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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ontario Archives
+       Scope of its Operations
+
+Author: Alexander Fraser
+
+Release Date: August 6, 2011 [EBook #36992]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by James Wright and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+book was created from images of public domain material
+made available by the University of Toronto Libraries
+(http://link.library.utoronto.ca/booksonline/).)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+               THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES: SCOPE OF ITS
+                           OPERATIONS
+
+        (Paper read at the twenty-seventh annual meeting of
+           the American Historical Association, held at
+               Buffalo, N. Y., December 27-30, 1911)
+
+                               BY
+
+                        ALEXANDER FRASER
+
+             LL. D., LITT. D., F. S. A., SCOT. EDIN.
+
+
+Reprinted from the Annual Report of the American Historical Association
+                     for 1911, pages 353-362
+
+                           WASHINGTON
+                              1913
+
+
+
+
+                      THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES.
+
+           By ALEXANDER FRASER, Provincial Archivist.
+
+
+The line of demarcation between the Canadian or Dominion archives and
+the Ontario or other provincial archives is somewhat similar to that
+between the Federal and State archives in the United States. It consists
+with the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dominion or major
+commonwealth, and the narrower or minor jurisdiction of the Province.
+This constitutes a clearly defined boundary within which both work
+without conflict or overlapping of interests. Our public charter is an
+imperial statute entitled the British North America act, and to-day,
+when there are nine fully constituted, autonomous Provinces within the
+Dominion of Canada, it is interesting to recall that when the British
+North America act became law in 1867 the subtitle set forth that it was
+"An act for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the
+government thereof; and for purposes connected therewith."
+
+This act provides for the government of Ontario a lieutenant-governor,
+who represents the Crown; an executive council of ministers of state and
+a legislature composed of duly elected representatives of the people. To
+this body the act secures exclusive legislative powers in Ontario and
+Quebec, in the matter of Crown lands, forests and mines; education, from
+the public common school to the university; municipal government,
+institutions and laws; incorporation of chartered companies--commercial,
+financial, professional, or social; solemnization of marriage, involving
+family history, vital statistics, etc.; property and civil rights;
+administration of justice, embracing both civil and criminal
+jurisdiction; agriculture and immigration, under which municipal,
+industrial, and agricultural statistics are collected, tabulated, and
+published; the founding and maintenance of provincial institutions such
+as hospitals, asylums, reformatories, prisons, and institutions for the
+instruction of the deaf and dumb and the blind; offices for the local
+registration of deeds, titles to land; the licensing of shops, taverns,
+hotels, auctioneers, etc.; the erection of local public works; the
+authorization and regulation of transportation not interprovincial.
+
+In short the Provincial Government gets close to the life of the people
+and touches its business and social sides intimately. As at present
+constituted the ministry comprises the departments of: The attorney
+general, dealing with the administration of law; the provincial
+secretary, controlling registration, and the public institutions; the
+provincial treasurer, dealing with the public accounts; agriculture;
+lands, forests, and mines; public works; and education. The prime
+minister is statutorily president of the council and head of the
+ministry. Besides these and exercising semi-ministerial or departmental
+functions are two commissions, the hydro-electric commission and the
+Government railway commission. These, with the legislature itself, are
+the departments of government in which our archives originate.
+
+Archives we have defined as the records, the business papers, of the
+province having a permanent value. All archives need not be of
+historical value in the narrow sense. Public documents may have a
+business or record value apart from history, yet it would be hard to say
+that any given document might not be found useful in some way in
+connection with history. The main value of a document is as an evidence
+of truth. Every document does not contain truth, yet even such a
+document may, in effect, be a fact in history, and training and
+experience lead to a reasonably true interpretation.
+
+The Ontario Bureau of Archives, organized in 1903, is equally related
+and attached to all the Government departments, and receives all papers
+and documents of record value or of historical interest, not in current
+use, from all branches of the public service. When possible, these
+documents are classified, calendared, and indexed.
+
+The archives originating in the legislative assembly are: The Scroll of
+Parliament--the documents known by that title being the notes and
+memoranda made by the clerk, of the routine proceedings of the house
+during its sessions; the original signatures of the members of the
+legislative assembly subscribed to the oath of allegiance when "sworn
+in" as members of the assembly, the signatures being written on
+parchment; copies of the statutes in the form in which they have been
+assented to and signed by His Honor the Lieutenant Governor. These
+copies are printed on good paper, and after having been assented to
+become the originals of the statutes in force; and the original copy
+pertaining to the consolidated statutes.
+
+Among the assembly archives are the manuscripts of all sessional papers
+not printed (a sessional paper is a return called for by order of the
+house, whether printed or not, and the reports of departments and all
+branches of the public service presented to the house); the originals of
+all petitions presented to the house (these are not printed); the
+originals of bills in the form in which they are presented to the house;
+and copies of bills amended during their passage through the house. The
+original copy of sessional papers which are printed is returned with the
+proof sheets to the department or officer issuing the same.
+
+Naturally next in importance to the records of the legislature are those
+of the executive council or Government. All matters requiring executive
+action are brought before the council upon the recommendation or report
+of the minister having the subject matter in charge. The recommendation
+or report is addressed to His Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
+The reports of the committee of council are signed by the prime minister
+as president, are counter-signed by the clerk and submitted to the
+lieutenant governor for approval, after which the document becomes and
+is known as an order of His Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
+Effect is given to orders in council affecting the general public by the
+promulgation of them in the Ontario Gazette; otherwise by the
+transmission of certified copies to the departments or persons
+concerned. The original orders (together with the recommendations,
+reports, and papers upon which they are based), after being registered
+in special journals, become most valuable records and much in request.
+
+Through the department of the attorney general access is obtained to the
+voluminous records, rich in personal history and jurisprudence, arising
+from the administration of justice, in its vast ramifications and
+details, reaching from the policeman and justice of the peace to the
+high courts and court of appeal; from the homely minutes of the quarter
+sessions of early times, to the record of the recent cause célèbre which
+influenced the legislation of the country, or settled questions of
+constitutional import.
+
+With the office of the provincial secretary the provincial archivist
+necessarily has very close relations. The office of the secretary is the
+medium of communication, through the lieutenant governor, between the
+provincial, dominion, and imperial governments. All such correspondence
+is registered and copies of the dispatches are kept. All commissions
+bearing the great seal of the Province are issued by the secretary, and
+are registered in his office, as are also all appointments made by his
+Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council requiring the issuance of a
+commission. Charters of incorporation, licenses for extra-provincial
+companies doing business in Ontario, and marriage licenses are issued
+here under the direction of the secretary; here also are made records of
+all Crown land patents (the earliest record being 1795), the records of
+all mining leases and deeds and leases relating to the public lands,
+etc. In the secretary's office are kept the vital statistics of the
+Province. From the organization of the Province in 1792 until 1849
+marriages were recorded in the parish and congregational registers kept
+by clergymen, in the minute books of the quarter sessions of the peace,
+and in the memorandum books of justices of the peace. In addition to
+this, fairly complete records of births were made in the baptismal
+registers, and of deaths in the journals of clergymen, who recorded the
+deaths of parishioners for congregational purposes. Many of these old
+books, however, have been either lost or destroyed, or their disposition
+is not known. In 1849 the municipalities were enabled to make provision
+by by-law for the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, and
+advantage was taken of that statute to a very considerable extent. From
+the passing of the law of 1849 until 1874 all records of marriages in
+the Province were returned to the city and county registrars, who became
+their official custodians. In 1869 the office of the registrar general
+was established and compulsory registration of births, marriages, and
+deaths introduced. Until 1874 the returns were still sent to the county
+and city registrars, but since 1874 they have been sent direct to the
+registrar general's office. The work of transcribing these returns and
+preserving them in proper form has been proceeding for years; and the
+documents, books, and statistical papers of the office, which are in
+safe keeping, form an invaluable collection of archives.
+
+In addition to the original vouchers of the public accounts, the
+treasury department contains the papers of the succession duty office,
+including affidavits made by the applicants on all applications for
+letters probate or letters of administration in the Province showing the
+value, as at the date of the death of a deceased person, of such
+person's estate, with a general statement of the distribution thereof;
+including copies of wills, affidavits of value, bonds, and other
+documents which in particular cases have been furnished in order that
+the amount of succession duty payable, in cases liable to payment, might
+be ascertained. These documents are not generally accessible to the
+public, as they relate to the private concerns not only of deceased but
+of living persons, but they are a valuable addition to the surrogate
+courts' records which are a mine of genealogical information.
