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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, by 
+Albert Christopher Addison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims
+       And Its Place in the Life of To-day
+
+Author: Albert Christopher Addison
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2011 [EBook #36756]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by K Nordquist, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+                         THE ROMANTIC STORY
+                              _of the_
+                         MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+
+
+                     ALBERT CHRISTOPHER ADDISON]
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+    Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.
+
+                                        Wordsworth]
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+    The breaking waves dash'd high
+      On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+    And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+    Their giant branches toss'd.
+
+                           Mrs. Hemans]
+
+
+                        THE ROMANTIC STORY _of
+                        the_ MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+                         AND ITS PLACE IN THE
+                            LIFE OF TO-DAY
+
+
+_High ideals in the conduct of life are what survive, and that is why
+the Pilgrim Narrative stands forth in the pages of every history as one
+of the great events of the time._--SENATOR LODGE, _at the dedication of
+the Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, August 5th 1910_.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+  _From the Painting by W. F. Halsall_
+
+THE MAYFLOWER IN PLYMOUTH HARBOUR]
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                            ROMANTIC STORY
+
+                           OF THE MAYFLOWER
+
+                               PILGRIMS
+
+                         AND ITS PLACE IN THE
+
+                            LIFE OF TO-DAY
+
+
+                                 BY
+                            A. C. ADDISON
+
+                AUTHOR OF "OLD BOSTON: ITS PURITAN SONS
+                      AND PILGRIM SHRINES," ETC.
+
+
+                  WITH NUMEROUS ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+                               BOSTON
+                        L. C. PAGE & COMPANY
+                              MDCCCCXI
+
+
+                         COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY
+                         L. C. PAGE & COMPANY
+                           (INCORPORATED)
+
+
+                         ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+                  FIRST IMPRESSION, SEPTEMBER, 1911
+
+
+                 THE·PLIMPTON·PRESS·NORWOOD·MASS·U·S·A
+
+
+
+
+                              CONTENTS
+
+
+          CHAPTER                                      PAGE
+
+          I.   OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES        1
+
+          II.  THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO
+               HOLLAND                                   27
+
+          III. LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE
+               VOYAGE TO THE WEST                        47
+
+          IV.  "INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND
+               TRIUMPH                                   71
+
+          V.   THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES
+               OF THE FATHERS                           123
+
+          VI.  NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD
+               SHRINES                                  159
+
+               INDEX                                    189
+
+
+THE PUBLISHERS WISH TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE COURTESY OF MR. A. S. BURBANK, OF
+PLYMOUTH, MASS., IN AUTHORIZING THEIR USE OF HIS PHOTOGRAPHS,
+REPRODUCTIONS OF WHICH FORM A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
+OF THIS BOOK
+
+
+
+
+                            ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+
+  The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbour                   _Frontispiece_
+
+  The Cells, Guildhall, Boston                                    xi
+
+  A Bit of Old Gainsborough                                        5
+
+  The Old Manor House, Scrooby, where William Brewster was
+  born.--Scrooby Church                                            9
+
+  The Cottage at Austerfield where William Bradford was born      13
+
+  The Old Hall, Gainsborough, in which the Separatist Church
+  was founded in 1602                                             17
+
+  Guildhall and South Street, Boston                              21
+
+  The Old Courtroom, Guildhall, Boston                            25
+
+  The River Witham, Boston                                        29
+
+  The Pilgrim Cells, Guildhall, Boston, showing the Kitchen
+  beyond                                                          33
+
+  Old Town Gaol, Market-place, Boston                             37
+
+  Trentside, Gainsborough                                         41
+
+  Elder William Brewster                                          45
+
+  John Robinson's House, Leyden, where the Pilgrim Fathers
+  worshipped                                                      49
+
+  St. Peter's Church, Leyden                                      53
+
+  Bust of Captain John Smith                                      57
+
+  The Embarkation of the Pilgrims                                 61
+
+  Model of the Mayflower                                          65
+
+  Plymouth Harbour, as seen from Cole's Hill                      69
+
+  The Landing of the Pilgrims                                     73
+
+  The March of Miles Standish                                     77
+
+  The Canopy over Plymouth Rock                                   81
+
+  The Old Fort and First Meeting-House                            85
+
+  Pilgrims going to Church                                        89
+
+  The Departure of the Mayflower                                  93
+
+  Captain Miles Standish                                          97
+
+  Governor William Bradford                                      101
+
+  The Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown                  105
+
+  Plymouth Rock                                                  109
+
+  A Bit of Old Boston                                            113
+
+  The Site of the Old Fort, Burial Hill, Plymouth                117
+
+  First Church, Plymouth                                         121
+
+  The Pilgrim Fathers' Memorial, Plymouth                        125
+
+  John Alden.--Priscilla Mullins                                 129
+
+  Governor Bradford's Monument, Burial Hill, Plymouth            133
+
+  Governor Carver's Chair and Ancient Spinning Wheel             137
+
+  Elder Brewster's Chair and the Cradle of Peregrine White       141
+
+  The Grave of John Howland                                      145
+
+  The Grave of Miles Standish, Duxbury                           149
+
+  The Miles Standish Monument, Duxbury                           153
+
+  Governor Edward Winslow                                        157
+
+  Mayflower Tablet on the Barbican, Plymouth, England            161
+
+  Scrooby Village                                                165
+
+  The Ancient Kitchen, Guildhall, Boston                         169
+
+  Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough                         173
+
+  Tablet in Vestibule of Robinson Memorial Church,
+  Gainsborough.--Memorial Tablet on St. Peter's Church,
+  Leyden                                                         177
+
+  Design by R. M. Lucas for the Tercentenary Memorial at
+  Southampton                                                    181
+
+  The Font, Austerfield Church.--The Font, Primitive Methodist
+  Chapel, Lound                                                  185
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+By a strange yet happy coincidence, on the very day the writer of these
+lines sat silent in a Pilgrim cell at Boston--the Lincolnshire town
+where the Pilgrims were imprisoned in their first attempt to flee their
+native country--pondering on the past and inscribing his humble lines to
+the New World pioneers, the President of the American Republic was at
+Provincetown, Massachusetts, dedicating a giant monument to the planters
+of New Plymouth, the last of the many memorials erected to them. The
+date was the fifth of August, 1910. President Taft in his address at the
+commemoration ceremonies declared very truly that the purpose which
+prompted the Pilgrims' progress and the spirit which animated them
+furnish the United States to-day with the highest ideals of moral life
+and political citizenship. Three years before, another American
+President, Mr. Roosevelt, at the cornerstone laying of this monument,
+enlarged on the character of their achievement, and in ringing words
+proclaimed its immensity and world-wide significance.
+
+Down through the years the leaders of men have borne burning witness to
+the wonderful work of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its influence is deep-rooted
+in the world's history to-day, and in the life and the past of our race
+it stands its own enduring monument.
+
+The object of the present narrative is to give to the reader an account
+of the Mayflower Pilgrims that is concise and yet sufficiently
+comprehensive to embrace all essentials respecting the personality and
+pilgrimage of the Forefathers, whom the poet Whittier pictures to us in
+vivid verse as:
+
+                    those brave men who brought
+    To the ice and iron of our winter time
+      A will as firm, a creed as stern, and wrought
+      With one mailed hand and with the other fought.
+
+In the pages which follow, the Old World homes and haunts of the Pilgrim
+Fathers are depicted and described. The story has the advantage of
+having been written on the scene of their early trials, concerted plans
+of escape, and stormy emigration, by one who, from long association, is
+familiar with the history and traditions of Boston and the quaint old
+sister port of Gainsborough, and perhaps imparts to the work some
+feeling of the life and local atmosphere of those places in the days
+that are dealt with, and before. The Pilgrims are followed into Holland
+and on their momentous journey across seas to the West. The story aims
+at being trustworthy and up-to-date as regards the later known facts of
+Pilgrim history and the developments which reflect it in our own time.
+It does what no other book on the subject has attempted: it traces the
+individual lives and varying fortunes of the Pilgrims after their
+settlement in the New World; and it states the steps taken in recent
+years to perpetuate the memory of the heroic band. The tale that is told
+is one of abiding interest to the Anglo-Saxon race; and its
+attractiveness in these pages is enhanced by the series of illustrations
+which accompanies the printed record. Grateful acknowledgment is made of
+much kindly assistance rendered during the preparation of the work,
+especially by the Honourable William S. Kyle, Treasurer of the First
+(Pilgrim) Church at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
+
+              _Men they were who could not bend;
+    Blest Pilgrims, surely, as they took for guide
+    A will by sovereign Conscience sanctified._
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _From Rite and Ordinance abused they fled
+    To Wilds where both were utterly unknown._
+
+                             --WORDSWORTH, "_Ecclesiastical Sonnets,"
+                             Part III. Aspects of Christianity in
+                             America, I. The Pilgrim Fathers._
+
+_In romance of circumstance and the charm of personal heroism the story
+of the Pilgrim Fathers is pre-eminent._
+
+                                --J. A. DOYLE'S "_English in America_."
+
+_The coming hither of the Pilgrim three centuries ago ... shaped the
+destinies of this Continent, and therefore profoundly affected the
+destiny of the whole world._
+
+                               --PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, _at the laying
+                               of the corner-stone of the Pilgrim
+                               Memorial Monument at Provincetown,
+                               Massachusetts, August 20th, 1907_.
+
+[Illustration: THE CELLS, GUILDHALL, BOSTON _With winding staircase to
+court-room above_]
+
+
+FROM A PILGRIM CELL
+
+                                           THE PILGRIMS' CELLS,
+                                      GUILDHALL, BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE.
+
+
+This is written in a Pilgrim cell, one of those dark and narrow dungeons
+which the Pilgrim Fathers tenanted three hundred and four years ago, in
+the autumn of 1607, and behind the heavy iron bars of which men have for
+generations delighted to be locked in memory of their lives and deeds.
+The present-day gaoler, less terrible than his predecessor of Puritan
+times, has ushered me in and closed the rusty gate upon me, and left me
+alone, a willing prisoner for a space. I look around, but do not start
+and shrink in mortal dread as must once the hapless captives here
+immured.
+
+'Tis a gloomy place as a rule; but just now some outer basement doors,
+flung open, admit the autumn sunlight, which floods the hall floor and
+penetrates to the cell where I am seated. To get here I have stooped and
+sidled through an opening a foot and a half wide and five feet deep, set
+in a whitewashed wall fourteen inches thick. I stand with arms
+outstretched, and find that the opposite walls may be pressed with the
+finger-tips of each hand. The cell extends back seven feet, and the
+height is the same between the bare stone floor and the roughly boarded
+roof. All is dingy, cobwebbed, musty, and silent as the grave. Like the
+neighbouring tenement it is cold, mean, melancholy, fit only to be
+shunned. Yet its associations are dear indeed. For this is holy ground,
+a hallowed spot, a Mecca of modern pilgrims. It has a history held
+sacred in two hemispheres, that of religious persecution, of loyal
+resolution, of physical fetters and spiritual freedom.
+
+Such is the story inscribed upon these walls, a record which may be read
+in all their time-worn stones, on every inch of their rusted bolts and
+bars. For they are the cells of the Pilgrim Fathers. Here was the first
+rude break in their weary worldly progress, a journey which was to
+continue with affliction into Holland, thence back to Plymouth, and,
+after a last adieu there to English soil, on in the little Mayflower to
+New Plymouth and a New England.
+
+Alone in a Pilgrim cell! What thoughts the situation kindles; how
+eagerly the imagination shapes and clothes them; what scenes this mouldy
+atmosphere unfolds. The very solitude is eloquent with pious
+reminiscence; the void is filled again, peopled with those spectres of
+an imperishable past; their prayers and praise fall on the listening
+ear, a soft appeal for grace and strength, the lulling notes of a rough
+psalmody; then answering dreams and visions of the night.
+
+                                                             THE AUTHOR.
+
+1911.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES
+
+
+THE ROMANTIC STORY _of the_ MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+
+I
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES
+
+              _View each well-known scene:
+  Think what is now and what hath been._--SCOTT.
+
+
+Lincolnshire stands pre-eminent among the English shires for inspiriting
+records of trials borne and conflicts waged for conscience' sake. The
+whole country, from the lazy Trent to the booming eastern sea, teems
+moreover with religious interest. To read what happened between the
+births of two famous Lincolnshire men--Archbishop Langton in the twelfth
+century; and Methodist John Wesley in the seventeenth--is like reading
+the history of English nonconformity. The age of miracles was long since
+past; yet Stephen Langton, Primate of England and Cardinal of Rome, was
+a champion of the national liberties. He aided, nay instigated, the
+wresting of Magna Charta from King John. That was not the result of his
+education; 'twas the Lincolnshire blood in his veins. For the outrage on
+the Romish traditions the Archbishop was suspended by the Pope.
+Probably he would have been hanged if they could have got at him.
+
+But we can go back farther even than Langton's time. Not many miles from
+Gainsborough is the Danish settlement of Torksey, rich in ecclesiastical
+lore. Here Paulinus baptised the Lindissians on the sandy shore of the
+Trent, in the presence of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Hereabout, they
+say, King Alfred the Great was married to the daughter of Etheldred, and
+the old wives of Gainsborough used to recite tales of Wickliffe hiding
+on the spot where once stood the dwelling-place of Sweyn and of Canute.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Brocklehurst, Gainsborough_
+
+A BIT OF OLD GAINESBOROUGH]
+
+Lincolnshire has always had the courage to bear religious stress, and
+strange things are read of it. It was near Louth that the insurrection
+known as "The Pilgrimage of Grace" began. Eighty-five years before the
+sailing of the Mayflower, and thirty years before William Brewster was
+born, the ecclesiastical commissioners for the suppression of
+monasteries (which were plentiful in Lincolnshire) went down to hold a
+visitation at Louth. But the excursion was not to their pleasure. As one
+of them rode into the town he heard the alarm bell pealing from the
+tower, and then he saw people swarming into the streets carrying bills
+and staves, "the stir and noise arising hideous." He fled into the
+church for sanctuary, but they hauled him out, and with a sword at his
+breast bade him swear to be true to the Commonwealth. He swore. That
+was the Examiner. When the Registrar came on the scene he was with scant
+ceremony dragged to the market cross, where his commission was read in
+derision and then torn up, and he barely escaped with his life. For the
+same cause there were risings at Caistor and Horncastle--two of the
+demurest of modern towns. The Bishop's Chancellor was murdered in the
+streets of Horncastle and the body stripped and the garments torn to
+rags; and at Lincoln the episcopal palace was plundered and partially
+demolished.
+
+But Lincolnshire need rest no fame upon such merits as these. Greater
+honour belongs to the county, for it was Lincolnshire that made the most
+important of all contributions to the building of America when it sent
+forth the Pilgrim Fathers, and afterwards the Puritan leaders, who met
+for conference in the eventful days of the movement in Boston town, in
+Sempringham manor house, or in Tattershall Castle, to lay the
+foundations of the Massachusetts settlements. And, as Doyle in his
+"English in America," truly says, "In romance of circumstance and the
+charm of personal heroism the story of the Pilgrim Fathers is
+pre-eminent. They were the pioneers who made it easy for the rest of the
+host to follow." Their colony was the germ of the New England States.
+
+Amid the quiet pastures threaded by the Ryton stream, where the counties
+of York and Lincoln and Nottingham meet, are two small villages, the
+homes of the only Pilgrim Fathers satisfactorily traced to English
+birthplaces. A simple, pathetic interest clings to these secluded spots.
+At Scrooby is the manor house wherein William Brewster, the great heart
+of the pilgrimage and foremost planter of New Plymouth, was born.
+Archbishops of York had found a home here for centuries; Wolsey, at the
+close of his strangely checkered career, lodged there and planted a
+mulberry tree in the garden; Bishop Bonner dated a letter thence to
+Thomas Cromwell. And when William Brewster became Elder Brewster,
+pensive Puritans often gathered there to worship, "and with great love
+he entertained them when they came, making provision for them to his
+great charge." His condition was prosperous and he could well afford to
+do it. A Cambridge man, Brewster early took his degree at Peterhouse; he
+next saw service at Court, and accompanied Secretary Davison to the
+Netherlands; afterwards succeeding his father and grandfather as post on
+the great North Road at Scrooby, a responsible and well-paid office,
+which he filled for nearly twenty years.
+
+The parish church, "not big, but very well builded," as Leland said; the
+quaint old vicarage; the parish pound, and all that remains of the
+parish stocks: these stand witness to the antiquity of Scrooby. A little
+railway station and rushing Northern expresses are almost the only signs
+of twentieth century activity.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE OLD MANOR HOUSE, SCROOBY, WHERE WILLIAM BREWSTER WAS BORN]
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+SCROOBY CHURCH]
+
+The Scrooby community was an off-shoot from that at Gainsborough, the
+first Separatist church formed in the North of England, of which the
+pastor was John Smyth, a graduate of Cambridge, an "eminent man in his
+time" and "well beloved of most men." Smyth preached at Gainsborough
+from 1602 to 1606, when he was driven into exile. The members of his
+church gathered from miles around to its services, crossing into
+Gainsborough by the ferry-boat on the Trent. This continued for two or
+three years, until at length "these people became two distinct bodies or
+churches, and in regard of distance did congregate severally; for they
+were of sundry towns and villages."
+
+Richard Clyfton, once rector of Babworth near Retford--"a grave and
+reverend preacher"--was the first pastor at Scrooby; and with him as
+teacher was "that famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson," another
+seceder from the English Church, who afterwards was pastor for many
+years "till the Lord took him away by death."
+
+Next to Brewster, William Bradford was the most prominent of the lay
+preachers among the Scrooby fraternity. He became Governor Bradford of
+the Plymouth Colony--"the first American citizen of the English race who
+bore rule by the free choice of his brethren"--and the historian of the
+Plymouth Plantation. Bradford, a yeoman's son with comfortable home
+surroundings, lived at Austerfield, an ancient agricultural village
+about three miles from Scrooby on the Yorkshire side. The pretty cottage
+of his birth is still shown by the roadside near the Norman church, and
+the parish register bears the record of his baptism, on March 19, 1589.
+A youth of seventeen years, he walked across the fields to join the
+Scrooby brethren in their meetings. He and Brewster, the two men who
+were to impress their individuality so powerfully upon the religious
+life of the American people, became firm friends, and, says their later
+historian,[1] that friendship, "formed amid the tranquil surroundings of
+the North Midlands of their native land, was to be deepened by common
+labours and aspirations, and by common hardships and sufferings endured
+side by side both in the Old World and the New."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE COTTAGE AT AUSTERFIELD WHERE WILLIAM BRADFORD WAS BORN]
+
+But it was Robinson to whom they jointly owed much guidance. When, in
+Bradford's own words, "They could not long continue in any peaceable
+condition, but were hunted and persecuted on every side;" when "some
+were taken and clapt up in prison, and others had their houses beset and
+watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands;" and when "the
+most were fain to fly and leave their homes and habitations and the
+means of their livelihood," it was John Robinson, the devout and learned
+pastor, who led them out of Nottinghamshire into Holland, and there
+inspired within them the vision of complete earthly freedom in the
+new country across the Atlantic.
+
+Robinson was a Lincolnshire man. Gainsborough claims him, and on
+Gainsborough his first solid memorial has been raised. Many are familiar
+with Gainsborough who have never seen the town. Up the Trent sailed
+Sweyn, the sanguinary Dane, to conquest; and his son Canute--he that
+ordered back the rising tide, and got a wetting for his pains--was at
+Gainsborough when he succeeded him as King of England.
+
+Gainsborough is the St. Ogg's of "The Mill on the Floss," and the Trent
+is the Floss, along which Tom and Maggie Tulliver "wandered with a sense
+of travel, to see the rushing spring-tide, the awful Ægir, come up like
+a hungry monster"--the inrush of the first wave of the tide, a
+phenomenon peculiar at that time to both the Trent and the Witham.
+
+What George Eliot wrote of St. Ogg's describes old Gainsborough
+to-day--"A town which carries the trace of its long growth and history
+like a millennial tree, and has sprung up and developed in the same spot
+between the river and the low hill from the time when the Roman legion
+turned their backs on it from the camp on the hillside, and the
+long-haired sea-kings came up the river and looked with fierce eyes at
+the fatness of the land."
+
+And in sketching the history of St. Ogg's the novelist remembered that
+time of ecclesiastical ferment now written about, when "Many honest
+citizens lost all their possessions for conscience' sake, and went forth
+beggared from their native town. Doubtless there are many houses
+standing now," she said, "on which those honest citizens turned their
+backs in sorrow, quaint gabled houses looking on the river, jammed
+between newer warehouses, and penetrated by surprising passages, which
+turn at sharp angles till they lead you out on a muddy strand
+over-flowed continually by the rushing tide." Did not Maggie Tulliver,
+in white muslin and simple, noble beauty, attend an "idiotic beggar" in
+the still existing Old Hall, where the Fathers worshipped and John Smyth
+taught--"a very quaint place, with broad, jaded stripes painted on the
+walls, and here and there a show of heraldic animals of a bristly,
+long-snouted character, the cherished emblems of a noble family once the
+seigniors of this now civic hall"?
+
+In this Old Hall the Separatist church was founded in 1602, and here it
+had the friendly protection of the Hickman family, Protestants whose
+religious sympathies had brought them persecution and exile in the past.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE OLD HALL, GAINSBOROUGH, IN WHICH THE SEPARATIST CHURCH WAS FOUNDED
+IN 1602]
+
+But the "foreign-looking town" which George Eliot endowed with romance
+had, like the neighbouring estuary town of Boston, which her language
+might have served almost as well to paint, been the abode of hard,
+historic fact. We can imagine the Scrooby brethren crossing the ancient
+ferry to bid their friends at Gainsborough farewell. For in 1607 we
+read, this "groupe of earnest professors of religion and bold assertors
+of the principle of freedom and personal conviction in respect to the
+Christian faith and practice" had formed the resolution to seek in
+another country the liberty they found not at home.[2] But it was as
+unlawful to flee from their native land as to remain in it without
+conforming, for the statute of 13 Richard II, still in force, made
+emigrating without authority a penal crime.
+
+Not Gainsborough alone in the North and East appeals to the never-ending
+stream of reverent New World pilgrims to Old World shrines. On an autumn
+day of the year above named came Elder Brewster to the famed new borough
+of Boston. There he cautiously looked about him, and made a bargain with
+the captain of a Dutch vessel to receive his party on board "as
+privately as might be." But they were betrayed, arrested, stripped of
+their belongings and driven into the town, a spectacle for the gaping
+crowd, then haled before the justices at the Guildhall and "put into
+ward," there to await the pleasure of the Privy Council concerning them.
+
+Boston is a unique old shrine--a place "familiar with forgotten years,"
+as George Eliot says; a town, as already hinted, resembling Gainsborough
+in many outward features, but even wealthier in associations dear to the
+hearts of New World pilgrims. Boston and Gainsborough are regarded as
+the two most foreign-looking towns in England. Many of Boston's
+inhabitants still hold the brave spirit which enabled their ancestors to
+endure the religious stress of the seventeenth century. It has been a
+cradle of liberty since that idea first held men's thoughts and roused
+them to action.
+
+The quaint buildings, the ancient towers of Hussey and of Kyme, the
+Guildhall, the Grammar School, the great church with its giant tower all
+crusted o'er with the dust of antiquity: these stood when Bradford and
+Brewster and their companions in search of freedom were arraigned before
+the magistrates for the high crime and misdemeanor of trying to leave
+their native land.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+GUILDHALL AND SOUTH STREET, BOSTON]
+
+They must have had secret friends in the place; for some time after
+their Boston adventure the Government sent down Commissioners to make
+serious inquiry as to who had cut off the crosses from the tops of the
+maces carried before the Mayor to church "on Sundays and Thursdays and
+solemn times." John Cotton, the Puritan vicar, openly condemned the act.
+Suspicion fell upon churchwarden Atherton Hough. But he denied it,
+though "he confessed he did before that year break off the hand and arm
+of a picture of a Pope (as it seemed) standing over a pillar of the
+outside of the steeple very high, which hand had the form of a church in
+it." The confession seems to have been safely made, and doubtless
+churchwarden Hough was proud of it. He might have been better employed
+at that moment; but if any be tempted to censure his Puritan zeal, let
+them remember the temper of the times in which he lived. There was
+something more than wanton mischief behind it all. It was not in fact a
+"picture" of a Pope, but an image much more innocent. But the
+resemblance was sufficient for Atherton Hough.
+
+The venerable Guildhall, where Brewster and the rest faced the justices,
+stands in a street containing the queerest of riverside warehouses. One
+of them, old Gysors' Hall, was once the home of a family belonging to
+the merchant guilds of Boston, which gave to London two Mayors and a
+Constable of the Tower in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The
+Guildhall itself dates from the thirteenth century; the image of St.
+Mary which once adorned its front shared the fate of the "picture" on
+the church tower, with the difference that the Virgin vanished more
+completely than the "Pope." The hall is regularly used by the public;
+and local authorities with long and honourable history still deliberate
+in the ancient court-room, with its wagon roof, its arch beams, its
+wainscoted walls, and the Boston coat-of-arms and the table of Boston
+Mayors since 1545 proudly displayed to view. Except for its fittings and
+furniture the chamber presents much the appearance now that it did when
+the Pilgrim Fathers, brought up from the cells which exist to-day just
+as when they tenanted them, stood pathetic figures on its floor and were
+interrogated by a body of justices, courteous and well-disposed, but
+powerless to give them back their liberty.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE OLD COURTROOM, GUILDHALL, BOSTON
+
+_Where the Pilgrims' Fathers faced the Justices. In the floor on the
+left is the trap door to the staircase leading down to the Cells. The
+Court ceased to be held here in 1843_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dr. John Brown in "The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their
+Puritan Successors."
+
+[2] "Seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no hope of
+their continuance there, they resolved to go into y^e Low Countries,
+wher they heard was freedome of religion for all men; as also how
+Sundrie from London, and other parts of y^e land had been exiled and
+persecuted for y^e same cause, and were gone thither and lived at
+Amsterdam and in other places of y^e land, so affter they had continued
+togeither about a year, and kept their meetings every Saboth, in one
+place or other, exercising the worship of God amongst themselves,
+notwithstanding all y^e dilligence and malice of their adversaries, they
+seeing they could no longer continue in y^t condition, they resolved to
+get over into Hollad as they could which was in y^y year
+1607-1608."--Bradford's "History of Plymouth Plantation."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE RIVER WITHAM, BOSTON]
+
+
+II
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND
+
+    _Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay._
+
+                                                     WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+Great things were destined to result from that none too joyous jaunt of
+Elder Brewster's when, late in 1607, charged by the Scrooby community to
+find them a way out of England, he went down to Boston and chartered a
+ship. William Bradford was of the Boston party. Everything was quietly
+done. In all likelihood the intending emigrants never entered the town,
+but gathered at some convenient spot on the Witham tidal estuary where
+the rushing Ægir hissed.
+
+Whether the Dutch skipper was dissatisfied with the fare promised him,
+or he feared detection and punishment, cannot be told. Yet, when the
+fugitives were all on board his vessel, and appeared about to sail, they
+were arrested by minions of the law. Bitter must have been their
+disappointment; stern, we may be sure, their remonstrance. But they
+could do nothing more than upbraid the treacherous Dutchman. They were
+not kept long in doubt as to their fate. Put back into open boats, their
+captors "rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for
+money, yea, even the women further than became modesty, and then carried
+them back into the town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the
+multitude who came flocking on all sides to behold them." A goodly sight
+for this curious Boston mob. "Being thus first by the catchpole officers
+rifled and stripped of their money, books, and much other goods,"
+proceeds the account, with an honest contempt for the writings of the
+law, "they were presented to the magistrates, and messengers were sent
+to inform the Lords of the Council of them; and so they were committed
+to ward."
+
+The basement cells in which the prisoners were placed had been in use at
+that time for about sixty years, for "in 1552 it was ordered that the
+kitchens under the Town Hall and the chambers over them should be
+prepared for a prison and a dwelling-house for one of the sergeants."
+There must have been more cells formerly. Two of them now remain. They
+are entered by a step some eighteen inches high; are about six feet
+broad by seven feet long; and in lieu of doors they are made secure by a
+barred iron gate.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE PILGRIM CELLS, GUILDHALL, BOSTON, SHOWING THE KITCHEN BEYOND]
+
+Into these dens the captives were thrust. Short of a dungeon
+underground, no place of confinement could have been more depressing.
+Only the heavy whitewashed gate, scarce wide enough to allow a man to
+enter, admits the light and air; and the interior of each cell is dark
+as night. We can imagine the misery of men fated to inhabit for long
+such abodes of gloom; it must have been extreme. They look as if they
+might have served as coal cellars for feeding the great open fireplaces
+which, with their spits and jacks and winding-chains, still stand there
+in the long open kitchen much as they did when they cooked the last
+mayoral banquet or May Day dinner for the old Bostonians.
+
+A curious winding stair (partly left with its post), terminating at a
+trapdoor in the court-room floor, was the way by which prisoners
+ascended and descended on their passage to and from the Court above.
+
+Now these justices who had the dealing with the Pilgrim Fathers were
+humane men, and were not without a feeling of sympathy for the unhappy
+captives. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that during some portion
+of this time, when their presence was not required by the Court, they
+may have found them better quarters than the Guildhall cells. There was
+a roomy ramshackle pile near the church in the market-place, half shop,
+half jail, of irregular shape, with long low roof, which in 1584 was
+"made strong" as regards the prison part, though in 1603--four years
+before the date under notice--it was so insecure that an individual
+detained there was "ordered to have irons placed upon him for his more
+safe keeping," with a watchman to look after him! And thirty years later
+the jail, "and the prison therein called Little-Ease," were repaired.
+
+We know what "Little-Ease" means well enough; and so did many a wretched
+occupant of these barbarous places. The Bishop of Lincoln, in the old
+persecuting days, had at his palace at Woburn "a cell in his prison
+called Little-Ease," so named because it was so small that those
+confined in it could neither stand upright nor lie at length. Other
+bishops possessed similar means of bodily correction and spiritual
+persuasion.
+
+This was worse than the Guildhall cells, with all their gloomy horror;
+and if the magistrates entertained their unwilling guests at the town
+jail, we may rest satisfied they did not eat the bread of adversity and
+drink the water of affliction in Little-Ease, but in some more spacious
+apartment. We have no evidence that they did so entertain them, and the
+traditional lodging-place of these intercepted Pilgrims is the Guildhall
+and nowhere else. It is probable, all the same, that a good part of
+their captivity was spent in the town prison.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Drawing by the late William Brand, F. S. A._
+
+OLD TOWN GAOL, MARKET-PLACE, BOSTON]
+
+Although the magistrates, from Mayor John Mayson downward, felt for the
+sufferers and doubtless ameliorated their condition as far as they
+could, it was not until after a month's imprisonment that the greater
+part were dismissed and sent back, baffled, plundered, and
+heart-broken, to the places they had so lately left, there to endure the
+scoffs of their neighbours and the rigours of ecclesiastical discipline.
+
+Seven of the principal men, treated as ring-leaders, were kept in prison
+and bound over to the assizes. Apparently nothing further was done with
+them. Brewster is said to have been the chief sufferer both in person
+and pocket. He had eluded a warrant by leaving for Boston, and we know
+this was in September, because on the fifteenth of that month the
+messenger charged to apprehend Brewster and another man, one Richard
+Jackson of Scrooby, certified to the Ecclesiastical Court at York "that
+he cannot find them, nor understand where they are." On the thirtieth of
+September also the first payment is recorded to Brewster's successor as
+postmaster at Scrooby.
+
+How the imprisoned Separatists fared, there is nothing to show. No
+assize record exists. The Privy Council Register, which could have
+thrown light on the matter, was destroyed in the Whitehall fire of 1618;
+and the Boston Corporation records, which doubtless contained some entry
+on the subject that would have been of the greatest interest now, are
+also disappointing, as the leaves for the period, the first of a volume,
+have disappeared.
+
+Eventually the prisoners were all liberated. That dreary wait of many
+weeks was a weariness of the spirit and of the flesh. Patiently they
+bore the separation, and by and by they met to make more plans. Next
+spring they agreed with another Dutchman to take them on board at a
+lonely point on the northern coast of Lincolnshire, between Grimsby and
+Hull, "where was a large common, a good way distant from any town." This
+spot has been located as Immingham, the site of the new Grimsby docks.
+
+The women, with the children and their goods, came to the Humber by boat
+down the Trent from Gainsborough; the men travelled forty miles across
+country from Scrooby. Both parties got to the rendezvous before the
+ship, and the boat was run into a creek. This was unfortunate, as when
+the captain came on the scene next morning the boat was high and dry,
+left on the mud by the fallen tide, and there was nothing for it but to
+wait for high water at midday.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Bocklehurst, Gainsborough_
+
+TRENTSIDE, GAINSBOROUGH]
+
+Meanwhile the Dutchman set about taking the men on board in the ship's
+skiff, but when one boatload had been embarked he saw to his dismay, out
+on the hills in hot pursuit, "a great company, both horse and foot, with
+bills and guns and other weapons," for "the country was raised to take
+them." So the laconic historian says, "he swore his country's
+oath--Sacramente," and heaving up his anchor sailed straight away with
+the people he had got. Their feelings may be imagined; and their plight
+was aggravated by a violent storm, which drove them out of their course
+and tossed them about for a fortnight, until even the sailors gave up
+hope and abandoned themselves to despair. But the ship reached port,
+at last, and all were saved.
+
+The scene ashore meantime had been scarcely less distressing than that
+at sea. Some of the men left behind made good their escape; the rest
+tarried with the forsaken portion of the party. The women were
+broken-hearted. Some wept and cried for their husbands, carried away in
+the unkindly prudent Dutchman's ship. Some were distracted with
+apprehension; and others looked with tearful eyes into the faces of the
+helpless little ones that clung about them, crying with fear and quaking
+with cold.
+
+The men with the bills and guns arrested them; but, though they hurried
+their prisoners from place to place, no Justice could be found to send
+women to gaol for no other crime than wanting to go with their husbands.
+We know not what befell them. The most likely suggestion is that "they
+took divers ways, and were received into various houses by kind-hearted
+country folk." Yet this we do know. They rallied somewhere at a later
+day, and John Robinson and William Brewster, and other principal members
+of the devoted sect, including Richard Clyfton, "were of the last, and
+stayed to help the weakest over before them;" and Bradford tells us with
+a sigh of satisfaction that "notwithstanding all these storms of
+opposition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time and some at
+another, and some in one place and some in another, and mette togeather
+againe according to their desires, with no small rejoycing"--to take
+part in the wonderful movement, begun by the Pilgrims and continued by
+the Puritans, that gave to a new land a new nation. Thus, wrote Richard
+Monckton Milnes, in some verses dated "The Hall, Bawtry, May 30th,
+1854"--
+
+    Thus, to men cast in that heroic mould
+      Came Empire, such as Spaniard never knew--
+      Such Empire as beseems the just and true;
+    And at the last, almost unsought, came gold.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+ELDER WILLIAM BREWSTER]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by W. P. Demmenie, Leyden_
+
+JOHN ROBINSON'S HOUSE, LEYDEN, WHERE THE PILGRIM FATHERS WORSHIPPED]
+
+
+III
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST
+
+    _Then to the new-found World explored their way,
+    That so a Church, unforced, uncalled to brook
+    Ritual restraints, within some sheltering nook
+    Her Lord might worship and His Word obey
+    In Freedom._--WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+The first stage of the pilgrimage from the Old England to the New was
+now accomplished. Before the end of 1608 the whole body of the fugitives
+had assembled at Amsterdam. Two Separatist communities were already
+there, one from London, of which Francis Johnson was pastor and Henry
+Ainsworth teacher, and the other from Gainsborough under John Smyth. But
+these brethren were torn with dissensions, and the Scrooby Pilgrims,
+seeking peace, moved on to Leyden, where, by permission of the
+authorities, they settled early in 1609. Here they embarked upon a
+prosperous period of church life, and after awhile purchased a large
+dwelling, standing near the belfry tower of St. Peter's Church, which in
+1611 served as pastor's residence and meeting-house, while in the rear
+of it were built a score of cottages for the use of their poor.
+
+Eleven quiet years were spent in Holland. Governor Bradford says they
+continued "in a comfortable condition, enjoying much sweet and
+delightful society and spiritual comfort," and that they "lived together
+in love and peace all their days," without any difference or disturbance
+"but such as was easily healed in love."
+
+The conditions of life were stern and hard, but they bore all
+cheerfully. With patient industry they worked at various handicrafts,
+fighting poverty and gaining friends. William Bradford was a fustian
+worker when, in 1613, at the age of twenty-three, he married Dorothy May
+of Wisbech; the marriage register which thus describes him is preserved
+in the Puiboeken at Amsterdam. Brewster, who was chief elder to John
+Robinson, now sole pastor of the congregation since Richard Clyfton had
+remained behind at Amsterdam, at first earned a livelihood by giving
+lessons in English to the students at the University. Then, in
+conjunction with Thomas Brewer, a Puritan from Kent, he set up a
+printing press, and they produced books in defence of their principles,
+such as were banned in England. Similar literature, emanating from the
+Netherlands, had excited the wrath of King James, who still possessed
+sufficient influence with the States of Holland to enable him to reach
+offending authors there. This James attempted to do in the case of Elder
+Brewster through Sir Dudley Carleton, then English ambassador at the
+Hague. The result was ludicrous failure.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH, LEYDEN]
+
+Brewster quitted Leyden for a time and went to London, not as was
+thought to elude the vigilance of the Ambassador, but to arrange with
+shipmasters for a voyage to the West, which the Pilgrims had begun to
+think about. While Brewster was being sought by the Bishop of London's
+pursuivants, Sir Dudley Carleton, unaware of the hunt proceeding in
+London, was actively searching for him at Leyden, and at last
+triumphantly informed Secretary Naunton that he had caught his man. But
+as it turned out, the bailiff charged with the arrest, "being a dull,
+drunken fellow," had seized Brewer instead of Brewster! The prisoner was
+nevertheless detained, and after some ado consented to submit himself
+for examination in England, on conditions which were observed. Nothing
+came of it however. Brewster returned free and unmolested and Brewer
+remained in Leyden for some years, when, venturing back to England, he
+was thrown into prison and kept there until released by the Long
+Parliament fourteen years later.
