and without this edge 23 feet; then, of taking out
+the old foundation from beneath the shaft, for a sufficient distance
+back to obtain a good bearing upon the new masonry which is built out
+upon the slab first mentioned.
+
+This work is so far advanced that it will be entirely completed by the
+15th of June.
+
+2. _Preparation for the shaft._--The other operations have consisted in
+the erection of the interior frame-work for the staircases and elevator
+within the shaft, which frame-work will be used in the construction of
+the masonry; the collection of granite and marble for continuing the
+shaft; and the preparation of the machinery for raising the stones to
+the top of the shaft, and setting them in place on the walls.
+
+APPROPRIATIONS.
+
+The only appropriation for this work as yet made by Congress is two
+hundred thousand dollars, contained in the act of August 2, 1876, which
+sum will be exhausted by the end of August, 1880.
+
+The estimate for completing this work is $667,000, and the time required
+will be four working seasons.
+
+    Very respectfully, your ob't servant,
+                                              THOS. LINCOLN CASEY,
+                                _Lieutenant-Colonel Engineers, U.S.A.,
+                                                    Engineer in Charge._
+
+
+                                    UNITED STATES SENATE CHAMBER,
+                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 31, 1879_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I inclose, as possibly of interest, extracts from a letter I
+have just received from Hon. George P. Marsh, our Minister at Rome.
+
+These extracts refer to the Washington Monument question. Mr. Marsh is
+among the most learned and accomplished of those in any country who have
+given the subject of architecture and monumental art attention.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+                                                        GEO. F. EDMUNDS.
+  Gen. T. L. CASEY,
+    _Corps of Engineers_.
+
+
+
+
+[Extracts.]
+
+                                               ROME, _February 9, 1879_.
+
+DEAR MR. EDMUNDS: By a letter from the sculptor Mead to Mrs. Marsh, I
+understand that the main feature of the Washington Monument is to be an
+obelisk of great height, surmounted by a colossal statue, and with
+_bas-reliefs_ at a suitable height from the base. I believe I have
+not only seen but sketched every existing genuine--that is,
+Egyptian--obelisk, for no other can fairly said to be genuine. The
+obelisk is not an arbitrary structure which every one is free to erect
+with such form and proportions as suit his taste and convenience, but
+its objects, form, and proportions were fixed by the usage of thousands
+of years; they satisfy every cultivated eye, and I hold it an esthetical
+crime to depart from them.
+
+In its objects the obelisk is monumental, its inscriptions having
+reference to and indicating what or whom it commemorates. I do of think
+_bas-reliefs_ too great a departure from the primitive character the
+inscriptions, because we can come no nearer an alphabet answering the
+purpose.
+
+The most important point is the form and proportions of the structure,
+as to which the modern builder of obelisks transgresses greatly. The
+Egyptian obelisks do not, indeed, all conform with mathematical
+exactness to their own normal proportions, but (probably from defects in
+the stone) frequently vary somewhat from them. When truly fashioned,
+however, they are more pleasing to the eye than when deviating from the
+regular shape.
+
+The obelisk consists: First, of a naked shaft, with or without
+inscription, the height of which is ten times the width of its base, so
+that if the base of the shaft is fifty feet square, then the height of
+the shaft must be five hundred feet. For optical reasons (which cannot
+be considered in the Washington Monument, it being too late) the faces
+of the shaft are slightly convex.
+
+The dimensions of the shaft are reduced as it rises, and in this point
+the ancient obelisks vary more than any other, the top of the shaft
+varying from two-thirds to three-quarters of the linear measurement of
+the base. Hence, if the base of the shaft (I do mot mean of the pedestal
+or plinth, if there is one) is fifty feet square, its summit may be
+anywhere between thirty-three and one-third and thirty-seven and
+one-half feet square. The obelisks much reduced are the most graceful,
+but in this case the great height will of itself reduce the apparent
+measurement, so that perhaps thirty-five would not be too much. But the
+shaft has already gone up so far as to have settled those questions of
+form irrevocably. Second, of a pyramidion or apex, the form and
+proportions of which are constant. The base of the pyramidion is of
+exactly the same dimensions as the summit of the shaft, and unites with
+it directly without any break (except, of course, one angle), and with
+no ledge, molding, or other disfigurement. The height of the pyramidion
+is equal to the length of a side of the base of the shaft, and therefore
+greater than the side of its own base.
