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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by 
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Accounts of Peterloo
+       By Eyewitnesses Bishop Stanley, Lord Hylton, John Benjamin
+       Smith with Bishop Stanley's Evidence at the Trial
+
+Author: Edward Stanley
+        William Jolliffe
+        John Benjamin Smith
+
+Editor: F. A. Bruton
+
+Release Date: August 7, 2011 [EBook #37004]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE ACCOUNTS OF PETERLOO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
+
+  HISTORICAL SERIES
+  No. XXXIX.
+
+  THREE ACCOUNTS OF
+  PETERLOO.
+
+
+
+
+  Published by the University of Manchester at
+  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE, M.A., Secretary)
+  12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+
+  LONDON:
+  39 Paternoster Row, E.C.4
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street
+
+  BOMBAY:
+  336 Hornby Road
+
+  CALCUTTA:
+  6 Old Court House Street
+
+  MADRAS:
+  167 Mount Road
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP STANLEY 1779-1849
+
+_From a Print lent by Lord Sheffield_
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_Frontispiece_]
+
+
+
+
+  Three Accounts
+  OF
+  Peterloo
+
+  BY EYEWITNESSES
+
+  BISHOP STANLEY
+  LORD HYLTON
+  JOHN BENJAMIN SMITH
+
+  with
+
+  Bishop Stanley's Evidence at the Trial
+
+
+  Edited by F. A. BRUTON, M.A., Litt.D
+  of the Manchester Grammar School
+
+
+  MANCHESTER:
+  AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+  LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, etc.
+  1921
+
+
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
+
+No. CXL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                      PAGE
+
+  Introduction                                         vii
+
+  Bishop Stanley                                         1
+
+  Stanley's Account of Peterloo                         10
+
+  Stanley's Evidence at the Trial in 1822               24
+
+  Sir William Jolliffe, afterwards Lord Hylton          45
+
+  Lieutenant Jolliffe's Account of Peterloo             48
+
+  John Benjamin Smith                                   59
+
+  Mr. J. B. Smith's Account of Peterloo                 62
+
+
+  APPENDIX A                                            75
+    Some Relics of Peterloo:--
+      1. A Banner carried at Peterloo.
+      2. Bamford's Cottage at Middleton.
+      3. Constables' Staves.
+      4. Head of Flagstaff.
+      5. Hussar's Plume.
+      6. Account-Book of the Relief Committee.
+      7. Account-Book recording amounts raised
+         for the relief of Special Constables
+         and their families.
+
+  APPENDIX B                                            81
+    1. Note on the Casualties at Peterloo.
+    2. Presence of women and children at Peterloo.
+    3. Some gleanings from the Scrap-Books.
+    4. Explanation of the Contemporary Plan and
+       Picture of Peterloo.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  Portrait of Bishop Stanley                      _Frontispiece_
+
+  Stanley's Plan of Peterloo                                   8
+
+  Nadin, the Deputy Constable                        _Facing_ 21
+
+  "Orator Hunt"                                         "     27
+
+  Plan of Peterloo, compiled from the
+  contemporary Plans and modern Street Maps                   44
+
+  Portrait of Mr. John Benjamin Smith                _Facing_ 59
+
+  The Hunt Memorial at the Manchester Reform
+  Club                                                  "     69
+
+  The Peterloo Medal                                    "     71
+
+  The Banner carried at Peterloo by the
+  Middleton Contingent                                  "     75
+
+  Samuel Bamford's Cottage at Middleton                 "     76
+
+  Three Relics picked up on the Field of Peterloo       "     77
+
+  A Page of the Relief Committee's Account Book               79
+
+  Plan of Peterloo published with the Report of
+  the Trial in 1822                                           89
+
+  Wroe's Picture of Peterloo, showing the
+  Manchester Yeomanry riding for the Hustings        _Facing_ 90
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Of the three accounts of the Tragedy of Peterloo given here, two (the
+first and third) have never been published before. The second appeared in
+the "Life of Lord Sidmouth" in 1847. All three, written with care and
+judgment, by men who afterwards rose to eminence, form a valuable
+contribution to the understanding of an event, the accounts of which have
+been for the most part distorted and misleading. Moreover, as each of the
+three writers deals with a different phase of the day's happenings, the
+accounts complement one another.
+
+The Editor had already arranged for the publication of the first, when he
+received the following letter from Lord Sheffield, dated Penrhos,
+Holyhead, August 21st, 1919:--
+
+    "It is many years since I had the copy of the Rev. E. Stanley's
+    report, and no doubt it was one of the lithographed copies you
+    mention.
+
+    I think it would be well if it were published, along with the evidence
+    to which you refer. I also think the Plan, of which you speak, should
+    be added, and the reports of Jolliffe and J. B. Smith."
+
+Lord Sheffield supported his suggestion by enclosing a cheque towards the
+cost of printing, and this made easy the publication of the whole. Lord
+Sheffield also kindly lent the portrait of Bishop Stanley, which appears
+as the Frontispiece.
+
+Acknowledgments are due, besides: (1) to Mr. Henry Guppy, M.A., for
+permission to use the blocks of Wroe's picture of Peterloo, and the Plan
+from the "Story of Peterloo" in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
+for October, 1919; and to copy a page of the Account-book of the Relief
+Committee; (2) to Lady Durning Lawrence, who (with the late Mr. C. W.
+Sutton, M.A.) gave permission to print the Extract from the Reminiscences
+of Mr. J. B. Smith, and to reproduce his portrait; (3) to Mr. W. Marcroft
+of Southport; and Messrs. Hirst & Rennie of Oldham, for the loan of the
+blocks of "Orator Hunt," the "Hunt Memorial," and the "Peterloo Medal";
+(4) to Mr. John Murray for leave to reprint Lieutenant Jolliffe's letter;
+(5) to Mr. W. W. Manfield, for the loan of the three Relics of Peterloo;
+and (6) to Mr. R. H. Fletcher, amateur photographer, of Eccles, for
+photographing the relics, etc.
+
+F. A. B.
+
+
+
+
+Three Accounts of Peterloo
+
+BISHOP STANLEY
+
+
+The Rev. Edward Stanley (1779-1849) was the second son of Sir J. T.
+Stanley, the Sixth Baronet, and Margaret Owen, of Penrhos, Anglesey. His
+elder brother was the first Baron Stanley of Alderley. As a boy, he had a
+natural inclination for the sea, but this was not encouraged. For
+thirty-two years he was Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire. While making
+himself beloved as a Parish Priest, he found time for many scientific and
+other interests. His _Familiar History of Birds_ is a standard work; he
+advocated, and assisted in, the teaching of Science and Temperance at
+Alderley; and he became one of the first Presidents of the Manchester
+Statistical Society. Though he declined the See of Manchester, when it was
+offered him, he accepted from Lord Melbourne, in 1837, the Bishopric of
+Norwich, and introduced a number of reforms into that diocese. A short
+memoir of him was written by his son, the famous Dean of Westminster.
+
+At the date of Peterloo, a number of clergymen sat on the Bench of
+Magistrates for Lancashire and Cheshire, but Stanley stated clearly at the
+Trial that he was not a Magistrate. He was then forty years of age, and
+Rector of Alderley, and in his evidence he was careful to say that his
+narrative of Peterloo was compiled about two months after the event, for
+private circulation among his friends, and had never been published. It is
+clear that a copy was in the hands of Counsel who cross-examined him at
+the Trial in 1822. The manuscript is very neatly written (I should
+conjecture by Stanley himself) on nine large quarto pages, the plan being
+drawn by the same hand, and the notes given at the end. I have thought it
+more convenient for the reader to have the notes thrown to the foot of the
+respective pages. The manuscript was lithographed, in 1819, by the
+Lithographic Press, Westminster, and entered at Stationers' Hall. I found
+on enquiry that there was one copy in the Manuscript Department of the
+British Museum (Add. MSS., 30142, ff. 78-83). It is addressed to
+Major-Gen. Sir Robert Wilson, and sealed with the Stanley crest. The
+authorship was not known, and the Keeper of the MSS. was glad to be able
+to add this to the document as the result of my communication. In the
+Printed Book Department of the British Museum there is a second copy,
+catalogued under Manchester, with press-mark 8133i. There is no trace of
+Stanley's MS. in the Public Records Office. I can find no other copy but
+the one at the Manchester Reference Library, which is in excellent
+preservation, and has recently been rebound. Mr. J. C. Hobhouse quoted
+from Stanley's narrative once in a speech in the House of Commons.
+Speaking on May 19th, 1821, in support of a Petition for an enquiry as to
+the outrage at Manchester, Mr. Hobhouse, following Sir Francis Burdett,
+said: "The Rev. Mr. Stanley, who watched from a room above the
+magistrates, saw no stones or sticks used, though if any stone larger than
+a pebble had been thrown, he must have seen it." I have not found any
+other reference to the narrative except that made by Counsel at the Trial,
+and that is recorded in the Evidence which follows.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Three notes may find a place here. The first two refer to points mentioned
+by Stanley:--
+
+1. Pigot and Dean's _Manchester Directory_ for 1819 mentions:
+
+    (_a_) Edmund Buxton, Builder, &c., No. 6, Mount Street, Dickinson
+    Street.
+
+    (_b_) Thomas & Matthew Pickford & Co., Carriers, Oxford Street.
+
+I do not find Mr. Buxton's "shop," which is mentioned by Stanley; nor are
+Pickfords described as "timber merchants," though timber may easily have
+been stacked in their yard.
+
+Stanley's movements on reaching Manchester are not, at a first reading,
+quite clear. Riding in from Alderley, he seems to have approached by way
+of Oxford Road, passing (as he tells us) the Manchester Yeomanry, posted
+at Pickford's yard. At twelve o'clock, he turned up Mosley Street (very
+likely to avoid the crowd which was already filling the Square) and in
+Mosley Street he met the contingent of Reformers coming from Ashton. He
+then proceeded to Mr. Buxton's _shop_, which seems to have been near the
+lower end of Deansgate. Not finding Mr. Buxton there, he was directed to
+his _residence_ in Mount Street. The shortest way to Mount Street from
+Alport would have taken him through the crowd. He therefore approached
+Mount Street "by a circuitous route to avoid the meeting" (possibly by
+Fleet Street and Lower Mosley Street, the route afterwards taken by the
+Hussars), and met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house.
+
+Stanley evidently knew little of Manchester. He confesses in his narrative
+that he had not been in St. Peter's field before or since the tragedy; in
+his evidence he said: "I know no street," and stated that he could not
+locate the Friends' Meeting-house.
+
+2. Stanley's estimate of a hundred yards, as the distance from the
+hustings to Mr. Buxton's house can be demonstrated to-day to be almost
+exactly correct. This is only one of many points in his narrative which
+show what a shrewd, quick, and accurate observer he was. When Mr. Hulton
+was asked, at the Trial, to estimate the same distance, he conjectured
+four hundred yards, and this was actually quoted as the distance in one of
+the standard histories of the period.
+
+For the rest, it seems better to leave Stanley's extremely lucid account
+to speak for itself. To annotate it in detail would be to spoil its
+completeness. As has been stated above, each observer witnessed the scene
+from his own stand-point. A complete picture can only be obtained by
+forming a mosaic of the various reports. Stanley's narrative is that of an
+outsider, who came upon the scene unexpectedly, and watched the whole with
+the eye of a statesman and a statistician. Lieutenant Jolliffe's account
+gives the view of a young soldier, a stranger to Manchester, who rode in
+the charge of the Hussars, and afterwards took part with them in the
+patrol of the town. Mr. J. B. Smith speaks from the point of view of a
+Manchester business man, familiar with the civic and economic conditions
+that led to the catastrophe, and his narrative reaches a few days beyond
+the tragedy itself. Samuel Bamford's account--too well-known to need
+repetition here--was written from the stand-point of a local weaver, who
+had already suffered for his outspoken advocacy of Parliamentary Reform,
+had a large share in organising the Peterloo meeting, and served a term of
+imprisonment for his share in the proceedings. An attempt to dovetail
+these and other Reports into a continuous narrative has already been made
+in _The Story of Peterloo_ (Rylands Library Lectures, 1919.).
+
+3. Stanley's Evidence at the Trial, which is here printed immediately
+after his connected narrative, has been taken from McDonnell's _State
+Trials_, supplemented--where passages are omitted by McDonnell--by
+Farquharson's verbatim report, issued by the Defence after the Trial. As a
+matter of fact McDonnell made use of Farquharson's version.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The portrait of Bishop Stanley which appears here is from a print kindly
+lent for the purpose by Lord Sheffield.
+
+
+
+
+Stanley's Notes attached to his Plan
+
+
+Never having seen St. Peter's fields before or since, I cannot pretend to
+speak accurately as to distance, etc. I should, at a guess, state the
+distance from the hustings to Mr. Buxton's house to be about a hundred
+yards, which may serve as a general scale to the rest of the plan.
+
+
+KEY TO STANLEY'S PLAN.
+
+1. The hustings. The arrow shows the direction in which the orators
+addressed the mob, the great majority being in front: F, F, F.
+
+2. The Barouche in which Hunt arrived, the line from it showing its
+entrance and approach.
+
+3. The spot on which the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry halted previous to
+their charge; the dotted lines in front showing the direction of their
+charge on attacking the hustings.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stanley's Plan]
+
+
+4. On this spot the woman alluded to in the account (p. 15) was wounded
+and remained apparently dead, till removed at the conclusion of the
+business.
+
+5. Here the 15th Dragoons paused for a few moments before they proceeded
+in the direction marked by the dotted line.
+
+6. The Cheshire Cavalry; my attention was so much taken up with the
+proceedings of the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry, etc., and the dispersion
+in front of the hustings, that I cannot speak accurately as to their
+subsequent movements.
+
+7, 7, 7. The band of special constables, _apparently_ surrounding the
+hustings.
+
+8, 8, 8. The mob in dense mass; their banners displayed in different
+parts, as at x, x.
+
+9, 9, 9. A space comparatively vacant; partially occupied by stragglers;
+the mob condensing near the hustings for the purpose of seeing and
+hearing.
+
+10, 10, 10. Raised ground on which many spectators had taken a position; a
+commotion amongst them first announced the approach of the cavalry; their
+elevated situation commanding a more extensive view.
+
+
+
+
+Bishop Stanley's Account of Peterloo
+
+
+Soon after one o'clock on the 16th of August, I went to call on Mr.
+Buxton, with whom I had some private business. I was directed to his house
+overlooking St. Peter's field, where I unexpectedly found the magistrates
+assembled.[1] I went up to their room, and remained there seven or eight
+minutes. Hunt was not then arrived; a murmur running through the crowd
+prepared us for his approach; a numerous vanguard preceded him, and in a
+few moments the Barouche appeared in which he sat with his coadjutors,
+male and female; a tremendous shout instantly welcomed him; he proceeded
+slowly towards the hustings. On approaching the knot of constables the
+carriage stopped a short time, I conceive from the difficulty of making
+way through a band of men who were little inclined to fall back for his
+admission. The Barouche at length attained its position close to the
+hustings, and the speakers stepped forth, the female--as far as I can
+recollect--still remaining on the driver's seat with a banner in her hand.
+I then left the magistrates and went to a room immediately above them,
+commanding a bird's-eye view of the whole area, in which every movement
+and every object was distinctly visible. In the centre were the hustings
+surrounded _to all appearance_[2] by a numerous body of constables,
+easily distinguished by their respectable dress, staves of office, and
+hats _on_; the elevation of the hustings of course eclipsed a portion of
+the space immediately beyond them, so as to prevent my seeing, and
+consequently asserting positively, whether they were completely surrounded
+by this chain of constables. The chain from this its main body was
+continued in a double line, two or three deep, forming an avenue to Mr.
+Buxton's house, by which _there seemed to be_ free and uninterrupted
+access to and from the hustings. Had any interruption of their
+communication occurred previous to the change, I think I must have
+perceived it from the commanding position I occupied. A vast concourse of
+people, in a close and compact mass, surrounded the hustings and
+constables, pressing upon each other apparently with a view to be as near
+the speakers as possible. They were, generally speaking, bare-headed,
+probably for the purpose of giving those behind them a better view.
+Between the outside of this mob and the sides of the area the space was
+comparatively unoccupied; stragglers were indeed numerous, but not so as
+to amount to anything like a crowd, or to create interruption to foot
+passengers. Round the edges of the square more compact masses of people
+were assembled, the greater part of whom appeared to be spectators. The
+radical banners and caps of liberty were conspicuous in different parts
+of the concentrated mob, stationed according to the order in which the
+respective bands to which they belonged had entered the ground, and taken
+up their positions.
+
+After the orators had ascended the hustings, a few minutes were taken up
+in preparing for the business of the day, and then Hunt began his address.
+I could distinctly hear his voice, but was too distant to distinguish his
+words. He had not spoken above a minute or two before I heard a report in
+the room that the cavalry were sent for; the messengers, we were told,
+might be seen from a back window. I ran to that window from which I could
+see the road leading to a timber yard (I believe) at no great distance,
+where, as I entered the town, I had observed the Manchester Yeomanry
+stationed. I saw three horsemen ride off, one towards the timber yard, the
+others in the direction which I knew led to the cantonments of other
+cavalry.
+
+I immediately returned to the front window, anxiously awaiting the result;
+a slight commotion among a body of spectators, chiefly women, who occupied
+a mound of raised, broken ground on the left, and to the rear, of the
+orators, convinced me they saw something which excited their fears; many
+jumped down, and they soon dispersed more rapidly. By this time the alarm
+was quickly spreading, and I heard several voices exclaiming: "The
+soldiers! the soldiers!"; another moment brought the cavalry into the
+field on a gallop,[3] which they continued till the word was given for
+halting them, about the middle of the space which I before noticed as
+partially occupied by stragglers.
+
+They halted in great disorder, and so continued for the few minutes they
+remained on that spot. This disorder was attributed by several persons in
+the room to the undisciplined state of their horses, little accustomed to
+act together, and probably frightened by the shout of the populace, which
+greeted their arrival. Hunt had evidently seen their approach; his hand
+had been pointed towards them, and it was clear from his gestures that he
+was addressing the mob respecting their interference. His words, whatever
+they were, excited a shout from those immediately about him, which was
+re-echoed with fearful animation by the rest of the multitude. Ere that
+had subsided, the cavalry, the loyal spectators, and the special
+constables, cheered loudly in return, and a pause ensued of about a minute
+or two.
+
+An officer and some few others then advanced rather in front of the troop,
+formed, as I before said, in much disorder and with scarcely the semblance
+of line, their sabres glistened in the air, and on they went, direct for
+the hustings. At first, _i.e._, for a very few paces, their movement was
+not rapid, and there was some show of an attempt to follow their officer
+in regular succession, five or six abreast; but, as Mr. Francis Phillips
+in his pamphlet observes, they soon "increased their speed," and with a
+zeal and ardour which might naturally be expected from men acting with
+delegated power against a foe by whom it is understood they had long been
+insulted with taunts of cowardice, continued their course, seeming
+individually to vie with each other which should be first. Some
+stragglers, I have remarked, occupied the space in which they halted. On
+the commencement of the charge, these fled in all directions; and I
+presume escaped, with the exception of a woman who had been standing ten
+or twelve yards in front; as the troop passed her body was left, to all
+appearance lifeless; and there remained till the close of the business,
+when, as it was no great distance from the house, I went towards her. Two
+men were then in the act of raising her up; whether she was actually dead
+or not I cannot say, but no symptoms of life were visible at the time I
+last saw her.[4]
+
+As the cavalry approached the dense mass of people they used their utmost
+efforts to escape: but so closely were they pressed in opposite directions
+by the soldiers, the special constables, the position of the hustings, and
+their own immense numbers, that immediate escape was impossible. The rapid
+course of the troop was of course impeded when it came in contact with the
+mob, but a passage was forced in less than a minute; so rapid indeed was
+it that the guard of constables close to the hustings shared the fate of
+the rest. The whole of this will be intelligible at once by a reference to
+the annexed sketch.
+
+On their arrival at the hustings a scene of dreadful confusion ensued. The
+orators fell or were forced off the scaffold in quick succession;
+fortunately for them, the stage being rather elevated, they were in great
+degree beyond the reach of the many swords which gleamed around them. Hunt
+fell--or threw himself--among the constables, and was driven or dragged,
+as fast as possible, down the avenue which communicated with the
+magistrates' house; his associates were hurried after him in a similar
+manner. By this time so much dust had arisen that no accurate account can
+be given of what further took place at that particular spot.
+
+The square was now covered with the flying multitude; though still in
+parts the banners and caps of liberty were surrounded by groups. The
+Manchester Yeomanry had already taken possession of the hustings, when the
+Cheshire Yeomanry entered on my left in excellent order, and formed in the
+rear of the hustings as well as could be expected, considering the crowds
+who were now pressing in all directions and filling up the space hitherto
+partially occupied.
+
+The Fifteenth Dragoons appeared nearly at the same moment, and paused
+rather than halted on our left, parallel to the row of houses. They then
+pressed forward, crossing the avenue of constables, which opened to let
+them through, and bent their course towards the Manchester Yeomanry. The
+people were now in a state of utter rout and confusion, leaving the ground
+strewed with hats and shoes, and hundreds were thrown down in the attempt
+to escape. The cavalry were hurrying about in all directions, completing
+the work of dispersion, which--to use the words given in Wheeler's
+_Manchester Chronicle_, referred to by Mr. Francis Phillips--was effected
+in so short a space of time as to appear as if done "by magic."
+
+I saw nothing that gave me an idea of resistance, except in one or two
+spots where they showed some disinclination to abandon the banners; these
+impulses, however, were but momentary, and banner after banner fell into
+the hands of the military power.[5] The extent of their defence may
+perhaps best be estimated by the gallant conduct, which I particularly
+noticed, of a man on horseback, apparently a gentleman's servant. Unarmed
+as far as I could perceive, he separated from the cavalry, and rode
+directly into a compact body of people collected round a banner; a scuffle
+ensued highly interesting; the banner rose and fell repeatedly, but
+ultimately fell into his hands, and he galloped off with it in triumph.
+
+During the whole of this confusion, heightened at its close by the rattle
+of some artillery[6] crossing the square, shrieks were heard in all
+directions, and as the crowd of people dispersed the effects of the
+conflict became visible. Some were seen bleeding on the ground and unable
+to rise; others, less seriously injured but faint with the loss of blood,
+were retiring slowly or leaning upon others for support. One special
+constable, with a cut down his head, was brought to Mr. Buxton's house. I
+saw several others in the passage, congratulating themselves on their
+narrow escape, and showing the marks of sabre-cuts on their hats. I saw no
+firearms, but distinctly heard four or five shots, towards the close of
+the business, on the opposite side of the square, beyond the hustings; but
+nobody could inform me by whom they were fired. The whole of this
+extraordinary scene was the work of a few minutes.
+
+The rapid succession of so many important incidents in this short space of
+time, the peculiar character of each depending so much on the variation of
+a few instants in the detail, sufficiently accounts for the very
+contradictory statements that have been given; added to which it should
+be observed that no spectator on the ground could possibly form a just
+and correct idea of what was passing. When below, I could not have
+observed anything accurately beyond a few yards around me, and it was only
+by ascending to the upper rooms of Mr. Buxton's house that I could form a
+just and correct idea of almost every point which has since afforded so
+much discussion and contention.
+
+The cavalry were now collected in different parts of the area; the centre,
+but a few minutes before crowded to excess, was utterly deserted; groups
+of radicals were still seen assembled on the outskirts, screening
+themselves behind logs of timber or mingling with the spectators on the
+pavement. The constables remained in a body in front of the house waiting
+for the reappearance of Hunt, who (with his colleagues) was secured in a
+small parlour opening into the passage to which I had now descended. I
+believe the original intention was to send him to the New Bailey in a
+carriage, but it was soon after decided that he should walk. When this was
+made known it was received with shouts of approbation and "bring him out,
+let the rebel walk," was heard from all quarters. At length he came forth,
+and notwithstanding the blows he had received in running the gauntlet down
+the avenue of constables, I thought I could perceive a smile of triumph
+on his countenance. A person (Nadin, I believe) offered to take his arm,
+but he drew himself back, and in a sort of whisper said: "No, no, that's
+rather too good a thing," or words to that effect. He then left the house,
+and I soon afterwards also went away.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH NADIN DEPUTY-CONSTABLE OF MANCHESTER AT THE TIME OF
+PETERLOO
+
+_From a Print at the Reference Library_
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 21_]
+
+
+I saw no symptoms of riot or disturbances before the meeting; the
+impression on my mind was that the people were sullenly peaceful, and I
+had an excellent opportunity of forming an opinion by suddenly coming in
+contact with a large body from Ashton, who met me in Mosley Street, as I
+entered the town.[7] They were walking at a moderate pace, six or seven
+abreast, arm in arm, which enabled them to keep some sort of regularity in
+their march. I was soon surrounded by them as I passed, and though my
+horse showed a good deal of alarm, particularly at their band and flags,
+they broke rank and offered no molestation whatever.
+
+As soon, however, as I had quitted Mr. Buxton's house at the conclusion of
+the business, I found them in a very different state of feeling. I heard
+repeated vows of revenge. "You took us unprepared, we were unarmed to-day,
+and it is your day; but when we meet again the day shall be ours." How far
+this declaration of being unarmed men may be relied upon, I cannot pretend
+to say; I certainly saw nothing like arms either at or before the meeting;
+their sticks were, as far as came under my observation, common
+walking-sticks; that some, however, were armed I can have no doubt, as a
+constable, when I was leaving Mr. Buxton's house, showed me a couple of
+short skewers or daggers fixed in wooden handles, which he had taken in
+the fray.
+
+I have heard from the most respectable authority that the cavalry were
+assailed by stones during the short time they halted previous to their
+charge. I do not wish to contradict positive assertions. What a person
+_sees_ must be true. My evidence on that point can only be negative. I
+certainly saw nothing of the sort, and yet my eyes were fixed most
+steadily upon them, and I think that I must have seen any stone larger
+than a pebble at the short distance at which I stood (from thirty to fifty
+yards) and the commanding view I had. I indeed saw no missile weapons used
+throughout the whole transaction, but as I have before stated, the dust
+at the hustings soon partially obscured everything that took place near
+that particular spot; but no doubt the people defended themselves to the
+best of their power, as it was absolutely impossible for them to get away
+and give the cavalry a clear passage till the outer part of the mob had
+fallen back. No blame can be fairly attributed to the soldiers for
+wounding the constables as well as the radicals, since the chief
+distinguishing mark (the former being covered and the latter uncovered)
+soon ceased to exist; every man for obvious reasons covering himself in
+haste the moment the dispersion commenced.
+
+Such are the leading features of this event, to which I can speak
+positively; comments and opinions I have avoided as much as possible, my
+object being to give a clear and impartial account of facts, which whether
+for or against the adopted conclusions of either party must speak for
+themselves.
+
+
+
+
+The Evidence of The Rev. Edward Stanley
+
+
+in the Trial of an action for assault, brought by Thomas Redford against
+Hugh Hornby Birley and others, members of the Manchester Yeomanry, before
+Mr. Justice Holroyd and a Special Jury, at Lancaster on the 4th, 5th, 6th,
+7th, 8th, and 9th of April, 1822.
+
+
+_Second day of the Trial._
+
+The Rev. EDWARD STANLEY examined by Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE (_Counsel for
+the Plaintiff_).
+
+You, I believe, are the Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire?--I am.
+
+Brother to Sir Thomas Stanley?--Brother to Sir John Stanley.
+
+On the 16th of August, 1819, had you any business with Mr. Buxton?--I had.
+
+How far do you live from Manchester?--Between fifteen and sixteen miles.
+
+You came into Manchester on the morning; about what time?--As near twelve
+o'clock as possible I entered Mosley Street.
+
+In your passage up Mosley Street, did you meet with any number of
+people?--I did.
+
+Walking?--Walking.
+
+In what manner?--They were coming down the street, walking in a
+procession, six, or seven, or eight abreast, and arm in arm.
+
+Were you on horseback?--I was.
+
+Was there any interruption to your passage?--No. Should I explain?
+
+Tell us the reason?--As I was going down the street, some persons on the
+pavement desired me--
+
+I do not wish to know what the persons on the pavement desired you to do;
+I do not wish you to tell us the conversation, but simply to relate what
+happened?--I passed through them.
+
+By their opening to give you way?--Certainly.
+
+Did you go on that day to Mr. Buxton's house, and what time did you get
+there? I got to Mr. Buxton's house, I should think, a quarter after one.
+
+Did you go into a room there where the magistrates were assembled?--I did.
+
+How long did you remain there?--I should think about from eight to ten
+minutes.
+
+During the time you were in the room, did Mr. Hunt arrive on the
+ground?--He was called Mr. Hunt; he was in a barouche.
+
+And a multitude accompanying him?--A vast multitude.
+
+I believe there was a cheer given by the populace at the time when he did
+arrive?--A tremendous shout.
+
+Did you remain in the room or did you go elsewhere?--I did not remain
+there; I went into the room above it.
+
+Were there any other persons in the room besides you?--Several.
+
+Did you see the Manchester Yeomanry come on to the ground?--I did.
+
+And form in front of Mr. Buxton's house?--They formed with their left
+flank a little to the right of the special constables, and a few yards to
+the right of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You say to the left of the line of special constables?--Their left flank
+was on the right of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You saw the line of constables; where did it extend to?--It extended from
+the door of Mr. Buxton's house, apparently up to the hustings.
+
+Was there more than one line of constables?--There were two lines of
+constables.
+
+What was the interval between them?--Near Mr. Buxton's house and the mob,
+three or four feet.
+
+
+[Illustration: "ORATOR" HUNT, 1773-1835 CHAIRMAN OF THE PETERLOO MEETING
+
+_To face page 27_]
+
+
+Afterwards, the line was closed by the pressure of the mob, expanding
+again when they came near the hustings?--According to my observation; to
+the best of my judgment; such is the impression on my mind.
+
+Of course you saw the people collected?--Certainly.
+
+In a large mass?--In a very large mass.
+
+What was it enabled you to distinguish the special constables from the
+rest?--They were superior-dressed people, had their hats on, and their
+staffs were constantly appearing, and they were nearer the hustings.
+
+And the people round the hustings had their hats off?--My general
+impression is, all, to speak accurately.
+
+The people on this side of the area of St. Peter's field were not so
+numerous?--There were more stragglers, and no crowd.
+
+You saw colours and caps of liberty on the ground?--I did.
+
+What number of either the one or the other? Perhaps you do not distinctly
+recollect?--I cannot say.
+
+You heard Mr. Hunt speak?--No, I could just hear his voice, but I was not
+able to distinguish what he said.
+
+How long had that taken place before you saw the cavalry advance towards
+the hustings?--From their halt, I should think three minutes.
+
+From the time you heard Mr. Hunt?--Not from the time I heard Mr. Hunt; he
+was speaking before I arrived.
+
+Then from the time of the halt?--Two or three minutes.
+
+When you saw them advance towards the hustings, with what speed did they
+go?--They were formed in an irregular mass. Those on the left advanced in
+some sort of order. They went on at first, for a few paces, at no very
+quick pace; but they soon increased their speed, till it became a sort of
+rush or race amongst them all towards the hustings.
+
+Did you observe the effect that this had upon the people, whether it
+caused them to disperse or not?--They could not disperse instantly.
+
+But on the outside of them?--On the right, in front of the hustings, they
+immediately began to melt away, as it were, as far as they could at the
+extreme.
+
+The outward edge of the meeting?--The outward edge, in front of the
+hustings.
+
+Did you observe the cavalry when they got first among the thick part of
+the meeting?--Their speed was diminished as soon as they came in contact
+with the dense mob.
+
+Well?--But they worked their way to the hustings still, as fast, under
+existing circumstances, as they could.
+
+From the place in which you were, I believe you had a very commanding view
+of the hustings?--I looked down upon it like a map.
+
+I understood you, you had also been in a room below that, and looked
+through there?--I had.
+
+Which, in your opinion, was the better place for a correct observation of
+what passed after the meeting?--Decidedly, the highest room.
+
+Did you watch the advance of the cavalry from their place up to the
+hustings?--I did.
+
+Did you see either sticks, or stones, or anything of the kind used against
+the cavalry in their advance up to the hustings?--Certainly not.
+
+Did you see any resistance whatever to the cavalry, except the thickness
+of the meeting?--None.
+
+Do I understand you to say you saw them surround the hustings, or
+not?--Surround I could not say, for the other side of the hustings, of
+course, was partially eclipsed by the people upon it.
+
+But you saw them encircle part?--Encircle part.
+
+Did you see what was done when they got there?--Yes.
+
+Will you tell us what it was that you saw done?--I saw the swords up and
+down, the orators tumbled or thrown over, and the mob dispersed.
+
+In your judgment, what length of time elapsed between the cavalry first
+setting off into the meeting and the time of their complete
+dispersion?--Starting from their halt to the complete dispersion of the
+meeting, I should think from three to five minutes; but I cannot speak to
+a minute.
+
+In your judgment it took from three to five minutes? You did not observe
+it by a watch?--No.
+
+Did you see any other troops come into the field?--I did.
+
+What were they?--
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: He says he saw what?--
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Other troops come into the field.
+
+When was it that you saw them come into the field?--When the mob around
+the hustings were dispersing rapidly, and I think Mr. Hunt was taken off.
+
+What were those troops that you saw come into the ground then?--First came
+in, on the left of Mr. Buxton's row of houses, the Cheshire Yeomanry, who
+filed to the left.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: You mean to the left, looking from the house,
+then?--From the house.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Where did the Cheshire Yeomanry take up their
+position when they came on the ground?--They took up their position in the
+rear of the hustings, rather in advance, I think, of some mounds of earth.
+
+Do you know Windmill Street?--I know no street.
+
+You don't know its name?--I know no name.
+
+You say near a rising ground?--There is a sort of little elevated bank or
+ground.
+
+Had the multitude from that part been dispersed?--The multitude in the
+rear were pretty much as they had been at first. I think they were
+dispersing, but not so rapidly.
+
+Do you mean in the rear of the cavalry?--In the rear of the hustings.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry's position was in the rear of the hustings?--Part
+near amongst these people.
+
+What other troops beside the Cheshire Yeomanry did you see come on to the
+ground?--Soon after the Cheshire Yeomanry had come in and taken their
+position, a troop of Dragoons, I think the 15th, came in under the windows
+of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You say you think they were the 15th Hussars?--They were called the 15th
+Dragoons; they had Waterloo medals.
+
+Where did they take up their position?--
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: "Near Mr. Buxton's house," he said.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Did they continue there?--They halted or paused
+for a moment or so, a little to the left of Mr. Buxton's house, a very
+little to the left, almost in front, inclining to the left.
+
+What others did you see come on the ground, besides them and the Cheshire
+Yeomanry?--At the close of the business I saw some artillery driving
+through the place.
+
+Was there any other besides those that you saw take up any position on the
+ground?--None, on the ground.
+
+At this time, was the whole of the multitude dispersed?--It was dispersing
+most rapidly; I may say dispersed, except in partial spots.
+
+After leaving the hustings, to which part of the field did the Manchester
+Yeomanry go?--To all parts. I think more behind the hustings, and on the
+right; they did not come back to me so much.
+
+Do you know the Quakers' meeting-house?--I have heard where it is since;
+then I did not know.
+
+Was it that way that they went?--If you could point out, in a plan, the
+Quakers' meeting-house, I could tell you if they went that road.
+
+There is the Quakers' meeting-house, you will see written on the
+plan?--Some went that way.
+
+Some of the people, too, dispersed in that direction, did they?--The
+people dispersed in every direction.
+
+I am not sure whether I asked you before, whether from your situation in
+this window, if any stones, or brickbats, or sticks, had been raised
+against the cavalry, on their way to the hustings, you must have seen
+it?--I think I must have seen it.
+
+
+Cross-examined by Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK:
+
+Will you venture to swear, Mr. Stanley, that no stones nor brickbats would
+be thrown during the advance of the cavalry towards the hustings, without
+your perceiving it?--I can only venture to say that I saw none.
+
+I believe you have favoured the public with an account of this
+transaction?--No, I have not.
+
+You printed or wrote something?--It was in circulation among my friends. I
+wrote something which was never published.
+
+There was a document, written by you, circulated among your
+friends?--Among my friends.
+
+Before that time, had you seen yourself and read any publication, either
+in manuscript or print, on this subject?--I had read the reports in some
+papers, naturally, after that time, and I might have seen a pamphlet
+printed at Manchester.
+
+Then you had seen several accounts which had been given to the world
+before you wrote?--Yes, I saw the reports of the papers immediately after
+the meeting.
+
+Whose account did you see, besides the reports in the paper?--A Mr.
+Phillips's.
+
+You, it seemed, entertained a different view of the transactions that had
+taken place upon this day from those which had been given to the world
+before that time?--I do not know; I should say a different view from some,
+perhaps, and coinciding with the views of others.
+
+Coinciding with the views of some, and differing from the views of
+others?--Respecting stones.
+
+No matter what. You are a magistrate, I understand?--I am not.
+
+Of neither Cheshire nor Lancashire?--No.
+
+I beg your pardon. You, however, were in the magistrates' room, I think
+you said, at Mr. Buxton's?--I was.
+
+Of course you had an acquaintance with the gentlemen who were there
+assembled, as acting magistrates of the committee for the counties of
+Chester and Lancaster?--With two or three I had.
+
+Probably upon terms of intimacy with one of them?--Certainly.
+
+Was that gentleman there at that time?--He was.
+
+Did it occur to your mind at the time that the cavalry were sent for
+(because you went back to a window, and saw the messenger crossing the
+field, for the purpose of bringing them to the place, and were told or
+heard there was a rumour in the room above, that the cavalry had been
+sent for) did it occur (attend to my question) to you, at the time, from
+the observations which you had made on the subject, that that step was
+improper or premature?--I don't think it occurred to me either one way or
+the other.
+
+Am I to understand from that then that you exercised no judgment upon the
+subject at that time?--I certainly did exercise some judgment, some
+opinion on it, at that time.
+
+Having exercised some judgment upon the subject, I ask you whether, in
+your judgment, such as you exercised upon that point, the step was either
+improper or premature?--I saw no necessity for it.
+
+Then you deemed it premature?--I saw no necessity for it.
+
+It struck you then as an unnecessary act?--Certainly.
+
+Then you would go down, of course, immediately and speak to your friend
+upon the subject?--No.
+
+Nor ever expressed to that friend or to any other, at the time, your
+opinion with respect to the impropriety of the step?--I had no other
+friend to speak to.
+
+Did you speak to him?--I did not go down into the room again.
+
+Probably you might, being a gentleman of considerable acquaintance, meet
+with some friend on going home, and might ride home with some gentleman,
+at least part of the road?--Part of the road I did.
+
+Mr Markland, I presume?--I overtook Mr. Markland.
+
+Did you express any opinion to Mr. Markland upon these
+proceedings?--Probably I did; but I have not the most distant
+recollection.
+
+I ask you, upon your oath, Mr. Stanley, if you did not express to him your
+entire concurrence in, and approbation of, the measures adopted by the
+magistrates?--I answer, upon my oath, that I do not recollect having said
+any such thing.
+
+Can you tell me whether you expressed any disapprobation of the measures
+which it had been deemed necessary to adopt?--I have no recollection
+whatever of the conversation.
+
+Then you mean to represent to us now, that your feelings upon the subject
+were so indifferent, that you cannot tell now, whether you approved or
+disapproved of these steps at the time?--I have not the most distant
+recollection of any conversation I had with Mr. Markland.