+
+Events were meanwhile shaping the destiny of the little Pilgrim
+community. Holland, though a welcome temporary asylum, was no permanent
+place for these English exiles, and their thoughts turned before long
+towards a settlement in North America. By good fortune this was a
+country then being opened up, and it appeared as a veritable Land of
+Promise to these refugees in search of a new home.
+
+The first attempt to found an English colony on the mainland of North
+America was made in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh took possession of the
+country and named it Virginia in honour of his Queen. Nothing came of
+this venture, but in 1607 a company of one hundred and five men from
+England, sailing in three small ships, had landed on the peninsula of
+Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay, and the first permanent settlement was
+established.
+
+The chief of this Virginian enterprise was the redoubtable John Smith, a
+Lincolnshire man, the first of those sons of empire to go out from the
+East to the West. Strange that this pioneer in the wilderness, who gave
+to New England its name, should have come from a country which was to
+contribute so much to the peopling of the New England States. It is upon
+record that in 1619 Smith, who was then unemployed at home, volunteered
+to lead out the Pilgrims to North Virginia, but nothing came of the
+offer.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by James, Louth_
+
+BUST OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
+
+_Presented by General Baden-Powell to the Louth Grammar School_]
+
+The Leyden brethren in their hour of need turned to the Virginia
+Company, and the negotiations for a settlement in the chartered
+territory were not altogether unsatisfactory. The obstacle was their
+religion. On the Council of the Company they had good friends; but its
+charter not only enforced conformity, but provided stringent measures of
+church government. Yet, though the Pilgrims could obtain no formal grant
+of freedom of worship, the presumption that they would not be disturbed
+was so strong that they accepted the conditions and were about to
+embark when the Merchant Adventurers in London with whom they were
+associated secured powers from the Plymouth Company, and they decided to
+sail for New England instead of for Virginia.
+
+Arrangements were not completed without "many quirimonies and
+complaints;" but the exiles were saddled with such substantial
+difficulties as want of capital and means of transport, and the
+bargaining was all in favour of the merchants who were to finance and
+equip the expedition. At length the compact was made and preparations
+for the voyage were pushed forward, and the eventful day arrived when
+the Pilgrims were to make the long, lone journey across the seas.
+
+Pastor Robinson and a portion of his flock were to stay behind at Leyden
+until the first detachment had secured a lodgment on the American
+continent; and those about to sail, the majority of the little
+community, went on board the Speedwell, a vessel of sixty tons. The
+Pilgrims embarked included such stout-hearted pioneers as Brewster and
+Bradford, John Carver, Edward Winslow, Isaac Allerton, Samuel Fuller,
+and John Howland, all "pious and godly men;" also Captain Miles
+Standish, who, though not a member of the congregation then or
+afterwards, was a valiant soldier whose military experience and
+well-tried sword would, it was suspected, prove of service in a country
+where "salvages" were known to exist in large numbers and might have to
+be encountered with the arm of flesh.
+
+That was a touching scene and one which stands out boldly in the history
+of the movement when, on a bright sunny morning in July, 1620, the
+Pilgrim Fathers knelt on the seashore at Delfshaven and Mr. Robinson,
+his hands uplifted and his voice broken with emotion, gave them his
+blessing. Affecting also was the parting of the emigrants with those
+they were leaving behind. They had need of all their courage and
+patience.
+
+They sailed with British cheers and a sounding volley fired as salute,
+and made a brave enough show on quitting land; but troubles dogged them
+on the waters. Delays and disappointments soon set in. The Speedwell
+brought them to Southampton, where, anchored off the West Key, they
+found the Mayflower of London, a bark of one hundred and eighty tons
+burden, Captain Thomas Jones, and several passengers, some of them
+merchants' craftsmen.
+
+Here some anxious days were spent in patching up the compact with the
+Adventurers, and while the vessels lay detained letters written by
+Robinson arrived from Leyden, one for John Carver conveying the pastoral
+promise--never, alas! redeemed--to join them later, and the other, full
+of wise counsel and encouragement, addressed to the whole company, to
+whom it was read aloud and "had good acceptance with all and after-fruit
+with many."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by Weir_
+
+THE EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS]
+
+With ninety people in the Mayflower and thirty in the Speedwell, and a
+governor and assistants appointed for each company, the two vessels
+dropped down Southampton water on August 15[3]; but they were scarcely
+in the Channel when the smaller craft began to leak, and they had to run
+into Dartmouth and overhaul her. The repairs occupied eight days. At
+the end of that time the ships again stood out to sea; but, when nearly
+three hundred miles past the Land's End, Reynolds, master of the
+Speedwell, reported that the pinnace was still leaking badly, and could
+only be kept afloat by the aid of the pumps. So there was nothing for it
+but to turn back a second time, and the vessels now put into Plymouth,
+the Pilgrims landing at the Old Barbican.
+
+At Plymouth the Speedwell was abandoned and sent back to London to the
+Merchant Adventurers, and with her went eighteen persons who had turned
+faint-hearted, among them Robert Cushman, a chief promoter of the
+emigration, and his family. Finally, after much kindness and hospitality
+extended to them by the Plymouth people, of whom they carried a grateful
+remembrance across the Atlantic, the Pilgrim Fathers said adieu, and all
+crowded on board the Mayflower, which, with its load of passengers,
+numbering one hundred and two souls, followed by many a cheering shout
+and fervent "God-speed" from the shore, set sail alone on September 16
+on its dreary voyage to the West. The weighing of the anchor of that
+little ship changed the ultimate destiny of half the English-speaking
+race!
+
+We have to remember that a trip like this in such a vessel as the
+Mayflower, crowded for the most part with helpless people, was a
+hazardous undertaking. The dangers of the deep were dreaded in those
+days for all-sufficient reasons, and here was a tiny craft, heavily
+submerged, making a winter voyage on a stormy ocean to a destination
+almost unknown. It must have required the strongest resolution, both of
+passengers and crew, to face the perils of the venture; the step was a
+desperate one, but, urged on by circumstances and an indomitable spirit,
+they took it unfalteringly, having first done what they could to make
+the lumbering little ship seaworthy.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_
+
+MODEL OF THE MAYFLOWER]
+
+The weather was cold and tempestuous, and the passage unexpectedly long.
+Half way across the Atlantic the voyagers incurred the penalty of those
+early delays, which now left them still at sea in the bad season. Caught
+by the equinoctial gales, they were sadly buffeted about, driven hither
+and thither by boisterous winds, tossed like a toy on the face of great
+rolling, breaking billows, the decks swept, masts and timbers creaking,
+the rigging rattling in the hard northern blast. One of the violent seas
+which struck them, unshipped a large beam in the body of the vessel,
+but by strenuous labour it was got into position again, and the
+carpenters caulked the seams which the pitching had opened in the sides
+and deck. Once that sturdy colonist of later years, John Howland,
+venturing above the gratings, was washed overboard, but by a lucky
+chance he caught a coil of rope trailing over the bulwark in the sea,
+and was hauled back into the ship. A birth and a death at intervals were
+also events of the passage. It was not until two whole months had been
+spent on the troubled ocean that glad cries at last welcomed the sight
+of land, and very soon after, on November 21, sixty-seven days out from
+Plymouth, the Mayflower rounded Cape Cod and dropped anchor in the
+placid waters of what came to be Provincetown Harbour.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1890, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOUR, AS SEEN FROM COLE'S HILL]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] New style, which is that adopted for the dates of sailing, and
+arrival and landing in North American.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND TRIUMPH
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS]
+
+
+IV
+
+"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND TRIUMPH
+
+    _The breaking waves dash'd high_
+      _On a stern and rock-bound coast;_
+    _And the woods, against a stormy sky,_
+      _Their giant branches toss'd._--MRS. HEMANS.
+
+
+We can imagine with what wondering awe and mingled hopes and fears the
+Pilgrims looked out over the sea upon that strange New World, with its
+great stretch of wild, wooded coast and panorama of rock and dune and
+scrub, wintry bay and frowning head-land, to which destiny and the worn
+white wings of the Mayflower together had brought them. With thankful
+hearts for safe deliverance from the perils of the sea, mindful of the
+past and not despairing for the future, they turned trustfully and
+bravely to meet the dangers which they knew awaited them in the unknown
+wilderness ashore.
+
+The point reached by the voyagers was considerably north of the intended
+place of settlement, the vicinity of the Hudson River; but whether
+accidental or designed--and some evidence there certainly was which
+seemed to show that the master of the Mayflower had been bribed by the
+Dutch[4] to keep away from Manhattan, which they wanted for
+themselves--the variation was a happy one for the colonists, inasmuch as
+it saved them from the savages, who were warlike and numerous near the
+Hudson, while in this district they had been decimated and scattered by
+disease.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE MARCH OF MILES STANDISH]
+
+Now the Pilgrims were a prudent as well as a pious and plucky people,
+and while yet upon the water they set about providing themselves with a
+system of civil government. Placed as they were by this time outside the
+pale of recognized authority, some fitting substitute for it must be
+established if order was to be maintained. The necessity for this was
+the more imperative as there were some on board--the hired labourers,
+probably--who were not, it was feared, "well affected to peace and
+concord." Assembled in the cabin of the Mayflower, we accordingly have
+the leaders of the expedition, preparing that other historical incident
+of the pilgrimage. There they drew up the document forming a body
+politic and promising obedience to laws framed for the common good. This
+was the first American charter of self-government. It was subscribed by
+all the male emigrants on board, numbering forty-one. Under the
+constitution adopted, John Carver was elected Governor for one year.
+
+The Mayflower rode at anchor while three explorations were made to
+discover a suitable place of settlement, one of them on shore under
+Captain Miles Standish, and two by water in the ship's shallop, which
+had been stowed away in pieces 'tween decks on the voyage. On December
+21st an inlet of the bay was sounded and pronounced "fit for shipping,"
+and the explorers on going inland found "divers cornfields and little
+running brooks," and other promising sources of supply. They accordingly
+decided that this was a place "fit for situation," and on December 26th
+the Mayflower's passengers, cramped and emaciated by long confinement on
+board, leaped joyfully ashore. Appropriately the spot was named New
+Plymouth, after the last port of call in Old England.
+
+The Pilgrims landed on a huge boulder of granite, the Pilgrim Stone,
+still reverently preserved by their descendants: a rock which was
+
+                  to their feet as a doorstep
+  Into a world unknown--the cornerstone of a nation![5]
+
+The early struggles of the Plymouth planters and the hardships they
+endured form a story of terrible privation and suffering on the one hand
+and heroic endurance and self-sacrifice on the other. They were late in
+arriving, and the season, midwinter, was unpropitious. The weather was
+unusually severe, even for that rigorous climate, and the Pilgrims found
+themselves in sorry plight on that bleak New England shore. Cold and
+famine had doggedly to be fought, and the contest was an unequal one.
+Cooped up for so long in the Mayflower, and badly fed and sheltered on
+the voyage, the settlers were ill-fitted to withstand the stress of the
+new conditions. For a time it was a struggle for bare existence, and the
+little colony was brought very near to extinction.
+
+The first care was to provide accommodation ashore, and for economy of
+building the community was divided into nineteen households, and the
+single men assigned to the different families, each of whom was to erect
+its own habitation and to have a plot of land. These rude homesteads of
+wood and thatch, and other buildings, eventually formed a single street
+beside the stream running down to the beach from the hill beyond. The
+soil of the chosen settlement appeared to be good, and abounded with
+"delicate springs" of water; the land yielded plentifully in season, and
+life teemed upon the coast and in the sea.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE CANOPY OVER PLYMOUTH ROCK]
+
+But many of the Pilgrims never lived to enjoy this provision of a
+bountiful Providence. Worn out, enfeebled in health, insufficiently
+housed ashore, they were a prey to sickness. Death reaped a rich harvest
+in their midst. Every second day a grave had to be dug for one or other
+of them in the frozen ground. Sometimes, during January and February,
+two or three died in a single day. So rapid was the mortality that at
+last only a mere handful remained who were able to look after the sick.
+William Bradford was at this time prostrated, and it is pathetic to note
+the expression of his gratitude to his friend William Brewster and Miles
+Standish and others who ministered to his needs and those of the
+fellow-sufferers around him. One house, the first finished, was set
+apart as a hospital. The hill above the beach was converted into a
+burial-ground,[6] and one is touched to the quick to read of the graves
+having to be levelled and grassed over for fear the prowling Indians
+should discover how few and weak the strangers were becoming!
+
+With March came better weather, and for the first time "the birds sang
+pleasantly in the woods," and brought hope and gladness to the hearts of
+the struggling colonists. But, by that time, of the hundred or more who
+had landed three short months before, one-half had perished miserably.
+John Carver succumbed in April, and his wife quickly followed him to
+the grave. Bradford, by the suffrages of his brethren, was made Governor
+for the first time in Carver's place. He had himself sustained a heavy
+bereavement, for, while he was away in the shallop with the exploring
+party, Dorothy May, the wife he had married at Amsterdam, fell overboard
+and was drowned. Many men of the Mayflower also died that dreadful
+winter as the ship lay at anchor in the bay, including the boatswain,
+the gunner, and the cook, three quartermasters and several seamen.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE OLD FORT AND FIRST MEETING HOUSE]
+
+To other troubles were allied the ever menacing peril of the Indians,
+which resulted in the famous challenge of the bundle of arrows wrapped
+in a rattlesnake's skin, and Bradford's effective reply to it with a
+serpent's skin stuffed with powder and shot; also, less happily, that
+return of Miles Standish and his men bearing in triumph a sagamore's
+head; and the building of the hill-fort, with cannon brought ashore from
+the Mayflower mounted on its roof, where also they worshipped till the
+first church was built at the hill fort in 1648. Here it was that the
+Pilgrims perpetuated the church founded at Scrooby in England. A
+building erected for storage and public worship in the first days of the
+colony took fire soon after its completion and was burnt to the ground.
+Of the refuge on the hill Bradford writes: "They builte a fort with good
+timber, both strong and comly, which was of good defence, made with a
+flatte rofe and batilments, on which their ordnance was mounted, and
+where they kepte constante watch, especially in time of danger. It
+served them also for a meeting-house, and was fitted accordingly for
+that use." The fort was large and square, and a work of such pretentions
+as to be regarded by some of the Pilgrims as vainglorious. Its provision
+was fully justified by the dangers which threatened the settlers, and it
+became the center of both the civic and religious life of the little
+colony.
+
+An excellent idea of the scene at Sunday church parade is given in a
+letter[7] written by Isaac de Rassières, secretary to the Dutch colony
+established at Manhattan, the modern New York, in 1623, describing a
+visit he paid to the Plymouth Plantation in the autumn of 1627. After
+speaking of the flat-roofed fort with its "six cannon, which shoot iron
+balls of four and five pounds and command the surrounding country," the
+writer says of the Pilgrims meeting in the lower part: "They assemble by
+beat of drum, each with his musket or firelock, in front of the
+captain's door; they have their cloaks on, and place themselves in order
+three abreast, and are led by a sergeant without beat of drum. Behind
+comes the Governor in a long robe; beside him, on the right hand, comes
+the Preacher with his cloak on, and on the left the Captain with his
+sidearms and cloak on, and with a small cane in his hand; and so they
+march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him. Thus they are
+constantly on their guard, night and day."
+
+The spectacle may not have been strictly that witnessed at every service
+on "Sundays and the usual holidays," for this was a state visit to the
+Colony, with solemn entry and heralding by trumpeters, and the Pilgrims
+probably treated the occasion with more form than was their wont. Still
+it is an instructive picture, full of romantic suggestion.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by G. H. Boughton_
+
+PILGRIMS GOING TO CHURCH]
+
+And then the service itself. For some notion of this we must turn to a
+visit paid to the Plantation five years later, in the autumn of 1632,
+when we are introduced to another scene in the fortified church. From
+the "Life and Letters" of John Winthrop, Governor of the neighbouring
+Colony of Massachusetts Bay, we gather that, at the time stated,
+Winthrop and his pastor, John Wilson, came over to Plymouth, walking the
+twenty-five miles. "On the Lord's Day," we read, "there was a sacrament,
+which they did partake in." Roger Williams was there as assistant to
+Ralph Smith, the first minister of Plymouth church, and in the afternoon
+Williams, according to custom, "propounded a question," to which Mr.
+Smith "spake briefly." Then Mr. Williams "prophesied," that is he
+preached, "and after, the Governor of Plymouth spake to the question;
+after him, Elder Brewster; then some two or three men of the
+congregation. Then Elder Brewster desired the Governor of Massachusetts
+and Mr. Wilson to speak to it, which they did. When this was ended the
+deacon, Mr. Fuller, put the congregation in mind of their duty of
+contribution; whereupon the Governor and all the rest went down to the
+deacon's seat, and put into the box, and then returned."
+
+There is nothing here about the music of the services, such as it was,
+vocal only, rugged, but not without melody. We know, however, that the
+Pilgrims used that psalter, brought over by them to New England, with
+its tunes printed above each psalm in lozenge-shaped Elizabethan notes,
+which Longfellow so grandly describes in "The Courtship of Miles
+Standish" as
+
+            the well-worn psalm-book of Ainsworth,
+    Printed in Amsterdam, the words and the music together,
+    Rough-hewn, angular notes, like stones in the walls of a churchyard,
+    Darkened and overhung by the running vine of the verses.
+
+The duty of "tuning the Psalm," as they designated the performance, in
+the young colonial days, before choirs or precentors were dreamt of, was
+delegated to some lusty-lunged brother present, and, judged by the
+testimony which has come down to us, it was an onerous one, trying to
+his patience and his vocal power when, as sometimes happened, the
+congregation carried another tune against him. They were called to
+Sabbath worship in the earlier times by sound of horn or beat of drum
+or the blowing of a large conch-shell. At Plymouth we have seen it was
+by drum beat, probably from the roof, that the people were assembled at
+the meeting-house.
+
+When the Mayflower left them to return home in the spring, the settlers
+must have felt they were desolate indeed, for their nearest civilised
+neighbours were five hundred miles to the north and south of them, the
+French at Nova Scotia and the English in Virginia. Seven months later,
+in November, came the Fortune, bringing thirty-five new emigrants,
+including William Brewster's eldest son; John Winslow, a brother of
+Edward; and Robert Cushman, who had turned back the year before at Old
+Plymouth. In addition to her passengers, the Fortune brought out to the
+colonists, from the Council of New England, a patent[8] of their land,
+drawn up in the name of John Pierce and his associate Merchant
+Adventurers in the same way as the charter granted them by the Plymouth
+Company on February 21, 1620, authorising the planters to establish
+their colony near the mouth of the Hudson river.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by A. W. Bayes_
+
+THE DEPARTURE OF THE MAYFLOWER]
+
+When the Fortune sailed back to England, she carried a cargo of
+merchandise valued at five hundred pounds. This was intended for the
+Adventurers, but they never received it, for when nearing port, the
+vessel was captured by the French and the cargo seized. The ship was
+allowed to proceed, and Cushman, who returned in her, secured the papers
+on board, among them Bradford and Winslow's Journal, known as Mourt's
+Relation, and a letter from Edward Winslow to his "loving and old
+friend" George Morton, who was about to come out, giving seasonable
+advice as to what he and his companions should bring with them--good
+store of clothes and bedding, and each man a musket and fowling-piece;
+paper and linseed oil for the making of their windows (glass being then
+too great a luxury for a New England home), and much store of powder and
+shot.
+
+Soon arrived further parties from Leyden and stores from the Adventurers
+in London in the Anne and the Little James pinnace, the people including
+such welcome additions as Brewster's two daughters, Fear and Patience;
+George Morton and his household; Mrs. Samuel Fuller; Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth, afterwards the second wife of Governor
+Bradford; and Barbara, who married Miles Standish. Then from the Leyden
+pastor came letters for Bradford and Brewster. The writer was dead--had
+been dead a year--when those letters reached their destination, but this
+they only knew when Standish gave them the tidings on his return from a
+voyage to England. John Robinson passed away at the age of forty-nine on
+March 1, 1622, in the old meeting-house at Leyden, and they buried him
+under the pavement of St. Peter's Church. Brewster lost his wife about
+the time the sad news was known, and the messenger who brought it had
+further to tell of the death of Robert Cushman. Truly the tale of
+affliction was a sore one.
+
+By the July of 1623 a total of about two hundred and thirty-three
+persons had been brought out, including the children and servants, of
+whom one hundred and two, composed of seventy-three males and
+twenty-nine females, eighteen of the latter wives, were landed from the
+Mayflower. At the close of that year not more than one hundred and
+eighty-three were living. The survivors bravely persevered. Gradually
+the Pilgrim Colony took deep root. The New Plymouth men were a steady,
+plodding set, and the soil, if hard, was tenacious. They got a firm
+foothold. They suffered much, for their trials by no means ended with
+the first winter; but their cheerful trust in Providence and in their
+own final triumph never wavered. By 1628 their position was secure
+beyond all doubt or question. The way was now prepared; the tide of
+emigration set in; and the main body of the Puritans began to follow in
+the track of their courageous and devoted advance-guard.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH]
+
+Out there in the West these Pilgrims, or first-comers, settled
+themselves resolutely to the task which lay before them. They were no
+idle dreamers, though their idealism was intense, and they were united
+by the bonds of sympathy and helpfulness, one towards another. Their
+works were humble, their lives simple and obscure, their worldly success
+but small, their fears many and pressing, and their vision of the future
+restricted and dim. But they consistently put into practise the
+conceptions and ideals which dominated them and were to be the
+inheritance of the great Republic they unconsciously initiated and
+helped to build up. They established a community and a government
+solidly founded on love of freedom and belief in progress, on civil
+liberty and religious toleration, on industrial cooperation and
+individual honesty and industry, on even-handed justice and a real
+equality before the laws, on peace and goodwill supported by protective
+force. They were more liberal and tolerant in religion than the Puritan
+colonists of Massachusetts Bay, and more merciful in their punishments;
+they perpetrated no atrocities against inferior peoples, and cherished
+the love of peace and of political justice.
+
+Although at first the relations of the Pilgrims with their Puritan
+neighbours were none of the best, a better state of feeling before long
+prevailed. We have seen how John Winthrop and his pastor plodded over to
+Plymouth to attend its Sunday worship. Three years earlier, in 1629,
+Bradford and some of his brethren went by sea to Salem to an ordination
+service there, and, says Morton in his "Memorial," "gave them the right
+hand of fellowship." There were other visits, letters of friendship, and
+reciprocal acts of kindness. We read of Samuel Fuller, physician and
+deacon, going to Salem to tend the sick, and of Governor Winthrop
+lending Plymouth in its need twenty-eight pounds of gunpowder.
+
+This good feeling strengthened as time went on, and drew together the
+Plantations of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut for mutual
+support and protection; and in May, 1643, the deputies of these
+Colonies, meeting at Boston, subscribed the Articles of Confederation
+which created the first Federal Union in America. This league prospered
+well until 1684, when the Colonial charter was annulled and a Crown
+Colony was established under an English governor. Less than a decade
+later Massachusetts became a Royal province, and that period in American
+history was entered upon which ended with the Declaration of
+Independence and the creation of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR WILLIAM BRADFORD]
+
+While the federation of 1643 did much for the United Colonies, it
+overshadowed, but could not obscure, Plymouth and the unique annals and
+traditions which have preserved for it a foremost place in all American
+history. With the order of things inaugurated in 1692 the body politic
+framed by the men of the Mayflower ceased to have separate existence,
+but it remains deep in the foundations of the nation which absorbed it.
+In the modest language of William Bradford used in his day, "As one
+small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone
+to many, yea, in some sort to our whole nation," a truth which has a far
+wider application now than it had in Bradford's time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Such is the story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, romantic, heroic, idyllic,
+based also upon the principles which have molded and maintained a mighty
+free nation. Its place in the life of to-day is honoured and
+conspicuous, and rests upon the rock of a people's gratitude.
+
+During the nineteenth century it was proclaimed by many orators, among
+them John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Robert Charles
+Winthrop, and George Frisbie Hoar--to name only the century's dead--who
+as New Englanders and lovers of liberty were well fitted to voice the
+virtues of the Pilgrim Fathers, the hardships they endured, their high
+merits as colonists compared with other colonists of ancient and modern
+times, and the immense issues springing from their devout, laborious,
+and self-sacrificing lives.
+
+Passing on to the twentieth century we have the story taken up by one
+American President and continued by another at the cornerstone laying
+and dedication of a combined tribute of State and Nation to the lives
+and work of the Forefathers. This was the Pilgrim Memorial Monument,
+erected at Provincetown on a commanding site above the harbour in whose
+waters the Mayflower dropped her anchor nearly three centuries ago.
+
+The gatherings there of 1907 and 1910 stand out prominently in Pilgrim
+history, especially so that of August 5 of the latter year, which was
+grandly impressive alike in its magnitude and its purpose and character.
+President Taft, the successor of President Roosevelt, arrived in his
+yacht Mayflower with imposing naval display amid rejoicing and the
+booming of guns. He was greeted by Governor of the State Eben S. Draper,
+Captain J. H. Sears, president of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial
+Association, and members of the local committee. Accompanying him were
+Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, United States Senators Henry
+Cabot Lodge and George Peabody Wetmore, and Justice White of the United
+States Supreme Court. The scene and the ceremonies, soul-stirring and
+significant, are worthy of permanent record.
+
+Escorted by a company of bluejackets, of whom two thousand, with marines
+from the warships, lined the street from the wharf, President Taft and
+the other guests were driven up the hill to the Monument, where, from
+the grandstand at its base, Captain Sears reviewed the plans which
+resulted in its erection.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE PILGRIM MEMORIAL MONUMENT AT PROVINCETOWN]
+
+President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University gave an historical
+address. In graphic language he contrasted the desolate prospect
+confronting the Pilgrims at Cape Cod with the picture upon which the
+present concourse gazed, a happy and prosperous population filling the
+smiling land and in the harbour traversed by the Mayflower a varied
+throng of ships, "with them numerous representatives of a strong naval
+force maintained by the eighty million free people who in nine
+generations from the Pilgrims have explored, subdued, and occupied that
+mysterious wilderness so formidable to the imagination of the early
+European settlers on the Atlantic coast of the American continent."
+
+With force and pathos Dr. Eliot spoke of the debt they all owed to the
+Pilgrim Fathers. "We are to hear the voices of the Chief Magistrate of
+this multitudinous people and of the Governor of the Commonwealth
+acknowledging the immeasurable indebtedness of the United States and of
+the Colony, Province, and State of Massachusetts to the adult men and
+the eighteen adult women who were the substance or seed-bearing core of
+the Pilgrim company; and we, the thousands brought hither peacefully in
+a few summer hours by vehicles and forces unimagined in 1620 from the
+wide circuit of Cape Cod--which it took the armed parties from the
+Mayflower a full month to explore in the wintry weather they
+encountered--salute tenderly and reverently the Pilgrims of the
+Mayflower, and, recalling their fewness and their sufferings, anxieties
+and labours, felicitate them and ourselves on the wonderful issues in
+human Joy, strength, and freedom of their faith, endurance, and
+dauntless resolution."
+
+Dr. Eliot was followed by M. Van Weede, chargé d'affaires of the
+Netherlands Legation at Washington, whose Government was represented on
+this occasion because the Pilgrims sailed from Holland. (The cornerstone
+laying three years before was attended by the British Ambassador.)
+
+Formal transfer of the Monument from the National Commission, which
+directed its construction, to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the
+Pilgrim Memorial Association, was made on behalf of the United States
+Government by Senator Lodge, who enlarged upon the two great political
+principles embodied in the Mayflower compact, the conception of an
+organic law and of a representative democracy, and on the noble
+purpose--that of securing freedom of worship and the preservation of
+their nationality and native language--of the little band of exiles who
+signed the document and settled there.
+
+William B. Lawrence of Medford accepted the Monument on behalf of the
+Memorial Association, and a quartet sang "The Landing of the Pilgrims,"
+by Mrs. Felicia Hemans.
+
+Congressman James T. McCleary of Minnesota, who supported the bill in
+Congress for a Government appropriation to assist in the building of the
+Monument, also spoke.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PLYMOUTH ROCK]
+
+Governor Draper then introduced the President. "This Monument," he said,
+"shows that our people and our State and National Government honour and
+revere the Pilgrims and the great principles of government they
+enunciated," and for that reason, he added, "It is most fitting that
+this Monument, whose cornerstone was laid by one President, should be
+dedicated by another."
+
+President Taft declared that the spirit which animated the Pilgrim
+Fathers had made the history of the United States what it was by
+
+furnishing it with the highest ideals of moral life and political
+citizenship. "It is meet therefore," said he, "that the United States,
+as well as the State of Massachusetts, should unite in placing here a
+Memorial to the Pilgrims. The warships that are here with their cannon
+to testify to its national character typify the strength of that
+Government whose people have derived much from the spirit and example of
+the heroic band. Governor Bradford, Elder Brewster, Captain Miles
+Standish are the types of men in whom as ancestors, either by blood, or
+by education and example as citizens, the American people may well take
+pride."
+
+The ceremonies were brought to a close by Miss Barbara Hoyt, a
+descendant of Elder Brewster, unveiling a bronze tablet over the door of
+the Monument facing the harbour which bears an appropriate inscription
+written by Dr. Eliot.
+
+And so this magnificent Monument stands as a landmark which, seen from
+afar across the ocean, will remind the traveller of the small beginnings
+of New England when, in the words of Dr. Eliot, fired and led by the
+love of liberty, the Mayflower Pilgrims here "founded and maintained a
+State without a king or a noble, and a Church without a bishop or a
+priest."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is upon record that in the early days of the Plymouth Plantation an
+expedition was made in the Mayflower's shallop, a big boat of about
+fourteen tons, to a point lower down on the coast, where the party made
+friends with the Shawmut Indians and found a fine place for shipping,
+and forty-seven beautiful islands, which they greatly admired as they
+sailed in and out amongst them. This was the future Boston Harbour.
+
+It is interesting to reflect that when, a decade and more after the
+Pilgrim Fathers had landed in America, some hundreds of Puritan
+colonists embarked for Massachusetts, many of the leading burgesses of
+the then only Boston--that Old Boston, scene of the Pilgrims' detention
+and suffering--were of the number. The town cannot claim a contribution
+to the Mayflower, but it has a boast as proud, for it was because the
+ancient seaport sent so large a contingent of Puritans to America that
+it was ordered "that Trimountain," the site overlooking the sheltered
+waters and the island group which delighted Pilgrim eyes, "shall be
+called Boston."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+A BIT OF OLD BOSTON]
+
+It was in the spring of 1630 that the main body of Puritan emigrants,
+John Winthrop's party, sailed from Southampton. A year before that the
+Massachusetts Bay Company dispatched to the West an expedition of five
+ships, and one of them was our old friend the wonderful little
+Mayflower, of immortal memory, which nine years earlier had carried out
+the Plymouth Pilgrims and was now assisting in the settlement of
+Massachusetts!
+
+Among the Bostonians and their friends who sailed with or in the wake of
+Winthrop were Richard Bellingham, Recorder of the town (Nathaniel
+Hawthorne in "The Scarlet Letter" draws Governor Bellingham of the New
+Boston); bold Atherton Hough aforementioned, Mayor of the borough in
+1628; Thomas Leverett, an alderman, "a plain man, yet piously subtle";
+Thomas Dudley and young John Leverett, who became Governors of
+Massachusetts; William Coddington, father and governor of Rhode Island;
+and John Cotton, the far-famed Puritan preacher of Boston church, who
+became one of the leading religious forces of New England life.
+
+And Old Boston, we have seen, is still much as it was outwardly over
+three hundred years ago, when the Pilgrim Fathers gazed upon it, and
+later Cotton preached long but edifying sermons in the vast church, and
+the Puritan warden struck the Romish symbol from the hand of a carven
+image on the noble tower.
+
+The first days of the Trimountain Colony resembled in some of their
+features those of the planting of New Plymouth. Although their shelter
+was of the scantiest, the settlers had not, like the settlers of
+Plymouth, to face at the outset the rigors of a Western winter. The
+Pilgrims arrived in December, on the shortest day of the year, whereas
+the day of the Puritans' landing was the very longest. Sickness and
+famine had nevertheless to be fought. Disease quickly carried off twenty
+per cent. of the people. About a hundred others returned home
+discouraged. The rest persevered, and proved themselves worthy followers
+of the New Plymouth Pilgrims. The Colony was, moreover, recruited by
+fresh comers from the old country; and through many vicissitudes,
+dissensions, and set-backs, much that was blasting to the spiritual and
+moral life and development of the Colony, it prospered materially and
+gathered strength. And there grew up the New England States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE SITE OF THE OLD FORT, BURIAL HILL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+On the slope of Burial Hill,[9] surrounded by memorials of the Pilgrim
+Fathers and with the graves of their dead in the background; facing down
+that stream-skirted street of the Pilgrims once bordered by their humble
+dwellings and echoing to the tread of their weary feet; looking out upon
+the waters which bore to this haven, long years ago, the storm-tossed
+Mayflower and her eager human freight, there stands to-day a church
+which through the centuries has preserved unbroken records and
+maintained a continuous ministry. This is the First Church in Plymouth
+and the first church in America, the church of Scrooby, Leyden, and the
+Mayflower company, the church of Brewster and Bradford, of Winslow and
+Carver, whose first covenant, signed in the cabin of the little emigrant
+ship, is still the basis of its fellowship. Here Roger Williams, the
+banished of Boston and missionary of Rhode Island--a man according to
+Bradford of "many precious parts, but very unsettled in
+Judgment"--ministered for a time under Ralph Smith in the early stormy
+days of the sister colony; and here John Cotton, son of the famous
+Boston teacher and preacher--"a man of scholarly tastes and habits,
+somewhat decided in his convictions, diligent and faithful in his
+pastoral duties"[10]--was pastor for nearly thirty years from 1669.
+
+As the First Church in Boston is the fifth of its line, so is the First
+Church in Plymouth the fifth meeting-house used by the Pilgrim
+community. Its predecessor, a shrine of Pilgrim history around which
+precious associations clustered, was destroyed by fire in 1892; from
+the burning ruins was rescued the town bell cast by Paul Revere in
+1801, and this sacred relic hangs and tolls again in the tower of the
+present edifice.
+
+Amid such scenes as these well may we of to-day pause and reflect. For
+on this hallowed spot, with its historic environment and its striking
+reminders of a great and honoured past, was rocked the cradle of a
+nation of whose civil and religious liberty it was the first rude home.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+FIRST CHURCH, PLYMOUTH
+
+_The entrance to Burial Hill is shown on the Right_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Morton in his "New England's Memorial," declares that the Dutch
+fraudulently hired the captain of the Mayflower to steer to the north of
+what is now New York, and adds: "Of this plot between the Dutch and Mr.
+Jones I have had late and certain information."
+
+[5] Longfellow, "The Courtship of Miles Standish."
+
+[6] This is the Cole's Hill of the present day, the spot where half the
+Mayflower Pilgrims found their rest during the first winter. Five of
+their graves were discovered in 1855, while pipes for the town's
+waterworks were being laid, and two more (now marked with a granite
+slab), in 1883. The bones of the first five are deposited in a
+compartment of the granite canopy which covers the "Forefathers' Rock"
+on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed.
+
+[7] The letter was addressed by De Rassières to Herr Blommaert, a
+director of his company, after his return to Holland, where the Royal
+Library became possessed of it in 1847.
+
+[8] This document, preserved still in the Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, is
+dated June 1, 1621, and bears the signatures and seals of the Duke of
+Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, and Sir Ferdinando
+Gorges, a name for many years prominent in American history. The patent
+only remained in force a year. That issued by the Council eight years
+later was transferred by Governor Bradford to the General Court in 1640.
+
+[9] Burial Hill was the site of the embattled church erected in 1622,
+and contains many ancient tombstones and the foundations of a watchtower
+(1643), now covered with sod.
+
+[10] John Cuckson, "History of the First Church in Plymouth." Dying in
+1699, two years after his resignation at Charleston, South Carolina,
+Cotton was "buried with respect and honour by his old parishioners, who
+erected a monument over his grave."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE PILGRIM FATHERS' MEMORIAL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+
+V
+
+THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS
+
+    _On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled._
+                                            EDMUND SPENSER.
+
+    _There were men with hoary hair_
+      _Amidst that pilgrim band:_
+    _Why had they come to wither there,_
+      _Away from their childhood's land?_
+
+    _There was woman's fearless eye,_
+      _Lit by her deep love's truth;_
+    _There was manhood's brow serenely high,_
+      _And the fiery heart of youth._
+
+
+So sings Mrs. Hemans in her famous poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim
+Fathers in New England." That devoted little Pilgrim band comprised,
+indeed, the Fathers and their families together, members of both sexes
+of all ages. When the compact was signed in the Mayflowers cabin on
+November 21, 1620, while the vessel lay off Cape Cod, each man
+subscribing to it indicated those who accompanied him. There were
+forty-one signatories, and the total number of passengers was shown to
+be one hundred and two. What became of them? What was their individual
+lot and fate subsequent to the landing on Plymouth Rock on December 26?
+For long, long years the record as regards the majority of them was
+lost to the world. Now, after much painstaking search, it has been
+found, bit by bit, and pieced together. And we have it here. It is a
+document full of human interest.
+
+John Alden, the youngest man of the party, was hired as a cooper at
+Southampton, with right to return to England or stay in New Plymouth. He
+preferred to stay, and married, in 1623, Priscilla Mullins, the
+"May-flower of Plymouth," the maiden who, as the legend goes, when he
+first went to plead Miles Standish's suit, witchingly asked, "Prithee,
+why don't you speak for yourself, John?" Alden was chosen as assistant
+in 1633, and served from 1634 to 1639 and from 1650 to 1686. He was
+treasurer of the Colony from 1656 to 1659; was Deputy from Duxbury in
+1641-42, and from 1645 to 1649; a member of the Council of War from 1653
+to 1660 and 1675-76; a soldier in Captain Miles Standish's company 1643.
+He was the last survivor of the signers of the compact of November,
+1620, dying September 12, 1687, aged eighty-four years.