+
+There are cases where the hyeroglyphics run up one or more faces of the
+pyramidion, but in general these faces are perfectly plain.
+
+The Egyptians often covered the whole pyramidion with a closely fitted
+gilt bronze cap, the effect of which most have been magnificent.
+
+It has been said that it was sometimes surmounted by a gilt star, but I
+doubt this, for the casing of the pyramidion would of itself have much
+the same effect.
+
+The notion of spitting an the sharp point of the pyramidion is supremely
+absurd. Not less so is the substitution of a low hipped roof for am
+acute pyramidion, or the making of a window in the face of the
+pyramidion or of the shaft, both which atrocities were committed in the
+Bunker Hill Monument. There will no doubt be people who will be foolish
+enough to insist on a peep-hole somewhere; and if they must be gratified
+the window should be of the exact form and size of one of the stones,and
+provided with a close-fitting shutter colored exactly like the stone, so
+that when shut it would be nearly or quite imperceptible from below.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                          GEO. P. MARSH.
+
+  Hon. GEO. F. EDMUNDS.
+
+
+                                      WASHINGTON, D. C., _May 12, 1879_.
+
+MY DEAR GENERAL: I have received from Mr. Marsh a letter on the subject
+of the Monument, a copy of which I herewith forward to you, thinking it
+may interest you.
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                      GEORGE F. EDMUNDS.
+
+  General T. L. CASEY,
+    _Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C._
+
+
+                                                 ROME, _April 25, 1879_.
+
+DEAR MR. EDMUNDS: I am much obliged to you for yours of April 8, with
+General Casey's letter and the two Congressional documents. I am
+agreeably surprised to learn from General Casey's interesting letter
+that the normal proportions have been so early observed hitherto in the
+construction of the obelisk. In fact, it being difficult to obtain such
+vast masses of granite rock, even in the quarries of Syene, entirely
+free from flaws, the Egyptians were very often obliged to depart more or
+less from the proportions most satisfactory to the eye, and the
+Washington obelisk conforms so nearly to those proportions, except in
+two points, that it is hardly subject to criticism. These points are,
+the batter, which is more rapid than in any obelisk known to me, and the
+pyramidion. Perhaps the designer adopted the proportions from
+considerations of stability, as a summit considerably less than the base
+would give greater security, and when the dimensions are all so great,
+differences of proportion are less appreciable.
+
+As to the form and proportion of the pyramidion, the existing obelisks
+are more uniform than in the measurements of the shaft, and I think
+that, not merely on the ground of precedent but on that of taste, it
+would be by all means advisable to give to the pyramidion of the
+Washington obelisk a height of not less than fifty feet. In any case, if
+the height of the pyramidion is not greater than the side of its base,
+the summit will have a truncated shape quite out of harmony with the
+_soaring_ character of the structure.
+
+I infer from General Casey's drawings, accompanying Mr. Corcoran's
+letter, that the plan of a sort of temple-like excrescence from the
+base--a highly objectionable feature--is abandoned. It is curious that
+we do not know precisely what the Egyptian form of the base was. Some
+authorities state it was a die of larger dimensions than the shaft, and
+with sides battering at the same rate as the shaft, but I do not find
+satisfactory evidence that this was by any means universal, though it
+would certainly be an appropriate and harmonious form. Of course any
+desirable base can be constructed around the shaft. There are obelisks
+the surface of which indicates that they were stuccoed, and this
+suggests that if the shaft of the Washington obelisk shall from time or
+difference of material be found parti-colored, surface uniformity of
+tone may be obtained by the same process.
+
+We have no knowledge of any Egyptian obelisk much exceeding one hundred
+feet in height, though some writers speak of such monuments of
+considerably greater dimensions. The extreme difficulty of obtaining
+monoliths exceeding one hundred feet renders it probable that the
+measurements of the authorities referred to were mere vague estimates
+rather than ascertained dimensions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Yours truly,
+                                                          GEO. P. MARSH.