+
+The great staple enterprises of Ontario are agriculture, industrial
+production, lumbering, mining, and in general, trade and commerce. Of
+these agriculture is the greatest, and the records of its growth and
+development have a special value to the student of economics. The
+statistical branch, formed in 1882, issues annual reports dealing with
+agricultural and municipal interests--assessment figures, population,
+areas assessed, taxes imposed, annual receipts and expenditures, assets
+and liabilities, chattel mortgages, proving of value to municipal
+debenture holders and the public generally.
+
+Of all our departments, the bureau of archives has drawn most largely on
+the documentary treasures of the department of Crown lands. The material
+of historical interest here is exceedingly varied and valuable,
+embracing the records of the surveys of the Province; the original maps,
+field notes, and diaries relating to the survey of all the townships
+dating back to 1784, and reports of all the explorations made within the
+limits of the Province since that date; reports showing the planning
+out and surveys of the old military roads, such as Dundas Street, Yonge
+Street, the Penetanguishene and Kingston Roads, and the papers in
+connection with the surveys of the Talbot Road, the Huron Road, the
+Garafraxa Road, the Toronto and Sydenham Road (Owen Sound). There's much
+valuable information in the notes concerning the pioneer settlements.
+This branch also contains plans of all the old Indian reserves of the
+Province and reports indicating the early condition of the Indian
+settlements on these reserves; also of the ordnance surveys in the
+Province pertaining to land grants to old settlers; plans of the
+military reserves and plans showing the location and groundwork of the
+early forts. Besides these there are the original surveys of all the
+lands acquired by the Canada company and of those granted to King's
+College. A collection of much importance already transferred to the
+archives vaults is that embracing the diaries or journals of David
+Thompson, the astronomer royal, covering a period of 66 years, from 1784
+to 1850, and making about 50 volumes. Thompson's famous map showing the
+continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from a little south of
+the Great Lakes to Hudson Bay, is carefully preserved in the collection.
+Thompson's journals and map have furnished interesting material to
+students of our early history. They have been used by Mr. Coues in his
+work entitled "New light on the Great North-West," and have been found
+useful in connection with editions of Henry's and Thompson's journals.
+Competent authorities regard Thompson's work as most valuable to the
+State, especially in the fixing of boundary lines; but of little less
+importance are the field notes and diaries of many of the early
+surveyors, not merely for topographical reasons but on account of the
+detailed information given. In a separate vault are many other valuable
+and interesting documents, including the United Empire Loyalists' lists,
+the records of land grants to immigrants, to discharged soldiers, and
+the militia grants of warrants to discharged troops, to United Empire
+Loyalists, volumes of land board certificates, returns of locations
+compiled for the quartermaster general, fiat and warrant books, domesday
+books, containing original entries of every lot that is patented, and
+extending to 26 large volumes, descriptions and terms or references on
+which patents and leases are issued, patents for Crown lands, mining
+lands, free grant lands, and mining leases. There are also a series of
+maps of the townships of the Province as surveyed, which have the names
+of the original holders and settlers entered on each lot or block of
+land. These maps show among other things the grant made to King's
+College, and the lands allotted to the Canada Land Co. The historical
+value of these records is inestimable, for without them the settlement
+of the Province could not be traced or shown.
+
+The most interesting archives emanating from the public-works department
+are the records of the early colonization roads--arteries of settlement
+and trade routes and the title deeds, plans and specifications,
+contracts, maps, and documents relating to Crown property, buildings,
+and institutions, a finely conditioned collection.
+
+I have thus, at considerable length, described the field in which the
+archivist of Ontario labors and out of which he is gradually building up
+his storehouse of archives. The main purpose of the bureau is that of a
+record office of State papers, primarily for their proper preservation
+and for the greater convenience of the public service. This is in the
+nature of things. A central office, in which papers from all departments
+of the Government are lodged after they have passed out of current use,
+examined, classified, and filed by a staff familiar with their contents,
+need only be brought into use to become indispensably serviceable in the
+carrying on of public business; but in addition, the archivist, knowing
+the contents of the documents in his custody, is able to direct and help
+in a manner that can not otherwise be done, that portion of the public
+interested in the information contained in the Government archives.
+
+Notwithstanding the completeness and compactness of the field I have
+briefly sketched as a logical and correct one for the purposes of a
+State record office, it is nevertheless equally obvious that Government
+records alone do not nor can embrace all the archives properly so called
+of a State or Province. When, therefore, I was asked, eight years ago,
+to organize a bureau of archives for Ontario, I laid out a much wider
+plan than that I have referred to, with, however, the State record
+office always as the central idea. The bureau is therefore double
+barreled; it draws from the pigeonholes of the departments, and it
+collects outside material that may throw light on the settlement and
+development of the Province of Ontario, the source of which is often far
+afield. For instance, the Province of Quebec (including Ontario), up to
+1774 included all to the south and west as far as St. Louis and the
+Mississippi, and of course, what became in 1791 Upper Canada. The
+British régime is touched by the French and the French by the Indian.
+
+In carrying out this plan the bureau aims at the collection of documents
+having, in the widest sense, a bearing upon the political or social
+history of Ontario, and upon its agricultural, industrial, commercial,
+and financial development; the collection of municipal, school, and
+church records; the collection and preservation of pamphlets, maps,
+charts, manuscripts, papers, regimental muster rolls, etc., bearing on
+its past or present history; the collection and preservation of facts
+illustrative of the early settlements, pioneer experience, customs, mode
+of living, prices, wages, boundaries, areas cultivated, homes, etc.; the
+collection and preservation of correspondence, letters from and to
+settlers, documents in private hands pertaining to public and social
+affairs, etc., reports of local events and historic incidents in the
+family or public life; the rescuing from oblivion of the memory of the
+pioneer settlers, the obtaining and preserving narratives of their early
+exploits, and of the part they took in opening up the country for
+occupation; and the bureau cooperates with the historical societies of
+Ontario and societies kindred to them, helping to consolidate and
+classify their work, and as far as practicable to direct local effort on
+given lines.
+
+Within this scope the following plan of work has been adopted: To divide
+the history of Ontario until the confederation of the Provinces in 1867
+into its political periods, arranging the material secured in
+chronological order, and giving each period a series of reports. Thus
+the work has been carried on in all the divisions simultaneously, and
+when sufficient material has accumulated in any one of them, it has been
+utilized by the publication of documents without undue delay. From
+confederation onward, the larger quantity of material to be dealt with,
+and the probable absence of sweeping constitutional changes to mark
+eras, suggested a chronological rather than a political basis of
+division. The periods are:
+
+     1. To the close of the French régime, or the period of French
+            discovery, 1763.
+
+     2. To the organization of the Province of Upper Canada, 1791.
+
+     3. To the legislative union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841.
+
+     4. To confederation, 1867.
+
+     5. To the end of the nineteenth century, 1900.
+
+In each of these divisions there is much work to do. Each has its own
+distinctive features, and there is abundance of minor incident.
+
+Material of special interest to Ontario bearing on the French régime is
+contained in the "Correspondence Générale," in the papers of the
+"Collection de Moreau St. Méry," which have been transcribed from the
+Paris archives for the Canadian archives, most of which has never been
+published in printed form. There is also valuable Ontario material in
+the "Haldimand Collection of papers," the "Bouquet Papers," and the
+Colonial Office records bearing on this period. It is intended to
+collect and publish these papers, accompanied by an adequate
+translation, when not written in English, and adding extracts in
+chronological order from the publications of Perrot, La Potherie, La
+Harpe, Charlevoix, De Kalm, the Jesuit Relations, papers by Margry, and
+a portion of the "Mémoire pour Messire François Bigot," which contains
+what seems to be an excellent summary of the commerce and condition of
+all the western trading posts at the time of the conquest. Other sources
+of material for publication have also been considered in connection with
+this early period.
+
+Aboriginal or Indian history presents many interesting features to us,
+and some attention has been given to the subject, including an inquiry
+as to the original savage occupants of Ontario, their origin,
+migrations, traffic, and intercourse; their language, topographical
+nomenclature, folklore, and literature; the origin and development of
+their clan, tribal, and national organization; the history and results
+of European contact; their present condition, capabilities, and
+tendencies.
+
+This period of Ontario history, that of the French régime, will be our
+heroic age, as "distance lends enchantment to the view." Here will be
+found the adventurous coureurs de bois, many of the great routes and
+trading posts, the headquarters of which in later times, was Fort
+William, on Thunder Bay. Here the Huron and Iroquois met in deadly
+conflict; here also the French missionaries of the Cross endured untold
+sufferings with ecstatic heroism, and receiving the martyr's crown left
+a record of Christian zeal and fortitude not surpassed, if at all
+equaled, in the history of the world. Events which stirred the
+imagination and fascinated the finely poised mind of a Parkman will yet
+furnish the material for Canada's great, unwritten epic poem.