+
+That is not an answer to my question. I ask you whether you mean to state
+that at this time, you don't remember whether you entertained feelings of
+approbation or disapprobation of those steps?--I thought it was a dreadful
+occurrence; but I hoped that there were some grounds for it.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: You are speaking of what you thought?--It was in
+answer to the question.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: I am speaking of what you thought then. As I
+understand you, you cannot recall to your recollection the impression
+under which you laboured at the time you travelled home with Mr.
+Markland?--I thought it a dreadful occurrence, but I hoped there were
+grounds for it.
+
+Did you mention that to Mr. Markland?--I cannot recollect.
+
+It is very important that I should endeavour to extract from you, Mr.
+Stanley, without meaning the slightest disrespect to you, every fact
+within your knowledge on the subject; you say that after the meeting had
+been dispersed, the first cavalry which appeared on the ground was the
+Cheshire Yeomanry?--Not after the meeting had dispersed, but whilst in
+progress to dispersion.
+
+Do you mean to state now, to the best of your recollection, that the
+Cheshire Yeomanry were the first cavalry advancing on the ground after
+that?--It depends on what you call the ground; the Cheshire Yeomanry were
+the first, after the Manchester cavalry, that advanced at the left.
+
+Tell me, according to the best of your recollection, which of these troops
+came first upon the ground?--The Cheshire Yeomanry; but you will observe
+that, at this time, the disposition of the hustings occupied a good deal
+of my attention, and I did not expect the others.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry came over broken and uneven ground?--I cannot tell.
+
+I observe that you use the word "apparently" twice, in answer to two
+questions which were put to you, which were a repetition of the same
+question--whether the two lines of constables surrounded the hustings or
+not; I think you said they "apparently" did?--Apparently they did.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Surround the hustings?--Apparently.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: Do you mean to state, then, that in your judgment
+the avenue which was formed by the two lines of constables extended from
+the house to the hustings?--At that time the impression on my mind was,
+and it now is, that it certainly did.
+
+But of course you won't swear that it did?--I cannot swear; I can only
+speak to the impression on my mind.
+
+In the same way that you swear to the existence of brickbats and
+stones?--To the non-existence.
+
+I think you say you saw Hunt come upon the ground?--I saw the barouche.
+
+You saw the ladies and gentlemen both. Did you see any female?--I saw a
+female.
+
+What was her use?--I have no conception of that.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Of what?--
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: I asked whether she was for use or show.
+
+You did not know any of the parties inside?--I had not the most distant
+knowledge of them.
+
+You had heard of Carlile?--I heard of him in London.
+
+You have heard since he was in Manchester that day?--I have heard it
+to-day, in the course of another examination. I never heard it before.
+
+Hunt, when he saw the cavalry coming, I think, intimated his
+knowledge--his cognisance of the fact--by desiring them to give three
+cheers?--I could not hear.
+
+There was some cheering given?--There was a very loud cheer.
+
+From the hustings?--From all the mob.
+
+You say when he was addressing the mob, you did not hear his words, "but I
+think, whatever his words were, they excited a shout from those
+immediately about him, which was re-echoed with fearful animation by the
+rest of the multitude"?--Certainly, that is the impression on my mind;
+those were my own words.
+
+It was tremendous--the shout?--It was not so tremendous as the shout with
+which Hunt was received on the ground; the first was the loudest shout.
+
+And the most appalling?--The first, when Hunt was received on the ground;
+I never heard so loud a shout.
+
+"Terrific," was your word?--I should say terrific.
+
+You say that the people who were immediately contiguous to the hustings
+heard what Hunt said?--I cannot say.
+
+You inferred that from their shouting?--Certainly.
+
+Then that shout was re-echoed by the mob at a distance?--I conceived so.
+
+What proportion, do you think, of the mass of the people, with their eyes
+up, and mouths open, looking at that man during the time, could hear one
+word he said?--I should think no one beyond ten yards from the hustings,
+in the bustle of such a day--that is guess.
+
+I daresay it is a good guess, too; how do you think they would carry the
+resolutions at the outside, at the right flank, the left flank, and beyond
+the ten yards, upon the propositions made by this orator?--I have no
+opinion to give about that.
+
+It certainly is a difficult point. It appeared to you that Hunt, as far as
+his voice could reach, had a pretty absolute control over his friends;
+they shouted as he spoke; it appeared that he was
+commander-in-chief?--The thing never occurred to me; I cannot speak
+positively.
+
+Have not you an opinion that he was head and leader of the party?--My
+opinion certainly is, that he was.
+
+And now, I will ask you this question, as a clergyman, and as a man of
+character, which I believe you to be--I ask you, upon your oath, whether,
+in your judgment, the public tranquillity and the peace of Manchester were
+not endangered by a mob of that description, composed in that manner, and
+having such a man as Hunt at its head--Hunt and Carlile, for
+instance?--Hunt and Carlile are dangerous people, and any mob under their
+control must be dangerous.
+
+Re-examined by Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE:
+
+Do you know, Mr. Stanley, whether this meeting was under the command of
+either Hunt or Carlile?--No.
+
+When you say there was a shout given on the Manchester Yeomanry coming
+into the field, was there any other shout besides that given by the
+multitude?--There was.
+
+Whose shout was that?--The Manchester Yeomanry, the special constables,
+and the people round the pavement in front of our house.
+
+May I ask you whether you were terrified by those shouts?--Personally,
+certainly not.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Explain what you mean by that?--I myself was not
+alarmed about them.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: And whether it did not create terror and
+alarm?--Not to me individually, certainly not.
+
+You have said that you presented a description of what you saw at the
+meeting, to some of your friends?--I did.
+
+How soon was that written after the meeting?--I can scarcely say; I should
+think perhaps two months, but I cannot speak accurately. It was when the
+impression was clear on my mind.
+
+Clear and fresh in your recollection. Will you have the goodness to tell
+me whether you heard or saw any person read the Riot Act?--I neither heard
+it read nor saw it read.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: If it was read you did not hear it?--I did not hear
+it.
+
+If it should turn out to have been read, and read loudly, there might have
+been something else done--but that is conclusion--that is reason.
+
+Mr. EVANS: Your Lordship has on your note that McKennell said that he did
+not[8] hear the Riot Act read.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT CROSS: He said so.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Yes, I have.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Then that is my case, my Lord.
+
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Peterloo. (_F. A. B._)
+
+Compiled from a number of Contemporary Plans, and showing (in dotted
+outline) the position of modern blocks of buildings.
+
+_By permission of Mr. H. Guppy._]
+
+
+
+
+Sir William Jolliffe
+
+_afterwards_
+
+LORD HYLTON
+
+
+William George Hylton Jolliffe (1800-1876), the first Baron Hylton, was
+the son of the Rev. W. J. Jolliffe. At the date of Peterloo he was not
+quite nineteen years of age, and was serving as a Lieutenant in the 15th
+Hussars, then quartered at the Cavalry Barracks at Manchester. He retired
+from the Hussars with the rank of Captain. He was created a Baronet in
+1821, and sat as member for Petersfield for about thirty years, acting for
+a short time as Under Secretary for Home Affairs, and afterwards as
+Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. He was exceedingly popular as a
+Conservative Whip, and when he was raised to the Peerage in 1866, he took
+the title of Baron Hylton from the family's connection with the Hyltons of
+Hylton Castle.
+
+The letter which follows appeared in Dean Pellew's _Life of Lord
+Sidmouth_, published in 1847. It will be seen that it is addressed to T.
+G. B. Estcourt, Esq.; presumably he obtained the information for Dean
+Pellew. The letter is approved and annotated by "E. Smyth, Esq., of
+Norwich, who commanded a troop of the Cheshire Yeomanry at Peterloo."
+Unfortunately, the Notes to the letter are somewhat confusing: some are
+signed by Captain Smyth, others are not signed, and it is not easy to
+determine their authorship. Moreover, Captain Smyth's contributions are
+not on a level with the letter itself. It has therefore been thought
+better to omit the Notes altogether, and allow Lieut. Jolliffe's very
+clear and well-balanced report to speak for itself. A few explanatory
+words have been inserted in square brackets.
+
+The Rev. Edward Stanley, in his Evidence, given above, mentioned the fact
+that the Hussars who rode at Peterloo were wearing their Waterloo medals.
+As a matter of fact, the 15th (the King's) Hussars, whose motto is
+"Merebimur," have not only "Waterloo," but also the Peninsula, Vittoria,
+Afghanistan and a number of other names inscribed on their colours. The
+uniform is blue, with a Busby bag and scarlet plume. Presumably the plume
+shown in our photograph came from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+seems clear from the evidence which was given before the Relief Committee,
+after Peterloo, that there was not the same feeling of resentment against
+the Hussars as against the local Yeomanry; in fact, it was more than once
+asserted that troopers of the Hussars actually restrained the Manchester
+Yeomanry from excessive violence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I wrote to the present Lord Hylton to ask if he could lend a portrait of
+his Grandfather for reproduction here. He replied that he could not do so,
+but added: "As a matter of fact, a full-length portrait (by Sir Francis
+Grant, P.R.A., in my possession) has been engraved, and a copy of this
+engraving is, I should think, not difficult to procure." I have not been
+able to find it. It is not included in the British Museum Series.
+
+
+
+
+The Charge of the 15th Hussars at Peterloo
+
+_as described by_
+
+SIR WILLIAM G. H. JOLLIFFE, BART., M.P. (who rode in the charge as a
+Lieutenant of Hussars) in a letter which appears in Dean Pellew's _Life of
+Lord Sidmouth_, Vol. III., p. 253 _et seq._
+
+9, ST. JAMES'S PLACE,
+
+_April 11th, 1845_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,
+
+Twenty-five years have passed since the collision unfortunately occurred
+between the population of Manchester and its neighbourhood and the
+military stationed in that town, on the sixteenth of August, 1819.
+
+I was at that time a Lieutenant in the 15th King's Hussars, which Regiment
+had been quartered in Manchester Cavalry Barracks about six weeks. This
+was my first acquaintance with a large manufacturing population. I had
+little knowledge of the condition of that population, whether or no a
+great degree of distress was then prevalent, or whether or no the distrust
+and bad feeling which appeared to exist between employers and employed,
+was wholly or in part caused by the agitation of political questions. I
+will not, therefore, enter into any speculation on these points, but I
+will endeavour to relate the facts which fell under my own observations,
+although acting, as of course I was, under the command of others, and in a
+subordinate situation. The military force stationed in Manchester
+consisted of six troops of the 15th Hussars, under the command of Colonel
+Dalrymple; one troop of Horse Artillery with two guns, under Major
+Dyneley; and nearly the whole of the 31st Regiment, under Colonel Guy
+L'Estrange (who commanded the whole as senior officer). [Sir John Byng was
+then at Pontefract.] Some companies of the 88th Regiment and [six troops
+of] the Cheshire Yeomanry had also been brought into the town in
+anticipation of disturbances which might result from the expected meeting;
+and these latter had only arrived on the morning of the sixteenth, or a
+few hours previously; and, lastly, there was a troop of Manchester
+Yeomanry Cavalry, consisting of about forty members, who, from the manner
+in which they were made use of (to say the least) greatly aggravated the
+disasters of the day. Their ranks were filled chiefly by wealthy master
+manufacturers; and without the knowledge possessed by a (strictly
+speaking) military body, they were placed, most unwisely, as it appeared,
+under the immediate command and order of the civil authorities.
+
+Our Regiment paraded in field-service order at about 8.30 or it might be 9
+o'clock, a.m. Two squadrons of it were marched into the town about ten
+o'clock. They were formed up and dismounted in a wide street, the name of
+which I forget,[9] to the North of St. Peter's field (the place appointed
+for the meeting), and at the distance of nearly a quarter of a mile from
+it.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry were formed, on our left, in the same street. One
+troop of our Regiment was attached to the artillery, which took up a
+position between the Cavalry Barracks and the town; and one troop remained
+in charge of the Barracks.
+
+The two squadrons with which I was stationed must have remained dismounted
+nearly two hours. During the greater portion of that period a solid mass
+of people continued moving along a street about a hundred yards to our
+front on the way to the place of meeting. Other officers as well as myself
+occasionally rode to the front (to the end of a street) to see them pass.
+They marched at a brisk pace in ranks well closed up, five or six bands of
+music being interspersed, and there appeared to be but few women with
+them. Mr. Hunt, with two or three other men, and I think two women dressed
+in light blue and white, were in an open carriage drawn by the people.
+This carriage was adorned with blue and white flags; and the day was fine
+and hot. As soon as the great bulk of the procession had passed, we were
+ordered to stand to our horses. In a very short time afterwards, the four
+troops of the 15th mounted, and at once moved off by the right, at a trot
+which was increased to a canter. Someone who had been sent from the place
+of meeting to bring us led the way through a number of narrow streets and
+by a circuitous route to (what I will call) the South-west[10] corner of
+St. Peter's field. We advanced along the South[11] side of this space of
+ground without a halt or pause even: the words "Front!" and "Forward!"
+were given, and the trumpet sounded the charge at the very moment the
+threes wheeled up. When fronted, our line extended quite across the
+ground, which in all parts was so filled with people that their hats
+seemed to touch.
+
+It was then for the first time that I saw the Manchester troop of
+Yeomanry; they were scattered singly or in small groups over the greater
+part of the field, literally hemmed up and hedged into the mob so that
+they were powerless either to make an impression or to escape; in fact,
+they were in the power of those whom they were designed to overawe, and it
+required only a glance to discover their helpless position, and the
+necessity of our being brought to their rescue. As I was at the time
+informed, this hopeless state of things happened thus: A platform had been
+erected near the centre of the field, from which Mr. Hunt and others were
+to address the multitude, and the magistrates, having ordered a strong
+body of constables to arrest the speakers, unfortunately imagined that
+they should support the peace officers by bringing up the troop of
+Yeomanry at a walk. The result of this movement, instead of that which the
+magistrates desired, was unexpectedly to place this small body of horsemen
+(so introduced into a dense mob) entirely at the mercy of the people by
+whom they were, on all sides, pressed upon and surrounded.
+
+The charge of the Hussars, to which I have just alluded, swept this
+mingled mass of human beings before it; people, yeomen, and constables,
+in their confused attempts to escape, ran one over the other; so that by
+the time we had arrived at the end of the field the fugitives were
+literally piled up to a considerable elevation above the level of the
+ground. (I may here, by the way, state that this field, as it is called,
+was merely an open space of ground, surrounded by buildings, and itself, I
+rather think, in course of being built upon.).
+
+The Hussars drove the people forward with the flats of their swords, but
+sometimes, as is almost inevitably the case when men are placed in such
+situations, the edge was used, both by the Hussars, and, as I have heard,
+by the yeomen also; but of this last part I was not cognizant, and
+believing though I do that nine out of ten of the sabre-wounds were caused
+by the Hussars, I must still consider that it redounds to the humane
+forbearance of the men of the 15th that more wounds were not received,
+when the vast numbers are taken into consideration with whom they were
+brought into hostile collision; beyond all doubt, however, the far greater
+amount of injuries were from the pressure of the routed multitude. The
+Hussars on the left pursued down the various streets which led from the
+place; those on the right met with something more of resistance.
+
+The mob had taken possession of various buildings on that side,
+particularly of a Quakers' chapel and burial ground enclosed with a wall.
+This they occupied for some little time, and in attempting to displace
+them, some of the men and horses were struck with stones and brickbats. I
+was on the left, and as soon as I had passed completely over the ground
+and found myself in the street on the other side, I turned back, and then,
+seeing a sort of fight still going on on the right, I went in that
+direction. At the very moment I reached the Quakers' meeting-house, I saw
+a farrier of the 15th ride at a small door in the outer wall, and to my
+surprise his horse struck it with such force that it flew open. Two or
+three Hussars then rode in, and the place was immediately in their
+possession. I then turned towards the elevated platform, which still
+remained in the centre of the field with persons upon it; a few straggling
+Hussars and yeomen, together with a number of men having the appearance of
+peace-officers were congregating about it. On my way thither I met the
+Commanding-officer of my Regiment, who directed me to find a Trumpeter, in
+order that he might sound the "rally" or "retreat." This sent me again
+down the street I had first been in (after the pursuing men of my troop);
+but I had not ridden above a hundred yards before I found a Trumpeter, and
+returned with him to the Colonel. The field and the adjacent streets now
+presented an extraordinary sight: the ground was quite covered with hats,
+shoes, musical instruments, and other things. Here and there lay the
+unfortunates who were too much injured to move away, and this sight was
+rendered the more distressing by observing some women among the sufferers.
+
+Standing near the corner of the street where I had been sent in search of
+a Trumpeter, a brother officer called my attention to a pistol being fired
+from a window. I saw it fired twice, and I believe it had been fired once
+before I observed it. Some of the 31st Regiment just now arriving on the
+ground were ordered to take possession of this house, but I do not know if
+this was carried into effect.
+
+I next went towards a private of the Regiment whose horse had fallen over
+a piece of timber nearly in the middle of the square, and who was most
+seriously injured. There were many of these pieces of timber (or
+timber-trees) lying upon the ground, and as these could not be
+distinguished when the mob covered them, they had caused bad falls to one
+officer's horse and to many of the troopers'. While I was attending to the
+wounded soldier, the artillery troop with the troop of Hussars attached to
+it, arrived on the ground from the same direction by which we had entered
+the field; these were quickly followed by the Cheshire Yeomanry. The 31st
+Regiment came in another direction, and the whole remained formed up till
+our squadrons had fallen in again.
+
+Carriages were brought to convey the wounded to the Manchester Infirmary,
+and the troop of Hussars who came up with the guns was marched off to
+escort to the gaol a number of persons who had been arrested, and among
+these Mr. Hunt. For some time the town was patrolled by the troops, the
+streets being nearly empty, and the shops for the most part closed. We
+then returned to the Barracks. I should not omit to mention that, before
+the men were dismissed, the arms were minutely examined; and that no
+carbine or pistol was found to have been fired, and only one pistol to
+have been loaded.
+
+About 8 p.m. one squadron of the 15th Hussars (two troops) was ordered on
+duty to form part of a strong night picket, the other part of which
+consisted of two companies of the 88th Regiment. This picket was stationed
+at a place called the New Cross, at the end of Oldham Street. As soon as
+it had taken up its position, a mob assembled about it, which increased as
+the darkness came on; stones were thrown at the soldiers, and the Hussars
+many times cleared the ground by driving the mob up the streets leading
+from the New Cross. But these attempts to get rid of the annoyance were
+only successful for the moment, for the people got through the houses or
+narrow passages from one street into another, and the troops were again
+attacked, and many men and horses struck with stones. This lasted nearly
+an hour and a half, and the soldiers being more and more pressed upon, a
+town magistrate, who was with the picket, read the Riot Act, and the
+officer in command ordered the 88th to fire (which they did by platoon
+firing) down three of the streets. The firing lasted only a few minutes;
+perhaps not more than thirty shots were fired; but these had a magical
+effect; the mob ran away and dispersed forthwith, leaving three or four
+persons on the ground with gunshot wounds. At 4 a.m. the picket squadron
+was relieved by another squadron of the Regiment. With this latter
+squadron I was on duty, and after we had patrolled the town for two hours,
+the officer in command sent me to the magistrates (who had remained
+assembled during the night) to report to them that the town was perfectly
+quiet, and to request their sanction to the return of the military to
+their quarters.
+
+On the afternoon of the 17th I visited, in company with some military
+medical officers, the Infirmary. I saw there from twelve to twenty cases
+of sabre-wounds, and among these two women who appeared not likely to
+recover. One man was in a dying state from a gunshot wound in the head;
+another had had his leg amputated; both these casualties arose from the
+firing of the 88th the night before. Two or three were reputed dead; one
+of them a constable, killed on St. Peter's field, but I saw none of the
+bodies.
+
+As shortly as I could I have now related what fell under my own
+observation during these twenty-four hours ... I trust that I have, in
+some degree, complied with your wishes.
+
+WILLIAM G. HYLTON JOLLIFFE.
+
+_To_ Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt, Esq., M.P.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BENJAMIN SMITH 1794-1879
+
+_By permission of Lady Durning Lawrence_
+
+_Photo by Briggs_
+
+_To face page 59_]
+
+
+John Benjamin Smith
+
+_First Chairman of the Anti-Corn Law League_.
+
+
+John Benjamin Smith (1794-1879), whose account of Peterloo follows, was
+better known as a strenuous advocate of Free Trade; even in this capacity,
+however, a breakdown of health some years before the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws, robbed him of much of the credit which was due to him for the
+important spade-work that he had done. He was the first Treasurer of the
+Anti-Corn Law Association, and when that developed into the Anti-Corn Law
+League, he became its first Chairman. He contested several elections on
+Free Trade principles, and used himself to tell how he had converted
+Cobden to "total repeal." He sat as member, first for the Stirling Burghs,
+and afterwards, during more than twenty years, for Stockport. His
+correspondence with John Bright has recently been placed in the Manchester
+Reference Library. During the American War he strongly espoused the cause
+of the North, and he was one of those who urged the Government to
+encourage the growth of cotton in India.
+
+Mr. Smith was a Trustee of Owens College under the Founder's will; and he
+subscribed liberally towards its extension. His name is perpetuated in the
+"Smith" Professorship of English Literature, which was endowed in memory
+of him by his two daughters and his son-in-law. A short memoir of him,
+which appeared in Alderman Thompson's _History of Owens College_, has been
+reprinted and published separately. (Manchester, J. E. Cornish, 1887.)
+
+At the date of Peterloo he was only twenty-five years of age, but he had
+already shown great promise as a business man. Entering the office of his
+uncle, a Manchester merchant, at the early age of fourteen, he was made
+responsible for the whole correspondence of the firm five years later; and
+before he was twenty he had negotiated some very profitable purchases of
+cotton at the sales of the East India Company.
+
+The account of Peterloo which follows is an extract from his
+"Reminiscences," which were written towards the close of his life at the
+earnest request of his family. The manuscript of these is now at the
+Manchester Reference Library, as is also a typed and bound copy presented
+by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. Among his other manuscripts (also
+at the Manchester Reference Library) is a shorter account of Peterloo,
+apparently written immediately after the event. The statement made
+recently that Mr. J. B. Smith was the author of the well-known _Impartial
+Narrative of the Melancholy Occurrences at Manchester_ seems to be due to
+an error: apparently the _Impartial Narrative_ (which seems to have been
+written by another hand) has been confused with Mr. Smith's shorter and
+earlier account.
+
+We have already pointed out that Mr. Smith's narrative, which is not so
+detailed as those of Stanley and Jolliffe in its description of the charge
+of the troops, is specially valuable for the account it gives of the
+circumstances immediately preceding and following the catastrophe, and its
+estimate of the character of the crowd. In these details it is strikingly
+corroborative of Bamford's story, as told in his _Passages in the Life of
+a Radical_, and of the information given by Mr. John Edward Taylor,
+who--under the pseudonym of "An Observer"--edited the contemporary tracts
+entitled _The Peterloo Massacre_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The portrait of Mr. Smith which appears here is from a photograph kindly
+lent by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+_AN EXTRACT FROM THE_
+
+"Reminiscences" of John Benjamin Smith
+
+_Copied from the original manuscript then in the possession of his
+daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. (August 1913.)_
+
+
+... The people, disappointed in their expectations that prosperity and
+plenty would follow the return of peace, and having no faith in a
+legislature which as soon as the war terminated inflicted upon them a Corn
+Law to deprive them of cheap corn, demanded a better representation in
+Parliament. Stimulated by the writings of Cobbett, associations were
+formed in all the manufacturing districts to obtain a reform in
+Parliament. Lancashire took the lead in this movement. Clubs were
+established in 1816 in all the manufacturing towns and villages. At the
+small town of Middleton, near Manchester, a Club was formed in which
+Bamford, the weaver-poet, took a leading part. They were joined by many
+honest and intelligent men from all parts of the district, among whom was
+John Knight, a small manufacturer. A meeting of delegates was held on the
+first of January, 1817, at which it was decided that the reforms required
+could only be accomplished by the establishment of annual parliaments and
+universal suffrage.
+
+The establishment of these clubs alarmed the Government, who saw in them
+nothing but an intention to overturn the institutions of the country, and
+to revive in this country the enormities of the French Revolution. Spies
+and Informers were employed by the Government, and John Knight and
+thirty-seven others who had legally assembled to discuss the reforms which
+they deemed necessary to obtain a repeal of the Corn Laws and good
+government, were arrested on the information of spies, and sent for trial
+to Lancaster, but on their trial before Mr. Baron Wood, were all found not
+guilty by the Jury.
+
+The Sidmouth Government suspended the Habeas Corpus Act so that they could
+arrest and imprison any person as long as they pleased. The Tories,
+following the example of the Radicals, established Associations for the
+protection of the Constitution.
+
+In January, 1818, however, it was announced that the Act for the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act would be repealed. No sooner were the
+people relieved from the danger of being sent to prison for being present
+at a meeting to petition Parliament for reform, as great numbers had been
+in Lancashire imprisoned from March, 1817 until January, 1818, and then
+discharged without being informed what charges were made against
+them--than the Reform Associations were revived. A fresh campaign was
+rigorously commenced early in 1819.
+
+Henry Hunt (commonly called Orator Hunt) had come forward as the champion
+of the people's rights. On the 25th of January, he made a public entry
+into Manchester from Stockport, accompanied by large crowds with flags and
+banners. The meeting was enthusiastic but very peaceable. Meetings were
+held in all the surrounding towns and villages to appoint district
+delegates to make arrangements for a great meeting to be held in
+Manchester. This memorable meeting was held on the 16th of August, 1819,
+on a large vacant plot of land called St. Peter's field, adjoining St.
+Peter's Street, and in sight of St. Peter's Church. The actors in the
+bloody tragedy of that day were called "The Heroes of Peterloo," in
+contrast with the brave heroes of Waterloo.
+
+This meeting was called to petition Parliament for a Reform of Parliament
+and the Repeal of the Corn Laws, and it is a curious coincidence that on
+the very spot where the largest public meeting was ever held to petition
+Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn Laws, in the dispersion of which by
+military force six hundred persons were killed and wounded there now
+stands the Free Trade Hall, erected twenty years afterwards on Peterloo,
+for the peaceful and noble object of obtaining bread for the people by the
+repeal of the wicked laws by which it was prohibited.
+
+I had no intention of going to this meeting, but my Aunt called at the
+Counting House and asked me to accompany her to Mrs. Orton's, Mount
+Street, St. Peter's field, to see the great meeting--a house overlooking
+the whole space, and next but one to where the Magistrates were assembled.
+We reached there about half-past eleven o'clock, and on our way saw large
+bodies of men and women with bands playing and flags and banners bearing
+devices: "No Corn Laws," "Reform," etc. There were crowds of people in all
+directions, full of good humour, laughing and shouting and making fun. I
+always wore a white hat in summer, and I found that Mr. Hunt also wore a
+white hat, and it became the symbol of radicalism, and may have been the
+cause of the politeness shown to us by the crowd.
+
+It seemed to be a gala day with the country people who were mostly dressed
+in their best and brought with them their wives, and when I saw boys and
+girls taking their father's hand in the procession, I observed to my Aunt:
+"These are the guarantees of their peaceable intentions--we need have no
+fears," and so we passed on to Mrs. Orton's. When we arrived there we saw
+great crowds which were constantly increased by the arrival of successive
+country processions until it was estimated that the meeting amounted to
+60,000 people. There was a double row of constables formed from Mr.
+Buxton's (where the magistrates had taken their station) to the hustings.
+
+My Father joined us soon after our arrival at Mrs. Orton's.
+
+At length Hunt made his appearance in an open barouche drawn by two
+horses, and a woman dressed in white sitting on the box. On their reaching
+the hustings which were prepared for the orator, he was received with
+enthusiastic applause; the waving of hats and flags; the blowing of
+trumpets; and the playing of music. Hunt stepped on to the hustings, and
+was again cheered by the vast assemblage. He began to address them, and I
+could distinctly see his motions through the glass I held in my hand, and
+I could hear his voice, but could not understand what he said. He paused,
+and the people cheered him.
+
+About this time there was an alarm among the women and children near the
+place where I stood, and I could also see a part of the crowd in motion
+towards the Deansgate side, but I thought it a false alarm, as many
+returned again and joined in the huzzas of the crowd. A second alarm
+arose, and I heard the sound of a horn, and immediately the Manchester
+Yeomanry appeared, coming from Peter Street, headed by Hugh Birley, the
+same man who, in 1815, as Boroughreeve of Manchester, presided at the
+public meeting assembled to petition Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. They galloped up to the house where the Magistrates were assembled,
+halted, and drew up in line. After some hesitation, from what cause I do
+not know, I heard the order to form three deep, and then the order to
+march. The Trumpeter led the way and galloped towards the hustings,
+followed by the yeomanry.
+
+Whilst this was passing, my attention was called to another movement
+coming from the opposite side of the meeting. A troop of soldiers, the
+15th Hussars, turned round the corner of the house where we stood and
+galloped forwards towards the crowd. They were succeeded by the Cheshire
+Yeomanry, and lastly by two pieces of artillery. On the arrival of the
+soldiers, the special constables, the magistrates, and the soldiers set
+up loud shouts. This was responded to by the crowd with waving of hats.
+After this the soldiers galloped amongst the people creating frightful
+alarm and disorder. The people ran helter-skelter in every direction.
+
+It was a hot, dusty day; clouds of dust arose which obscured the view.
+When it had subsided a startling scene was presented. Numbers of men,
+women, and children were lying on the ground who had been knocked down and
+run over by the soldiers. I noticed one woman lying face downwards,
+apparently lifeless. A man went up to her and lifted one of her legs; it
+fell as if she were lifeless; another man lifted both her legs and let
+them fall. I saw her some time after carried off by the legs and arms as
+if she were dead.
+
+My attention was then directed to a number of constables bringing from the
+hustings the famous Hunt wearing a white hat, and with him another man,
+also wearing a white hat, who was said to be Johnson. The prisoners were
+treated in a scandalous manner; many of the constables hissed and beat
+them as they passed. When they reached the Magistrates' house he was
+surrounded by constables, some pulling him by the collar, others by the
+coat. A dastardly attack was made upon him by General Clay, who with a
+large stick struck him over the head with both hands as he was
+ascending the steps to the Magistrates' house. The blow knocked in his hat
+and packed it over his face. He then turned round as if ashamed of himself
+and became a quiet spectator. The ground by this time was cleared, and
+nothing was to be seen but soldiers and constables.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HUNT MEMORIAL IN THE VESTIBULE OF THE MANCHESTER REFORM
+CLUB
+
+_Bronze Relief by John Cassidy, R.C.A._
+
+_To face page 69_]
+
+
+The Rev. Mr. Hay (the Chairman to the Magistrates) then stood on the steps
+of Mr. Buxton's house and addressed the constables. I could not hear what
+he said, but he was cheered when he concluded. He then returned into the
+house, but came out again soon afterwards with Mr. Marriott, the
+Magistrate, and Hunt in the custody of Nadin, Chief Constable, and with
+Johnson in the custody of another constable. When Hunt made his
+appearance, he was assailed with groans and hisses by the soldiers and
+constables. Hunt took off his hat and bowed to them, which appeared to
+calm them while they marched towards Deansgate on their way to the New
+Bailey prison, escorted by the cavalry. On quitting the windows from
+whence we had witnessed so many painful scenes, we descended and found two
+special constables who had been brought into the house. One presented a
+shocking sight--the face was all over blood from a sword-cut on his head,
+and his shoulder was put out. The other was bloody from being rode over
+and kicked on the back of his head.
+
+When the particulars of this bloody tragedy became known, strong feelings
+of indignation were expressed all over the country. The Manchester
+magistrates, alarmed at the tone of public opinion in London, had a
+meeting hastily convened on the 19th of August at the Police Office, which
+was adjourned to the Star Inn, where resolutions were passed thanking the
+magistrates and the soldiers. I happened by accident to be present at the
+meeting. A young man with whom I was acquainted, a clerk in the office of
+the Clerk to the Magistrates, happening to meet me in the street on his
+way to the meeting, took me by the arm and said: "Come with me." I asked
+where he was going, and when I learned, declined to go. He replied:
+"Nonsense, you will hear what is going on," and so I somewhat reluctantly
+went with him to the Star Inn. On our arrival we found the room pretty
+full and I took a seat. The Chairman, Mr. Francis Phillips, rose and said:
+"If there be any persons present who do not approve of the objects of this
+meeting they are requested to withdraw." I thought he looked at me, and
+felt a little uncomfortable. He sat down again and rose to repeat his
+request. I thought that as I should know better what the object of the
+meeting was after I had heard it explained, I would sit still, and so I
+remained to the end. After the meeting I told some of my Reform friends
+how I came to be present at the meeting, and they wished me to write out
+an account of the proceedings. I did so, and with a few alterations and
+the omission of names it was inserted in _Cowdroy's Gazette_. This
+statement created great alarm among those who got up the meeting to thank
+the magistrates, and they denounced it as a false statement, but another
+letter to _Cowdroy's Gazette_ affirmed the truth of the account of the
+meeting to thank the magistrates, and threatened to make public the names
+of the speakers if its correctness was again called in question.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PETERLOO MEDAL
+
+Note the women and children, and the cap of Liberty held aloft in the
+centre
+
+_To face page 71_]
+
+
+The dispersion of a legally convened meeting by military force aroused a
+general indignation, and the smuggled passing of thanks to the magistrates
+so dishonestly sent forth occasioned an expression of public feeling and
+opinion such as had never been manifested in Manchester before. A
+"Declaration and Protest" against the Star Inn resolutions was immediately
+issued, stating that "We are fully satisfied by personal observation on
+undoubted information that the meeting was _perfectly peaceable_; that no
+seditious or intemperate harangues were made there; that the Riot Act, _if
+read at all_, was read _privately, or without the knowledge of a great
+body of the meeting_, and we feel it our bounden duty to protest against
+and to express our utter disapprobation of the unexpected and unnecessary
+violence by which the assembly was dispersed.
+
+"We further declare that the meeting convened at the Police Office on the
+19th of August for the purpose of thanking the magistrates, municipal
+officers, soldiers, etc., was strictly and exclusively _private_, and in
+order that the privacy might be more completely ensured was adjourned to
+the Star Inn. It is a matter of notoriety that no expression of dissent
+from the main object of the meeting was there permitted. We therefore deny
+that it had any claim to the title of a 'numerous and highly respectable
+meeting of the inhabitants of Manchester and Salford and their
+neighbourhood.'"
+
+In the course of three or four days this protest received 4,800
+signatures.
+
+By way of counteracting this energetic protest, on the 27th of August Lord
+Sidmouth communicated to the Manchester Magistrates and to Major Trafford
+and the military serving under him the thanks of the Prince Regent "for
+their prompt, decisive, and efficient measures for preservation of the
+public peace on August the 16th."
+
+Meanwhile hundreds of persons wounded on that fatal day were enduring
+dreadful suffering. They were disabled from work; not daring to apply for
+parish relief; not even daring to apply for surgical aid, lest, in the
+arbitrary spirit of the time, their acknowledgment that they had received
+their wounds on St. Peter's field might send them to prison--perhaps to
+the scaffold.
+
+A committee was formed for the purpose of making a rigid enquiry into the
+cases of those who had been killed and wounded; and subscriptions were
+raised for their relief. After an enquiry of many successive weeks the
+committee published the cases of eleven killed and five hundred and sixty
+wounded, of whom about a hundred and twenty were females.
+
+The Rev. W. R. Hay, Chairman of the Bench of Magistrates, was rewarded by
+being presented to the living of Rochdale, worth £2,000 a year.
+
+Hunt and his companions were committed to Lancaster, and subsequently
+tried at York, where he was found guilty and sentenced to be imprisoned
+for two years and a half, and Johnson, Healey, and Bamford to one year's
+imprisonment.
+
+The bloody proceedings at Peterloo startled the whole nation. Meetings
+were held everywhere, denouncing them in the strongest terms. Sir Francis
+Burdett addressed a letter to the Electors of Westminster, expressing his
+"Shame, grief, and indignation" at the proceedings, and was prosecuted by
+the Attorney-General for Libel and was fined £2,000 and imprisoned for
+three months. Lord Fitzwilliam, for attending a public meeting to express
+disapprobation at the means by which the meeting at Peterloo was
+dispersed, was dismissed from his office as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire.
+
+These proceedings produced a deep impression on the minds of thoughtful
+men, who began to think we were on the brink of despotism, and that the
+time had arrived when the country should be no longer ruled by Landowners
+and Boroughmongers, but by representatives chosen by the people....
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BANNER CARRIED AT PETERLOO
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 75_]
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+Some Relics of Peterloo
+
+
+1.--A BANNER CARRIED AT PETERLOO.
+
+At the entrance to the Reading-room of the Reform Club at Middleton (on
+the left as you reach the door) may be seen one of the Banners carried at
+Peterloo by the Middleton contingent, which was led by Samuel Bamford. It
+is of green material (or so it seemed to me) and the letters are stamped
+on it in gold capitals. The motto facing the entrance is LIBERTY AND
+FRATERNITY. On the other side of the Banner (seen from within the room)
+are the words: UNITY AND STRENGTH. The explanatory inscription reads:
+"This Banner was carried by the Middleton Reformers, with Samuel Bamford
+at their head, to Peterloo, and is frequently mentioned in the historical
+records of that movement." (See Illustration opposite).
+
+In chapter XXXIII. of _Passages in the Life of a Radical_ Bamford speaks
+of "the colours; a blue one of silk, with inscriptions in golden letters:
+UNITY AND STRENGTH, LIBERTY AND FRATERNITY. A green one of silk, with
+golden letters, PARLIAMENTS ANNUAL, SUFFRAGE UNIVERSAL." Apparently the
+Banner here figured is the one of which he writes later in chapter XXXVI.:
+"I rejoined my companions [_i.e._, after Peterloo], and forming about a
+thousand of them into file, we set off to the sound of fife and drum,
+_with our only banner waving_, and in that form we re-entered the town of
+Middleton. The Banner was exhibited from a window of the Suffield's Arms
+public-house." The Banner is now carefully preserved between sheets of
+glass. The photograph was taken under considerable difficulties as regards
+light by Mr. R. H. Fletcher, of Eccles. The Chadderton Banner, though much
+dilapidated, is also still in existence, but I could not obtain the
+address of the person in whose keeping it is. She had left Chadderton, and
+was living at Blackpool.
+
+
+2.--BAMFORD'S COTTAGE.
+
+Some distance higher up the town may be seen the house where Bamford lived
+at the date of Peterloo. Over the door is a stone inscribed: "Samuel
+Bamford resided and was arrested in this house, Aug. 26, 1819." Bamford
+describes the event in detail in chapter XL of the work named above,
+beginning: "About two o'clock on the morning of Thursday, the twenty-sixth
+of August, that is, on the tenth morning after the fatal meeting, I was
+awoke by footsteps in the street opposite my residence. Presently they
+increased in number, etc." The photograph is again by Mr. R. H. Fletcher.
+(See Illustration.) In the Churchyard above may be seen Bamford's tomb and
+also the monument raised to his memory.
+
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL BAMFORD'S HOUSE AT MIDDLETON
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 76_]
+
+
+3.--CONSTABLES' STAVES.
+
+(_a_) In the Catalogue of the _Old Manchester & Salford Exhibition_ (held
+at the Art Gallery in 1904), on p. 27, exhibit 157 appears as "Handcuffs
+belonging to Joe Nadin, Deputy Constable of Manchester at the time of
+Peterloo;" lent by G. C. Yates, Esq. On the same page, exhibit 167 is a
+"Special Constable's Staff, used at the time of Peterloo in Manchester,
+and then the property of Mr. Beever;" lent by C. Shiel, Esq. This
+collection is now for the most part dispersed.