+
+
+                                     BROOKLINE, MASS., _August 1, 1878_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: Your favor of the 20th ultimo reached me yesterday. I thank
+you for sending me the copy of Mr. Story's letter, which I have read
+with great interest. I am only a second vice-president of the Monument
+Association, and am not included in the commission for completing the
+work. I had no part or lot in the original design of the Monument. * * *
+As an original question, I might have desired a different design; and I
+had no small part in inducing the building committee, many years ago, to
+omit the pantheon at the base, and to confine the design to a simple
+obelisk. After that was arranged, and when the Monument had reached so
+considerable a height, I was very averse to changing the plan. A whole
+generation of men, women, and children had contributed, in larger or
+smaller sums, to this particular Monument; and States, cities, and
+foreign nations had sent stones for its completion.
+
+To tear it all down, with a view to improve the design, was abhorrent to
+me. Story called to see me when he was in Boston, and I told him that,
+so far as I was concerned, my first wish was to finish the Monument as a
+simple obelisk; but that, if a change was unavoidable, owing to any
+insecurity of the foundations, his idea of turning it into an ornamental
+Lombard Tower was the best plan I had seen suggested. * * *
+
+I am aware that what is called "advanced art" looks with scorn on
+anything so simple and bald as an obelisk, more especially when it is
+made up of a thousand pieces, instead of being a monolith shaft. Yet the
+Bunker Hill Monument, of which the design was furnished by one of our
+earliest and best artists, Horatio Greenough, is one of these complete
+obelisks, and Webster was proud to apostrophize it as "the true orator
+of the day," when he was pronouncing his own incomparable oration.
+
+I recall other obelisks, at home and abroad, which tell their story most
+impressively; and when I look around to see what "advanced art" has done
+for us and done for itself to the myriad soldiers' monuments which have
+been recently erected, I fall back on the simple shaft as at least not
+inferior to any one of them in effect and as free from anything tinsel
+or tawdry.
+
+A grand arch, which I believe you once proposed, would be a noble
+monument of our Union, and might well be the subject of independent
+consideration in season for the centennial of the organization of the
+Government in 1889. I have repeatedly urged such an arch as
+commemorative of our Constitutional Union, in Boston. But it would have
+still greater propriety in Washington. I cannot help hoping, however,
+that it will be erected with new stones, and without any disturbance of
+the Washington obelisk.
+
+Pardon me for so long a letter and for so frank an expression of my
+views.
+
+I have heard nothing on the subject of late from any of the
+Commissioners or of the Association, but have taken it for granted that
+the whole matter was decided.
+
+If, however, it is to be reopened, I shall be very glad to see Mr.
+Story's designs, and to consult with you agreeably to your friendly
+invitation.
+
+Believe me, dear Mr. Morrill, respectfully and truly,
+
+                                                     ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
+
+  Hon. JUSTIN S. MORRILL,
+    _United States Senator_.
+
+
+
+
+ACTS OF CONGRESS RELATING TO THE COMPLETION OF
+THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+Act of August 2, 1876,                19 Statutes, p. 123.
+Joint Resolution, June 14, 1878,      20    "      p. 254.
+Joint Resolution, June 27, 1879,      21    "      p.  54.
+Sundry Civil Act, June 16, 1880,      21    "      p. 268.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1881,      21    "      p. 444.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1883,      22    "      p. 615.
+Sundry Civil Act, August 9, 1886,     24    "      p. 245.
+Sundry Civil Act, February 28, 1887,  24    "      p. 424.
+Sundry Civil Act, March 3, 1887,      24    "      p. 509.
+Sundry Civil Act, October 2, 1888,    25    "      p. 553.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF BLOCKS
+
+CONTRIBUTED FOR INSERTION IN THE INTERIOR
+WALLS OF THE MONUMENT.
+
+  Maine.
+  New Hampshire.
+  Vermont.
+  Massachusetts.
+  Connecticut.
+  Rhode Island.
+  New York.
+  Pennsylvania.
+  New Jersey.
+  Delaware.
+  Maryland.
+  Virginia.
+  West Virginia.
+  North Carolina.
+  South Carolina.
+  Georgia.
+  Florida.
+  Alabama.