+
+The Ontario bureau of archives has made a beginning in this field by
+publishing a volume on the "Identification of the Huron Village Sites,"
+where those missionaries labored and fell, prepared by the venerable and
+scholarly archivist of St. Mary's College, Montreal, the Rev. Father
+Jones, S. J., a contribution, I believe, of undoubted value. It may be
+taken as significant of our attitude that a work of such erudite
+research has been treated as a public document and issued free to the
+people at the expense of the Government. It will soon be followed by the
+writings of Father Potier, a work of far-reaching importance and
+interest, which is in process of preparation for the press. The three
+volumes of manuscript have been photographed page by page and a
+zincograph facsimile of the original will be placed before scholars, a
+work the casual announcement of which has already whetted the appetites
+of not a few antiquarians.
+
+Leaving this interesting period for the second I have mentioned, we
+reach the coming to Ontario of the United Empire Loyalists. These form
+the basis of our population and still give color to our political
+thought and form and fashion to our institutions. In this period we have
+published two volumes, one of about 1,500 pages, being the manuscript of
+evidence laid before a royal commission reporting on the claims for
+compensation for losses suffered by the United Empire Loyalists, a
+document now out of print and much sought for. The other volume consists
+of the minutes of the land board of the western district of Ontario,
+bordering on Lake Erie and the Detroit River, containing particulars
+of grants of land before 1792, schedules, regulations, description lists
+of grantees, and surveys, and a mass of data connected with Indian
+rights and the settlement of land generally. It has been of value in
+land-title lawsuits, etc., and extends to more than 500 pages.
+
+Combining this period with the succeeding one, we have collected the
+proclamations by the Crown from 1763 to 1840 and issued them in a
+volume, the necessity of which has been felt, as may be understood when
+it is stated that no such collection had ever been made before, though
+these proclamations are of public use in an endless variety of business.
+
+Under our third division the narrower political history of our Province
+begins, the introduction of constitutional government--the work of the
+legislature, some of whose early records are lost, the outbreak of the
+War of 1812, the progress of settlement, and the development of
+municipal and commercial institutions, the restiveness leading to the
+rising of 1837, and the concessions made to responsible government. Here
+a great deal of archival work has been already accomplished. The
+journals of the proceedings of the legislature of Upper Canada from 1792
+to 1818, so far as we have been able to find them, have been published
+and the series will be issued to the year 1824, from which year printed
+copies are in existence. The journals of the legislative council
+concurrent with those of the legislative assembly down to 1816 have also
+been published, and one volume in each series, now in the press, will
+complete the work. These journals are simply indispensable, being the
+original evidence of all our legislation. Our constitutional development
+and the history of our legislature can not be studied or understood
+without them. I may be pardoned should I refer particularly to one of
+many interesting questions dealt with in the closing years of the
+eighteenth century as shown in these journals. The legislative assembly,
+following the rule of the Imperial House of Commons, claimed the power
+of the purse, and objected to their supply bill being amended by the
+legislative council or upper house. A deadlock ensued; neither side
+would budge from its position; a conference of both houses was held and
+the assembly won on the understanding that the question would be
+referred to the law officers of the Crown in Britain for future
+guidance. This was accordingly done and the right claimed by the
+assembly or lower house was conceded to it. Thus was solved amicably for
+Canada at the small hamlet of Newark, on the banks of the Niagara, a
+constitutional principle which recently shook the United Kingdom and
+produced a serious and radical constitutional crisis, in which once more
+the Commons vindicated their supremacy in questions of national
+finance.
+
+The records of the first Court of Common Pleas for Upper Canada, with
+valuable annotations and historical notes, are being prepared for the
+press.
+
+In this division we have in hand among other things the preparation of a
+domesday book for the Province. Our plan, which has made substantial
+progress, is to cover all our settlement of Crown lands from 1783 to
+1900 by townships, giving each grantee a description, and, for the
+purpose of reference, a number. Succeeding volumes will furnish memoirs,
+notes, and statistical data of a special character bearing on the
+grantees and on their settlements. In this connection we are collecting
+and rapidly accumulating local material which will be drawn upon for
+this work. This I consider one of the biggest undertakings planned by
+the bureau, which occupy much time to bring it to completion, but when
+completed will be a work of reference of permanent use to our historical
+investigators.
+
+We are also collecting papers and documents pertaining to the political
+history of Ontario that ought to be preserved in permanent form, which
+will be issued in a series of four consecutive volumes. These have been
+planned on lines that will bring their usefulness directly to the
+growing class of students of our provincial history.
+
+Lately a genealogical branch has been included in our program and steps
+are being taken to obtain by legislation a change of official forms so
+as to help in the collecting of data. The work will be conducted on the
+basis of the county unit, with correspondents engaged under the
+direction of the bureau.
+
+While effort has been directed on these lines, I have paid more
+attention to the collecting of much neglected material throughout the
+Province--in the hands of private individuals, public bodies, or local
+officials, rather than to the exact and adequate classification and
+indexing of outside material as it is being received. The Province has
+been so long entirely neglected that when I undertook to organize the
+department I decided that the most valuable service I could render to
+the public was to acquire, to collect, and safely preserve whatever
+material I could find, believing the day would soon come when the value
+of such material would be fully realized and the necessary office
+assistance provided to enable me to make the accumulated archives
+conveniently accessible to the public.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:-
+
+P. 355  "the Lieutanant Governor in Council." changed to "the Lieutenant
+         Governor in Council."
+
+Original spelling and punctuation retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>
+The Project Gutenberg eBook of "The Ontario Archives: Scope of its Operations (1913)", by Alexander Fraser (1860-1936)
+</title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ontario Archives
+       Scope of its Operations
+
+Author: Alexander Fraser
+
+Release Date: August 6, 2011 [EBook #36992]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by James Wright and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+book was created from images of public domain material
+made available by the University of Toronto Libraries
+(http://link.library.utoronto.ca/booksonline/).)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h2>THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES: SCOPE OF ITS<br />
+OPERATIONS</h2>
+
+<h6>(Paper read at the twenty-seventh annual meeting of<br />
+the American Historical Association, held at<br />
+Buffalo, N. Y., December 27-30, 1911)</h6>
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<h6>BY</h6>
+<br /><br />
+<h3>ALEXANDER FRASER<br />
+
+<small><small>LL. D., LITT. D., F. S. A., SCOT. EDIN.</small></small></h3>
+<br /><br />
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<br /><br />
+<h6>Reprinted from the Annual Report of the American Historical Association<br />
+for 1911, pages 353-362</h6>
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 60px;">
+<img src="images/351_illo.jpg" width="60" height="73" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<br /><br />
+<h5>WASHINGTON<br />
+1913</h5>
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES.</h4><br />
+<hr style="width: 10%;" /><br />
+<h5>By <span class="smcap">Alexander Fraser</span>, Provincial Archivist.</h5><br />
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+<br />
+<p>The line of demarcation between the Canadian or Dominion
+archives and the Ontario or other provincial archives is somewhat
+similar to that between the Federal and State archives in the United
+States. It consists with the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dominion
+or major commonwealth, and the narrower or minor jurisdiction
+of the Province. This constitutes a clearly defined boundary within
+which both work without conflict or overlapping of interests. Our
+public charter is an imperial statute entitled the British North
+America act, and to-day, when there are nine fully constituted,
+autonomous Provinces within the Dominion of Canada, it is interesting
+to recall that when the British North America act became
+law in 1867 the subtitle set forth that it was "An act for the union
+of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the government
+thereof; and for purposes connected therewith."</p>
+
+<p>This act provides for the government of Ontario a lieutenant-governor,
+who represents the Crown; an executive council of ministers
+of state and a legislature composed of duly elected representatives
+of the people. To this body the act secures exclusive legislative
+powers in Ontario and Quebec, in the matter of Crown lands,
+forests and mines; education, from the public common school to the
+university; municipal government, institutions and laws; incorporation
+of chartered companies&mdash;commercial, financial, professional,
+or social; solemnization of marriage, involving family history, vital
+statistics, etc.; property and civil rights; administration of justice,
+embracing both civil and criminal jurisdiction; agriculture and
+immigration, under which municipal, industrial, and agricultural
+statistics are collected, tabulated, and published; the founding and
+maintenance of provincial institutions such as hospitals, asylums,
+reformatories, prisons, and institutions for the instruction of the
+deaf and dumb and the blind; offices for the local registration of
+deeds, titles to land; the licensing of shops, taverns, hotels, auctioneers,
+etc.; the erection of local public works; the authorization and
+regulation of transportation not interprovincial.</p>
+
+<p>In short the Provincial Government gets close to the life of the
+people and touches its business and social sides intimately. As
+at present constituted the ministry comprises the departments of:
+The attorney general, dealing with the administration of law; the
+provincial secretary, controlling registration, and the public insti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>tutions;
+the provincial treasurer, dealing with the public accounts;
+agriculture; lands, forests, and mines; public works; and education.