+
+
+[Illustration: THREE RELICS OF PETERLOO
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 77_]
+
+
+(_b_) Mr. T. Swindells, of Monton Green, in the third volume of his
+_Manchester Streets and Manchester Men_, mentions "A Special Constable's
+Staff" given to him by a descendant of James Fildes. It is inscribed: "A
+relic of Peterloo. Special Constable's Staff which belonged to the late
+James and Thomas Fildes, grocers, Shudehill, Manchester."
+
+(_c_) In November, 1919, on the afternoon of the day on which I was to
+lecture on _The Story of Peterloo_, at the Rylands Library, Mr. W. W.
+Manfield, of Chorlton-cum-Hardy, brought me three interesting relics of
+Peterloo, which have been in the possession of his family since 1819. On
+the occasion of Peterloo his father and grandfather saw the crowd
+streaming through Salford after the catastrophe, and their curiosity led
+them to walk out to St. Peter's fields. There they picked up the three
+relics, which have been carefully preserved ever since. One of them is a
+long, heavy Constable's baton, apparently of rosewood, with the Royal Arms
+painted at the thicker end. (See Illustration opposite.)
+
+
+4.--HEAD OF FLAGSTAFF.
+
+The second of Mr. Manfield's relics is the head of one of the Banner poles
+carried at Peterloo. It is shaped like the traditional cap of Liberty, and
+inscribed in neat gilt capitals: "Hunt and Liberty." (See Illustration.)
+
+
+5.--HUSSAR'S PLUME.
+
+The third of Mr. Manfield's relics is a plume of horsehair, apparently
+originally dyed red, though (if so) much of the dye has faded. This, it
+may be presumed, was the plume from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+has been mentioned that the 15th Hussars wear a scarlet plume. These three
+relics have been photographed on one plate by Mr. Fletcher. (See
+Illustration opposite to page 77.)
+
+
+6.--ACCOUNT-BOOK OF THE RELIEF COMMITTEE.
+
+In the year of the Centenary, Mr. Guppy was fortunate enough to secure for
+the Rylands Library the actual Account-Book used by one of the Committees
+formed for the relief of those injured in the fray. A single page of this
+book has been photographed by Mr. R. H. Fletcher for the present volume.
+(See Illustration.) Mr. Guppy's account of the volume (_Bulletin of
+Rylands Library_, April to November, 1919, p. 191) is as follows:--
+
+"The Library has been fortunate in being able to acquire a small octavo
+account-book, leather bound, which seems to have been an official record
+of the casualties at Peterloo which were dealt with by one of the Relief
+Committees. It contains details of the names, addresses, and injuries of
+347 individuals, particulars of the successive grants made to them by one
+Committee, and references to the grants made by another Committee
+(possibly two others).
+
+The details given are corroborative of many of the statements in Mr.
+Bruton's _Story of Peterloo_. Thus: the cases include those of Elizabeth
+Gaunt (mentioned on pp. 274 and 275), of Mrs. Fildes (on p. 274), of
+Thomas Redford (on pp. 285, 291, and 294). There are references to the
+loose timber (see pp. 269, 284 and 294), the injuries to Special
+Constables (see p. 280), the fight near the Friends' Meeting-house (see
+pp. 284 and 289), the oak trees growing near that building (see pp. 269,
+294), the white hat as a symbol of Radicalism (see p. 273), the fear of
+losing employment evinced by the wounded (see p. 291), the infantry
+intercepting fugitives (see p. 290), the child killed by a trooper in
+Cooper Street (see p. 277), and so on. The sum total voted by this
+Committee appears to have been £687; it must be remembered, however, that
+the sum of £3,000 mentioned on p. 291 as having been subscribed may have
+been used partly for legal expenses.
+
+
+[Illustration: One Page of the Account Book of the Relief Committee.
+
+_By permission of Mr. H. Guppy._
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher._]
+
+
+Since this manuscript account-book came to light, Mr. Bruton has
+discovered a printed Report of the Relief Committee, in which 560 cases
+are described, and the amount raised to date is given as £3,408 1s. 8d.,
+and pronounced to be inadequate for 600 people. It also gives the amount
+spent on legal expenses as £1,077."
+
+
+7.--ACCOUNT-BOOK RECORDING AMOUNTS RAISED FOR THE RELIEF OF SPECIAL
+CONSTABLES & THEIR FAMILIES.
+
+I have to thank Dr. A. A. Mumford for calling my attention to another
+account-book connected with Peterloo, which I believe he met with while
+going over the Crossley papers at the Chetham Library. Its number in the
+Library Catalogue is MS. B. 3. 70. It is a small note-book ruled for cash,
+and entitled: "Subscriptions for Special Constables. Nos. 10 and 11."
+There is a note of a Resolution carried on August 27th, 1819, to the
+effect that a Relief Fund should be raised on behalf of Special Constables
+injured at Peterloo and their families. The subscriptions recorded in this
+book range from £1 to £10 10s., and amount in all to about £400.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+1.--NOTE ON THE CASUALTIES AT PETERLOO.
+
+On few points do the accounts of Peterloo vary more than on the question
+of the casualties. There is sufficient historical material available to
+enable us to investigate this matter in detail, but the task would be a
+gruesome one, and no useful object would be attained if it were
+accomplished. On the other hand, a few words may serve to show whereabouts
+the truth lies.
+
+In the _Cambridge Modern History_ (Vol. X., pp. 580, 581) it is stated
+that "a man was killed and forty were injured." In the _Political History
+of England_ (1906, Vol. XI., pp. 178, 179) we read that "happily the
+actual loss of life did not exceed five or six, but a much larger number
+were more or less wounded." A number of the most important school
+histories in use at the present time reproduce one or the other of these
+statements _verbatim_.
+
+If we turn to the contemporary records, they are somewhat conflicting. The
+hurried estimates given by the local papers immediately after the
+catastrophe (_e.g._, one newspaper reported twelve killed) had to be
+corrected later. The most general estimate seems to be "eleven killed and
+between 500 and 600 wounded." When we come to examine these figures in
+detail, however, these points emerge: (1) "Killed" is evidently taken to
+include the cases of those who died after lingering (possibly) for some
+weeks. (2) The summary includes the casualties due to the firing of the
+infantry in the neighbourhood of New Cross, some hours after the great
+event; included in the list, also will be the child (Fildes) knocked from
+its mother's arms by one of the yeomanry as they were riding to the
+meeting.
+
+Archibald Prentice, in his _Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections
+of Manchester_ (p. 167), states that eleven were killed, that 420 were
+wounded, and that there still remained (according to the Relief
+Committee's Report) 140 cases to be investigated, making a total of 560.
+Mr. John Benjamin Smith (who very likely refreshed his memory by looking
+up records when writing his Reminiscences) gives the same result. Mr. J.
+C. Hobhouse, speaking in the House of Commons, on May 19th, 1821, said
+that "he held in his hand a list of killed and wounded running to 25-30
+sheets, and defied them to disprove it." It is clear, then, that these
+estimates are quoted from the Committee's Report, and to this it will be
+well now to turn.
+
+With the kind assistance of Mr. Swann, of the Reference Library, I have
+been able to find one (and only one) copy of this Report. It is bound up
+with a series of papers catalogued as "Lancashire and Yorkshire Tracts,"
+at the Manchester Reference Library. (The Reference number is "Lancashire
+and Yorkshire Tracts; Barlow's Historical Collector. H. 63. 3. No. 3
+(15104)"). It is entitled: "Report of the Metropolitan and Central
+Committee appointed for the Relief of the Manchester Sufferers, with an
+Appendix containing the names of the sufferers and the nature and extent
+of their injuries; also an account of the distribution of funds, and other
+documents. Published by order of the Committee. London, 1820." This
+Committee seems to have been formed by amalgamating several organisations
+in the metropolis which sprang into being as a result of public sympathy
+with the sufferers, and it worked in conjunction with the Manchester and
+other Lancashire Committees. The subscriptions recorded to date amount to
+£3,408 1s. 8d. of which £1,206 13s. 8d. had been distributed, £250 having
+been received from the local Manchester Committees. The amount expended on
+law charges and expenses of witnesses is given as £1,077 6s. 9d.;
+advertisements and sundries cost £355 13s. 6d.; and this leaves a balance
+of over £768, which is pronounced inadequate to deal with the cases that
+remain. A fresh appeal is therefore made to the British Public. A
+Deputation was sent from London to investigate cases, and this Deputation
+reports, in January, 1820, that out of 420 sufferers visited and relieved
+113 are females; that 130 received severe sabre-cuts, 14 of these being
+females. (To be quite safe, we must admit the possibility that the term
+"sufferers" may sometimes include members of the families of those killed
+or injured.) There follow 38 pages filled with the names of those killed
+and wounded at Peterloo, some 430 in all, with full details of their
+injuries, and in the case of the former the description is "Killed, _or_,
+who have subsequently died in consequence of injuries there received," the
+number of these being given as eleven. Of these eleven: two were "sabred;"
+one was "sabred and trampled upon;" one was "sabred and stabbed;" one
+"sabred and crushed;" two (one of them a woman) "rode over by the
+cavalry;" one "trampled by the cavalry;" one "inwardly crushed;" and one
+(a woman) "thrown into a cellar." In the case of two of these the words
+are added "killed on the spot." The child killed in Cooper Street
+completes the total.
+
+One of the Relief Committees met at Mr. Prentice's warehouse, and the care
+with which the various cases were investigated, and successive grants made
+from the funds of the different Committees, is clearly shown by the
+details given in the account-book secured by Mr. Guppy in 1919 for the
+Rylands Library, which is mentioned above.
+
+Perhaps it will never be possible to say exactly how many were left dead
+on the field. One, at anyrate, who died at once, or very shortly
+afterwards, was (by a strange irony) a Special Constable, and this is
+probably the "one man killed" of some of the accounts. It will be
+remembered that Lieut. Jolliffe reported "two women not likely to recover;
+one man in a dying state; and two or three reputed dead;" in the letter
+quoted above, describing his visit to the Infirmary on the Sunday
+following the event.
+
+Most of the cases investigated by the Committees belonged to the side of
+the Reformers; but it must not be forgotten that the other side claimed to
+have serious casualties. Mr. Francis Phillips, _e.g._, enumerates the
+casualties to the troops, and an estimate of these is given also in the
+Centenary Volume of the Cheshire Yeomanry; we have already seen above,
+moreover, that a subscription list was opened for the families of the
+Special Constables, and that the appeal met with a generous response. It
+is a curious feature of the case that each side seems to be anxious to
+make its casualty list as imposing as possible. An interesting summary of
+the various estimates is given by MacDonnell in his _State Trials_. This
+summary includes the Official Report from the Infirmary, and the list of
+casualties to the troops. Without pursuing the matter further, we may say
+that a careful examination of the somewhat confusing evidence would seem
+to show that the estimate "eleven killed and between 500 and 600 wounded"
+will not prove to be far wrong, provided that (1) we understand "killed"
+to include those who died as the result of injuries received on the field;
+(2) we include in the general total the casualties incurred during the
+disturbances some hours later in the neighbourhood of New Cross. At least
+one list, published subsequently, brings the total of killed up to
+fourteen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Two points not directly concerned with this discussion are dealt with by
+the Relief Committee, and are sufficiently interesting to be recorded: (1)
+The Committee paid out £710 "on account of the Trial at York; the
+Manchester Committee voting £100 for the same object." (2) The Deputation
+sent from London to investigate the cases, mentioned in their Report some
+striking details of the conditions of life amongst the operatives. To
+quote only two sentences: "in no one instance among the weavers did your
+Deputation see a morsel of animal food, and they ascertained that in most
+families where there were children the taste of meat was unknown from one
+year to another." "Six shillings a week was the average wage of an
+able-bodied and industrious weaver. Many could not get this."
+
+
+2.--PRESENCE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AT PETERLOO.
+
+It has often been asserted that the peaceful intentions of the crowd at
+Peterloo are attested by the presence among them of women and young
+children. As every detail of evidence is of value, I give here a sentence
+from a letter which I received from Principal Reynolds: "My father was
+there, in his mother's arms, though only one year old; so my grandmother
+told me."
+
+
+3.--SOME GLEANINGS FROM THE SCRAP-BOOKS.
+
+It was the custom in the early decades of the nineteenth century, when
+newspapers were dear and newspaper files were not available, as there were
+no free libraries, to collect newspaper cuttings and illustrations, with
+tracts and "broadsides," election squibs and so forth, in large
+scrap-books. Thus, at the Peel Park Library is preserved the scrap-book of
+Joseph Brotherton (for many years Member for Salford), running to over
+forty volumes. The Greaves scrap-book at the Reference Library contains a
+valuable collection of this kind. The Owen collection at the same Library
+fills over eighty volumes. At the Chetham Library may be seen Lord
+Ellesmere's scrap-book and a number of others. From many references to
+Peterloo in these books we may select the three items which follow: The
+Greaves collection contains a rare print of Peterloo, somewhat lurid in
+its detail. Mr. Albert Nicholson has in his possession a highly-coloured
+copy of this, which he has shown me. No other copies seem to be known.
+
+I have to thank Mr. J. J. Phelps for calling my attention to two papers in
+a scrap-book at the Chetham Library which he conjectures to have been that
+of Mr. Francis Phillips, the protagonist on behalf of the magistrates, and
+the author of _An Exposure of the Calumnies, &c._ One of these is the
+actual subpoena which Mr. Phillips received, summoning him to give
+evidence in the trial at York: "there to testify the truth on our behalf
+against Henry Hunt and others for certain misdemeanours whereof they are
+indicted." (MS. B. 9. 41. 110. p. 43.).
+
+The other paper is of some importance as it fixes the date of the
+embodiment of the Manchester Yeomanry. In _The Story of Peterloo_ (p. 13)
+some details are given in support of a conjecture that the corps was
+formed later than March in 1817. The scrap-book just quoted confirms this
+conjecture, for there appears a printed copy of a letter addressed to the
+Boroughreeves and Constables of Manchester and Salford, and bearing over a
+hundred signatures (that of Mr. Phillips coming second), asking that a
+meeting may be convened with the object of forming such a corps. In
+response to this appeal the Boroughreeves and Constables summoned a
+meeting for the purpose, in a letter dated Manchester, June the 16th,
+1817. (MS B. 9. 41. 110. p. 22). With this date as a guide, it was easy to
+find in the advertisement columns of _Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle_ for
+Saturday, June the 21st, 1817, a copy of both letters, a list of the
+signatures, and the announcement that the proposed meeting was actually
+held on June the 19th, 1817, when it was resolved: "that under the present
+circumstances it is expedient to form a body of Yeomanry Cavalry in the
+Towns and neighbourhood of Manchester and Salford." Details follow as to
+Government allowances for uniform, etc., and as to the possibility of
+amalgamating with similar corps in the surrounding towns, should such be
+formed. Each man was to provide his own horse.
+
+This information has an important bearing on the tragedy of Peterloo, and
+taken in conjunction with the Resolution of the Magistrates mentioned in
+_The Story of Peterloo_ (p. 13), leaves no doubt as to what was the nature
+of the "present circumstances" that called the corps into being.
+
+
+4.--EXPLANATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY PLAN AND PICTURE OF PETERLOO.
+
+(_a_) The Contemporary Plan of St. Peter's Field which appears on the
+following page was published in Farquharson's verbatim Report of the Trial
+in 1822. As the lettering is small, some explanation is necessary.
+
+The shaded area in the centre represents the open space on which the
+tragedy was enacted. To the south of it is clearly seen the "raised
+ground" mentioned by Stanley, and shown also in his Plan. The windmill
+which stood near, and gave its name to Windmill Street, had disappeared
+some years before. The site of it is now occupied by the Central Station
+Approach.
+
+On the shaded space are marked: "Hustings;" "Carriage" (_i.e._, Mr. Hunt's
+carriage, marked also on Stanley's Plan); the double line of "Constables;"
+and the "Manchester Yeomanry," drawn up in front of the row of houses in
+Mount Street, labelled: "Magistrates assembled here." The Friends' Meeting
+House is marked "Quaker's Meeting House," and the enclosing wall is stated
+to measure in height "3 ft. 7 in. on the inside" and "10 ft. 3 in. on the
+outside." These measurements would be inserted, probably, in connection
+with the statement that one of the Cavalry jumped his horse over this
+wall. Apparently a gate and posts cross Mount Street in front of the
+Meeting House, and lead into "St. Peter's Field," across which two dotted
+lines indicate the _projected_ line of Peter Street.
+
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Peterloo. From Farquharson's Report of the Trial,
+1822. (See page 88.)
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher._]
+
+
+The position of the Troops and the line of their approach to the Field are
+shown as follows: The "31st Infantry" are drawn up in Brazennose Street,
+the upper end of which is also blocked with a gate and posts; the "88th
+Infantry" are lined up in Dickinson Street; in Portland Street are the
+"Manchester Yeomanry," and their course is shown by a dotted line up
+Portland Street, along Nicholas Street, down Cooper Street, and then round
+the corner of Cooper's garden wall (now the site of the north-western
+corner of the Midland Hotel) into Mount Street; the Plan stating that "The
+Manchester Yeomanry came this way to the ground;" another troop of the
+"Manchester Yeomanry" is drawn up in front of St. John's Church, in Byrom
+Street; facing them, in the same street, are shown the "15th Hussars" in
+two sections, presumably representing the "two squadrons" mentioned by
+Lieutenant Jolliffe in his letter; lastly, the "Cheshire Yeomanry" are
+drawn up in St. John's Street, off Deansgate, and the line of approach of
+all these mounted troops is shown by a dotted line passing along Byrom
+Street, St. John's Street, southward down Deansgate, then along Fleet
+Street, up Lower Mosley Street, and along the "raised ground" already
+mentioned to St. Peter's Field, the inscription on the Plan reading: "The
+15th Hussars, one troop of the Manchester and Cheshire Yeomanry came this
+way to the ground." The artillery are not shewn.
+
+The scale of yards given on the Plan shows that Stanley's estimate of a
+hundred yards as the distance from Mr. Buxton's house to the Hustings was
+exactly correct.
+
+(_b_) Wroe's Contemporary Picture of Peterloo, which is shewn on the
+following page, is perhaps the best of a number of sketches extant. The
+details are fairly accurate. In the background, on the extreme left, is
+seen (to quote Bamford) "the corner of a garden wall, round which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, in blue and white uniform, came trotting, sword in
+hand, to the front of a row of new houses." The "corner" is on the site of
+the north-western corner of the Midland Hotel. The "new houses" were on
+the site of the present Midland Buffet. Mr. Ewart's factory, in the
+distance, was just off Lower Mosley Street. The row of houses to the right
+of this, in the background, was on the upper side of Windmill Street. The
+Hustings are on the site of the south-eastern corner of the Free Trade
+Hall. Standing on them we may distinguish Mr. Hunt and the Leader of the
+Manchester Female Reformers. Around them are the Banners of the various
+contingents; we may even make out the legend "No Corn Laws" on the one in
+front. The Banner-poles are shaped to resemble caps of Liberty, as shown
+in another of our illustrations. The crowd are occupying the site of the
+Free Trade Hall, the Theatre Royal, the Y.M.C.A., the Gaiety, and a number
+of adjoining buildings.
+
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF St PETER'S PLACE
+
+_To face page 90_]
+
+
+The moment seized by the artist for his picture is that in which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, many of whom are scattered and entangled among the
+crowd, have reached the Hustings, while in the distance the Hussars can
+just be seen lining up in Mount Street and charging to their relief. The
+crowd, consisting of men, women and children, are seen dispersing in all
+directions.
+
+The view might be imagined to have been taken from the roof of a building
+which then occupied the site of the present Albert Hall, in Peter Street.
+Other contemporary prints include St. Peter's Church and the Friends'
+Meeting House in the picture.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] I met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house, not at all aware till then
+that his _residence_ was at or near the place of meeting. I had been
+directed to his _shop_, considerably beyond the square, to which I was
+proceeding. I state this to prove that what I afterwards saw was purely
+accidental, and that I had no previous intention of witnessing in detail
+the transactions of the day. As I came from the bottom of Alport Street,
+on the Altrincham side of Manchester, my original directions were indeed
+to pass through St. Peter's field as the shortest line, but I had taken a
+circuitous route to avoid the meeting, which led me to the corner of it
+near Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+[2] It has been stated, upon evidence which I should be unwilling to
+discredit, that the body of persons more immediately in contact with the
+hustings were of Hunt's party. My reasons for believing them at the time
+to be (as I was told) special constables, were because they resembled them
+in appearance, were connected in their lines, had their hats on, and
+staves of office occasionally appeared amongst them. Mr. Hay, in his
+official letter, says: "A body of special constables took their ground,
+about two hundred in number, close to the hustings, from whence there was
+a line of communication to the house where we were." This is precisely my
+view of the case; doubtless, had the communication been cut, he would have
+noticed it.
+
+[3] Some, by being better mounted or rather in advance, might have been
+more moderate in their pace, but generally speaking it was very rapid, and
+I use the word gallop, as conveying the best idea of their approach.
+
+[4] I am particular in mentioning these minute circumstances, because in
+this and some other points in which I could not be mistaken, I have been
+strongly contradicted.
+
+[5] It has been often asked when and where the cavalry struck the people.
+I can only say that from the moment they began to force their way through
+the crowd towards the hustings swords were up and swords were down, but
+whether they fell with the sharp or flat side, of course I cannot pretend
+to give an opinion.
+
+[6] On quitting the ground I for the first time observed that strong
+bodies of infantry were posted in the streets, on opposite sides of the
+square; their appearance might probably have increased the alarm and would
+certainly have impeded the progress of a mob wishing to retreat in either
+of those directions. When I saw them they were resting on their arms, and
+I believe they remained stationary, taking no part in the transaction.
+
+[7] On entering Mosley Street at 12 o'clock I stopped to question some
+persons on the footway respecting the proceedings of the day. When about
+to proceed, I was recommended to move from the middle of the street to the
+path, as the mob were advancing. I declined, suspecting my advisers might
+be radicals, adding: "I am on the King's highway, and shall remain where I
+am." I mention this because I have heard it reported that I was insulted
+by the Ashton people, which may have originated from the above account.
+
+[8] [In the copy of Farquharson's verbatim Report of the Trial, which is
+preserved at the Reference Library, Manchester, this "not" is omitted. The
+omission is, of course, due to a misprint, and someone has inserted "not"
+in pencil. Similarly, in my own copy of Farquharson's Report, someone has
+inserted the "not" in ink. McDonnell, in his "State Trials," inserted the
+"not." Mr. McKennell's evidence, as reported in Farquharson, is as follows
+(pp. 169, 170; he was cross-examined by Mr. Serjeant Hullock):--
+
+By whom was the Riot Act read?
+
+--I never heard it read.
+
+You heard no such thing?
+
+--I did not.
+
+EDITOR.]
+
+[9] [St. John Street or Byrom Street.--EDITOR.]
+
+[10] [South-east would be more correct.--EDITOR.]
+
+[11] [East would be more correct. The Cheshire Yeomanry filed along the
+south side. The arrows in Stanley's Plan make this clear.--EDITOR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by 
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
+
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+    a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none}
+    a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none}
+
+    .spacer {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by 
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Accounts of Peterloo
+       By Eyewitnesses Bishop Stanley, Lord Hylton, John Benjamin
+              Smith with Bishop Stanley's Evidence at the Trial
+
+Author: Edward Stanley
+        William Jolliffe
+        John Benjamin Smith
+
+Editor: F. A. Bruton
+
+Release Date: August 7, 2011 [EBook #37004]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE ACCOUNTS OF PETERLOO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center">PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HISTORICAL SERIES<br />
+No. XXXIX.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">THREE ACCOUNTS OF<br />PETERLOO.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Published by the University of Manchester at<br />
+THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (<span class="smcap">H. M. McKechnie</span>, M.A., Secretary)<br />
+<span class="smcap">12 Lime Grove, Oxford Road, MANCHESTER</span><br />
+<br />
+LONGMANS, GREEN &amp; CO.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">London</span>:<br />
+39 Paternoster Row, E.C.4<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">New York</span>:<br />
+443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bombay</span>:<br />
+336 Hornby Road<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Calcutta</span>:<br />
+6 Old Court House Street<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Madras</span>:<br />
+167 Mount Road</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>From a Print lent by Lord Sheffield</i><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bishop Stanley</span><br />
+1779-1849<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><i>Frontispiece</i></span></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">Three Accounts</span><br />
+OF<br />
+<span class="giant">Peterloo</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">BY EYEWITNESSES</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BISHOP STANLEY<br />
+LORD HYLTON<br />
+JOHN BENJAMIN SMITH</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">with</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">Bishop Stanley&#8217;s Evidence at the Trial</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Edited by F. A. BRUTON, M.A., Litt.D<br />
+of the Manchester Grammar School</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">MANCHESTER:<br />
+AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS</p>
+<p class="center">LONGMANS, GREEN &amp; CO.<br />
+LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, etc.<br />
+1921</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="large">PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">No. CXL.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Contents.</span></h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Introduction</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bishop Stanley</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stanley&#8217;s Account of Peterloo</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stanley&#8217;s Evidence at the Trial in 1822</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir William Jolliffe, afterwards Lord Hylton</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lieutenant Jolliffe&#8217;s Account of Peterloo</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Benjamin Smith</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mr. J. B. Smith&#8217;s Account of Peterloo</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>APPENDIX A</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Some Relics of Peterloo:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">1. A Banner carried at Peterloo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">2. Bamford&#8217;s Cottage at Middleton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">3. Constables&#8217; Staves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">4. Head of Flagstaff.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">5. Hussar&#8217;s Plume.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">6. Account-Book of the Relief Committee.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">7. Account-Book recording amounts raised for the relief of Special Constables and their families.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>APPENDIX B</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">1. Note on the Casualties at Peterloo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">2. Presence of women and children at Peterloo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">3. Some gleanings from the Scrap-Books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent2">4. Explanation of the Contemporary Plan and Picture of Peterloo.</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Illustrations.</span></h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Portrait of Bishop Stanley</td>
+    <td colspan="2" align="right"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stanley&#8217;s Plan of Peterloo</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nadin, the Deputy Constable</td>
+    <td><i>Facing</i></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;Orator Hunt&#8221;</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plan of Peterloo, compiled from the contemporary Plans and modern Street Maps</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Portrait of Mr. John Benjamin Smith</td>
+    <td><i>Facing</i></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#facing_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Hunt Memorial at the Manchester Reform Club</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Peterloo Medal</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Banner carried at Peterloo by the Middleton Contingent</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#facing_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Samuel Bamford&#8217;s Cottage at Middleton</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Three Relics picked up on the Field of Peterloo</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Page of the Relief Committee&#8217;s Account Book</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plan of Peterloo published with the Report of the Trial in 1822</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wroe&#8217;s Picture of Peterloo, showing the Manchester Yeomanry riding for the Hustings &nbsp;</td>
+    <td><i>Facing</i></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Of</span> the three accounts of the Tragedy of Peterloo given here, two (the
+first and third) have never been published before. The second appeared in
+the &#8220;Life of Lord Sidmouth&#8221; in 1847. All three, written with care and
+judgment, by men who afterwards rose to eminence, form a valuable
+contribution to the understanding of an event, the accounts of which have
+been for the most part distorted and misleading. Moreover, as each of the
+three writers deals with a different phase of the day&#8217;s happenings, the
+accounts complement one another.</p>
+
+<p>The Editor had already arranged for the publication of the first, when he
+received the following letter from Lord Sheffield, dated Penrhos,
+Holyhead, August 21st, 1919:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It is many years since I had the copy of the Rev. E. Stanley&#8217;s
+report, and no doubt it was one of the lithographed copies you
+mention.</p>
+
+<p>I think it would be well if it were published, along with the evidence
+to which you refer. I also think the Plan, of which you speak, should
+be added, and the reports of Jolliffe and J. B. Smith.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>Lord Sheffield supported his suggestion by enclosing a cheque towards the
+cost of printing, and this made easy the publication of the whole. Lord
+Sheffield also kindly lent the portrait of Bishop Stanley, which appears
+as the Frontispiece.</p>
+
+<p>Acknowledgments are due, besides: (1) to Mr. Henry Guppy, M.A., for
+permission to use the blocks of Wroe&#8217;s picture of Peterloo, and the Plan
+from the &#8220;Story of Peterloo&#8221; in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
+for October, 1919; and to copy a page of the Account-book of the Relief
+Committee; (2) to Lady Durning Lawrence, who (with the late Mr. C. W.
+Sutton, M.A.) gave permission to print the Extract from the Reminiscences
+of Mr. J. B. Smith, and to reproduce his portrait; (3) to Mr. W. Marcroft
+of Southport; and Messrs. Hirst &amp; Rennie of Oldham, for the loan of the
+blocks of &#8220;Orator Hunt,&#8221; the &#8220;Hunt Memorial,&#8221; and the &#8220;Peterloo Medal&#8221;;
+(4) to Mr. John Murray for leave to reprint Lieutenant Jolliffe&#8217;s letter;
+(5) to Mr. W. W. Manfield, for the loan of the three Relics of Peterloo;
+and (6) to Mr. R. H. Fletcher, amateur photographer, of Eccles, for
+photographing the relics, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 8em;">F. A. B.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Three Accounts of Peterloo</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">BISHOP STANLEY</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> Rev. Edward Stanley (1779-1849) was the second son of Sir J. T.
+Stanley, the Sixth Baronet, and Margaret Owen, of Penrhos, Anglesey. His
+elder brother was the first Baron Stanley of Alderley. As a boy, he had a
+natural inclination for the sea, but this was not encouraged. For
+thirty-two years he was Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire. While making
+himself beloved as a Parish Priest, he found time for many scientific and
+other interests. His <i>Familiar History of Birds</i> is a standard work; he
+advocated, and assisted in, the teaching of Science and Temperance at
+Alderley; and he became one of the first Presidents of the Manchester
+Statistical Society. Though he declined the See of Manchester, when it was
+offered him, he accepted from Lord Melbourne, in 1837, the Bishopric of
+Norwich, and introduced a number of reforms into that diocese. A short
+memoir of him was written by his son, the famous Dean of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>At the date of Peterloo, a number of clergymen sat on the Bench of
+Magistrates for Lancashire and Cheshire, but Stanley stated clearly at the
+Trial that he was not a Magistrate. He was then forty years of age, and
+Rector of Alderley, and in his evidence he was careful to say that his
+narrative of Peterloo was compiled about two months after the event, for
+private circulation among his friends, and had never been published. It is
+clear that a copy was in the hands of Counsel who cross-examined him at
+the Trial in 1822. The manuscript is very neatly written (I should
+conjecture by Stanley himself) on nine large quarto pages, the plan being
+drawn by the same hand, and the notes given at the end. I have thought it
+more convenient for the reader to have the notes thrown to the foot of the
+respective pages. The manuscript was lithographed, in 1819, by the
+Lithographic Press, Westminster, and entered at Stationers&#8217; Hall. I found
+on enquiry that there was one copy in the Manuscript Department of the
+British Museum (Add. MSS., 30142, ff. 78-83). It is addressed to
+Major-Gen. Sir Robert Wilson, and sealed with the Stanley crest. The
+authorship was not known, and the Keeper of the MSS. was glad to be able
+to add this to the document as the result of my communication. In the
+Printed Book Department of the British Museum there is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> second copy,
+catalogued under Manchester, with press-mark 8133i. There is no trace of
+Stanley&#8217;s MS. in the Public Records Office. I can find no other copy but
+the one at the Manchester Reference Library, which is in excellent
+preservation, and has recently been rebound. Mr. J. C. Hobhouse quoted
+from Stanley&#8217;s narrative once in a speech in the House of Commons.
+Speaking on May 19th, 1821, in support of a Petition for an enquiry as to
+the outrage at Manchester, Mr. Hobhouse, following Sir Francis Burdett,
+said: &#8220;The Rev. Mr. Stanley, who watched from a room above the
+magistrates, saw no stones or sticks used, though if any stone larger than
+a pebble had been thrown, he must have seen it.&#8221; I have not found any
+other reference to the narrative except that made by Counsel at the Trial,
+and that is recorded in the Evidence which follows.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p>Three notes may find a place here. The first two refer to points mentioned
+by Stanley:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Pigot and Dean&#8217;s <i>Manchester Directory</i> for 1819 mentions:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(<i>a</i>) Edmund Buxton, Builder, &amp;c., No. 6, Mount Street, Dickinson
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) Thomas &amp; Matthew Pickford &amp; Co., Carriers, Oxford Street.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>I do not find Mr. Buxton&#8217;s &#8220;shop,&#8221; which is mentioned by Stanley; nor are
+Pickfords described as &#8220;timber merchants,&#8221; though timber may easily have
+been stacked in their yard.</p>
+
+<p>Stanley&#8217;s movements on reaching Manchester are not, at a first reading,
+quite clear. Riding in from Alderley, he seems to have approached by way
+of Oxford Road, passing (as he tells us) the Manchester Yeomanry, posted
+at Pickford&#8217;s yard. At twelve o&#8217;clock, he turned up Mosley Street (very
+likely to avoid the crowd which was already filling the Square) and in
+Mosley Street he met the contingent of Reformers coming from Ashton. He
+then proceeded to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s <i>shop</i>, which seems to have been near the
+lower end of Deansgate. Not finding Mr. Buxton there, he was directed to
+his <i>residence</i> in Mount Street. The shortest way to Mount Street from
+Alport would have taken him through the crowd. He therefore approached
+Mount Street &#8220;by a circuitous route to avoid the meeting&#8221; (possibly by
+Fleet Street and Lower Mosley Street, the route afterwards taken by the
+Hussars), and met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house.</p>
+
+<p>Stanley evidently knew little of Manchester. He confesses in his narrative
+that he had not been in St. Peter&#8217;s field before or since the tragedy; in
+his evidence he said: &#8220;I know no street,&#8221; and stated that he could not
+locate the Friends&#8217; Meeting-house.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>2. Stanley&#8217;s estimate of a hundred yards, as the distance from the
+hustings to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house can be demonstrated to-day to be almost
+exactly correct. This is only one of many points in his narrative which
+show what a shrewd, quick, and accurate observer he was. When Mr. Hulton
+was asked, at the Trial, to estimate the same distance, he conjectured
+four hundred yards, and this was actually quoted as the distance in one of
+the standard histories of the period.</p>
+
+<p>For the rest, it seems better to leave Stanley&#8217;s extremely lucid account
+to speak for itself. To annotate it in detail would be to spoil its
+completeness. As has been stated above, each observer witnessed the scene
+from his own stand-point. A complete picture can only be obtained by
+forming a mosaic of the various reports. Stanley&#8217;s narrative is that of an
+outsider, who came upon the scene unexpectedly, and watched the whole with
+the eye of a statesman and a statistician. Lieutenant Jolliffe&#8217;s account
+gives the view of a young soldier, a stranger to Manchester, who rode in
+the charge of the Hussars, and afterwards took part with them in the
+patrol of the town. Mr. J. B. Smith speaks from the point of view of a
+Manchester business man, familiar with the civic and economic conditions
+that led to the catastrophe, and his narrative reaches a few days beyond
+the tragedy itself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> Samuel Bamford&#8217;s account&mdash;too well-known to need
+repetition here&mdash;was written from the stand-point of a local weaver, who
+had already suffered for his outspoken advocacy of Parliamentary Reform,
+had a large share in organising the Peterloo meeting, and served a term of
+imprisonment for his share in the proceedings. An attempt to dovetail
+these and other Reports into a continuous narrative has already been made
+in <i>The Story of Peterloo</i> (Rylands Library Lectures, 1919.).</p>
+
+<p>3. Stanley&#8217;s Evidence at the Trial, which is here printed immediately
+after his connected narrative, has been taken from McDonnell&#8217;s <i>State
+Trials</i>, supplemented&mdash;where passages are omitted by McDonnell&mdash;by
+Farquharson&#8217;s verbatim report, issued by the Defence after the Trial. As a
+matter of fact McDonnell made use of Farquharson&#8217;s version.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p>The portrait of Bishop Stanley which appears here is from a print kindly
+lent for the purpose by Lord Sheffield.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Stanley&#8217;s Notes attached to his Plan</h2>
+
+<p>Never having seen St. Peter&#8217;s fields before or since, I cannot pretend to
+speak accurately as to distance, etc. I should, at a guess, state the
+distance from the hustings to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house to be about a hundred
+yards, which may serve as a general scale to the rest of the plan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Key to Stanley&#8217;s Plan.</span></p>
+
+<p>1. The hustings. The arrow shows the direction in which the orators
+addressed the mob, the great majority being in front: F, F, F.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Barouche in which Hunt arrived, the line from it showing its
+entrance and approach.</p>
+
+<p>3. The spot on which the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry halted previous to
+their charge; the dotted lines in front showing the direction of their
+charge on attacking the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/page8_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/page8.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+Stanley&#8217;s Plan</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>4. On this spot the woman alluded to in the account (<a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>) was wounded
+and remained apparently dead, till removed at the conclusion of the
+business.</p>
+
+<p>5. Here the 15th Dragoons paused for a few moments before they proceeded
+in the direction marked by the dotted line.</p>
+
+<p>6. The Cheshire Cavalry; my attention was so much taken up with the
+proceedings of the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry, etc., and the dispersion
+in front of the hustings, that I cannot speak accurately as to their
+subsequent movements.</p>
+
+<p>7, 7, 7. The band of special constables, <i>apparently</i> surrounding the
+hustings.</p>
+
+<p>8, 8, 8. The mob in dense mass; their banners displayed in different
+parts, as at x, x.</p>
+
+<p>9, 9, 9. A space comparatively vacant; partially occupied by stragglers;
+the mob condensing near the hustings for the purpose of seeing and
+hearing.</p>
+
+<p>10, 10, 10. Raised ground on which many spectators had taken a position; a
+commotion amongst them first announced the approach of the cavalry; their
+elevated situation commanding a more extensive view.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Bishop Stanley&#8217;s Account of Peterloo</h2>
+
+<p>Soon after one o&#8217;clock on the 16th of August, I went to call on Mr.
+Buxton, with whom I had some private business. I was directed to his house
+overlooking St. Peter&#8217;s field, where I unexpectedly found the magistrates
+assembled.<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a> I went up to their room, and remained there seven or eight
+minutes. Hunt was not then arrived; a murmur running through the crowd
+prepared us for his approach; a numerous vanguard preceded him, and in a
+few moments the Barouche appeared in which he sat with his coadjutors,
+male and female;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> a tremendous shout instantly welcomed him; he proceeded
+slowly towards the hustings. On approaching the knot of constables the
+carriage stopped a short time, I conceive from the difficulty of making
+way through a band of men who were little inclined to fall back for his
+admission. The Barouche at length attained its position close to the
+hustings, and the speakers stepped forth, the female&mdash;as far as I can
+recollect&mdash;still remaining on the driver&#8217;s seat with a banner in her hand.
+I then left the magistrates and went to a room immediately above them,
+commanding a bird&#8217;s-eye view of the whole area, in which every movement
+and every object was distinctly visible. In the centre were the hustings
+surrounded <i>to all appearance</i><a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a> by
+a numerous body of constables,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+easily distinguished by their respectable dress, staves of office, and
+hats <i>on</i>; the elevation of the hustings of course eclipsed a portion of
+the space immediately beyond them, so as to prevent my seeing, and
+consequently asserting positively, whether they were completely surrounded
+by this chain of constables. The chain from this its main body was
+continued in a double line, two or three deep, forming an avenue to Mr.