+  Mississippi.
+  Louisiana.
+  Texas.
+  Arkansas.
+  Tennessee.
+  Missouri.
+  Kentucky.
+  Ohio.
+  Indiana.
+  Illinois.
+  Michigan.
+  Iowa.
+  Wisconsin.
+  Minnesota.
+  Kansas.
+  Nebraska.
+  Wyoming.
+  Dakota.
+  Montana.
+  Utah.
+  Nevada.
+  California.
+  Oregon.
+
+  Turkey.
+  Greece.
+  Japan.
+  China.
+  Siam.
+  Brazil.
+  Paros and Naxos, in Grecian Archipelago.
+  Bremen.
+  Switzerland.
+  Cherokee Nation.
+  Wales.
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS.
+
+  New York City.
+  Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Warren, R. I.
+  Boston, Mass.
+  Baltimore, Md.
+  Richmond, Va.
+  Washington City.
+  Alexandria, Va.
+  Frederick, Md.
+  Charlestown, Mass.
+  Little Rock, Ark.
+  Durham, N. H.
+  Stockton, Cal.
+  New Bedford, Mass.
+  Lowell, Mass.
+  Nashville, Tenn.
+  Newark, N. J.
+  Salem, Mass.
+  City of Roxbury, Mass.
+
+F. A. A. M.
+
+  Patmos Lodge, Maryland.
+  Grand Lodge of Maryland.
+    "     "      Ohio.
+    "     "      Mississippi.
+    "     "      Kentucky.
+    "     "      New York.
+    "     "      Virginia.
+    "     "      Alabama.
+    "     "      Tennessee.
+    "     "      Florida.
+    "     "      Pennsylvania.
+    "     "      Arkansas.
+    "     "      Georgia.
+    "     "      Dist. of Colum.
+  Subordinate Lodges, Philadelphia.
+  Roxbury Lodge, Mass.
+  St. John's Lodge, Richmond, Va.
+  Washington Naval Lodge, No. 4.
+  Arthenia Lodge, Troy, N. Y.
+  Lafayette Lodge, 64, New York.
+
+I. O. O. F.
+
+  Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.
+    "     "      Mississippi.
+    "     "      Kentucky.
+    "     "      Indiana.
+    "     "      Iowa.
+    "     "      Virginia.
+    "     "      New Jersey.
+    "     "      Ohio.
+    "     "      United States.
+    "     "      Maryland.
+  Philadelphia, Penna.
+  Eureka Lodge 117, New York City.
+  Troy, N. Y.
+  Germantown, Penna.
+
+SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
+
+  Grand Division of North Carolina.
+    "      "        Connecticut.
+    "      "        Illinois.
+    "      "        New Jersey.
+    "      "        Ohio.
+    "      "        Rhode Isl'nd.
+  Philadelphia, Penna.
+
+  Mount Lebanon Lodge, B. B. B.
+  Washington Naval, A. Y. M.
+  Addisonian Literary Society.
+  "Cincinnati Commercial, 1850."
+  United Sons America, Penna.
+  American Whig Society.
+  Hibernian Society, Baltimore, Md.
+  Independent United Order of Brothers.
+  Uni'd Amer'n Mechanics, Phila'a.
+
+  Fire Department, New York City.
+  Invincible Fire Co., Cincinnati, O.
+  Washington Light Inft., D. C.
+  Fire Depart't., Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Co. I, 4th U. S. Infantry. 1851.
+  National Greys, Washington, D. C.
+  Continental Guards of New Orleans.
+  First Regiment, Light Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteers.
+  Westmoreland County, Va., Birthplace of Washington.
+  "Braddock's Field."
+  "Battlefield of Long Island." Kings County, 1776.
+  Association of Journeymen Stonecutters, Philadelphia, Penna.
+  "From the Home of Knox--Citizens of Thomaston, Maine."
+  Hawkins County, Tenn.
+  "From Otter's Summit--Virginia's loftiest peak."
+  Oakland College, Miss.
+  General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, Washington, May, 1852.
+  American Institute, New York.
+  "Maryland Pilgrims."
+  German Benevolent Society, Washington, D. C.
+  Columbia Typographical Society, Washington, D. C.