+The prime minister is statutorily president of the council and head
+of the ministry. Besides these and exercising semi-ministerial or
+departmental functions are two commissions, the hydro-electric
+commission and the Government railway commission. These, with
+the legislature itself, are the departments of government in which
+our archives originate.</p>
+
+<p>Archives we have defined as the records, the business papers, of
+the province having a permanent value. All archives need not be of
+historical value in the narrow sense. Public documents may have
+a business or record value apart from history, yet it would be hard to
+say that any given document might not be found useful in some way
+in connection with history. The main value of a document is as an
+evidence of truth. Every document does not contain truth, yet
+even such a document may, in effect, be a fact in history, and training
+and experience lead to a reasonably true interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>The Ontario Bureau of Archives, organized in 1903, is equally
+related and attached to all the Government departments, and
+receives all papers and documents of record value or of historical
+interest, not in current use, from all branches of the public service.
+When possible, these documents are classified, calendared, and
+indexed.</p>
+
+<p>The archives originating in the legislative assembly are: The
+Scroll of Parliament&mdash;the documents known by that title being the
+notes and memoranda made by the clerk, of the routine proceedings
+of the house during its sessions; the original signatures of the
+members of the legislative assembly subscribed to the oath of
+allegiance when "sworn in" as members of the assembly, the signatures
+being written on parchment; copies of the statutes in the
+form in which they have been assented to and signed by His Honor
+the Lieutenant Governor. These copies are printed on good paper,
+and after having been assented to become the originals of the statutes
+in force; and the original copy pertaining to the consolidated
+statutes.</p>
+
+<p>Among the assembly archives are the manuscripts of all sessional
+papers not printed (a sessional paper is a return called for by order
+of the house, whether printed or not, and the reports of departments
+and all branches of the public service presented to the house);
+the originals of all petitions presented to the house (these are not
+printed); the originals of bills in the form in which they are presented
+to the house; and copies of bills amended during their passage
+through the house. The original copy of sessional papers
+which are printed is returned with the proof sheets to the department
+or officer issuing the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Naturally next in importance to the records of the legislature are
+those of the executive council or Government. All matters requiring
+executive action are brought before the council upon the recommendation
+or report of the minister having the subject matter in charge.
+The recommendation or report is addressed to His Honor the Lieutenant
+Governor in Council. The reports of the committee of council
+are signed by the prime minister as president, are counter-signed
+by the clerk and submitted to the lieutenant governor for
+approval, after which the document becomes and is known as an
+order of His Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Effect
+is given to orders in council affecting the general public by the promulgation
+of them in the Ontario Gazette; otherwise by the transmission
+of certified copies to the departments or persons concerned.
+The original orders (together with the recommendations, reports, and
+papers upon which they are based), after being registered in special
+journals, become most valuable records and much in request.</p>
+
+<p>Through the department of the attorney general access is obtained
+to the voluminous records, rich in personal history and jurisprudence,
+arising from the administration of justice, in its vast ramifications
+and details, reaching from the policeman and justice of the
+peace to the high courts and court of appeal; from the homely
+minutes of the quarter sessions of early times, to the record of the
+recent cause c&#233;l&#232;bre which influenced the legislation of the country,
+or settled questions of constitutional import.</p>
+
+<p>With the office of the provincial secretary the provincial archivist
+necessarily has very close relations. The office of the secretary is
+the medium of communication, through the lieutenant governor,
+between the provincial, dominion, and imperial governments. All
+such correspondence is registered and copies of the dispatches are
+kept. All commissions bearing the great seal of the Province are
+issued by the secretary, and are registered in his office, as are also
+all appointments made by his Honor the Lieutenant Governor in
+Council requiring the issuance of a commission. Charters of incorporation,
+licenses for extra-provincial companies doing business in
+Ontario, and marriage licenses are issued here under the direction of
+the secretary; here also are made records of all Crown land patents
+(the earliest record being 1795), the records of all mining leases and
+deeds and leases relating to the public lands, etc. In the secretary's
+office are kept the vital statistics of the Province. From the organization
+of the Province in 1792 until 1849 marriages were recorded in
+the parish and congregational registers kept by clergymen, in the
+minute books of the quarter sessions of the peace, and in the memorandum
+books of justices of the peace. In addition to this, fairly
+complete records of births were made in the baptismal registers, and
+of deaths in the journals of clergymen, who recorded the deaths of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
+parishioners for congregational purposes. Many of these old books,
+however, have been either lost or destroyed, or their disposition is
+not known. In 1849 the municipalities were enabled to make provision
+by by-law for the registration of births, marriages, and deaths,
+and advantage was taken of that statute to a very considerable
+extent. From the passing of the law of 1849 until 1874 all records
+of marriages in the Province were returned to the city and county
+registrars, who became their official custodians. In 1869 the office
+of the registrar general was established and compulsory registration
+of births, marriages, and deaths introduced. Until 1874 the returns
+were still sent to the county and city registrars, but since 1874 they
+have been sent direct to the registrar general's office. The work of
+transcribing these returns and preserving them in proper form has
+been proceeding for years; and the documents, books, and statistical
+papers of the office, which are in safe keeping, form an invaluable
+collection of archives.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the original vouchers of the public accounts, the
+treasury department contains the papers of the succession duty office,
+including affidavits made by the applicants on all applications for
+letters probate or letters of administration in the Province showing
+the value, as at the date of the death of a deceased person, of such
+person's estate, with a general statement of the distribution thereof;
+including copies of wills, affidavits of value, bonds, and other documents
+which in particular cases have been furnished in order that the
+amount of succession duty payable, in cases liable to payment, might
+be ascertained. These documents are not generally accessible to the
+public, as they relate to the private concerns not only of deceased
+but of living persons, but they are a valuable addition to the surrogate
+courts' records which are a mine of genealogical information.</p>
+
+<p>The great staple enterprises of Ontario are agriculture, industrial
+production, lumbering, mining, and in general, trade and commerce.
+Of these agriculture is the greatest, and the records of its growth and
+development have a special value to the student of economics. The
+statistical branch, formed in 1882, issues annual reports dealing with
+agricultural and municipal interests&mdash;assessment figures, population,
+areas assessed, taxes imposed, annual receipts and expenditures,
+assets and liabilities, chattel mortgages, proving of value to municipal
+debenture holders and the public generally.</p>
+
+<p>Of all our departments, the bureau of archives has drawn most
+largely on the documentary treasures of the department of Crown
+lands. The material of historical interest here is exceedingly varied
+and valuable, embracing the records of the surveys of the Province;
+the original maps, field notes, and diaries relating to the survey of all
+the townships dating back to 1784, and reports of all the explorations
+made within the limits of the Province since that date; reports show<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>ing
+the planning out and surveys of the old military roads, such as
+Dundas Street, Yonge Street, the Penetanguishene and Kingston
+Roads, and the papers in connection with the surveys of the Talbot
+Road, the Huron Road, the Garafraxa Road, the Toronto and Sydenham
+Road (Owen Sound). There's much valuable information in
+the notes concerning the pioneer settlements. This branch also
+contains plans of all the old Indian reserves of the Province and reports
+indicating the early condition of the Indian settlements on these
+reserves; also of the ordnance surveys in the Province pertaining to
+land grants to old settlers; plans of the military reserves and plans
+showing the location and groundwork of the early forts. Besides
+these there are the original surveys of all the lands acquired by the
+Canada company and of those granted to King's College. A collection
+of much importance already transferred to the archives vaults is
+that embracing the diaries or journals of David Thompson, the astronomer
+royal, covering a period of 66 years, from 1784 to 1850, and
+making about 50 volumes. Thompson's famous map showing the
+continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from a little south of
+the Great Lakes to Hudson Bay, is carefully preserved in the collection.