+
+Bartholomew Allerton, born in Holland in 1612, was in Plymouth in 1627,
+when he returned to England. He was son of Isaac Allerton.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+JOHN ALDEN]
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PRISCILLA MULLINS]
+
+Isaac Allerton, a tailor of London, married at Leyden, November 4, 1611,
+Mary Norris from Newbury, Berkshire, England. He was a freeman of
+Leyden. His wife died February 25, 1621, at Plymouth. Allerton
+married Fear Brewster (his second wife), who died at Plymouth, December
+12, 1634. In 1644 he had married Joanna (his third wife). He was an
+assistant in 1621 and 1634, and Deputy Governor. He was living in New
+Haven in 1642, later in New York, then returned to New Haven. He died in
+1659.
+
+John Allerton, a sailor, died before the Mayflower made her return
+voyage. Mary Allerton, a daughter of Isaac, was born in 1616. She
+married Elder Thomas Cushman. She died in 1699, the last survivor of the
+Mayflower passengers. Remember Allerton was another daughter living in
+Plymouth in 1627. Sarah Allerton, yet another daughter, married Moses
+Maverick of Salem.
+
+Francis Billington, son of John and Eleanor, went out in 1620 with his
+parents. In 1634 he married widow Christian (Penn) Eaton, by whom he had
+children. He removed before 1648 to Yarmouth. He was a member of the
+Plymouth military company in 1643. He died in Yarmouth after 1650.
+
+John Billington was hanged[11] in 1630 for the murder of John Newcomen.
+His widow, Eleanor, who went over with him, married in 1638 Gregory
+Armstrong, who died in 1650, leaving no children by her. John
+Billington, a son of John and Eleanor, born in England, died at Plymouth
+soon after 1627.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR BRADFORD'S MONUMENT, BURIAL HILL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+William Bradford, baptised in 1589 at Austerfield, Yorkshire, was a
+leading spirit in the Pilgrim movement from its inception to its
+absorption in the Union of the New England Colonies. We have seen how,
+on the death of John Carver, he became the second Governor of Plymouth
+Colony, and he five times filled that office, in 1621-33, 1635, 1637,
+1639-44, and 1645-47, as well as serving several times as Deputy
+Governor and assistant. A patent was granted to him in 1629 by the
+Council of New England vesting the Colony in trust to him, his heirs,
+associates and assigns, confirming their title to a tract of land and
+conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws; but eleven years
+later he transferred this patent to the General Court, reserving only to
+himself the allotment conceded to him in the original division of land.
+Bradford's rule as chief magistrate was marked by honesty and fair
+dealing, alike in his relations with the Indian tribes and his treatment
+of recalcitrant colonists. His word was respected and caused him to be
+trusted; his will was resolute in every emergency, and yet all knew that
+his clemency and charity might be counted on whenever it could be safely
+exercised. The Church was always dear to him: he enjoyed its faith and
+respected its institutions, and up to the hour of his death, on May 9,
+1657, he confessed his delight in its teachings and simple services.
+Governor Bradford was twice married, first, as we know, at Leyden in
+1613 to Dorothy May, who was accidentally drowned in Cape Cod harbour on
+December 7, 1620; and again on August 14, 1623, to Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth. By his first wife he had one son, and by his
+second, two sons and a daughter. Jointly with Edward Winslow, Bradford
+wrote "A Diary of Occurences during the First Year of the Colony," and
+this was published in England in 1622. He left many manuscripts, letters
+and chronicles, verses and dialogues, which are the principal
+authorities for the early history of the Colony; but the work by which
+he is best remembered is his manuscript "History of Plymouth
+Plantation," now happily, after being carried to England and lost to
+sight for years in the Fulham Palace Library, restored to the safe
+custody of the State of Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR CARVER'S CHAIR AND ANCIENT SPINNING WHEEL]
+
+William Brewster more than any man was entitled to be called the Founder
+of the Pilgrim Church. It originated in his house at Scrooby, where he
+was born in 1566, and he sacrificed everything for it. He was elder of
+the church at Leyden and Plymouth, and served it also as minister for
+some time after going out. Through troubles, trials, and adversity, he
+stood by the Plymouth flocks, and when his followers were in peril and
+perplexity, worn and almost hopeless through fear and suffering, he kept
+a stout heart and bade them be of good cheer. Bradford has borne
+touching testimony to the personal attributes of his friend, who, he
+tells us, was "qualified above many," and of whom he writes that "he was
+wise and discrete, and well-spoken, having a grave and deliberate
+utterance, of a very cheerful spirite, very sociable and pleasante among
+his friends, of an humble and modest mind, of a peaceable disposition,
+under-valewing himself and his own abilities and sometimes
+over-vallewing others, inoffensive and innocent in his life and
+conversation, which gained him ye love of those without, as well as
+those within." Of William Brewster it has been truly said that until
+his death, on April 16, 1644, his hand was never lifted from Pilgrim
+history. He shaped the counsels of his colleagues, helped to mould their
+policy, safeguarded their liberties, and kept in check tendencies
+towards religious bigotry and oppression. He tolerated differences, but
+put down wrangling and dissension, and promoted to the best of his power
+the strength and purity of public and private life. Mary Brewster, wife
+of William, who went out with him, died before 1627.
+
+Love Brewster, son of Elder William, born in England, married (1634)
+Sarah, daughter of William Collier. He was a member of the Duxbury
+company in 1643, and died at Duxbury in 1650.
+
+Wrestling Brewster, son of Elder William, emigrated at the same time; he
+died a young man, unmarried.
+
+Richard Britteridge died December 21, 1620, his being the first death
+after landing.
+
+Peter Brown probably married the widow Martha Ford; he died in 1633.
+
+William Button, a servant of Samuel Fuller, died on the voyage.
+
+John Carver, first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, landed from the
+Mayflower with his wife, Catherine, and both died the following spring
+or summer. Carver was deacon in Holland. He left no descendants.
+
+Robert Carter was a servant of William Mullins, and died during the
+first winter.
+
+James Chilton died December 8, 1620, before the landing at Plymouth, and
+his wife succumbed shortly after. Their daughter Mary, tradition states,
+romantically if not truthfully, was the first to leap on shore. She
+married John Winslow, and had ten children.
+
+Richard Clarke died soon after arrival.
+
+Francis Cook died at Plymouth in 1663.
+
+John Cook, son of Francis Cook by his wife, Esther, shipped in the
+Mayflower with his father. He married Sarah, daughter of Richard Warren.
+On account of religious differences he removed to Dartmouth, of which he
+was one of the first purchasers. He became a Baptist minister there. He
+was also Deputy in 1666-68, 1673, and 1681-83-86. The father and son
+were both members of the Plymouth military company in 1643.
+
+John Cook died at Dartmouth after 1694.
+
+Humility Cooper returned to England, and died there.
+
+John Crackston died in 1621; his son, John, who went out with him, died
+in 1628.
+
+Edward Dotey married Faith Clark, probably as second wife, and had nine
+children, some of whom moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere.
+He was a purchaser of Dartmouth, but moved to Yarmouth, where he died
+August 23, 1655. He made the passage out as a servant to Stephen
+Hopkins, and was wild and headstrong in his youth, being a party to the
+first duel fought in New England.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+ELDER BREWSTER'S CHAIR AND THE CRADLE OF PEREGRINE WHITE]
+
+Francis Eaton went over with his first wife, Sarah, and their son,
+Samuel. He married a second wife, and a third, Christian Penn, before
+1627. He died in 1633.
+
+Samuel Eaton married, in 1661, Martha Billington. In 1643 he was in the
+Plymouth military company, and was living at Duxbury in 1663. He removed
+to Middleboro, where he died about 1684.
+
+Thomas English died the first winter.
+
+One Ely, a hired man, served his time and returned to England.
+
+Moses Fletcher married at Leyden, in 1613, widow Sarah Dingby. He died
+during the first winter.
+
+Edward Fuller shipped with his wife, Ann, and son, Samuel. The parents
+died the first season.
+
+Samuel Fuller, the son, married in 1635 Jane, daughter of the Reverend
+John Lothrop; he removed to Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683,
+having many descendants.
+
+Dr. Samuel Fuller, brother of Edward, was the first physician; he
+married (1) Elsie Glascock, (2) Agnes Carpenter, (3) Bridget Lee; he
+died in 1633. His descendants of the name are through a son, Samuel, who
+settled in Middleboro.
+
+Richard Gardiner, mariner, was at Plymouth in 1624, but soon
+disappeared.
+
+John Goodman, unmarried, died the first winter.
+
+John Hooke died the first winter, as did also William Holbeck.
+
+Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married in 1639 Catherine Wheldon; he
+moved to Yarmouth and afterwards to Eastham, and died about 1690.
+
+Stephen Hopkins went out with his second wife, Elizabeth, and Giles and
+Constance, children by a first wife. On the voyage a child was born to
+them, which they named Oceanus, but it died in 1621. He was an
+assistant, 1634-35, and died in 1644. His wife died between 1640 and
+1644. Constance, daughter of Stephen, married Nicholas Snow. They
+settled at Eastham, from which he was a Deputy in 1648, and he died
+November 15, 1676; she died in October, 1677, having had twelve
+children. Damaris, a daughter, was born after their arrival and married
+Jacob Cooke.
+
+John Howland married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. He was a Deputy
+in 1641, 1645 to 1658, 1661, 1663, 1666-67, and 1670; assistant in 1634
+and 1635; also a soldier in the Plymouth military company in 1643. He
+died February 23, 1673, aged more than eighty years, and his widow died
+December 21, 1687, aged eighty years.
+
+John Langemore died during the first winter.
+
+William Latham about 1640 left for England, and afterwards went to the
+Bahamas, where he probably died.
+
+Edward Leister went to Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE GRAVE OF JOHN HOWLAND]
+
+Edmund Margeson, unmarried, died in 1621.
+
+Christopher Martin and wife both died early; his death took place
+January 8, 1621.
+
+Desire Minter returned to England, and there died.
+
+Ellen More perished the first winter.
+
+Jasper More removed to Scituate, and his name is said to have become
+Mann. He died in Scituate in 1656; his brother died the first winter.
+
+William Mullins shipped with his wife, son Joseph, and daughter
+Priscilla, who married John Alden. The father died February 21, 1621,
+and his wife during the same winter, as did also the son.
+
+Solomon Power died December 24, 1620.
+
+Degory Priest married in 1611, at Leyden, widow Sarah Vincent, a sister
+of Isaac Allerton; he died January 1, 1621.
+
+John Rigdale went out with his wife, Alice, both dying the first winter.
+
+Joseph Rogers went with his father, Thomas Rogers, who died in 1621. The
+son married, and lived at Eastham in 1655, dwelling first at Duxbury and
+Sandwich. He was a lieutenant, and died in 1678 at Eastham.
+
+Harry Sampson settled at Duxbury, and married Ann Plummer in 1636. He
+was of the Duxbury military company in 1643, and died there in 1684.
+
+George Soule was married to Mary Becket. He was in the military company
+of Duxbury, where he resided, and was the Deputy in 1645-46, and
+1650-54. He was an original proprietor of Bridgewater and owner of land
+in Dartmouth and Middleboro; he died 1680, his wife in 1677.
+
+Ellen Story died the first winter.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE GRAVE OF MILES STANDISH, DUXBURY]
+
+Miles Standish, that romantic figure in the Pilgrim history, did good
+service for the Colony, and practically settled the question whether the
+Anglo-Saxon or the native Indian was to predominate in New England. Born
+in Lancashire about 1584, and belonging to the Duxbury branch of the
+Standish family, he obtained a lieutenant's commission in the English
+army and fought in the wars against The Netherlands and Spain. His taste
+for military adventure led to his joining the Pilgrims at Leyden, and
+when the Mayflower reached Cape Cod, he led the land exploring parties.
+Soon he was elected military captain of the Colony, and with a small
+force he protected the settlers against Indian incursions until the
+danger from that quarter was past. When they were made peaceably secure
+in their rights and possessions, and warlike exploits and adventures
+were at an end, Standish retired to his estate at Duxbury, on the north
+side of Plymouth Bay: but in peace, as in war, he was still devoted to
+the interests of the Colony, frequently acting as Governor's assistant
+from 1632 onward, becoming Deputy in 1644, and serving as treasurer
+between that year and 1649. His wife Rose, who sailed with him in the
+Mayflower, died January 29, 1621, but he married again, and had four
+sons and a daughter. He died on October 3, 1656, honoured by all the
+community among whom he dwelt, and his name and fame are perpetuated in
+history, in the poetry of Longfellow and Lowell, and by the monument
+which stands upon what was his estate at Duxbury, the lofty column on
+Captain's Hill, seen for miles both from sea and land.
+
+Edward Thompson died December 4, 1620.
+
+Edward Tilley and his wife Ann both died the first winter.
+
+John Tilley accompanied his wife and daughter Elizabeth; the parents
+died the first winter, but the daughter survived and married John
+Howland.
+
+Thomas Tinker, with his wife and son, died the first winter.
+
+John Turner had with him two sons, but the party succumbed to the
+hardships of the first season.
+
+William Trevore entered as a sailor on the Mayflower, and returned to
+England on the Fortune in 1621.
+
+William White went out with his wife Susanna, and son Resolved. A son,
+Peregrine, was born to them in Provincetown Harbour, who has been
+distinguished as being the first child of the Pilgrims born after the
+arrival in the New World. This is his strongest claim, as his early life
+was rather disreputable, though his obituary, in 1704, allowed "he was
+much reformed in his last years." William, the father, died on February
+21, 1621; his widow married, in the May following, Edward Winslow, who
+had recently lost his wife.
+
+Resolved White married (1) Judith, daughter of William Vassall; he lived
+at Scituate, Marshfield, and lastly Salem, where he married, (2) October
+5, 1674, widow Abigail Lord, and died after 1680. He was a member of the
+Scituate military company in 1643.
+
+Roger Wilder died the first winter, and Thomas Williams also died the
+first season.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE MILES STANDISH MONUMENT, DUXBURY]
+
+Edward Winslow, an educated young English gentleman from Droitwich,
+joined the brethren at Leyden in 1617, and accompanying them to New
+England, was the third to sign the compact on board the Mayflower,
+Carver and Bradford signing before, and Brewster after him, then Isaac
+Allerton and Miles Standish. Winslow was one of the party sent to
+prospect along the coast. Before leaving Holland, he married at Leyden,
+in 1618, Elizabeth Barker, who went out with him, but died March 24,
+1621, and as we have seen, he shortly afterwards married widow Susanna
+(Fuller) White. Winslow proved himself a man of exceptional ability and
+character, and gave the best years of his life to the service of the
+Colony. While on a mission to England in its interests in 1623, he
+published an account of the settlement and struggles of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, under the title "Good News for New England, or a relation
+of things remarkable in that Plantation." Later he wrote (and published
+in 1646). "Hypocrisie Unmasked; by a true relation of the proceedings of
+the Governor of Massachusetts against Samuel Groton, a notorious
+Disturber of the Peace," which is chiefly remarkable for an appendix
+giving an account of the preparations in Leyden for removal to America,
+and the substance of John Robinson's address to the Pilgrims on their
+departure from Holland. Winslow was Governor of the Colony in 1633,
+1636, and 1644, and at other times assistant. In 1634 he went to England
+again on colonial business, and before sailing accepted a commission for
+the Bay Colony which required him to appear before the King's
+Commissioners for Plantations. Here he was brought face to face with
+Archbishop Laud, who could not resist the opportunity of venting his
+wrath upon the representative of the Plymouth settlement, about whose
+sayings and doings he had been duly informed. Winslow was accused of
+taking part in Sunday services and of conducting civil marriages. He
+admitted the charges, and pleaded extenuating circumstances; but Laud
+was not to be appeased and committed the bold Separatist to the Fleet
+Prison, where he remained for seventeen weeks, when he was released and
+permitted to return to America, wounded in his conscience by the cruel
+wrong done him and impoverished by legal expenses. In October, 1646,
+against the advice of his compatriots, Winslow undertook another
+mission to the old country, this time in connection with the federation
+of the New England Colonies, and, accepting service under Cromwell,
+sailed on an expedition to the West Indies, caught a fever, and died,
+and was buried at sea on May 8, 1655.
+
+Gilbert Winslow, another subscriber to the compact in the Mayflower's
+cabin, returned subsequently to England and died in 1650.
+
+Apart from the events of their after lives, the spirit which possessed
+the Mayflower Pilgrims and guided their leaders in exile is well
+expressed by Mrs. Hemans when she says, in her stirring lines--
+
+      They sought a faith's pure shrine!
+    Ay, call it holy ground,
+      The soil where first they trod;
+    They have left unstained what there they found--
+      Freedom to worship God.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW
+
+_The only authentic Portrait of a Mayflower Pilgrim_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] The murderer Billington, sad to relate, was one of those who signed
+the historic compact on board the Mayflower. He was tried, condemned to
+death, and executed by his brethren in accordance with their primitive
+criminal procedure. At first, trials in the little colony were conducted
+by the whole body of the townsmen, the Governor presiding. In 1623 trial
+by Jury was established, and subsequently a regular code of laws was
+adopted. The capital offences were treason, murder, diabolical
+conversation, arson, rape, and unnatural crimes. Plymouth had only six
+sorts of capital crime, against thirty-one in England at the accession
+of James I, and of these six it actually punished only two, Billington's
+belonging to one of them. The Pilgrims used no barbarous punishments.
+Like all their contemporaries they used the stocks and the
+whipping-post, without perceiving that those punishments in public were
+barbarizing. They inflicted fines and forfeitures freely without regard
+to the station or quality of the offenders. They never punished, or even
+committed any person as a witch. Restrictive laws were early adopted as
+to spirituous drinks, and in 1667 cider was included. In 1638 the
+smoking of tobacco was forbidden out-of-doors within a mile of a
+dwelling-house or while at work in the fields; but unlike England and
+Massachusetts, Plymouth never had a law regulating apparel.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Battershill, Plymouth_
+
+MAYFLOWER TABLET ON THE BARBICAN, PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND]
+
+
+VI
+
+NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES
+
+                    pilgrim shrines,
+    Shrines to no code or creed confined.--LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+Memories of the Mayflower and the Pilgrim Fathers were actively revived
+when, in July, 1891, during the Mayoralty of Mr. J. T. Bond, a number of
+the Pilgrims' descendants and their representatives from the New World
+visited Old World Plymouth, and with an interest whole-hearted and
+profound inspected the scene, famous in the annals and traditions of our
+race, which witnessed their forbears' last brief sojourn on English
+soil--a place where the Fathers, as they never tired of testifying, in
+the days when Thomas Townes was Mayor, were "kindly entertained and
+courteously used by divers friends there dwelling," and whence the
+sturdy little Mayflower sailed to the West with its precious human
+freight, to lay the foundation of the New England States.
+
+To commemorate this visit, and the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers two
+hundred and seventy years before, the site of the historic embarkation
+was marked by the Mayflower Stone and Tablet placed on the Barbican at
+Plymouth, the stone in the pavement of the pier adjacent to the ancient
+causey trod by the Pilgrims' departing feet and destroyed a few years
+later, and the tablet on the wall of the Barbican facing it.
+
+The memorial and the circumstances of its erection formed a fitting
+tribute to the New England pioneers; and the story told by these stones
+should serve to remind all who behold them of the devoted lives, the
+splendid achievement, and the romantic history of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims. They are at once a landmark and a shrine honoured by the
+English and American peoples.
+
+In June, 1896, another company of New World pilgrims landed at
+Plymouth, and proceeded to worship in spirit at Old World shrines.
+During two weeks they wandered about the dear old country--"Our Old
+Home," as Nathaniel Hawthorne calls it in his book of English
+reminiscences--lingering on the scenes associated with the lives of
+their forefathers: quiet villages wherein they were born; quaint,
+half-forgotten boroughs in which they lived; the metropolis in which
+they taught; the sombre East Anglia, where many of them died "for the
+testimony." But chief of all were the places where these sojourners
+could look on the homes of the grave, brave men who gathered together
+the people who sailed in the Mayflower, and led the way to the New
+World.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+SCROOBY VILLAGE]
+
+We still call them "the Pilgrim Fathers," in spite of what the Reverend
+Joseph Hunter, an esteemed native of South Yorkshire, wrote in his
+book.[12] "There is something of affectation in this term," he finds,
+"which is always displeasing to me." "It appears to me," says he, "to be
+philologically improper." And then he explains. "An American who visits
+the place from which the founders of his country emigrated is a pilgrim
+in the proper sense of the word, whether he finds an altar, a shrine, or
+a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders, when they found the
+shores of America, were proceeding to no object of this kind, and even
+leaving it to the winds and the waves to drive them to any point on an
+unknown and unmarked shore."
+
+Perhaps Mr. Hunter is right, philologically; but apart from his history
+(which may be challenged, because the master of the Mayflower knew where
+he was going if the Pilgrims did not, and a map and description of the
+region had been published by Captain John Smith, the name-giver of New
+England), the designation stands, and will ever be cherished by those
+familiar with the spots these faithful Fathers left when, pilgrims and
+wanderers, they set forth they scarcely knew whither, and finally
+crossed the little-known sea. And the most historic of such shrines are
+in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.
+
+When the New World pilgrims arrived at Plymouth for the journey through
+the old country, by a curious arrangement they travelled backwards; for
+Plymouth was the last place the Pilgrim Fathers touched, and the haunts
+they took in turn were those which saw the rise and earlier efforts of
+those grave and reverend seekers for religious freedom. Soon they
+reached Boston--dreamy, old-world, tide-washed, fenland-locked
+Boston--scene of deep interest to them all, filled with hallowed
+memories of the Pilgrim Fathers and founders of the Western States.
+
+The party numbered nearly fifty, a dozen at least of whom could lay
+claim to be lineal descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Their leader
+was the Reverend Dr. Dunning of Boston, Massachusetts, and among them
+were representatives of the National Council of American Congregational
+churches.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE ANCIENT KITCHEN, GUILDHALL, BOSTON]
+
+Boston, like Plymouth, gave them a warm welcome. The cordiality of their
+reception to the old town was acknowledged on behalf of the pilgrims
+by Dr. Dunning. "Our fathers found it difficult to get away from
+Boston," said he, "and from the kindness you have shown us we are much
+afraid that you are planning to detain us also." The character of the
+"detention" was very different with nearly three centuries intervening,
+and this Dr. Dunning and his friends abundantly realised.
+
+The visitors were taken over the old parish church, and were duly
+impressed by its size and grandeur as a whole; and the scene was most
+striking and memorable when, gathered within its beautiful chancel,
+these representative New World men, many of them with the blood of the
+Pilgrim Fathers in their veins, joined in singing together the noble
+hymn, "O God, our help in ages past." Next the Guildhall was visited.
+Here the disused sessions-court, where the fugitives were arraigned in
+1607, and other upper rooms were scrutinised.
+
+But most attractive were the kitchen and prison beneath. The cells must
+in fact have had more "prisoners" in them that day than they had held
+for a long time, for there was scarcely a member of the company who was
+not shut up in at least one of them during the inspection. They thus
+realised something of what their forefathers actually endured; the taste
+of the bitterness was slight, and wanting in the old-time flavour which
+the prisoners' treatment imparted, but it was sufficient to call forth
+expressions of abhorrence at the thought of continued confinement in
+such a place.
+
+At last the pilgrims said farewell to a town crowded with precious
+memories and entrained for Lincoln, where their welcome by the Free
+Churches and Cathedral authorities was in keeping with that extended to
+them everywhere on their route. At Lincoln they received an address. "We
+feel," said the Nonconformists there, "that in welcoming you to this
+county of ours, we are welcoming you back to your ancestral home, for
+Lincolnshire people never forget that their county is inseparably
+associated with the history of the Pilgrim Church. We claim the great
+John Robinson, the pastor of the Pilgrim church, as our own, and the
+neighbouring town of Gainsborough boasts of having been for some time
+the church's home. We are proud of the men, of the testimony they bore,
+of the work they did. All England is debtor to the men of the Pilgrim
+Church for their heroic witness in behalf of a pure and Scriptural faith
+and freedom of conscience worship."
+
+And "the neighbouring town of Gainsborough," home of the Pilgrim Church,
+gave itself up at this time to a ceremonial stone-laying of the Robinson
+Memorial Church, a function which the American pilgrims attended,
+together with the Honourable T. F. Bayard, the United States Ambassador,
+who made a journey into Lincolnshire to lay this stone, and
+Congregationalists gathered from all parts.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+ROBINSON MEMORIAL CHURCH, GAINSBOROUGH
+
+_The corner-stone of the church was laid by Mr. Bayard in June, 1896_]
+
+First the pilgrims drove to Scrooby, Bawtry, and Austerfield, where they
+inspected Brewster's house and Bradford's cottage and other objects of
+absorbing interest linked with the lives of the exiled Separatists. They
+then entered Gainsborough--that "foreign-looking town," subject of
+George Eliot's romantic pen, birthplace of John Robinson--where an
+address was presented to Mr. Bayard at the Town Hall, and luncheon was
+partaken of at the Old Hall, one of Gainsborough's most cherished
+antiquities, where John Smyth and his brethren held services and John
+Wesley many times preached. A move was next made to the site of the
+future Robinson Memorial Hall, a building at once a tribute to a worthy
+Englishman and an agency for the development of Christian work in the
+home of the Pilgrim Fathers. The proceedings were under the presidency
+of the Reverend J. M. Jones, chairman of the Congregational Union of
+England and Wales. To Mr. Bayard was handed a silver trowel, the gift of
+the congregation of the Gainsborough church, bearing an inscription and
+engravings of the Mayflower and of Delfshaven, on whose beach Robinson
+knelt in prayer with the Pilgrim band ere they set out on their long and
+checkered voyage. Having laid the cornerstone, Mr. Bayard sketched the
+early life of John Robinson, on from his Cambridge career to his
+harassed ministry at Norwich, his withdrawal to Lincolnshire in 1604 and
+the inception of the Scrooby congregation, whose faith found cause for
+hope and cheerful courage in the dark hours of their persecution,
+adversity, and affliction. He went on to picture the blessings of civil
+and religious liberty which we are apt to accept and enjoy without
+giving much heed to the generations that in bygone years toiled and
+suffered to secure them for us. How small, said he, the measure of our
+gratitude and infrequent our recognition of those who
+
+    Beyond their dark age led the van of thought.
+
+Well, reasoned Mr. Bayard, on such a scene and such an occasion as this,
+might the words of Whittier be repeated--
+
+      Our hearts grow cold,
+      We lightly hold
+    A right which brave men died to gain;
+      The stake, the cord,
+      The axe, the sword,
+    Grim nurses at its birth of pain.
+
+It was the momentous issues raised by the invasion of liberty of
+conscience that drove John Robinson and his associates forth. As William
+Bradford has recorded, "Being thus molested and with no hope of their
+continuance there, by a joynte consent they resolved to go into ye low
+countries, where they heard was freedom of religion for all men." Then
+it was that they made the attempted passage from Boston to The
+Netherlands.
+
+[Illustration: TABLET IN VESTIBULE OF ROBINSON MEMORIAL CHURCH,
+GAINSBOROUGH]
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL TABLET ON ST. PETER'S CHURCH, LEYDEN]
+
+Glancing at the history of the arbitrary and cruel measures taken to
+prevent the departure of the congregation, which finally, in broken
+detachments, distressed, despoiled, imperilled by land and sea,
+assembled at Amsterdam, moving thence to Leyden, Mr. Bayard paid
+grateful recognition to the country which, in their hour of sore need,
+extended to exiles welcome protection and generous toleration in an age
+of intolerance, and recited the familiar incidents connected with their
+sailing for America. "It is clear and plain to us now that the departure
+from England of this small body of humble men was a great step in the
+march of Christian civilisation. It contained the seed of Christian
+liberty, freedom of enquiry, freedom of man's conscience." As for John
+Robinson, between whose grave and the colony he was the means of
+planting, washes the wide ocean he never crossed. His memory is a tie of
+kindred--a recognition of the common trust committed to both nations to
+sustain the principles of civil and religious liberty of which he was a
+fearless champion, and under which he has so marvellously fulfilled the
+prophesy "A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a great
+nation." And the seed of Christian liberty, sown in adversity but on
+good soil, has become a wide-spreading tree in whose sheltering branches
+all who will may lodge.
+
+Six years after this stone-laying, in June, 1902, the tercentenary of
+the founding of the Gainsborough church, a tablet was unveiled in the
+vestibule of the new building to commemorate the world-wide co-operation
+in honouring one "the thought of whom stirs equal reverence in English
+and American hearts."
+
+What the American Ambassador so well said at Gainsborough was a fitting
+prelude to the excursion which his countrymen, continuing their
+itinerary, made to the Pilgrim scenes in Holland where, in 1891, the
+English Plymouth memorial year, they had erected on St. Peter's
+Cathedral at Leyden, under which lie his bones, a tablet to John
+Robinson, pastor of the English church worshipping "over against this
+spot," whence at his prompting went forth the Pilgrim Fathers to settle
+New England.
+
+[Illustration: DESIGN BY R. M. LUCAS FOR THE TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL AT
+SOUTHAMPTON, TO BE UNVEILED ON AUGUST 15TH, 1912]
+
+The Gainsborough ceremony and the visits to Plymouth and Boston forged
+further links in the chain of sympathy and brotherhood between England
+and America. Fresh evidence has since been forthcoming that the
+religious zeal and love of manly independence which induced the
+Mayflower Pilgrims to expatriate themselves and found a mighty empire
+across the Atlantic have their abiding influence to-day. We have seen
+how these New World pilgrimages to Old World shrines rekindled dormant
+affections on both sides.[13] No doubt the journeys will be renewed
+again and again over much the same ground in the days to come.
+
+It was about this time that Mr. Bayard was instrumental in restoring to
+the State of Massachusetts William Bradford's manuscript "History of
+Plymouth Plantation." About the middle of the eighteenth century this
+valuable record was deposited in the New England Library, in the tower
+of the Old South Church in Boston, but it disappeared, and found its way
+to England. By some it was thought that Governor Hutchinson carried it
+off; others believed that it was looted by British soldiers when Boston
+was evacuated. Anyhow it vanished, and was given up for lost. But by a
+lucky chance it was discovered. It was not until 1855 that certain
+passages in Wilberforce's "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
+America," printed in 1846, professing to quote from "a manuscript
+History of Plymouth in the Fulham Library," revealed the whereabouts of
+the priceless folios. These quotations were identified as being similar
+to extracts from Bradford's History made by earlier annalists--Nathaniel
+Morton, who used it freely in his "New England's Memorial," published
+1669; Thomas Prince, in his "Annals" printed in 1736; and Governor
+Hutchinson, the last man known to have seen the manuscript, who used it
+in the preparation of his "History of Massachusetts" (second volume), in
+1767. The story of the return of the manuscript has been told by the
+Honourable George F. Hoar, the venerable Senator of Massachusetts who,
+during a visit to England, interviewed the Bishop of London on the
+subject, and, when the History had been recovered through the good
+offices of Mr. Bayard, had the satisfaction of handing it over to
+Governor Wolcott on May 24, 1897. Ten years subsequently, after Mr.
+Bayard's death, another Bishop of London, engaged on a mission to
+America, presented to President Roosevelt the original deed appointing
+Colonel Coddington first Governor of Rhode Island. This document was
+found in the muniment room at Fulham Palace; it bears the seal of the
+Cromwellian Government and the signature of Bradshaw.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros, Retford_
+
+THE FONT, AUSTERFIELD CHURCH
+
+_For a long time it was believed that this font was used at the baptism
+of William Bradford_]
+
+[Illustration: THE FONT, PRIMITIVE METHODIST CHAPEL, LOUND
+
+_The font that was probably used at the baptism of William Bradford_]
+
+Those Americans who visited the district of Bawtry for the purpose of
+seeing the Pilgrim village of Austerfield would be surprised ten years
+later, in August, 1906, to hear that the font in the old parish church,
+which had so often been pointed to as that at which William Bradford was
+baptised, was not in reality what it had been represented to be. For
+some time there was a heated controversy in the district, and this
+revealed certain strange facts concerning the font which go to prove
+that the Norman font used at Bradford's baptism is at the present time
+in a small Primitive Methodist chapel at Lound near Retford,
+Nottinghamshire. It seems that about fifty years ago the sexton, one
+Milner, was ordered to clear certain rubbish out of the church at
+Austerfield, and sell it. Among the objects thus disposed of was the
+font. A farmer, John Jackson, became the purchaser, and a few years
+later the font passed to his son, who for some time kept it in his
+garden as an ornament. In 1895 the farm changed hands, the new tenant
+being a Mr. Fielding, and included in the fixtures he took over was the
+font, described in the auctioneers' valuation award, dated April 15,
+1895, as "Garden--Stone baptismal font (formerly in Austerfield Parish
+Church)." Having no wish to keep the font Mr. Fielding gave it to his
+mother, a native of Austerfield, and she in turn handed it over to the
+trustees of the chapel at Lound, where it still remains, jealously
+guarded in the incongruous surroundings of its alien home. It is noted
+that when, years ago, the clergyman at Austerfield discovered what
+sexton Milner had done, he sent for him and told him of the great loss
+the church had sustained. It was little use locking the stable door when
+the steed had gone, but the sexton, being a man of resource, thought he
+saw a way out of the difficulty. So to avoid further trouble he brought
+a trough from his own farmyard and substituted it for the lost font!
+That was a very impious kind of fraud indeed, but it seems quite clear
+that it was perpetrated. The church authorities, it must be admitted,
+have done their best to atone for the faults of the past in the
+direction of trying to restore the ancient font to its original place.
+Unfortunately they have not succeeded, for though good offers were made
+to Mrs. Fielding and the chapel trustees, they resolutely refused to
+part with the precious relic. The fear was then entertained that a
+wealthy American would some day buy the font, and thus deprive the
+district of one of its most historic possessions. It is questionable,
+however, if that fate would be worse than the one that has already
+overtaken the font. Should the failure to restore it to its rightful
+place unhappily continue, the more satisfactory alternative would appear
+to be its purchase and presentation, say, to the Pilgrim Church at New
+Plymouth.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] "Collections Concerning the Early History of the Founders of New
+Plymouth." Mr. Hunter was assistant-keeper of H.M. Records, and after
+the village had remained for more than two centuries in oblivion,
+located Scrooby as the birthplace of the Pilgrim Church. His sole guide
+in the search were the brief statements in Bradford's History that the
+members of the church "were of several towns and villages, some in
+Nottinghamshire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire, where they
+bordered nearest together," and that "they ordinarily met at William
+Brewster's house on the Lord's day, which was a manor of the bishop's."
+The inquiry which led to this important discovery was instigated by the
+Honourable James Savage while on a visit to England. The key was
+supplied by Governor Bradford, Mr. Savage detected it; Mr. Hunter
+unlocked the hidden and forgotten door.