+Buxton&#8217;s house, by which <i>there seemed to be</i> free and uninterrupted
+access to and from the hustings. Had any interruption of their
+communication occurred previous to the change, I think I must have
+perceived it from the commanding position I occupied. A vast concourse of
+people, in a close and compact mass, surrounded the hustings and
+constables, pressing upon each other apparently with a view to be as near
+the speakers as possible. They were, generally speaking, bare-headed,
+probably for the purpose of giving those behind them a better view.
+Between the outside of this mob and the sides of the area the space was
+comparatively unoccupied; stragglers were indeed numerous, but not so as
+to amount to anything like a crowd, or to create interruption to foot
+passengers. Round the edges of the square more compact masses of people
+were assembled, the greater part of whom appeared to be spectators. The
+radical banners and caps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> liberty were conspicuous in different parts
+of the concentrated mob, stationed according to the order in which the
+respective bands to which they belonged had entered the ground, and taken
+up their positions.</p>
+
+<p>After the orators had ascended the hustings, a few minutes were taken up
+in preparing for the business of the day, and then Hunt began his address.
+I could distinctly hear his voice, but was too distant to distinguish his
+words. He had not spoken above a minute or two before I heard a report in
+the room that the cavalry were sent for; the messengers, we were told,
+might be seen from a back window. I ran to that window from which I could
+see the road leading to a timber yard (I believe) at no great distance,
+where, as I entered the town, I had observed the Manchester Yeomanry
+stationed. I saw three horsemen ride off, one towards the timber yard, the
+others in the direction which I knew led to the cantonments of other
+cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>I immediately returned to the front window, anxiously awaiting the result;
+a slight commotion among a body of spectators, chiefly women, who occupied
+a mound of raised, broken ground on the left, and to the rear, of the
+orators, convinced me they saw something which excited their fears; many
+jumped down, and they soon dispersed more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> rapidly. By this time the alarm
+was quickly spreading, and I heard several voices exclaiming: &#8220;The
+soldiers! the soldiers!&#8221;; another moment brought the cavalry into the
+field on a gallop,<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a> which they continued till the word was given for
+halting them, about the middle of the space which I before noticed as
+partially occupied by stragglers.</p>
+
+<p>They halted in great disorder, and so continued for the few minutes they
+remained on that spot. This disorder was attributed by several persons in
+the room to the undisciplined state of their horses, little accustomed to
+act together, and probably frightened by the shout of the populace, which
+greeted their arrival. Hunt had evidently seen their approach; his hand
+had been pointed towards them, and it was clear from his gestures that he
+was addressing the mob respecting their interference. His words, whatever
+they were, excited a shout from those immediately about him, which was
+re-echoed with fearful animation by the rest of the multitude. Ere that
+had subsided, the cavalry, the loyal spectators, and the special<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+constables, cheered loudly in return, and a pause ensued of about a minute
+or two.</p>
+
+<p>An officer and some few others then advanced rather in front of the troop,
+formed, as I before said, in much disorder and with scarcely the semblance
+of line, their sabres glistened in the air, and on they went, direct for
+the hustings. At first, <i>i.e.</i>, for a very few paces, their movement was
+not rapid, and there was some show of an attempt to follow their officer
+in regular succession, five or six abreast; but, as Mr. Francis Phillips
+in his pamphlet observes, they soon &#8220;increased their speed,&#8221; and with a
+zeal and ardour which might naturally be expected from men acting with
+delegated power against a foe by whom it is understood they had long been
+insulted with taunts of cowardice, continued their course, seeming
+individually to vie with each other which should be first. Some
+stragglers, I have remarked, occupied the space in which they halted. On
+the commencement of the charge, these fled in all directions; and I
+presume escaped, with the exception of a woman who had been standing ten
+or twelve yards in front; as the troop passed her body was left, to all
+appearance lifeless; and there remained till the close of the business,
+when, as it was no great distance from the house, I went towards her. Two
+men were then in the act of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> raising her up; whether she was actually dead
+or not I cannot say, but no symptoms of life were visible at the time I
+last saw her.<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>As the cavalry approached the dense mass of people they used their utmost
+efforts to escape: but so closely were they pressed in opposite directions
+by the soldiers, the special constables, the position of the hustings, and
+their own immense numbers, that immediate escape was impossible. The rapid
+course of the troop was of course impeded when it came in contact with the
+mob, but a passage was forced in less than a minute; so rapid indeed was
+it that the guard of constables close to the hustings shared the fate of
+the rest. The whole of this will be intelligible at once by a reference to
+the annexed sketch.</p>
+
+<p>On their arrival at the hustings a scene of dreadful confusion ensued. The
+orators fell or were forced off the scaffold in quick succession;
+fortunately for them, the stage being rather elevated, they were in great
+degree beyond the reach of the many swords which gleamed around them. Hunt
+fell&mdash;or threw himself&mdash;among the constables, and was driven or dragged,
+as fast as possible, down the avenue which communicated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> with the
+magistrates&#8217; house; his associates were hurried after him in a similar
+manner. By this time so much dust had arisen that no accurate account can
+be given of what further took place at that particular spot.</p>
+
+<p>The square was now covered with the flying multitude; though still in
+parts the banners and caps of liberty were surrounded by groups. The
+Manchester Yeomanry had already taken possession of the hustings, when the
+Cheshire Yeomanry entered on my left in excellent order, and formed in the
+rear of the hustings as well as could be expected, considering the crowds
+who were now pressing in all directions and filling up the space hitherto
+partially occupied.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifteenth Dragoons appeared nearly at the same moment, and paused
+rather than halted on our left, parallel to the row of houses. They then
+pressed forward, crossing the avenue of constables, which opened to let
+them through, and bent their course towards the Manchester Yeomanry. The
+people were now in a state of utter rout and confusion, leaving the ground
+strewed with hats and shoes, and hundreds were thrown down in the attempt
+to escape. The cavalry were hurrying about in all directions, completing
+the work of dispersion, which&mdash;to use the words given in Wheeler&#8217;s
+<i>Manchester Chronicle</i>, referred to by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> Mr. Francis Phillips&mdash;was effected
+in so short a space of time as to appear as if done &#8220;by magic.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I saw nothing that gave me an idea of resistance, except in one or two
+spots where they showed some disinclination to abandon the banners; these
+impulses, however, were but momentary, and banner after banner fell into
+the hands of the military power.<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> The extent of their defence may
+perhaps best be estimated by the gallant conduct, which I particularly
+noticed, of a man on horseback, apparently a gentleman&#8217;s servant. Unarmed
+as far as I could perceive, he separated from the cavalry, and rode
+directly into a compact body of people collected round a banner; a scuffle
+ensued highly interesting; the banner rose and fell repeatedly, but
+ultimately fell into his hands, and he galloped off with it in triumph.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of this confusion, heightened at its close by the rattle
+of some artillery<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a>
+crossing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> the square, shrieks were heard in all
+directions, and as the crowd of people dispersed the effects of the
+conflict became visible. Some were seen bleeding on the ground and unable
+to rise; others, less seriously injured but faint with the loss of blood,
+were retiring slowly or leaning upon others for support. One special
+constable, with a cut down his head, was brought to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house. I
+saw several others in the passage, congratulating themselves on their
+narrow escape, and showing the marks of sabre-cuts on their hats. I saw no
+firearms, but distinctly heard four or five shots, towards the close of
+the business, on the opposite side of the square, beyond the hustings; but
+nobody could inform me by whom they were fired. The whole of this
+extraordinary scene was the work of a few minutes.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid succession of so many important incidents in this short space of
+time, the peculiar character of each depending so much on the variation of
+a few instants in the detail, sufficiently accounts for the very
+contradictory statements that have been given; added to which it should
+be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> observed that no spectator on the ground could possibly form a just
+and correct idea of what was passing. When below, I could not have
+observed anything accurately beyond a few yards around me, and it was only
+by ascending to the upper rooms of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house that I could form a
+just and correct idea of almost every point which has since afforded so
+much discussion and contention.</p>
+
+<p>The cavalry were now collected in different parts of the area; the centre,
+but a few minutes before crowded to excess, was utterly deserted; groups
+of radicals were still seen assembled on the outskirts, screening
+themselves behind logs of timber or mingling with the spectators on the
+pavement. The constables remained in a body in front of the house waiting
+for the reappearance of Hunt, who (with his colleagues) was secured in a
+small parlour opening into the passage to which I had now descended. I
+believe the original intention was to send him to the New Bailey in a
+carriage, but it was soon after decided that he should walk. When this was
+made known it was received with shouts of approbation and &#8220;bring him out,
+let the rebel walk,&#8221; was heard from all quarters. At length he came forth,
+and notwithstanding the blows he had received in running the gauntlet down
+the avenue of constables, I thought I could perceive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> a smile of triumph
+on his countenance. A person (Nadin, I believe) offered to take his arm,
+but he drew himself back, and in a sort of whisper said: &#8220;No, no, that&#8217;s
+rather too good a thing,&#8221; or words to that effect. He then left the house,
+and I soon afterwards also went away.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing21.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>From a Print at the Reference Library</i><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Joseph Nadin</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Deputy-Constable of Manchester<br />
+at the Time of Peterloo</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><i>To face page 21</i></span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I saw no symptoms of riot or disturbances before the meeting; the
+impression on my mind was that the people were sullenly peaceful, and I
+had an excellent opportunity of forming an opinion by suddenly coming in
+contact with a large body from Ashton, who met me in Mosley Street, as I
+entered the town.<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a> They were walking at a moderate pace, six or seven
+abreast, arm in arm, which enabled them to keep some sort of regularity in
+their march. I was soon surrounded by them as I passed, and though my
+horse showed a good deal of alarm, particularly at their band and flags,
+they broke rank and offered no molestation whatever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>As soon, however, as I had quitted Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house at the conclusion of
+the business, I found them in a very different state of feeling. I heard
+repeated vows of revenge. &#8220;You took us unprepared, we were unarmed to-day,
+and it is your day; but when we meet again the day shall be ours.&#8221; How far
+this declaration of being unarmed men may be relied upon, I cannot pretend
+to say; I certainly saw nothing like arms either at or before the meeting;
+their sticks were, as far as came under my observation, common
+walking-sticks; that some, however, were armed I can have no doubt, as a
+constable, when I was leaving Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house, showed me a couple of
+short skewers or daggers fixed in wooden handles, which he had taken in
+the fray.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard from the most respectable authority that the cavalry were
+assailed by stones during the short time they halted previous to their
+charge. I do not wish to contradict positive assertions. What a person
+<i>sees</i> must be true. My evidence on that point can only be negative. I
+certainly saw nothing of the sort, and yet my eyes were fixed most
+steadily upon them, and I think that I must have seen any stone larger
+than a pebble at the short distance at which I stood (from thirty to fifty
+yards) and the commanding view I had. I indeed saw no missile weapons used
+throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> the whole transaction, but as I have before stated, the dust
+at the hustings soon partially obscured everything that took place near
+that particular spot; but no doubt the people defended themselves to the
+best of their power, as it was absolutely impossible for them to get away
+and give the cavalry a clear passage till the outer part of the mob had
+fallen back. No blame can be fairly attributed to the soldiers for
+wounding the constables as well as the radicals, since the chief
+distinguishing mark (the former being covered and the latter uncovered)
+soon ceased to exist; every man for obvious reasons covering himself in
+haste the moment the dispersion commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Such are the leading features of this event, to which I can speak
+positively; comments and opinions I have avoided as much as possible, my
+object being to give a clear and impartial account of facts, which whether
+for or against the adopted conclusions of either party must speak for
+themselves.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Evidence of The Rev. Edward Stanley</h2>
+
+<p>in the Trial of an action for assault, brought by Thomas Redford against
+Hugh Hornby Birley and others, members of the Manchester Yeomanry, before
+Mr. Justice Holroyd and a Special Jury, at Lancaster on the 4th, 5th, 6th,
+7th, 8th, and 9th of April, 1822.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><i>Second day of the Trial.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">The Rev. <span class="smcap">Edward Stanley</span> examined by<br />
+Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span> (<i>Counsel for the Plaintiff</i>).</p>
+
+<p>You, I believe, are the Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire?&mdash;I am.</p>
+
+<p>Brother to Sir Thomas Stanley?&mdash;Brother to Sir John Stanley.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of August, 1819, had you any business with Mr. Buxton?&mdash;I had.</p>
+
+<p>How far do you live from Manchester?&mdash;Between fifteen and sixteen miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>You came into Manchester on the morning; about what time?&mdash;As near twelve
+o&#8217;clock as possible I entered Mosley Street.</p>
+
+<p>In your passage up Mosley Street, did you meet with any number of
+people?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>Walking?&mdash;Walking.</p>
+
+<p>In what manner?&mdash;They were coming down the street, walking in a
+procession, six, or seven, or eight abreast, and arm in arm.</p>
+
+<p>Were you on horseback?&mdash;I was.</p>
+
+<p>Was there any interruption to your passage?&mdash;No. Should I explain?</p>
+
+<p>Tell us the reason?&mdash;As I was going down the street, some persons on the
+pavement desired me&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to know what the persons on the pavement desired you to do;
+I do not wish you to tell us the conversation, but simply to relate what
+happened?&mdash;I passed through them.</p>
+
+<p>By their opening to give you way?&mdash;Certainly.</p>
+
+<p>Did you go on that day to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house, and what time did you get
+there? I got to Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house, I should think, a quarter after one.</p>
+
+<p>Did you go into a room there where the magistrates were assembled?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>How long did you remain there?&mdash;I should think about from eight to ten minutes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>During the time you were in the room, did Mr. Hunt arrive on the
+ground?&mdash;He was called Mr. Hunt; he was in a barouche.</p>
+
+<p>And a multitude accompanying him?&mdash;A vast multitude.</p>
+
+<p>I believe there was a cheer given by the populace at the time when he did
+arrive?&mdash;A tremendous shout.</p>
+
+<p>Did you remain in the room or did you go elsewhere?&mdash;I did not remain
+there; I went into the room above it.</p>
+
+<p>Were there any other persons in the room besides you?&mdash;Several.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see the Manchester Yeomanry come on to the ground?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>And form in front of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house?&mdash;They formed with their left
+flank a little to the right of the special constables, and a few yards to
+the right of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house.</p>
+
+<p>You say to the left of the line of special constables?&mdash;Their left flank
+was on the right of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house.</p>
+
+<p>You saw the line of constables; where did it extend to?&mdash;It extended from
+the door of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house, apparently up to the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>Was there more than one line of constables?&mdash;There were two lines of
+constables.</p>
+
+<p>What was the interval between them?&mdash;Near Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house and the mob,
+three or four feet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>Afterwards, the line was closed by the pressure of the mob, expanding
+again when they came near the hustings?&mdash;According to my observation; to
+the best of my judgment; such is the impression on my mind.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 299px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/facing27.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">&#8220;Orator&#8221; Hunt</span>, 1773-1835<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chairman of the Peterloo Meeting</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><i>To face page 27</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Of course you saw the people collected?&mdash;Certainly.</p>
+
+<p>In a large mass?&mdash;In a very large mass.</p>
+
+<p>What was it enabled you to distinguish the special constables from the
+rest?&mdash;They were superior-dressed people, had their hats on, and their
+staffs were constantly appearing, and they were nearer the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>And the people round the hustings had their hats off?&mdash;My general
+impression is, all, to speak accurately.</p>
+
+<p>The people on this side of the area of St. Peter&#8217;s field were not so
+numerous?&mdash;There were more stragglers, and no crowd.</p>
+
+<p>You saw colours and caps of liberty on the ground?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>What number of either the one or the other? Perhaps you do not distinctly
+recollect?&mdash;I cannot say.</p>
+
+<p>You heard Mr. Hunt speak?&mdash;No, I could just hear his voice, but I was not
+able to distinguish what he said.</p>
+
+<p>How long had that taken place before you saw the cavalry advance towards
+the hustings?&mdash;From their halt, I should think three minutes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>From the time you heard Mr. Hunt?&mdash;Not from the time I heard Mr. Hunt; he
+was speaking before I arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Then from the time of the halt?&mdash;Two or three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>When you saw them advance towards the hustings, with what speed did they
+go?&mdash;They were formed in an irregular mass. Those on the left advanced in
+some sort of order. They went on at first, for a few paces, at no very
+quick pace; but they soon increased their speed, till it became a sort of
+rush or race amongst them all towards the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>Did you observe the effect that this had upon the people, whether it
+caused them to disperse or not?&mdash;They could not disperse instantly.</p>
+
+<p>But on the outside of them?&mdash;On the right, in front of the hustings, they
+immediately began to melt away, as it were, as far as they could at the
+extreme.</p>
+
+<p>The outward edge of the meeting?&mdash;The outward edge, in front of the
+hustings.</p>
+
+<p>Did you observe the cavalry when they got first among the thick part of
+the meeting?&mdash;Their speed was diminished as soon as they came in contact
+with the dense mob.</p>
+
+<p>Well?&mdash;But they worked their way to the hustings still, as fast, under
+existing circumstances, as they could.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>From the place in which you were, I believe you had a very commanding view
+of the hustings?&mdash;I looked down upon it like a map.</p>
+
+<p>I understood you, you had also been in a room below that, and looked
+through there?&mdash;I had.</p>
+
+<p>Which, in your opinion, was the better place for a correct observation of
+what passed after the meeting?&mdash;Decidedly, the highest room.</p>
+
+<p>Did you watch the advance of the cavalry from their place up to the
+hustings?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see either sticks, or stones, or anything of the kind used against
+the cavalry in their advance up to the hustings?&mdash;Certainly not.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see any resistance whatever to the cavalry, except the thickness
+of the meeting?&mdash;None.</p>
+
+<p>Do I understand you to say you saw them surround the hustings, or
+not?&mdash;Surround I could not say, for the other side of the hustings, of
+course, was partially eclipsed by the people upon it.</p>
+
+<p>But you saw them encircle part?&mdash;Encircle part.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see what was done when they got there?&mdash;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>Will you tell us what it was that you saw done?&mdash;I saw the swords up and
+down, the orators tumbled or thrown over, and the mob dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>In your judgment, what length of time elapsed between the cavalry first
+setting off into the meeting and the time of their complete
+dispersion?&mdash;Starting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> from their halt to the complete dispersion of the
+meeting, I should think from three to five minutes; but I cannot speak to
+a minute.</p>
+
+<p>In your judgment it took from three to five minutes? You did not observe
+it by a watch?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see any other troops come into the field?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>What were they?&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: He says he saw what?&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>: Other troops come into the field.</p>
+
+<p>When was it that you saw them come into the field?&mdash;When the mob around
+the hustings were dispersing rapidly, and I think Mr. Hunt was taken off.</p>
+
+<p>What were those troops that you saw come into the ground then?&mdash;First came
+in, on the left of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s row of houses, the Cheshire Yeomanry, who
+filed to the left.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: You mean to the left, looking from the house,
+then?&mdash;From the house.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>: Where did the Cheshire Yeomanry take up their
+position when they came on the ground?&mdash;They took up their position in the
+rear of the hustings, rather in advance, I think, of some mounds of earth.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know Windmill Street?&mdash;I know no street.</p>
+
+<p>You don&#8217;t know its name?&mdash;I know no name.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>You say near a rising ground?&mdash;There is a sort of little elevated bank or
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>Had the multitude from that part been dispersed?&mdash;The multitude in the
+rear were pretty much as they had been at first. I think they were
+dispersing, but not so rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>Do you mean in the rear of the cavalry?&mdash;In the rear of the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>The Cheshire Yeomanry&#8217;s position was in the rear of the hustings?&mdash;Part
+near amongst these people.</p>
+
+<p>What other troops beside the Cheshire Yeomanry did you see come on to the
+ground?&mdash;Soon after the Cheshire Yeomanry had come in and taken their
+position, a troop of Dragoons, I think the 15th, came in under the windows
+of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house.</p>
+
+<p>You say you think they were the 15th Hussars?&mdash;They were called the 15th
+Dragoons; they had Waterloo medals.</p>
+
+<p>Where did they take up their position?&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: &#8220;Near Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house,&#8221; he said.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>: Did they continue there?&mdash;They halted or paused
+for a moment or so, a little to the left of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house, a very
+little to the left, almost in front, inclining to the left.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>What others did you see come on the ground, besides them and the Cheshire
+Yeomanry?&mdash;At the close of the business I saw some artillery driving
+through the place.</p>
+
+<p>Was there any other besides those that you saw take up any position on the
+ground?&mdash;None, on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, was the whole of the multitude dispersed?&mdash;It was dispersing
+most rapidly; I may say dispersed, except in partial spots.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving the hustings, to which part of the field did the Manchester
+Yeomanry go?&mdash;To all parts. I think more behind the hustings, and on the
+right; they did not come back to me so much.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know the Quakers&#8217; meeting-house?&mdash;I have heard where it is since;
+then I did not know.</p>
+
+<p>Was it that way that they went?&mdash;If you could point out, in a plan, the
+Quakers&#8217; meeting-house, I could tell you if they went that road.</p>
+
+<p>There is the Quakers&#8217; meeting-house, you will see written on the
+plan?&mdash;Some went that way.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the people, too, dispersed in that direction, did they?&mdash;The
+people dispersed in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>I am not sure whether I asked you before, whether from your situation in
+this window, if any stones, or brickbats, or sticks, had been raised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+against the cavalry, on their way to the hustings, you must have seen
+it?&mdash;I think I must have seen it.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />Cross-examined by Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Hullock</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Will you venture to swear, Mr. Stanley, that no stones nor brickbats would
+be thrown during the advance of the cavalry towards the hustings, without
+your perceiving it?&mdash;I can only venture to say that I saw none.</p>
+
+<p>I believe you have favoured the public with an account of this
+transaction?&mdash;No, I have not.</p>
+
+<p>You printed or wrote something?&mdash;It was in circulation among my friends. I
+wrote something which was never published.</p>
+
+<p>There was a document, written by you, circulated among your
+friends?&mdash;Among my friends.</p>
+
+<p>Before that time, had you seen yourself and read any publication, either
+in manuscript or print, on this subject?&mdash;I had read the reports in some
+papers, naturally, after that time, and I might have seen a pamphlet
+printed at Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>Then you had seen several accounts which had been given to the world
+before you wrote?&mdash;Yes, I saw the reports of the papers immediately after
+the meeting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Whose account did you see, besides the reports in the paper?&mdash;A Mr.
+Phillips&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>You, it seemed, entertained a different view of the transactions that had
+taken place upon this day from those which had been given to the world
+before that time?&mdash;I do not know; I should say a different view from some,
+perhaps, and coinciding with the views of others.</p>
+
+<p>Coinciding with the views of some, and differing from the views of
+others?&mdash;Respecting stones.</p>
+
+<p>No matter what. You are a magistrate, I understand?&mdash;I am not.</p>
+
+<p>Of neither Cheshire nor Lancashire?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>I beg your pardon. You, however, were in the magistrates&#8217; room, I think
+you said, at Mr. Buxton&#8217;s?&mdash;I was.</p>
+
+<p>Of course you had an acquaintance with the gentlemen who were there
+assembled, as acting magistrates of the committee for the counties of
+Chester and Lancaster?&mdash;With two or three I had.</p>
+
+<p>Probably upon terms of intimacy with one of them?&mdash;Certainly.</p>
+
+<p>Was that gentleman there at that time?&mdash;He was.</p>
+
+<p>Did it occur to your mind at the time that the cavalry were sent for
+(because you went back to a window, and saw the messenger crossing the
+field, for the purpose of bringing them to the place, and were told or
+heard there was a rumour in the room<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> above, that the cavalry had been
+sent for) did it occur (attend to my question) to you, at the time, from
+the observations which you had made on the subject, that that step was
+improper or premature?&mdash;I don&#8217;t think it occurred to me either one way or
+the other.</p>
+
+<p>Am I to understand from that then that you exercised no judgment upon the
+subject at that time?&mdash;I certainly did exercise some judgment, some
+opinion on it, at that time.</p>
+
+<p>Having exercised some judgment upon the subject, I ask you whether, in
+your judgment, such as you exercised upon that point, the step was either
+improper or premature?&mdash;I saw no necessity for it.</p>
+
+<p>Then you deemed it premature?&mdash;I saw no necessity for it.</p>
+
+<p>It struck you then as an unnecessary act?&mdash;Certainly.</p>
+
+<p>Then you would go down, of course, immediately and speak to your friend
+upon the subject?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>Nor ever expressed to that friend or to any other, at the time, your
+opinion with respect to the impropriety of the step?&mdash;I had no other
+friend to speak to.</p>
+
+<p>Did you speak to him?&mdash;I did not go down into the room again.</p>
+
+<p>Probably you might, being a gentleman of considerable acquaintance, meet
+with some friend on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> going home, and might ride home with some gentleman,
+at least part of the road?&mdash;Part of the road I did.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Markland, I presume?&mdash;I overtook Mr. Markland.</p>
+
+<p>Did you express any opinion to Mr. Markland upon these
+proceedings?&mdash;Probably I did; but I have not the most distant
+recollection.</p>
+
+<p>I ask you, upon your oath, Mr. Stanley, if you did not express to him your
+entire concurrence in, and approbation of, the measures adopted by the
+magistrates?&mdash;I answer, upon my oath, that I do not recollect having said
+any such thing.</p>
+
+<p>Can you tell me whether you expressed any disapprobation of the measures
+which it had been deemed necessary to adopt?&mdash;I have no recollection
+whatever of the conversation.</p>
+
+<p>Then you mean to represent to us now, that your feelings upon the subject
+were so indifferent, that you cannot tell now, whether you approved or
+disapproved of these steps at the time?&mdash;I have not the most distant
+recollection of any conversation I had with Mr. Markland.</p>
+
+<p>That is not an answer to my question. I ask you whether you mean to state
+that at this time, you don&#8217;t remember whether you entertained feelings of
+approbation or disapprobation of those steps?&mdash;I thought it was a dreadful
+occurrence; but I hoped that there were some grounds for it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: You are
+speaking of what you thought?&mdash;It was in answer to the question.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Hullock</span>: I am speaking of what you thought then. As I
+understand you, you cannot recall to your recollection the impression
+under which you laboured at the time you travelled home with Mr.
+Markland?&mdash;I thought it a dreadful occurrence, but I hoped there were
+grounds for it.</p>
+
+<p>Did you mention that to Mr. Markland?&mdash;I cannot recollect.</p>
+
+<p>It is very important that I should endeavour to extract from you, Mr.
+Stanley, without meaning the slightest disrespect to you, every fact
+within your knowledge on the subject; you say that after the meeting had
+been dispersed, the first cavalry which appeared on the ground was the
+Cheshire Yeomanry?&mdash;Not after the meeting had dispersed, but whilst in
+progress to dispersion.</p>
+
+<p>Do you mean to state now, to the best of your recollection, that the
+Cheshire Yeomanry were the first cavalry advancing on the ground after
+that?&mdash;It depends on what you call the ground; the Cheshire Yeomanry were
+the first, after the Manchester cavalry, that advanced at the left.</p>
+
+<p>Tell me, according to the best of your recollection, which of these troops
+came first upon the ground?&mdash;The Cheshire Yeomanry; but you will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> observe
+that, at this time, the disposition of the hustings occupied a good deal
+of my attention, and I did not expect the others.</p>
+
+<p>The Cheshire Yeomanry came over broken and uneven ground?&mdash;I cannot tell.</p>
+
+<p>I observe that you use the word &#8220;apparently&#8221; twice, in answer to two
+questions which were put to you, which were a repetition of the same
+question&mdash;whether the two lines of constables surrounded the hustings or
+not; I think you said they &#8220;apparently&#8221; did?&mdash;Apparently they did.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: Surround the hustings?&mdash;Apparently.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Hullock</span>: Do you mean to state, then, that in your judgment
+the avenue which was formed by the two lines of constables extended from
+the house to the hustings?&mdash;At that time the impression on my mind was,
+and it now is, that it certainly did.</p>
+
+<p>But of course you won&#8217;t swear that it did?&mdash;I cannot swear; I can only
+speak to the impression on my mind.</p>
+
+<p>In the same way that you swear to the existence of brickbats and
+stones?&mdash;To the non-existence.</p>
+
+<p>I think you say you saw Hunt come upon the ground?&mdash;I saw the barouche.</p>
+
+<p>You saw the ladies and gentlemen both. Did you see any female?&mdash;I saw a
+female.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>What was her use?&mdash;I have no conception of that.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: Of what?&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Hullock</span>: I asked whether she was for use or show.</p>
+
+<p>You did not know any of the parties inside?&mdash;I had not the most distant
+knowledge of them.</p>
+
+<p>You had heard of Carlile?&mdash;I heard of him in London.</p>
+
+<p>You have heard since he was in Manchester that day?&mdash;I have heard it
+to-day, in the course of another examination. I never heard it before.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, when he saw the cavalry coming, I think, intimated his
+knowledge&mdash;his cognisance of the fact&mdash;by desiring them to give three
+cheers?&mdash;I could not hear.</p>
+
+<p>There was some cheering given?&mdash;There was a very loud cheer.</p>
+
+<p>From the hustings?&mdash;From all the mob.</p>
+
+<p>You say when he was addressing the mob, you did not hear his words, &#8220;but I
+think, whatever his words were, they excited a shout from those
+immediately about him, which was re-echoed with fearful animation by the
+rest of the multitude&#8221;?&mdash;Certainly, that is the impression on my mind;
+those were my own words.</p>
+
+<p>It was tremendous&mdash;the shout?&mdash;It was not so tremendous as the shout with
+which Hunt was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> received on the ground; the first was the loudest shout.</p>
+
+<p>And the most appalling?&mdash;The first, when Hunt was received on the ground;
+I never heard so loud a shout.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Terrific,&#8221; was your word?&mdash;I should say terrific.</p>
+
+<p>You say that the people who were immediately contiguous to the hustings
+heard what Hunt said?&mdash;I cannot say.</p>
+
+<p>You inferred that from their shouting?&mdash;Certainly.</p>
+
+<p>Then that shout was re-echoed by the mob at a distance?&mdash;I conceived so.</p>
+
+<p>What proportion, do you think, of the mass of the people, with their eyes
+up, and mouths open, looking at that man during the time, could hear one
+word he said?&mdash;I should think no one beyond ten yards from the hustings,
+in the bustle of such a day&mdash;that is guess.</p>
+
+<p>I daresay it is a good guess, too; how do you think they would carry the
+resolutions at the outside, at the right flank, the left flank, and beyond
+the ten yards, upon the propositions made by this orator?&mdash;I have no
+opinion to give about that.</p>
+
+<p>It certainly is a difficult point. It appeared to you that Hunt, as far as
+his voice could reach, had a pretty absolute control over his friends;
+they shouted as he spoke; it appeared that he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+commander-in-chief?&mdash;The thing never occurred to me; I cannot speak
+positively.</p>
+
+<p>Have not you an opinion that he was head and leader of the party?&mdash;My
+opinion certainly is, that he was.</p>
+
+<p>And now, I will ask you this question, as a clergyman, and as a man of
+character, which I believe you to be&mdash;I ask you, upon your oath, whether,
+in your judgment, the public tranquillity and the peace of Manchester were
+not endangered by a mob of that description, composed in that manner, and
+having such a man as Hunt at its head&mdash;Hunt and Carlile, for
+instance?&mdash;Hunt and Carlile are dangerous people, and any mob under their
+control must be dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>Re-examined by Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Do you know, Mr. Stanley, whether this meeting was under the command of
+either Hunt or Carlile?&mdash;No.</p>
+
+<p>When you say there was a shout given on the Manchester Yeomanry coming
+into the field, was there any other shout besides that given by the
+multitude?&mdash;There was.</p>
+
+<p>Whose shout was that?&mdash;The Manchester Yeomanry, the special constables,
+and the people round the pavement in front of our house.</p>
+
+<p>May I ask you whether you were terrified by those shouts?&mdash;Personally,
+certainly not.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: Explain what you
+mean by that?&mdash;I myself was not alarmed about them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>: And whether it did not create terror and
+alarm?&mdash;Not to me individually, certainly not.</p>
+
+<p>You have said that you presented a description of what you saw at the
+meeting, to some of your friends?&mdash;I did.</p>
+
+<p>How soon was that written after the meeting?&mdash;I can scarcely say; I should
+think perhaps two months, but I cannot speak accurately. It was when the
+impression was clear on my mind.</p>
+
+<p>Clear and fresh in your recollection. Will you have the goodness to tell
+me whether you heard or saw any person read the Riot Act?&mdash;I neither heard
+it read nor saw it read.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Hullock</span>: If it was read you did not hear it?&mdash;I did not hear
+it.</p>
+
+<p>If it should turn out to have been read, and read loudly, there might have
+been something else done&mdash;but that is conclusion&mdash;that is reason.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Evans</span>: Your Lordship has on your note that McKennell said that he did
+not<a name='fna_8' id='fna_8' href='#f_8'><small>[8]</small></a> hear the Riot Act read.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Cross</span>: He said so.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Justice Holroyd</span>: Yes, I have.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Serjeant Blackburne</span>: Then that is my case, my Lord.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/page44_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/page44.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+<span class="large">Plan of Peterloo.</span> (<i>F. A. B.</i>)<br />
+<i>By permission of Mr. H. Guppy.</i><br />
+<br />
+Compiled from a number of Contemporary Plans, and showing (in dotted outline)<br />
+the position of modern blocks of buildings.</div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Sir William Jolliffe</h2>
+<p class="center"><i>afterwards</i></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">LORD HYLTON</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">William George Hylton Jolliffe</span> (1800-1876), the first Baron Hylton, was
+the son of the Rev. W. J. Jolliffe. At the date of Peterloo he was not
+quite nineteen years of age, and was serving as a Lieutenant in the 15th
+Hussars, then quartered at the Cavalry Barracks at Manchester. He retired
+from the Hussars with the rank of Captain. He was created a Baronet in
+1821, and sat as member for Petersfield for about thirty years, acting for
+a short time as Under Secretary for Home Affairs, and afterwards as
+Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. He was exceedingly popular as a
+Conservative Whip, and when he was raised to the Peerage in 1866, he took
+the title of Baron Hylton from the family&#8217;s connection with the Hyltons of
+Hylton Castle.</p>
+
+<p>The letter which follows appeared in Dean Pellew&#8217;s <i>Life of Lord
+Sidmouth</i>, published in 1847.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> It will be seen that it is addressed to T.
+G. B. Estcourt, Esq.; presumably he obtained the information for Dean
+Pellew. The letter is approved and annotated by &#8220;E. Smyth, Esq., of
+Norwich, who commanded a troop of the Cheshire Yeomanry at Peterloo.&#8221;
+Unfortunately, the Notes to the letter are somewhat confusing: some are
+signed by Captain Smyth, others are not signed, and it is not easy to
+determine their authorship. Moreover, Captain Smyth&#8217;s contributions are
+not on a level with the letter itself. It has therefore been thought
+better to omit the Notes altogether, and allow Lieut. Jolliffe&#8217;s very
+clear and well-balanced report to speak for itself. A few explanatory
+words have been inserted in square brackets.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Edward Stanley, in his Evidence, given above, mentioned the fact
+that the Hussars who rode at Peterloo were wearing their Waterloo medals.
+As a matter of fact, the 15th (the King&#8217;s) Hussars, whose motto is
+&#8220;Merebimur,&#8221; have not only &#8220;Waterloo,&#8221; but also the Peninsula, Vittoria,
+Afghanistan and a number of other names inscribed on their colours. The
+uniform is blue, with a Busby bag and scarlet plume. Presumably the plume
+shown in our photograph came from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+seems clear from the evidence which was given before the Relief Committee,
+after Peterloo, that there was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> not the same feeling of resentment against
+the Hussars as against the local Yeomanry; in fact, it was more than once
+asserted that troopers of the Hussars actually restrained the Manchester
+Yeomanry from excessive violence.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p>I wrote to the present Lord Hylton to ask if he could lend a portrait of
+his Grandfather for reproduction here. He replied that he could not do so,
+but added: &#8220;As a matter of fact, a full-length portrait (by Sir Francis
+Grant, P.R.A., in my possession) has been engraved, and a copy of this
+engraving is, I should think, not difficult to procure.&#8221; I have not been
+able to find it. It is not included in the British Museum Series.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Charge of the 15th Hussars<br />at Peterloo</h2>
+<p class="center"><i>as described by</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><span class="smcap">Sir WILLIAM G. H. JOLLIFFE, Bart.</span>, M.P. (who rode in the charge as a
+Lieutenant of Hussars) in a letter which appears in Dean Pellew&#8217;s <i>Life of
+Lord Sidmouth</i>, Vol. III., p. 253 <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="right"><span style="padding-right: 4em;">9, <span class="smcap">St. James&#8217;s Place</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="padding-right: 2em;"><i>April 11th, 1845</i>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-five years have passed since the collision unfortunately occurred
+between the population of Manchester and its neighbourhood and the
+military stationed in that town, on the sixteenth of August, 1819.</p>
+
+<p>I was at that time a Lieutenant in the 15th King&#8217;s Hussars, which Regiment
+had been quartered in Manchester Cavalry Barracks about six weeks. This
+was my first acquaintance with a large manufacturing population. I had
+little knowledge of the condition of that population, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>whether or no a
+great degree of distress was then prevalent, or whether or no the distrust
+and bad feeling which appeared to exist between employers and employed,
+was wholly or in part caused by the agitation of political questions. I
+will not, therefore, enter into any speculation on these points, but I
+will endeavour to relate the facts which fell under my own observations,
+although acting, as of course I was, under the command of others, and in a
+subordinate situation. The military force stationed in Manchester
+consisted of six troops of the 15th Hussars, under the command of Colonel
+Dalrymple; one troop of Horse Artillery with two guns, under Major
+Dyneley; and nearly the whole of the 31st Regiment, under Colonel Guy
+L&#8217;Estrange (who commanded the whole as senior officer). [Sir John Byng was
+then at Pontefract.] Some companies of the 88th Regiment and [six troops
+of] the Cheshire Yeomanry had also been brought into the town in
+anticipation of disturbances which might result from the expected meeting;
+and these latter had only arrived on the morning of the sixteenth, or a
+few hours previously; and, lastly, there was a troop of Manchester
+Yeomanry Cavalry, consisting of about forty members, who, from the manner
+in which they were made use of (to say the least) greatly aggravated the
+disasters of the day. Their ranks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> were filled chiefly by wealthy master
+manufacturers; and without the knowledge possessed by a (strictly
+speaking) military body, they were placed, most unwisely, as it appeared,
+under the immediate command and order of the civil authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Our Regiment paraded in field-service order at about 8.30 or it might be 9
+o&#8217;clock, a.m. Two squadrons of it were marched into the town about ten
+o&#8217;clock. They were formed up and dismounted in a wide street, the name of
+which I forget,<a name='fna_9' id='fna_9' href='#f_9'><small>[9]</small></a> to the North of St. Peter&#8217;s field (the place appointed
+for the meeting), and at the distance of nearly a quarter of a mile from
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The Cheshire Yeomanry were formed, on our left, in the same street. One
+troop of our Regiment was attached to the artillery, which took up a
+position between the Cavalry Barracks and the town; and one troop remained
+in charge of the Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>The two squadrons with which I was stationed must have remained dismounted
+nearly two hours. During the greater portion of that period a solid mass
+of people continued moving along a street about a hundred yards to our
+front on the way to the place of meeting. Other officers as well as myself
+occasionally rode to the front (to the end <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>of a street) to see them pass.