+  "Postmasters and Assistant Postmasters, Indiana, 1852."
+  "Pupils of the Public Schools, Baltimore, Md."
+  Cliosophic Society, Nassau Hall, N. J.
+  Wilmington, North Carolina, Thalian Association.
+  Tuscarora Tribe, District of Columbia, I. O. R. M.
+  Anacostia Tribe, No. 3, I. O. R. M.
+  Oldest Inhabitant's Association, Washington, D. C.
+  Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+  Mosaic Block--ruins of ancient Carthage.
+  From Chapel of William Tell, Luzerne, Switzerland.
+  Americans residing in Foo-Chow-Foo, China, 1857.
+  "From the Temple of AEsculapius, Island of Paros. Presented by Officers
+    of U. S. S. Saranac."
+  American Medical Society.
+  Jefferson Society, University of Virginia.
+  Lava--Vesuvius. Geo. Wm. Terrell.
+  Pupils Buffalo Public Schools.
+  Honesdale, Wayne County, Penna., 1853.
+  Citizens of Stockton, San Joaquin County, Cal.
+  "From two Disciples of Daguerre," of Philadelphia.
+  Children of Sunday Schools, M. E. Church, City of New York.
+  Ladies and Gentlemen--Dramatic Profession of America.
+  Erina Guard, Newark, N. J.
+  Sons of New England in Canada.
+  "From Alexandrian Library in Egypt."
+  "From Tomb of Napoleon, St. Helena."
+  Western Military Institute, Ky.
+  Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATIONS
+OF THE
+INSCRIPTIONS ON FOREIGN BLOCKS.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+"So as to strengthen the friendship between the two countries,
+Abdul-Majid Kahn has also had his name written on the Monument to
+Washington."
+
+These words form a chronogram--"1269-1779 of the Hegira." Above the
+inscription is a monogram signifying "Abdul-Majid, son of Mahomet Kahn."
+Upon a lower corner, "Written by the court poet, Mustapha Izyt."
+
+Block is of white marble, highly polished, and ornamental.
+
+
+BREMEN.
+
+"Washington dem Grossen und Gerechten das befreundete Bremen."
+
+(Friendly Bremen to the great and good Washington.)
+
+
+JAPAN.
+
+"Exported from the harbor of Simoda, in the Province of Isu, the fifth
+month of the year Ansey Tora." [April, 1853.]
+
+
+GREECE.
+
+Block of white marble from ruins of the Parthenon:
+
+"George Washington, the hero, the citizen of the new and illustrious
+liberty: The land of Solon, Themistocles, and Pericles--the mother of
+ancient liberty--sends this ancient stone as a testimony of honor and
+admiration from the Parthenon."
+
+
+CHINA.
+
+"Su-Ki-Yu, by imperial appointment, Lieutenant Governor of the Province
+of Fuh Kun, in his Universal Geography, says:
+
+"'It is evident that Washington was a remarkable man. In devising plans
+he was more decided than Chin-Sing, or Wu-Kang,[A] in winning a country,
+he was braver than Tsau-Tsau or Lin Pi.[B] Wielding his four-footed
+falchion, he extended the frontiers thousands of miles, and then refused
+to usurp the regal dignity or transmit it to his posterity, but first
+established rules for an elective administration. Where in the world can
+be found such a public spirit? Truly, the sentiments of three dynasties
+have all at once unexpectedly appeared in our day! In ruling the State
+he promoted and fostered good customs, and did not depend on military
+merit. In this he differed from all other nations. I have seen his
+portrait; his air and form are grand and imposing in a remarkable
+degree. Ah! who would not call him a hero?
+
+"'The United States of America regard it promotive of national virtue
+generally and extensively neither to establish titles of nobility and
+royalty nor to conform to the age, as respects customs and public
+influence, but instead deliver over their own public deliberations and
+inventions, so that the like of such a nation--one so remarkable--does
+not exist in ancient or modern times. Among the people of the Great
+West, can any man, in ancient or modern times, fail to pronounce
+Washington peerless?'
+
+"This stone is presented by a company of Christians and engraved at
+Ningpo, in the Province of Che Heang, China, this third year of the
+reign of the Emperor He-en Fung, sixth month and seventh day." [July 12,
+1853.]