+
+[13] In another part of England, in 1910-11, Americans were joining
+hands with the people of Southampton in raising on the old West Quay of
+that port a Pilgrim shrine to the men of New Plymouth who, as we know,
+sailed thence in the Mayflower on their interrupted voyage to the West,
+on August 5 (O.S.), 1620. It was proposed to unveil this memorial on
+August 15, 1912.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 103
+
+  Ainsworth, Henry, 51
+
+  Alden, John, 128, 147
+
+  Allerton, Bartholomew, 128
+
+  Allerton, Isaac, 59, 128-131, 147, 152
+
+  Allerton, Joanna, 131
+
+  Allerton, John, 131
+
+  Allerton, Mary, 131
+
+  Allerton, Remember, 131
+
+  Allerton, Sarah (1), 147
+
+  Allerton, Sarah (2), 131
+
+  Amsterdam, 51-52, 179
+
+  "Anne," The, 95
+
+  Armstrong, Gregory, 132
+
+  Austerfield, England, 11-12, 175, 184-187
+
+
+  Babworth, England, 11
+
+  Barker, Elizabeth, 152
+
+  Barnstable, Mass., 143
+
+  Bawtry, 175, 184-187
+
+  Bayard, Hon. T. J., 172, 175-180, 183-184
+
+  Becket, Mary, 147-148
+
+  Bellingham, Richard, 115
+
+  Billington, Eleanor, 131, 132
+
+  Billington, Francis, 131
+
+  Billington, John (1), 131-132
+
+  Billington, John (2), 132
+
+  Billington, Martha, 143
+
+  Blommaert, Herr, 87
+
+  Bond, J. T., 163
+
+  Bonner, Bishop, 8
+
+  Boston, England, VIII, 7, 16, 19, 39, 112, 115, 168-172, 176, 180;
+    Pilgrim Cells, VII, XIII-XIV, 32-36, 171;
+    Guildhall, 20, 23-24, 32-36, 171;
+    Hussey Tower, 20;
+    Kyme Tower, 20;
+    Grammar School, 20;
+    Church, 20, 35, 171;
+    Gysor's Hall, 23;
+    "Little Ease," 36
+
+  Boston, Mass., 100, 112, 168, 183 (_see also_ Massachusetts Bay
+    Colony)
+
+  Bradford, Governor William, 11-12, 19, 20, 31, 43, 52, 59, 83, 84, 88,
+    92, 95, 100, 103, 111, 119, 132-136, 152, 167, 175, 176, 183-184
+
+  Brewer, Thomas, 52, 55
+
+  Brewster, Fear, 95, 131
+
+  Brewster, Love, 139
+
+  Brewster, Mary, 96, 139
+
+  Brewster, Patience, 95
+
+  Brewster, William, 4, 8, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23, 31, 39, 43, 52-55, 59,
+    83, 88, 91, 92, 96, 111, 119, 136-139, 152, 167, 175
+
+  Brewster, Wrestling, 139
+
+  Bridgewater, Mass., 148
+
+  Britteridge, Richard, 139
+
+  Brown, Dr. John, 12
+
+  Brown, Peter, 139
+
+  Button, William, 139
+
+
+  Caistor, England, 7
+
+  Canute, King, 4, 15
+
+  Carleton, Sir Dudley, 52-55
+
+  Carpenter, Alice, 95, 135, 143
+
+  Carter, Robert, 139
+
+  Carver, Catherine, 83, 139
+
+  Carver, Governor John, 59, 60, 79, 83, 84, 119, 132, 139, 152
+
+  Chilton, James, 140
+
+  Chilton, Mary, 140
+
+  Clark, Faith, 140
+
+  Clarke, Richard, 140
+
+  Clyfton, Richard, 11, 43, 52
+
+  Coddington, William, 115, 184
+
+  Collier, Sarah, 139
+
+  Collier, William, 139
+
+  Connecticut Plantation, 100
+
+  Cook, Esther, 140
+
+  Cook, Francis, 140
+
+  Cook, John, 140
+
+  Cooke, Jacob, 144
+
+  Cooper, Humility, 140
+
+  Cotton, John (1), 23, 115, 119
+
+  Cotton, John (2), 119
+
+  Crackston, John (1), 140
+
+  Crackston, John (2), 140
+
+  Cromwell, Oliver, 156
+
+  Cromwell, Thomas, 8
+
+  Cuckson, John, 119
+
+  Cushman, Robert, 63, 92, 95, 96
+
+
+  Dartmouth, England, 63
+
+  Dartmouth, Mass., 140, 148
+
+  Davidson, 8
+
+  Delfshaven, 60, 175
+
+  Dingy, Sarah, 143
+
+  Dotey, Edward, 140
+
+  Doyle's "English in America," 7
+
+  Draper, Eben S., 104, 111
+
+  Droitwich, 152
+
+  Dudley, Thomas, 115
+
+  Dunning, Dr., 168, 171
+
+  Duxbury, Mass., 128, 139, 143, 147, 148, 151;
+    Standish Monument, 151
+
+
+  Eastham, Mass., 144, 147
+
+  Eaton, Francis, 143
+
+  Eaton, Samuel, 143
+
+  Eaton, Sarah, 143
+
+  Eliot, Charles W., 104-108, 111-112
+
+  Eliot's, George, "The Mill on the Floss," 15-16, 20, 175
+
+  Ely, One, 143
+
+  English, Thomas, 143
+
+  Everett, Edward, 103
+
+
+  Fielding, 187-188
+
+  Fletcher, Moses, 143
+
+  Ford, Martha, 139
+
+  "Fortune," The, 92, 95, 151
+
+  Fuller, Anne, 143
+
+  Fuller, Edward, 143
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (1), 59, 100, 139
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (2), 143
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (3), 143
+
+  Fuller, Susanna (_see_ White, Susanna)
+
+
+  Gainsborough, England, VIII, 4, 11, 15-19, 20, 40, 51, 172, 175-176,
+    180;
+    Old Hall, 16, 175
+
+  Gardiner, Richard, 143
+
+  Glascock (Fuller), Elsie, 95, 143
+
+  Goodman, John, 143
+
+  Grimsby, England, 40
+
+  Groton, Samuel, 155
+
+
+  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 115, 164
+
+  Hemans, Felicia, 108, 127, 156
+
+  Hickman Family, 16
+
+  Hoar, George Frisbie, 103, 183
+
+  Holbeck, William, 144
+
+  Hooke, John, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Constance, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Elizabeth, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Giles, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Oceanus, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Stephen, 140, 144
+
+  Horncastle, England, 7
+
+  Hough, Atherton, 23, 115
+
+  Howland, John, 59, 67, 144, 151
+
+  Hoyt, Barbara, 111
+
+  Hull, England, 40
+
+  Humber, The, 40
+
+  Hunter, Rev. Joseph, 164-167
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 183
+
+
+  Immingham, England, 40
+
+
+  Jackson, John, 187
+
+  Jackson, Richard, 39
+
+  James I, 52
+
+  Jamestown, Va., 56
+
+  John, King, 3
+
+  Johnson, Francis, 51
+
+  Jones, Rev. J. M., 175
+
+  Jones, Captain Thomas, 60, 75-76, 167-168
+
+
+  Kyle, William S., IX
+
+
+  Langemore, John, 144
+
+  Langton, Stephen, 3-4
+
+  Latham, William, 144
+
+  Laud, Archbishop, 155
+
+  Lawrence, William B., 108
+
+  Lee, Bridget, 143
+
+  Leister, Edward, 144
+
+  Leland, 8
+
+  Leverett, John, 115
+
+  Leverett, Thomas, 115
+
+  Leyden, 51-60, 95, 96, 119, 128, 135, 143, 147, 148, 152, 155, 179,
+    180;
+    St. Peter's Church, 51, 96, 180
+
+  Lincoln, England, 7, 172
+
+  "Little James," The, 95
+
+  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 104, 108
+
+  Longfellow's "The Courtship of Miles Standish," 79, 91
+
+  Lord, Abigail, 152
+
+  Lothrop, Jane, 143
+
+  Lothrop, Rev. John, 143
+
+  Lound, England, 184, 187
+
+  Louth, England, 4-7
+
+
+  Mann, Jasper, 147
+
+  Margeson, Edmund, 147
+
+  Marshfield, Mass., 152
+
+  Martin, Christopher and wife, 147
+
+  Massachusetts Bay Colony, 88, 99, 100, 112-116, 132, 155
+
+  Maverick, Moses, 131
+
+  May, Dorothy, 52, 84, 135
+
+  "Mayflower," The, XIV, 4, 60-67, 75-80, 84, 92, 96, 100, 104, 107,
+    112, 115, 116, 127, 131,140, 148, 151, 152, 156, 163, 164, 167, 175,
+    180
+
+  Mayson, Mayor John, 36
+
+  McCleary, James T., 108
+
+  Meyer, George Von L., 104
+
+  Middleboro, Mass., 143, 148
+
+  Milner, 184
+
+  Milnes, Richard Monckton, 44
+
+  Minter, Desire, 147
+
+  More, Ellen, 147
+
+  More, Jasper and his brother, 147
+
+  Morton, George, 95
+
+  Morton's "New England's Memorial," 76, 100, 183
+
+  "Mourt's Relation," 95
+
+  Mullins, Joseph, 147
+
+  Mullins, Priscilla, 128, 147
+
+  Mullins, William and his wife, 139, 147
+
+
+  Naughton, 55
+
+  New Plymouth (_see_ Plymouth Mass.)
+
+  Newcomen, John, 132
+
+  Norris, Mary, 128
+
+
+  Penn, Christian, 131, 143
+
+  Pierce, John, 92
+
+  "Pilgrimage of Grace," The, 4-7
+
+  Plummer, Ann, 147
+
+  Plymouth, England, XIV, 63, 67, 92, 163-164, 168, 180
+
+  Plymouth, Mass., VII, XIV, 8, 11, 79-103, 112, 115, 116-120, 132, 188;
+    Pilgrim Stone, 79, 83, 127;
+    Cole's Hill, 83;
+    The Fort, 84-87, 116;
+    The Church, 84, 116-119;
+    Pilgrim Hall, 92;
+    Burial Hill, 116
+
+  Power, Solomon, 147
+
+  Priest, Degory, 147
+
+  Prince, Thomas, 183
+
+  Provincetown, Mass., 67, 103-112, 151
+
+  Puritans, The (_see_ Massachusetts Bay Colony)
+
+
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 56
+
+  Rassières, Isaac de, 87
+
+  Retford, England, 11
+
+  Revere, Paul, 120
+
+  Reynolds, Captain, 63
+
+  Rigdale, Alice, 147
+
+  Rigdale, John, 147
+
+  Robinson, John, 11-15, 43, 52, 59, 60, 95-96, 155, 172, 175, 176, 179,
+    180
+
+  Rogers, Joseph, 147
+
+  Rogers, Thomas, 147
+
+  Roosevelt, President, VII, 103, 104, 111, 184
+
+  Ryton River, 7
+
+
+  Salem, Mass., 100, 131, 152
+
+  Sampson, Harry, 147
+
+  Sandwich, Mass., 147
+
+  Savage, James, 167
+
+  Scituate, Mass., 147, 152
+
+  Scrooby, England, 8, 11, 12, 16, 31, 39, 40, 51, 84, 119, 136, 167,
+    175
+
+  Sears, Captain J. H., 104
+
+  Sempringham, England, 7
+
+  Smith, Captain John, 56, 168
+
+  Smith, Ralph, 88, 119
+
+  Smyth, John, 11, 16, 51, 175
+
+  Snow, Damaris, 144
+
+  Snow, Nicholas, 144
+
+  Soule, George, 147-148
+
+  Southampton, England, 60, 63, 128, 180
+
+  Southworth, Edward, 95, 135
+
+  "Speedwell," The, 59-63
+
+  Standish, Barbara, 95, 151
+
+  Standish, Captain Miles, 59, 79, 83, 84, 95, 96, 111, 128, 148-151,
+    152
+
+  Standish, Rose, 148
+
+  Story, Ellen, 148
+
+
+  Taft, President, VII, 103, 104, 111
+
+  Tattershall Castle, England, 7
+
+  Thompson, Edward, 151
+
+  Tilley, Ann, 151
+
+  Tilley, Edward, 151
+
+  Tilley, Elizabeth, 144, 151
+
+  Tilley, John and wife, 144, 151
+
+  Tinker, Thomas, and wife and son, 151
+
+  Torksey, England, 4
+
+  Townes, Thomas, 163
+
+  Trent River, 3, 4, 11, 15, 40
+
+  Trevore, William, 151
+
+  Turner, John, and Sons, 151
+
+
+  Van Weede, M., 108
+
+  Vassall, Judith, 152
+
+  Vassall, William, 152
+
+  Vincent, Sarah, 147
+
+
+  Warren, Richard, 140
+
+  Warren, Sarah, 140
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 103
+
+  Wesley, John, 3, 175
+
+  Wetmore, George Peabody, 104
+
+  Wheldon, Catherine, 144
+
+  White, Justice, 104
+
+  White, Peregrine, 151-152
+
+  White, Resolved, 151, 152
+
+  White, Susanna, 151, 152
+
+  White, William, 151, 152
+
+  Whittier, VII, 176
+
+  Wickliffe, 4
+
+  Wilberforce, 183
+
+  Wilder, Roger, 152
+
+  Williams, Roger, 88, 119
+
+  Williams, Thomas, 152
+
+  Wilson, John, 88, 91, 99
+
+  Winslow, Edward, 59, 92, 95, 119, 135, 152-156
+
+  Winslow, Gilbert, 156
+
+  Winslow, John, 92, 140
+
+  Winthrop, Governor John, 88, 91, 99, 100, 115
+
+  Winthrop, Robert Charles, 103
+
+  Witham River, 15, 31
+
+  Woburn, England, 36
+
+  Wolcott, Governor, 184
+
+  Wolsey, 8
+
+
+  Yarmouth, Mass., 131, 140, 144
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.
+
+                                                  Wordsworth]
+
+[Illustration
+
+    The breaking waves dash'd high
+      On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+    And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+    Their giant branches toss'd.
+
+                                   Mrs. Hemans]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+A caron (^) indicates the letter following is superscripted, like ^e.
+
+Images were moved to a convenient paragraph break.
+
+Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
+chapter.
+
+The opening and closing illustrations are the same.
+
+Old spellings in quoted text and poetry are retained from the original.
+
+The following words are used interchangeably throughout this book:
+
+  cooperation co-operation
+  cornerstone corner-stone
+  Mayflower May-flower
+
+
+Page 117
+
+(Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth). Changed from 'Photgraph' of
+the original.
+
+Index
+
+(Naughton, 55). This is most likely Naunton, referred to on Page 55.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, by Albert Christopher Addison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36756-8.txt or 36756-8.zip *****
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, by 
+Albert Christopher Addison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims
+       And Its Place in the Life of To-day
+
+Author: Albert Christopher Addison
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2011 [EBook #36756]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by K Nordquist, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/f001.png" width="500" height="728"
+alt="THE ROMANTIC STORY of the MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS by ALBERT CHRISTOPHER ADDISON" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 370px;">
+<img src="images/f002.png" width="370" height="603"
+ alt="Well worthy to be magnified are they/
+ Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took/
+ A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,/
+ And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay./
+ Wordsworth"
+
+ title="Well worthy to be magnified are they/
+ Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took/
+ A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,/
+ And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay./
+ Wordsworth" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<img src="images/f003.png" width="362" height="583"
+ alt="The breaking waves dash&#39;d high/
+On a stern and rock-bound coast;/
+ And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+/ Their giant branches toss&#39;d.
+/
+--Mrs. Hemans"
+ title="The breaking waves dash&#39;d high/
+On a stern and rock-bound coast;/
+ And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+/ Their giant branches toss&#39;d.
+/
+--Mrs. Hemans" />
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="title_page">
+<p class="font12">THE ROMANTIC STORY <i>of</i><br />
+<i>the</i> MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS</p>
+<br />
+<p class="font8">AND ITS PLACE IN THE<br />
+LIFE OF TO-DAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+<div><i>High ideals in the conduct of life are what survive, and that is why
+the Pilgrim Narrative stands forth in the pages of every history as one
+of the great events of the time.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Senator Lodge</span>, <i>at the dedication of
+the Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, August 5th 1910</i>.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/f008.jpg" id="i_front">
+<img src="images/f008t.jpg" width="500" height="251"
+alt="" title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<i>From the Painting by W. F. Halsall</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbour</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;">
+<img src="images/f009p.png" width="368" height="600"
+ alt="title page"
+ title="title page" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="title_page">
+<h1><span class="font9">THE</span><br />
+
+<span class="font12">ROMANTIC STORY<br />
+
+OF THE MAYFLOWER<br />
+
+PILGRIMS</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="font7">AND ITS PLACE IN THE<br />
+
+LIFE OF TO-DAY</span></h1>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="font7">BY</span>
+A. C. ADDISON</p>
+
+<p class="font7">AUTHOR OF "OLD BOSTON: ITS PURITAN SONS<br />
+AND PILGRIM SHRINES," ETC.</p>
+
+
+<p class="font9">WITH NUMEROUS ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 207px;">
+<img src="images/f009.png" width="207" height="201" alt="Publishers Logo: Gold with a blue horizontal stripe between three blue doves
+ Motto: Spe Labor Levis" title="Publishers Logo: Gold with a blue horizontal stripe between three blue doves
+ Motto: Spe Labor Levis" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="title_page">
+<p>
+BOSTON<br />
+L. C. PAGE &amp; COMPANY<br />
+MDCCCCXI
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br />
+<span class="font7">COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY<br />
+L. C. PAGE &amp; COMPANY<br />
+(INCORPORATED)<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+FIRST IMPRESSION, SEPTEMBER, 1911<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+THE·PLIMPTON·PRESS·NORWOOD·MASS·U·S·A</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td>
+<td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">I.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Old World Homes and Pilgrim Shrines</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">II.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Arrest at Boston and Flight to Holland</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">III.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Life in Leyden&mdash;Adieu to Plymouth&mdash;The Voyage to the West</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IV.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">"Into a World Unknown"&mdash;Trials and Triumph</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">V.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Pilgrim Roll Call&mdash;Fate and Fortunes of the Fathers</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VI.</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">New World Pilgrims to Old World Shrines</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="box">THE PUBLISHERS WISH TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE COURTESY OF MR. A. S. BURBANK, OF
+PLYMOUTH, MASS., IN AUTHORIZING THEIR USE OF HIS PHOTOGRAPHS,
+REPRODUCTIONS OF WHICH FORM A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
+OF THIS BOOK</div>
+
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbour</td>
+<td align="right"><i><a href="#i_front">Frontispiece</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Cells, Guildhall, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">A Bit of Old Gainsborough</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Old Manor House, Scrooby, where William Brewster was born.&mdash;Scrooby Church</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Cottage at Austerfield where William Bradford was born</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Old Hall, Gainsborough, in which the Separatist Church was founded in 1602</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Guildhall and South Street, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Old Courtroom, Guildhall, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The River Witham, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Pilgrim Cells, Guildhall, Boston, showing the Kitchen beyond</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Old Town Gaol, Market-place, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Trentside, Gainsborough</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Elder William Brewster</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">John Robinson's House, Leyden, where the Pilgrim Fathers worshipped</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">St. Peter's Church, Leyden</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Bust of Captain John Smith</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Embarkation of the Pilgrims</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Model of the Mayflower</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Plymouth Harbour, as seen from Cole's Hill</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Landing of the Pilgrims</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The March of Miles Standish</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Canopy over Plymouth Rock</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Old Fort and First Meeting-House</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Pilgrims going to Church</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Departure of the Mayflower</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Captain Miles Standish</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Governor William Bradford</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Plymouth Rock</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">A Bit of Old Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Site of the Old Fort, Burial Hill, Plymouth</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">First Church, Plymouth</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Pilgrim Fathers' Memorial, Plymouth</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">John Alden.&mdash;Priscilla Mullins</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Governor Bradford's Monument, Burial Hill, Plymouth</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Governor Carver's Chair and Ancient Spinning Wheel</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Elder Brewster's Chair and the Cradle of Peregrine White</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Grave of John Howland</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Grave of Miles Standish, Duxbury</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Miles Standish Monument, Duxbury</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Governor Edward Winslow</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Mayflower Tablet on the Barbican, Plymouth, England</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Scrooby Village</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Ancient Kitchen, Guildhall, Boston</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Tablet in Vestibule of Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough.&mdash;Memorial Tablet on St. Peter's Church, Leyden</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Design by R. M. Lucas for the Tercentenary Memorial at Southampton</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">The Font, Austerfield Church.&mdash;The Font, Primitive Methodist Chapel, Lound</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>By a strange yet happy coincidence, on the very day the writer of these
+lines sat silent in a Pilgrim cell at Boston&mdash;the Lincolnshire town
+where the Pilgrims were imprisoned in their first attempt to flee their
+native country&mdash;pondering on the past and inscribing his humble lines to
+the New World pioneers, the President of the American Republic was at
+Provincetown, Massachusetts, dedicating a giant monument to the planters
+of New Plymouth, the last of the many memorials erected to them. The
+date was the fifth of August, 1910. President Taft in his address at the
+commemoration ceremonies declared very truly that the purpose which
+prompted the Pilgrims' progress and the spirit which animated them
+furnish the United States to-day with the highest ideals of moral life
+and political citizenship. Three years before, another American
+President, Mr. Roosevelt, at the cornerstone laying of this monument,
+enlarged on the character of their achievement, and in ringing words
+proclaimed its immensity and world-wide significance.</p>
+
+<p>Down through the years the leaders of men have borne burning witness to
+the wonderful work of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its influence is deep-rooted
+in the world's history to-day, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> in the life and the past of our race
+it stands its own enduring monument.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the present narrative is to give to the reader an account
+of the Mayflower Pilgrims that is concise and yet sufficiently
+comprehensive to embrace all essentials respecting the personality and
+pilgrimage of the Forefathers, whom the poet Whittier pictures to us in
+vivid verse as:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">those brave men who brought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the ice and iron of our winter time<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">A will as firm, a creed as stern, and wrought<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">With one mailed hand and with the other fought.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the pages which follow, the Old World homes and haunts of the Pilgrim
+Fathers are depicted and described. The story has the advantage of
+having been written on the scene of their early trials, concerted plans
+of escape, and stormy emigration, by one who, from long association, is
+familiar with the history and traditions of Boston and the quaint old
+sister port of Gainsborough, and perhaps imparts to the work some
+feeling of the life and local atmosphere of those places in the days
+that are dealt with, and before. The Pilgrims are followed into Holland
+and on their momentous journey across seas to the West. The story aims
+at being trustworthy and up-to-date as regards the later known facts of
+Pilgrim history and the developments which reflect it in our own time.
+It does what no other book on the subject has attempted:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> it traces the
+individual lives and varying fortunes of the Pilgrims after their
+settlement in the New World; and it states the steps taken in recent
+years to perpetuate the memory of the heroic band. The tale that is told
+is one of abiding interest to the Anglo-Saxon race; and its
+attractiveness in these pages is enhanced by the series of illustrations
+which accompanies the printed record. Grateful acknowledgment is made of
+much kindly assistance rendered during the preparation of the work,
+especially by the Honourable William S. Kyle, Treasurer of the First
+(Pilgrim) Church at Plymouth, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="box"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5"><i>Men they were who could not bend;</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Blest Pilgrims, surely, as they took for guide</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>A will by sovereign Conscience sanctified.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>From Rite and Ordinance abused they fled</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>To Wilds where both were utterly unknown.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="width:21em; float:right;">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wordsworth</span>, "<i>Ecclesiastical Sonnets,"
+Part III. Aspects of Christianity in
+America,&nbsp;I. The Pilgrim Fathers.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="visibility:hidden;" />
+
+<p><i>In romance of circumstance and the charm of personal heroism the story
+of the Pilgrim Fathers is pre-eminent.</i></p>
+
+<p class="citation">&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. A. Doyle's</span> "<i>English in America</i>."
+</p>
+
+<p><i>The coming hither of the Pilgrim three centuries ago ... shaped the
+destinies of this Continent, and therefore profoundly affected the
+destiny of the whole world.</i></p>
+
+<p style="width:20em; float:right;">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">President Roosevelt</span>, <i>at the laying
+of the corner-stone of the Pilgrim
+Memorial Monument at Provincetown,
+Massachusetts, August 20th, 1907</i>.</p>
+<hr style="visibility:hidden;" />
+
+</div> <!--box-->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi/xii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;">
+<img src="images/f019.jpg" width="364" height="600"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Cells, Guildhall, Boston</span><br />
+<i>With winding staircase to
+court-room above</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h3>FROM A PILGRIM CELL<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></h3>
+
+
+<div class="citation" style="margin-right: 3em;"><span class="smcap">The Pilgrims' Cells,</span></div>
+<div class="citation">Guildhall, Boston, Lincolnshire.</div>
+
+
+
+<p>This is written in a Pilgrim cell, one of those dark and narrow dungeons
+which the Pilgrim Fathers tenanted three hundred and four years ago, in
+the autumn of 1607, and behind the heavy iron bars of which men have for
+generations delighted to be locked in memory of their lives and deeds.
+The present-day gaoler, less terrible than his predecessor of Puritan
+times, has ushered me in and closed the rusty gate upon me, and left me
+alone, a willing prisoner for a space. I look around, but do not start
+and shrink in mortal dread as must once the hapless captives here
+immured.</p>
+
+<p>'Tis a gloomy place as a rule; but just now some outer basement doors,
+flung open, admit the autumn sunlight, which floods the hall floor and
+penetrates to the cell where I am seated. To get here I have stooped and
+sidled through an opening a foot and a half wide and five feet deep, set
+in a whitewashed wall fourteen inches thick. I stand with arms
+outstretched, and find that the opposite walls may be pressed with the
+finger-tips of each hand. The cell extends back seven feet, and the
+height is the same between the bare stone floor and the roughly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> boarded
+roof. All is dingy, cobwebbed, musty, and silent as the grave. Like the
+neighbouring tenement it is cold, mean, melancholy, fit only to be
+shunned. Yet its associations are dear indeed. For this is holy ground,
+a hallowed spot, a Mecca of modern pilgrims. It has a history held
+sacred in two hemispheres, that of religious persecution, of loyal
+resolution, of physical fetters and spiritual freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the story inscribed upon these walls, a record which may be read
+in all their time-worn stones, on every inch of their rusted bolts and
+bars. For they are the cells of the Pilgrim Fathers. Here was the first
+rude break in their weary worldly progress, a journey which was to
+continue with affliction into Holland, thence back to Plymouth, and,
+after a last adieu there to English soil, on in the little Mayflower to
+New Plymouth and a New England.</p>
+
+<p>Alone in a Pilgrim cell! What thoughts the situation kindles; how
+eagerly the imagination shapes and clothes them; what scenes this mouldy
+atmosphere unfolds. The very solitude is eloquent with pious
+reminiscence; the void is filled again, peopled with those spectres of
+an imperishable past; their prayers and praise fall on the listening
+ear, a soft appeal for grace and strength, the lulling notes of a rough
+psalmody; then answering dreams and visions of the night.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">THE AUTHOR.</p>
+
+<p>1911.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1/2]</a></span><br /><br />
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES</h2>
+
+<p class="font12 center">THE ROMANTIC STORY <i>of the</i> MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">I<br />
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6"><i>View each well-known scene:</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Think what is now and what hath been.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Scott.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Lincolnshire stands pre-eminent among the English shires for inspiriting
+records of trials borne and conflicts waged for conscience' sake. The
+whole country, from the lazy Trent to the booming eastern sea, teems
+moreover with religious interest. To read what happened between the
+births of two famous Lincolnshire men&mdash;Archbishop Langton in the twelfth
+century; and Methodist John Wesley in the seventeenth&mdash;is like reading
+the history of English nonconformity. The age of miracles was long since
+past; yet Stephen Langton, Primate of England and Cardinal of Rome, was
+a champion of the national liberties. He aided, nay instigated, the
+wresting of Magna Charta from King John. That was not the result of his
+education; 'twas the Lincolnshire blood in his veins. For the outrage on
+the Romish traditions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> the Archbishop was suspended by the Pope.
+Probably he would have been hanged if they could have got at him.</p>
+
+<p>But we can go back farther even than Langton's time. Not many miles from
+Gainsborough is the Danish settlement of Torksey, rich in ecclesiastical
+lore. Here Paulinus baptised the Lindissians on the sandy shore of the
+Trent, in the presence of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Hereabout, they
+say, King Alfred the Great was married to the daughter of Etheldred, and
+the old wives of Gainsborough used to recite tales of Wickliffe hiding
+on the spot where once stood the dwelling-place of Sweyn and of Canute.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5/6]</a></span>
+<a href="images/p005.jpg">
+<img src="images/p005t.jpg" width="500" height="240"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Brocklehurst, Gainsborough</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">A Bit of Old Gainesborough</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lincolnshire has always had the courage to bear religious stress, and
+strange things are read of it. It was near Louth that the insurrection
+known as "The Pilgrimage of Grace" began. Eighty-five years before the
+sailing of the Mayflower, and thirty years before William Brewster was
+born, the ecclesiastical commissioners for the suppression of
+monasteries (which were plentiful in Lincolnshire) went down to hold a
+visitation at Louth. But the excursion was not to their pleasure. As one
+of them rode into the town he heard the alarm bell pealing from the
+tower, and then he saw people swarming into the streets carrying bills
+and staves, "the stir and noise arising hideous." He fled into the
+church for sanctuary, but they hauled him out, and with a sword at his
+breast bade him swear to be true to the Commonwealth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> He swore. That
+was the Examiner. When the Registrar came on the scene he was with scant
+ceremony dragged to the market cross, where his commission was read in
+derision and then torn up, and he barely escaped with his life. For the
+same cause there were risings at Caistor and Horncastle&mdash;two of the
+demurest of modern towns. The Bishop's Chancellor was murdered in the
+streets of Horncastle and the body stripped and the garments torn to
+rags; and at Lincoln the episcopal palace was plundered and partially
+demolished.</p>
+
+<p>But Lincolnshire need rest no fame upon such merits as these. Greater
+honour belongs to the county, for it was Lincolnshire that made the most
+important of all contributions to the building of America when it sent
+forth the Pilgrim Fathers, and afterwards the Puritan leaders, who met
+for conference in the eventful days of the movement in Boston town, in
+Sempringham manor house, or in Tattershall Castle, to lay the
+foundations of the Massachusetts settlements. And, as Doyle in his
+"English in America," truly says, "In romance of circumstance and the
+charm of personal heroism the story of the Pilgrim Fathers is
+pre-eminent. They were the pioneers who made it easy for the rest of the
+host to follow." Their colony was the germ of the New England States.</p>
+
+<p>Amid the quiet pastures threaded by the Ryton stream, where the counties
+of York and Lincoln and Nottingham meet, are two small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> villages, the
+homes of the only Pilgrim Fathers satisfactorily traced to English
+birthplaces. A simple, pathetic interest clings to these secluded spots.
+At Scrooby is the manor house wherein William Brewster, the great heart
+of the pilgrimage and foremost planter of New Plymouth, was born.
+Archbishops of York had found a home here for centuries; Wolsey, at the
+close of his strangely checkered career, lodged there and planted a
+mulberry tree in the garden; Bishop Bonner dated a letter thence to
+Thomas Cromwell. And when William Brewster became Elder Brewster,
+pensive Puritans often gathered there to worship, "and with great love
+he entertained them when they came, making provision for them to his
+great charge." His condition was prosperous and he could well afford to
+do it. A Cambridge man, Brewster early took his degree at Peterhouse; he
+next saw service at Court, and accompanied Secretary Davison to the
+Netherlands; afterwards succeeding his father and grandfather as post on
+the great North Road at Scrooby, a responsible and well-paid office,
+which he filled for nearly twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>The parish church, "not big, but very well builded," as Leland said; the
+quaint old vicarage; the parish pound, and all that remains of the
+parish stocks: these stand witness to the antiquity of Scrooby. A little
+railway station and rushing Northern expresses are almost the only signs
+of twentieth century activity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9/10]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p009a.jpg">
+<img src="images/p009at.jpg" width="500" height="396"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Old Manor House, Scrooby, where William Brewster was Born</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p009b.jpg">
+<img src="images/p009bt.jpg" width="500" height="420"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Scrooby Church</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>The Scrooby community was an off-shoot from that at Gainsborough, the
+first Separatist church formed in the North of England, of which the
+pastor was John Smyth, a graduate of Cambridge, an "eminent man in his
+time" and "well beloved of most men." Smyth preached at Gainsborough
+from 1602 to 1606, when he was driven into exile. The members of his
+church gathered from miles around to its services, crossing into
+Gainsborough by the ferry-boat on the Trent. This continued for two or
+three years, until at length "these people became two distinct bodies or
+churches, and in regard of distance did congregate severally; for they
+were of sundry towns and villages."</p>
+
+<p>Richard Clyfton, once rector of Babworth near Retford&mdash;"a grave and
+reverend preacher"&mdash;was the first pastor at Scrooby; and with him as
+teacher was "that famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson," another
+seceder from the English Church, who afterwards was pastor for many
+years "till the Lord took him away by death."</p>
+
+<p>Next to Brewster, William Bradford was the most prominent of the lay
+preachers among the Scrooby fraternity. He became Governor Bradford of
+the Plymouth Colony&mdash;"the first American citizen of the English race who
+bore rule by the free choice of his brethren"&mdash;and the historian of the
+Plymouth Plantation. Bradford, a yeoman's son with comfortable home
+surroundings, lived at Austerfield, an ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> agricultural village
+about three miles from Scrooby on the Yorkshire side. The pretty cottage
+of his birth is still shown by the roadside near the Norman church, and
+the parish register bears the record of his baptism, on March 19, 1589.
+A youth of seventeen years, he walked across the fields to join the
+Scrooby brethren in their meetings. He and Brewster, the two men who
+were to impress their individuality so powerfully upon the religious
+life of the American people, became firm friends, and, says their later
+historian,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> that friendship, "formed amid the tranquil surroundings of
+the North Midlands of their native land, was to be deepened by common
+labours and aspirations, and by common hardships and sufferings endured
+side by side both in the Old World and the New."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13/14]</a></span>
+<a href="images/p013.jpg">
+<img src="images/p013t.jpg" width="500" height="237"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Cottage at Austerfield where William Bradford was Born</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But it was Robinson to whom they jointly owed much guidance. When, in
+Bradford's own words, "They could not long continue in any peaceable
+condition, but were hunted and persecuted on every side;" when "some
+were taken and clapt up in prison, and others had their houses beset and
+watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands;" and when "the
+most were fain to fly and leave their homes and habitations and the
+means of their livelihood," it was John Robinson, the devout and learned
+pastor, who led them out of Nottinghamshire into Holland, and there
+inspired within<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> them the vision of complete earthly freedom in the
+new country across the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson was a Lincolnshire man. Gainsborough claims him, and on
+Gainsborough his first solid memorial has been raised. Many are familiar
+with Gainsborough who have never seen the town. Up the Trent sailed
+Sweyn, the sanguinary Dane, to conquest; and his son Canute&mdash;he that
+ordered back the rising tide, and got a wetting for his pains&mdash;was at
+Gainsborough when he succeeded him as King of England.</p>
+
+<p>Gainsborough is the St. Ogg's of "The Mill on the Floss," and the Trent
+is the Floss, along which Tom and Maggie Tulliver "wandered with a sense
+of travel, to see the rushing spring-tide, the awful Ægir, come up like
+a hungry monster"&mdash;the inrush of the first wave of the tide, a
+phenomenon peculiar at that time to both the Trent and the Witham.</p>
+
+<p>What George Eliot wrote of St. Ogg's describes old Gainsborough
+to-day&mdash;"A town which carries the trace of its long growth and history
+like a millennial tree, and has sprung up and developed in the same spot
+between the river and the low hill from the time when the Roman legion
+turned their backs on it from the camp on the hillside, and the
+long-haired sea-kings came up the river and looked with fierce eyes at
+the fatness of the land."</p>
+
+<p>And in sketching the history of St. Ogg's the novelist remembered that
+time of ecclesiastical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> ferment now written about, when "Many honest
+citizens lost all their possessions for conscience' sake, and went forth
+beggared from their native town. Doubtless there are many houses
+standing now," she said, "on which those honest citizens turned their
+backs in sorrow, quaint gabled houses looking on the river, jammed
+between newer warehouses, and penetrated by surprising passages, which
+turn at sharp angles till they lead you out on a muddy strand
+over-flowed continually by the rushing tide." Did not Maggie Tulliver,
+in white muslin and simple, noble beauty, attend an "idiotic beggar" in
+the still existing Old Hall, where the Fathers worshipped and John Smyth
+taught&mdash;"a very quaint place, with broad, jaded stripes painted on the
+walls, and here and there a show of heraldic animals of a bristly,
+long-snouted character, the cherished emblems of a noble family once the
+seigniors of this now civic hall"?</p>
+
+<p>In this Old Hall the Separatist church was founded in 1602, and here it
+had the friendly protection of the Hickman family, Protestants whose
+religious sympathies had brought them persecution and exile in the past.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17/18]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p017.jpg">
+<img src="images/p017t.jpg" width="500" height="232"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Old Hall, Gainsborough, in which the Separatist Church was Founded
+in 1602</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the "foreign-looking town" which George Eliot endowed with romance
+had, like the neighbouring estuary town of Boston, which her language
+might have served almost as well to paint, been the abode of hard,
+historic fact. We can imagine the Scrooby brethren crossing the ancient
+ferry to bid their friends at Gainsborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> farewell. For in 1607 we
+read, this "groupe of earnest professors of religion and bold assertors
+of the principle of freedom and personal conviction in respect to the
+Christian faith and practice" had formed the resolution to seek in
+another country the liberty they found not at home.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> But it was as
+unlawful to flee from their native land as to remain in it without
+conforming, for the statute of 13 Richard II, still in force, made
+emigrating without authority a penal crime.</p>
+
+<p>Not Gainsborough alone in the North and East appeals to the never-ending
+stream of reverent New World pilgrims to Old World shrines. On an autumn
+day of the year above named came Elder Brewster to the famed new borough
+of Boston. There he cautiously looked about him, and made a bargain with
+the captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> of a Dutch vessel to receive his party on board "as
+privately as might be." But they were betrayed, arrested, stripped of
+their belongings and driven into the town, a spectacle for the gaping
+crowd, then haled before the justices at the Guildhall and "put into
+ward," there to await the pleasure of the Privy Council concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>Boston is a unique old shrine&mdash;a place "familiar with forgotten years,"
+as George Eliot says; a town, as already hinted, resembling Gainsborough
+in many outward features, but even wealthier in associations dear to the
+hearts of New World pilgrims. Boston and Gainsborough are regarded as
+the two most foreign-looking towns in England. Many of Boston's
+inhabitants still hold the brave spirit which enabled their ancestors to
+endure the religious stress of the seventeenth century. It has been a
+cradle of liberty since that idea first held men's thoughts and roused
+them to action.</p>
+
+<p>The quaint buildings, the ancient towers of Hussey and of Kyme, the
+Guildhall, the Grammar School, the great church with its giant tower all
+crusted o'er with the dust of antiquity: these stood when Bradford and
+Brewster and their companions in search of freedom were arraigned before
+the magistrates for the high crime and misdemeanor of trying to leave
+their native land.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21/22]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 499px;">
+<img src="images/p021t.jpg" width="499" height="864"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Guildhall and South Street, Boston</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>They must have had secret friends in the place;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> for some time after
+their Boston adventure the Government sent down Commissioners to make
+serious inquiry as to who had cut off the crosses from the tops of the
+maces carried before the Mayor to church "on Sundays and Thursdays and
+solemn times." John Cotton, the Puritan vicar, openly condemned the act.
+Suspicion fell upon churchwarden Atherton Hough. But he denied it,
+though "he confessed he did before that year break off the hand and arm
+of a picture of a Pope (as it seemed) standing over a pillar of the
+outside of the steeple very high, which hand had the form of a church in
+it." The confession seems to have been safely made, and doubtless
+churchwarden Hough was proud of it. He might have been better employed
+at that moment; but if any be tempted to censure his Puritan zeal, let
+them remember the temper of the times in which he lived. There was
+something more than wanton mischief behind it all. It was not in fact a
+"picture" of a Pope, but an image much more innocent. But the
+resemblance was sufficient for Atherton Hough.</p>
+
+<p>The venerable Guildhall, where Brewster and the rest faced the justices,
+stands in a street containing the queerest of riverside warehouses. One
+of them, old Gysors' Hall, was once the home of a family belonging to
+the merchant guilds of Boston, which gave to London two Mayors and a
+Constable of the Tower in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The
+Guildhall itself dates from the thirteenth century; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> image of St.