+They marched at a brisk pace in ranks well closed up, five or six bands of
+music being interspersed, and there appeared to be but few women with
+them. Mr. Hunt, with two or three other men, and I think two women dressed
+in light blue and white, were in an open carriage drawn by the people.
+This carriage was adorned with blue and white flags; and the day was fine
+and hot. As soon as the great bulk of the procession had passed, we were
+ordered to stand to our horses. In a very short time afterwards, the four
+troops of the 15th mounted, and at once moved off by the right, at a trot
+which was increased to a canter. Someone who had been sent from the place
+of meeting to bring us led the way through a number of narrow streets and
+by a circuitous route to (what I will call) the South-west<a name='fna_10' id='fna_10' href='#f_10'><small>[10]</small></a> corner of
+St. Peter&#8217;s field. We advanced along the South<a name='fna_11' id='fna_11' href='#f_11'><small>[11]</small></a> side of this space of
+ground without a halt or pause even: the words &#8220;Front!&#8221; and &#8220;Forward!&#8221;
+were given, and the trumpet sounded the charge at the very moment the
+threes wheeled up. When fronted, our line extended quite across the
+ground, which in all <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>parts was so filled with people that their hats
+seemed to touch.</p>
+
+<p>It was then for the first time that I saw the Manchester troop of
+Yeomanry; they were scattered singly or in small groups over the greater
+part of the field, literally hemmed up and hedged into the mob so that
+they were powerless either to make an impression or to escape; in fact,
+they were in the power of those whom they were designed to overawe, and it
+required only a glance to discover their helpless position, and the
+necessity of our being brought to their rescue. As I was at the time
+informed, this hopeless state of things happened thus: A platform had been
+erected near the centre of the field, from which Mr. Hunt and others were
+to address the multitude, and the magistrates, having ordered a strong
+body of constables to arrest the speakers, unfortunately imagined that
+they should support the peace officers by bringing up the troop of
+Yeomanry at a walk. The result of this movement, instead of that which the
+magistrates desired, was unexpectedly to place this small body of horsemen
+(so introduced into a dense mob) entirely at the mercy of the people by
+whom they were, on all sides, pressed upon and surrounded.</p>
+
+<p>The charge of the Hussars, to which I have just alluded, swept this
+mingled mass of human <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>beings before it; people, yeomen, and constables,
+in their confused attempts to escape, ran one over the other; so that by
+the time we had arrived at the end of the field the fugitives were
+literally piled up to a considerable elevation above the level of the
+ground. (I may here, by the way, state that this field, as it is called,
+was merely an open space of ground, surrounded by buildings, and itself, I
+rather think, in course of being built upon.).</p>
+
+<p>The Hussars drove the people forward with the flats of their swords, but
+sometimes, as is almost inevitably the case when men are placed in such
+situations, the edge was used, both by the Hussars, and, as I have heard,
+by the yeomen also; but of this last part I was not cognizant, and
+believing though I do that nine out of ten of the sabre-wounds were caused
+by the Hussars, I must still consider that it redounds to the humane
+forbearance of the men of the 15th that more wounds were not received,
+when the vast numbers are taken into consideration with whom they were
+brought into hostile collision; beyond all doubt, however, the far greater
+amount of injuries were from the pressure of the routed multitude. The
+Hussars on the left pursued down the various streets which led from the
+place; those on the right met with something more of resistance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>The mob had taken possession of various buildings on that side,
+particularly of a Quakers&#8217; chapel and burial ground enclosed with a wall.
+This they occupied for some little time, and in attempting to displace
+them, some of the men and horses were struck with stones and brickbats. I
+was on the left, and as soon as I had passed completely over the ground
+and found myself in the street on the other side, I turned back, and then,
+seeing a sort of fight still going on on the right, I went in that
+direction. At the very moment I reached the Quakers&#8217; meeting-house, I saw
+a farrier of the 15th ride at a small door in the outer wall, and to my
+surprise his horse struck it with such force that it flew open. Two or
+three Hussars then rode in, and the place was immediately in their
+possession. I then turned towards the elevated platform, which still
+remained in the centre of the field with persons upon it; a few straggling
+Hussars and yeomen, together with a number of men having the appearance of
+peace-officers were congregating about it. On my way thither I met the
+Commanding-officer of my Regiment, who directed me to find a Trumpeter, in
+order that he might sound the &#8220;rally&#8221; or &#8220;retreat.&#8221; This sent me again
+down the street I had first been in (after the pursuing men of my troop);
+but I had not ridden above a hundred yards before I found a Trumpeter, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>returned with him to the Colonel. The field and the adjacent streets now
+presented an extraordinary sight: the ground was quite covered with hats,
+shoes, musical instruments, and other things. Here and there lay the
+unfortunates who were too much injured to move away, and this sight was
+rendered the more distressing by observing some women among the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Standing near the corner of the street where I had been sent in search of
+a Trumpeter, a brother officer called my attention to a pistol being fired
+from a window. I saw it fired twice, and I believe it had been fired once
+before I observed it. Some of the 31st Regiment just now arriving on the
+ground were ordered to take possession of this house, but I do not know if
+this was carried into effect.</p>
+
+<p>I next went towards a private of the Regiment whose horse had fallen over
+a piece of timber nearly in the middle of the square, and who was most
+seriously injured. There were many of these pieces of timber (or
+timber-trees) lying upon the ground, and as these could not be
+distinguished when the mob covered them, they had caused bad falls to one
+officer&#8217;s horse and to many of the troopers&#8217;. While I was attending to the
+wounded soldier, the artillery troop with the troop of Hussars attached to
+it, arrived on the ground from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>the same direction by which we had entered
+the field; these were quickly followed by the Cheshire Yeomanry. The 31st
+Regiment came in another direction, and the whole remained formed up till
+our squadrons had fallen in again.</p>
+
+<p>Carriages were brought to convey the wounded to the Manchester Infirmary,
+and the troop of Hussars who came up with the guns was marched off to
+escort to the gaol a number of persons who had been arrested, and among
+these Mr. Hunt. For some time the town was patrolled by the troops, the
+streets being nearly empty, and the shops for the most part closed. We
+then returned to the Barracks. I should not omit to mention that, before
+the men were dismissed, the arms were minutely examined; and that no
+carbine or pistol was found to have been fired, and only one pistol to
+have been loaded.</p>
+
+<p>About 8 p.m. one squadron of the 15th Hussars (two troops) was ordered on
+duty to form part of a strong night picket, the other part of which
+consisted of two companies of the 88th Regiment. This picket was stationed
+at a place called the New Cross, at the end of Oldham Street. As soon as
+it had taken up its position, a mob assembled about it, which increased as
+the darkness came on; stones were thrown at the soldiers, and the Hussars
+many times cleared the ground by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>driving the mob up the streets leading
+from the New Cross. But these attempts to get rid of the annoyance were
+only successful for the moment, for the people got through the houses or
+narrow passages from one street into another, and the troops were again
+attacked, and many men and horses struck with stones. This lasted nearly
+an hour and a half, and the soldiers being more and more pressed upon, a
+town magistrate, who was with the picket, read the Riot Act, and the
+officer in command ordered the 88th to fire (which they did by platoon
+firing) down three of the streets. The firing lasted only a few minutes;
+perhaps not more than thirty shots were fired; but these had a magical
+effect; the mob ran away and dispersed forthwith, leaving three or four
+persons on the ground with gunshot wounds. At 4 a.m. the picket squadron
+was relieved by another squadron of the Regiment. With this latter
+squadron I was on duty, and after we had patrolled the town for two hours,
+the officer in command sent me to the magistrates (who had remained
+assembled during the night) to report to them that the town was perfectly
+quiet, and to request their sanction to the return of the military to
+their quarters.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the 17th I visited, in company with some military
+medical officers, the Infirmary. I saw there from twelve to twenty cases
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>of sabre-wounds, and among these two women who appeared not likely to
+recover. One man was in a dying state from a gunshot wound in the head;
+another had had his leg amputated; both these casualties arose from the
+firing of the 88th the night before. Two or three were reputed dead; one
+of them a constable, killed on St. Peter&#8217;s field, but I saw none of the
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p>As shortly as I could I have now related what fell under my own
+observation during these twenty-four hours ... I trust that I have, in
+some degree, complied with your wishes.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><span class="smcap">William G. Hylton Jolliffe.</span></span></p>
+
+<p><i>To</i> Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt, Esq., M.P.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="facing_59" id="facing_59"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing59.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>By permission of Lady Durning Lawrence</i><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><i>Photo by Briggs</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">John Benjamin Smith</span><br />
+1794-1879<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;"><i>To face page 59</i></span></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+<h2>John Benjamin Smith</h2>
+<p class="center"><i>First Chairman of the Anti-Corn Law League</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">John Benjamin Smith</span> (1794-1879), whose account of Peterloo follows, was
+better known as a strenuous advocate of Free Trade; even in this capacity,
+however, a breakdown of health some years before the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws, robbed him of much of the credit which was due to him for the
+important spade-work that he had done. He was the first Treasurer of the
+Anti-Corn Law Association, and when that developed into the Anti-Corn Law
+League, he became its first Chairman. He contested several elections on
+Free Trade principles, and used himself to tell how he had converted
+Cobden to &#8220;total repeal.&#8221; He sat as member, first for the Stirling Burghs,
+and afterwards, during more than twenty years, for Stockport. His
+correspondence with John Bright has recently been placed in the Manchester
+Reference Library. During the American War he strongly espoused the cause
+of the North, and he was one of those who urged the Government to
+encourage the growth of cotton in India.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>Mr. Smith was a Trustee of Owens College under the Founder&#8217;s will; and he
+subscribed liberally towards its extension. His name is perpetuated in the
+&#8220;Smith&#8221; Professorship of English Literature, which was endowed in memory
+of him by his two daughters and his son-in-law. A short memoir of him,
+which appeared in Alderman Thompson&#8217;s <i>History of Owens College</i>, has been
+reprinted and published separately. (Manchester, J. E. Cornish, 1887.)</p>
+
+<p>At the date of Peterloo he was only twenty-five years of age, but he had
+already shown great promise as a business man. Entering the office of his
+uncle, a Manchester merchant, at the early age of fourteen, he was made
+responsible for the whole correspondence of the firm five years later; and
+before he was twenty he had negotiated some very profitable purchases of
+cotton at the sales of the East India Company.</p>
+
+<p>The account of Peterloo which follows is an extract from his
+&#8220;Reminiscences,&#8221; which were written towards the close of his life at the
+earnest request of his family. The manuscript of these is now at the
+Manchester Reference Library, as is also a typed and bound copy presented
+by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. Among his other manuscripts (also
+at the Manchester Reference Library) is a shorter account of Peterloo,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+apparently written immediately after the event. The statement made
+recently that Mr. J. B. Smith was the author of the well-known <i>Impartial
+Narrative of the Melancholy Occurrences at Manchester</i> seems to be due to
+an error: apparently the <i>Impartial Narrative</i> (which seems to have been
+written by another hand) has been confused with Mr. Smith&#8217;s shorter and
+earlier account.</p>
+
+<p>We have already pointed out that Mr. Smith&#8217;s narrative, which is not so
+detailed as those of Stanley and Jolliffe in its description of the charge
+of the troops, is specially valuable for the account it gives of the
+circumstances immediately preceding and following the catastrophe, and its
+estimate of the character of the crowd. In these details it is strikingly
+corroborative of Bamford&#8217;s story, as told in his <i>Passages in the Life of
+a Radical</i>, and of the information given by Mr. John Edward Taylor,
+who&mdash;under the pseudonym of &#8220;An Observer&#8221;&mdash;edited the contemporary tracts
+entitled <i>The Peterloo Massacre</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p>The portrait of Mr. Smith which appears here is from a photograph kindly
+lent by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large"><i>AN EXTRACT FROM THE</i></span></p>
+
+<h2>&#8220;Reminiscences&#8221; of John Benjamin Smith</h2>
+
+<p class="note"><i>Copied from the original manuscript then in the possession of his
+daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. (August 1913.)</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>... The people, disappointed in their expectations that prosperity and
+plenty would follow the return of peace, and having no faith in a
+legislature which as soon as the war terminated inflicted upon them a Corn
+Law to deprive them of cheap corn, demanded a better representation in
+Parliament. Stimulated by the writings of Cobbett, associations were
+formed in all the manufacturing districts to obtain a reform in
+Parliament. Lancashire took the lead in this movement. Clubs were
+established in 1816 in all the manufacturing towns and villages. At the
+small town of Middleton, near Manchester, a Club was formed in which
+Bamford, the weaver-poet, took a leading part. They were joined by many
+honest and intelligent men from all parts of the district, among whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> was
+John Knight, a small manufacturer. A meeting of delegates was held on the
+first of January, 1817, at which it was decided that the reforms required
+could only be accomplished by the establishment of annual parliaments and
+universal suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of these clubs alarmed the Government, who saw in them
+nothing but an intention to overturn the institutions of the country, and
+to revive in this country the enormities of the French Revolution. Spies
+and Informers were employed by the Government, and John Knight and
+thirty-seven others who had legally assembled to discuss the reforms which
+they deemed necessary to obtain a repeal of the Corn Laws and good
+government, were arrested on the information of spies, and sent for trial
+to Lancaster, but on their trial before Mr. Baron Wood, were all found not
+guilty by the Jury.</p>
+
+<p>The Sidmouth Government suspended the Habeas Corpus Act so that they could
+arrest and imprison any person as long as they pleased. The Tories,
+following the example of the Radicals, established Associations for the
+protection of the Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1818, however, it was announced that the Act for the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act would be repealed. No sooner were the
+people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> relieved from the danger of being sent to prison for being present
+at a meeting to petition Parliament for reform, as great numbers had been
+in Lancashire imprisoned from March, 1817 until January, 1818, and then
+discharged without being informed what charges were made against
+them&mdash;than the Reform Associations were revived. A fresh campaign was
+rigorously commenced early in 1819.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Hunt (commonly called Orator Hunt) had come forward as the champion
+of the people&#8217;s rights. On the 25th of January, he made a public entry
+into Manchester from Stockport, accompanied by large crowds with flags and
+banners. The meeting was enthusiastic but very peaceable. Meetings were
+held in all the surrounding towns and villages to appoint district
+delegates to make arrangements for a great meeting to be held in
+Manchester. This memorable meeting was held on the 16th of August, 1819,
+on a large vacant plot of land called St. Peter&#8217;s field, adjoining St.
+Peter&#8217;s Street, and in sight of St. Peter&#8217;s Church. The actors in the
+bloody tragedy of that day were called &#8220;The Heroes of Peterloo,&#8221; in
+contrast with the brave heroes of Waterloo.</p>
+
+<p>This meeting was called to petition Parliament for a Reform of Parliament
+and the Repeal of the Corn Laws, and it is a curious coincidence that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> on
+the very spot where the largest public meeting was ever held to petition
+Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn Laws, in the dispersion of which by
+military force six hundred persons were killed and wounded there now
+stands the Free Trade Hall, erected twenty years afterwards on Peterloo,
+for the peaceful and noble object of obtaining bread for the people by the
+repeal of the wicked laws by which it was prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>I had no intention of going to this meeting, but my Aunt called at the
+Counting House and asked me to accompany her to Mrs. Orton&#8217;s, Mount
+Street, St. Peter&#8217;s field, to see the great meeting&mdash;a house overlooking
+the whole space, and next but one to where the Magistrates were assembled.
+We reached there about half-past eleven o&#8217;clock, and on our way saw large
+bodies of men and women with bands playing and flags and banners bearing
+devices: &#8220;No Corn Laws,&#8221; &#8220;Reform,&#8221; etc. There were crowds of people in all
+directions, full of good humour, laughing and shouting and making fun. I
+always wore a white hat in summer, and I found that Mr. Hunt also wore a
+white hat, and it became the symbol of radicalism, and may have been the
+cause of the politeness shown to us by the crowd.</p>
+
+
+<p>It seemed to be a gala day with the country people who were mostly dressed
+in their best and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> brought with them their wives, and when I saw boys and
+girls taking their father&#8217;s hand in the procession, I observed to my Aunt:
+&#8220;These are the guarantees of their peaceable intentions&mdash;we need have no
+fears,&#8221; and so we passed on to Mrs. Orton&#8217;s. When we arrived there we saw
+great crowds which were constantly increased by the arrival of successive
+country processions until it was estimated that the meeting amounted to
+60,000 people. There was a double row of constables formed from Mr.
+Buxton&#8217;s (where the magistrates had taken their station) to the hustings.</p>
+
+<p>My Father joined us soon after our arrival at Mrs. Orton&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>At length Hunt made his appearance in an open barouche drawn by two
+horses, and a woman dressed in white sitting on the box. On their reaching
+the hustings which were prepared for the orator, he was received with
+enthusiastic applause; the waving of hats and flags; the blowing of
+trumpets; and the playing of music. Hunt stepped on to the hustings, and
+was again cheered by the vast assemblage. He began to address them, and I
+could distinctly see his motions through the glass I held in my hand, and
+I could hear his voice, but could not understand what he said. He paused,
+and the people cheered him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>About this time there was an alarm among the women and children near the
+place where I stood, and I could also see a part of the crowd in motion
+towards the Deansgate side, but I thought it a false alarm, as many
+returned again and joined in the huzzas of the crowd. A second alarm
+arose, and I heard the sound of a horn, and immediately the Manchester
+Yeomanry appeared, coming from Peter Street, headed by Hugh Birley, the
+same man who, in 1815, as Boroughreeve of Manchester, presided at the
+public meeting assembled to petition Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. They galloped up to the house where the Magistrates were assembled,
+halted, and drew up in line. After some hesitation, from what cause I do
+not know, I heard the order to form three deep, and then the order to
+march. The Trumpeter led the way and galloped towards the hustings,
+followed by the yeomanry.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst this was passing, my attention was called to another movement
+coming from the opposite side of the meeting. A troop of soldiers, the
+15th Hussars, turned round the corner of the house where we stood and
+galloped forwards towards the crowd. They were succeeded by the Cheshire
+Yeomanry, and lastly by two pieces of artillery. On the arrival of the
+soldiers, the special constables, the magistrates, and the soldiers set
+up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> loud shouts. This was responded to by the crowd with waving of hats.
+After this the soldiers galloped amongst the people creating frightful
+alarm and disorder. The people ran helter-skelter in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>It was a hot, dusty day; clouds of dust arose which obscured the view.
+When it had subsided a startling scene was presented. Numbers of men,
+women, and children were lying on the ground who had been knocked down and
+run over by the soldiers. I noticed one woman lying face downwards,
+apparently lifeless. A man went up to her and lifted one of her legs; it
+fell as if she were lifeless; another man lifted both her legs and let
+them fall. I saw her some time after carried off by the legs and arms as
+if she were dead.</p>
+
+<p>My attention was then directed to a number of constables bringing from the
+hustings the famous Hunt wearing a white hat, and with him another man,
+also wearing a white hat, who was said to be Johnson. The prisoners were
+treated in a scandalous manner; many of the constables hissed and beat
+them as they passed. When they reached the Magistrates&#8217; house he was
+surrounded by constables, some pulling him by the collar, others by the
+coat. A dastardly attack was made upon him by General Clay, who with a
+large stick struck him over the head with both hands as he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+ascending the steps to the Magistrates&#8217; house. The blow knocked in his hat
+and packed it over his face. He then turned round as if ashamed of himself
+and became a quiet spectator. The ground by this time was cleared, and
+nothing was to be seen but soldiers and constables.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing69.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>Bronze Relief by John Cassidy, R.C.A.</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Hunt Memorial in the Vestibule of the<br />Manchester Reform Club</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;"><i>To face page 69</i></span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. Hay (the Chairman to the Magistrates) then stood on the steps
+of Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house and addressed the constables. I could not hear what
+he said, but he was cheered when he concluded. He then returned into the
+house, but came out again soon afterwards with Mr. Marriott, the
+Magistrate, and Hunt in the custody of Nadin, Chief Constable, and with
+Johnson in the custody of another constable. When Hunt made his
+appearance, he was assailed with groans and hisses by the soldiers and
+constables. Hunt took off his hat and bowed to them, which appeared to
+calm them while they marched towards Deansgate on their way to the New
+Bailey prison, escorted by the cavalry. On quitting the windows from
+whence we had witnessed so many painful scenes, we descended and found two
+special constables who had been brought into the house. One presented a
+shocking sight&mdash;the face was all over blood from a sword-cut on his head,
+and his shoulder was put out. The other was bloody from being rode over
+and kicked on the back of his head.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>When the particulars of this bloody tragedy became known, strong feelings
+of indignation were expressed all over the country. The Manchester
+magistrates, alarmed at the tone of public opinion in London, had a
+meeting hastily convened on the 19th of August at the Police Office, which
+was adjourned to the Star Inn, where resolutions were passed thanking the
+magistrates and the soldiers. I happened by accident to be present at the
+meeting. A young man with whom I was acquainted, a clerk in the office of
+the Clerk to the Magistrates, happening to meet me in the street on his
+way to the meeting, took me by the arm and said: &#8220;Come with me.&#8221; I asked
+where he was going, and when I learned, declined to go. He replied:
+&#8220;Nonsense, you will hear what is going on,&#8221; and so I somewhat reluctantly
+went with him to the Star Inn. On our arrival we found the room pretty
+full and I took a seat. The Chairman, Mr. Francis Phillips, rose and said:
+&#8220;If there be any persons present who do not approve of the objects of this
+meeting they are requested to withdraw.&#8221; I thought he looked at me, and
+felt a little uncomfortable. He sat down again and rose to repeat his
+request. I thought that as I should know better what the object of the
+meeting was after I had heard it explained, I would sit still, and so I
+remained to the end. After the meeting I told some of my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Reform friends
+how I came to be present at the meeting, and they wished me to write out
+an account of the proceedings. I did so, and with a few alterations and
+the omission of names it was inserted in <i>Cowdroy&#8217;s Gazette</i>. This
+statement created great alarm among those who got up the meeting to thank
+the magistrates, and they denounced it as a false statement, but another
+letter to <i>Cowdroy&#8217;s Gazette</i> affirmed the truth of the account of the
+meeting to thank the magistrates, and threatened to make public the names
+of the speakers if its correctness was again called in question.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing71a.jpg" alt="" /><br /><br /><img src="images/facing71b.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Peterloo Medal</span><br />
+Note the women and children, and the cap of Liberty held aloft in the centre<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;"><i>To face page 71</i></span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The dispersion of a legally convened meeting by military force aroused a
+general indignation, and the smuggled passing of thanks to the magistrates
+so dishonestly sent forth occasioned an expression of public feeling and
+opinion such as had never been manifested in Manchester before. A
+&#8220;Declaration and Protest&#8221; against the Star Inn resolutions was immediately
+issued, stating that &#8220;We are fully satisfied by personal observation on
+undoubted information that the meeting was <i>perfectly peaceable</i>; that no
+seditious or intemperate harangues were made there; that the Riot Act, <i>if
+read at all</i>, was read <i>privately, or without the knowledge of a great
+body of the meeting</i>, and we feel it our bounden duty to protest against
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> to express our utter disapprobation of the unexpected and unnecessary
+violence by which the assembly was dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We further declare that the meeting convened at the Police Office on the
+19th of August for the purpose of thanking the magistrates, municipal
+officers, soldiers, etc., was strictly and exclusively <i>private</i>, and in
+order that the privacy might be more completely ensured was adjourned to
+the Star Inn. It is a matter of notoriety that no expression of dissent
+from the main object of the meeting was there permitted. We therefore deny
+that it had any claim to the title of a &#8216;numerous and highly respectable
+meeting of the inhabitants of Manchester and Salford and their
+neighbourhood.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the course of three or four days this protest received 4,800
+signatures.</p>
+
+<p>By way of counteracting this energetic protest, on the 27th of August Lord
+Sidmouth communicated to the Manchester Magistrates and to Major Trafford
+and the military serving under him the thanks of the Prince Regent &#8220;for
+their prompt, decisive, and efficient measures for preservation of the
+public peace on August the 16th.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile hundreds of persons wounded on that fatal day were enduring
+dreadful suffering. They were disabled from work; not daring to apply for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+parish relief; not even daring to apply for surgical aid, lest, in the
+arbitrary spirit of the time, their acknowledgment that they had received
+their wounds on St. Peter&#8217;s field might send them to prison&mdash;perhaps to
+the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>A committee was formed for the purpose of making a rigid enquiry into the
+cases of those who had been killed and wounded; and subscriptions were
+raised for their relief. After an enquiry of many successive weeks the
+committee published the cases of eleven killed and five hundred and sixty
+wounded, of whom about a hundred and twenty were females.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. W. R. Hay, Chairman of the Bench of Magistrates, was rewarded by
+being presented to the living of Rochdale, worth &pound;2,000 a year.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt and his companions were committed to Lancaster, and subsequently
+tried at York, where he was found guilty and sentenced to be imprisoned
+for two years and a half, and Johnson, Healey, and Bamford to one year&#8217;s
+imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>The bloody proceedings at Peterloo startled the whole nation. Meetings
+were held everywhere, denouncing them in the strongest terms. Sir Francis
+Burdett addressed a letter to the Electors of Westminster, expressing his
+&#8220;Shame, grief, and indignation&#8221; at the proceedings, and was prosecuted by
+the Attorney-General for Libel and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> fined &pound;2,000 and imprisoned for
+three months. Lord Fitzwilliam, for attending a public meeting to express
+disapprobation at the means by which the meeting at Peterloo was
+dispersed, was dismissed from his office as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire.</p>
+
+<p>These proceedings produced a deep impression on the minds of thoughtful
+men, who began to think we were on the brink of despotism, and that the
+time had arrived when the country should be no longer ruled by Landowners
+and Boroughmongers, but by representatives chosen by the people....</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="facing_75" id="facing_75"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing75.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Banner Carried at Peterloo</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;"><i>To face page 75</i></span></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX A.</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">Some Relics of Peterloo</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />1.&mdash;A BANNER CARRIED AT PETERLOO.</p>
+
+<p>At the entrance to the Reading-room of the Reform Club at Middleton (on
+the left as you reach the door) may be seen one of the Banners carried at
+Peterloo by the Middleton contingent, which was led by Samuel Bamford. It
+is of green material (or so it seemed to me) and the letters are stamped
+on it in gold capitals. The motto facing the entrance is LIBERTY AND
+FRATERNITY. On the other side of the Banner (seen from within the room)
+are the words: UNITY AND STRENGTH. The explanatory inscription reads:
+&#8220;This Banner was carried by the Middleton Reformers, with Samuel Bamford
+at their head, to Peterloo, and is frequently mentioned in the historical
+records of that movement.&#8221; (See Illustration opposite).</p>
+
+<p>In chapter XXXIII. of <i>Passages in the Life of a Radical</i> Bamford speaks
+of &#8220;the colours; a blue one of silk, with inscriptions in golden letters:
+UNITY AND STRENGTH, LIBERTY AND FRATERNITY. A green one of silk, with
+golden letters, PARLIAMENTS ANNUAL, SUFFRAGE UNIVERSAL.&#8221; Apparently the
+Banner here figured is the one of which he writes later in chapter XXXVI.:
+&#8220;I rejoined my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> companions [<i>i.e.</i>, after Peterloo], and forming about a
+thousand of them into file, we set off to the sound of fife and drum,
+<i>with our only banner waving</i>, and in that form we re-entered the town of
+Middleton. The Banner was exhibited from a window of the Suffield&#8217;s Arms
+public-house.&#8221; The Banner is now carefully preserved between sheets of
+glass. The photograph was taken under considerable difficulties as regards
+light by Mr. R. H. Fletcher, of Eccles. The Chadderton Banner, though much
+dilapidated, is also still in existence, but I could not obtain the
+address of the person in whose keeping it is. She had left Chadderton, and
+was living at Blackpool.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />2.&mdash;BAMFORD&#8217;S COTTAGE.</p>
+
+<p>Some distance higher up the town may be seen the house where Bamford lived
+at the date of Peterloo. Over the door is a stone inscribed: &#8220;Samuel
+Bamford resided and was arrested in this house, Aug. 26, 1819.&#8221; Bamford
+describes the event in detail in chapter XL of the work named above,
+beginning: &#8220;About two o&#8217;clock on the morning of Thursday, the twenty-sixth
+of August, that is, on the tenth morning after the fatal meeting, I was
+awoke by footsteps in the street opposite my residence. Presently they
+increased in number, etc.&#8221; The photograph is again by Mr. R. H. Fletcher.
+(See Illustration.) In the Churchyard above may be seen Bamford&#8217;s tomb and
+also the monument raised to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing76.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Samuel Bamford&#8217;s House at Middleton</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;"><i>To face page 76</i></span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />3.&mdash;CONSTABLES&#8217; STAVES.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) In the Catalogue of the <i>Old Manchester &amp; Salford Exhibition</i> (held
+at the Art Gallery in 1904), on p. 27, exhibit 157 appears as &#8220;Handcuffs
+belonging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> to Joe Nadin, Deputy Constable of Manchester at the time of
+Peterloo;&#8221; lent by G. C. Yates, Esq. On the same page, exhibit 167 is a
+&#8220;Special Constable&#8217;s Staff, used at the time of Peterloo in Manchester,
+and then the property of Mr. Beever;&#8221; lent by C. Shiel, Esq. This
+collection is now for the most part dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><img src="images/facing77a.jpg" alt="" /></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td><img src="images/facing77b.jpg" alt="" /></td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td><img src="images/facing77c.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center"><i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Three Relics of Peterloo</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><i>To face page 77</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) Mr. T. Swindells, of Monton Green, in the third volume of his
+<i>Manchester Streets and Manchester Men</i>, mentions &#8220;A Special Constable&#8217;s
+Staff&#8221; given to him by a descendant of James Fildes. It is inscribed: &#8220;A
+relic of Peterloo. Special Constable&#8217;s Staff which belonged to the late
+James and Thomas Fildes, grocers, Shudehill, Manchester.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>c</i>) In November, 1919, on the afternoon of the day on which I was to
+lecture on <i>The Story of Peterloo</i>, at the Rylands Library, Mr. W. W.
+Manfield, of Chorlton-cum-Hardy, brought me three interesting relics of
+Peterloo, which have been in the possession of his family since 1819. On
+the occasion of Peterloo his father and grandfather saw the crowd
+streaming through Salford after the catastrophe, and their curiosity led
+them to walk out to St. Peter&#8217;s fields. There they picked up the three
+relics, which have been carefully preserved ever since. One of them is a
+long, heavy Constable&#8217;s baton, apparently of rosewood, with the Royal Arms
+painted at the thicker end. (See Illustration opposite.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />4.&mdash;HEAD OF FLAGSTAFF.</p>
+
+<p>The second of Mr. Manfield&#8217;s relics is the head of one of the Banner poles
+carried at Peterloo. It is shaped like the traditional cap of Liberty, and
+inscribed in neat gilt capitals: &#8220;Hunt and Liberty.&#8221; (See Illustration.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>5.&mdash;HUSSAR&#8217;S PLUME.</p>
+
+<p>The third of Mr. Manfield&#8217;s relics is a plume of horsehair, apparently
+originally dyed red, though (if so) much of the dye has faded. This, it
+may be presumed, was the plume from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+has been mentioned that the 15th Hussars wear a scarlet plume. These three
+relics have been photographed on one plate by Mr. Fletcher. (See
+Illustration opposite to <a href="#Page_77">page 77</a>.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />6.&mdash;ACCOUNT-BOOK OF THE RELIEF COMMITTEE.</p>
+
+<p>In the year of the Centenary, Mr. Guppy was fortunate enough to secure for
+the Rylands Library the actual Account-Book used by one of the Committees
+formed for the relief of those injured in the fray. A single page of this
+book has been photographed by Mr. R. H. Fletcher for the present volume.
+(See Illustration.) Mr. Guppy&#8217;s account of the volume (<i>Bulletin of
+Rylands Library</i>, April to November, 1919, p. 191) is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Library has been fortunate in being able to acquire a small octavo
+account-book, leather bound, which seems to have been an official record
+of the casualties at Peterloo which were dealt with by one of the Relief
+Committees. It contains details of the names, addresses, and injuries of
+347 individuals, particulars of the successive grants made to them by one
+Committee, and references to the grants made by another Committee
+(possibly two others).</p>
+
+<p>The details given are corroborative of many of the statements in Mr.
+Bruton&#8217;s <i>Story of Peterloo</i>. Thus: the cases include those of Elizabeth
+Gaunt (mentioned on pp. 274 and 275), of Mrs. Fildes (on p. 274), of
+Thomas Redford (on pp. 285, 291, and 294). There are references to the
+loose timber (see pp. 269, 284 and 294), the injuries to Special
+Constables (see p. 280), the fight near the Friends&#8217; Meeting-house (see
+pp. 284 and 289), the oak trees growing near that building (see pp. 269,
+294), the white hat as a symbol of Radicalism (see p. 273), the fear of
+losing employment evinced by the wounded (see p. 291), the infantry
+intercepting fugitives (see p. 290), the child killed by a trooper in
+Cooper Street (see p. 277), and so on. The sum total voted by this
+Committee appears to have been &pound;687; it must be remembered, however, that
+the sum of &pound;3,000 mentioned on p. 291 as having been subscribed may have
+been used partly for legal expenses.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">One Page of the Account Book of the Relief Committee.</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/page79_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/page79.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+<br />
+<i>By permission of Mr. H. Guppy.</i><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher.</i></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>Since this manuscript account-book came to light, Mr. Bruton has
+discovered a printed Report of the Relief Committee, in which 560 cases
+are described, and the amount raised to date is given as &pound;3,408 1s. 8d.,
+and pronounced to be inadequate for 600 people. It also gives the amount
+spent on legal expenses as &pound;1,077.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />7.&mdash;ACCOUNT-BOOK RECORDING AMOUNTS RAISED FOR THE RELIEF OF SPECIAL
+CONSTABLES &amp; THEIR FAMILIES.</p>
+
+<p>I have to thank Dr. A. A. Mumford for calling my attention to another
+account-book connected with Peterloo, which I believe he met with while
+going over the Crossley papers at the Chetham Library. Its number in the
+Library Catalogue is MS. B. 3. 70. It is a small note-book ruled for cash,
+and entitled: &#8220;Subscriptions for Special Constables. Nos. 10 and 11.&#8221;
+There is a note of a Resolution carried on August 27th, 1819, to the
+effect that a Relief Fund should be raised on behalf of Special Constables
+injured at Peterloo and their families. The subscriptions recorded in this
+book range from &pound;1 to &pound;10 10s., and amount in all to about &pound;400.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX B.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />1.&mdash;NOTE ON THE CASUALTIES AT PETERLOO.</p>
+
+<p>On few points do the accounts of Peterloo vary more than on the question
+of the casualties. There is sufficient historical material available to
+enable us to investigate this matter in detail, but the task would be a
+gruesome one, and no useful object would be attained if it were
+accomplished. On the other hand, a few words may serve to show whereabouts
+the truth lies.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Cambridge Modern History</i> (Vol. X., pp. 580, 581) it is stated
+that &#8220;a man was killed and forty were injured.&#8221; In the <i>Political History
+of England</i> (1906, Vol. XI., pp. 178, 179) we read that &#8220;happily the
+actual loss of life did not exceed five or six, but a much larger number
+were more or less wounded.&#8221; A number of the most important school
+histories in use at the present time reproduce one or the other of these
+statements <i>verbatim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If we turn to the contemporary records, they are somewhat conflicting. The
+hurried estimates given by the local papers immediately after the
+catastrophe (<i>e.g.</i>, one newspaper reported twelve killed) had to be
+corrected later. The most general estimate seems to be &#8220;eleven killed and
+between 500 and 600 wounded.&#8221; When we come to examine these figures in
+detail, however, these points emerge: (1) &#8220;Killed&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> is evidently taken to
+include the cases of those who died after lingering (possibly) for some
+weeks. (2) The summary includes the casualties due to the firing of the
+infantry in the neighbourhood of New Cross, some hours after the great
+event; included in the list, also will be the child (Fildes) knocked from
+its mother&#8217;s arms by one of the yeomanry as they were riding to the
+meeting.</p>
+
+<p>Archibald Prentice, in his <i>Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections
+of Manchester</i> (p. 167), states that eleven were killed, that 420 were
+wounded, and that there still remained (according to the Relief
+Committee&#8217;s Report) 140 cases to be investigated, making a total of 560.
+Mr. John Benjamin Smith (who very likely refreshed his memory by looking
+up records when writing his Reminiscences) gives the same result. Mr. J.