+
+
+
+
+ARTICLES DEPOSITED
+IN
+RECESS IN THE CORNER-STONE OF THE
+MONUMENT
+ON JULY 4, 1848.
+
+Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence;
+presented by Mr. Hickey.
+
+American Constitutions; by W. Patton.
+
+Large design of the Washington National Monument, with the _fac simile_
+of the names of the Presidents of the United States and others.
+Lithographed.
+
+Large design of the Washington National Monument. Lithographed.
+
+Historical sketch of the Washington National Monument since its origin,
+in MS.
+
+Portrait of Washington, from Stuart's painting, Faneuil Hall.
+
+Plate engraved with the names of the officers and members of the Board
+of Managers.
+
+The Statesman's Manual, containing President's Messages from Washington
+to Polk, from 1789 to 1846, vols. 1 and 2.
+
+Copy of the grant for the site of the Monument under the joint
+resolution of Congress.
+
+Constitutions of the Washington National Monument Society, addresses,
+circulars, commissions, instructions, form of bond, from 1835 to 1848.
+
+Small design of Monument and likeness of Washington, with blank
+certificates for contributors.
+
+Watterston's New Guide to Washington; by G. Watterston.
+
+Map of the City of Washington; by Joseph Ratcliffe.
+
+Laws of the Corporation of Washington; by A. Rothwell.
+
+J. B. Varnum, Jr., on the Seat of Government; by J. B. Varnum, Jr.
+
+Statistics by John Sessford of the number of dwellings, value of
+improvements, assessments of the real and personal tax, &c., in the City
+of Washington, from 1824 to 1848, print and manuscript; by John
+Sessford.
+
+Census of the United States, 1840; Force's Guide to Washington and
+vicinity, 1848; by W. Q. Force.
+
+Drake's Poems; Catalogue of the Library of Congress, printed 1839;
+Catalogue from 1840 to 1847, both inclusive; by Joint Committee on the
+Library of Congress.
+
+Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico, 1846-'47; by R. P. Anderson.
+
+All the coins of the United States, from the eagle to the half-dime,
+inclusive.
+
+Census of the United States from 1790 to 1848, inclusive.
+
+A list of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, its
+Officers, with the dates of their respective appointments; by W. J.
+Carroll, Clerk Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+Proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, with the original
+institution of the order and _fac simile_ of the signatures of the
+original members of the State Society of Pennsylvania; by Charles L.
+Coltman.
+
+Constitution and General Laws of the Great Council of the Improved Order
+of Red Men of the District of Columbia.
+
+By-Laws of Powhatan Tribe, No. 1, and General Laws of the Great Council
+of the same Order.
+
+American Silk Flag; presented by Joseph K. Boyd, citizen of Washington,
+District of Columbia, on the 4th of July, 1848.
+
+The Temple of Liberty, two copies, one ornamented and lettered with red.
+The letters are so arranged in each that the name of Washington may be
+spelled more than one thousand times in connection; by John Kilbourn.
+
+Design of the Monument, small plate, produced by a process called
+electrotype; by Chas. Fenderich, Washington.
+
+A copy of the Constitution of the first organized Temperance Society in
+America; by L. H. Sprague, July 4, 1848.
+
+Sons of Temperance in the District of Columbia.
+
+Report on the Organization of the Smithsonian Institution; by Professor
+Henry.
+
+Coat of Arms of the Washington family; by Mrs. Jane Charlotte
+Washington, July 4, 1848.
+
+The Blue Book for 1847; Congressional Directory; by J. & G. S. Gideon.
+
+Thirty-first Annual Report of the American Colonization Society.
+
+Message of the President of the United States and accompanying
+documents, 1847.
+
+Navy Register, 1848; by C. Alexander.
+
+Coast Survey Document; Army Register for 1848.
+
+The Washington Monument; Shall It Be Built? by J. S. Lyon.
+
+Holy Bible; presented by the Bible Society; instituted 1816.
+
+Vail's Description of the Magnetic Telegraph; by A. Vail.
+
+Report of the Joint Committee on the Library, May 4, 1848, and an
+engraving; by M. Vattemare.