+Thompson's journals and map have furnished interesting
+material to students of our early history. They have been used by
+Mr. Coues in his work entitled "New light on the Great North-West,"
+and have been found useful in connection with editions of
+Henry's and Thompson's journals. Competent authorities regard
+Thompson's work as most valuable to the State, especially in the
+fixing of boundary lines; but of little less importance are the field
+notes and diaries of many of the early surveyors, not merely for
+topographical reasons but on account of the detailed information
+given. In a separate vault are many other valuable and interesting
+documents, including the United Empire Loyalists' lists, the records
+of land grants to immigrants, to discharged soldiers, and the militia
+grants of warrants to discharged troops, to United Empire Loyalists,
+volumes of land board certificates, returns of locations compiled for
+the quartermaster general, fiat and warrant books, domesday books,
+containing original entries of every lot that is patented, and extending
+to 26 large volumes, descriptions and terms or references on which
+patents and leases are issued, patents for Crown lands, mining lands,
+free grant lands, and mining leases. There are also a series of maps
+of the townships of the Province as surveyed, which have the names
+of the original holders and settlers entered on each lot or block of
+land. These maps show among other things the grant made to
+King's College, and the lands allotted to the Canada Land Co. The
+historical value of these records is inestimable, for without them the
+settlement of the Province could not be traced or shown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The most interesting archives emanating from the public-works
+department are the records of the early colonization roads&mdash;arteries
+of settlement and trade routes and the title deeds, plans and specifications,
+contracts, maps, and documents relating to Crown property,
+buildings, and institutions, a finely conditioned collection.</p>
+
+<p>I have thus, at considerable length, described the field in which the
+archivist of Ontario labors and out of which he is gradually building
+up his storehouse of archives. The main purpose of the bureau is
+that of a record office of State papers, primarily for their proper preservation
+and for the greater convenience of the public service. This
+is in the nature of things. A central office, in which papers from all
+departments of the Government are lodged after they have passed
+out of current use, examined, classified, and filed by a staff familiar
+with their contents, need only be brought into use to become indispensably
+serviceable in the carrying on of public business; but in
+addition, the archivist, knowing the contents of the documents in his
+custody, is able to direct and help in a manner that can not otherwise
+be done, that portion of the public interested in the information contained
+in the Government archives.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the completeness and compactness of the field I
+have briefly sketched as a logical and correct one for the purposes of
+a State record office, it is nevertheless equally obvious that Government
+records alone do not nor can embrace all the archives properly
+so called of a State or Province. When, therefore, I was asked, eight
+years ago, to organize a bureau of archives for Ontario, I laid out a
+much wider plan than that I have referred to, with, however, the
+State record office always as the central idea. The bureau is therefore
+double barreled; it draws from the pigeonholes of the departments,
+and it collects outside material that may throw light on the settlement
+and development of the Province of Ontario, the source of which
+is often far afield. For instance, the Province of Quebec (including
+Ontario), up to 1774 included all to the south and west as far as
+St. Louis and the Mississippi, and of course, what became in 1791
+Upper Canada. The British r&#233;gime is touched by the French and the
+French by the Indian.</p>
+
+<p>In carrying out this plan the bureau aims at the collection of documents
+having, in the widest sense, a bearing upon the political or
+social history of Ontario, and upon its agricultural, industrial, commercial,
+and financial development; the collection of municipal,
+school, and church records; the collection and preservation of pamphlets,
+maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, regimental muster rolls,
+etc., bearing on its past or present history; the collection and preservation
+of facts illustrative of the early settlements, pioneer experience,
+customs, mode of living, prices, wages, boundaries, areas cultivated,
+homes, etc.; the collection and preservation of correspondence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
+letters from and to settlers, documents in private hands pertaining to
+public and social affairs, etc., reports of local events and historic
+incidents in the family or public life; the rescuing from oblivion of
+the memory of the pioneer settlers, the obtaining and preserving
+narratives of their early exploits, and of the part they took in opening
+up the country for occupation; and the bureau cooperates with the
+historical societies of Ontario and societies kindred to them, helping
+to consolidate and classify their work, and as far as practicable to
+direct local effort on given lines.</p>
+
+<p>Within this scope the following plan of work has been adopted: To
+divide the history of Ontario until the confederation of the Provinces
+in 1867 into its political periods, arranging the material secured in
+chronological order, and giving each period a series of reports. Thus
+the work has been carried on in all the divisions simultaneously, and
+when sufficient material has accumulated in any one of them, it has
+been utilized by the publication of documents without undue delay.
+From confederation onward, the larger quantity of material to be
+dealt with, and the probable absence of sweeping constitutional
+changes to mark eras, suggested a chronological rather than a political
+basis of division. The periods are:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>1. To the close of the French r&#233;gime, or the period of French discovery,
+1763.</p>
+
+<p>2. To the organization of the Province of Upper Canada, 1791.</p>
+
+<p>3. To the legislative union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>4. To confederation, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>5. To the end of the nineteenth century, 1900.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In each of these divisions there is much work to do. Each has its
+own distinctive features, and there is abundance of minor incident.</p>
+
+<p>Material of special interest to Ontario bearing on the French r&#233;gime
+is contained in the "Correspondence G&#233;n&#233;rale," in the papers of the
+"Collection de Moreau St. M&#233;ry," which have been transcribed from
+the Paris archives for the Canadian archives, most of which has never
+been published in printed form. There is also valuable Ontario
+material in the "Haldimand Collection of papers," the "Bouquet
+Papers," and the Colonial Office records bearing on this period. It is
+intended to collect and publish these papers, accompanied by an adequate
+translation, when not written in English, and adding extracts
+in chronological order from the publications of Perrot, La Potherie,
+La Harpe, Charlevoix, De Kalm, the Jesuit Relations, papers by
+Margry, and a portion of the "M&#233;moire pour Messire Fran&#231;ois Bigot,"
+which contains what seems to be an excellent summary of the commerce
+and condition of all the western trading posts at the time of
+the conquest. Other sources of material for publication have also
+been considered in connection with this early period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Aboriginal or Indian history presents many interesting features
+to us, and some attention has been given to the subject, including
+an inquiry as to the original savage occupants of Ontario, their
+origin, migrations, traffic, and intercourse; their language, topographical
+nomenclature, folklore, and literature; the origin and
+development of their clan, tribal, and national organization; the
+history and results of European contact; their present condition,
+capabilities, and tendencies.</p>
+
+<p>This period of Ontario history, that of the French r&#233;gime, will be
+our heroic age, as "distance lends enchantment to the view." Here
+will be found the adventurous coureurs de bois, many of the great
+routes and trading posts, the headquarters of which in later times,
+was Fort William, on Thunder Bay. Here the Huron and Iroquois
+met in deadly conflict; here also the French missionaries of the
+Cross endured untold sufferings with ecstatic heroism, and receiving
+the martyr's crown left a record of Christian zeal and fortitude not
+surpassed, if at all equaled, in the history of the world. Events
+which stirred the imagination and fascinated the finely poised mind
+of a Parkman will yet furnish the material for Canada's great,
+unwritten epic poem.</p>
+
+<p>The Ontario bureau of archives has made a beginning in this
+field by publishing a volume on the "Identification of the Huron
+Village Sites," where those missionaries labored and fell, prepared
+by the venerable and scholarly archivist of St. Mary's College,
+Montreal, the Rev. Father Jones, S. J., a contribution, I believe, of
+undoubted value. It may be taken as significant of our attitude
+that a work of such erudite research has been treated as a public
+document and issued free to the people at the expense of the Government.
+It will soon be followed by the writings of Father Potier, a
+work of far-reaching importance and interest, which is in process of
+preparation for the press. The three volumes of manuscript have
+been photographed page by page and a zincograph facsimile of the
+original will be placed before scholars, a work the casual announcement
+of which has already whetted the appetites of not a few
+antiquarians.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving this interesting period for the second I have mentioned,
+we reach the coming to Ontario of the United Empire Loyalists.
+These form the basis of our population and still give color to our
+political thought and form and fashion to our institutions. In this
+period we have published two volumes, one of about 1,500 pages,
+being the manuscript of evidence laid before a royal commission
+reporting on the claims for compensation for losses suffered by the
+United Empire Loyalists, a document now out of print and much
+sought for. The other volume consists of the minutes of the land
+board of the western district of Ontario, bordering on Lake Erie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>
+and the Detroit River, containing particulars of grants of land
+before 1792, schedules, regulations, description lists of grantees,
+and surveys, and a mass of data connected with Indian rights and
+the settlement of land generally. It has been of value in land-title
+lawsuits, etc., and extends to more than 500 pages.</p>
+
+<p>Combining this period with the succeeding one, we have collected
+the proclamations by the Crown from 1763 to 1840 and issued them
+in a volume, the necessity of which has been felt, as may be understood
+when it is stated that no such collection had ever been made
+before, though these proclamations are of public use in an endless
+variety of business.</p>
+
+<p>Under our third division the narrower political history of our
+Province begins, the introduction of constitutional government&mdash;the
+work of the legislature, some of whose early records are lost,
+the outbreak of the War of 1812, the progress of settlement, and the
+development of municipal and commercial institutions, the restiveness
+leading to the rising of 1837, and the concessions made to
+responsible government. Here a great deal of archival work has been
+already accomplished. The journals of the proceedings of the
+legislature of Upper Canada from 1792 to 1818, so far as we have
+been able to find them, have been published and the series will be
+issued to the year 1824, from which year printed copies are in existence.