+Mary which once adorned its front shared the fate of the "picture" on
+the church tower, with the difference that the Virgin vanished more
+completely than the "Pope." The hall is regularly used by the public;
+and local authorities with long and honourable history still deliberate
+in the ancient court-room, with its wagon roof, its arch beams, its
+wainscoted walls, and the Boston coat-of-arms and the table of Boston
+Mayors since 1545 proudly displayed to view. Except for its fittings and
+furniture the chamber presents much the appearance now that it did when
+the Pilgrim Fathers, brought up from the cells which exist to-day just
+as when they tenanted them, stood pathetic figures on its floor and were
+interrogated by a body of justices, courteous and well-disposed, but
+powerless to give them back their liberty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 520px;">
+<img src="images/p025t.jpg" width="520" height="703"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Old Courtroom, Guildhall, Boston</span><br />
+
+<i>Where the Pilgrims' Fathers faced the Justices. In the floor on the left
+is the trap door to the staircase leading down to the Cells. The Court
+ceased to be held here in 1843</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dr. John Brown in "The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and
+their Puritan Successors."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no
+hope of their continuance there, they resolved to go into y<sup>e</sup> Low
+Countries, wher they heard was freedome of religion for all men; as also
+how Sundrie from London, and other parts of y<sup>e</sup> land had been exiled and
+persecuted for y<sup>e</sup> same cause, and were gone thither and lived at
+Amsterdam and in other places of y<sup>e</sup> land, so affter they had continued
+togeither about a year, and kept their meetings every Saboth, in one
+place or other, exercising the worship of God amongst themselves,
+notwithstanding all y<sup>e</sup> dilligence and malice of their adversaries, they
+seeing they could no longer continue in y<sup>t</sup> condition, they resolved to
+get over into Holl&#259;d as they could which was in y<sup>y</sup> year
+1607-1608."&mdash;Bradford's "History of Plymouth Plantation."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span><br /><br />
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29/30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p029.jpg">
+<img src="images/p029t.jpg" width="500" height="235"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The River Witham, Boston</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">II<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span><br /><br />
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Well worthy to be magnified are they</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i20"><span class="smcap">Wordsworth.</span></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<p>Great things were destined to result from that none too joyous jaunt of
+Elder Brewster's when, late in 1607, charged by the Scrooby community to
+find them a way out of England, he went down to Boston and chartered a
+ship. William Bradford was of the Boston party. Everything was quietly
+done. In all likelihood the intending emigrants never entered the town,
+but gathered at some convenient spot on the Witham tidal estuary where
+the rushing Ægir hissed.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the Dutch skipper was dissatisfied with the fare promised him,
+or he feared detection and punishment, cannot be told. Yet, when the
+fugitives were all on board his vessel, and appeared about to sail, they
+were arrested by minions of the law. Bitter must have been their
+disappointment; stern, we may be sure, their remonstrance. But they
+could do nothing more than upbraid the treacherous Dutchman.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> They were
+not kept long in doubt as to their fate. Put back into open boats, their
+captors "rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for
+money, yea, even the women further than became modesty, and then carried
+them back into the town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the
+multitude who came flocking on all sides to behold them." A goodly sight
+for this curious Boston mob. "Being thus first by the catchpole officers
+rifled and stripped of their money, books, and much other goods,"
+proceeds the account, with an honest contempt for the writings of the
+law, "they were presented to the magistrates, and messengers were sent
+to inform the Lords of the Council of them; and so they were committed
+to ward."</p>
+
+<p>The basement cells in which the prisoners were placed had been in use at
+that time for about sixty years, for "in 1552 it was ordered that the
+kitchens under the Town Hall and the chambers over them should be
+prepared for a prison and a dwelling-house for one of the sergeants."
+There must have been more cells formerly. Two of them now remain. They
+are entered by a step some eighteen inches high; are about six feet
+broad by seven feet long; and in lieu of doors they are made secure by a
+barred iron gate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33/34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p033.jpg">
+<img src="images/p033t.jpg" width="500" height="235"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Pilgrim Cells, Guildhall, Boston, showing the Kitchen Beyond</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Into these dens the captives were thrust. Short of a dungeon
+underground, no place of confinement could have been more depressing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+Only the heavy whitewashed gate, scarce wide enough to allow a man to
+enter, admits the light and air; and the interior of each cell is dark
+as night. We can imagine the misery of men fated to inhabit for long
+such abodes of gloom; it must have been extreme. They look as if they
+might have served as coal cellars for feeding the great open fireplaces
+which, with their spits and jacks and winding-chains, still stand there
+in the long open kitchen much as they did when they cooked the last
+mayoral banquet or May Day dinner for the old Bostonians.</p>
+
+<p>A curious winding stair (partly left with its post), terminating at a
+trapdoor in the court-room floor, was the way by which prisoners
+ascended and descended on their passage to and from the Court above.</p>
+
+<p>Now these justices who had the dealing with the Pilgrim Fathers were
+humane men, and were not without a feeling of sympathy for the unhappy
+captives. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that during some portion
+of this time, when their presence was not required by the Court, they
+may have found them better quarters than the Guildhall cells. There was
+a roomy ramshackle pile near the church in the market-place, half shop,
+half jail, of irregular shape, with long low roof, which in 1584 was
+"made strong" as regards the prison part, though in 1603&mdash;four years
+before the date under notice&mdash;it was so insecure that an individual
+detained there was "ordered to have irons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> placed upon him for his more
+safe keeping," with a watchman to look after him! And thirty years later
+the jail, "and the prison therein called Little-Ease," were repaired.</p>
+
+<p>We know what "Little-Ease" means well enough; and so did many a wretched
+occupant of these barbarous places. The Bishop of Lincoln, in the old
+persecuting days, had at his palace at Woburn "a cell in his prison
+called Little-Ease," so named because it was so small that those
+confined in it could neither stand upright nor lie at length. Other
+bishops possessed similar means of bodily correction and spiritual
+persuasion.</p>
+
+<p>This was worse than the Guildhall cells, with all their gloomy horror;
+and if the magistrates entertained their unwilling guests at the town
+jail, we may rest satisfied they did not eat the bread of adversity and
+drink the water of affliction in Little-Ease, but in some more spacious
+apartment. We have no evidence that they did so entertain them, and the
+traditional lodging-place of these intercepted Pilgrims is the Guildhall
+and nowhere else. It is probable, all the same, that a good part of
+their captivity was spent in the town prison.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37/38]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p037.jpg">
+<img src="images/p037t.jpg" width="500" height="235"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>From a Drawing by the late William Brand, F. S. A.</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Old Town Gaol, Market-place, Boston</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the magistrates, from Mayor John Mayson downward, felt for the
+sufferers and doubtless ameliorated their condition as far as they
+could, it was not until after a month's imprisonment that the greater
+part were dismissed and sent back, baffled, plundered, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+heart-broken, to the places they had so lately left, there to endure the
+scoffs of their neighbours and the rigours of ecclesiastical discipline.</p>
+
+<p>Seven of the principal men, treated as ring-leaders, were kept in prison
+and bound over to the assizes. Apparently nothing further was done with
+them. Brewster is said to have been the chief sufferer both in person
+and pocket. He had eluded a warrant by leaving for Boston, and we know
+this was in September, because on the fifteenth of that month the
+messenger charged to apprehend Brewster and another man, one Richard
+Jackson of Scrooby, certified to the Ecclesiastical Court at York "that
+he cannot find them, nor understand where they are." On the thirtieth of
+September also the first payment is recorded to Brewster's successor as
+postmaster at Scrooby.</p>
+
+<p>How the imprisoned Separatists fared, there is nothing to show. No
+assize record exists. The Privy Council Register, which could have
+thrown light on the matter, was destroyed in the Whitehall fire of 1618;
+and the Boston Corporation records, which doubtless contained some entry
+on the subject that would have been of the greatest interest now, are
+also disappointing, as the leaves for the period, the first of a volume,
+have disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually the prisoners were all liberated. That dreary wait of many
+weeks was a weariness of the spirit and of the flesh. Patiently they
+bore the separation, and by and by they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> met to make more plans. Next
+spring they agreed with another Dutchman to take them on board at a
+lonely point on the northern coast of Lincolnshire, between Grimsby and
+Hull, "where was a large common, a good way distant from any town." This
+spot has been located as Immingham, the site of the new Grimsby docks.</p>
+
+<p>The women, with the children and their goods, came to the Humber by boat
+down the Trent from Gainsborough; the men travelled forty miles across
+country from Scrooby. Both parties got to the rendezvous before the
+ship, and the boat was run into a creek. This was unfortunate, as when
+the captain came on the scene next morning the boat was high and dry,
+left on the mud by the fallen tide, and there was nothing for it but to
+wait for high water at midday.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41/42]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p041.jpg">
+<img src="images/p041t.jpg" width="500" height="237"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Bocklehurst, Gainsborough</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Trentside, Gainsborough</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the Dutchman set about taking the men on board in the ship's
+skiff, but when one boatload had been embarked he saw to his dismay, out
+on the hills in hot pursuit, "a great company, both horse and foot, with
+bills and guns and other weapons," for "the country was raised to take
+them." So the laconic historian says, "he swore his country's
+oath&mdash;Sacramente," and heaving up his anchor sailed straight away with
+the people he had got. Their feelings may be imagined; and their plight
+was aggravated by a violent storm, which drove them out of their course
+and tossed them about for a fortnight, until even the sailors gave up
+hope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> and abandoned themselves to despair. But the ship reached port,
+at last, and all were saved.</p>
+
+<p>The scene ashore meantime had been scarcely less distressing than that
+at sea. Some of the men left behind made good their escape; the rest
+tarried with the forsaken portion of the party. The women were
+broken-hearted. Some wept and cried for their husbands, carried away in
+the unkindly prudent Dutchman's ship. Some were distracted with
+apprehension; and others looked with tearful eyes into the faces of the
+helpless little ones that clung about them, crying with fear and quaking
+with cold.</p>
+
+<p>The men with the bills and guns arrested them; but, though they hurried
+their prisoners from place to place, no Justice could be found to send
+women to gaol for no other crime than wanting to go with their husbands.
+We know not what befell them. The most likely suggestion is that "they
+took divers ways, and were received into various houses by kind-hearted
+country folk." Yet this we do know. They rallied somewhere at a later
+day, and John Robinson and William Brewster, and other principal members
+of the devoted sect, including Richard Clyfton, "were of the last, and
+stayed to help the weakest over before them;" and Bradford tells us with
+a sigh of satisfaction that "notwithstanding all these storms of
+opposition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time and some at
+another, and some in one place and some in another, and mette<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> togeather
+againe according to their desires, with no small rejoycing"&mdash;to take
+part in the wonderful movement, begun by the Pilgrims and continued by
+the Puritans, that gave to a new land a new nation. Thus, wrote Richard
+Monckton Milnes, in some verses dated "The Hall, Bawtry, May 30th,
+1854"&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thus, to men cast in that heroic mould<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Came Empire, such as Spaniard never knew&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Such Empire as beseems the just and true;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And at the last, almost unsought, came gold.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45/46]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p045t.jpg" width="500" height="862"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Elder William Brewster</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span><a name="III" id="III"></a>III<br /><br />
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN&mdash;ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH&mdash;THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49/50]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p049t.jpg" width="500" height="870"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by W. P. Demmenie, Leyden</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">John Robinson&#39;s House, Leyden, where the Pilgrim Fathers Worshipped</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>III<br /><br />
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN&mdash;ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH&mdash;THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Then to the new-found World explored their way,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>That so a Church, unforced, uncalled to brook</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Ritual restraints, within some sheltering nook</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Her Lord might worship and His Word obey</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>In Freedom.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wordsworth.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>The first stage of the pilgrimage from the Old England to the New was
+now accomplished. Before the end of 1608 the whole body of the fugitives
+had assembled at Amsterdam. Two Separatist communities were already
+there, one from London, of which Francis Johnson was pastor and Henry
+Ainsworth teacher, and the other from Gainsborough under John Smyth. But
+these brethren were torn with dissensions, and the Scrooby Pilgrims,
+seeking peace, moved on to Leyden, where, by permission of the
+authorities, they settled early in 1609. Here they embarked upon a
+prosperous period of church life, and after awhile purchased a large
+dwelling, standing near the belfry tower of St. Peter's Church, which in
+1611 served as pastor's residence and meeting-house, while in the rear
+of it were built a score of cottages for the use of their poor.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven quiet years were spent in Holland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Governor Bradford says they
+continued "in a comfortable condition, enjoying much sweet and
+delightful society and spiritual comfort," and that they "lived together
+in love and peace all their days," without any difference or disturbance
+"but such as was easily healed in love."</p>
+
+<p>The conditions of life were stern and hard, but they bore all
+cheerfully. With patient industry they worked at various handicrafts,
+fighting poverty and gaining friends. William Bradford was a fustian
+worker when, in 1613, at the age of twenty-three, he married Dorothy May
+of Wisbech; the marriage register which thus describes him is preserved
+in the Puiboeken at Amsterdam. Brewster, who was chief elder to John
+Robinson, now sole pastor of the congregation since Richard Clyfton had
+remained behind at Amsterdam, at first earned a livelihood by giving
+lessons in English to the students at the University. Then, in
+conjunction with Thomas Brewer, a Puritan from Kent, he set up a
+printing press, and they produced books in defence of their principles,
+such as were banned in England. Similar literature, emanating from the
+Netherlands, had excited the wrath of King James, who still possessed
+sufficient influence with the States of Holland to enable him to reach
+offending authors there. This James attempted to do in the case of Elder
+Brewster through Sir Dudley Carleton, then English ambassador at the
+Hague. The result was ludicrous failure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53/54]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p053t.jpg" width="500" height="869"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">St. Peter&#39;s Church, Leyden</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Brewster quitted Leyden for a time and went to London, not as was
+thought to elude the vigilance of the Ambassador, but to arrange with
+shipmasters for a voyage to the West, which the Pilgrims had begun to
+think about. While Brewster was being sought by the Bishop of London's
+pursuivants, Sir Dudley Carleton, unaware of the hunt proceeding in
+London, was actively searching for him at Leyden, and at last
+triumphantly informed <ins title="The index refers to Naughton.">Secretary Naunton</ins> that he had caught his man. But
+as it turned out, the bailiff charged with the arrest, "being a dull,
+drunken fellow," had seized Brewer instead of Brewster! The prisoner was
+nevertheless detained, and after some ado consented to submit himself
+for examination in England, on conditions which were observed. Nothing
+came of it however. Brewster returned free and unmolested and Brewer
+remained in Leyden for some years, when, venturing back to England, he
+was thrown into prison and kept there until released by the Long
+Parliament fourteen years later.</p>
+
+<p>Events were meanwhile shaping the destiny of the little Pilgrim
+community. Holland, though a welcome temporary asylum, was no permanent
+place for these English exiles, and their thoughts turned before long
+towards a settlement in North America. By good fortune this was a
+country then being opened up, and it appeared as a veritable Land of
+Promise to these refugees in search of a new home.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first attempt to found an English colony on the mainland of North
+America was made in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh took possession of the
+country and named it Virginia in honour of his Queen. Nothing came of
+this venture, but in 1607 a company of one hundred and five men from
+England, sailing in three small ships, had landed on the peninsula of
+Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay, and the first permanent settlement was
+established.</p>
+
+<p>The chief of this Virginian enterprise was the redoubtable John Smith, a
+Lincolnshire man, the first of those sons of empire to go out from the
+East to the West. Strange that this pioneer in the wilderness, who gave
+to New England its name, should have come from a country which was to
+contribute so much to the peopling of the New England States. It is upon
+record that in 1619 Smith, who was then unemployed at home, volunteered
+to lead out the Pilgrims to North Virginia, but nothing came of the
+offer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57/58]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;">
+<img src="images/p057t.jpg" width="440" height="757"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by James, Louth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Bust of Captain John Smith</span><br />
+
+<i>Presented by General Baden-Powell to the Louth Grammar School</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Leyden brethren in their hour of need turned to the Virginia
+Company, and the negotiations for a settlement in the chartered
+territory were not altogether unsatisfactory. The obstacle was their
+religion. On the Council of the Company they had good friends; but its
+charter not only enforced conformity, but provided stringent measures of
+church government. Yet, though the Pilgrims could obtain no formal grant
+of freedom of worship, the presumption that they would not be disturbed
+was so strong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> that they accepted the conditions and were about to
+embark when the Merchant Adventurers in London with whom they were
+associated secured powers from the Plymouth Company, and they decided to
+sail for New England instead of for Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements were not completed without "many quirimonies and
+complaints;" but the exiles were saddled with such substantial
+difficulties as want of capital and means of transport, and the
+bargaining was all in favour of the merchants who were to finance and
+equip the expedition. At length the compact was made and preparations
+for the voyage were pushed forward, and the eventful day arrived when
+the Pilgrims were to make the long, lone journey across the seas.</p>
+
+<p>Pastor Robinson and a portion of his flock were to stay behind at Leyden
+until the first detachment had secured a lodgment on the American
+continent; and those about to sail, the majority of the little
+community, went on board the Speedwell, a vessel of sixty tons. The
+Pilgrims embarked included such stout-hearted pioneers as Brewster and
+Bradford, John Carver, Edward Winslow, Isaac Allerton, Samuel Fuller,
+and John Howland, all "pious and godly men;" also Captain Miles
+Standish, who, though not a member of the congregation then or
+afterwards, was a valiant soldier whose military experience and
+well-tried sword would, it was suspected, prove of service in a country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+where "salvages" were known to exist in large numbers and might have to
+be encountered with the arm of flesh.</p>
+
+<p>That was a touching scene and one which stands out boldly in the history
+of the movement when, on a bright sunny morning in July, 1620, the
+Pilgrim Fathers knelt on the seashore at Delfshaven and Mr. Robinson,
+his hands uplifted and his voice broken with emotion, gave them his
+blessing. Affecting also was the parting of the emigrants with those
+they were leaving behind. They had need of all their courage and
+patience.</p>
+
+<p>They sailed with British cheers and a sounding volley fired as salute,
+and made a brave enough show on quitting land; but troubles dogged them
+on the waters. Delays and disappointments soon set in. The Speedwell
+brought them to Southampton, where, anchored off the West Key, they
+found the Mayflower of London, a bark of one hundred and eighty tons
+burden, Captain Thomas Jones, and several passengers, some of them
+merchants' craftsmen.</p>
+
+<p>Here some anxious days were spent in patching up the compact with the
+Adventurers, and while the vessels lay detained letters written by
+Robinson arrived from Leyden, one for John Carver conveying the pastoral
+promise&mdash;never, alas! redeemed&mdash;to join them later, and the other, full
+of wise counsel and encouragement, addressed to the whole company, to
+whom it was read aloud and "had good acceptance with all and after-fruit
+with many."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61/62]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 499px;">
+<img src="images/p061t.jpg" width="499" height="320"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From the Painting by Weir</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Embarkation of the Pilgrims</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>With ninety people in the Mayflower and thirty in the Speedwell, and a
+governor and assistants appointed for each company, the two vessels
+dropped down Southampton water on August 15<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>; but they were scarcely
+in the Channel when the smaller craft began to leak, and they had to run
+into Dartmouth and overhaul her. The repairs occupied eight days. At
+the end of that time the ships again stood out to sea; but, when nearly
+three hundred miles past the Land's End, Reynolds, master of the
+Speedwell, reported that the pinnace was still leaking badly, and could
+only be kept afloat by the aid of the pumps. So there was nothing for it
+but to turn back a second time, and the vessels now put into Plymouth,
+the Pilgrims landing at the Old Barbican.</p>
+
+<p>At Plymouth the Speedwell was abandoned and sent back to London to the
+Merchant Adventurers, and with her went eighteen persons who had turned
+faint-hearted, among them Robert Cushman, a chief promoter of the
+emigration, and his family. Finally, after much kindness and hospitality
+extended to them by the Plymouth people, of whom they carried a grateful
+remembrance across the Atlantic, the Pilgrim Fathers said adieu, and all
+crowded on board the Mayflower, which, with its load of passengers,
+numbering one hundred and two souls, followed by many a cheering shout
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> fervent "God-speed" from the shore, set sail alone on September 16
+on its dreary voyage to the West. The weighing of the anchor of that
+little ship changed the ultimate destiny of half the English-speaking
+race!</p>
+
+<p>We have to remember that a trip like this in such a vessel as the
+Mayflower, crowded for the most part with helpless people, was a
+hazardous undertaking. The dangers of the deep were dreaded in those
+days for all-sufficient reasons, and here was a tiny craft, heavily
+submerged, making a winter voyage on a stormy ocean to a destination
+almost unknown. It must have required the strongest resolution, both of
+passengers and crew, to face the perils of the venture; the step was a
+desperate one, but, urged on by circumstances and an indomitable spirit,
+they took it unfalteringly, having first done what they could to make
+the lumbering little ship seaworthy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65/66]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p065t.jpg" width="500" height="362"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Model of the Mayflower</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The weather was cold and tempestuous, and the passage unexpectedly long.
+Half way across the Atlantic the voyagers incurred the penalty of those
+early delays, which now left them still at sea in the bad season. Caught
+by the equinoctial gales, they were sadly buffeted about, driven hither
+and thither by boisterous winds, tossed like a toy on the face of great
+rolling, breaking billows, the decks swept, masts and timbers creaking,
+the rigging rattling in the hard northern blast. One of the violent seas
+which struck them, unshipped a large beam in the body<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> of the vessel,
+but by strenuous labour it was got into position again, and the
+carpenters caulked the seams which the pitching had opened in the sides
+and deck. Once that sturdy colonist of later years, John Howland,
+venturing above the gratings, was washed overboard, but by a lucky
+chance he caught a coil of rope trailing over the bulwark in the sea,
+and was hauled back into the ship. A birth and a death at intervals were
+also events of the passage. It was not until two whole months had been
+spent on the troubled ocean that glad cries at last welcomed the sight
+of land, and very soon after, on November 21, sixty-seven days out from
+Plymouth, the Mayflower rounded Cape Cod and dropped anchor in the
+placid waters of what came to be Provincetown Harbour.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 68/69]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p069.jpg">
+<img src="images/p069t.jpg" width="500" height="237"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1890, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Plymouth Harbour, as seen from Cole&#39;s Hill</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> New style, which is that adopted for the dates of sailing,
+and arrival and landing in North American.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71/72]</a></span><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV<br />
+
+"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"&mdash;TRIALS AND TRIUMPH</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73/74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/p073.jpg">
+<img src="images/p073t.jpg" width="400" height="238"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From a Painting</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Landing of the Pilgrims</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>IV</p>
+
+<p class="center">"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"&mdash;TRIALS AND TRIUMPH</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>The breaking waves dash'd high</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>On a stern and rock-bound coast;</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And the woods, against a stormy sky,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Their giant branches toss'd.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mrs. Hemans.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>We can imagine with what wondering awe and mingled hopes and fears the
+Pilgrims looked out over the sea upon that strange New World, with its
+great stretch of wild, wooded coast and panorama of rock and dune and
+scrub, wintry bay and frowning head-land, to which destiny and the worn
+white wings of the Mayflower together had brought them. With thankful
+hearts for safe deliverance from the perils of the sea, mindful of the
+past and not despairing for the future, they turned trustfully and
+bravely to meet the dangers which they knew awaited them in the unknown
+wilderness ashore.</p>
+
+<p>The point reached by the voyagers was considerably north of the intended
+place of settlement, the vicinity of the Hudson River; but whether
+accidental or designed&mdash;and some evidence there certainly was which
+seemed to show that the master of the Mayflower had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> bribed by the
+Dutch<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to keep away from Manhattan, which they wanted for
+themselves&mdash;the variation was a happy one for the colonists, inasmuch as
+it saved them from the savages, who were warlike and numerous near the
+Hudson, while in this district they had been decimated and scattered by
+disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77/78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p077.jpg">
+<img src="images/p077t.jpg" width="500" height="236"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From a Painting</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The March of Miles Standish</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now the Pilgrims were a prudent as well as a pious and plucky people,
+and while yet upon the water they set about providing themselves with a
+system of civil government. Placed as they were by this time outside the
+pale of recognized authority, some fitting substitute for it must be
+established if order was to be maintained. The necessity for this was
+the more imperative as there were some on board&mdash;the hired labourers,
+probably&mdash;who were not, it was feared, "well affected to peace and
+concord." Assembled in the cabin of the Mayflower, we accordingly have
+the leaders of the expedition, preparing that other historical incident
+of the pilgrimage. There they drew up the document forming a body
+politic and promising obedience to laws framed for the common good. This
+was the first American charter of self-government. It was subscribed by
+all the male emigrants on board, numbering forty-one. Under the
+constitution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> adopted, John Carver was elected Governor for one year.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayflower rode at anchor while three explorations were made to
+discover a suitable place of settlement, one of them on shore under
+Captain Miles Standish, and two by water in the ship's shallop, which
+had been stowed away in pieces 'tween decks on the voyage. On December
+21st an inlet of the bay was sounded and pronounced "fit for shipping,"
+and the explorers on going inland found "divers cornfields and little
+running brooks," and other promising sources of supply. They accordingly
+decided that this was a place "fit for situation," and on December 26th
+the Mayflower's passengers, cramped and emaciated by long confinement on
+board, leaped joyfully ashore. Appropriately the spot was named New
+Plymouth, after the last port of call in Old England.</p>
+
+<p>The Pilgrims landed on a huge boulder of granite, the Pilgrim Stone,
+still reverently preserved by their descendants: a rock which was</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">to their feet as a doorstep</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Into a world unknown&mdash;the cornerstone of a nation!<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The early struggles of the Plymouth planters and the hardships they
+endured form a story of terrible privation and suffering on the one hand
+and heroic endurance and self-sacrifice on the other. They were late in
+arriving, and the season, midwinter, was unpropitious. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> weather was
+unusually severe, even for that rigorous climate, and the Pilgrims found
+themselves in sorry plight on that bleak New England shore. Cold and
+famine had doggedly to be fought, and the contest was an unequal one.
+Cooped up for so long in the Mayflower, and badly fed and sheltered on
+the voyage, the settlers were ill-fitted to withstand the stress of the
+new conditions. For a time it was a struggle for bare existence, and the
+little colony was brought very near to extinction.</p>
+
+<p>The first care was to provide accommodation ashore, and for economy of
+building the community was divided into nineteen households, and the
+single men assigned to the different families, each of whom was to erect
+its own habitation and to have a plot of land. These rude homesteads of
+wood and thatch, and other buildings, eventually formed a single street
+beside the stream running down to the beach from the hill beyond. The
+soil of the chosen settlement appeared to be good, and abounded with
+"delicate springs" of water; the land yielded plentifully in season, and
+life teemed upon the coast and in the sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81/82]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p081t.jpg" width="500" height="857"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Canopy over Plymouth Rock</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But many of the Pilgrims never lived to enjoy this provision of a
+bountiful Providence. Worn out, enfeebled in health, insufficiently
+housed ashore, they were a prey to sickness. Death reaped a rich harvest
+in their midst. Every second day a grave had to be dug for one or other
+of them in the frozen ground. Sometimes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> during January and February,
+two or three died in a single day. So rapid was the mortality that at
+last only a mere handful remained who were able to look after the sick.
+William Bradford was at this time prostrated, and it is pathetic to note
+the expression of his gratitude to his friend William Brewster and Miles
+Standish and others who ministered to his needs and those of the
+fellow-sufferers around him. One house, the first finished, was set
+apart as a hospital. The hill above the beach was converted into a
+burial-ground,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and one is touched to the quick to read of the graves
+having to be levelled and grassed over for fear the prowling Indians
+should discover how few and weak the strangers were becoming!</p>
+
+<p>With March came better weather, and for the first time "the birds sang
+pleasantly in the woods," and brought hope and gladness to the hearts of
+the struggling colonists. But, by that time, of the hundred or more who
+had landed three short months before, one-half had perished miserably.
+John Carver succumbed in April, and his wife quickly followed him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+the grave. Bradford, by the suffrages of his brethren, was made Governor
+for the first time in Carver's place. He had himself sustained a heavy
+bereavement, for, while he was away in the shallop with the exploring
+party, Dorothy May, the wife he had married at Amsterdam, fell overboard
+and was drowned. Many men of the Mayflower also died that dreadful
+winter as the ship lay at anchor in the bay, including the boatswain,
+the gunner, and the cook, three quartermasters and several seamen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85/86]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p085.jpg">
+<img src="images/p085t.jpg" width="500" height="236"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From a Painting</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Old Fort and First Meeting House</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To other troubles were allied the ever menacing peril of the Indians,
+which resulted in the famous challenge of the bundle of arrows wrapped
+in a rattlesnake's skin, and Bradford's effective reply to it with a
+serpent's skin stuffed with powder and shot; also, less happily, that
+return of Miles Standish and his men bearing in triumph a sagamore's
+head; and the building of the hill-fort, with cannon brought ashore from
+the Mayflower mounted on its roof, where also they worshipped till the
+first church was built at the hill fort in 1648. Here it was that the
+Pilgrims perpetuated the church founded at Scrooby in England. A
+building erected for storage and public worship in the first days of the
+colony took fire soon after its completion and was burnt to the ground.
+Of the refuge on the hill Bradford writes: "They builte a fort with good
+timber, both strong and comly, which was of good defence, made with a
+flatte rofe and batilments, on which their ordnance was mounted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> and
+where they kepte constante watch, especially in time of danger. It
+served them also for a meeting-house, and was fitted accordingly for
+that use." The fort was large and square, and a work of such pretentions
+as to be regarded by some of the Pilgrims as vainglorious. Its provision
+was fully justified by the dangers which threatened the settlers, and it
+became the center of both the civic and religious life of the little
+colony.</p>
+
+<p>An excellent idea of the scene at Sunday church parade is given in a
+letter<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> written by Isaac de Rassières, secretary to the Dutch colony
+established at Manhattan, the modern New York, in 1623, describing a
+visit he paid to the Plymouth Plantation in the autumn of 1627. After
+speaking of the flat-roofed fort with its "six cannon, which shoot iron
+balls of four and five pounds and command the surrounding country," the
+writer says of the Pilgrims meeting in the lower part: "They assemble by
+beat of drum, each with his musket or firelock, in front of the
+captain's door; they have their cloaks on, and place themselves in order
+three abreast, and are led by a sergeant without beat of drum. Behind
+comes the Governor in a long robe; beside him, on the right hand, comes
+the Preacher with his cloak on, and on the left the Captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> with his
+sidearms and cloak on, and with a small cane in his hand; and so they
+march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him. Thus they are
+constantly on their guard, night and day."</p>
+
+<p>The spectacle may not have been strictly that witnessed at every service
+on "Sundays and the usual holidays," for this was a state visit to the
+Colony, with solemn entry and heralding by trumpeters, and the Pilgrims
+probably treated the occasion with more form than was their wont. Still
+it is an instructive picture, full of romantic suggestion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89/90]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p089.jpg">
+<img src="images/p089t.jpg" width="500" height="239"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From the Painting by G. H. Boughton</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Pilgrims going to Church</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And then the service itself. For some notion of this we must turn to a
+visit paid to the Plantation five years later, in the autumn of 1632,
+when we are introduced to another scene in the fortified church. From
+the "Life and Letters" of John Winthrop, Governor of the neighbouring
+Colony of Massachusetts Bay, we gather that, at the time stated,
+Winthrop and his pastor, John Wilson, came over to Plymouth, walking the
+twenty-five miles. "On the Lord's Day," we read, "there was a sacrament,
+which they did partake in." Roger Williams was there as assistant to
+Ralph Smith, the first minister of Plymouth church, and in the afternoon
+Williams, according to custom, "propounded a question," to which Mr.
+Smith "spake briefly." Then Mr. Williams "prophesied," that is he
+preached, "and after, the Governor of Plymouth spake to the question;
+after him, Elder Brewster; then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> some two or three men of the
+congregation. Then Elder Brewster desired the Governor of Massachusetts
+and Mr. Wilson to speak to it, which they did. When this was ended the
+deacon, Mr. Fuller, put the congregation in mind of their duty of
+contribution; whereupon the Governor and all the rest went down to the
+deacon's seat, and put into the box, and then returned."</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing here about the music of the services, such as it was,
+vocal only, rugged, but not without melody. We know, however, that the
+Pilgrims used that psalter, brought over by them to New England, with
+its tunes printed above each psalm in lozenge-shaped Elizabethan notes,
+which Longfellow so grandly describes in "The Courtship of Miles
+Standish" as</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">the well-worn psalm-book of Ainsworth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Printed in Amsterdam, the words and the music together,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rough-hewn, angular notes, like stones in the walls of a churchyard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Darkened and overhung by the running vine of the verses.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The duty of "tuning the Psalm," as they designated the performance, in
+the young colonial days, before choirs or precentors were dreamt of, was
+delegated to some lusty-lunged brother present, and, judged by the
+testimony which has come down to us, it was an onerous one, trying to
+his patience and his vocal power when, as sometimes happened, the
+congregation carried another tune against him. They were called to
+Sabbath worship in the earlier times by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> sound of horn or beat of drum
+or the blowing of a large conch-shell. At Plymouth we have seen it was
+by drum beat, probably from the roof, that the people were assembled at
+the meeting-house.</p>
+
+<p>When the Mayflower left them to return home in the spring, the settlers
+must have felt they were desolate indeed, for their nearest civilised
+neighbours were five hundred miles to the north and south of them, the
+French at Nova Scotia and the English in Virginia. Seven months later,
+in November, came the Fortune, bringing thirty-five new emigrants,
+including William Brewster's eldest son; John Winslow, a brother of
+Edward; and Robert Cushman, who had turned back the year before at Old
+Plymouth. In addition to her passengers, the Fortune brought out to the
+colonists, from the Council of New England, a patent<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> of their land,
+drawn up in the name of John Pierce and his associate Merchant
+Adventurers in the same way as the charter granted them by the Plymouth
+Company on February 21, 1620, authorising the planters to establish
+their colony near the mouth of the Hudson river. </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93/94]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p093.jpg">
+<img src="images/p093t.jpg" width="500" height="236"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<i>From the Painting by A. W. Bayes</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Departure of the Mayflower</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When the Fortune sailed back to England, she carried a cargo of
+merchandise valued at five hundred pounds. This was intended for the
+Adventurers, but they never received it, for when nearing port, the
+vessel was captured by the French and the cargo seized. The ship was
+allowed to proceed, and Cushman, who returned in her, secured the papers
+on board, among them Bradford and Winslow's Journal, known as Mourt's
+Relation, and a letter from Edward Winslow to his "loving and old
+friend" George Morton, who was about to come out, giving seasonable
+advice as to what he and his companions should bring with them&mdash;good
+store of clothes and bedding, and each man a musket and fowling-piece;
+paper and linseed oil for the making of their windows (glass being then
+too great a luxury for a New England home), and much store of powder and
+shot.</p>
+
+<p>Soon arrived further parties from Leyden and stores from the Adventurers
+in London in the Anne and the Little James pinnace, the people including
+such welcome additions as Brewster's two daughters, Fear and Patience;
+George Morton and his household; Mrs. Samuel Fuller; Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth, afterwards the second wife of Governor
+Bradford; and Barbara, who married Miles Standish. Then from the Leyden
+pastor came letters for Bradford and Brewster. The writer was dead&mdash;had
+been dead a year&mdash;when those letters reached their destination, but this
+they only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> knew when Standish gave them the tidings on his return from a
+voyage to England. John Robinson passed away at the age of forty-nine on
+March 1, 1622, in the old meeting-house at Leyden, and they buried him
+under the pavement of St. Peter's Church. Brewster lost his wife about
+the time the sad news was known, and the messenger who brought it had
+further to tell of the death of Robert Cushman. Truly the tale of
+affliction was a sore one.</p>
+
+<p>By the July of 1623 a total of about two hundred and thirty-three
+persons had been brought out, including the children and servants, of
+whom one hundred and two, composed of seventy-three males and
+twenty-nine females, eighteen of the latter wives, were landed from the
+Mayflower. At the close of that year not more than one hundred and
+eighty-three were living. The survivors bravely persevered. Gradually
+the Pilgrim Colony took deep root. The New Plymouth men were a steady,
+plodding set, and the soil, if hard, was tenacious. They got a firm
+foothold. They suffered much, for their trials by no means ended with
+the first winter; but their cheerful trust in Providence and in their
+own final triumph never wavered. By 1628 their position was secure
+beyond all doubt or question. The way was now prepared; the tide of
+emigration set in; and the main body of the Puritans began to follow in
+the track of their courageous and devoted advance-guard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97/98]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p097t.jpg" width="500" height="859"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Captain Miles Standish</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Out there in the West these Pilgrims, or first-comers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> settled
+themselves resolutely to the task which lay before them. They were no
+idle dreamers, though their idealism was intense, and they were united
+by the bonds of sympathy and helpfulness, one towards another. Their
+works were humble, their lives simple and obscure, their worldly success
+but small, their fears many and pressing, and their vision of the future
+restricted and dim. But they consistently put into practise the
+conceptions and ideals which dominated them and were to be the
+inheritance of the great Republic they unconsciously initiated and
+helped to build up. They established a community and a government
+solidly founded on love of freedom and belief in progress, on civil
+liberty and religious toleration, on industrial cooperation and
+individual honesty and industry, on even-handed justice and a real
+equality before the laws, on peace and goodwill supported by protective
+force. They were more liberal and tolerant in religion than the Puritan
+colonists of Massachusetts Bay, and more merciful in their punishments;
+they perpetrated no atrocities against inferior peoples, and cherished
+the love of peace and of political justice.</p>
+
+<p>Although at first the relations of the Pilgrims with their Puritan
+neighbours were none of the best, a better state of feeling before long
+prevailed. We have seen how John Winthrop and his pastor plodded over to
+Plymouth to attend its Sunday worship. Three years earlier, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> 1629,
+Bradford and some of his brethren went by sea to Salem to an ordination
+service there, and, says Morton in his "Memorial," "gave them the right
+hand of fellowship." There were other visits, letters of friendship, and
+reciprocal acts of kindness. We read of Samuel Fuller, physician and
+deacon, going to Salem to tend the sick, and of Governor Winthrop
+lending Plymouth in its need twenty-eight pounds of gunpowder.</p>
+
+<p>This good feeling strengthened as time went on, and drew together the
+Plantations of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut for mutual
+support and protection; and in May, 1643, the deputies of these
+Colonies, meeting at Boston, subscribed the Articles of Confederation
+which created the first Federal Union in America. This league prospered
+well until 1684, when the Colonial charter was annulled and a Crown
+Colony was established under an English governor. Less than a decade
+later Massachusetts became a Royal province, and that period in American
+history was entered upon which ended with the Declaration of
+Independence and the creation of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101/102]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p101t.jpg" width="500" height="861"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Governor William Bradford</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While the federation of 1643 did much for the United Colonies, it
+overshadowed, but could not obscure, Plymouth and the unique annals and
+traditions which have preserved for it a foremost place in all American
+history. With the order of things inaugurated in 1692 the body politic
+framed by the men of the Mayflower ceased to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> have separate existence,
+but it remains deep in the foundations of the nation which absorbed it.