+C. Hobhouse, speaking in the House of Commons, on May 19th, 1821, said
+that &#8220;he held in his hand a list of killed and wounded running to 25-30
+sheets, and defied them to disprove it.&#8221; It is clear, then, that these
+estimates are quoted from the Committee&#8217;s Report, and to this it will be
+well now to turn.</p>
+
+<p>With the kind assistance of Mr. Swann, of the Reference Library, I have
+been able to find one (and only one) copy of this Report. It is bound up
+with a series of papers catalogued as &#8220;Lancashire and Yorkshire Tracts,&#8221;
+at the Manchester Reference Library. (The Reference number is &#8220;Lancashire
+and Yorkshire Tracts; Barlow&#8217;s Historical Collector. H. 63. 3. No. 3
+(15104)&#8221;). It is entitled: &#8220;Report of the Metropolitan and Central
+Committee appointed for the Relief of the Manchester Sufferers, with an
+Appendix containing the names of the sufferers and the nature and extent
+of their injuries; also an account of the distribution of funds, and other
+documents. Published by order of the Committee. London, 1820.&#8221; This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+Committee seems to have been formed by amalgamating several organisations
+in the metropolis which sprang into being as a result of public sympathy
+with the sufferers, and it worked in conjunction with the Manchester and
+other Lancashire Committees. The subscriptions recorded to date amount to
+&pound;3,408 1s. 8d. of which &pound;1,206 13s. 8d. had been distributed, &pound;250 having
+been received from the local Manchester Committees. The amount expended on
+law charges and expenses of witnesses is given as &pound;1,077 6s. 9d.;
+advertisements and sundries cost &pound;355 13s. 6d.; and this leaves a balance
+of over &pound;768, which is pronounced inadequate to deal with the cases that
+remain. A fresh appeal is therefore made to the British Public. A
+Deputation was sent from London to investigate cases, and this Deputation
+reports, in January, 1820, that out of 420 sufferers visited and relieved
+113 are females; that 130 received severe sabre-cuts, 14 of these being
+females. (To be quite safe, we must admit the possibility that the term
+&#8220;sufferers&#8221; may sometimes include members of the families of those killed
+or injured.) There follow 38 pages filled with the names of those killed
+and wounded at Peterloo, some 430 in all, with full details of their
+injuries, and in the case of the former the description is &#8220;Killed, <i>or</i>,
+who have subsequently died in consequence of injuries there received,&#8221; the
+number of these being given as eleven. Of these eleven: two were &#8220;sabred;&#8221;
+one was &#8220;sabred and trampled upon;&#8221; one was &#8220;sabred and stabbed;&#8221; one
+&#8220;sabred and crushed;&#8221; two (one of them a woman) &#8220;rode over by the
+cavalry;&#8221; one &#8220;trampled by the cavalry;&#8221; one &#8220;inwardly crushed;&#8221; and one
+(a woman) &#8220;thrown into a cellar.&#8221; In the case of two of these the words
+are added &#8220;killed on the spot.&#8221; The child killed in Cooper Street
+completes the total.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>One of the Relief Committees met at Mr. Prentice&#8217;s warehouse, and the care
+with which the various cases were investigated, and successive grants made
+from the funds of the different Committees, is clearly shown by the
+details given in the account-book secured by Mr. Guppy in 1919 for the
+Rylands Library, which is mentioned above.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it will never be possible to say exactly how many were left dead
+on the field. One, at anyrate, who died at once, or very shortly
+afterwards, was (by a strange irony) a Special Constable, and this is
+probably the &#8220;one man killed&#8221; of some of the accounts. It will be
+remembered that Lieut. Jolliffe reported &#8220;two women not likely to recover;
+one man in a dying state; and two or three reputed dead;&#8221; in the letter
+quoted above, describing his visit to the Infirmary on the Sunday
+following the event.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the cases investigated by the Committees belonged to the side of
+the Reformers; but it must not be forgotten that the other side claimed to
+have serious casualties. Mr. Francis Phillips, <i>e.g.</i>, enumerates the
+casualties to the troops, and an estimate of these is given also in the
+Centenary Volume of the Cheshire Yeomanry; we have already seen above,
+moreover, that a subscription list was opened for the families of the
+Special Constables, and that the appeal met with a generous response. It
+is a curious feature of the case that each side seems to be anxious to
+make its casualty list as imposing as possible. An interesting summary of
+the various estimates is given by MacDonnell in his <i>State Trials</i>. This
+summary includes the Official Report from the Infirmary, and the list of
+casualties to the troops. Without pursuing the matter further, we may say
+that a careful examination of the somewhat confusing evidence would seem
+to show that the estimate &#8220;eleven killed and between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> 500 and 600 wounded&#8221;
+will not prove to be far wrong, provided that (1) we understand &#8220;killed&#8221;
+to include those who died as the result of injuries received on the field;
+(2) we include in the general total the casualties incurred during the
+disturbances some hours later in the neighbourhood of New Cross. At least
+one list, published subsequently, brings the total of killed up to
+fourteen.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p>Two points not directly concerned with this discussion are dealt with by
+the Relief Committee, and are sufficiently interesting to be recorded: (1)
+The Committee paid out &pound;710 &#8220;on account of the Trial at York; the
+Manchester Committee voting &pound;100 for the same object.&#8221; (2) The Deputation
+sent from London to investigate the cases, mentioned in their Report some
+striking details of the conditions of life amongst the operatives. To
+quote only two sentences: &#8220;in no one instance among the weavers did your
+Deputation see a morsel of animal food, and they ascertained that in most
+families where there were children the taste of meat was unknown from one
+year to another.&#8221; &#8220;Six shillings a week was the average wage of an
+able-bodied and industrious weaver. Many could not get this.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />2.&mdash;PRESENCE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AT PETERLOO.</p>
+
+<p>It has often been asserted that the peaceful intentions of the crowd at
+Peterloo are attested by the presence among them of women and young
+children. As every detail of evidence is of value, I give here a sentence
+from a letter which I received from Principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> Reynolds: &#8220;My father was
+there, in his mother&#8217;s arms, though only one year old; so my grandmother
+told me.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br />3.&mdash;SOME GLEANINGS FROM THE SCRAP-BOOKS.</p>
+
+<p>It was the custom in the early decades of the nineteenth century, when
+newspapers were dear and newspaper files were not available, as there were
+no free libraries, to collect newspaper cuttings and illustrations, with
+tracts and &#8220;broadsides,&#8221; election squibs and so forth, in large
+scrap-books. Thus, at the Peel Park Library is preserved the scrap-book of
+Joseph Brotherton (for many years Member for Salford), running to over
+forty volumes. The Greaves scrap-book at the Reference Library contains a
+valuable collection of this kind. The Owen collection at the same Library
+fills over eighty volumes. At the Chetham Library may be seen Lord
+Ellesmere&#8217;s scrap-book and a number of others. From many references to
+Peterloo in these books we may select the three items which follow: The
+Greaves collection contains a rare print of Peterloo, somewhat lurid in
+its detail. Mr. Albert Nicholson has in his possession a highly-coloured
+copy of this, which he has shown me. No other copies seem to be known.</p>
+
+<p>I have to thank Mr. J. J. Phelps for calling my attention to two papers in
+a scrap-book at the Chetham Library which he conjectures to have been that
+of Mr. Francis Phillips, the protagonist on behalf of the magistrates, and
+the author of <i>An Exposure of the Calumnies, &amp;c.</i> One of these is the
+actual subp&oelig;na which Mr. Phillips received, summoning him to give
+evidence in the trial at York: &#8220;there to testify the truth on our behalf
+against Henry Hunt and others for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> certain misdemeanours whereof they are
+indicted.&#8221; (MS. B. 9. 41. 110. p. 43.).</p>
+
+<p>The other paper is of some importance as it fixes the date of the
+embodiment of the Manchester Yeomanry. In <i>The Story of Peterloo</i> (p. 13)
+some details are given in support of a conjecture that the corps was
+formed later than March in 1817. The scrap-book just quoted confirms this
+conjecture, for there appears a printed copy of a letter addressed to the
+Boroughreeves and Constables of Manchester and Salford, and bearing over a
+hundred signatures (that of Mr. Phillips coming second), asking that a
+meeting may be convened with the object of forming such a corps. In
+response to this appeal the Boroughreeves and Constables summoned a
+meeting for the purpose, in a letter dated Manchester, June the 16th,
+1817. (MS B. 9. 41. 110. p. 22). With this date as a guide, it was easy to
+find in the advertisement columns of <i>Wheeler&#8217;s Manchester Chronicle</i> for
+Saturday, June the 21st, 1817, a copy of both letters, a list of the
+signatures, and the announcement that the proposed meeting was actually
+held on June the 19th, 1817, when it was resolved: &#8220;that under the present
+circumstances it is expedient to form a body of Yeomanry Cavalry in the
+Towns and neighbourhood of Manchester and Salford.&#8221; Details follow as to
+Government allowances for uniform, etc., and as to the possibility of
+amalgamating with similar corps in the surrounding towns, should such be
+formed. Each man was to provide his own horse.</p>
+
+<p>This information has an important bearing on the tragedy of Peterloo, and
+taken in conjunction with the Resolution of the Magistrates mentioned in
+<i>The Story of Peterloo</i> (p. 13), leaves no doubt as to what was the nature
+of the &#8220;present circumstances&#8221; that called the corps into being.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>4.&mdash;EXPLANATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY PLAN AND PICTURE OF PETERLOO.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) The Contemporary Plan of St. Peter&#8217;s Field which appears on the
+following page was published in Farquharson&#8217;s verbatim Report of the Trial
+in 1822. As the lettering is small, some explanation is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The shaded area in the centre represents the open space on which the
+tragedy was enacted. To the south of it is clearly seen the &#8220;raised
+ground&#8221; mentioned by Stanley, and shown also in his Plan. The windmill
+which stood near, and gave its name to Windmill Street, had disappeared
+some years before. The site of it is now occupied by the Central Station
+Approach.</p>
+
+<p>On the shaded space are marked: &#8220;Hustings;&#8221; &#8220;Carriage&#8221; (<i>i.e.</i>, Mr.
+Hunt&#8217;s carriage, marked also on Stanley&#8217;s Plan); the double line of
+&#8220;Constables;&#8221; and the &#8220;Manchester Yeomanry,&#8221; drawn up in front of the row
+of houses in Mount Street, labelled: &#8220;Magistrates assembled here.&#8221; The
+Friends&#8217; Meeting House is marked &#8220;Quaker&#8217;s Meeting House,&#8221; and the
+enclosing wall is stated to measure in height &#8220;3 ft. 7 in. on the inside&#8221;
+and &#8220;10 ft. 3 in. on the outside.&#8221; These measurements would be inserted,
+probably, in connection with the statement that one of the Cavalry jumped
+his horse over this wall. Apparently a gate and posts cross Mount Street
+in front of the Meeting House, and lead into &#8220;St. Peter&#8217;s Field,&#8221; across
+which two dotted lines indicate the <i>projected</i> line of Peter Street.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/page89_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/page89.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+<i>Photo by R. H. Fletcher.</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="large">Plan of Peterloo.</span><br />
+From Farquharson&#8217;s Report of the Trial, 1822. (See <a href="#Page_88">page 88</a>.)</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The position of the Troops and the line of their approach to the Field are
+shown as follows: The &#8220;31st Infantry&#8221; are drawn up in Brazennose Street,
+the upper end of which is also blocked with a gate and posts; the &#8220;88th
+Infantry&#8221; are lined up in Dickinson Street; in Portland Street are the
+&#8220;Manchester Yeomanry,&#8221; and their course is shown by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> dotted line up
+Portland Street, along Nicholas Street, down Cooper Street, and then round
+the corner of Cooper&#8217;s garden wall (now the site of the north-western
+corner of the Midland Hotel) into Mount Street; the Plan stating that &#8220;The
+Manchester Yeomanry came this way to the ground;&#8221; another troop of the
+&#8220;Manchester Yeomanry&#8221; is drawn up in front of St. John&#8217;s Church, in Byrom
+Street; facing them, in the same street, are shown the &#8220;15th Hussars&#8221; in
+two sections, presumably representing the &#8220;two squadrons&#8221; mentioned by
+Lieutenant Jolliffe in his letter; lastly, the &#8220;Cheshire Yeomanry&#8221; are
+drawn up in St. John&#8217;s Street, off Deansgate, and the line of approach of
+all these mounted troops is shown by a dotted line passing along Byrom
+Street, St. John&#8217;s Street, southward down Deansgate, then along Fleet
+Street, up Lower Mosley Street, and along the &#8220;raised ground&#8221; already
+mentioned to St. Peter&#8217;s Field, the inscription on the Plan reading: &#8220;The
+15th Hussars, one troop of the Manchester and Cheshire Yeomanry came this
+way to the ground.&#8221; The artillery are not shewn.</p>
+
+<p>The scale of yards given on the Plan shows that Stanley&#8217;s estimate of a
+hundred yards as the distance from Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house to the Hustings was
+exactly correct.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/facing90_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/facing90.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+A VIEW OF St PETER&#8217;S PLACE<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;"><i>To face page 90</i></span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) Wroe&#8217;s Contemporary Picture of Peterloo, which is shewn on the
+following page, is perhaps the best of a number of sketches extant. The
+details are fairly accurate. In the background, on the extreme left, is
+seen (to quote Bamford) &#8220;the corner of a garden wall, round which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, in blue and white uniform, came trotting, sword in
+hand, to the front of a row of new houses.&#8221; The &#8220;corner&#8221; is on the site of
+the north-western corner of the Midland Hotel. The &#8220;new houses&#8221; were on
+the site of the present Midland Buffet. Mr. Ewart&#8217;s factory, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> the
+distance, was just off Lower Mosley Street. The row of houses to the right
+of this, in the background, was on the upper side of Windmill Street. The
+Hustings are on the site of the south-eastern corner of the Free Trade
+Hall. Standing on them we may distinguish Mr. Hunt and the Leader of the
+Manchester Female Reformers. Around them are the Banners of the various
+contingents; we may even make out the legend &#8220;No Corn Laws&#8221; on the one in
+front. The Banner-poles are shaped to resemble caps of Liberty, as shown
+in another of our illustrations. The crowd are occupying the site of the
+Free Trade Hall, the Theatre Royal, the Y.M.C.A., the Gaiety, and a number
+of adjoining buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The moment seized by the artist for his picture is that in which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, many of whom are scattered and entangled among the
+crowd, have reached the Hustings, while in the distance the Hussars can
+just be seen lining up in Mount Street and charging to their relief. The
+crowd, consisting of men, women and children, are seen dispersing in all
+directions.</p>
+
+<p>The view might be imagined to have been taken from the roof of a building
+which then occupied the site of the present Albert Hall, in Peter Street.
+Other contemporary prints include St. Peter&#8217;s Church and the Friends&#8217;
+Meeting House in the picture.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> I met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house, not at all aware till then
+that his <i>residence</i> was at or near the place of meeting. I had been
+directed to his <i>shop</i>, considerably beyond the square, to which I was
+proceeding. I state this to prove that what I afterwards saw was purely
+accidental, and that I had no previous intention of witnessing in detail
+the transactions of the day. As I came from the bottom of Alport Street,
+on the Altrincham side of Manchester, my original directions were indeed
+to pass through St. Peter&#8217;s field as the shortest line, but I had taken a
+circuitous route to avoid the meeting, which led me to the corner of it
+near Mr. Buxton&#8217;s house.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> It has been stated, upon evidence which I should be unwilling to
+discredit, that the body of persons more immediately in contact with the
+hustings were of Hunt&#8217;s party. My reasons for believing them at the time
+to be (as I was told) special constables, were because they resembled them
+in appearance, were connected in their lines, had their hats on, and
+staves of office occasionally appeared amongst them. Mr. Hay, in his
+official letter, says: &#8220;A body of special constables took their ground,
+about two hundred in number, close to the hustings, from whence there was
+a line of communication to the house where we were.&#8221; This is precisely my
+view of the case; doubtless, had the communication been cut, he would have
+noticed it.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> Some, by being better mounted or rather in advance, might have been
+more moderate in their pace, but generally speaking it was very rapid, and
+I use the word gallop, as conveying the best idea of their approach.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> I am particular in mentioning these minute circumstances, because in
+this and some other points in which I could not be mistaken, I have been
+strongly contradicted.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> It has been often asked when and where the cavalry struck the people.
+I can only say that from the moment they began to force their way through
+the crowd towards the hustings swords were up and swords were down, but
+whether they fell with the sharp or flat side, of course I cannot pretend
+to give an opinion.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> On quitting the ground I for the first time observed that strong
+bodies of infantry were posted in the streets, on opposite sides of the
+square; their appearance might probably have increased the alarm and would
+certainly have impeded the progress of a mob wishing to retreat in either
+of those directions. When I saw them they were resting on their arms, and
+I believe they remained stationary, taking no part in the transaction.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> On entering Mosley Street at 12 o&#8217;clock I stopped to question some
+persons on the footway respecting the proceedings of the day. When about
+to proceed, I was recommended to move from the middle of the street to the
+path, as the mob were advancing. I declined, suspecting my advisers might
+be radicals, adding: &#8220;I am on the King&#8217;s highway, and shall remain where I
+am.&#8221; I mention this because I have heard it reported that I was insulted
+by the Ashton people, which may have originated from the above account.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_8' id='f_8' href='#fna_8'>[8]</a> [In the copy of Farquharson&#8217;s verbatim Report of the Trial, which is
+preserved at the Reference Library, Manchester, this &#8220;not&#8221; is omitted. The
+omission is, of course, due to a misprint, and someone has inserted &#8220;not&#8221;
+in pencil. Similarly, in my own copy of Farquharson&#8217;s Report, someone has
+inserted the &#8220;not&#8221; in ink. McDonnell, in his &#8220;State Trials,&#8221; inserted the
+&#8220;not.&#8221; Mr. McKennell&#8217;s evidence, as reported in Farquharson, is as follows
+(pp. 169, 170; he was cross-examined by Mr. Serjeant Hullock):&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>By whom was the Riot Act read?</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;I never heard it read.</p>
+
+<p>You heard no such thing?</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;I did not.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Editor.</span>]</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_9' id='f_9' href='#fna_9'>[9]</a> [St. John Street or Byrom Street.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Editor.</span>]</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_10' id='f_10' href='#fna_10'>[10]</a> [South-east would be more correct.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Editor.</span>]</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_11' id='f_11' href='#fna_11'>[11]</a> [East would be more correct. The Cheshire Yeomanry filed along the
+south side. The arrows in Stanley&#8217;s Plan make this clear.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Editor.</span>]</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by 
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE ACCOUNTS OF PETERLOO ***
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+</pre>
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2809 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Accounts of Peterloo
+       By Eyewitnesses Bishop Stanley, Lord Hylton, John Benjamin
+       Smith with Bishop Stanley's Evidence at the Trial
+
+Author: Edward Stanley
+        William Jolliffe
+        John Benjamin Smith
+
+Editor: F. A. Bruton
+
+Release Date: August 7, 2011 [EBook #37004]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE ACCOUNTS OF PETERLOO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
+
+  HISTORICAL SERIES
+  No. XXXIX.
+
+  THREE ACCOUNTS OF
+  PETERLOO.
+
+
+
+
+  Published by the University of Manchester at
+  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE, M.A., Secretary)
+  12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+
+  LONDON:
+  39 Paternoster Row, E.C.4
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street
+
+  BOMBAY:
+  336 Hornby Road
+
+  CALCUTTA:
+  6 Old Court House Street
+
+  MADRAS:
+  167 Mount Road
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP STANLEY 1779-1849
+
+_From a Print lent by Lord Sheffield_
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_Frontispiece_]
+
+
+
+
+  Three Accounts
+  OF
+  Peterloo
+
+  BY EYEWITNESSES
+
+  BISHOP STANLEY
+  LORD HYLTON
+  JOHN BENJAMIN SMITH
+
+  with
+
+  Bishop Stanley's Evidence at the Trial
+
+
+  Edited by F. A. BRUTON, M.A., Litt.D
+  of the Manchester Grammar School
+
+
+  MANCHESTER:
+  AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
+
+  LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+  LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, etc.
+  1921
+
+
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
+
+No. CXL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                      PAGE
+
+  Introduction                                         vii
+
+  Bishop Stanley                                         1
+
+  Stanley's Account of Peterloo                         10
+
+  Stanley's Evidence at the Trial in 1822               24
+
+  Sir William Jolliffe, afterwards Lord Hylton          45
+
+  Lieutenant Jolliffe's Account of Peterloo             48
+
+  John Benjamin Smith                                   59
+
+  Mr. J. B. Smith's Account of Peterloo                 62
+
+
+  APPENDIX A                                            75
+    Some Relics of Peterloo:--
+      1. A Banner carried at Peterloo.
+      2. Bamford's Cottage at Middleton.
+      3. Constables' Staves.
+      4. Head of Flagstaff.
+      5. Hussar's Plume.
+      6. Account-Book of the Relief Committee.
+      7. Account-Book recording amounts raised
+         for the relief of Special Constables
+         and their families.
+
+  APPENDIX B                                            81
+    1. Note on the Casualties at Peterloo.
+    2. Presence of women and children at Peterloo.
+    3. Some gleanings from the Scrap-Books.
+    4. Explanation of the Contemporary Plan and
+       Picture of Peterloo.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  Portrait of Bishop Stanley                      _Frontispiece_
+
+  Stanley's Plan of Peterloo                                   8
+
+  Nadin, the Deputy Constable                        _Facing_ 21
+
+  "Orator Hunt"                                         "     27
+
+  Plan of Peterloo, compiled from the
+  contemporary Plans and modern Street Maps                   44
+
+  Portrait of Mr. John Benjamin Smith                _Facing_ 59
+
+  The Hunt Memorial at the Manchester Reform
+  Club                                                  "     69
+
+  The Peterloo Medal                                    "     71
+
+  The Banner carried at Peterloo by the
+  Middleton Contingent                                  "     75
+
+  Samuel Bamford's Cottage at Middleton                 "     76
+
+  Three Relics picked up on the Field of Peterloo       "     77
+
+  A Page of the Relief Committee's Account Book               79
+
+  Plan of Peterloo published with the Report of
+  the Trial in 1822                                           89
+
+  Wroe's Picture of Peterloo, showing the
+  Manchester Yeomanry riding for the Hustings        _Facing_ 90
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Of the three accounts of the Tragedy of Peterloo given here, two (the
+first and third) have never been published before. The second appeared in
+the "Life of Lord Sidmouth" in 1847. All three, written with care and
+judgment, by men who afterwards rose to eminence, form a valuable
+contribution to the understanding of an event, the accounts of which have
+been for the most part distorted and misleading. Moreover, as each of the
+three writers deals with a different phase of the day's happenings, the
+accounts complement one another.
+
+The Editor had already arranged for the publication of the first, when he
+received the following letter from Lord Sheffield, dated Penrhos,
+Holyhead, August 21st, 1919:--
+
+    "It is many years since I had the copy of the Rev. E. Stanley's
+    report, and no doubt it was one of the lithographed copies you
+    mention.
+
+    I think it would be well if it were published, along with the evidence
+    to which you refer. I also think the Plan, of which you speak, should
+    be added, and the reports of Jolliffe and J. B. Smith."
+
+Lord Sheffield supported his suggestion by enclosing a cheque towards the
+cost of printing, and this made easy the publication of the whole. Lord
+Sheffield also kindly lent the portrait of Bishop Stanley, which appears
+as the Frontispiece.
+
+Acknowledgments are due, besides: (1) to Mr. Henry Guppy, M.A., for
+permission to use the blocks of Wroe's picture of Peterloo, and the Plan
+from the "Story of Peterloo" in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
+for October, 1919; and to copy a page of the Account-book of the Relief
+Committee; (2) to Lady Durning Lawrence, who (with the late Mr. C. W.
+Sutton, M.A.) gave permission to print the Extract from the Reminiscences
+of Mr. J. B. Smith, and to reproduce his portrait; (3) to Mr. W. Marcroft
+of Southport; and Messrs. Hirst & Rennie of Oldham, for the loan of the
+blocks of "Orator Hunt," the "Hunt Memorial," and the "Peterloo Medal";
+(4) to Mr. John Murray for leave to reprint Lieutenant Jolliffe's letter;
+(5) to Mr. W. W. Manfield, for the loan of the three Relics of Peterloo;
+and (6) to Mr. R. H. Fletcher, amateur photographer, of Eccles, for
+photographing the relics, etc.
+
+F. A. B.
+
+
+
+
+Three Accounts of Peterloo
+
+BISHOP STANLEY
+
+
+The Rev. Edward Stanley (1779-1849) was the second son of Sir J. T.
+Stanley, the Sixth Baronet, and Margaret Owen, of Penrhos, Anglesey. His
+elder brother was the first Baron Stanley of Alderley. As a boy, he had a
+natural inclination for the sea, but this was not encouraged. For
+thirty-two years he was Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire. While making
+himself beloved as a Parish Priest, he found time for many scientific and
+other interests. His _Familiar History of Birds_ is a standard work; he
+advocated, and assisted in, the teaching of Science and Temperance at
+Alderley; and he became one of the first Presidents of the Manchester
+Statistical Society. Though he declined the See of Manchester, when it was
+offered him, he accepted from Lord Melbourne, in 1837, the Bishopric of
+Norwich, and introduced a number of reforms into that diocese. A short
+memoir of him was written by his son, the famous Dean of Westminster.
+
+At the date of Peterloo, a number of clergymen sat on the Bench of
+Magistrates for Lancashire and Cheshire, but Stanley stated clearly at the
+Trial that he was not a Magistrate. He was then forty years of age, and
+Rector of Alderley, and in his evidence he was careful to say that his
+narrative of Peterloo was compiled about two months after the event, for
+private circulation among his friends, and had never been published. It is
+clear that a copy was in the hands of Counsel who cross-examined him at
+the Trial in 1822. The manuscript is very neatly written (I should
+conjecture by Stanley himself) on nine large quarto pages, the plan being
+drawn by the same hand, and the notes given at the end. I have thought it
+more convenient for the reader to have the notes thrown to the foot of the
+respective pages. The manuscript was lithographed, in 1819, by the
+Lithographic Press, Westminster, and entered at Stationers' Hall. I found
+on enquiry that there was one copy in the Manuscript Department of the
+British Museum (Add. MSS., 30142, ff. 78-83). It is addressed to
+Major-Gen. Sir Robert Wilson, and sealed with the Stanley crest. The
+authorship was not known, and the Keeper of the MSS. was glad to be able
+to add this to the document as the result of my communication. In the
+Printed Book Department of the British Museum there is a second copy,
+catalogued under Manchester, with press-mark 8133i. There is no trace of
+Stanley's MS. in the Public Records Office. I can find no other copy but
+the one at the Manchester Reference Library, which is in excellent
+preservation, and has recently been rebound. Mr. J. C. Hobhouse quoted
+from Stanley's narrative once in a speech in the House of Commons.
+Speaking on May 19th, 1821, in support of a Petition for an enquiry as to
+the outrage at Manchester, Mr. Hobhouse, following Sir Francis Burdett,
+said: "The Rev. Mr. Stanley, who watched from a room above the
+magistrates, saw no stones or sticks used, though if any stone larger than
+a pebble had been thrown, he must have seen it." I have not found any
+other reference to the narrative except that made by Counsel at the Trial,
+and that is recorded in the Evidence which follows.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Three notes may find a place here. The first two refer to points mentioned
+by Stanley:--
+
+1. Pigot and Dean's _Manchester Directory_ for 1819 mentions:
+
+    (_a_) Edmund Buxton, Builder, &c., No. 6, Mount Street, Dickinson
+    Street.
+
+    (_b_) Thomas & Matthew Pickford & Co., Carriers, Oxford Street.
+
+I do not find Mr. Buxton's "shop," which is mentioned by Stanley; nor are
+Pickfords described as "timber merchants," though timber may easily have
+been stacked in their yard.
+
+Stanley's movements on reaching Manchester are not, at a first reading,
+quite clear. Riding in from Alderley, he seems to have approached by way
+of Oxford Road, passing (as he tells us) the Manchester Yeomanry, posted
+at Pickford's yard. At twelve o'clock, he turned up Mosley Street (very
+likely to avoid the crowd which was already filling the Square) and in
+Mosley Street he met the contingent of Reformers coming from Ashton. He
+then proceeded to Mr. Buxton's _shop_, which seems to have been near the
+lower end of Deansgate. Not finding Mr. Buxton there, he was directed to
+his _residence_ in Mount Street. The shortest way to Mount Street from
+Alport would have taken him through the crowd. He therefore approached
+Mount Street "by a circuitous route to avoid the meeting" (possibly by
+Fleet Street and Lower Mosley Street, the route afterwards taken by the
+Hussars), and met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house.
+
+Stanley evidently knew little of Manchester. He confesses in his narrative
+that he had not been in St. Peter's field before or since the tragedy; in
+his evidence he said: "I know no street," and stated that he could not
+locate the Friends' Meeting-house.
+
+2. Stanley's estimate of a hundred yards, as the distance from the
+hustings to Mr. Buxton's house can be demonstrated to-day to be almost
+exactly correct. This is only one of many points in his narrative which
+show what a shrewd, quick, and accurate observer he was. When Mr. Hulton
+was asked, at the Trial, to estimate the same distance, he conjectured
+four hundred yards, and this was actually quoted as the distance in one of
+the standard histories of the period.
+
+For the rest, it seems better to leave Stanley's extremely lucid account
+to speak for itself. To annotate it in detail would be to spoil its
+completeness. As has been stated above, each observer witnessed the scene
+from his own stand-point. A complete picture can only be obtained by
+forming a mosaic of the various reports. Stanley's narrative is that of an
+outsider, who came upon the scene unexpectedly, and watched the whole with
+the eye of a statesman and a statistician. Lieutenant Jolliffe's account
+gives the view of a young soldier, a stranger to Manchester, who rode in
+the charge of the Hussars, and afterwards took part with them in the
+patrol of the town. Mr. J. B. Smith speaks from the point of view of a
+Manchester business man, familiar with the civic and economic conditions
+that led to the catastrophe, and his narrative reaches a few days beyond
+the tragedy itself. Samuel Bamford's account--too well-known to need
+repetition here--was written from the stand-point of a local weaver, who
+had already suffered for his outspoken advocacy of Parliamentary Reform,
+had a large share in organising the Peterloo meeting, and served a term of
+imprisonment for his share in the proceedings. An attempt to dovetail
+these and other Reports into a continuous narrative has already been made
+in _The Story of Peterloo_ (Rylands Library Lectures, 1919.).
+
+3. Stanley's Evidence at the Trial, which is here printed immediately
+after his connected narrative, has been taken from McDonnell's _State
+Trials_, supplemented--where passages are omitted by McDonnell--by
+Farquharson's verbatim report, issued by the Defence after the Trial. As a
+matter of fact McDonnell made use of Farquharson's version.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The portrait of Bishop Stanley which appears here is from a print kindly
+lent for the purpose by Lord Sheffield.
+
+
+
+
+Stanley's Notes attached to his Plan
+
+
+Never having seen St. Peter's fields before or since, I cannot pretend to
+speak accurately as to distance, etc. I should, at a guess, state the
+distance from the hustings to Mr. Buxton's house to be about a hundred
+yards, which may serve as a general scale to the rest of the plan.
+
+
+KEY TO STANLEY'S PLAN.
+
+1. The hustings. The arrow shows the direction in which the orators
+addressed the mob, the great majority being in front: F, F, F.
+
+2. The Barouche in which Hunt arrived, the line from it showing its
+entrance and approach.
+
+3. The spot on which the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry halted previous to
+their charge; the dotted lines in front showing the direction of their
+charge on attacking the hustings.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stanley's Plan]
+
+
+4. On this spot the woman alluded to in the account (p. 15) was wounded
+and remained apparently dead, till removed at the conclusion of the
+business.
+
+5. Here the 15th Dragoons paused for a few moments before they proceeded
+in the direction marked by the dotted line.
+
+6. The Cheshire Cavalry; my attention was so much taken up with the
+proceedings of the Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry, etc., and the dispersion
+in front of the hustings, that I cannot speak accurately as to their
+subsequent movements.
+
+7, 7, 7. The band of special constables, _apparently_ surrounding the
+hustings.
+
+8, 8, 8. The mob in dense mass; their banners displayed in different
+parts, as at x, x.
+
+9, 9, 9. A space comparatively vacant; partially occupied by stragglers;
+the mob condensing near the hustings for the purpose of seeing and
+hearing.
+
+10, 10, 10. Raised ground on which many spectators had taken a position; a
+commotion amongst them first announced the approach of the cavalry; their
+elevated situation commanding a more extensive view.
+
+
+
+
+Bishop Stanley's Account of Peterloo
+
+
+Soon after one o'clock on the 16th of August, I went to call on Mr.
+Buxton, with whom I had some private business. I was directed to his house
+overlooking St. Peter's field, where I unexpectedly found the magistrates
+assembled.[1] I went up to their room, and remained there seven or eight
+minutes. Hunt was not then arrived; a murmur running through the crowd
+prepared us for his approach; a numerous vanguard preceded him, and in a
+few moments the Barouche appeared in which he sat with his coadjutors,
+male and female; a tremendous shout instantly welcomed him; he proceeded
+slowly towards the hustings. On approaching the knot of constables the
+carriage stopped a short time, I conceive from the difficulty of making
+way through a band of men who were little inclined to fall back for his
+admission. The Barouche at length attained its position close to the
+hustings, and the speakers stepped forth, the female--as far as I can
+recollect--still remaining on the driver's seat with a banner in her hand.
+I then left the magistrates and went to a room immediately above them,
+commanding a bird's-eye view of the whole area, in which every movement
+and every object was distinctly visible. In the centre were the hustings
+surrounded _to all appearance_[2] by a numerous body of constables,
+easily distinguished by their respectable dress, staves of office, and
+hats _on_; the elevation of the hustings of course eclipsed a portion of
+the space immediately beyond them, so as to prevent my seeing, and
+consequently asserting positively, whether they were completely surrounded
+by this chain of constables. The chain from this its main body was
+continued in a double line, two or three deep, forming an avenue to Mr.
+Buxton's house, by which _there seemed to be_ free and uninterrupted
+access to and from the hustings. Had any interruption of their
+communication occurred previous to the change, I think I must have
+perceived it from the commanding position I occupied. A vast concourse of
+people, in a close and compact mass, surrounded the hustings and
+constables, pressing upon each other apparently with a view to be as near
+the speakers as possible. They were, generally speaking, bare-headed,
+probably for the purpose of giving those behind them a better view.
+Between the outside of this mob and the sides of the area the space was
+comparatively unoccupied; stragglers were indeed numerous, but not so as
+to amount to anything like a crowd, or to create interruption to foot
+passengers. Round the edges of the square more compact masses of people
+were assembled, the greater part of whom appeared to be spectators. The
+radical banners and caps of liberty were conspicuous in different parts
+of the concentrated mob, stationed according to the order in which the
+respective bands to which they belonged had entered the ground, and taken
+up their positions.
+
+After the orators had ascended the hustings, a few minutes were taken up
+in preparing for the business of the day, and then Hunt began his address.
+I could distinctly hear his voice, but was too distant to distinguish his
+words. He had not spoken above a minute or two before I heard a report in
+the room that the cavalry were sent for; the messengers, we were told,
+might be seen from a back window. I ran to that window from which I could
+see the road leading to a timber yard (I believe) at no great distance,
+where, as I entered the town, I had observed the Manchester Yeomanry
+stationed. I saw three horsemen ride off, one towards the timber yard, the
+others in the direction which I knew led to the cantonments of other
+cavalry.
+
+I immediately returned to the front window, anxiously awaiting the result;
+a slight commotion among a body of spectators, chiefly women, who occupied
+a mound of raised, broken ground on the left, and to the rear, of the
+orators, convinced me they saw something which excited their fears; many
+jumped down, and they soon dispersed more rapidly. By this time the alarm
+was quickly spreading, and I heard several voices exclaiming: "The
+soldiers! the soldiers!"; another moment brought the cavalry into the
+field on a gallop,[3] which they continued till the word was given for
+halting them, about the middle of the space which I before noticed as
+partially occupied by stragglers.
+
+They halted in great disorder, and so continued for the few minutes they
+remained on that spot. This disorder was attributed by several persons in
+the room to the undisciplined state of their horses, little accustomed to
+act together, and probably frightened by the shout of the populace, which
+greeted their arrival. Hunt had evidently seen their approach; his hand
+had been pointed towards them, and it was clear from his gestures that he
+was addressing the mob respecting their interference. His words, whatever
+they were, excited a shout from those immediately about him, which was
+re-echoed with fearful animation by the rest of the multitude. Ere that
+had subsided, the cavalry, the loyal spectators, and the special
+constables, cheered loudly in return, and a pause ensued of about a minute
+or two.
+
+An officer and some few others then advanced rather in front of the troop,
+formed, as I before said, in much disorder and with scarcely the semblance
+of line, their sabres glistened in the air, and on they went, direct for
+the hustings. At first, _i.e._, for a very few paces, their movement was
+not rapid, and there was some show of an attempt to follow their officer
+in regular succession, five or six abreast; but, as Mr. Francis Phillips
+in his pamphlet observes, they soon "increased their speed," and with a
+zeal and ardour which might naturally be expected from men acting with
+delegated power against a foe by whom it is understood they had long been
+insulted with taunts of cowardice, continued their course, seeming
+individually to vie with each other which should be first. Some
+stragglers, I have remarked, occupied the space in which they halted. On
+the commencement of the charge, these fled in all directions; and I
+presume escaped, with the exception of a woman who had been standing ten
+or twelve yards in front; as the troop passed her body was left, to all
+appearance lifeless; and there remained till the close of the business,
+when, as it was no great distance from the house, I went towards her. Two
+men were then in the act of raising her up; whether she was actually dead
+or not I cannot say, but no symptoms of life were visible at the time I
+last saw her.[4]
+
+As the cavalry approached the dense mass of people they used their utmost
+efforts to escape: but so closely were they pressed in opposite directions
+by the soldiers, the special constables, the position of the hustings, and
+their own immense numbers, that immediate escape was impossible. The rapid
+course of the troop was of course impeded when it came in contact with the
+mob, but a passage was forced in less than a minute; so rapid indeed was
+it that the guard of constables close to the hustings shared the fate of
+the rest. The whole of this will be intelligible at once by a reference to
+the annexed sketch.
+
+On their arrival at the hustings a scene of dreadful confusion ensued. The
+orators fell or were forced off the scaffold in quick succession;
+fortunately for them, the stage being rather elevated, they were in great
+degree beyond the reach of the many swords which gleamed around them. Hunt
+fell--or threw himself--among the constables, and was driven or dragged,
+as fast as possible, down the avenue which communicated with the
+magistrates' house; his associates were hurried after him in a similar
+manner. By this time so much dust had arisen that no accurate account can
+be given of what further took place at that particular spot.
+
+The square was now covered with the flying multitude; though still in
+parts the banners and caps of liberty were surrounded by groups. The
+Manchester Yeomanry had already taken possession of the hustings, when the
+Cheshire Yeomanry entered on my left in excellent order, and formed in the
+rear of the hustings as well as could be expected, considering the crowds
+who were now pressing in all directions and filling up the space hitherto
+partially occupied.
+
+The Fifteenth Dragoons appeared nearly at the same moment, and paused
+rather than halted on our left, parallel to the row of houses. They then
+pressed forward, crossing the avenue of constables, which opened to let
+them through, and bent their course towards the Manchester Yeomanry. The
+people were now in a state of utter rout and confusion, leaving the ground
+strewed with hats and shoes, and hundreds were thrown down in the attempt
+to escape. The cavalry were hurrying about in all directions, completing
+the work of dispersion, which--to use the words given in Wheeler's
+_Manchester Chronicle_, referred to by Mr. Francis Phillips--was effected
+in so short a space of time as to appear as if done "by magic."
+
+I saw nothing that gave me an idea of resistance, except in one or two
+spots where they showed some disinclination to abandon the banners; these
+impulses, however, were but momentary, and banner after banner fell into
+the hands of the military power.[5] The extent of their defence may
+perhaps best be estimated by the gallant conduct, which I particularly
+noticed, of a man on horseback, apparently a gentleman's servant. Unarmed
+as far as I could perceive, he separated from the cavalry, and rode
+directly into a compact body of people collected round a banner; a scuffle
+ensued highly interesting; the banner rose and fell repeatedly, but
+ultimately fell into his hands, and he galloped off with it in triumph.
+
+During the whole of this confusion, heightened at its close by the rattle
+of some artillery[6] crossing the square, shrieks were heard in all
+directions, and as the crowd of people dispersed the effects of the
+conflict became visible. Some were seen bleeding on the ground and unable
+to rise; others, less seriously injured but faint with the loss of blood,
+were retiring slowly or leaning upon others for support. One special
+constable, with a cut down his head, was brought to Mr. Buxton's house. I
+saw several others in the passage, congratulating themselves on their
+narrow escape, and showing the marks of sabre-cuts on their hats. I saw no
+firearms, but distinctly heard four or five shots, towards the close of
+the business, on the opposite side of the square, beyond the hustings; but
+nobody could inform me by whom they were fired. The whole of this
+extraordinary scene was the work of a few minutes.
+
+The rapid succession of so many important incidents in this short space of
+time, the peculiar character of each depending so much on the variation of
+a few instants in the detail, sufficiently accounts for the very
+contradictory statements that have been given; added to which it should
+be observed that no spectator on the ground could possibly form a just
+and correct idea of what was passing. When below, I could not have
+observed anything accurately beyond a few yards around me, and it was only
+by ascending to the upper rooms of Mr. Buxton's house that I could form a
+just and correct idea of almost every point which has since afforded so
+much discussion and contention.