+The journals of the legislative council concurrent with those
+of the legislative assembly down to 1816 have also been published,
+and one volume in each series, now in the press, will complete the
+work. These journals are simply indispensable, being the original
+evidence of all our legislation. Our constitutional development and
+the history of our legislature can not be studied or understood
+without them. I may be pardoned should I refer particularly to
+one of many interesting questions dealt with in the closing years
+of the eighteenth century as shown in these journals. The legislative
+assembly, following the rule of the Imperial House of Commons,
+claimed the power of the purse, and objected to their supply
+bill being amended by the legislative council or upper house. A
+deadlock ensued; neither side would budge from its position; a
+conference of both houses was held and the assembly won on the
+understanding that the question would be referred to the law officers
+of the Crown in Britain for future guidance. This was accordingly
+done and the right claimed by the assembly or lower house was
+conceded to it. Thus was solved amicably for Canada at the small
+hamlet of Newark, on the banks of the Niagara, a constitutional
+principle which recently shook the United Kingdom and produced
+a serious and radical constitutional crisis, in which once more the
+Commons vindicated their supremacy in questions of national
+finance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The records of the first Court of Common Pleas for Upper Canada,
+with valuable annotations and historical notes, are being prepared
+for the press.</p>
+
+<p>In this division we have in hand among other things the preparation
+of a domesday book for the Province. Our plan, which has made
+substantial progress, is to cover all our settlement of Crown lands
+from 1783 to 1900 by townships, giving each grantee a description,
+and, for the purpose of reference, a number. Succeeding volumes
+will furnish memoirs, notes, and statistical data of a special character
+bearing on the grantees and on their settlements. In this connection
+we are collecting and rapidly accumulating local material which
+will be drawn upon for this work. This I consider one of the biggest
+undertakings planned by the bureau, which occupy much time to
+bring it to completion, but when completed will be a work of reference
+of permanent use to our historical investigators.</p>
+
+<p>We are also collecting papers and documents pertaining to the
+political history of Ontario that ought to be preserved in permanent
+form, which will be issued in a series of four consecutive
+volumes. These have been planned on lines that will bring their
+usefulness directly to the growing class of students of our provincial
+history.</p>
+
+<p>Lately a genealogical branch has been included in our program
+and steps are being taken to obtain by legislation a change of
+official forms so as to help in the collecting of data. The work will
+be conducted on the basis of the county unit, with correspondents
+engaged under the direction of the bureau.</p>
+
+<p>While effort has been directed on these lines, I have paid more
+attention to the collecting of much neglected material throughout
+the Province&mdash;in the hands of private individuals, public bodies, or
+local officials, rather than to the exact and adequate classification
+and indexing of outside material as it is being received. The Province
+has been so long entirely neglected that when I undertook to
+organize the department I decided that the most valuable service I
+could render to the public was to acquire, to collect, and safely preserve
+whatever material I could find, believing the day would soon come
+when the value of such material would be fully realized and the
+necessary office assistance provided to enable me to make the accumulated
+archives conveniently accessible to the public.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><br />
+<br /><br />
+
+<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Notes</b>:-</p>
+
+<p>Pg 355 &nbsp; "the Lieutanant Governor in Council." changed to "the Lieutenant
+         Governor in Council."</p>
+
+<p>Original spelling and punctuation retained.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ontario Archives
+       Scope of its Operations
+
+Author: Alexander Fraser
+
+Release Date: August 6, 2011 [EBook #36992]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by James Wright and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+book was created from images of public domain material
+made available by the University of Toronto Libraries
+(http://link.library.utoronto.ca/booksonline/).)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+               THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES: SCOPE OF ITS
+                           OPERATIONS
+
+        (Paper read at the twenty-seventh annual meeting of
+           the American Historical Association, held at
+               Buffalo, N. Y., December 27-30, 1911)
+
+                               BY
+
+                        ALEXANDER FRASER
+
+             LL. D., LITT. D., F. S. A., SCOT. EDIN.
+
+
+Reprinted from the Annual Report of the American Historical Association
+                     for 1911, pages 353-362
+
+                           WASHINGTON
+                              1913
+
+
+
+
+                      THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES.
+
+           By ALEXANDER FRASER, Provincial Archivist.
+
+
+The line of demarcation between the Canadian or Dominion archives and
+the Ontario or other provincial archives is somewhat similar to that
+between the Federal and State archives in the United States. It consists
+with the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dominion or major
+commonwealth, and the narrower or minor jurisdiction of the Province.
+This constitutes a clearly defined boundary within which both work
+without conflict or overlapping of interests. Our public charter is an
+imperial statute entitled the British North America act, and to-day,
+when there are nine fully constituted, autonomous Provinces within the
+Dominion of Canada, it is interesting to recall that when the British
+North America act became law in 1867 the subtitle set forth that it was
+"An act for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the
+government thereof; and for purposes connected therewith."
+
+This act provides for the government of Ontario a lieutenant-governor,
+who represents the Crown; an executive council of ministers of state and
+a legislature composed of duly elected representatives of the people. To
+this body the act secures exclusive legislative powers in Ontario and
+Quebec, in the matter of Crown lands, forests and mines; education, from
+the public common school to the university; municipal government,
+institutions and laws; incorporation of chartered companies--commercial,
+financial, professional, or social; solemnization of marriage, involving
+family history, vital statistics, etc.; property and civil rights;
+administration of justice, embracing both civil and criminal
+jurisdiction; agriculture and immigration, under which municipal,
+industrial, and agricultural statistics are collected, tabulated, and
+published; the founding and maintenance of provincial institutions such
+as hospitals, asylums, reformatories, prisons, and institutions for the
+instruction of the deaf and dumb and the blind; offices for the local
+registration of deeds, titles to land; the licensing of shops, taverns,
+hotels, auctioneers, etc.; the erection of local public works; the
+authorization and regulation of transportation not interprovincial.
+
+In short the Provincial Government gets close to the life of the people
+and touches its business and social sides intimately. As at present
+constituted the ministry comprises the departments of: The attorney
+general, dealing with the administration of law; the provincial
+secretary, controlling registration, and the public institutions; the
+provincial treasurer, dealing with the public accounts; agriculture;
+lands, forests, and mines; public works; and education. The prime
+minister is statutorily president of the council and head of the
+ministry. Besides these and exercising semi-ministerial or departmental
+functions are two commissions, the hydro-electric commission and the
+Government railway commission. These, with the legislature itself, are
+the departments of government in which our archives originate.
+
+Archives we have defined as the records, the business papers, of the
+province having a permanent value. All archives need not be of
+historical value in the narrow sense. Public documents may have a
+business or record value apart from history, yet it would be hard to say
+that any given document might not be found useful in some way in
+connection with history. The main value of a document is as an evidence
+of truth. Every document does not contain truth, yet even such a
+document may, in effect, be a fact in history, and training and
+experience lead to a reasonably true interpretation.
+
+The Ontario Bureau of Archives, organized in 1903, is equally related
+and attached to all the Government departments, and receives all papers
+and documents of record value or of historical interest, not in current
+use, from all branches of the public service. When possible, these
+documents are classified, calendared, and indexed.
+
+The archives originating in the legislative assembly are: The Scroll of
+Parliament--the documents known by that title being the notes and
+memoranda made by the clerk, of the routine proceedings of the house
+during its sessions; the original signatures of the members of the
+legislative assembly subscribed to the oath of allegiance when "sworn
+in" as members of the assembly, the signatures being written on
+parchment; copies of the statutes in the form in which they have been
+assented to and signed by His Honor the Lieutenant Governor. These
+copies are printed on good paper, and after having been assented to
+become the originals of the statutes in force; and the original copy
+pertaining to the consolidated statutes.
+
+Among the assembly archives are the manuscripts of all sessional papers
+not printed (a sessional paper is a return called for by order of the
+house, whether printed or not, and the reports of departments and all
+branches of the public service presented to the house); the originals of
+all petitions presented to the house (these are not printed); the
+originals of bills in the form in which they are presented to the house;
+and copies of bills amended during their passage through the house. The
+original copy of sessional papers which are printed is returned with the
+proof sheets to the department or officer issuing the same.
+
+Naturally next in importance to the records of the legislature are those
+of the executive council or Government. All matters requiring executive
+action are brought before the council upon the recommendation or report
+of the minister having the subject matter in charge. The recommendation
+or report is addressed to His Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
+The reports of the committee of council are signed by the prime minister
+as president, are counter-signed by the clerk and submitted to the
+lieutenant governor for approval, after which the document becomes and
+is known as an order of His Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
+Effect is given to orders in council affecting the general public by the
+promulgation of them in the Ontario Gazette; otherwise by the
+transmission of certified copies to the departments or persons
+concerned. The original orders (together with the recommendations,
+reports, and papers upon which they are based), after being registered
+in special journals, become most valuable records and much in request.