+In the modest language of William Bradford used in his day, "As one
+small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone
+to many, yea, in some sort to our whole nation," a truth which has a far
+wider application now than it had in Bradford's time.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Such is the story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, romantic, heroic, idyllic,
+based also upon the principles which have molded and maintained a mighty
+free nation. Its place in the life of to-day is honoured and
+conspicuous, and rests upon the rock of a people's gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>During the nineteenth century it was proclaimed by many orators, among
+them John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Robert Charles
+Winthrop, and George Frisbie Hoar&mdash;to name only the century's dead&mdash;who
+as New Englanders and lovers of liberty were well fitted to voice the
+virtues of the Pilgrim Fathers, the hardships they endured, their high
+merits as colonists compared with other colonists of ancient and modern
+times, and the immense issues springing from their devout, laborious,
+and self-sacrificing lives.</p>
+
+<p>Passing on to the twentieth century we have the story taken up by one
+American President and continued by another at the cornerstone laying
+and dedication of a combined tribute of State and Nation to the lives
+and work of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> Forefathers. This was the Pilgrim Memorial Monument,
+erected at Provincetown on a commanding site above the harbour in whose
+waters the Mayflower dropped her anchor nearly three centuries ago.</p>
+
+<p>The gatherings there of 1907 and 1910 stand out prominently in Pilgrim
+history, especially so that of August 5 of the latter year, which was
+grandly impressive alike in its magnitude and its purpose and character.
+President Taft, the successor of President Roosevelt, arrived in his
+yacht Mayflower with imposing naval display amid rejoicing and the
+booming of guns. He was greeted by Governor of the State Eben S. Draper,
+Captain J. H. Sears, president of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial
+Association, and members of the local committee. Accompanying him were
+Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, United States Senators Henry
+Cabot Lodge and George Peabody Wetmore, and Justice White of the United
+States Supreme Court. The scene and the ceremonies, soul-stirring and
+significant, are worthy of permanent record.</p>
+
+<p>Escorted by a company of bluejackets, of whom two thousand, with marines
+from the warships, lined the street from the wharf, President Taft and
+the other guests were driven up the hill to the Monument, where, from
+the grandstand at its base, Captain Sears reviewed the plans which
+resulted in its erection.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105/106]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p105t.jpg" width="500" height="869"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> gave an historical
+address. In graphic language he contrasted the desolate prospect
+confronting the Pilgrims at Cape Cod with the picture upon which the
+present concourse gazed, a happy and prosperous population filling the
+smiling land and in the harbour traversed by the Mayflower a varied
+throng of ships, "with them numerous representatives of a strong naval
+force maintained by the eighty million free people who in nine
+generations from the Pilgrims have explored, subdued, and occupied that
+mysterious wilderness so formidable to the imagination of the early
+European settlers on the Atlantic coast of the American continent."</p>
+
+<p>With force and pathos Dr. Eliot spoke of the debt they all owed to the
+Pilgrim Fathers. "We are to hear the voices of the Chief Magistrate of
+this multitudinous people and of the Governor of the Commonwealth
+acknowledging the immeasurable indebtedness of the United States and of
+the Colony, Province, and State of Massachusetts to the adult men and
+the eighteen adult women who were the substance or seed-bearing core of
+the Pilgrim company; and we, the thousands brought hither peacefully in
+a few summer hours by vehicles and forces unimagined in 1620 from the
+wide circuit of Cape Cod&mdash;which it took the armed parties from the
+Mayflower a full month to explore in the wintry weather they
+encountered&mdash;salute tenderly and reverently the Pilgrims of the
+Mayflower, and, recalling their fewness and their sufferings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> anxieties
+and labours, felicitate them and ourselves on the wonderful issues in
+human Joy, strength, and freedom of their faith, endurance, and
+dauntless resolution."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Eliot was followed by M. Van Weede, chargé d'affaires of the
+Netherlands Legation at Washington, whose Government was represented on
+this occasion because the Pilgrims sailed from Holland. (The cornerstone
+laying three years before was attended by the British Ambassador.)</p>
+
+<p>Formal transfer of the Monument from the National Commission, which
+directed its construction, to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the
+Pilgrim Memorial Association, was made on behalf of the United States
+Government by Senator Lodge, who enlarged upon the two great political
+principles embodied in the Mayflower compact, the conception of an
+organic law and of a representative democracy, and on the noble
+purpose&mdash;that of securing freedom of worship and the preservation of
+their nationality and native language&mdash;of the little band of exiles who
+signed the document and settled there.</p>
+
+<p>William B. Lawrence of Medford accepted the Monument on behalf of the
+Memorial Association, and a quartet sang "The Landing of the Pilgrims,"
+by Mrs. Felicia Hemans.</p>
+
+<p>Congressman James T. McCleary of Minnesota, who supported the bill in
+Congress for a Government appropriation to assist in the building of the
+Monument, also spoke.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109/110]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p109.jpg">
+<img src="images/p109t.jpg" width="500" height="271"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Plymouth Rock</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Governor Draper then introduced the President. "This Monument," he said,
+"shows that our people and our State and National Government honour and
+revere the Pilgrims and the great principles of government they
+enunciated," and for that reason, he added, "It is most fitting that
+this Monument, whose cornerstone was laid by one President, should be
+dedicated by another."</p>
+
+<p>President Taft declared that the spirit which animated the Pilgrim
+Fathers had made the history of the United States what it was by
+furnishing it with the highest ideals of moral life and political
+citizenship. "It is meet therefore," said he, "that the United States,
+as well as the State of Massachusetts, should unite in placing here a
+Memorial to the Pilgrims. The warships that are here with their cannon
+to testify to its national character typify the strength of that
+Government whose people have derived much from the spirit and example of
+the heroic band. Governor Bradford, Elder Brewster, Captain Miles
+Standish are the types of men in whom as ancestors, either by blood, or
+by education and example as citizens, the American people may well take
+pride."</p>
+
+<p>The ceremonies were brought to a close by Miss Barbara Hoyt, a
+descendant of Elder Brewster, unveiling a bronze tablet over the door of
+the Monument facing the harbour which bears an appropriate inscription
+written by Dr. Eliot.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And so this magnificent Monument stands as a landmark which, seen from
+afar across the ocean, will remind the traveller of the small beginnings
+of New England when, in the words of Dr. Eliot, fired and led by the
+love of liberty, the Mayflower Pilgrims here "founded and maintained a
+State without a king or a noble, and a Church without a bishop or a
+priest."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>It is upon record that in the early days of the Plymouth Plantation an
+expedition was made in the Mayflower's shallop, a big boat of about
+fourteen tons, to a point lower down on the coast, where the party made
+friends with the Shawmut Indians and found a fine place for shipping,
+and forty-seven beautiful islands, which they greatly admired as they
+sailed in and out amongst them. This was the future Boston Harbour.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to reflect that when, a decade and more after the
+Pilgrim Fathers had landed in America, some hundreds of Puritan
+colonists embarked for Massachusetts, many of the leading burgesses of
+the then only Boston&mdash;that Old Boston, scene of the Pilgrims' detention
+and suffering&mdash;were of the number. The town cannot claim a contribution
+to the Mayflower, but it has a boast as proud, for it was because the
+ancient seaport sent so large a contingent of Puritans to America that
+it was ordered "that Trimountain," the site overlooking the sheltered
+waters and the island group which delighted Pilgrim eyes, "shall be
+called Boston."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113/114]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p113.jpg">
+<img src="images/p113t.jpg" width="500" height="258"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">A Bit of Old Boston</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was in the spring of 1630 that the main body of Puritan emigrants,
+John Winthrop's party, sailed from Southampton. A year before that the
+Massachusetts Bay Company dispatched to the West an expedition of five
+ships, and one of them was our old friend the wonderful little
+Mayflower, of immortal memory, which nine years earlier had carried out
+the Plymouth Pilgrims and was now assisting in the settlement of
+Massachusetts!</p>
+
+<p>Among the Bostonians and their friends who sailed with or in the wake of
+Winthrop were Richard Bellingham, Recorder of the town (Nathaniel
+Hawthorne in "The Scarlet Letter" draws Governor Bellingham of the New
+Boston); bold Atherton Hough aforementioned, Mayor of the borough in
+1628; Thomas Leverett, an alderman, "a plain man, yet piously subtle";
+Thomas Dudley and young John Leverett, who became Governors of
+Massachusetts; William Coddington, father and governor of Rhode Island;
+and John Cotton, the far-famed Puritan preacher of Boston church, who
+became one of the leading religious forces of New England life.</p>
+
+<p>And Old Boston, we have seen, is still much as it was outwardly over
+three hundred years ago, when the Pilgrim Fathers gazed upon it, and
+later Cotton preached long but edifying sermons in the vast church, and
+the Puritan warden struck the Romish symbol from the hand of a carven
+image on the noble tower.</p>
+
+<p>The first days of the Trimountain Colony<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> resembled in some of their
+features those of the planting of New Plymouth. Although their shelter
+was of the scantiest, the settlers had not, like the settlers of
+Plymouth, to face at the outset the rigors of a Western winter. The
+Pilgrims arrived in December, on the shortest day of the year, whereas
+the day of the Puritans' landing was the very longest. Sickness and
+famine had nevertheless to be fought. Disease quickly carried off twenty
+per cent. of the people. About a hundred others returned home
+discouraged. The rest persevered, and proved themselves worthy followers
+of the New Plymouth Pilgrims. The Colony was, moreover, recruited by
+fresh comers from the old country; and through many vicissitudes,
+dissensions, and set-backs, much that was blasting to the spiritual and
+moral life and development of the Colony, it prospered materially and
+gathered strength. And there grew up the New England States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117/118]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p117.jpg">
+<img src="images/p117t.jpg" width="500" height="238"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i><ins title="Photgraph in original.">Photograph</ins> by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Site of the Old Fort, Burial Hill, Plymouth</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the slope of Burial Hill,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> surrounded by memorials of the Pilgrim
+Fathers and with the graves of their dead in the background; facing down
+that stream-skirted street of the Pilgrims once bordered by their humble
+dwellings and echoing to the tread of their weary feet; looking out upon
+the waters which bore to this haven, long years ago, the storm-tossed
+Mayflower and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> her eager human freight, there stands to-day a church
+which through the centuries has preserved unbroken records and
+maintained a continuous ministry. This is the First Church in Plymouth
+and the first church in America, the church of Scrooby, Leyden, and the
+Mayflower company, the church of Brewster and Bradford, of Winslow and
+Carver, whose first covenant, signed in the cabin of the little emigrant
+ship, is still the basis of its fellowship. Here Roger Williams, the
+banished of Boston and missionary of Rhode Island&mdash;a man according to
+Bradford of "many precious parts, but very unsettled in
+Judgment"&mdash;ministered for a time under Ralph Smith in the early stormy
+days of the sister colony; and here John Cotton, son of the famous
+Boston teacher and preacher&mdash;"a man of scholarly tastes and habits,
+somewhat decided in his convictions, diligent and faithful in his
+pastoral duties"<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>&mdash;was pastor for nearly thirty years from 1669.</p>
+
+<p>As the First Church in Boston is the fifth of its line, so is the First
+Church in Plymouth the fifth meeting-house used by the Pilgrim
+community. Its predecessor, a shrine of Pilgrim history around which
+precious associations clustered, was destroyed by fire in 1892; from
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> burning ruins was rescued the town bell cast by Paul Revere in
+1801, and this sacred relic hangs and tolls again in the tower of the
+present edifice.</p>
+
+<p>Amid such scenes as these well may we of to-day pause and reflect. For
+on this hallowed spot, with its historic environment and its striking
+reminders of a great and honoured past, was rocked the cradle of a
+nation of whose civil and religious liberty it was the first rude home.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121/122]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p121.jpg">
+<img src="images/p121t.jpg" width="500" height="320"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">First Church, Plymouth</span><br />
+
+<i>The entrance to Burial Hill is shown on the Right</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Morton in his "New England's Memorial," declares that the
+Dutch fraudulently hired the captain of the Mayflower to steer to the
+north of what is now New York, and adds: "Of this plot between the Dutch
+and Mr. Jones I have had late and certain information."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Longfellow, "The Courtship of Miles Standish."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> This is the Cole's Hill of the present day, the spot where
+half the Mayflower Pilgrims found their rest during the first winter.
+Five of their graves were discovered in 1855, while pipes for the town's
+waterworks were being laid, and two more (now marked with a granite
+slab), in 1883. The bones of the first five are deposited in a
+compartment of the granite canopy which covers the "Forefathers' Rock"
+on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The letter was addressed by De Rassières to Herr Blommaert,
+a director of his company, after his return to Holland, where the Royal
+Library became possessed of it in 1847.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This document, preserved still in the Pilgrim Hall at
+Plymouth, is dated June 1, 1621, and bears the signatures and seals of
+the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, and Sir
+Ferdinando Gorges, a name for many years prominent in American history.
+The patent only remained in force a year. That issued by the Council
+eight years later was transferred by Governor Bradford to the General
+Court in 1640.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Burial Hill was the site of the embattled church erected in
+1622, and contains many ancient tombstones and the foundations of a
+watchtower (1643), now covered with sod.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> John Cuckson, "History of the First Church in Plymouth."
+Dying in 1699, two years after his resignation at Charleston, South
+Carolina, Cotton was "buried with respect and honour by his old
+parishioners, who erected a monument over his grave."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123/124]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V<br />
+
+THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL&mdash;FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125/126]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p125t.jpg" width="500" height="861"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Pilgrim Fathers&#39; Memorial, Plymouth</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">V</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL&mdash;FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Edmund Spenser.</span><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>There were men with hoary hair</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Amidst that pilgrim band:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Why had they come to wither there,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Away from their childhood's land?</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>There was woman's fearless eye</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Lit by her deep love's truth</i>;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>There was manhood's brow serenely high,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>And the fiery heart of youth.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>So sings Mrs. Hemans in her famous poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim
+Fathers in New England." That devoted little Pilgrim band comprised,
+indeed, the Fathers and their families together, members of both sexes
+of all ages. When the compact was signed in the Mayflowers cabin on
+November 21, 1620, while the vessel lay off Cape Cod, each man
+subscribing to it indicated those who accompanied him. There were
+forty-one signatories, and the total number of passengers was shown to
+be one hundred and two. What became of them? What was their individual
+lot and fate subsequent to the landing on Plymouth Rock on December 26?
+For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> long, long years the record as regards the majority of them was
+lost to the world. Now, after much painstaking search, it has been
+found, bit by bit, and pieced together. And we have it here. It is a
+document full of human interest.</p>
+
+<p>John Alden, the youngest man of the party, was hired as a cooper at
+Southampton, with right to return to England or stay in New Plymouth. He
+preferred to stay, and married, in 1623, Priscilla Mullins, the
+"May-flower of Plymouth," the maiden who, as the legend goes, when he
+first went to plead Miles Standish's suit, witchingly asked, "Prithee,
+why don't you speak for yourself, John?" Alden was chosen as assistant
+in 1633, and served from 1634 to 1639 and from 1650 to 1686. He was
+treasurer of the Colony from 1656 to 1659; was Deputy from Duxbury in
+1641-42, and from 1645 to 1649; a member of the Council of War from 1653
+to 1660 and 1675-76; a soldier in Captain Miles Standish's company 1643.
+He was the last survivor of the signers of the compact of November,
+1620, dying September 12, 1687, aged eighty-four years.</p>
+
+<p>Bartholomew Allerton, born in Holland in 1612, was in Plymouth in 1627,
+when he returned to England. He was son of Isaac Allerton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129/130]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="Alden and Mullins">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<a href="images/p129a.jpg">
+<img src="images/p129at.jpg" width="250" height="240"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">John Alden</span></p>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<a href="images/p129b.jpg">
+<img src="images/p129bt.jpg" width="250" height="242"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Priscilla Mullins</span></p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Isaac Allerton, a tailor of London, married at Leyden, November 4, 1611,
+Mary Norris from Newbury, Berkshire, England. He was a freeman of
+Leyden. His wife died February<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> 25, 1621, at Plymouth. Allerton
+married Fear Brewster (his second wife), who died at Plymouth, December
+12, 1634. In 1644 he had married Joanna (his third wife). He was an
+assistant in 1621 and 1634, and Deputy Governor. He was living in New
+Haven in 1642, later in New York, then returned to New Haven. He died in
+1659.</p>
+
+<p>John Allerton, a sailor, died before the Mayflower made her return
+voyage. Mary Allerton, a daughter of Isaac, was born in 1616. She
+married Elder Thomas Cushman. She died in 1699, the last survivor of the
+Mayflower passengers. Remember Allerton was another daughter living in
+Plymouth in 1627. Sarah Allerton, yet another daughter, married Moses
+Maverick of Salem.</p>
+
+<p>Francis Billington, son of John and Eleanor, went out in 1620 with his
+parents. In 1634 he married widow Christian (Penn) Eaton, by whom he had
+children. He removed before 1648 to Yarmouth. He was a member of the
+Plymouth military company in 1643. He died in Yarmouth after 1650.</p>
+
+<p>John Billington was hanged<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> in 1630 for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> murder of John Newcomen.
+His widow, Eleanor, who went over with him, married in 1638 Gregory
+Armstrong, who died in 1650, leaving no children by her. John
+Billington, a son of John and Eleanor, born in England, died at Plymouth
+soon after 1627.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133/134]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p133t.jpg" width="500" height="864"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Governor Bradford&#39;s Monument, Burial Hill, Plymouth</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>William Bradford, baptised in 1589 at Austerfield, Yorkshire, was a
+leading spirit in the Pilgrim movement from its inception to its
+absorption in the Union of the New England Colonies. We have seen how,
+on the death of John Carver, he became the second Governor of Plymouth
+Colony, and he five times filled that office, in 1621-33, 1635, 1637,
+1639-44, and 1645-47, as well as serving several times as Deputy
+Governor and assistant. A patent was granted to him in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> 1629 by the
+Council of New England vesting the Colony in trust to him, his heirs,
+associates and assigns, confirming their title to a tract of land and
+conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws; but eleven years
+later he transferred this patent to the General Court, reserving only to
+himself the allotment conceded to him in the original division of land.
+Bradford's rule as chief magistrate was marked by honesty and fair
+dealing, alike in his relations with the Indian tribes and his treatment
+of recalcitrant colonists. His word was respected and caused him to be
+trusted; his will was resolute in every emergency, and yet all knew that
+his clemency and charity might be counted on whenever it could be safely
+exercised. The Church was always dear to him: he enjoyed its faith and
+respected its institutions, and up to the hour of his death, on May 9,
+1657, he confessed his delight in its teachings and simple services.
+Governor Bradford was twice married, first, as we know, at Leyden in
+1613 to Dorothy May, who was accidentally drowned in Cape Cod harbour on
+December 7, 1620; and again on August 14, 1623, to Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth. By his first wife he had one son, and by his
+second, two sons and a daughter. Jointly with Edward Winslow, Bradford
+wrote "A Diary of Occurences during the First Year of the Colony," and
+this was published in England in 1622. He left many manuscripts, letters
+and chronicles, verses and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> dialogues, which are the principal
+authorities for the early history of the Colony; but the work by which
+he is best remembered is his manuscript "History of Plymouth
+Plantation," now happily, after being carried to England and lost to
+sight for years in the Fulham Palace Library, restored to the safe
+custody of the State of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137/138]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p137.jpg">
+<img src="images/p137t.jpg" width="500" height="327"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Governor Carver&#39;s Chair and Ancient Spinning Wheel</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>William Brewster more than any man was entitled to be called the Founder
+of the Pilgrim Church. It originated in his house at Scrooby, where he
+was born in 1566, and he sacrificed everything for it. He was elder of
+the church at Leyden and Plymouth, and served it also as minister for
+some time after going out. Through troubles, trials, and adversity, he
+stood by the Plymouth flocks, and when his followers were in peril and
+perplexity, worn and almost hopeless through fear and suffering, he kept
+a stout heart and bade them be of good cheer. Bradford has borne
+touching testimony to the personal attributes of his friend, who, he
+tells us, was "qualified above many," and of whom he writes that "he was
+wise and discrete, and well-spoken, having a grave and deliberate
+utterance, of a very cheerful spirite, very sociable and pleasante among
+his friends, of an humble and modest mind, of a peaceable disposition,
+under-valewing himself and his own abilities and sometimes
+over-vallewing others, inoffensive and innocent in his life and
+conversation, which gained him ye love of those without, as well as
+those within."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Of William Brewster it has been truly said that until
+his death, on April 16, 1644, his hand was never lifted from Pilgrim
+history. He shaped the counsels of his colleagues, helped to mould their
+policy, safeguarded their liberties, and kept in check tendencies
+towards religious bigotry and oppression. He tolerated differences, but
+put down wrangling and dissension, and promoted to the best of his power
+the strength and purity of public and private life. Mary Brewster, wife
+of William, who went out with him, died before 1627.</p>
+
+<p>Love Brewster, son of Elder William, born in England, married (1634)
+Sarah, daughter of William Collier. He was a member of the Duxbury
+company in 1643, and died at Duxbury in 1650.</p>
+
+<p>Wrestling Brewster, son of Elder William, emigrated at the same time; he
+died a young man, unmarried.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Britteridge died December 21, 1620, his being the first death
+after landing.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Brown probably married the widow Martha Ford; he died in 1633.</p>
+
+<p>William Button, a servant of Samuel Fuller, died on the voyage.</p>
+
+<p>John Carver, first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, landed from the
+Mayflower with his wife, Catherine, and both died the following spring
+or summer. Carver was deacon in Holland. He left no descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Carter was a servant of William Mullins, and died during the
+first winter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>James Chilton died December 8, 1620, before the landing at Plymouth, and
+his wife succumbed shortly after. Their daughter Mary, tradition states,
+romantically if not truthfully, was the first to leap on shore. She
+married John Winslow, and had ten children.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Clarke died soon after arrival.</p>
+
+<p>Francis Cook died at Plymouth in 1663.</p>
+
+<p>John Cook, son of Francis Cook by his wife, Esther, shipped in the
+Mayflower with his father. He married Sarah, daughter of Richard Warren.
+On account of religious differences he removed to Dartmouth, of which he
+was one of the first purchasers. He became a Baptist minister there. He
+was also Deputy in 1666-68, 1673, and 1681-83-86. The father and son
+were both members of the Plymouth military company in 1643.</p>
+
+<p>John Cook died at Dartmouth after 1694.</p>
+
+<p>Humility Cooper returned to England, and died there.</p>
+
+<p>John Crackston died in 1621; his son, John, who went out with him, died
+in 1628.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Dotey married Faith Clark, probably as second wife, and had nine
+children, some of whom moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere.
+He was a purchaser of Dartmouth, but moved to Yarmouth, where he died
+August 23, 1655. He made the passage out as a servant to Stephen
+Hopkins, and was wild and headstrong in his youth, being a party to the
+first duel fought in New England.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141/142]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p141.jpg">
+<img src="images/p141t.jpg" width="500" height="322"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Elder Brewster&#39;s Chair and the Cradle of Peregrine White</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Francis Eaton went over with his first wife, Sarah, and their son,
+Samuel. He married a second wife, and a third, Christian Penn, before
+1627. He died in 1633.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Eaton married, in 1661, Martha Billington. In 1643 he was in the
+Plymouth military company, and was living at Duxbury in 1663. He removed
+to Middleboro, where he died about 1684.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas English died the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>One Ely, a hired man, served his time and returned to England.</p>
+
+<p>Moses Fletcher married at Leyden, in 1613, widow Sarah Dingby. He died
+during the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Fuller shipped with his wife, Ann, and son, Samuel. The parents
+died the first season.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Fuller, the son, married in 1635 Jane, daughter of the Reverend
+John Lothrop; he removed to Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683,
+having many descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Samuel Fuller, brother of Edward, was the first physician; he
+married (1) Elsie Glascock, (2) Agnes Carpenter, (3) Bridget Lee; he
+died in 1633. His descendants of the name are through a son, Samuel, who
+settled in Middleboro.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Gardiner, mariner, was at Plymouth in 1624, but soon
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>John Goodman, unmarried, died the first winter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>John Hooke died the first winter, as did also William Holbeck.</p>
+
+<p>Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married in 1639 Catherine Wheldon; he
+moved to Yarmouth and afterwards to Eastham, and died about 1690.</p>
+
+<p>Stephen Hopkins went out with his second wife, Elizabeth, and Giles and
+Constance, children by a first wife. On the voyage a child was born to
+them, which they named Oceanus, but it died in 1621. He was an
+assistant, 1634-35, and died in 1644. His wife died between 1640 and
+1644. Constance, daughter of Stephen, married Nicholas Snow. They
+settled at Eastham, from which he was a Deputy in 1648, and he died
+November 15, 1676; she died in October, 1677, having had twelve
+children. Damaris, a daughter, was born after their arrival and married
+Jacob Cooke.</p>
+
+<p>John Howland married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. He was a Deputy
+in 1641, 1645 to 1658, 1661, 1663, 1666-67, and 1670; assistant in 1634
+and 1635; also a soldier in the Plymouth military company in 1643. He
+died February 23, 1673, aged more than eighty years, and his widow died
+December 21, 1687, aged eighty years.</p>
+
+<p>John Langemore died during the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>William Latham about 1640 left for England, and afterwards went to the
+Bahamas, where he probably died.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Leister went to Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145/146]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p145t.jpg" width="500" height="850"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Grave of John Howland</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Edmund Margeson, unmarried, died in 1621.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Martin and wife both died early; his death took place
+January 8, 1621.</p>
+
+<p>Desire Minter returned to England, and there died.</p>
+
+<p>Ellen More perished the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>Jasper More removed to Scituate, and his name is said to have become
+Mann. He died in Scituate in 1656; his brother died the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>William Mullins shipped with his wife, son Joseph, and daughter
+Priscilla, who married John Alden. The father died February 21, 1621,
+and his wife during the same winter, as did also the son.</p>
+
+<p>Solomon Power died December 24, 1620.</p>
+
+<p>Degory Priest married in 1611, at Leyden, widow Sarah Vincent, a sister
+of Isaac Allerton; he died January 1, 1621.</p>
+
+<p>John Rigdale went out with his wife, Alice, both dying the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Rogers went with his father, Thomas Rogers, who died in 1621. The
+son married, and lived at Eastham in 1655, dwelling first at Duxbury and
+Sandwich. He was a lieutenant, and died in 1678 at Eastham.</p>
+
+<p>Harry Sampson settled at Duxbury, and married Ann Plummer in 1636. He
+was of the Duxbury military company in 1643, and died there in 1684.</p>
+
+<p>George Soule was married to Mary Becket. He was in the military company
+of Duxbury,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> where he resided, and was the Deputy in 1645-46, and
+1650-54. He was an original proprietor of Bridgewater and owner of land
+in Dartmouth and Middleboro; he died 1680, his wife in 1677.</p>
+
+<p>Ellen Story died the first winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149/150]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p149.jpg">
+<img src="images/p149t.jpg" width="500" height="236"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Grave of Miles Standish, Duxbury</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Miles Standish, that romantic figure in the Pilgrim history, did good
+service for the Colony, and practically settled the question whether the
+Anglo-Saxon or the native Indian was to predominate in New England. Born
+in Lancashire about 1584, and belonging to the Duxbury branch of the
+Standish family, he obtained a lieutenant's commission in the English
+army and fought in the wars against The Netherlands and Spain. His taste
+for military adventure led to his joining the Pilgrims at Leyden, and
+when the Mayflower reached Cape Cod, he led the land exploring parties.
+Soon he was elected military captain of the Colony, and with a small
+force he protected the settlers against Indian incursions until the
+danger from that quarter was past. When they were made peaceably secure
+in their rights and possessions, and warlike exploits and adventures
+were at an end, Standish retired to his estate at Duxbury, on the north
+side of Plymouth Bay: but in peace, as in war, he was still devoted to
+the interests of the Colony, frequently acting as Governor's assistant
+from 1632 onward, becoming Deputy in 1644, and serving as treasurer
+between that year and 1649. His wife Rose,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> who sailed with him in the
+Mayflower, died January 29, 1621, but he married again, and had four
+sons and a daughter. He died on October 3, 1656, honoured by all the
+community among whom he dwelt, and his name and fame are perpetuated in
+history, in the poetry of Longfellow and Lowell, and by the monument
+which stands upon what was his estate at Duxbury, the lofty column on
+Captain's Hill, seen for miles both from sea and land.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Thompson died December 4, 1620.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Tilley and his wife Ann both died the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>John Tilley accompanied his wife and daughter Elizabeth; the parents
+died the first winter, but the daughter survived and married John
+Howland.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Tinker, with his wife and son, died the first winter.</p>
+
+<p>John Turner had with him two sons, but the party succumbed to the
+hardships of the first season.</p>
+
+<p>William Trevore entered as a sailor on the Mayflower, and returned to
+England on the Fortune in 1621.</p>
+
+<p>William White went out with his wife Susanna, and son Resolved. A son,
+Peregrine, was born to them in Provincetown Harbour, who has been
+distinguished as being the first child of the Pilgrims born after the
+arrival in the New World. This is his strongest claim, as his early life
+was rather disreputable, though his obituary, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> 1704, allowed "he was
+much reformed in his last years." William, the father, died on February
+21, 1621; his widow married, in the May following, Edward Winslow, who
+had recently lost his wife.</p>
+
+<p>Resolved White married (1) Judith, daughter of William Vassall; he lived
+at Scituate, Marshfield, and lastly Salem, where he married, (2) October
+5, 1674, widow Abigail Lord, and died after 1680. He was a member of the
+Scituate military company in 1643.</p>
+
+<p>Roger Wilder died the first winter, and Thomas Williams also died the
+first season.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153/154]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p153t.jpg" width="500" height="868"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Miles Standish Monument, Duxbury</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Edward Winslow, an educated young English gentleman from Droitwich,
+joined the brethren at Leyden in 1617, and accompanying them to New
+England, was the third to sign the compact on board the Mayflower,
+Carver and Bradford signing before, and Brewster after him, then Isaac
+Allerton and Miles Standish. Winslow was one of the party sent to
+prospect along the coast. Before leaving Holland, he married at Leyden,
+in 1618, Elizabeth Barker, who went out with him, but died March 24,
+1621, and as we have seen, he shortly afterwards married widow Susanna
+(Fuller) White. Winslow proved himself a man of exceptional ability and
+character, and gave the best years of his life to the service of the
+Colony. While on a mission to England in its interests in 1623, he
+published an account of the settlement and struggles of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, under the title "Good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> News for New England, or a relation
+of things remarkable in that Plantation." Later he wrote (and published
+in 1646). "Hypocrisie Unmasked; by a true relation of the proceedings of
+the Governor of Massachusetts against Samuel Groton, a notorious
+Disturber of the Peace," which is chiefly remarkable for an appendix
+giving an account of the preparations in Leyden for removal to America,
+and the substance of John Robinson's address to the Pilgrims on their
+departure from Holland. Winslow was Governor of the Colony in 1633,
+1636, and 1644, and at other times assistant. In 1634 he went to England
+again on colonial business, and before sailing accepted a commission for
+the Bay Colony which required him to appear before the King's
+Commissioners for Plantations. Here he was brought face to face with
+Archbishop Laud, who could not resist the opportunity of venting his
+wrath upon the representative of the Plymouth settlement, about whose
+sayings and doings he had been duly informed. Winslow was accused of
+taking part in Sunday services and of conducting civil marriages. He
+admitted the charges, and pleaded extenuating circumstances; but Laud
+was not to be appeased and committed the bold Separatist to the Fleet
+Prison, where he remained for seventeen weeks, when he was released and
+permitted to return to America, wounded in his conscience by the cruel
+wrong done him and impoverished by legal expenses. In October, 1646,
+against the advice of his compatriots,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Winslow undertook another
+mission to the old country, this time in connection with the federation
+of the New England Colonies, and, accepting service under Cromwell,
+sailed on an expedition to the West Indies, caught a fever, and died,
+and was buried at sea on May 8, 1655.</p>
+
+<p>Gilbert Winslow, another subscriber to the compact in the Mayflower's
+cabin, returned subsequently to England and died in 1650.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from the events of their after lives, the spirit which possessed
+the Mayflower Pilgrims and guided their leaders in exile is well
+expressed by Mrs. Hemans when she says, in her stirring lines&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">They sought a faith's pure shrine!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ay, call it holy ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The soil where first they trod;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They have left unstained what there they found&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Freedom to worship God.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157/158]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p157t.jpg" width="500" height="614"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Governor Edward Winslow</span><br />
+
+<i>The only authentic Portrait of a Mayflower Pilgrim</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The murderer Billington, sad to relate, was one of those
+who signed the historic compact on board the Mayflower. He was tried,
+condemned to death, and executed by his brethren in accordance with
+their primitive criminal procedure. At first, trials in the little
+colony were conducted by the whole body of the townsmen, the Governor
+presiding. In 1623 trial by Jury was established, and subsequently a
+regular code of laws was adopted. The capital offences were treason,
+murder, diabolical conversation, arson, rape, and unnatural crimes.
+Plymouth had only six sorts of capital crime, against thirty-one in
+England at the accession of James I, and of these six it actually
+punished only two, Billington's belonging to one of them. The Pilgrims
+used no barbarous punishments. Like all their contemporaries they used
+the stocks and the whipping-post, without perceiving that those
+punishments in public were barbarizing. They inflicted fines and
+forfeitures freely without regard to the station or quality of the
+offenders. They never punished, or even committed any person as a witch.
+Restrictive laws were early adopted as to spirituous drinks, and in 1667
+cider was included. In 1638 the smoking of tobacco was forbidden
+out-of-doors within a mile of a dwelling-house or while at work in the
+fields; but unlike England and Massachusetts, Plymouth never had a law
+regulating apparel.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159/160]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI<br /><br />
+
+NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161/162]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p161.jpg">
+<img src="images/p161t.jpg" width="500" height="236"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Battershill, Plymouth</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Mayflower Tablet on the Barbican, Plymouth, England</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">VI</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16">pilgrim shrines,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shrines to no code or creed confined.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Longfellow.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Memories of the Mayflower and the Pilgrim Fathers were actively revived
+when, in July, 1891, during the Mayoralty of Mr. J. T. Bond, a number of
+the Pilgrims' descendants and their representatives from the New World
+visited Old World Plymouth, and with an interest whole-hearted and
+profound inspected the scene, famous in the annals and traditions of our
+race, which witnessed their forbears' last brief sojourn on English
+soil&mdash;a place where the Fathers, as they never tired of testifying, in
+the days when Thomas Townes was Mayor, were "kindly entertained and
+courteously used by divers friends there dwelling," and whence the
+sturdy little Mayflower sailed to the West with its precious human
+freight, to lay the foundation of the New England States.</p>
+
+<p>To commemorate this visit, and the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers two
+hundred and seventy years before, the site of the historic embarkation
+was marked by the Mayflower Stone and Tablet placed on the Barbican at
+Plymouth, the stone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> in the pavement of the pier adjacent to the ancient
+causey trod by the Pilgrims' departing feet and destroyed a few years
+later, and the tablet on the wall of the Barbican facing it.</p>
+
+<p>The memorial and the circumstances of its erection formed a fitting
+tribute to the New England pioneers; and the story told by these stones
+should serve to remind all who behold them of the devoted lives, the
+splendid achievement, and the romantic history of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims. They are at once a landmark and a shrine honoured by the
+English and American peoples.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1896, another company of New World pilgrims landed at Plymouth,
+and proceeded to worship in spirit at Old World shrines. During two
+weeks they wandered about the dear old country&mdash;"Our Old Home," as
+Nathaniel Hawthorne calls it in his book of English
+reminiscences&mdash;lingering on the scenes associated with the lives of
+their forefathers: quiet villages wherein they were born; quaint,
+half-forgotten boroughs in which they lived; the metropolis in which
+they taught; the sombre East Anglia, where many of them died "for the
+testimony." But chief of all were the places where these sojourners
+could look on the homes of the grave, brave men who gathered together
+the people who sailed in the Mayflower, and led the way to the New
+World.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165/166]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p165.jpg">
+<img src="images/p165t.jpg" width="500" height="235"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">Scrooby Village</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We still call them "the Pilgrim Fathers," in spite of what the Reverend
+Joseph Hunter, an esteemed native of South Yorkshire, wrote in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> his
+book.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> "There is something of affectation in this term," he finds,
+"which is always displeasing to me." "It appears to me," says he, "to be
+philologically improper." And then he explains. "An American who visits
+the place from which the founders of his country emigrated is a pilgrim
+in the proper sense of the word, whether he finds an altar, a shrine, or
+a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders, when they found the
+shores of America, were proceeding to no object of this kind, and even
+leaving it to the winds and the waves to drive them to any point on an
+unknown and unmarked shore."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps Mr. Hunter is right, philologically; but apart from his history
+(which may be challenged, because the master of the Mayflower knew where
+he was going if the Pilgrims did not,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> and a map and description of the
+region had been published by Captain John Smith, the name-giver of New
+England), the designation stands, and will ever be cherished by those
+familiar with the spots these faithful Fathers left when, pilgrims and
+wanderers, they set forth they scarcely knew whither, and finally
+crossed the little-known sea. And the most historic of such shrines are
+in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.</p>
+
+<p>When the New World pilgrims arrived at Plymouth for the journey through
+the old country, by a curious arrangement they travelled backwards; for
+Plymouth was the last place the Pilgrim Fathers touched, and the haunts
+they took in turn were those which saw the rise and earlier efforts of
+those grave and reverend seekers for religious freedom. Soon they
+reached Boston&mdash;dreamy, old-world, tide-washed, fenland-locked
+Boston&mdash;scene of deep interest to them all, filled with hallowed
+memories of the Pilgrim Fathers and founders of the Western States.</p>
+
+<p>The party numbered nearly fifty, a dozen at least of whom could lay
+claim to be lineal descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Their leader
+was the Reverend Dr. Dunning of Boston, Massachusetts, and among them
+were representatives of the National Council of American Congregational
+churches.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169/170]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p169.jpg">
+<img src="images/p169t.jpg" width="500" height="237"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Hackford, Boston</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Ancient Kitchen, Guildhall, Boston</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Boston, like Plymouth, gave them a warm welcome. The cordiality of their
+reception to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> the old town was acknowledged on behalf of the pilgrims
+by Dr. Dunning. "Our fathers found it difficult to get away from
+Boston," said he, "and from the kindness you have shown us we are much
+afraid that you are planning to detain us also." The character of the
+"detention" was very different with nearly three centuries intervening,
+and this Dr. Dunning and his friends abundantly realised.</p>
+
+<p>The visitors were taken over the old parish church, and were duly
+impressed by its size and grandeur as a whole; and the scene was most
+striking and memorable when, gathered within its beautiful chancel,
+these representative New World men, many of them with the blood of the
+Pilgrim Fathers in their veins, joined in singing together the noble
+hymn, "O God, our help in ages past." Next the Guildhall was visited.