+
+The cavalry were now collected in different parts of the area; the centre,
+but a few minutes before crowded to excess, was utterly deserted; groups
+of radicals were still seen assembled on the outskirts, screening
+themselves behind logs of timber or mingling with the spectators on the
+pavement. The constables remained in a body in front of the house waiting
+for the reappearance of Hunt, who (with his colleagues) was secured in a
+small parlour opening into the passage to which I had now descended. I
+believe the original intention was to send him to the New Bailey in a
+carriage, but it was soon after decided that he should walk. When this was
+made known it was received with shouts of approbation and "bring him out,
+let the rebel walk," was heard from all quarters. At length he came forth,
+and notwithstanding the blows he had received in running the gauntlet down
+the avenue of constables, I thought I could perceive a smile of triumph
+on his countenance. A person (Nadin, I believe) offered to take his arm,
+but he drew himself back, and in a sort of whisper said: "No, no, that's
+rather too good a thing," or words to that effect. He then left the house,
+and I soon afterwards also went away.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH NADIN DEPUTY-CONSTABLE OF MANCHESTER AT THE TIME OF
+PETERLOO
+
+_From a Print at the Reference Library_
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 21_]
+
+
+I saw no symptoms of riot or disturbances before the meeting; the
+impression on my mind was that the people were sullenly peaceful, and I
+had an excellent opportunity of forming an opinion by suddenly coming in
+contact with a large body from Ashton, who met me in Mosley Street, as I
+entered the town.[7] They were walking at a moderate pace, six or seven
+abreast, arm in arm, which enabled them to keep some sort of regularity in
+their march. I was soon surrounded by them as I passed, and though my
+horse showed a good deal of alarm, particularly at their band and flags,
+they broke rank and offered no molestation whatever.
+
+As soon, however, as I had quitted Mr. Buxton's house at the conclusion of
+the business, I found them in a very different state of feeling. I heard
+repeated vows of revenge. "You took us unprepared, we were unarmed to-day,
+and it is your day; but when we meet again the day shall be ours." How far
+this declaration of being unarmed men may be relied upon, I cannot pretend
+to say; I certainly saw nothing like arms either at or before the meeting;
+their sticks were, as far as came under my observation, common
+walking-sticks; that some, however, were armed I can have no doubt, as a
+constable, when I was leaving Mr. Buxton's house, showed me a couple of
+short skewers or daggers fixed in wooden handles, which he had taken in
+the fray.
+
+I have heard from the most respectable authority that the cavalry were
+assailed by stones during the short time they halted previous to their
+charge. I do not wish to contradict positive assertions. What a person
+_sees_ must be true. My evidence on that point can only be negative. I
+certainly saw nothing of the sort, and yet my eyes were fixed most
+steadily upon them, and I think that I must have seen any stone larger
+than a pebble at the short distance at which I stood (from thirty to fifty
+yards) and the commanding view I had. I indeed saw no missile weapons used
+throughout the whole transaction, but as I have before stated, the dust
+at the hustings soon partially obscured everything that took place near
+that particular spot; but no doubt the people defended themselves to the
+best of their power, as it was absolutely impossible for them to get away
+and give the cavalry a clear passage till the outer part of the mob had
+fallen back. No blame can be fairly attributed to the soldiers for
+wounding the constables as well as the radicals, since the chief
+distinguishing mark (the former being covered and the latter uncovered)
+soon ceased to exist; every man for obvious reasons covering himself in
+haste the moment the dispersion commenced.
+
+Such are the leading features of this event, to which I can speak
+positively; comments and opinions I have avoided as much as possible, my
+object being to give a clear and impartial account of facts, which whether
+for or against the adopted conclusions of either party must speak for
+themselves.
+
+
+
+
+The Evidence of The Rev. Edward Stanley
+
+
+in the Trial of an action for assault, brought by Thomas Redford against
+Hugh Hornby Birley and others, members of the Manchester Yeomanry, before
+Mr. Justice Holroyd and a Special Jury, at Lancaster on the 4th, 5th, 6th,
+7th, 8th, and 9th of April, 1822.
+
+
+_Second day of the Trial._
+
+The Rev. EDWARD STANLEY examined by Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE (_Counsel for
+the Plaintiff_).
+
+You, I believe, are the Rector of Alderley, in Cheshire?--I am.
+
+Brother to Sir Thomas Stanley?--Brother to Sir John Stanley.
+
+On the 16th of August, 1819, had you any business with Mr. Buxton?--I had.
+
+How far do you live from Manchester?--Between fifteen and sixteen miles.
+
+You came into Manchester on the morning; about what time?--As near twelve
+o'clock as possible I entered Mosley Street.
+
+In your passage up Mosley Street, did you meet with any number of
+people?--I did.
+
+Walking?--Walking.
+
+In what manner?--They were coming down the street, walking in a
+procession, six, or seven, or eight abreast, and arm in arm.
+
+Were you on horseback?--I was.
+
+Was there any interruption to your passage?--No. Should I explain?
+
+Tell us the reason?--As I was going down the street, some persons on the
+pavement desired me--
+
+I do not wish to know what the persons on the pavement desired you to do;
+I do not wish you to tell us the conversation, but simply to relate what
+happened?--I passed through them.
+
+By their opening to give you way?--Certainly.
+
+Did you go on that day to Mr. Buxton's house, and what time did you get
+there? I got to Mr. Buxton's house, I should think, a quarter after one.
+
+Did you go into a room there where the magistrates were assembled?--I did.
+
+How long did you remain there?--I should think about from eight to ten
+minutes.
+
+During the time you were in the room, did Mr. Hunt arrive on the
+ground?--He was called Mr. Hunt; he was in a barouche.
+
+And a multitude accompanying him?--A vast multitude.
+
+I believe there was a cheer given by the populace at the time when he did
+arrive?--A tremendous shout.
+
+Did you remain in the room or did you go elsewhere?--I did not remain
+there; I went into the room above it.
+
+Were there any other persons in the room besides you?--Several.
+
+Did you see the Manchester Yeomanry come on to the ground?--I did.
+
+And form in front of Mr. Buxton's house?--They formed with their left
+flank a little to the right of the special constables, and a few yards to
+the right of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You say to the left of the line of special constables?--Their left flank
+was on the right of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You saw the line of constables; where did it extend to?--It extended from
+the door of Mr. Buxton's house, apparently up to the hustings.
+
+Was there more than one line of constables?--There were two lines of
+constables.
+
+What was the interval between them?--Near Mr. Buxton's house and the mob,
+three or four feet.
+
+
+[Illustration: "ORATOR" HUNT, 1773-1835 CHAIRMAN OF THE PETERLOO MEETING
+
+_To face page 27_]
+
+
+Afterwards, the line was closed by the pressure of the mob, expanding
+again when they came near the hustings?--According to my observation; to
+the best of my judgment; such is the impression on my mind.
+
+Of course you saw the people collected?--Certainly.
+
+In a large mass?--In a very large mass.
+
+What was it enabled you to distinguish the special constables from the
+rest?--They were superior-dressed people, had their hats on, and their
+staffs were constantly appearing, and they were nearer the hustings.
+
+And the people round the hustings had their hats off?--My general
+impression is, all, to speak accurately.
+
+The people on this side of the area of St. Peter's field were not so
+numerous?--There were more stragglers, and no crowd.
+
+You saw colours and caps of liberty on the ground?--I did.
+
+What number of either the one or the other? Perhaps you do not distinctly
+recollect?--I cannot say.
+
+You heard Mr. Hunt speak?--No, I could just hear his voice, but I was not
+able to distinguish what he said.
+
+How long had that taken place before you saw the cavalry advance towards
+the hustings?--From their halt, I should think three minutes.
+
+From the time you heard Mr. Hunt?--Not from the time I heard Mr. Hunt; he
+was speaking before I arrived.
+
+Then from the time of the halt?--Two or three minutes.
+
+When you saw them advance towards the hustings, with what speed did they
+go?--They were formed in an irregular mass. Those on the left advanced in
+some sort of order. They went on at first, for a few paces, at no very
+quick pace; but they soon increased their speed, till it became a sort of
+rush or race amongst them all towards the hustings.
+
+Did you observe the effect that this had upon the people, whether it
+caused them to disperse or not?--They could not disperse instantly.
+
+But on the outside of them?--On the right, in front of the hustings, they
+immediately began to melt away, as it were, as far as they could at the
+extreme.
+
+The outward edge of the meeting?--The outward edge, in front of the
+hustings.
+
+Did you observe the cavalry when they got first among the thick part of
+the meeting?--Their speed was diminished as soon as they came in contact
+with the dense mob.
+
+Well?--But they worked their way to the hustings still, as fast, under
+existing circumstances, as they could.
+
+From the place in which you were, I believe you had a very commanding view
+of the hustings?--I looked down upon it like a map.
+
+I understood you, you had also been in a room below that, and looked
+through there?--I had.
+
+Which, in your opinion, was the better place for a correct observation of
+what passed after the meeting?--Decidedly, the highest room.
+
+Did you watch the advance of the cavalry from their place up to the
+hustings?--I did.
+
+Did you see either sticks, or stones, or anything of the kind used against
+the cavalry in their advance up to the hustings?--Certainly not.
+
+Did you see any resistance whatever to the cavalry, except the thickness
+of the meeting?--None.
+
+Do I understand you to say you saw them surround the hustings, or
+not?--Surround I could not say, for the other side of the hustings, of
+course, was partially eclipsed by the people upon it.
+
+But you saw them encircle part?--Encircle part.
+
+Did you see what was done when they got there?--Yes.
+
+Will you tell us what it was that you saw done?--I saw the swords up and
+down, the orators tumbled or thrown over, and the mob dispersed.
+
+In your judgment, what length of time elapsed between the cavalry first
+setting off into the meeting and the time of their complete
+dispersion?--Starting from their halt to the complete dispersion of the
+meeting, I should think from three to five minutes; but I cannot speak to
+a minute.
+
+In your judgment it took from three to five minutes? You did not observe
+it by a watch?--No.
+
+Did you see any other troops come into the field?--I did.
+
+What were they?--
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: He says he saw what?--
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Other troops come into the field.
+
+When was it that you saw them come into the field?--When the mob around
+the hustings were dispersing rapidly, and I think Mr. Hunt was taken off.
+
+What were those troops that you saw come into the ground then?--First came
+in, on the left of Mr. Buxton's row of houses, the Cheshire Yeomanry, who
+filed to the left.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: You mean to the left, looking from the house,
+then?--From the house.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Where did the Cheshire Yeomanry take up their
+position when they came on the ground?--They took up their position in the
+rear of the hustings, rather in advance, I think, of some mounds of earth.
+
+Do you know Windmill Street?--I know no street.
+
+You don't know its name?--I know no name.
+
+You say near a rising ground?--There is a sort of little elevated bank or
+ground.
+
+Had the multitude from that part been dispersed?--The multitude in the
+rear were pretty much as they had been at first. I think they were
+dispersing, but not so rapidly.
+
+Do you mean in the rear of the cavalry?--In the rear of the hustings.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry's position was in the rear of the hustings?--Part
+near amongst these people.
+
+What other troops beside the Cheshire Yeomanry did you see come on to the
+ground?--Soon after the Cheshire Yeomanry had come in and taken their
+position, a troop of Dragoons, I think the 15th, came in under the windows
+of Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+You say you think they were the 15th Hussars?--They were called the 15th
+Dragoons; they had Waterloo medals.
+
+Where did they take up their position?--
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: "Near Mr. Buxton's house," he said.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Did they continue there?--They halted or paused
+for a moment or so, a little to the left of Mr. Buxton's house, a very
+little to the left, almost in front, inclining to the left.
+
+What others did you see come on the ground, besides them and the Cheshire
+Yeomanry?--At the close of the business I saw some artillery driving
+through the place.
+
+Was there any other besides those that you saw take up any position on the
+ground?--None, on the ground.
+
+At this time, was the whole of the multitude dispersed?--It was dispersing
+most rapidly; I may say dispersed, except in partial spots.
+
+After leaving the hustings, to which part of the field did the Manchester
+Yeomanry go?--To all parts. I think more behind the hustings, and on the
+right; they did not come back to me so much.
+
+Do you know the Quakers' meeting-house?--I have heard where it is since;
+then I did not know.
+
+Was it that way that they went?--If you could point out, in a plan, the
+Quakers' meeting-house, I could tell you if they went that road.
+
+There is the Quakers' meeting-house, you will see written on the
+plan?--Some went that way.
+
+Some of the people, too, dispersed in that direction, did they?--The
+people dispersed in every direction.
+
+I am not sure whether I asked you before, whether from your situation in
+this window, if any stones, or brickbats, or sticks, had been raised
+against the cavalry, on their way to the hustings, you must have seen
+it?--I think I must have seen it.
+
+
+Cross-examined by Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK:
+
+Will you venture to swear, Mr. Stanley, that no stones nor brickbats would
+be thrown during the advance of the cavalry towards the hustings, without
+your perceiving it?--I can only venture to say that I saw none.
+
+I believe you have favoured the public with an account of this
+transaction?--No, I have not.
+
+You printed or wrote something?--It was in circulation among my friends. I
+wrote something which was never published.
+
+There was a document, written by you, circulated among your
+friends?--Among my friends.
+
+Before that time, had you seen yourself and read any publication, either
+in manuscript or print, on this subject?--I had read the reports in some
+papers, naturally, after that time, and I might have seen a pamphlet
+printed at Manchester.
+
+Then you had seen several accounts which had been given to the world
+before you wrote?--Yes, I saw the reports of the papers immediately after
+the meeting.
+
+Whose account did you see, besides the reports in the paper?--A Mr.
+Phillips's.
+
+You, it seemed, entertained a different view of the transactions that had
+taken place upon this day from those which had been given to the world
+before that time?--I do not know; I should say a different view from some,
+perhaps, and coinciding with the views of others.
+
+Coinciding with the views of some, and differing from the views of
+others?--Respecting stones.
+
+No matter what. You are a magistrate, I understand?--I am not.
+
+Of neither Cheshire nor Lancashire?--No.
+
+I beg your pardon. You, however, were in the magistrates' room, I think
+you said, at Mr. Buxton's?--I was.
+
+Of course you had an acquaintance with the gentlemen who were there
+assembled, as acting magistrates of the committee for the counties of
+Chester and Lancaster?--With two or three I had.
+
+Probably upon terms of intimacy with one of them?--Certainly.
+
+Was that gentleman there at that time?--He was.
+
+Did it occur to your mind at the time that the cavalry were sent for
+(because you went back to a window, and saw the messenger crossing the
+field, for the purpose of bringing them to the place, and were told or
+heard there was a rumour in the room above, that the cavalry had been
+sent for) did it occur (attend to my question) to you, at the time, from
+the observations which you had made on the subject, that that step was
+improper or premature?--I don't think it occurred to me either one way or
+the other.
+
+Am I to understand from that then that you exercised no judgment upon the
+subject at that time?--I certainly did exercise some judgment, some
+opinion on it, at that time.
+
+Having exercised some judgment upon the subject, I ask you whether, in
+your judgment, such as you exercised upon that point, the step was either
+improper or premature?--I saw no necessity for it.
+
+Then you deemed it premature?--I saw no necessity for it.
+
+It struck you then as an unnecessary act?--Certainly.
+
+Then you would go down, of course, immediately and speak to your friend
+upon the subject?--No.
+
+Nor ever expressed to that friend or to any other, at the time, your
+opinion with respect to the impropriety of the step?--I had no other
+friend to speak to.
+
+Did you speak to him?--I did not go down into the room again.
+
+Probably you might, being a gentleman of considerable acquaintance, meet
+with some friend on going home, and might ride home with some gentleman,
+at least part of the road?--Part of the road I did.
+
+Mr Markland, I presume?--I overtook Mr. Markland.
+
+Did you express any opinion to Mr. Markland upon these
+proceedings?--Probably I did; but I have not the most distant
+recollection.
+
+I ask you, upon your oath, Mr. Stanley, if you did not express to him your
+entire concurrence in, and approbation of, the measures adopted by the
+magistrates?--I answer, upon my oath, that I do not recollect having said
+any such thing.
+
+Can you tell me whether you expressed any disapprobation of the measures
+which it had been deemed necessary to adopt?--I have no recollection
+whatever of the conversation.
+
+Then you mean to represent to us now, that your feelings upon the subject
+were so indifferent, that you cannot tell now, whether you approved or
+disapproved of these steps at the time?--I have not the most distant
+recollection of any conversation I had with Mr. Markland.
+
+That is not an answer to my question. I ask you whether you mean to state
+that at this time, you don't remember whether you entertained feelings of
+approbation or disapprobation of those steps?--I thought it was a dreadful
+occurrence; but I hoped that there were some grounds for it.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: You are speaking of what you thought?--It was in
+answer to the question.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: I am speaking of what you thought then. As I
+understand you, you cannot recall to your recollection the impression
+under which you laboured at the time you travelled home with Mr.
+Markland?--I thought it a dreadful occurrence, but I hoped there were
+grounds for it.
+
+Did you mention that to Mr. Markland?--I cannot recollect.
+
+It is very important that I should endeavour to extract from you, Mr.
+Stanley, without meaning the slightest disrespect to you, every fact
+within your knowledge on the subject; you say that after the meeting had
+been dispersed, the first cavalry which appeared on the ground was the
+Cheshire Yeomanry?--Not after the meeting had dispersed, but whilst in
+progress to dispersion.
+
+Do you mean to state now, to the best of your recollection, that the
+Cheshire Yeomanry were the first cavalry advancing on the ground after
+that?--It depends on what you call the ground; the Cheshire Yeomanry were
+the first, after the Manchester cavalry, that advanced at the left.
+
+Tell me, according to the best of your recollection, which of these troops
+came first upon the ground?--The Cheshire Yeomanry; but you will observe
+that, at this time, the disposition of the hustings occupied a good deal
+of my attention, and I did not expect the others.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry came over broken and uneven ground?--I cannot tell.
+
+I observe that you use the word "apparently" twice, in answer to two
+questions which were put to you, which were a repetition of the same
+question--whether the two lines of constables surrounded the hustings or
+not; I think you said they "apparently" did?--Apparently they did.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Surround the hustings?--Apparently.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: Do you mean to state, then, that in your judgment
+the avenue which was formed by the two lines of constables extended from
+the house to the hustings?--At that time the impression on my mind was,
+and it now is, that it certainly did.
+
+But of course you won't swear that it did?--I cannot swear; I can only
+speak to the impression on my mind.
+
+In the same way that you swear to the existence of brickbats and
+stones?--To the non-existence.
+
+I think you say you saw Hunt come upon the ground?--I saw the barouche.
+
+You saw the ladies and gentlemen both. Did you see any female?--I saw a
+female.
+
+What was her use?--I have no conception of that.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Of what?--
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: I asked whether she was for use or show.
+
+You did not know any of the parties inside?--I had not the most distant
+knowledge of them.
+
+You had heard of Carlile?--I heard of him in London.
+
+You have heard since he was in Manchester that day?--I have heard it
+to-day, in the course of another examination. I never heard it before.
+
+Hunt, when he saw the cavalry coming, I think, intimated his
+knowledge--his cognisance of the fact--by desiring them to give three
+cheers?--I could not hear.
+
+There was some cheering given?--There was a very loud cheer.
+
+From the hustings?--From all the mob.
+
+You say when he was addressing the mob, you did not hear his words, "but I
+think, whatever his words were, they excited a shout from those
+immediately about him, which was re-echoed with fearful animation by the
+rest of the multitude"?--Certainly, that is the impression on my mind;
+those were my own words.
+
+It was tremendous--the shout?--It was not so tremendous as the shout with
+which Hunt was received on the ground; the first was the loudest shout.
+
+And the most appalling?--The first, when Hunt was received on the ground;
+I never heard so loud a shout.
+
+"Terrific," was your word?--I should say terrific.
+
+You say that the people who were immediately contiguous to the hustings
+heard what Hunt said?--I cannot say.
+
+You inferred that from their shouting?--Certainly.
+
+Then that shout was re-echoed by the mob at a distance?--I conceived so.
+
+What proportion, do you think, of the mass of the people, with their eyes
+up, and mouths open, looking at that man during the time, could hear one
+word he said?--I should think no one beyond ten yards from the hustings,
+in the bustle of such a day--that is guess.
+
+I daresay it is a good guess, too; how do you think they would carry the
+resolutions at the outside, at the right flank, the left flank, and beyond
+the ten yards, upon the propositions made by this orator?--I have no
+opinion to give about that.
+
+It certainly is a difficult point. It appeared to you that Hunt, as far as
+his voice could reach, had a pretty absolute control over his friends;
+they shouted as he spoke; it appeared that he was
+commander-in-chief?--The thing never occurred to me; I cannot speak
+positively.
+
+Have not you an opinion that he was head and leader of the party?--My
+opinion certainly is, that he was.
+
+And now, I will ask you this question, as a clergyman, and as a man of
+character, which I believe you to be--I ask you, upon your oath, whether,
+in your judgment, the public tranquillity and the peace of Manchester were
+not endangered by a mob of that description, composed in that manner, and
+having such a man as Hunt at its head--Hunt and Carlile, for
+instance?--Hunt and Carlile are dangerous people, and any mob under their
+control must be dangerous.
+
+Re-examined by Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE:
+
+Do you know, Mr. Stanley, whether this meeting was under the command of
+either Hunt or Carlile?--No.
+
+When you say there was a shout given on the Manchester Yeomanry coming
+into the field, was there any other shout besides that given by the
+multitude?--There was.
+
+Whose shout was that?--The Manchester Yeomanry, the special constables,
+and the people round the pavement in front of our house.
+
+May I ask you whether you were terrified by those shouts?--Personally,
+certainly not.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Explain what you mean by that?--I myself was not
+alarmed about them.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: And whether it did not create terror and
+alarm?--Not to me individually, certainly not.
+
+You have said that you presented a description of what you saw at the
+meeting, to some of your friends?--I did.
+
+How soon was that written after the meeting?--I can scarcely say; I should
+think perhaps two months, but I cannot speak accurately. It was when the
+impression was clear on my mind.
+
+Clear and fresh in your recollection. Will you have the goodness to tell
+me whether you heard or saw any person read the Riot Act?--I neither heard
+it read nor saw it read.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT HULLOCK: If it was read you did not hear it?--I did not hear
+it.
+
+If it should turn out to have been read, and read loudly, there might have
+been something else done--but that is conclusion--that is reason.
+
+Mr. EVANS: Your Lordship has on your note that McKennell said that he did
+not[8] hear the Riot Act read.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT CROSS: He said so.
+
+Mr. JUSTICE HOLROYD: Yes, I have.
+
+Mr. SERJEANT BLACKBURNE: Then that is my case, my Lord.
+
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Peterloo. (_F. A. B._)
+
+Compiled from a number of Contemporary Plans, and showing (in dotted
+outline) the position of modern blocks of buildings.
+
+_By permission of Mr. H. Guppy._]
+
+
+
+
+Sir William Jolliffe
+
+_afterwards_
+
+LORD HYLTON
+
+
+William George Hylton Jolliffe (1800-1876), the first Baron Hylton, was
+the son of the Rev. W. J. Jolliffe. At the date of Peterloo he was not
+quite nineteen years of age, and was serving as a Lieutenant in the 15th
+Hussars, then quartered at the Cavalry Barracks at Manchester. He retired
+from the Hussars with the rank of Captain. He was created a Baronet in
+1821, and sat as member for Petersfield for about thirty years, acting for
+a short time as Under Secretary for Home Affairs, and afterwards as
+Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. He was exceedingly popular as a
+Conservative Whip, and when he was raised to the Peerage in 1866, he took
+the title of Baron Hylton from the family's connection with the Hyltons of
+Hylton Castle.
+
+The letter which follows appeared in Dean Pellew's _Life of Lord
+Sidmouth_, published in 1847. It will be seen that it is addressed to T.
+G. B. Estcourt, Esq.; presumably he obtained the information for Dean
+Pellew. The letter is approved and annotated by "E. Smyth, Esq., of
+Norwich, who commanded a troop of the Cheshire Yeomanry at Peterloo."
+Unfortunately, the Notes to the letter are somewhat confusing: some are
+signed by Captain Smyth, others are not signed, and it is not easy to
+determine their authorship. Moreover, Captain Smyth's contributions are
+not on a level with the letter itself. It has therefore been thought
+better to omit the Notes altogether, and allow Lieut. Jolliffe's very
+clear and well-balanced report to speak for itself. A few explanatory
+words have been inserted in square brackets.
+
+The Rev. Edward Stanley, in his Evidence, given above, mentioned the fact
+that the Hussars who rode at Peterloo were wearing their Waterloo medals.
+As a matter of fact, the 15th (the King's) Hussars, whose motto is
+"Merebimur," have not only "Waterloo," but also the Peninsula, Vittoria,
+Afghanistan and a number of other names inscribed on their colours. The
+uniform is blue, with a Busby bag and scarlet plume. Presumably the plume
+shown in our photograph came from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+seems clear from the evidence which was given before the Relief Committee,
+after Peterloo, that there was not the same feeling of resentment against
+the Hussars as against the local Yeomanry; in fact, it was more than once
+asserted that troopers of the Hussars actually restrained the Manchester
+Yeomanry from excessive violence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I wrote to the present Lord Hylton to ask if he could lend a portrait of
+his Grandfather for reproduction here. He replied that he could not do so,
+but added: "As a matter of fact, a full-length portrait (by Sir Francis
+Grant, P.R.A., in my possession) has been engraved, and a copy of this
+engraving is, I should think, not difficult to procure." I have not been
+able to find it. It is not included in the British Museum Series.
+
+
+
+
+The Charge of the 15th Hussars at Peterloo
+
+_as described by_
+
+SIR WILLIAM G. H. JOLLIFFE, BART., M.P. (who rode in the charge as a
+Lieutenant of Hussars) in a letter which appears in Dean Pellew's _Life of
+Lord Sidmouth_, Vol. III., p. 253 _et seq._
+
+9, ST. JAMES'S PLACE,
+
+_April 11th, 1845_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,
+
+Twenty-five years have passed since the collision unfortunately occurred
+between the population of Manchester and its neighbourhood and the
+military stationed in that town, on the sixteenth of August, 1819.
+
+I was at that time a Lieutenant in the 15th King's Hussars, which Regiment
+had been quartered in Manchester Cavalry Barracks about six weeks. This
+was my first acquaintance with a large manufacturing population. I had
+little knowledge of the condition of that population, whether or no a
+great degree of distress was then prevalent, or whether or no the distrust
+and bad feeling which appeared to exist between employers and employed,
+was wholly or in part caused by the agitation of political questions. I
+will not, therefore, enter into any speculation on these points, but I
+will endeavour to relate the facts which fell under my own observations,
+although acting, as of course I was, under the command of others, and in a
+subordinate situation. The military force stationed in Manchester
+consisted of six troops of the 15th Hussars, under the command of Colonel
+Dalrymple; one troop of Horse Artillery with two guns, under Major
+Dyneley; and nearly the whole of the 31st Regiment, under Colonel Guy
+L'Estrange (who commanded the whole as senior officer). [Sir John Byng was
+then at Pontefract.] Some companies of the 88th Regiment and [six troops
+of] the Cheshire Yeomanry had also been brought into the town in
+anticipation of disturbances which might result from the expected meeting;
+and these latter had only arrived on the morning of the sixteenth, or a
+few hours previously; and, lastly, there was a troop of Manchester
+Yeomanry Cavalry, consisting of about forty members, who, from the manner
+in which they were made use of (to say the least) greatly aggravated the
+disasters of the day. Their ranks were filled chiefly by wealthy master
+manufacturers; and without the knowledge possessed by a (strictly
+speaking) military body, they were placed, most unwisely, as it appeared,
+under the immediate command and order of the civil authorities.
+
+Our Regiment paraded in field-service order at about 8.30 or it might be 9
+o'clock, a.m. Two squadrons of it were marched into the town about ten
+o'clock. They were formed up and dismounted in a wide street, the name of
+which I forget,[9] to the North of St. Peter's field (the place appointed
+for the meeting), and at the distance of nearly a quarter of a mile from
+it.
+
+The Cheshire Yeomanry were formed, on our left, in the same street. One
+troop of our Regiment was attached to the artillery, which took up a
+position between the Cavalry Barracks and the town; and one troop remained
+in charge of the Barracks.
+
+The two squadrons with which I was stationed must have remained dismounted
+nearly two hours. During the greater portion of that period a solid mass
+of people continued moving along a street about a hundred yards to our
+front on the way to the place of meeting. Other officers as well as myself
+occasionally rode to the front (to the end of a street) to see them pass.
+They marched at a brisk pace in ranks well closed up, five or six bands of
+music being interspersed, and there appeared to be but few women with
+them. Mr. Hunt, with two or three other men, and I think two women dressed
+in light blue and white, were in an open carriage drawn by the people.
+This carriage was adorned with blue and white flags; and the day was fine
+and hot. As soon as the great bulk of the procession had passed, we were
+ordered to stand to our horses. In a very short time afterwards, the four
+troops of the 15th mounted, and at once moved off by the right, at a trot
+which was increased to a canter. Someone who had been sent from the place
+of meeting to bring us led the way through a number of narrow streets and
+by a circuitous route to (what I will call) the South-west[10] corner of
+St. Peter's field. We advanced along the South[11] side of this space of
+ground without a halt or pause even: the words "Front!" and "Forward!"
+were given, and the trumpet sounded the charge at the very moment the
+threes wheeled up. When fronted, our line extended quite across the
+ground, which in all parts was so filled with people that their hats
+seemed to touch.
+
+It was then for the first time that I saw the Manchester troop of
+Yeomanry; they were scattered singly or in small groups over the greater
+part of the field, literally hemmed up and hedged into the mob so that
+they were powerless either to make an impression or to escape; in fact,
+they were in the power of those whom they were designed to overawe, and it
+required only a glance to discover their helpless position, and the
+necessity of our being brought to their rescue. As I was at the time
+informed, this hopeless state of things happened thus: A platform had been
+erected near the centre of the field, from which Mr. Hunt and others were
+to address the multitude, and the magistrates, having ordered a strong
+body of constables to arrest the speakers, unfortunately imagined that
+they should support the peace officers by bringing up the troop of
+Yeomanry at a walk. The result of this movement, instead of that which the
+magistrates desired, was unexpectedly to place this small body of horsemen
+(so introduced into a dense mob) entirely at the mercy of the people by
+whom they were, on all sides, pressed upon and surrounded.
+
+The charge of the Hussars, to which I have just alluded, swept this
+mingled mass of human beings before it; people, yeomen, and constables,
+in their confused attempts to escape, ran one over the other; so that by
+the time we had arrived at the end of the field the fugitives were
+literally piled up to a considerable elevation above the level of the
+ground. (I may here, by the way, state that this field, as it is called,
+was merely an open space of ground, surrounded by buildings, and itself, I
+rather think, in course of being built upon.).
+
+The Hussars drove the people forward with the flats of their swords, but
+sometimes, as is almost inevitably the case when men are placed in such
+situations, the edge was used, both by the Hussars, and, as I have heard,
+by the yeomen also; but of this last part I was not cognizant, and
+believing though I do that nine out of ten of the sabre-wounds were caused
+by the Hussars, I must still consider that it redounds to the humane
+forbearance of the men of the 15th that more wounds were not received,
+when the vast numbers are taken into consideration with whom they were
+brought into hostile collision; beyond all doubt, however, the far greater
+amount of injuries were from the pressure of the routed multitude. The
+Hussars on the left pursued down the various streets which led from the
+place; those on the right met with something more of resistance.
+
+The mob had taken possession of various buildings on that side,
+particularly of a Quakers' chapel and burial ground enclosed with a wall.
+This they occupied for some little time, and in attempting to displace
+them, some of the men and horses were struck with stones and brickbats. I
+was on the left, and as soon as I had passed completely over the ground
+and found myself in the street on the other side, I turned back, and then,
+seeing a sort of fight still going on on the right, I went in that
+direction. At the very moment I reached the Quakers' meeting-house, I saw
+a farrier of the 15th ride at a small door in the outer wall, and to my
+surprise his horse struck it with such force that it flew open. Two or
+three Hussars then rode in, and the place was immediately in their
+possession. I then turned towards the elevated platform, which still
+remained in the centre of the field with persons upon it; a few straggling
+Hussars and yeomen, together with a number of men having the appearance of
+peace-officers were congregating about it. On my way thither I met the
+Commanding-officer of my Regiment, who directed me to find a Trumpeter, in
+order that he might sound the "rally" or "retreat." This sent me again
+down the street I had first been in (after the pursuing men of my troop);
+but I had not ridden above a hundred yards before I found a Trumpeter, and
+returned with him to the Colonel. The field and the adjacent streets now
+presented an extraordinary sight: the ground was quite covered with hats,
+shoes, musical instruments, and other things. Here and there lay the
+unfortunates who were too much injured to move away, and this sight was
+rendered the more distressing by observing some women among the sufferers.
+
+Standing near the corner of the street where I had been sent in search of
+a Trumpeter, a brother officer called my attention to a pistol being fired
+from a window. I saw it fired twice, and I believe it had been fired once
+before I observed it. Some of the 31st Regiment just now arriving on the
+ground were ordered to take possession of this house, but I do not know if
+this was carried into effect.
+
+I next went towards a private of the Regiment whose horse had fallen over
+a piece of timber nearly in the middle of the square, and who was most
+seriously injured. There were many of these pieces of timber (or
+timber-trees) lying upon the ground, and as these could not be
+distinguished when the mob covered them, they had caused bad falls to one
+officer's horse and to many of the troopers'. While I was attending to the
+wounded soldier, the artillery troop with the troop of Hussars attached to
+it, arrived on the ground from the same direction by which we had entered
+the field; these were quickly followed by the Cheshire Yeomanry. The 31st
+Regiment came in another direction, and the whole remained formed up till
+our squadrons had fallen in again.
+
+Carriages were brought to convey the wounded to the Manchester Infirmary,
+and the troop of Hussars who came up with the guns was marched off to
+escort to the gaol a number of persons who had been arrested, and among
+these Mr. Hunt. For some time the town was patrolled by the troops, the
+streets being nearly empty, and the shops for the most part closed. We
+then returned to the Barracks. I should not omit to mention that, before
+the men were dismissed, the arms were minutely examined; and that no
+carbine or pistol was found to have been fired, and only one pistol to
+have been loaded.
+
+About 8 p.m. one squadron of the 15th Hussars (two troops) was ordered on
+duty to form part of a strong night picket, the other part of which
+consisted of two companies of the 88th Regiment. This picket was stationed
+at a place called the New Cross, at the end of Oldham Street. As soon as
+it had taken up its position, a mob assembled about it, which increased as
+the darkness came on; stones were thrown at the soldiers, and the Hussars
+many times cleared the ground by driving the mob up the streets leading
+from the New Cross. But these attempts to get rid of the annoyance were
+only successful for the moment, for the people got through the houses or
+narrow passages from one street into another, and the troops were again
+attacked, and many men and horses struck with stones. This lasted nearly
+an hour and a half, and the soldiers being more and more pressed upon, a
+town magistrate, who was with the picket, read the Riot Act, and the
+officer in command ordered the 88th to fire (which they did by platoon
+firing) down three of the streets. The firing lasted only a few minutes;
+perhaps not more than thirty shots were fired; but these had a magical
+effect; the mob ran away and dispersed forthwith, leaving three or four
+persons on the ground with gunshot wounds. At 4 a.m. the picket squadron
+was relieved by another squadron of the Regiment. With this latter
+squadron I was on duty, and after we had patrolled the town for two hours,
+the officer in command sent me to the magistrates (who had remained
+assembled during the night) to report to them that the town was perfectly
+quiet, and to request their sanction to the return of the military to
+their quarters.
+
+On the afternoon of the 17th I visited, in company with some military
+medical officers, the Infirmary. I saw there from twelve to twenty cases
+of sabre-wounds, and among these two women who appeared not likely to
+recover. One man was in a dying state from a gunshot wound in the head;
+another had had his leg amputated; both these casualties arose from the
+firing of the 88th the night before. Two or three were reputed dead; one
+of them a constable, killed on St. Peter's field, but I saw none of the
+bodies.
+
+As shortly as I could I have now related what fell under my own
+observation during these twenty-four hours ... I trust that I have, in
+some degree, complied with your wishes.
+
+WILLIAM G. HYLTON JOLLIFFE.
+
+_To_ Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt, Esq., M.P.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BENJAMIN SMITH 1794-1879
+
+_By permission of Lady Durning Lawrence_
+
+_Photo by Briggs_
+
+_To face page 59_]
+
+
+John Benjamin Smith
+
+_First Chairman of the Anti-Corn Law League_.
+
+
+John Benjamin Smith (1794-1879), whose account of Peterloo follows, was
+better known as a strenuous advocate of Free Trade; even in this capacity,
+however, a breakdown of health some years before the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws, robbed him of much of the credit which was due to him for the
+important spade-work that he had done. He was the first Treasurer of the
+Anti-Corn Law Association, and when that developed into the Anti-Corn Law
+League, he became its first Chairman. He contested several elections on
+Free Trade principles, and used himself to tell how he had converted
+Cobden to "total repeal." He sat as member, first for the Stirling Burghs,
+and afterwards, during more than twenty years, for Stockport. His
+correspondence with John Bright has recently been placed in the Manchester
+Reference Library. During the American War he strongly espoused the cause
+of the North, and he was one of those who urged the Government to
+encourage the growth of cotton in India.
+
+Mr. Smith was a Trustee of Owens College under the Founder's will; and he
+subscribed liberally towards its extension. His name is perpetuated in the
+"Smith" Professorship of English Literature, which was endowed in memory
+of him by his two daughters and his son-in-law. A short memoir of him,
+which appeared in Alderman Thompson's _History of Owens College_, has been
+reprinted and published separately. (Manchester, J. E. Cornish, 1887.)
+
+At the date of Peterloo he was only twenty-five years of age, but he had
+already shown great promise as a business man. Entering the office of his
+uncle, a Manchester merchant, at the early age of fourteen, he was made
+responsible for the whole correspondence of the firm five years later; and
+before he was twenty he had negotiated some very profitable purchases of
+cotton at the sales of the East India Company.
+
+The account of Peterloo which follows is an extract from his
+"Reminiscences," which were written towards the close of his life at the
+earnest request of his family. The manuscript of these is now at the
+Manchester Reference Library, as is also a typed and bound copy presented
+by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. Among his other manuscripts (also
+at the Manchester Reference Library) is a shorter account of Peterloo,
+apparently written immediately after the event. The statement made
+recently that Mr. J. B. Smith was the author of the well-known _Impartial
+Narrative of the Melancholy Occurrences at Manchester_ seems to be due to
+an error: apparently the _Impartial Narrative_ (which seems to have been
+written by another hand) has been confused with Mr. Smith's shorter and
+earlier account.
+
+We have already pointed out that Mr. Smith's narrative, which is not so
+detailed as those of Stanley and Jolliffe in its description of the charge
+of the troops, is specially valuable for the account it gives of the
+circumstances immediately preceding and following the catastrophe, and its
+estimate of the character of the crowd. In these details it is strikingly
+corroborative of Bamford's story, as told in his _Passages in the Life of
+a Radical_, and of the information given by Mr. John Edward Taylor,
+who--under the pseudonym of "An Observer"--edited the contemporary tracts
+entitled _The Peterloo Massacre_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The portrait of Mr. Smith which appears here is from a photograph kindly
+lent by his daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+_AN EXTRACT FROM THE_
+
+"Reminiscences" of John Benjamin Smith
+
+_Copied from the original manuscript then in the possession of his
+daughter, Lady Durning Lawrence. (August 1913.)_
+
+
+... The people, disappointed in their expectations that prosperity and
+plenty would follow the return of peace, and having no faith in a
+legislature which as soon as the war terminated inflicted upon them a Corn
+Law to deprive them of cheap corn, demanded a better representation in
+Parliament. Stimulated by the writings of Cobbett, associations were
+formed in all the manufacturing districts to obtain a reform in
+Parliament. Lancashire took the lead in this movement. Clubs were
+established in 1816 in all the manufacturing towns and villages. At the
+small town of Middleton, near Manchester, a Club was formed in which
+Bamford, the weaver-poet, took a leading part. They were joined by many
+honest and intelligent men from all parts of the district, among whom was
+John Knight, a small manufacturer. A meeting of delegates was held on the
+first of January, 1817, at which it was decided that the reforms required
+could only be accomplished by the establishment of annual parliaments and
+universal suffrage.