+
+Through the department of the attorney general access is obtained to the
+voluminous records, rich in personal history and jurisprudence, arising
+from the administration of justice, in its vast ramifications and
+details, reaching from the policeman and justice of the peace to the
+high courts and court of appeal; from the homely minutes of the quarter
+sessions of early times, to the record of the recent cause celebre which
+influenced the legislation of the country, or settled questions of
+constitutional import.
+
+With the office of the provincial secretary the provincial archivist
+necessarily has very close relations. The office of the secretary is the
+medium of communication, through the lieutenant governor, between the
+provincial, dominion, and imperial governments. All such correspondence
+is registered and copies of the dispatches are kept. All commissions
+bearing the great seal of the Province are issued by the secretary, and
+are registered in his office, as are also all appointments made by his
+Honor the Lieutenant Governor in Council requiring the issuance of a
+commission. Charters of incorporation, licenses for extra-provincial
+companies doing business in Ontario, and marriage licenses are issued
+here under the direction of the secretary; here also are made records of
+all Crown land patents (the earliest record being 1795), the records of
+all mining leases and deeds and leases relating to the public lands,
+etc. In the secretary's office are kept the vital statistics of the
+Province. From the organization of the Province in 1792 until 1849
+marriages were recorded in the parish and congregational registers kept
+by clergymen, in the minute books of the quarter sessions of the peace,
+and in the memorandum books of justices of the peace. In addition to
+this, fairly complete records of births were made in the baptismal
+registers, and of deaths in the journals of clergymen, who recorded the
+deaths of parishioners for congregational purposes. Many of these old
+books, however, have been either lost or destroyed, or their disposition
+is not known. In 1849 the municipalities were enabled to make provision
+by by-law for the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, and
+advantage was taken of that statute to a very considerable extent. From
+the passing of the law of 1849 until 1874 all records of marriages in
+the Province were returned to the city and county registrars, who became
+their official custodians. In 1869 the office of the registrar general
+was established and compulsory registration of births, marriages, and
+deaths introduced. Until 1874 the returns were still sent to the county
+and city registrars, but since 1874 they have been sent direct to the
+registrar general's office. The work of transcribing these returns and
+preserving them in proper form has been proceeding for years; and the
+documents, books, and statistical papers of the office, which are in
+safe keeping, form an invaluable collection of archives.
+
+In addition to the original vouchers of the public accounts, the
+treasury department contains the papers of the succession duty office,
+including affidavits made by the applicants on all applications for
+letters probate or letters of administration in the Province showing the
+value, as at the date of the death of a deceased person, of such
+person's estate, with a general statement of the distribution thereof;
+including copies of wills, affidavits of value, bonds, and other
+documents which in particular cases have been furnished in order that
+the amount of succession duty payable, in cases liable to payment, might
+be ascertained. These documents are not generally accessible to the
+public, as they relate to the private concerns not only of deceased but
+of living persons, but they are a valuable addition to the surrogate
+courts' records which are a mine of genealogical information.
+
+The great staple enterprises of Ontario are agriculture, industrial
+production, lumbering, mining, and in general, trade and commerce. Of
+these agriculture is the greatest, and the records of its growth and
+development have a special value to the student of economics. The
+statistical branch, formed in 1882, issues annual reports dealing with
+agricultural and municipal interests--assessment figures, population,
+areas assessed, taxes imposed, annual receipts and expenditures, assets
+and liabilities, chattel mortgages, proving of value to municipal
+debenture holders and the public generally.
+
+Of all our departments, the bureau of archives has drawn most largely on
+the documentary treasures of the department of Crown lands. The material
+of historical interest here is exceedingly varied and valuable,
+embracing the records of the surveys of the Province; the original maps,
+field notes, and diaries relating to the survey of all the townships
+dating back to 1784, and reports of all the explorations made within the
+limits of the Province since that date; reports showing the planning
+out and surveys of the old military roads, such as Dundas Street, Yonge
+Street, the Penetanguishene and Kingston Roads, and the papers in
+connection with the surveys of the Talbot Road, the Huron Road, the
+Garafraxa Road, the Toronto and Sydenham Road (Owen Sound). There's much
+valuable information in the notes concerning the pioneer settlements.
+This branch also contains plans of all the old Indian reserves of the
+Province and reports indicating the early condition of the Indian
+settlements on these reserves; also of the ordnance surveys in the
+Province pertaining to land grants to old settlers; plans of the
+military reserves and plans showing the location and groundwork of the
+early forts. Besides these there are the original surveys of all the
+lands acquired by the Canada company and of those granted to King's
+College. A collection of much importance already transferred to the
+archives vaults is that embracing the diaries or journals of David
+Thompson, the astronomer royal, covering a period of 66 years, from 1784
+to 1850, and making about 50 volumes. Thompson's famous map showing the
+continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from a little south of
+the Great Lakes to Hudson Bay, is carefully preserved in the collection.
+Thompson's journals and map have furnished interesting material to
+students of our early history. They have been used by Mr. Coues in his
+work entitled "New light on the Great North-West," and have been found
+useful in connection with editions of Henry's and Thompson's journals.
+Competent authorities regard Thompson's work as most valuable to the
+State, especially in the fixing of boundary lines; but of little less
+importance are the field notes and diaries of many of the early
+surveyors, not merely for topographical reasons but on account of the
+detailed information given. In a separate vault are many other valuable
+and interesting documents, including the United Empire Loyalists' lists,
+the records of land grants to immigrants, to discharged soldiers, and
+the militia grants of warrants to discharged troops, to United Empire
+Loyalists, volumes of land board certificates, returns of locations
+compiled for the quartermaster general, fiat and warrant books, domesday
+books, containing original entries of every lot that is patented, and
+extending to 26 large volumes, descriptions and terms or references on
+which patents and leases are issued, patents for Crown lands, mining
+lands, free grant lands, and mining leases. There are also a series of
+maps of the townships of the Province as surveyed, which have the names
+of the original holders and settlers entered on each lot or block of
+land. These maps show among other things the grant made to King's
+College, and the lands allotted to the Canada Land Co. The historical
+value of these records is inestimable, for without them the settlement
+of the Province could not be traced or shown.
+
+The most interesting archives emanating from the public-works department
+are the records of the early colonization roads--arteries of settlement
+and trade routes and the title deeds, plans and specifications,
+contracts, maps, and documents relating to Crown property, buildings,
+and institutions, a finely conditioned collection.
+
+I have thus, at considerable length, described the field in which the
+archivist of Ontario labors and out of which he is gradually building up
+his storehouse of archives. The main purpose of the bureau is that of a
+record office of State papers, primarily for their proper preservation
+and for the greater convenience of the public service. This is in the
+nature of things. A central office, in which papers from all departments
+of the Government are lodged after they have passed out of current use,
+examined, classified, and filed by a staff familiar with their contents,
+need only be brought into use to become indispensably serviceable in the
+carrying on of public business; but in addition, the archivist, knowing
+the contents of the documents in his custody, is able to direct and help
+in a manner that can not otherwise be done, that portion of the public
+interested in the information contained in the Government archives.
+
+Notwithstanding the completeness and compactness of the field I have
+briefly sketched as a logical and correct one for the purposes of a
+State record office, it is nevertheless equally obvious that Government
+records alone do not nor can embrace all the archives properly so called
+of a State or Province. When, therefore, I was asked, eight years ago,
+to organize a bureau of archives for Ontario, I laid out a much wider
+plan than that I have referred to, with, however, the State record
+office always as the central idea. The bureau is therefore double
+barreled; it draws from the pigeonholes of the departments, and it
+collects outside material that may throw light on the settlement and
+development of the Province of Ontario, the source of which is often far
+afield. For instance, the Province of Quebec (including Ontario), up to
+1774 included all to the south and west as far as St. Louis and the
+Mississippi, and of course, what became in 1791 Upper Canada. The
+British regime is touched by the French and the French by the Indian.
+
+In carrying out this plan the bureau aims at the collection of documents
+having, in the widest sense, a bearing upon the political or social
+history of Ontario, and upon its agricultural, industrial, commercial,
+and financial development; the collection of municipal, school, and
+church records; the collection and preservation of pamphlets, maps,
+charts, manuscripts, papers, regimental muster rolls, etc., bearing on
+its past or present history; the collection and preservation of facts
+illustrative of the early settlements, pioneer experience, customs, mode
+of living, prices, wages, boundaries, areas cultivated, homes, etc.; the
+collection and preservation of correspondence, letters from and to
+settlers, documents in private hands pertaining to public and social
+affairs, etc., reports of local events and historic incidents in the
+family or public life; the rescuing from oblivion of the memory of the
+pioneer settlers, the obtaining and preserving narratives of their early
+exploits, and of the part they took in opening up the country for
+occupation; and the bureau cooperates with the historical societies of
+Ontario and societies kindred to them, helping to consolidate and
+classify their work, and as far as practicable to direct local effort on
+given lines.