+Here the disused sessions-court, where the fugitives were arraigned in
+1607, and other upper rooms were scrutinised.</p>
+
+<p>But most attractive were the kitchen and prison beneath. The cells must
+in fact have had more "prisoners" in them that day than they had held
+for a long time, for there was scarcely a member of the company who was
+not shut up in at least one of them during the inspection. They thus
+realised something of what their forefathers actually endured; the taste
+of the bitterness was slight, and wanting in the old-time flavour which
+the prisoners' treatment imparted, but it was sufficient to call forth
+expressions of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> abhorrence at the thought of continued confinement in
+such a place.</p>
+
+<p>At last the pilgrims said farewell to a town crowded with precious
+memories and entrained for Lincoln, where their welcome by the Free
+Churches and Cathedral authorities was in keeping with that extended to
+them everywhere on their route. At Lincoln they received an address. "We
+feel," said the Nonconformists there, "that in welcoming you to this
+county of ours, we are welcoming you back to your ancestral home, for
+Lincolnshire people never forget that their county is inseparably
+associated with the history of the Pilgrim Church. We claim the great
+John Robinson, the pastor of the Pilgrim church, as our own, and the
+neighbouring town of Gainsborough boasts of having been for some time
+the church's home. We are proud of the men, of the testimony they bore,
+of the work they did. All England is debtor to the men of the Pilgrim
+Church for their heroic witness in behalf of a pure and Scriptural faith
+and freedom of conscience worship."</p>
+
+<p>And "the neighbouring town of Gainsborough," home of the Pilgrim Church,
+gave itself up at this time to a ceremonial stone-laying of the Robinson
+Memorial Church, a function which the American pilgrims attended,
+together with the Honourable T. F. Bayard, the United States Ambassador,
+who made a journey into Lincolnshire to lay this stone, and
+Congregationalists gathered from all parts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173/174]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/p173.jpg">
+<img src="images/p173t.jpg" width="500" height="298"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford</i><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough</span><br />
+
+<i>The corner-stone of the church was laid by Mr. Bayard in June, 1896</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>First the pilgrims drove to Scrooby, Bawtry, and Austerfield, where they
+inspected Brewster's house and Bradford's cottage and other objects of
+absorbing interest linked with the lives of the exiled Separatists. They
+then entered Gainsborough&mdash;that "foreign-looking town," subject of
+George Eliot's romantic pen, birthplace of John Robinson&mdash;where an
+address was presented to Mr. Bayard at the Town Hall, and luncheon was
+partaken of at the Old Hall, one of Gainsborough's most cherished
+antiquities, where John Smyth and his brethren held services and John
+Wesley many times preached. A move was next made to the site of the
+future Robinson Memorial Hall, a building at once a tribute to a worthy
+Englishman and an agency for the development of Christian work in the
+home of the Pilgrim Fathers. The proceedings were under the presidency
+of the Reverend J. M. Jones, chairman of the Congregational Union of
+England and Wales. To Mr. Bayard was handed a silver trowel, the gift of
+the congregation of the Gainsborough church, bearing an inscription and
+engravings of the Mayflower and of Delfshaven, on whose beach Robinson
+knelt in prayer with the Pilgrim band ere they set out on their long and
+checkered voyage. Having laid the cornerstone, Mr. Bayard sketched the
+early life of John Robinson, on from his Cambridge career to his
+harassed ministry at Norwich, his withdrawal to Lincolnshire in 1604 and
+the inception of the Scrooby congregation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> whose faith found cause for
+hope and cheerful courage in the dark hours of their persecution,
+adversity, and affliction. He went on to picture the blessings of civil
+and religious liberty which we are apt to accept and enjoy without
+giving much heed to the generations that in bygone years toiled and
+suffered to secure them for us. How small, said he, the measure of our
+gratitude and infrequent our recognition of those who</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Beyond their dark age led the van of thought.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Well, reasoned Mr. Bayard, on such a scene and such an occasion as this,
+might the words of Whittier be repeated&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Our hearts grow cold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We lightly hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A right which brave men died to gain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The stake, the cord,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The axe, the sword,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grim nurses at its birth of pain.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was the momentous issues raised by the invasion of liberty of
+conscience that drove John Robinson and his associates forth. As William
+Bradford has recorded, "Being thus molested and with no hope of their
+continuance there, by a joynte consent they resolved to go into ye low
+countries, where they heard was freedom of religion for all men." Then
+it was that they made the attempted passage from Boston to The
+Netherlands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177/178]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="Memorial Tablets">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<a href="images/p177a.jpg">
+<img src="images/p177at.jpg" width="250" height="226"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption smcap">Tablet in Vestibule of Robinson Memorial Church,
+Gainsborough</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<a href="images/p177b.jpg">
+<img src="images/p177bt.jpg" width="250" height="306"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption smcap">Memorial Tablet on St. Peter&#39;s Church, Leyden</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Glancing at the history of the arbitrary and cruel measures taken to
+prevent the departure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> of the congregation, which finally, in broken
+detachments, distressed, despoiled, imperilled by land and sea,
+assembled at Amsterdam, moving thence to Leyden, Mr. Bayard paid
+grateful recognition to the country which, in their hour of sore need,
+extended to exiles welcome protection and generous toleration in an age
+of intolerance, and recited the familiar incidents connected with their
+sailing for America. "It is clear and plain to us now that the departure
+from England of this small body of humble men was a great step in the
+march of Christian civilisation. It contained the seed of Christian
+liberty, freedom of enquiry, freedom of man's conscience." As for John
+Robinson, between whose grave and the colony he was the means of
+planting, washes the wide ocean he never crossed. His memory is a tie of
+kindred&mdash;a recognition of the common trust committed to both nations to
+sustain the principles of civil and religious liberty of which he was a
+fearless champion, and under which he has so marvellously fulfilled the
+prophesy "A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a great
+nation." And the seed of Christian liberty, sown in adversity but on
+good soil, has become a wide-spreading tree in whose sheltering branches
+all who will may lodge.</p>
+
+<p>Six years after this stone-laying, in June, 1902, the tercentenary of
+the founding of the Gainsborough church, a tablet was unveiled in the
+vestibule of the new building to commemorate the world-wide co-operation
+in honouring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> one "the thought of whom stirs equal reverence in English
+and American hearts."</p>
+
+<p>What the American Ambassador so well said at Gainsborough was a fitting
+prelude to the excursion which his countrymen, continuing their
+itinerary, made to the Pilgrim scenes in Holland where, in 1891, the
+English Plymouth memorial year, they had erected on St. Peter's
+Cathedral at Leyden, under which lie his bones, a tablet to John
+Robinson, pastor of the English church worshipping "over against this
+spot," whence at his prompting went forth the Pilgrim Fathers to settle
+New England.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181/182]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p181.jpg" width="500" height="860"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption smcap">Design by R. M. Lucas for the Tercentenary Memorial at
+Southampton, to be unveiled on August 15th, 1912</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Gainsborough ceremony and the visits to Plymouth and Boston forged
+further links in the chain of sympathy and brotherhood between England
+and America. Fresh evidence has since been forthcoming that the
+religious zeal and love of manly independence which induced the
+Mayflower Pilgrims to expatriate themselves and found a mighty empire
+across the Atlantic have their abiding influence to-day. We have seen
+how these New World pilgrimages to Old World shrines rekindled dormant
+affections on both sides.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> No doubt the journeys<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> will be renewed
+again and again over much the same ground in the days to come.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that Mr. Bayard was instrumental in restoring to
+the State of Massachusetts William Bradford's manuscript "History of
+Plymouth Plantation." About the middle of the eighteenth century this
+valuable record was deposited in the New England Library, in the tower
+of the Old South Church in Boston, but it disappeared, and found its way
+to England. By some it was thought that Governor Hutchinson carried it
+off; others believed that it was looted by British soldiers when Boston
+was evacuated. Anyhow it vanished, and was given up for lost. But by a
+lucky chance it was discovered. It was not until 1855 that certain
+passages in Wilberforce's "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
+America," printed in 1846, professing to quote from "a manuscript
+History of Plymouth in the Fulham Library," revealed the whereabouts of
+the priceless folios. These quotations were identified as being similar
+to extracts from Bradford's History made by earlier annalists&mdash;Nathaniel
+Morton, who used it freely in his "New England's Memorial," published
+1669; Thomas Prince, in his "Annals" printed in 1736; and Governor
+Hutchinson, the last man known to have seen the manuscript, who used it
+in the preparation of his "History of Massachusetts" (second volume), in
+1767. The story of the return of the manuscript has been told by the
+Honourable George F. Hoar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> the venerable Senator of Massachusetts who,
+during a visit to England, interviewed the Bishop of London on the
+subject, and, when the History had been recovered through the good
+offices of Mr. Bayard, had the satisfaction of handing it over to
+Governor Wolcott on May 24, 1897. Ten years subsequently, after Mr.
+Bayard's death, another Bishop of London, engaged on a mission to
+America, presented to President Roosevelt the original deed appointing
+Colonel Coddington first Governor of Rhode Island. This document was
+found in the muniment room at Fulham Palace; it bears the seal of the
+Cromwellian Government and the signature of Bradshaw.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185/186]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p185at.jpg" width="500" height="433"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Photograph by Welchman Bros, Retford</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Font, Austerfield Church</span><br />
+<i>For a long time it was believed that this font was used at the baptism
+of William Bradford</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p185bt.jpg" width="500" height="402"
+ alt=""
+ title="" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Font, Primitive Methodist Chapel, Lound</span><br />
+<i>The font that was probably used at the baptism of William Bradford</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Those Americans who visited the district of Bawtry for the purpose of
+seeing the Pilgrim village of Austerfield would be surprised ten years
+later, in August, 1906, to hear that the font in the old parish church,
+which had so often been pointed to as that at which William Bradford was
+baptised, was not in reality what it had been represented to be. For
+some time there was a heated controversy in the district, and this
+revealed certain strange facts concerning the font which go to prove
+that the Norman font used at Bradford's baptism is at the present time
+in a small Primitive Methodist chapel at Lound near Retford,
+Nottinghamshire. It seems that about fifty years ago the sexton, one
+Milner, was ordered to clear certain rubbish out of the church at
+Austerfield, and sell it. Among the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> objects thus disposed of was the
+font. A farmer, John Jackson, became the purchaser, and a few years
+later the font passed to his son, who for some time kept it in his
+garden as an ornament. In 1895 the farm changed hands, the new tenant
+being a Mr. Fielding, and included in the fixtures he took over was the
+font, described in the auctioneers' valuation award, dated April 15,
+1895, as "Garden&mdash;Stone baptismal font (formerly in Austerfield Parish
+Church)." Having no wish to keep the font Mr. Fielding gave it to his
+mother, a native of Austerfield, and she in turn handed it over to the
+trustees of the chapel at Lound, where it still remains, jealously
+guarded in the incongruous surroundings of its alien home. It is noted
+that when, years ago, the clergyman at Austerfield discovered what
+sexton Milner had done, he sent for him and told him of the great loss
+the church had sustained. It was little use locking the stable door when
+the steed had gone, but the sexton, being a man of resource, thought he
+saw a way out of the difficulty. So to avoid further trouble he brought
+a trough from his own farmyard and substituted it for the lost font!
+That was a very impious kind of fraud indeed, but it seems quite clear
+that it was perpetrated. The church authorities, it must be admitted,
+have done their best to atone for the faults of the past in the
+direction of trying to restore the ancient font to its original place.
+Unfortunately they have not succeeded, for though good offers were made
+to Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> Fielding and the chapel trustees, they resolutely refused to
+part with the precious relic. The fear was then entertained that a
+wealthy American would some day buy the font, and thus deprive the
+district of one of its most historic possessions. It is questionable,
+however, if that fate would be worse than the one that has already
+overtaken the font. Should the failure to restore it to its rightful
+place unhappily continue, the more satisfactory alternative would appear
+to be its purchase and presentation, say, to the Pilgrim Church at New
+Plymouth. </p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Collections Concerning the Early History of the Founders
+of New Plymouth." Mr. Hunter was assistant-keeper of H.M. Records, and
+after the village had remained for more than two centuries in oblivion,
+located Scrooby as the birthplace of the Pilgrim Church. His sole guide
+in the search were the brief statements in Bradford's History that the
+members of the church "were of several towns and villages, some in
+Nottinghamshire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire, where they
+bordered nearest together," and that "they ordinarily met at William
+Brewster's house on the Lord's day, which was a manor of the bishop's."
+The inquiry which led to this important discovery was instigated by the
+Honourable James Savage while on a visit to England. The key was
+supplied by Governor Bradford, Mr. Savage detected it; Mr. Hunter
+unlocked the hidden and forgotten door.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> In another part of England, in 1910-11, Americans were
+joining hands with the people of Southampton in raising on the old West
+Quay of that port a Pilgrim shrine to the men of New Plymouth who, as we
+know, sailed thence in the Mayflower on their interrupted voyage to the
+West, on August 5 (O.S.), 1620. It was proposed to unveil this memorial
+on August 15, 1912.</p></div>
+
+<p>THE END.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>  Ainsworth, Henry, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>  Alden, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Isaac, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-131, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Joanna, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Mary, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Remember, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Sarah (1), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Allerton, Sarah (2), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-52, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Anne," The, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>  Armstrong, Gregory, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>  Austerfield, England, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-12, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-187</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Babworth, England, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>  Barker, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Barnstable, Mass., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Bawtry, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-187</li>
+
+<li>  Bayard, Hon. T. J., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-180, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-184</li>
+
+<li>  Becket, Mary, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-148</li>
+
+<li>  Bellingham, Richard, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Billington, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>  Billington, Francis, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Billington, John (1), <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-132</li>
+
+<li>  Billington, John (2), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>  Billington, Martha, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Blommaert, Herr, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>  Bond, J. T., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>  Bonner, Bishop, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>  Boston, England, VIII, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-172, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+<ul class="ix">
+<li>    Pilgrim Cells, <a href="#Page_vii">VII</a>, <a href="#Page_xiii">XIII</a>-XIV, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-36, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
+<li>    Guildhall, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-24, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-36, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
+<li>    Hussey Tower, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li>    Kyme Tower, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li>    Grammar School, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li>    Church, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
+<li>    Gysor's Hall, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+<li>    "Little Ease," <a href="#Page_vii">36</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>  Boston, Mass., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a> (<i>see also</i> Massachusetts Bay Colony)</li>
+
+<li>  Bradford, Governor William, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-12, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-136, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-184</li>
+
+<li>  Brewer, Thomas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, Fear, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, Love, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, Mary, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, Patience, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, William, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-55, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-139, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brewster, Wrestling, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Bridgewater, Mass., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>  Britteridge, Richard, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brown, Dr. John, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>  Brown, Peter, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Button, William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Caistor, England, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>  Canute, King, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li>  Carleton, Sir Dudley, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-55</li>
+
+<li>  Carpenter, Alice, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Carter, Robert, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Carver, Catherine, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Carver, Governor John, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Chilton, James, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Chilton, Mary, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Clark, Faith, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Clarke, Richard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Clyfton, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>  Coddington, William, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>  Collier, Sarah, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Collier, William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Connecticut Plantation, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cook, Esther, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cook, Francis, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cook, John, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cooke, Jacob, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cooper, Humility, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cotton, John (1), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cotton, John (2), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>  Crackston, John (1), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Crackston, John (2), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cromwell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cuckson, John, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>  Cushman, Robert, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Dartmouth, England, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li>  Dartmouth, Mass., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>  Davidson, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>  Delfshaven, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Dingy, Sarah, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Dotey, Edward, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Doyle's "English in America," <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>  Draper, Eben S., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>  Droitwich, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Dudley, Thomas, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Dunning, Dr., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>  Duxbury, Mass., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+<ul class="ix">
+<li>    Standish Monument, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Eastham, Mass., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Eaton, Francis, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Eaton, Samuel, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Eaton, Sarah, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Eliot, Charles W., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-108, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-112</li>
+
+<li>  Eliot's, George, "The Mill on the Floss," 15-16, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Ely, One, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  English, Thomas, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Everett, Edward, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Fielding, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-188</li>
+
+<li>  Fletcher, Moses, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Ford, Martha, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Fortune," The, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Anne, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Edward, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Samuel (1), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Samuel (2), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Samuel (3), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Fuller, Susanna (<i>see</i> White, Susanna)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Gainsborough, England, VIII, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-19, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-176, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+<ul class="ix">
+<li>    Old Hall, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>  Gardiner, Richard, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Glascock (Fuller), Elsie, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Goodman, John, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Grimsby, England, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>  Groton, Samuel, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hemans, Felicia, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hickman Family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hoar, George Frisbie, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>  Holbeck, William, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hooke, John, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hopkins, Constance, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hopkins, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hopkins, Giles, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hopkins, Oceanus, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hopkins, Stephen, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Horncastle, England, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hough, Atherton, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Howland, John, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hoyt, Barbara, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hull, England, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>  Humber, The, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>  Hunter, Rev. Joseph, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-167</li>
+
+<li>  Hutchinson, Governor, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Immingham, England, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Jackson, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>  Jackson, Richard, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>  James I, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>  Jamestown, Va., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>  John, King, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li>  Johnson, Francis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>  Jones, Rev. J. M., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Jones, Captain Thomas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-76, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-168</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Kyle, William S., IX</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Langemore, John, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Langton, Stephen, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-4</li>
+
+<li>  Latham, William, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Laud, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lawrence, William B., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lee, Bridget, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Leister, Edward, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Leland, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>  Leverett, John, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Leverett, Thomas, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Leyden, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-60, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+<ul class="ix">
+<li>    St. Peter's Church, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>  Lincoln, England, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Little James," The, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lodge, Henry Cabot, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>  Longfellow's "The Courtship of Miles Standish," <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lord, Abigail, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lothrop, Jane, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lothrop, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Lound, England, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>  Louth, England, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-7</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Mann, Jasper, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Margeson, Edmund, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Marshfield, Mass., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Martin, Christopher and wife, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Massachusetts Bay Colony, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-116, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+<li>  Maverick, Moses, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>  May, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Mayflower," The, <a href="#Page_xiv">XIV</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-67, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-80, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,140, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>  Mayson, Mayor John, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>  McCleary, James T., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>  Meyer, George Von L., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>  Middleboro, Mass., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>  Milner, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>  Milnes, Richard Monckton, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>  Minter, Desire, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  More, Ellen, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  More, Jasper and his brother, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Morton, George, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>  Morton's "New England's Memorial," 76, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Mourt's Relation," 95</li>
+
+<li>  Mullins, Joseph, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Mullins, Priscilla, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Mullins, William and his wife, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  <ins title="Refers to 'Naunton'.">Naughton</ins>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>  New Plymouth (<i>see</i> Plymouth Mass.)</li>
+
+<li>  Newcomen, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>  Norris, Mary, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Penn, Christian, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>  Pierce, John, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Pilgrimage of Grace," The, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-7</li>
+
+<li>  Plummer, Ann, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Plymouth, England, <a href="#Page_xiv">XIV</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-164, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>  Plymouth, Mass., <a href="#Page_vii">VII</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">XIV</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-103, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-120, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+<ul class="ix">
+<li>    Pilgrim Stone, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li>
+<li>    Cole's Hill, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li>
+<li>    The Fort, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-87, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li>
+<li>    The Church, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-119;</li>
+<li>    Pilgrim Hall, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li>
+<li>    Burial Hill, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>  Power, Solomon, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Priest, Degory, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Prince, Thomas, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>  Provincetown, Mass., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-112, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Puritans, The (<i>see</i> Massachusetts Bay Colony)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>  Rassières, Isaac de, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>  Retford, England, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>  Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>  Reynolds, Captain, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li>  Rigdale, Alice, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Rigdale, John, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Robinson, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-15, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-96, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>  Rogers, Joseph, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Rogers, Thomas, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Roosevelt, President, <a href="#Page_vii">VII</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>  Ryton River, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Salem, Mass., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Sampson, Harry, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Sandwich, Mass., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>  Savage, James, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>  Scituate, Mass., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Scrooby, England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Sears, Captain J. H., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>  Sempringham, England, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>  Smith, Captain John, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>  Smith, Ralph, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>  Smyth, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Snow, Damaris, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Snow, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  Soule, George, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-148</li>
+
+<li>  Southampton, England, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>  Southworth, Edward, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>  "Speedwell," The, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-63</li>
+
+<li>  Standish, Barbara, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Standish, Captain Miles, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-151, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Standish, Rose, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>  Story, Ellen, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Taft, President, VII, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tattershall Castle, England, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>  Thompson, Edward, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tilley, Ann, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tilley, Edward, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tilley, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tilley, John and wife, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Tinker, Thomas, and wife and son, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Torksey, England, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>  Townes, Thomas, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>  Trent River, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>  Trevore, William, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>  Turner, John, and Sons, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Van Weede, M., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>  Vassall, Judith, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Vassall, William, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Vincent, Sarah, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Warren, Richard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Warren, Sarah, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wesley, John, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wetmore, George Peabody, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wheldon, Catherine, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>  White, Justice, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>  White, Peregrine, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-152</li>
+
+<li>  White, Resolved, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  White, Susanna, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  White, William, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Whittier, VII, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wickliffe, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wilberforce, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wilder, Roger, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Williams, Roger, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>  Williams, Thomas, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wilson, John, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>  Winslow, Edward, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-156</li>
+
+<li>  Winslow, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>  Winslow, John, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>  Winthrop, Governor John, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>  Winthrop, Robert Charles, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>  Witham River, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>  Woburn, England, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wolcott, Governor, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>  Wolsey, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>  Yarmouth, Mass., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, 140, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 370px;">
+<img src="images/f002.png" width="370" height="603"
+ alt="Well worthy to be magnified are they
+ /Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+ /A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+ /And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay. /Wordsworth"
+ title="Well worthy to be magnified are they
+ /Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+ /A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+ /And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay. /Wordsworth" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<img src="images/f003.png" width="362" height="583"
+ alt="The breaking waves dash&#39;d high
+/On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+/And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+/Their giant branches toss&#39;d. /Mrs. Hemans"
+
+ title="The breaking waves dash&#39;d high
+/On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+/And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+/Their giant branches toss&#39;d. /Mrs. Hemans" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>Transcriber's Notes:</h2>
+
+<p>Images were moved to a convenient paragraph break.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p>The opening and closing illustrations are the same.</p>
+
+<p>Old spellings in quoted text and poetry are retained from the original.</p>
+
+<p>The following words are used interchangeably throughout this book:</p>
+
+<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
+<li>cooperation co-operation</li>
+<li>cornerstone corner-stone</li>
+<li>Mayflower May-flower</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_117">117</a></p>
+
+<p>(Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth). Changed from 'Photgraph' of the original.</p>
+
+<p>Index</p>
+
+<p>(Naughton, 55). This is most likely Naunton, referred to on Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, by Albert Christopher Addison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, by
+Albert Christopher Addison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims
+       And Its Place in the Life of To-day
+
+Author: Albert Christopher Addison
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2011 [EBook #36756]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by K Nordquist, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+                         THE ROMANTIC STORY
+                              _of the_
+                         MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+
+
+                     ALBERT CHRISTOPHER ADDISON]
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+    Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.
+
+                                        Wordsworth]
+
+
+[Illustration
+
+    The breaking waves dash'd high
+      On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+    And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+    Their giant branches toss'd.
+
+                           Mrs. Hemans]
+
+
+                        THE ROMANTIC STORY _of
+                        the_ MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+                         AND ITS PLACE IN THE
+                            LIFE OF TO-DAY
+
+
+_High ideals in the conduct of life are what survive, and that is why
+the Pilgrim Narrative stands forth in the pages of every history as one
+of the great events of the time._--SENATOR LODGE, _at the dedication of
+the Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, August 5th 1910_.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+  _From the Painting by W. F. Halsall_
+
+THE MAYFLOWER IN PLYMOUTH HARBOUR]
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                            ROMANTIC STORY
+
+                           OF THE MAYFLOWER
+
+                               PILGRIMS
+
+                         AND ITS PLACE IN THE
+
+                            LIFE OF TO-DAY
+
+
+                                 BY
+                            A. C. ADDISON
+
+                AUTHOR OF "OLD BOSTON: ITS PURITAN SONS
+                      AND PILGRIM SHRINES," ETC.
+
+
+                  WITH NUMEROUS ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+                               BOSTON
+                        L. C. PAGE & COMPANY
+                              MDCCCCXI
+
+
+                         COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY
+                         L. C. PAGE & COMPANY
+                           (INCORPORATED)
+
+
+                         ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+                  FIRST IMPRESSION, SEPTEMBER, 1911
+
+
+                 THE.PLIMPTON.PRESS.NORWOOD.MASS.U.S.A
+
+
+
+
+                              CONTENTS
+
+
+          CHAPTER                                      PAGE
+
+          I.   OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES        1
+
+          II.  THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO
+               HOLLAND                                   27
+
+          III. LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE
+               VOYAGE TO THE WEST                        47
+
+          IV.  "INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND
+               TRIUMPH                                   71
+
+          V.   THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES
+               OF THE FATHERS                           123
+
+          VI.  NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD
+               SHRINES                                  159
+
+               INDEX                                    189
+
+
+THE PUBLISHERS WISH TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE COURTESY OF MR. A. S. BURBANK, OF
+PLYMOUTH, MASS., IN AUTHORIZING THEIR USE OF HIS PHOTOGRAPHS,
+REPRODUCTIONS OF WHICH FORM A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
+OF THIS BOOK
+
+
+
+
+                            ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+
+  The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbour                   _Frontispiece_
+
+  The Cells, Guildhall, Boston                                    xi
+
+  A Bit of Old Gainsborough                                        5
+
+  The Old Manor House, Scrooby, where William Brewster was
+  born.--Scrooby Church                                            9
+
+  The Cottage at Austerfield where William Bradford was born      13
+
+  The Old Hall, Gainsborough, in which the Separatist Church
+  was founded in 1602                                             17
+
+  Guildhall and South Street, Boston                              21
+
+  The Old Courtroom, Guildhall, Boston                            25
+
+  The River Witham, Boston                                        29
+
+  The Pilgrim Cells, Guildhall, Boston, showing the Kitchen
+  beyond                                                          33
+
+  Old Town Gaol, Market-place, Boston                             37
+
+  Trentside, Gainsborough                                         41
+
+  Elder William Brewster                                          45
+
+  John Robinson's House, Leyden, where the Pilgrim Fathers
+  worshipped                                                      49
+
+  St. Peter's Church, Leyden                                      53
+
+  Bust of Captain John Smith                                      57
+
+  The Embarkation of the Pilgrims                                 61
+
+  Model of the Mayflower                                          65
+
+  Plymouth Harbour, as seen from Cole's Hill                      69
+
+  The Landing of the Pilgrims                                     73
+
+  The March of Miles Standish                                     77
+
+  The Canopy over Plymouth Rock                                   81
+
+  The Old Fort and First Meeting-House                            85
+
+  Pilgrims going to Church                                        89
+
+  The Departure of the Mayflower                                  93
+
+  Captain Miles Standish                                          97
+
+  Governor William Bradford                                      101
+
+  The Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown                  105
+
+  Plymouth Rock                                                  109
+
+  A Bit of Old Boston                                            113
+
+  The Site of the Old Fort, Burial Hill, Plymouth                117
+
+  First Church, Plymouth                                         121
+
+  The Pilgrim Fathers' Memorial, Plymouth                        125
+
+  John Alden.--Priscilla Mullins                                 129
+
+  Governor Bradford's Monument, Burial Hill, Plymouth            133
+
+  Governor Carver's Chair and Ancient Spinning Wheel             137
+
+  Elder Brewster's Chair and the Cradle of Peregrine White       141
+
+  The Grave of John Howland                                      145
+
+  The Grave of Miles Standish, Duxbury                           149
+
+  The Miles Standish Monument, Duxbury                           153
+
+  Governor Edward Winslow                                        157
+
+  Mayflower Tablet on the Barbican, Plymouth, England            161
+
+  Scrooby Village                                                165
+
+  The Ancient Kitchen, Guildhall, Boston                         169
+
+  Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough                         173
+
+  Tablet in Vestibule of Robinson Memorial Church,
+  Gainsborough.--Memorial Tablet on St. Peter's Church,
+  Leyden                                                         177
+
+  Design by R. M. Lucas for the Tercentenary Memorial at
+  Southampton                                                    181
+
+  The Font, Austerfield Church.--The Font, Primitive Methodist
+  Chapel, Lound                                                  185
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+By a strange yet happy coincidence, on the very day the writer of these
+lines sat silent in a Pilgrim cell at Boston--the Lincolnshire town
+where the Pilgrims were imprisoned in their first attempt to flee their
+native country--pondering on the past and inscribing his humble lines to
+the New World pioneers, the President of the American Republic was at
+Provincetown, Massachusetts, dedicating a giant monument to the planters
+of New Plymouth, the last of the many memorials erected to them. The
+date was the fifth of August, 1910. President Taft in his address at the
+commemoration ceremonies declared very truly that the purpose which
+prompted the Pilgrims' progress and the spirit which animated them
+furnish the United States to-day with the highest ideals of moral life
+and political citizenship. Three years before, another American
+President, Mr. Roosevelt, at the cornerstone laying of this monument,
+enlarged on the character of their achievement, and in ringing words
+proclaimed its immensity and world-wide significance.
+
+Down through the years the leaders of men have borne burning witness to
+the wonderful work of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its influence is deep-rooted
+in the world's history to-day, and in the life and the past of our race
+it stands its own enduring monument.
+
+The object of the present narrative is to give to the reader an account
+of the Mayflower Pilgrims that is concise and yet sufficiently
+comprehensive to embrace all essentials respecting the personality and
+pilgrimage of the Forefathers, whom the poet Whittier pictures to us in
+vivid verse as:
+
+                    those brave men who brought
+    To the ice and iron of our winter time
+      A will as firm, a creed as stern, and wrought
+      With one mailed hand and with the other fought.
+
+In the pages which follow, the Old World homes and haunts of the Pilgrim
+Fathers are depicted and described. The story has the advantage of
+having been written on the scene of their early trials, concerted plans
+of escape, and stormy emigration, by one who, from long association, is
+familiar with the history and traditions of Boston and the quaint old
+sister port of Gainsborough, and perhaps imparts to the work some
+feeling of the life and local atmosphere of those places in the days
+that are dealt with, and before. The Pilgrims are followed into Holland
+and on their momentous journey across seas to the West. The story aims
+at being trustworthy and up-to-date as regards the later known facts of
+Pilgrim history and the developments which reflect it in our own time.
+It does what no other book on the subject has attempted: it traces the
+individual lives and varying fortunes of the Pilgrims after their
+settlement in the New World; and it states the steps taken in recent
+years to perpetuate the memory of the heroic band. The tale that is told
+is one of abiding interest to the Anglo-Saxon race; and its
+attractiveness in these pages is enhanced by the series of illustrations
+which accompanies the printed record. Grateful acknowledgment is made of
+much kindly assistance rendered during the preparation of the work,
+especially by the Honourable William S. Kyle, Treasurer of the First
+(Pilgrim) Church at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
+
+              _Men they were who could not bend;
+    Blest Pilgrims, surely, as they took for guide
+    A will by sovereign Conscience sanctified._
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _From Rite and Ordinance abused they fled
+    To Wilds where both were utterly unknown._
+
+                             --WORDSWORTH, "_Ecclesiastical Sonnets,"
+                             Part III. Aspects of Christianity in
+                             America, I. The Pilgrim Fathers._
+
+_In romance of circumstance and the charm of personal heroism the story
+of the Pilgrim Fathers is pre-eminent._
+
+                                --J. A. DOYLE'S "_English in America_."
+
+_The coming hither of the Pilgrim three centuries ago ... shaped the
+destinies of this Continent, and therefore profoundly affected the
+destiny of the whole world._
+
+                               --PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, _at the laying
+                               of the corner-stone of the Pilgrim
+                               Memorial Monument at Provincetown,
+                               Massachusetts, August 20th, 1907_.
+
+[Illustration: THE CELLS, GUILDHALL, BOSTON _With winding staircase to
+court-room above_]
+
+
+FROM A PILGRIM CELL
+
+                                           THE PILGRIMS' CELLS,
+                                      GUILDHALL, BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE.
+
+
+This is written in a Pilgrim cell, one of those dark and narrow dungeons
+which the Pilgrim Fathers tenanted three hundred and four years ago, in
+the autumn of 1607, and behind the heavy iron bars of which men have for
+generations delighted to be locked in memory of their lives and deeds.
+The present-day gaoler, less terrible than his predecessor of Puritan
+times, has ushered me in and closed the rusty gate upon me, and left me
+alone, a willing prisoner for a space. I look around, but do not start
+and shrink in mortal dread as must once the hapless captives here
+immured.
+
+'Tis a gloomy place as a rule; but just now some outer basement doors,
+flung open, admit the autumn sunlight, which floods the hall floor and
+penetrates to the cell where I am seated. To get here I have stooped and
+sidled through an opening a foot and a half wide and five feet deep, set
+in a whitewashed wall fourteen inches thick. I stand with arms
+outstretched, and find that the opposite walls may be pressed with the
+finger-tips of each hand. The cell extends back seven feet, and the
+height is the same between the bare stone floor and the roughly boarded
+roof. All is dingy, cobwebbed, musty, and silent as the grave. Like the
+neighbouring tenement it is cold, mean, melancholy, fit only to be
+shunned. Yet its associations are dear indeed. For this is holy ground,
+a hallowed spot, a Mecca of modern pilgrims. It has a history held
+sacred in two hemispheres, that of religious persecution, of loyal
+resolution, of physical fetters and spiritual freedom.
+
+Such is the story inscribed upon these walls, a record which may be read
+in all their time-worn stones, on every inch of their rusted bolts and
+bars. For they are the cells of the Pilgrim Fathers. Here was the first
+rude break in their weary worldly progress, a journey which was to
+continue with affliction into Holland, thence back to Plymouth, and,
+after a last adieu there to English soil, on in the little Mayflower to
+New Plymouth and a New England.
+
+Alone in a Pilgrim cell! What thoughts the situation kindles; how
+eagerly the imagination shapes and clothes them; what scenes this mouldy
+atmosphere unfolds. The very solitude is eloquent with pious
+reminiscence; the void is filled again, peopled with those spectres of
+an imperishable past; their prayers and praise fall on the listening
+ear, a soft appeal for grace and strength, the lulling notes of a rough
+psalmody; then answering dreams and visions of the night.
+
+                                                             THE AUTHOR.
+
+1911.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES
+
+
+THE ROMANTIC STORY _of the_ MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS
+
+
+I
+
+OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES
+
+              _View each well-known scene:
+  Think what is now and what hath been._--SCOTT.
+
+
+Lincolnshire stands pre-eminent among the English shires for inspiriting
+records of trials borne and conflicts waged for conscience' sake. The
+whole country, from the lazy Trent to the booming eastern sea, teems
+moreover with religious interest. To read what happened between the
+births of two famous Lincolnshire men--Archbishop Langton in the twelfth
+century; and Methodist John Wesley in the seventeenth--is like reading
+the history of English nonconformity. The age of miracles was long since
+past; yet Stephen Langton, Primate of England and Cardinal of Rome, was
+a champion of the national liberties. He aided, nay instigated, the
+wresting of Magna Charta from King John. That was not the result of his
+education; 'twas the Lincolnshire blood in his veins. For the outrage on
+the Romish traditions the Archbishop was suspended by the Pope.
+Probably he would have been hanged if they could have got at him.
+
+But we can go back farther even than Langton's time. Not many miles from
+Gainsborough is the Danish settlement of Torksey, rich in ecclesiastical
+lore. Here Paulinus baptised the Lindissians on the sandy shore of the
+Trent, in the presence of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Hereabout, they
+say, King Alfred the Great was married to the daughter of Etheldred, and
+the old wives of Gainsborough used to recite tales of Wickliffe hiding
+on the spot where once stood the dwelling-place of Sweyn and of Canute.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Brocklehurst, Gainsborough_
+
+A BIT OF OLD GAINESBOROUGH]
+
+Lincolnshire has always had the courage to bear religious stress, and
+strange things are read of it. It was near Louth that the insurrection
+known as "The Pilgrimage of Grace" began. Eighty-five years before the
+sailing of the Mayflower, and thirty years before William Brewster was
+born, the ecclesiastical commissioners for the suppression of
+monasteries (which were plentiful in Lincolnshire) went down to hold a
+visitation at Louth. But the excursion was not to their pleasure. As one
+of them rode into the town he heard the alarm bell pealing from the
+tower, and then he saw people swarming into the streets carrying bills
+and staves, "the stir and noise arising hideous." He fled into the
+church for sanctuary, but they hauled him out, and with a sword at his
+breast bade him swear to be true to the Commonwealth. He swore. That
+was the Examiner. When the Registrar came on the scene he was with scant
+ceremony dragged to the market cross, where his commission was read in
+derision and then torn up, and he barely escaped with his life. For the
+same cause there were risings at Caistor and Horncastle--two of the
+demurest of modern towns. The Bishop's Chancellor was murdered in the
+streets of Horncastle and the body stripped and the garments torn to
+rags; and at Lincoln the episcopal palace was plundered and partially
+demolished.