+
+The establishment of these clubs alarmed the Government, who saw in them
+nothing but an intention to overturn the institutions of the country, and
+to revive in this country the enormities of the French Revolution. Spies
+and Informers were employed by the Government, and John Knight and
+thirty-seven others who had legally assembled to discuss the reforms which
+they deemed necessary to obtain a repeal of the Corn Laws and good
+government, were arrested on the information of spies, and sent for trial
+to Lancaster, but on their trial before Mr. Baron Wood, were all found not
+guilty by the Jury.
+
+The Sidmouth Government suspended the Habeas Corpus Act so that they could
+arrest and imprison any person as long as they pleased. The Tories,
+following the example of the Radicals, established Associations for the
+protection of the Constitution.
+
+In January, 1818, however, it was announced that the Act for the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act would be repealed. No sooner were the
+people relieved from the danger of being sent to prison for being present
+at a meeting to petition Parliament for reform, as great numbers had been
+in Lancashire imprisoned from March, 1817 until January, 1818, and then
+discharged without being informed what charges were made against
+them--than the Reform Associations were revived. A fresh campaign was
+rigorously commenced early in 1819.
+
+Henry Hunt (commonly called Orator Hunt) had come forward as the champion
+of the people's rights. On the 25th of January, he made a public entry
+into Manchester from Stockport, accompanied by large crowds with flags and
+banners. The meeting was enthusiastic but very peaceable. Meetings were
+held in all the surrounding towns and villages to appoint district
+delegates to make arrangements for a great meeting to be held in
+Manchester. This memorable meeting was held on the 16th of August, 1819,
+on a large vacant plot of land called St. Peter's field, adjoining St.
+Peter's Street, and in sight of St. Peter's Church. The actors in the
+bloody tragedy of that day were called "The Heroes of Peterloo," in
+contrast with the brave heroes of Waterloo.
+
+This meeting was called to petition Parliament for a Reform of Parliament
+and the Repeal of the Corn Laws, and it is a curious coincidence that on
+the very spot where the largest public meeting was ever held to petition
+Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn Laws, in the dispersion of which by
+military force six hundred persons were killed and wounded there now
+stands the Free Trade Hall, erected twenty years afterwards on Peterloo,
+for the peaceful and noble object of obtaining bread for the people by the
+repeal of the wicked laws by which it was prohibited.
+
+I had no intention of going to this meeting, but my Aunt called at the
+Counting House and asked me to accompany her to Mrs. Orton's, Mount
+Street, St. Peter's field, to see the great meeting--a house overlooking
+the whole space, and next but one to where the Magistrates were assembled.
+We reached there about half-past eleven o'clock, and on our way saw large
+bodies of men and women with bands playing and flags and banners bearing
+devices: "No Corn Laws," "Reform," etc. There were crowds of people in all
+directions, full of good humour, laughing and shouting and making fun. I
+always wore a white hat in summer, and I found that Mr. Hunt also wore a
+white hat, and it became the symbol of radicalism, and may have been the
+cause of the politeness shown to us by the crowd.
+
+It seemed to be a gala day with the country people who were mostly dressed
+in their best and brought with them their wives, and when I saw boys and
+girls taking their father's hand in the procession, I observed to my Aunt:
+"These are the guarantees of their peaceable intentions--we need have no
+fears," and so we passed on to Mrs. Orton's. When we arrived there we saw
+great crowds which were constantly increased by the arrival of successive
+country processions until it was estimated that the meeting amounted to
+60,000 people. There was a double row of constables formed from Mr.
+Buxton's (where the magistrates had taken their station) to the hustings.
+
+My Father joined us soon after our arrival at Mrs. Orton's.
+
+At length Hunt made his appearance in an open barouche drawn by two
+horses, and a woman dressed in white sitting on the box. On their reaching
+the hustings which were prepared for the orator, he was received with
+enthusiastic applause; the waving of hats and flags; the blowing of
+trumpets; and the playing of music. Hunt stepped on to the hustings, and
+was again cheered by the vast assemblage. He began to address them, and I
+could distinctly see his motions through the glass I held in my hand, and
+I could hear his voice, but could not understand what he said. He paused,
+and the people cheered him.
+
+About this time there was an alarm among the women and children near the
+place where I stood, and I could also see a part of the crowd in motion
+towards the Deansgate side, but I thought it a false alarm, as many
+returned again and joined in the huzzas of the crowd. A second alarm
+arose, and I heard the sound of a horn, and immediately the Manchester
+Yeomanry appeared, coming from Peter Street, headed by Hugh Birley, the
+same man who, in 1815, as Boroughreeve of Manchester, presided at the
+public meeting assembled to petition Parliament for the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. They galloped up to the house where the Magistrates were assembled,
+halted, and drew up in line. After some hesitation, from what cause I do
+not know, I heard the order to form three deep, and then the order to
+march. The Trumpeter led the way and galloped towards the hustings,
+followed by the yeomanry.
+
+Whilst this was passing, my attention was called to another movement
+coming from the opposite side of the meeting. A troop of soldiers, the
+15th Hussars, turned round the corner of the house where we stood and
+galloped forwards towards the crowd. They were succeeded by the Cheshire
+Yeomanry, and lastly by two pieces of artillery. On the arrival of the
+soldiers, the special constables, the magistrates, and the soldiers set
+up loud shouts. This was responded to by the crowd with waving of hats.
+After this the soldiers galloped amongst the people creating frightful
+alarm and disorder. The people ran helter-skelter in every direction.
+
+It was a hot, dusty day; clouds of dust arose which obscured the view.
+When it had subsided a startling scene was presented. Numbers of men,
+women, and children were lying on the ground who had been knocked down and
+run over by the soldiers. I noticed one woman lying face downwards,
+apparently lifeless. A man went up to her and lifted one of her legs; it
+fell as if she were lifeless; another man lifted both her legs and let
+them fall. I saw her some time after carried off by the legs and arms as
+if she were dead.
+
+My attention was then directed to a number of constables bringing from the
+hustings the famous Hunt wearing a white hat, and with him another man,
+also wearing a white hat, who was said to be Johnson. The prisoners were
+treated in a scandalous manner; many of the constables hissed and beat
+them as they passed. When they reached the Magistrates' house he was
+surrounded by constables, some pulling him by the collar, others by the
+coat. A dastardly attack was made upon him by General Clay, who with a
+large stick struck him over the head with both hands as he was
+ascending the steps to the Magistrates' house. The blow knocked in his hat
+and packed it over his face. He then turned round as if ashamed of himself
+and became a quiet spectator. The ground by this time was cleared, and
+nothing was to be seen but soldiers and constables.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HUNT MEMORIAL IN THE VESTIBULE OF THE MANCHESTER REFORM
+CLUB
+
+_Bronze Relief by John Cassidy, R.C.A._
+
+_To face page 69_]
+
+
+The Rev. Mr. Hay (the Chairman to the Magistrates) then stood on the steps
+of Mr. Buxton's house and addressed the constables. I could not hear what
+he said, but he was cheered when he concluded. He then returned into the
+house, but came out again soon afterwards with Mr. Marriott, the
+Magistrate, and Hunt in the custody of Nadin, Chief Constable, and with
+Johnson in the custody of another constable. When Hunt made his
+appearance, he was assailed with groans and hisses by the soldiers and
+constables. Hunt took off his hat and bowed to them, which appeared to
+calm them while they marched towards Deansgate on their way to the New
+Bailey prison, escorted by the cavalry. On quitting the windows from
+whence we had witnessed so many painful scenes, we descended and found two
+special constables who had been brought into the house. One presented a
+shocking sight--the face was all over blood from a sword-cut on his head,
+and his shoulder was put out. The other was bloody from being rode over
+and kicked on the back of his head.
+
+When the particulars of this bloody tragedy became known, strong feelings
+of indignation were expressed all over the country. The Manchester
+magistrates, alarmed at the tone of public opinion in London, had a
+meeting hastily convened on the 19th of August at the Police Office, which
+was adjourned to the Star Inn, where resolutions were passed thanking the
+magistrates and the soldiers. I happened by accident to be present at the
+meeting. A young man with whom I was acquainted, a clerk in the office of
+the Clerk to the Magistrates, happening to meet me in the street on his
+way to the meeting, took me by the arm and said: "Come with me." I asked
+where he was going, and when I learned, declined to go. He replied:
+"Nonsense, you will hear what is going on," and so I somewhat reluctantly
+went with him to the Star Inn. On our arrival we found the room pretty
+full and I took a seat. The Chairman, Mr. Francis Phillips, rose and said:
+"If there be any persons present who do not approve of the objects of this
+meeting they are requested to withdraw." I thought he looked at me, and
+felt a little uncomfortable. He sat down again and rose to repeat his
+request. I thought that as I should know better what the object of the
+meeting was after I had heard it explained, I would sit still, and so I
+remained to the end. After the meeting I told some of my Reform friends
+how I came to be present at the meeting, and they wished me to write out
+an account of the proceedings. I did so, and with a few alterations and
+the omission of names it was inserted in _Cowdroy's Gazette_. This
+statement created great alarm among those who got up the meeting to thank
+the magistrates, and they denounced it as a false statement, but another
+letter to _Cowdroy's Gazette_ affirmed the truth of the account of the
+meeting to thank the magistrates, and threatened to make public the names
+of the speakers if its correctness was again called in question.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PETERLOO MEDAL
+
+Note the women and children, and the cap of Liberty held aloft in the
+centre
+
+_To face page 71_]
+
+
+The dispersion of a legally convened meeting by military force aroused a
+general indignation, and the smuggled passing of thanks to the magistrates
+so dishonestly sent forth occasioned an expression of public feeling and
+opinion such as had never been manifested in Manchester before. A
+"Declaration and Protest" against the Star Inn resolutions was immediately
+issued, stating that "We are fully satisfied by personal observation on
+undoubted information that the meeting was _perfectly peaceable_; that no
+seditious or intemperate harangues were made there; that the Riot Act, _if
+read at all_, was read _privately, or without the knowledge of a great
+body of the meeting_, and we feel it our bounden duty to protest against
+and to express our utter disapprobation of the unexpected and unnecessary
+violence by which the assembly was dispersed.
+
+"We further declare that the meeting convened at the Police Office on the
+19th of August for the purpose of thanking the magistrates, municipal
+officers, soldiers, etc., was strictly and exclusively _private_, and in
+order that the privacy might be more completely ensured was adjourned to
+the Star Inn. It is a matter of notoriety that no expression of dissent
+from the main object of the meeting was there permitted. We therefore deny
+that it had any claim to the title of a 'numerous and highly respectable
+meeting of the inhabitants of Manchester and Salford and their
+neighbourhood.'"
+
+In the course of three or four days this protest received 4,800
+signatures.
+
+By way of counteracting this energetic protest, on the 27th of August Lord
+Sidmouth communicated to the Manchester Magistrates and to Major Trafford
+and the military serving under him the thanks of the Prince Regent "for
+their prompt, decisive, and efficient measures for preservation of the
+public peace on August the 16th."
+
+Meanwhile hundreds of persons wounded on that fatal day were enduring
+dreadful suffering. They were disabled from work; not daring to apply for
+parish relief; not even daring to apply for surgical aid, lest, in the
+arbitrary spirit of the time, their acknowledgment that they had received
+their wounds on St. Peter's field might send them to prison--perhaps to
+the scaffold.
+
+A committee was formed for the purpose of making a rigid enquiry into the
+cases of those who had been killed and wounded; and subscriptions were
+raised for their relief. After an enquiry of many successive weeks the
+committee published the cases of eleven killed and five hundred and sixty
+wounded, of whom about a hundred and twenty were females.
+
+The Rev. W. R. Hay, Chairman of the Bench of Magistrates, was rewarded by
+being presented to the living of Rochdale, worth L2,000 a year.
+
+Hunt and his companions were committed to Lancaster, and subsequently
+tried at York, where he was found guilty and sentenced to be imprisoned
+for two years and a half, and Johnson, Healey, and Bamford to one year's
+imprisonment.
+
+The bloody proceedings at Peterloo startled the whole nation. Meetings
+were held everywhere, denouncing them in the strongest terms. Sir Francis
+Burdett addressed a letter to the Electors of Westminster, expressing his
+"Shame, grief, and indignation" at the proceedings, and was prosecuted by
+the Attorney-General for Libel and was fined L2,000 and imprisoned for
+three months. Lord Fitzwilliam, for attending a public meeting to express
+disapprobation at the means by which the meeting at Peterloo was
+dispersed, was dismissed from his office as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire.
+
+These proceedings produced a deep impression on the minds of thoughtful
+men, who began to think we were on the brink of despotism, and that the
+time had arrived when the country should be no longer ruled by Landowners
+and Boroughmongers, but by representatives chosen by the people....
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BANNER CARRIED AT PETERLOO
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 75_]
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+Some Relics of Peterloo
+
+
+1.--A BANNER CARRIED AT PETERLOO.
+
+At the entrance to the Reading-room of the Reform Club at Middleton (on
+the left as you reach the door) may be seen one of the Banners carried at
+Peterloo by the Middleton contingent, which was led by Samuel Bamford. It
+is of green material (or so it seemed to me) and the letters are stamped
+on it in gold capitals. The motto facing the entrance is LIBERTY AND
+FRATERNITY. On the other side of the Banner (seen from within the room)
+are the words: UNITY AND STRENGTH. The explanatory inscription reads:
+"This Banner was carried by the Middleton Reformers, with Samuel Bamford
+at their head, to Peterloo, and is frequently mentioned in the historical
+records of that movement." (See Illustration opposite).
+
+In chapter XXXIII. of _Passages in the Life of a Radical_ Bamford speaks
+of "the colours; a blue one of silk, with inscriptions in golden letters:
+UNITY AND STRENGTH, LIBERTY AND FRATERNITY. A green one of silk, with
+golden letters, PARLIAMENTS ANNUAL, SUFFRAGE UNIVERSAL." Apparently the
+Banner here figured is the one of which he writes later in chapter XXXVI.:
+"I rejoined my companions [_i.e._, after Peterloo], and forming about a
+thousand of them into file, we set off to the sound of fife and drum,
+_with our only banner waving_, and in that form we re-entered the town of
+Middleton. The Banner was exhibited from a window of the Suffield's Arms
+public-house." The Banner is now carefully preserved between sheets of
+glass. The photograph was taken under considerable difficulties as regards
+light by Mr. R. H. Fletcher, of Eccles. The Chadderton Banner, though much
+dilapidated, is also still in existence, but I could not obtain the
+address of the person in whose keeping it is. She had left Chadderton, and
+was living at Blackpool.
+
+
+2.--BAMFORD'S COTTAGE.
+
+Some distance higher up the town may be seen the house where Bamford lived
+at the date of Peterloo. Over the door is a stone inscribed: "Samuel
+Bamford resided and was arrested in this house, Aug. 26, 1819." Bamford
+describes the event in detail in chapter XL of the work named above,
+beginning: "About two o'clock on the morning of Thursday, the twenty-sixth
+of August, that is, on the tenth morning after the fatal meeting, I was
+awoke by footsteps in the street opposite my residence. Presently they
+increased in number, etc." The photograph is again by Mr. R. H. Fletcher.
+(See Illustration.) In the Churchyard above may be seen Bamford's tomb and
+also the monument raised to his memory.
+
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL BAMFORD'S HOUSE AT MIDDLETON
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 76_]
+
+
+3.--CONSTABLES' STAVES.
+
+(_a_) In the Catalogue of the _Old Manchester & Salford Exhibition_ (held
+at the Art Gallery in 1904), on p. 27, exhibit 157 appears as "Handcuffs
+belonging to Joe Nadin, Deputy Constable of Manchester at the time of
+Peterloo;" lent by G. C. Yates, Esq. On the same page, exhibit 167 is a
+"Special Constable's Staff, used at the time of Peterloo in Manchester,
+and then the property of Mr. Beever;" lent by C. Shiel, Esq. This
+collection is now for the most part dispersed.
+
+
+[Illustration: THREE RELICS OF PETERLOO
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher_
+
+_To face page 77_]
+
+
+(_b_) Mr. T. Swindells, of Monton Green, in the third volume of his
+_Manchester Streets and Manchester Men_, mentions "A Special Constable's
+Staff" given to him by a descendant of James Fildes. It is inscribed: "A
+relic of Peterloo. Special Constable's Staff which belonged to the late
+James and Thomas Fildes, grocers, Shudehill, Manchester."
+
+(_c_) In November, 1919, on the afternoon of the day on which I was to
+lecture on _The Story of Peterloo_, at the Rylands Library, Mr. W. W.
+Manfield, of Chorlton-cum-Hardy, brought me three interesting relics of
+Peterloo, which have been in the possession of his family since 1819. On
+the occasion of Peterloo his father and grandfather saw the crowd
+streaming through Salford after the catastrophe, and their curiosity led
+them to walk out to St. Peter's fields. There they picked up the three
+relics, which have been carefully preserved ever since. One of them is a
+long, heavy Constable's baton, apparently of rosewood, with the Royal Arms
+painted at the thicker end. (See Illustration opposite.)
+
+
+4.--HEAD OF FLAGSTAFF.
+
+The second of Mr. Manfield's relics is the head of one of the Banner poles
+carried at Peterloo. It is shaped like the traditional cap of Liberty, and
+inscribed in neat gilt capitals: "Hunt and Liberty." (See Illustration.)
+
+
+5.--HUSSAR'S PLUME.
+
+The third of Mr. Manfield's relics is a plume of horsehair, apparently
+originally dyed red, though (if so) much of the dye has faded. This, it
+may be presumed, was the plume from the helmet of one of the Hussars. It
+has been mentioned that the 15th Hussars wear a scarlet plume. These three
+relics have been photographed on one plate by Mr. Fletcher. (See
+Illustration opposite to page 77.)
+
+
+6.--ACCOUNT-BOOK OF THE RELIEF COMMITTEE.
+
+In the year of the Centenary, Mr. Guppy was fortunate enough to secure for
+the Rylands Library the actual Account-Book used by one of the Committees
+formed for the relief of those injured in the fray. A single page of this
+book has been photographed by Mr. R. H. Fletcher for the present volume.
+(See Illustration.) Mr. Guppy's account of the volume (_Bulletin of
+Rylands Library_, April to November, 1919, p. 191) is as follows:--
+
+"The Library has been fortunate in being able to acquire a small octavo
+account-book, leather bound, which seems to have been an official record
+of the casualties at Peterloo which were dealt with by one of the Relief
+Committees. It contains details of the names, addresses, and injuries of
+347 individuals, particulars of the successive grants made to them by one
+Committee, and references to the grants made by another Committee
+(possibly two others).
+
+The details given are corroborative of many of the statements in Mr.
+Bruton's _Story of Peterloo_. Thus: the cases include those of Elizabeth
+Gaunt (mentioned on pp. 274 and 275), of Mrs. Fildes (on p. 274), of
+Thomas Redford (on pp. 285, 291, and 294). There are references to the
+loose timber (see pp. 269, 284 and 294), the injuries to Special
+Constables (see p. 280), the fight near the Friends' Meeting-house (see
+pp. 284 and 289), the oak trees growing near that building (see pp. 269,
+294), the white hat as a symbol of Radicalism (see p. 273), the fear of
+losing employment evinced by the wounded (see p. 291), the infantry
+intercepting fugitives (see p. 290), the child killed by a trooper in
+Cooper Street (see p. 277), and so on. The sum total voted by this
+Committee appears to have been L687; it must be remembered, however, that
+the sum of L3,000 mentioned on p. 291 as having been subscribed may have
+been used partly for legal expenses.
+
+
+[Illustration: One Page of the Account Book of the Relief Committee.
+
+_By permission of Mr. H. Guppy._
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher._]
+
+
+Since this manuscript account-book came to light, Mr. Bruton has
+discovered a printed Report of the Relief Committee, in which 560 cases
+are described, and the amount raised to date is given as L3,408 1s. 8d.,
+and pronounced to be inadequate for 600 people. It also gives the amount
+spent on legal expenses as L1,077."
+
+
+7.--ACCOUNT-BOOK RECORDING AMOUNTS RAISED FOR THE RELIEF OF SPECIAL
+CONSTABLES & THEIR FAMILIES.
+
+I have to thank Dr. A. A. Mumford for calling my attention to another
+account-book connected with Peterloo, which I believe he met with while
+going over the Crossley papers at the Chetham Library. Its number in the
+Library Catalogue is MS. B. 3. 70. It is a small note-book ruled for cash,
+and entitled: "Subscriptions for Special Constables. Nos. 10 and 11."
+There is a note of a Resolution carried on August 27th, 1819, to the
+effect that a Relief Fund should be raised on behalf of Special Constables
+injured at Peterloo and their families. The subscriptions recorded in this
+book range from L1 to L10 10s., and amount in all to about L400.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+1.--NOTE ON THE CASUALTIES AT PETERLOO.
+
+On few points do the accounts of Peterloo vary more than on the question
+of the casualties. There is sufficient historical material available to
+enable us to investigate this matter in detail, but the task would be a
+gruesome one, and no useful object would be attained if it were
+accomplished. On the other hand, a few words may serve to show whereabouts
+the truth lies.
+
+In the _Cambridge Modern History_ (Vol. X., pp. 580, 581) it is stated
+that "a man was killed and forty were injured." In the _Political History
+of England_ (1906, Vol. XI., pp. 178, 179) we read that "happily the
+actual loss of life did not exceed five or six, but a much larger number
+were more or less wounded." A number of the most important school
+histories in use at the present time reproduce one or the other of these
+statements _verbatim_.
+
+If we turn to the contemporary records, they are somewhat conflicting. The
+hurried estimates given by the local papers immediately after the
+catastrophe (_e.g._, one newspaper reported twelve killed) had to be
+corrected later. The most general estimate seems to be "eleven killed and
+between 500 and 600 wounded." When we come to examine these figures in
+detail, however, these points emerge: (1) "Killed" is evidently taken to
+include the cases of those who died after lingering (possibly) for some
+weeks. (2) The summary includes the casualties due to the firing of the
+infantry in the neighbourhood of New Cross, some hours after the great
+event; included in the list, also will be the child (Fildes) knocked from
+its mother's arms by one of the yeomanry as they were riding to the
+meeting.
+
+Archibald Prentice, in his _Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections
+of Manchester_ (p. 167), states that eleven were killed, that 420 were
+wounded, and that there still remained (according to the Relief
+Committee's Report) 140 cases to be investigated, making a total of 560.
+Mr. John Benjamin Smith (who very likely refreshed his memory by looking
+up records when writing his Reminiscences) gives the same result. Mr. J.
+C. Hobhouse, speaking in the House of Commons, on May 19th, 1821, said
+that "he held in his hand a list of killed and wounded running to 25-30
+sheets, and defied them to disprove it." It is clear, then, that these
+estimates are quoted from the Committee's Report, and to this it will be
+well now to turn.
+
+With the kind assistance of Mr. Swann, of the Reference Library, I have
+been able to find one (and only one) copy of this Report. It is bound up
+with a series of papers catalogued as "Lancashire and Yorkshire Tracts,"
+at the Manchester Reference Library. (The Reference number is "Lancashire
+and Yorkshire Tracts; Barlow's Historical Collector. H. 63. 3. No. 3
+(15104)"). It is entitled: "Report of the Metropolitan and Central
+Committee appointed for the Relief of the Manchester Sufferers, with an
+Appendix containing the names of the sufferers and the nature and extent
+of their injuries; also an account of the distribution of funds, and other
+documents. Published by order of the Committee. London, 1820." This
+Committee seems to have been formed by amalgamating several organisations
+in the metropolis which sprang into being as a result of public sympathy
+with the sufferers, and it worked in conjunction with the Manchester and
+other Lancashire Committees. The subscriptions recorded to date amount to
+L3,408 1s. 8d. of which L1,206 13s. 8d. had been distributed, L250 having
+been received from the local Manchester Committees. The amount expended on
+law charges and expenses of witnesses is given as L1,077 6s. 9d.;
+advertisements and sundries cost L355 13s. 6d.; and this leaves a balance
+of over L768, which is pronounced inadequate to deal with the cases that
+remain. A fresh appeal is therefore made to the British Public. A
+Deputation was sent from London to investigate cases, and this Deputation
+reports, in January, 1820, that out of 420 sufferers visited and relieved
+113 are females; that 130 received severe sabre-cuts, 14 of these being
+females. (To be quite safe, we must admit the possibility that the term
+"sufferers" may sometimes include members of the families of those killed
+or injured.) There follow 38 pages filled with the names of those killed
+and wounded at Peterloo, some 430 in all, with full details of their
+injuries, and in the case of the former the description is "Killed, _or_,
+who have subsequently died in consequence of injuries there received," the
+number of these being given as eleven. Of these eleven: two were "sabred;"
+one was "sabred and trampled upon;" one was "sabred and stabbed;" one
+"sabred and crushed;" two (one of them a woman) "rode over by the
+cavalry;" one "trampled by the cavalry;" one "inwardly crushed;" and one
+(a woman) "thrown into a cellar." In the case of two of these the words
+are added "killed on the spot." The child killed in Cooper Street
+completes the total.
+
+One of the Relief Committees met at Mr. Prentice's warehouse, and the care
+with which the various cases were investigated, and successive grants made
+from the funds of the different Committees, is clearly shown by the
+details given in the account-book secured by Mr. Guppy in 1919 for the
+Rylands Library, which is mentioned above.
+
+Perhaps it will never be possible to say exactly how many were left dead
+on the field. One, at anyrate, who died at once, or very shortly
+afterwards, was (by a strange irony) a Special Constable, and this is
+probably the "one man killed" of some of the accounts. It will be
+remembered that Lieut. Jolliffe reported "two women not likely to recover;
+one man in a dying state; and two or three reputed dead;" in the letter
+quoted above, describing his visit to the Infirmary on the Sunday
+following the event.
+
+Most of the cases investigated by the Committees belonged to the side of
+the Reformers; but it must not be forgotten that the other side claimed to
+have serious casualties. Mr. Francis Phillips, _e.g._, enumerates the
+casualties to the troops, and an estimate of these is given also in the
+Centenary Volume of the Cheshire Yeomanry; we have already seen above,
+moreover, that a subscription list was opened for the families of the
+Special Constables, and that the appeal met with a generous response. It
+is a curious feature of the case that each side seems to be anxious to
+make its casualty list as imposing as possible. An interesting summary of
+the various estimates is given by MacDonnell in his _State Trials_. This
+summary includes the Official Report from the Infirmary, and the list of
+casualties to the troops. Without pursuing the matter further, we may say
+that a careful examination of the somewhat confusing evidence would seem
+to show that the estimate "eleven killed and between 500 and 600 wounded"
+will not prove to be far wrong, provided that (1) we understand "killed"
+to include those who died as the result of injuries received on the field;
+(2) we include in the general total the casualties incurred during the
+disturbances some hours later in the neighbourhood of New Cross. At least
+one list, published subsequently, brings the total of killed up to
+fourteen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Two points not directly concerned with this discussion are dealt with by
+the Relief Committee, and are sufficiently interesting to be recorded: (1)
+The Committee paid out L710 "on account of the Trial at York; the
+Manchester Committee voting L100 for the same object." (2) The Deputation
+sent from London to investigate the cases, mentioned in their Report some
+striking details of the conditions of life amongst the operatives. To
+quote only two sentences: "in no one instance among the weavers did your
+Deputation see a morsel of animal food, and they ascertained that in most
+families where there were children the taste of meat was unknown from one
+year to another." "Six shillings a week was the average wage of an
+able-bodied and industrious weaver. Many could not get this."
+
+
+2.--PRESENCE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AT PETERLOO.
+
+It has often been asserted that the peaceful intentions of the crowd at
+Peterloo are attested by the presence among them of women and young
+children. As every detail of evidence is of value, I give here a sentence
+from a letter which I received from Principal Reynolds: "My father was
+there, in his mother's arms, though only one year old; so my grandmother
+told me."
+
+
+3.--SOME GLEANINGS FROM THE SCRAP-BOOKS.
+
+It was the custom in the early decades of the nineteenth century, when
+newspapers were dear and newspaper files were not available, as there were
+no free libraries, to collect newspaper cuttings and illustrations, with
+tracts and "broadsides," election squibs and so forth, in large
+scrap-books. Thus, at the Peel Park Library is preserved the scrap-book of
+Joseph Brotherton (for many years Member for Salford), running to over
+forty volumes. The Greaves scrap-book at the Reference Library contains a
+valuable collection of this kind. The Owen collection at the same Library
+fills over eighty volumes. At the Chetham Library may be seen Lord
+Ellesmere's scrap-book and a number of others. From many references to
+Peterloo in these books we may select the three items which follow: The
+Greaves collection contains a rare print of Peterloo, somewhat lurid in
+its detail. Mr. Albert Nicholson has in his possession a highly-coloured
+copy of this, which he has shown me. No other copies seem to be known.
+
+I have to thank Mr. J. J. Phelps for calling my attention to two papers in
+a scrap-book at the Chetham Library which he conjectures to have been that
+of Mr. Francis Phillips, the protagonist on behalf of the magistrates, and
+the author of _An Exposure of the Calumnies, &c._ One of these is the
+actual subpoena which Mr. Phillips received, summoning him to give
+evidence in the trial at York: "there to testify the truth on our behalf
+against Henry Hunt and others for certain misdemeanours whereof they are
+indicted." (MS. B. 9. 41. 110. p. 43.).
+
+The other paper is of some importance as it fixes the date of the
+embodiment of the Manchester Yeomanry. In _The Story of Peterloo_ (p. 13)
+some details are given in support of a conjecture that the corps was
+formed later than March in 1817. The scrap-book just quoted confirms this
+conjecture, for there appears a printed copy of a letter addressed to the
+Boroughreeves and Constables of Manchester and Salford, and bearing over a
+hundred signatures (that of Mr. Phillips coming second), asking that a
+meeting may be convened with the object of forming such a corps. In
+response to this appeal the Boroughreeves and Constables summoned a
+meeting for the purpose, in a letter dated Manchester, June the 16th,
+1817. (MS B. 9. 41. 110. p. 22). With this date as a guide, it was easy to
+find in the advertisement columns of _Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle_ for
+Saturday, June the 21st, 1817, a copy of both letters, a list of the
+signatures, and the announcement that the proposed meeting was actually
+held on June the 19th, 1817, when it was resolved: "that under the present
+circumstances it is expedient to form a body of Yeomanry Cavalry in the
+Towns and neighbourhood of Manchester and Salford." Details follow as to
+Government allowances for uniform, etc., and as to the possibility of
+amalgamating with similar corps in the surrounding towns, should such be
+formed. Each man was to provide his own horse.
+
+This information has an important bearing on the tragedy of Peterloo, and
+taken in conjunction with the Resolution of the Magistrates mentioned in
+_The Story of Peterloo_ (p. 13), leaves no doubt as to what was the nature
+of the "present circumstances" that called the corps into being.
+
+
+4.--EXPLANATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY PLAN AND PICTURE OF PETERLOO.
+
+(_a_) The Contemporary Plan of St. Peter's Field which appears on the
+following page was published in Farquharson's verbatim Report of the Trial
+in 1822. As the lettering is small, some explanation is necessary.
+
+The shaded area in the centre represents the open space on which the
+tragedy was enacted. To the south of it is clearly seen the "raised
+ground" mentioned by Stanley, and shown also in his Plan. The windmill
+which stood near, and gave its name to Windmill Street, had disappeared
+some years before. The site of it is now occupied by the Central Station
+Approach.
+
+On the shaded space are marked: "Hustings;" "Carriage" (_i.e._, Mr. Hunt's
+carriage, marked also on Stanley's Plan); the double line of "Constables;"
+and the "Manchester Yeomanry," drawn up in front of the row of houses in
+Mount Street, labelled: "Magistrates assembled here." The Friends' Meeting
+House is marked "Quaker's Meeting House," and the enclosing wall is stated
+to measure in height "3 ft. 7 in. on the inside" and "10 ft. 3 in. on the
+outside." These measurements would be inserted, probably, in connection
+with the statement that one of the Cavalry jumped his horse over this
+wall. Apparently a gate and posts cross Mount Street in front of the
+Meeting House, and lead into "St. Peter's Field," across which two dotted
+lines indicate the _projected_ line of Peter Street.
+
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Peterloo. From Farquharson's Report of the Trial,
+1822. (See page 88.)
+
+_Photo by R. H. Fletcher._]
+
+
+The position of the Troops and the line of their approach to the Field are
+shown as follows: The "31st Infantry" are drawn up in Brazennose Street,
+the upper end of which is also blocked with a gate and posts; the "88th
+Infantry" are lined up in Dickinson Street; in Portland Street are the
+"Manchester Yeomanry," and their course is shown by a dotted line up
+Portland Street, along Nicholas Street, down Cooper Street, and then round
+the corner of Cooper's garden wall (now the site of the north-western
+corner of the Midland Hotel) into Mount Street; the Plan stating that "The
+Manchester Yeomanry came this way to the ground;" another troop of the
+"Manchester Yeomanry" is drawn up in front of St. John's Church, in Byrom
+Street; facing them, in the same street, are shown the "15th Hussars" in
+two sections, presumably representing the "two squadrons" mentioned by
+Lieutenant Jolliffe in his letter; lastly, the "Cheshire Yeomanry" are
+drawn up in St. John's Street, off Deansgate, and the line of approach of
+all these mounted troops is shown by a dotted line passing along Byrom
+Street, St. John's Street, southward down Deansgate, then along Fleet
+Street, up Lower Mosley Street, and along the "raised ground" already
+mentioned to St. Peter's Field, the inscription on the Plan reading: "The
+15th Hussars, one troop of the Manchester and Cheshire Yeomanry came this
+way to the ground." The artillery are not shewn.
+
+The scale of yards given on the Plan shows that Stanley's estimate of a
+hundred yards as the distance from Mr. Buxton's house to the Hustings was
+exactly correct.
+
+(_b_) Wroe's Contemporary Picture of Peterloo, which is shewn on the
+following page, is perhaps the best of a number of sketches extant. The
+details are fairly accurate. In the background, on the extreme left, is
+seen (to quote Bamford) "the corner of a garden wall, round which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, in blue and white uniform, came trotting, sword in
+hand, to the front of a row of new houses." The "corner" is on the site of
+the north-western corner of the Midland Hotel. The "new houses" were on
+the site of the present Midland Buffet. Mr. Ewart's factory, in the
+distance, was just off Lower Mosley Street. The row of houses to the right
+of this, in the background, was on the upper side of Windmill Street. The
+Hustings are on the site of the south-eastern corner of the Free Trade
+Hall. Standing on them we may distinguish Mr. Hunt and the Leader of the
+Manchester Female Reformers. Around them are the Banners of the various
+contingents; we may even make out the legend "No Corn Laws" on the one in
+front. The Banner-poles are shaped to resemble caps of Liberty, as shown
+in another of our illustrations. The crowd are occupying the site of the
+Free Trade Hall, the Theatre Royal, the Y.M.C.A., the Gaiety, and a number
+of adjoining buildings.
+
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF St PETER'S PLACE
+
+_To face page 90_]
+
+
+The moment seized by the artist for his picture is that in which the
+Manchester Yeomanry, many of whom are scattered and entangled among the
+crowd, have reached the Hustings, while in the distance the Hussars can
+just be seen lining up in Mount Street and charging to their relief. The
+crowd, consisting of men, women and children, are seen dispersing in all
+directions.
+
+The view might be imagined to have been taken from the roof of a building
+which then occupied the site of the present Albert Hall, in Peter Street.
+Other contemporary prints include St. Peter's Church and the Friends'
+Meeting House in the picture.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] I met Mr. Buxton on the steps of his house, not at all aware till then
+that his _residence_ was at or near the place of meeting. I had been
+directed to his _shop_, considerably beyond the square, to which I was
+proceeding. I state this to prove that what I afterwards saw was purely
+accidental, and that I had no previous intention of witnessing in detail
+the transactions of the day. As I came from the bottom of Alport Street,
+on the Altrincham side of Manchester, my original directions were indeed
+to pass through St. Peter's field as the shortest line, but I had taken a
+circuitous route to avoid the meeting, which led me to the corner of it
+near Mr. Buxton's house.
+
+[2] It has been stated, upon evidence which I should be unwilling to
+discredit, that the body of persons more immediately in contact with the
+hustings were of Hunt's party. My reasons for believing them at the time
+to be (as I was told) special constables, were because they resembled them
+in appearance, were connected in their lines, had their hats on, and
+staves of office occasionally appeared amongst them. Mr. Hay, in his
+official letter, says: "A body of special constables took their ground,
+about two hundred in number, close to the hustings, from whence there was
+a line of communication to the house where we were." This is precisely my
+view of the case; doubtless, had the communication been cut, he would have
+noticed it.
+
+[3] Some, by being better mounted or rather in advance, might have been
+more moderate in their pace, but generally speaking it was very rapid, and
+I use the word gallop, as conveying the best idea of their approach.
+
+[4] I am particular in mentioning these minute circumstances, because in
+this and some other points in which I could not be mistaken, I have been
+strongly contradicted.
+
+[5] It has been often asked when and where the cavalry struck the people.
+I can only say that from the moment they began to force their way through
+the crowd towards the hustings swords were up and swords were down, but
+whether they fell with the sharp or flat side, of course I cannot pretend
+to give an opinion.
+
+[6] On quitting the ground I for the first time observed that strong
+bodies of infantry were posted in the streets, on opposite sides of the
+square; their appearance might probably have increased the alarm and would
+certainly have impeded the progress of a mob wishing to retreat in either
+of those directions. When I saw them they were resting on their arms, and
+I believe they remained stationary, taking no part in the transaction.
+
+[7] On entering Mosley Street at 12 o'clock I stopped to question some
+persons on the footway respecting the proceedings of the day. When about
+to proceed, I was recommended to move from the middle of the street to the
+path, as the mob were advancing. I declined, suspecting my advisers might
+be radicals, adding: "I am on the King's highway, and shall remain where I
+am." I mention this because I have heard it reported that I was insulted
+by the Ashton people, which may have originated from the above account.
+
+[8] [In the copy of Farquharson's verbatim Report of the Trial, which is
+preserved at the Reference Library, Manchester, this "not" is omitted. The
+omission is, of course, due to a misprint, and someone has inserted "not"
+in pencil. Similarly, in my own copy of Farquharson's Report, someone has
+inserted the "not" in ink. McDonnell, in his "State Trials," inserted the
+"not." Mr. McKennell's evidence, as reported in Farquharson, is as follows
+(pp. 169, 170; he was cross-examined by Mr. Serjeant Hullock):--
+
+By whom was the Riot Act read?
+
+--I never heard it read.
+
+You heard no such thing?
+
+--I did not.
+
+EDITOR.]
+
+[9] [St. John Street or Byrom Street.--EDITOR.]
+
+[10] [South-east would be more correct.--EDITOR.]
+
+[11] [East would be more correct. The Cheshire Yeomanry filed along the
+south side. The arrows in Stanley's Plan make this clear.--EDITOR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Accounts of Peterloo, by
+Edward Stanley and William Jolliffe and John Benjamin Smith
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