+
+Within this scope the following plan of work has been adopted: To divide
+the history of Ontario until the confederation of the Provinces in 1867
+into its political periods, arranging the material secured in
+chronological order, and giving each period a series of reports. Thus
+the work has been carried on in all the divisions simultaneously, and
+when sufficient material has accumulated in any one of them, it has been
+utilized by the publication of documents without undue delay. From
+confederation onward, the larger quantity of material to be dealt with,
+and the probable absence of sweeping constitutional changes to mark
+eras, suggested a chronological rather than a political basis of
+division. The periods are:
+
+     1. To the close of the French regime, or the period of French
+            discovery, 1763.
+
+     2. To the organization of the Province of Upper Canada, 1791.
+
+     3. To the legislative union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841.
+
+     4. To confederation, 1867.
+
+     5. To the end of the nineteenth century, 1900.
+
+In each of these divisions there is much work to do. Each has its own
+distinctive features, and there is abundance of minor incident.
+
+Material of special interest to Ontario bearing on the French regime is
+contained in the "Correspondence Generale," in the papers of the
+"Collection de Moreau St. Mery," which have been transcribed from the
+Paris archives for the Canadian archives, most of which has never been
+published in printed form. There is also valuable Ontario material in
+the "Haldimand Collection of papers," the "Bouquet Papers," and the
+Colonial Office records bearing on this period. It is intended to
+collect and publish these papers, accompanied by an adequate
+translation, when not written in English, and adding extracts in
+chronological order from the publications of Perrot, La Potherie, La
+Harpe, Charlevoix, De Kalm, the Jesuit Relations, papers by Margry, and
+a portion of the "Memoire pour Messire Francois Bigot," which contains
+what seems to be an excellent summary of the commerce and condition of
+all the western trading posts at the time of the conquest. Other sources
+of material for publication have also been considered in connection with
+this early period.
+
+Aboriginal or Indian history presents many interesting features to us,
+and some attention has been given to the subject, including an inquiry
+as to the original savage occupants of Ontario, their origin,
+migrations, traffic, and intercourse; their language, topographical
+nomenclature, folklore, and literature; the origin and development of
+their clan, tribal, and national organization; the history and results
+of European contact; their present condition, capabilities, and
+tendencies.
+
+This period of Ontario history, that of the French regime, will be our
+heroic age, as "distance lends enchantment to the view." Here will be
+found the adventurous coureurs de bois, many of the great routes and
+trading posts, the headquarters of which in later times, was Fort
+William, on Thunder Bay. Here the Huron and Iroquois met in deadly
+conflict; here also the French missionaries of the Cross endured untold
+sufferings with ecstatic heroism, and receiving the martyr's crown left
+a record of Christian zeal and fortitude not surpassed, if at all
+equaled, in the history of the world. Events which stirred the
+imagination and fascinated the finely poised mind of a Parkman will yet
+furnish the material for Canada's great, unwritten epic poem.
+
+The Ontario bureau of archives has made a beginning in this field by
+publishing a volume on the "Identification of the Huron Village Sites,"
+where those missionaries labored and fell, prepared by the venerable and
+scholarly archivist of St. Mary's College, Montreal, the Rev. Father
+Jones, S. J., a contribution, I believe, of undoubted value. It may be
+taken as significant of our attitude that a work of such erudite
+research has been treated as a public document and issued free to the
+people at the expense of the Government. It will soon be followed by the
+writings of Father Potier, a work of far-reaching importance and
+interest, which is in process of preparation for the press. The three
+volumes of manuscript have been photographed page by page and a
+zincograph facsimile of the original will be placed before scholars, a
+work the casual announcement of which has already whetted the appetites
+of not a few antiquarians.
+
+Leaving this interesting period for the second I have mentioned, we
+reach the coming to Ontario of the United Empire Loyalists. These form
+the basis of our population and still give color to our political
+thought and form and fashion to our institutions. In this period we have
+published two volumes, one of about 1,500 pages, being the manuscript of
+evidence laid before a royal commission reporting on the claims for
+compensation for losses suffered by the United Empire Loyalists, a
+document now out of print and much sought for. The other volume consists
+of the minutes of the land board of the western district of Ontario,
+bordering on Lake Erie and the Detroit River, containing particulars
+of grants of land before 1792, schedules, regulations, description lists
+of grantees, and surveys, and a mass of data connected with Indian
+rights and the settlement of land generally. It has been of value in
+land-title lawsuits, etc., and extends to more than 500 pages.
+
+Combining this period with the succeeding one, we have collected the
+proclamations by the Crown from 1763 to 1840 and issued them in a
+volume, the necessity of which has been felt, as may be understood when
+it is stated that no such collection had ever been made before, though
+these proclamations are of public use in an endless variety of business.
+
+Under our third division the narrower political history of our Province
+begins, the introduction of constitutional government--the work of the
+legislature, some of whose early records are lost, the outbreak of the
+War of 1812, the progress of settlement, and the development of
+municipal and commercial institutions, the restiveness leading to the
+rising of 1837, and the concessions made to responsible government. Here
+a great deal of archival work has been already accomplished. The
+journals of the proceedings of the legislature of Upper Canada from 1792
+to 1818, so far as we have been able to find them, have been published
+and the series will be issued to the year 1824, from which year printed
+copies are in existence. The journals of the legislative council
+concurrent with those of the legislative assembly down to 1816 have also
+been published, and one volume in each series, now in the press, will
+complete the work. These journals are simply indispensable, being the
+original evidence of all our legislation. Our constitutional development
+and the history of our legislature can not be studied or understood
+without them. I may be pardoned should I refer particularly to one of
+many interesting questions dealt with in the closing years of the
+eighteenth century as shown in these journals. The legislative assembly,
+following the rule of the Imperial House of Commons, claimed the power
+of the purse, and objected to their supply bill being amended by the
+legislative council or upper house. A deadlock ensued; neither side
+would budge from its position; a conference of both houses was held and
+the assembly won on the understanding that the question would be
+referred to the law officers of the Crown in Britain for future
+guidance. This was accordingly done and the right claimed by the
+assembly or lower house was conceded to it. Thus was solved amicably for
+Canada at the small hamlet of Newark, on the banks of the Niagara, a
+constitutional principle which recently shook the United Kingdom and
+produced a serious and radical constitutional crisis, in which once more
+the Commons vindicated their supremacy in questions of national
+finance.
+
+The records of the first Court of Common Pleas for Upper Canada, with
+valuable annotations and historical notes, are being prepared for the
+press.
+
+In this division we have in hand among other things the preparation of a
+domesday book for the Province. Our plan, which has made substantial
+progress, is to cover all our settlement of Crown lands from 1783 to
+1900 by townships, giving each grantee a description, and, for the
+purpose of reference, a number. Succeeding volumes will furnish memoirs,
+notes, and statistical data of a special character bearing on the
+grantees and on their settlements. In this connection we are collecting
+and rapidly accumulating local material which will be drawn upon for
+this work. This I consider one of the biggest undertakings planned by
+the bureau, which occupy much time to bring it to completion, but when
+completed will be a work of reference of permanent use to our historical
+investigators.
+
+We are also collecting papers and documents pertaining to the political
+history of Ontario that ought to be preserved in permanent form, which
+will be issued in a series of four consecutive volumes. These have been
+planned on lines that will bring their usefulness directly to the
+growing class of students of our provincial history.
+
+Lately a genealogical branch has been included in our program and steps
+are being taken to obtain by legislation a change of official forms so
+as to help in the collecting of data. The work will be conducted on the
+basis of the county unit, with correspondents engaged under the
+direction of the bureau.
+
+While effort has been directed on these lines, I have paid more
+attention to the collecting of much neglected material throughout the
+Province--in the hands of private individuals, public bodies, or local
+officials, rather than to the exact and adequate classification and
+indexing of outside material as it is being received. The Province has
+been so long entirely neglected that when I undertook to organize the
+department I decided that the most valuable service I could render to
+the public was to acquire, to collect, and safely preserve whatever
+material I could find, believing the day would soon come when the value
+of such material would be fully realized and the necessary office
+assistance provided to enable me to make the accumulated archives
+conveniently accessible to the public.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:-
+
+P. 355  "the Lieutanant Governor in Council." changed to "the Lieutenant
+         Governor in Council."
+
+Original spelling and punctuation retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Ontario Archives, by Alexander Fraser
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #36992 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36992)