+
+Morse's North American Atlas.
+
+African Repository and Colonial Journal, 1848.
+
+Military Laws of the United States, 1846; by G. Templeman.
+
+Appleton's Railroad and Steamboat Companion.
+
+Daguerreotype likeness of General and Mrs. Mary Washington, with a
+description of the Daguerreotype process; by John S. Grubb, Alexandria,
+Va.
+
+True Republican; the likeness of all the Presidents to 1846, and
+inaugural addresses; by G. Templeman.
+
+Silver Medal, representing General Washington and the National Monument;
+by Jacob Seeger.
+
+Copies of the Union Magazine, National Magazine, Godey's Lady's Book,
+Graham's Magazine, and Columbian Magazine, for July, 1848; by Brooke &
+Shillington.
+
+Constitution of the Smithsonian Association, on the Island, instituted
+November 9, 1847.
+
+Harper's Illustrated Catalogue; by S. Colman.
+
+Smithsonian Institution--Report of the Commissioners on its
+organization; Reports from the Board of Regents; by W. W. Seaton.
+
+American Archives; A Documentary History of the American Colonies to the
+present time; fourth series, vol. 5; by Peter Force.
+
+Guide to the Capitol; by R. Mills.
+
+An American Dollar; by Miss Sarah Smith, Stafford, N. J.
+
+American State Papers, 1832; National Intelligencer for 1846 (bound); by
+Gales & Seaton.
+
+Abstract Log for the use of American Navigators; by Lieut. M. F. Maury,
+U. S. N.; by M. F. Manry.
+
+Report of Prof. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey; by Coast
+Survey Office.
+
+_Fac simile_ of Washington's Accounts; by Michael Nourse.
+
+Claypole's American Daily Advertiser, December 25, 1799, and the
+Philadelphia Gazette, December 27, 1799, containing a full account of
+the death and funeral ceremony of General Washington, the official
+proceedings of Congress, Executive, &c.; by G. M. Grouard.
+
+Publication No. 1, Boston, 1833.
+
+A cent of 1783 of the United States of America; by W. G. Paine.
+
+United States Fiscal Department, vols. 1 and 2; by R. Mayo, M. D.
+
+Maps and Charts of the Coast Survey; by Survey Office.
+
+Letters of John Quincy Adams to W. L. Stone, and introduction; letters
+of J. Q. Adams to Edward Livingston, Grand High Priest, &c.; Vindication
+of General Washington, &c., by Joseph Ritner, Governor of Pennsylvania,
+with a letter to Daniel Webster and his reply, printed in 1841;
+American Antimason, No. 1, vol. 1, Hartford, Connecticut, 1839, Maine
+Free Press; Correspondence Committee of York, Pennsylvania, to Richard
+Rush, April, 1831; his answer, May 4, 1841; Credentials of a Delegate
+from Jefferson County, Missouri, and proceedings of a meeting of
+citizens to make the appointment of a delegate; by Henry Gassitt,
+Boston, Massachusetts.
+
+Annual Report of the Comptroller of the State of New York, January 5,
+1848; Tolls, Trade, and Tonnage of the New York Canals, 1847; State of
+New York--first report of the Commissioner, Practice and Pleadings; by
+Hon. Washington Hunt.
+
+Specimens of Continental Money, 1776; by Thos. Adams.
+
+Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847; by Edmund Burke.
+
+Walton's Vermont Register and Farmers' Almanac, 1848; by Hon. Mr. Henry.
+
+Maury's Wind and Current Charts of the North Atlantic; by M. F. Maury.
+
+Astronomical Observations for 1845, made under M. F. Maury, at the
+Washington Observatory; by M. F. Maury.
+
+Casts from the seals of the S. of T. and I. O. R. M.; by J. W. Eckloff.
+
+Journals of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Thirtieth
+Congress and Documents; by R. P. Anderson.
+
+
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS
+Deposited in Corner-Stone.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+  Worcester Palladium                Worcester.
+  Salem Oracle                           Salem.
+  The Telegraph                     Gloucester.
+  Cape Ann Light                         "
+  Boston Daily Atlas                    Boston.
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+
+  New England Weekly Gazette          Hartford.
+
+NEW YORK.
+
+  Irving Democrat                       Irving.
+  Long Island Farmer                   Jamaica.
+  Cayuga New Era                        Auburn.
+  Troy Daily Post                         Troy.
+  Troy Daily Whig                          "
+  Journal and Advertiser                Auburn.
+  Auburn Daily Advertiser                  "
+  Star of Temperance                       "
+  New York Day Book                   New York.
+  Mercantile Times                        "
+  Northern Christian Advocate           Auburn.
+  New York Daily Sun                  New York.
+  New York Weekly Sun                     "
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+  American Democrat                   Carlisle.
+  Pennsylvania Democrat              Uniontown.
+  Lycoming Gazette                Williamsport.
+  American Press Republican          Lancaster.
+  Daily Morning Post                 Pittsburg.
+  Lancaster County Farmer            Lancaster.
+  Bradford Argus                       Towanda.
+  Pittsburg Daily Gazette            Pittsburg.
+  Daily Morning Telegraph                "
+  Pennsylvania Republican                 York.
+  North American U. S. Gazette    Philadelphia.
+  Public Ledger                        "
+
+MARYLAND.
+
+  Somerset Herald                     Somerset.
+  Der Somerset Republican                 "
+  Marlboro Gazette              Upper Marlboro.
+  Baltimore Daily Sun                Baltimore.
+  Baltimore American                      "
+
+VIRGINIA.
+
+  Spirit of Jefferson              Charlestown.
+  Valley Whig                        Fincastle.
+  Martinsburg Gazette              Martinsburg.
+  Weston Sentinel                       Weston.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+  North Carolinian                Fayetteville.
+  Old North State               Elizabeth City.
+
+GEORGIA.
+
+  Federal Union                  Milledgeville.
+  Southern Recorder                    "
+
+ALABAMA.
+
+  Mobile Register and Journal           Mobile.
+  Mobile Daily Advertiser                  "
+  Alabama Tribune                          "
+  Hannibal Journal                    Hannibal.
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+
+  Weekly Jacksonian              Holly Springs.
+  Vicksburg Weekly Whig              Vicksburg.
+  Mississippi Telegraph             Louisville.
+
+OHIO.
+
+  Daily Cincinnati Gazette          Cincinnati.
+  Western Reserve Chronicle             Warren.
+  Greenville Banner                 Greenville.
+  Buckeye Eagle                         Marion.
+  Defiance Democrat                   Defiance.
+  Democratic Herald                 Greenville.
+  Claremount Courier                   Batavia.
+  Massillon Telegraph                Massillon.
+  Mahoning Index                      Canfield.
+  Troy Weekly Times                       Troy.
+  Daily Cleveland Times              Cleveland.
+  Cleveland Plain Dealer                 "
+  Democratic Inquirer               Portsmouth.
+
+KENTUCKY.
+
+  Western Citizen                        Paris.
+  Kentucky Flag                      Mazeville.
+
+FLORIDA.
+
+  Quincy Times                          Quincy.
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+
+  National Intelligencer            Washington.
+  Union                                  "
+  National Era                           "
+  Saturday Evening News                  "
+
+NOTE.--The papers above all contained articles relative to General
+Washington or the erection of the proposed National Monument to his
+memory.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Chin Shing and Wu-Kwang, two Chinese patriots, who commenced the
+overthrow of the Tsin dynasty (B. C. 209), remarkable for their vigor of
+character.
+
+[B] Tsau-Tsau destroyed the Han dynasty A. D. 220, and Ling Pi, having
+survived all his own efforts to uphold it, founded the Shuh State, which
+had a short duration.
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+
+  Text in italics is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
+
+  Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
+    Page 21: pannels changed to panels
+    Page 72: Amercan changed to American
+    Page 76: consituting changed to constituting
+    Page 85: memoralized changed to memorialized
+    Page 115: Rorert changed to Robert
+    Page 118: missing word feet added
+    Page 123: apostophize changed to apostrophize
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Washington National
+Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society, by Frederick Loviad Harvey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37535.txt or 37535.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/3/37535/
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/37535.zip b/37535.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1441da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37535.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b618d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #37535 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37535)