+
+But Lincolnshire need rest no fame upon such merits as these. Greater
+honour belongs to the county, for it was Lincolnshire that made the most
+important of all contributions to the building of America when it sent
+forth the Pilgrim Fathers, and afterwards the Puritan leaders, who met
+for conference in the eventful days of the movement in Boston town, in
+Sempringham manor house, or in Tattershall Castle, to lay the
+foundations of the Massachusetts settlements. And, as Doyle in his
+"English in America," truly says, "In romance of circumstance and the
+charm of personal heroism the story of the Pilgrim Fathers is
+pre-eminent. They were the pioneers who made it easy for the rest of the
+host to follow." Their colony was the germ of the New England States.
+
+Amid the quiet pastures threaded by the Ryton stream, where the counties
+of York and Lincoln and Nottingham meet, are two small villages, the
+homes of the only Pilgrim Fathers satisfactorily traced to English
+birthplaces. A simple, pathetic interest clings to these secluded spots.
+At Scrooby is the manor house wherein William Brewster, the great heart
+of the pilgrimage and foremost planter of New Plymouth, was born.
+Archbishops of York had found a home here for centuries; Wolsey, at the
+close of his strangely checkered career, lodged there and planted a
+mulberry tree in the garden; Bishop Bonner dated a letter thence to
+Thomas Cromwell. And when William Brewster became Elder Brewster,
+pensive Puritans often gathered there to worship, "and with great love
+he entertained them when they came, making provision for them to his
+great charge." His condition was prosperous and he could well afford to
+do it. A Cambridge man, Brewster early took his degree at Peterhouse; he
+next saw service at Court, and accompanied Secretary Davison to the
+Netherlands; afterwards succeeding his father and grandfather as post on
+the great North Road at Scrooby, a responsible and well-paid office,
+which he filled for nearly twenty years.
+
+The parish church, "not big, but very well builded," as Leland said; the
+quaint old vicarage; the parish pound, and all that remains of the
+parish stocks: these stand witness to the antiquity of Scrooby. A little
+railway station and rushing Northern expresses are almost the only signs
+of twentieth century activity.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE OLD MANOR HOUSE, SCROOBY, WHERE WILLIAM BREWSTER WAS BORN]
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+SCROOBY CHURCH]
+
+The Scrooby community was an off-shoot from that at Gainsborough, the
+first Separatist church formed in the North of England, of which the
+pastor was John Smyth, a graduate of Cambridge, an "eminent man in his
+time" and "well beloved of most men." Smyth preached at Gainsborough
+from 1602 to 1606, when he was driven into exile. The members of his
+church gathered from miles around to its services, crossing into
+Gainsborough by the ferry-boat on the Trent. This continued for two or
+three years, until at length "these people became two distinct bodies or
+churches, and in regard of distance did congregate severally; for they
+were of sundry towns and villages."
+
+Richard Clyfton, once rector of Babworth near Retford--"a grave and
+reverend preacher"--was the first pastor at Scrooby; and with him as
+teacher was "that famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson," another
+seceder from the English Church, who afterwards was pastor for many
+years "till the Lord took him away by death."
+
+Next to Brewster, William Bradford was the most prominent of the lay
+preachers among the Scrooby fraternity. He became Governor Bradford of
+the Plymouth Colony--"the first American citizen of the English race who
+bore rule by the free choice of his brethren"--and the historian of the
+Plymouth Plantation. Bradford, a yeoman's son with comfortable home
+surroundings, lived at Austerfield, an ancient agricultural village
+about three miles from Scrooby on the Yorkshire side. The pretty cottage
+of his birth is still shown by the roadside near the Norman church, and
+the parish register bears the record of his baptism, on March 19, 1589.
+A youth of seventeen years, he walked across the fields to join the
+Scrooby brethren in their meetings. He and Brewster, the two men who
+were to impress their individuality so powerfully upon the religious
+life of the American people, became firm friends, and, says their later
+historian,[1] that friendship, "formed amid the tranquil surroundings of
+the North Midlands of their native land, was to be deepened by common
+labours and aspirations, and by common hardships and sufferings endured
+side by side both in the Old World and the New."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE COTTAGE AT AUSTERFIELD WHERE WILLIAM BRADFORD WAS BORN]
+
+But it was Robinson to whom they jointly owed much guidance. When, in
+Bradford's own words, "They could not long continue in any peaceable
+condition, but were hunted and persecuted on every side;" when "some
+were taken and clapt up in prison, and others had their houses beset and
+watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands;" and when "the
+most were fain to fly and leave their homes and habitations and the
+means of their livelihood," it was John Robinson, the devout and learned
+pastor, who led them out of Nottinghamshire into Holland, and there
+inspired within them the vision of complete earthly freedom in the
+new country across the Atlantic.
+
+Robinson was a Lincolnshire man. Gainsborough claims him, and on
+Gainsborough his first solid memorial has been raised. Many are familiar
+with Gainsborough who have never seen the town. Up the Trent sailed
+Sweyn, the sanguinary Dane, to conquest; and his son Canute--he that
+ordered back the rising tide, and got a wetting for his pains--was at
+Gainsborough when he succeeded him as King of England.
+
+Gainsborough is the St. Ogg's of "The Mill on the Floss," and the Trent
+is the Floss, along which Tom and Maggie Tulliver "wandered with a sense
+of travel, to see the rushing spring-tide, the awful AEgir, come up like
+a hungry monster"--the inrush of the first wave of the tide, a
+phenomenon peculiar at that time to both the Trent and the Witham.
+
+What George Eliot wrote of St. Ogg's describes old Gainsborough
+to-day--"A town which carries the trace of its long growth and history
+like a millennial tree, and has sprung up and developed in the same spot
+between the river and the low hill from the time when the Roman legion
+turned their backs on it from the camp on the hillside, and the
+long-haired sea-kings came up the river and looked with fierce eyes at
+the fatness of the land."
+
+And in sketching the history of St. Ogg's the novelist remembered that
+time of ecclesiastical ferment now written about, when "Many honest
+citizens lost all their possessions for conscience' sake, and went forth
+beggared from their native town. Doubtless there are many houses
+standing now," she said, "on which those honest citizens turned their
+backs in sorrow, quaint gabled houses looking on the river, jammed
+between newer warehouses, and penetrated by surprising passages, which
+turn at sharp angles till they lead you out on a muddy strand
+over-flowed continually by the rushing tide." Did not Maggie Tulliver,
+in white muslin and simple, noble beauty, attend an "idiotic beggar" in
+the still existing Old Hall, where the Fathers worshipped and John Smyth
+taught--"a very quaint place, with broad, jaded stripes painted on the
+walls, and here and there a show of heraldic animals of a bristly,
+long-snouted character, the cherished emblems of a noble family once the
+seigniors of this now civic hall"?
+
+In this Old Hall the Separatist church was founded in 1602, and here it
+had the friendly protection of the Hickman family, Protestants whose
+religious sympathies had brought them persecution and exile in the past.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+THE OLD HALL, GAINSBOROUGH, IN WHICH THE SEPARATIST CHURCH WAS FOUNDED
+IN 1602]
+
+But the "foreign-looking town" which George Eliot endowed with romance
+had, like the neighbouring estuary town of Boston, which her language
+might have served almost as well to paint, been the abode of hard,
+historic fact. We can imagine the Scrooby brethren crossing the ancient
+ferry to bid their friends at Gainsborough farewell. For in 1607 we
+read, this "groupe of earnest professors of religion and bold assertors
+of the principle of freedom and personal conviction in respect to the
+Christian faith and practice" had formed the resolution to seek in
+another country the liberty they found not at home.[2] But it was as
+unlawful to flee from their native land as to remain in it without
+conforming, for the statute of 13 Richard II, still in force, made
+emigrating without authority a penal crime.
+
+Not Gainsborough alone in the North and East appeals to the never-ending
+stream of reverent New World pilgrims to Old World shrines. On an autumn
+day of the year above named came Elder Brewster to the famed new borough
+of Boston. There he cautiously looked about him, and made a bargain with
+the captain of a Dutch vessel to receive his party on board "as
+privately as might be." But they were betrayed, arrested, stripped of
+their belongings and driven into the town, a spectacle for the gaping
+crowd, then haled before the justices at the Guildhall and "put into
+ward," there to await the pleasure of the Privy Council concerning them.
+
+Boston is a unique old shrine--a place "familiar with forgotten years,"
+as George Eliot says; a town, as already hinted, resembling Gainsborough
+in many outward features, but even wealthier in associations dear to the
+hearts of New World pilgrims. Boston and Gainsborough are regarded as
+the two most foreign-looking towns in England. Many of Boston's
+inhabitants still hold the brave spirit which enabled their ancestors to
+endure the religious stress of the seventeenth century. It has been a
+cradle of liberty since that idea first held men's thoughts and roused
+them to action.
+
+The quaint buildings, the ancient towers of Hussey and of Kyme, the
+Guildhall, the Grammar School, the great church with its giant tower all
+crusted o'er with the dust of antiquity: these stood when Bradford and
+Brewster and their companions in search of freedom were arraigned before
+the magistrates for the high crime and misdemeanor of trying to leave
+their native land.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+GUILDHALL AND SOUTH STREET, BOSTON]
+
+They must have had secret friends in the place; for some time after
+their Boston adventure the Government sent down Commissioners to make
+serious inquiry as to who had cut off the crosses from the tops of the
+maces carried before the Mayor to church "on Sundays and Thursdays and
+solemn times." John Cotton, the Puritan vicar, openly condemned the act.
+Suspicion fell upon churchwarden Atherton Hough. But he denied it,
+though "he confessed he did before that year break off the hand and arm
+of a picture of a Pope (as it seemed) standing over a pillar of the
+outside of the steeple very high, which hand had the form of a church in
+it." The confession seems to have been safely made, and doubtless
+churchwarden Hough was proud of it. He might have been better employed
+at that moment; but if any be tempted to censure his Puritan zeal, let
+them remember the temper of the times in which he lived. There was
+something more than wanton mischief behind it all. It was not in fact a
+"picture" of a Pope, but an image much more innocent. But the
+resemblance was sufficient for Atherton Hough.
+
+The venerable Guildhall, where Brewster and the rest faced the justices,
+stands in a street containing the queerest of riverside warehouses. One
+of them, old Gysors' Hall, was once the home of a family belonging to
+the merchant guilds of Boston, which gave to London two Mayors and a
+Constable of the Tower in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The
+Guildhall itself dates from the thirteenth century; the image of St.
+Mary which once adorned its front shared the fate of the "picture" on
+the church tower, with the difference that the Virgin vanished more
+completely than the "Pope." The hall is regularly used by the public;
+and local authorities with long and honourable history still deliberate
+in the ancient court-room, with its wagon roof, its arch beams, its
+wainscoted walls, and the Boston coat-of-arms and the table of Boston
+Mayors since 1545 proudly displayed to view. Except for its fittings and
+furniture the chamber presents much the appearance now that it did when
+the Pilgrim Fathers, brought up from the cells which exist to-day just
+as when they tenanted them, stood pathetic figures on its floor and were
+interrogated by a body of justices, courteous and well-disposed, but
+powerless to give them back their liberty.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE OLD COURTROOM, GUILDHALL, BOSTON
+
+_Where the Pilgrims' Fathers faced the Justices. In the floor on the
+left is the trap door to the staircase leading down to the Cells. The
+Court ceased to be held here in 1843_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dr. John Brown in "The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their
+Puritan Successors."
+
+[2] "Seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no hope of
+their continuance there, they resolved to go into y^e Low Countries,
+wher they heard was freedome of religion for all men; as also how
+Sundrie from London, and other parts of y^e land had been exiled and
+persecuted for y^e same cause, and were gone thither and lived at
+Amsterdam and in other places of y^e land, so affter they had continued
+togeither about a year, and kept their meetings every Saboth, in one
+place or other, exercising the worship of God amongst themselves,
+notwithstanding all y^e dilligence and malice of their adversaries, they
+seeing they could no longer continue in y^t condition, they resolved to
+get over into Hollad as they could which was in y^y year
+1607-1608."--Bradford's "History of Plymouth Plantation."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE RIVER WITHAM, BOSTON]
+
+
+II
+
+THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND
+
+    _Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay._
+
+                                                     WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+Great things were destined to result from that none too joyous jaunt of
+Elder Brewster's when, late in 1607, charged by the Scrooby community to
+find them a way out of England, he went down to Boston and chartered a
+ship. William Bradford was of the Boston party. Everything was quietly
+done. In all likelihood the intending emigrants never entered the town,
+but gathered at some convenient spot on the Witham tidal estuary where
+the rushing AEgir hissed.
+
+Whether the Dutch skipper was dissatisfied with the fare promised him,
+or he feared detection and punishment, cannot be told. Yet, when the
+fugitives were all on board his vessel, and appeared about to sail, they
+were arrested by minions of the law. Bitter must have been their
+disappointment; stern, we may be sure, their remonstrance. But they
+could do nothing more than upbraid the treacherous Dutchman. They were
+not kept long in doubt as to their fate. Put back into open boats, their
+captors "rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for
+money, yea, even the women further than became modesty, and then carried
+them back into the town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the
+multitude who came flocking on all sides to behold them." A goodly sight
+for this curious Boston mob. "Being thus first by the catchpole officers
+rifled and stripped of their money, books, and much other goods,"
+proceeds the account, with an honest contempt for the writings of the
+law, "they were presented to the magistrates, and messengers were sent
+to inform the Lords of the Council of them; and so they were committed
+to ward."
+
+The basement cells in which the prisoners were placed had been in use at
+that time for about sixty years, for "in 1552 it was ordered that the
+kitchens under the Town Hall and the chambers over them should be
+prepared for a prison and a dwelling-house for one of the sergeants."
+There must have been more cells formerly. Two of them now remain. They
+are entered by a step some eighteen inches high; are about six feet
+broad by seven feet long; and in lieu of doors they are made secure by a
+barred iron gate.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE PILGRIM CELLS, GUILDHALL, BOSTON, SHOWING THE KITCHEN BEYOND]
+
+Into these dens the captives were thrust. Short of a dungeon
+underground, no place of confinement could have been more depressing.
+Only the heavy whitewashed gate, scarce wide enough to allow a man to
+enter, admits the light and air; and the interior of each cell is dark
+as night. We can imagine the misery of men fated to inhabit for long
+such abodes of gloom; it must have been extreme. They look as if they
+might have served as coal cellars for feeding the great open fireplaces
+which, with their spits and jacks and winding-chains, still stand there
+in the long open kitchen much as they did when they cooked the last
+mayoral banquet or May Day dinner for the old Bostonians.
+
+A curious winding stair (partly left with its post), terminating at a
+trapdoor in the court-room floor, was the way by which prisoners
+ascended and descended on their passage to and from the Court above.
+
+Now these justices who had the dealing with the Pilgrim Fathers were
+humane men, and were not without a feeling of sympathy for the unhappy
+captives. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that during some portion
+of this time, when their presence was not required by the Court, they
+may have found them better quarters than the Guildhall cells. There was
+a roomy ramshackle pile near the church in the market-place, half shop,
+half jail, of irregular shape, with long low roof, which in 1584 was
+"made strong" as regards the prison part, though in 1603--four years
+before the date under notice--it was so insecure that an individual
+detained there was "ordered to have irons placed upon him for his more
+safe keeping," with a watchman to look after him! And thirty years later
+the jail, "and the prison therein called Little-Ease," were repaired.
+
+We know what "Little-Ease" means well enough; and so did many a wretched
+occupant of these barbarous places. The Bishop of Lincoln, in the old
+persecuting days, had at his palace at Woburn "a cell in his prison
+called Little-Ease," so named because it was so small that those
+confined in it could neither stand upright nor lie at length. Other
+bishops possessed similar means of bodily correction and spiritual
+persuasion.
+
+This was worse than the Guildhall cells, with all their gloomy horror;
+and if the magistrates entertained their unwilling guests at the town
+jail, we may rest satisfied they did not eat the bread of adversity and
+drink the water of affliction in Little-Ease, but in some more spacious
+apartment. We have no evidence that they did so entertain them, and the
+traditional lodging-place of these intercepted Pilgrims is the Guildhall
+and nowhere else. It is probable, all the same, that a good part of
+their captivity was spent in the town prison.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Drawing by the late William Brand, F. S. A._
+
+OLD TOWN GAOL, MARKET-PLACE, BOSTON]
+
+Although the magistrates, from Mayor John Mayson downward, felt for the
+sufferers and doubtless ameliorated their condition as far as they
+could, it was not until after a month's imprisonment that the greater
+part were dismissed and sent back, baffled, plundered, and
+heart-broken, to the places they had so lately left, there to endure the
+scoffs of their neighbours and the rigours of ecclesiastical discipline.
+
+Seven of the principal men, treated as ring-leaders, were kept in prison
+and bound over to the assizes. Apparently nothing further was done with
+them. Brewster is said to have been the chief sufferer both in person
+and pocket. He had eluded a warrant by leaving for Boston, and we know
+this was in September, because on the fifteenth of that month the
+messenger charged to apprehend Brewster and another man, one Richard
+Jackson of Scrooby, certified to the Ecclesiastical Court at York "that
+he cannot find them, nor understand where they are." On the thirtieth of
+September also the first payment is recorded to Brewster's successor as
+postmaster at Scrooby.
+
+How the imprisoned Separatists fared, there is nothing to show. No
+assize record exists. The Privy Council Register, which could have
+thrown light on the matter, was destroyed in the Whitehall fire of 1618;
+and the Boston Corporation records, which doubtless contained some entry
+on the subject that would have been of the greatest interest now, are
+also disappointing, as the leaves for the period, the first of a volume,
+have disappeared.
+
+Eventually the prisoners were all liberated. That dreary wait of many
+weeks was a weariness of the spirit and of the flesh. Patiently they
+bore the separation, and by and by they met to make more plans. Next
+spring they agreed with another Dutchman to take them on board at a
+lonely point on the northern coast of Lincolnshire, between Grimsby and
+Hull, "where was a large common, a good way distant from any town." This
+spot has been located as Immingham, the site of the new Grimsby docks.
+
+The women, with the children and their goods, came to the Humber by boat
+down the Trent from Gainsborough; the men travelled forty miles across
+country from Scrooby. Both parties got to the rendezvous before the
+ship, and the boat was run into a creek. This was unfortunate, as when
+the captain came on the scene next morning the boat was high and dry,
+left on the mud by the fallen tide, and there was nothing for it but to
+wait for high water at midday.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Bocklehurst, Gainsborough_
+
+TRENTSIDE, GAINSBOROUGH]
+
+Meanwhile the Dutchman set about taking the men on board in the ship's
+skiff, but when one boatload had been embarked he saw to his dismay, out
+on the hills in hot pursuit, "a great company, both horse and foot, with
+bills and guns and other weapons," for "the country was raised to take
+them." So the laconic historian says, "he swore his country's
+oath--Sacramente," and heaving up his anchor sailed straight away with
+the people he had got. Their feelings may be imagined; and their plight
+was aggravated by a violent storm, which drove them out of their course
+and tossed them about for a fortnight, until even the sailors gave up
+hope and abandoned themselves to despair. But the ship reached port,
+at last, and all were saved.
+
+The scene ashore meantime had been scarcely less distressing than that
+at sea. Some of the men left behind made good their escape; the rest
+tarried with the forsaken portion of the party. The women were
+broken-hearted. Some wept and cried for their husbands, carried away in
+the unkindly prudent Dutchman's ship. Some were distracted with
+apprehension; and others looked with tearful eyes into the faces of the
+helpless little ones that clung about them, crying with fear and quaking
+with cold.
+
+The men with the bills and guns arrested them; but, though they hurried
+their prisoners from place to place, no Justice could be found to send
+women to gaol for no other crime than wanting to go with their husbands.
+We know not what befell them. The most likely suggestion is that "they
+took divers ways, and were received into various houses by kind-hearted
+country folk." Yet this we do know. They rallied somewhere at a later
+day, and John Robinson and William Brewster, and other principal members
+of the devoted sect, including Richard Clyfton, "were of the last, and
+stayed to help the weakest over before them;" and Bradford tells us with
+a sigh of satisfaction that "notwithstanding all these storms of
+opposition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time and some at
+another, and some in one place and some in another, and mette togeather
+againe according to their desires, with no small rejoycing"--to take
+part in the wonderful movement, begun by the Pilgrims and continued by
+the Puritans, that gave to a new land a new nation. Thus, wrote Richard
+Monckton Milnes, in some verses dated "The Hall, Bawtry, May 30th,
+1854"--
+
+    Thus, to men cast in that heroic mould
+      Came Empire, such as Spaniard never knew--
+      Such Empire as beseems the just and true;
+    And at the last, almost unsought, came gold.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+ELDER WILLIAM BREWSTER]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by W. P. Demmenie, Leyden_
+
+JOHN ROBINSON'S HOUSE, LEYDEN, WHERE THE PILGRIM FATHERS WORSHIPPED]
+
+
+III
+
+LIFE IN LEYDEN--ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH--THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST
+
+    _Then to the new-found World explored their way,
+    That so a Church, unforced, uncalled to brook
+    Ritual restraints, within some sheltering nook
+    Her Lord might worship and His Word obey
+    In Freedom._--WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+The first stage of the pilgrimage from the Old England to the New was
+now accomplished. Before the end of 1608 the whole body of the fugitives
+had assembled at Amsterdam. Two Separatist communities were already
+there, one from London, of which Francis Johnson was pastor and Henry
+Ainsworth teacher, and the other from Gainsborough under John Smyth. But
+these brethren were torn with dissensions, and the Scrooby Pilgrims,
+seeking peace, moved on to Leyden, where, by permission of the
+authorities, they settled early in 1609. Here they embarked upon a
+prosperous period of church life, and after awhile purchased a large
+dwelling, standing near the belfry tower of St. Peter's Church, which in
+1611 served as pastor's residence and meeting-house, while in the rear
+of it were built a score of cottages for the use of their poor.
+
+Eleven quiet years were spent in Holland. Governor Bradford says they
+continued "in a comfortable condition, enjoying much sweet and
+delightful society and spiritual comfort," and that they "lived together
+in love and peace all their days," without any difference or disturbance
+"but such as was easily healed in love."
+
+The conditions of life were stern and hard, but they bore all
+cheerfully. With patient industry they worked at various handicrafts,
+fighting poverty and gaining friends. William Bradford was a fustian
+worker when, in 1613, at the age of twenty-three, he married Dorothy May
+of Wisbech; the marriage register which thus describes him is preserved
+in the Puiboeken at Amsterdam. Brewster, who was chief elder to John
+Robinson, now sole pastor of the congregation since Richard Clyfton had
+remained behind at Amsterdam, at first earned a livelihood by giving
+lessons in English to the students at the University. Then, in
+conjunction with Thomas Brewer, a Puritan from Kent, he set up a
+printing press, and they produced books in defence of their principles,
+such as were banned in England. Similar literature, emanating from the
+Netherlands, had excited the wrath of King James, who still possessed
+sufficient influence with the States of Holland to enable him to reach
+offending authors there. This James attempted to do in the case of Elder
+Brewster through Sir Dudley Carleton, then English ambassador at the
+Hague. The result was ludicrous failure.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH, LEYDEN]
+
+Brewster quitted Leyden for a time and went to London, not as was
+thought to elude the vigilance of the Ambassador, but to arrange with
+shipmasters for a voyage to the West, which the Pilgrims had begun to
+think about. While Brewster was being sought by the Bishop of London's
+pursuivants, Sir Dudley Carleton, unaware of the hunt proceeding in
+London, was actively searching for him at Leyden, and at last
+triumphantly informed Secretary Naunton that he had caught his man. But
+as it turned out, the bailiff charged with the arrest, "being a dull,
+drunken fellow," had seized Brewer instead of Brewster! The prisoner was
+nevertheless detained, and after some ado consented to submit himself
+for examination in England, on conditions which were observed. Nothing
+came of it however. Brewster returned free and unmolested and Brewer
+remained in Leyden for some years, when, venturing back to England, he
+was thrown into prison and kept there until released by the Long
+Parliament fourteen years later.
+
+Events were meanwhile shaping the destiny of the little Pilgrim
+community. Holland, though a welcome temporary asylum, was no permanent
+place for these English exiles, and their thoughts turned before long
+towards a settlement in North America. By good fortune this was a
+country then being opened up, and it appeared as a veritable Land of
+Promise to these refugees in search of a new home.
+
+The first attempt to found an English colony on the mainland of North
+America was made in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh took possession of the
+country and named it Virginia in honour of his Queen. Nothing came of
+this venture, but in 1607 a company of one hundred and five men from
+England, sailing in three small ships, had landed on the peninsula of
+Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay, and the first permanent settlement was
+established.
+
+The chief of this Virginian enterprise was the redoubtable John Smith, a
+Lincolnshire man, the first of those sons of empire to go out from the
+East to the West. Strange that this pioneer in the wilderness, who gave
+to New England its name, should have come from a country which was to
+contribute so much to the peopling of the New England States. It is upon
+record that in 1619 Smith, who was then unemployed at home, volunteered
+to lead out the Pilgrims to North Virginia, but nothing came of the
+offer.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by James, Louth_
+
+BUST OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
+
+_Presented by General Baden-Powell to the Louth Grammar School_]
+
+The Leyden brethren in their hour of need turned to the Virginia
+Company, and the negotiations for a settlement in the chartered
+territory were not altogether unsatisfactory. The obstacle was their
+religion. On the Council of the Company they had good friends; but its
+charter not only enforced conformity, but provided stringent measures of
+church government. Yet, though the Pilgrims could obtain no formal grant
+of freedom of worship, the presumption that they would not be disturbed
+was so strong that they accepted the conditions and were about to
+embark when the Merchant Adventurers in London with whom they were
+associated secured powers from the Plymouth Company, and they decided to
+sail for New England instead of for Virginia.
+
+Arrangements were not completed without "many quirimonies and
+complaints;" but the exiles were saddled with such substantial
+difficulties as want of capital and means of transport, and the
+bargaining was all in favour of the merchants who were to finance and
+equip the expedition. At length the compact was made and preparations
+for the voyage were pushed forward, and the eventful day arrived when
+the Pilgrims were to make the long, lone journey across the seas.
+
+Pastor Robinson and a portion of his flock were to stay behind at Leyden
+until the first detachment had secured a lodgment on the American
+continent; and those about to sail, the majority of the little
+community, went on board the Speedwell, a vessel of sixty tons. The
+Pilgrims embarked included such stout-hearted pioneers as Brewster and
+Bradford, John Carver, Edward Winslow, Isaac Allerton, Samuel Fuller,
+and John Howland, all "pious and godly men;" also Captain Miles
+Standish, who, though not a member of the congregation then or
+afterwards, was a valiant soldier whose military experience and
+well-tried sword would, it was suspected, prove of service in a country
+where "salvages" were known to exist in large numbers and might have to
+be encountered with the arm of flesh.
+
+That was a touching scene and one which stands out boldly in the history
+of the movement when, on a bright sunny morning in July, 1620, the
+Pilgrim Fathers knelt on the seashore at Delfshaven and Mr. Robinson,
+his hands uplifted and his voice broken with emotion, gave them his
+blessing. Affecting also was the parting of the emigrants with those
+they were leaving behind. They had need of all their courage and
+patience.
+
+They sailed with British cheers and a sounding volley fired as salute,
+and made a brave enough show on quitting land; but troubles dogged them
+on the waters. Delays and disappointments soon set in. The Speedwell
+brought them to Southampton, where, anchored off the West Key, they
+found the Mayflower of London, a bark of one hundred and eighty tons
+burden, Captain Thomas Jones, and several passengers, some of them
+merchants' craftsmen.
+
+Here some anxious days were spent in patching up the compact with the
+Adventurers, and while the vessels lay detained letters written by
+Robinson arrived from Leyden, one for John Carver conveying the pastoral
+promise--never, alas! redeemed--to join them later, and the other, full
+of wise counsel and encouragement, addressed to the whole company, to
+whom it was read aloud and "had good acceptance with all and after-fruit
+with many."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by Weir_
+
+THE EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS]
+
+With ninety people in the Mayflower and thirty in the Speedwell, and a
+governor and assistants appointed for each company, the two vessels
+dropped down Southampton water on August 15[3]; but they were scarcely
+in the Channel when the smaller craft began to leak, and they had to run
+into Dartmouth and overhaul her. The repairs occupied eight days. At
+the end of that time the ships again stood out to sea; but, when nearly
+three hundred miles past the Land's End, Reynolds, master of the
+Speedwell, reported that the pinnace was still leaking badly, and could
+only be kept afloat by the aid of the pumps. So there was nothing for it
+but to turn back a second time, and the vessels now put into Plymouth,
+the Pilgrims landing at the Old Barbican.
+
+At Plymouth the Speedwell was abandoned and sent back to London to the
+Merchant Adventurers, and with her went eighteen persons who had turned
+faint-hearted, among them Robert Cushman, a chief promoter of the
+emigration, and his family. Finally, after much kindness and hospitality
+extended to them by the Plymouth people, of whom they carried a grateful
+remembrance across the Atlantic, the Pilgrim Fathers said adieu, and all
+crowded on board the Mayflower, which, with its load of passengers,
+numbering one hundred and two souls, followed by many a cheering shout
+and fervent "God-speed" from the shore, set sail alone on September 16
+on its dreary voyage to the West. The weighing of the anchor of that
+little ship changed the ultimate destiny of half the English-speaking
+race!
+
+We have to remember that a trip like this in such a vessel as the
+Mayflower, crowded for the most part with helpless people, was a
+hazardous undertaking. The dangers of the deep were dreaded in those
+days for all-sufficient reasons, and here was a tiny craft, heavily
+submerged, making a winter voyage on a stormy ocean to a destination
+almost unknown. It must have required the strongest resolution, both of
+passengers and crew, to face the perils of the venture; the step was a
+desperate one, but, urged on by circumstances and an indomitable spirit,
+they took it unfalteringly, having first done what they could to make
+the lumbering little ship seaworthy.
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_
+
+MODEL OF THE MAYFLOWER]
+
+The weather was cold and tempestuous, and the passage unexpectedly long.
+Half way across the Atlantic the voyagers incurred the penalty of those
+early delays, which now left them still at sea in the bad season. Caught
+by the equinoctial gales, they were sadly buffeted about, driven hither
+and thither by boisterous winds, tossed like a toy on the face of great
+rolling, breaking billows, the decks swept, masts and timbers creaking,
+the rigging rattling in the hard northern blast. One of the violent seas
+which struck them, unshipped a large beam in the body of the vessel,
+but by strenuous labour it was got into position again, and the
+carpenters caulked the seams which the pitching had opened in the sides
+and deck. Once that sturdy colonist of later years, John Howland,
+venturing above the gratings, was washed overboard, but by a lucky
+chance he caught a coil of rope trailing over the bulwark in the sea,
+and was hauled back into the ship. A birth and a death at intervals were
+also events of the passage. It was not until two whole months had been
+spent on the troubled ocean that glad cries at last welcomed the sight
+of land, and very soon after, on November 21, sixty-seven days out from
+Plymouth, the Mayflower rounded Cape Cod and dropped anchor in the
+placid waters of what came to be Provincetown Harbour.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1890, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOUR, AS SEEN FROM COLE'S HILL]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] New style, which is that adopted for the dates of sailing, and
+arrival and landing in North American.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND TRIUMPH
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS]
+
+
+IV
+
+"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN"--TRIALS AND TRIUMPH
+
+    _The breaking waves dash'd high_
+      _On a stern and rock-bound coast;_
+    _And the woods, against a stormy sky,_
+      _Their giant branches toss'd._--MRS. HEMANS.
+
+
+We can imagine with what wondering awe and mingled hopes and fears the
+Pilgrims looked out over the sea upon that strange New World, with its
+great stretch of wild, wooded coast and panorama of rock and dune and
+scrub, wintry bay and frowning head-land, to which destiny and the worn
+white wings of the Mayflower together had brought them. With thankful
+hearts for safe deliverance from the perils of the sea, mindful of the
+past and not despairing for the future, they turned trustfully and
+bravely to meet the dangers which they knew awaited them in the unknown
+wilderness ashore.
+
+The point reached by the voyagers was considerably north of the intended
+place of settlement, the vicinity of the Hudson River; but whether
+accidental or designed--and some evidence there certainly was which
+seemed to show that the master of the Mayflower had been bribed by the
+Dutch[4] to keep away from Manhattan, which they wanted for
+themselves--the variation was a happy one for the colonists, inasmuch as
+it saved them from the savages, who were warlike and numerous near the
+Hudson, while in this district they had been decimated and scattered by
+disease.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE MARCH OF MILES STANDISH]
+
+Now the Pilgrims were a prudent as well as a pious and plucky people,
+and while yet upon the water they set about providing themselves with a
+system of civil government. Placed as they were by this time outside the
+pale of recognized authority, some fitting substitute for it must be
+established if order was to be maintained. The necessity for this was
+the more imperative as there were some on board--the hired labourers,
+probably--who were not, it was feared, "well affected to peace and
+concord." Assembled in the cabin of the Mayflower, we accordingly have
+the leaders of the expedition, preparing that other historical incident
+of the pilgrimage. There they drew up the document forming a body
+politic and promising obedience to laws framed for the common good. This
+was the first American charter of self-government. It was subscribed by
+all the male emigrants on board, numbering forty-one. Under the
+constitution adopted, John Carver was elected Governor for one year.
+
+The Mayflower rode at anchor while three explorations were made to
+discover a suitable place of settlement, one of them on shore under
+Captain Miles Standish, and two by water in the ship's shallop, which
+had been stowed away in pieces 'tween decks on the voyage. On December
+21st an inlet of the bay was sounded and pronounced "fit for shipping,"
+and the explorers on going inland found "divers cornfields and little
+running brooks," and other promising sources of supply. They accordingly
+decided that this was a place "fit for situation," and on December 26th
+the Mayflower's passengers, cramped and emaciated by long confinement on
+board, leaped joyfully ashore. Appropriately the spot was named New
+Plymouth, after the last port of call in Old England.
+
+The Pilgrims landed on a huge boulder of granite, the Pilgrim Stone,
+still reverently preserved by their descendants: a rock which was
+
+                  to their feet as a doorstep
+  Into a world unknown--the cornerstone of a nation![5]
+
+The early struggles of the Plymouth planters and the hardships they
+endured form a story of terrible privation and suffering on the one hand
+and heroic endurance and self-sacrifice on the other. They were late in
+arriving, and the season, midwinter, was unpropitious. The weather was
+unusually severe, even for that rigorous climate, and the Pilgrims found
+themselves in sorry plight on that bleak New England shore. Cold and
+famine had doggedly to be fought, and the contest was an unequal one.
+Cooped up for so long in the Mayflower, and badly fed and sheltered on
+the voyage, the settlers were ill-fitted to withstand the stress of the
+new conditions. For a time it was a struggle for bare existence, and the
+little colony was brought very near to extinction.
+
+The first care was to provide accommodation ashore, and for economy of
+building the community was divided into nineteen households, and the
+single men assigned to the different families, each of whom was to erect
+its own habitation and to have a plot of land. These rude homesteads of
+wood and thatch, and other buildings, eventually formed a single street
+beside the stream running down to the beach from the hill beyond. The
+soil of the chosen settlement appeared to be good, and abounded with
+"delicate springs" of water; the land yielded plentifully in season, and
+life teemed upon the coast and in the sea.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1906, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE CANOPY OVER PLYMOUTH ROCK]
+
+But many of the Pilgrims never lived to enjoy this provision of a
+bountiful Providence. Worn out, enfeebled in health, insufficiently
+housed ashore, they were a prey to sickness. Death reaped a rich harvest
+in their midst. Every second day a grave had to be dug for one or other
+of them in the frozen ground. Sometimes, during January and February,
+two or three died in a single day. So rapid was the mortality that at
+last only a mere handful remained who were able to look after the sick.
+William Bradford was at this time prostrated, and it is pathetic to note
+the expression of his gratitude to his friend William Brewster and Miles
+Standish and others who ministered to his needs and those of the
+fellow-sufferers around him. One house, the first finished, was set
+apart as a hospital. The hill above the beach was converted into a
+burial-ground,[6] and one is touched to the quick to read of the graves
+having to be levelled and grassed over for fear the prowling Indians
+should discover how few and weak the strangers were becoming!
+
+With March came better weather, and for the first time "the birds sang
+pleasantly in the woods," and brought hope and gladness to the hearts of
+the struggling colonists. But, by that time, of the hundred or more who
+had landed three short months before, one-half had perished miserably.
+John Carver succumbed in April, and his wife quickly followed him to
+the grave. Bradford, by the suffrages of his brethren, was made Governor
+for the first time in Carver's place. He had himself sustained a heavy
+bereavement, for, while he was away in the shallop with the exploring
+party, Dorothy May, the wife he had married at Amsterdam, fell overboard
+and was drowned. Many men of the Mayflower also died that dreadful
+winter as the ship lay at anchor in the bay, including the boatswain,
+the gunner, and the cook, three quartermasters and several seamen.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From a Painting_
+
+THE OLD FORT AND FIRST MEETING HOUSE]
+
+To other troubles were allied the ever menacing peril of the Indians,
+which resulted in the famous challenge of the bundle of arrows wrapped
+in a rattlesnake's skin, and Bradford's effective reply to it with a
+serpent's skin stuffed with powder and shot; also, less happily, that
+return of Miles Standish and his men bearing in triumph a sagamore's
+head; and the building of the hill-fort, with cannon brought ashore from
+the Mayflower mounted on its roof, where also they worshipped till the
+first church was built at the hill fort in 1648. Here it was that the
+Pilgrims perpetuated the church founded at Scrooby in England. A
+building erected for storage and public worship in the first days of the
+colony took fire soon after its completion and was burnt to the ground.
+Of the refuge on the hill Bradford writes: "They builte a fort with good
+timber, both strong and comly, which was of good defence, made with a
+flatte rofe and batilments, on which their ordnance was mounted, and
+where they kepte constante watch, especially in time of danger. It
+served them also for a meeting-house, and was fitted accordingly for
+that use." The fort was large and square, and a work of such pretentions
+as to be regarded by some of the Pilgrims as vainglorious. Its provision
+was fully justified by the dangers which threatened the settlers, and it
+became the center of both the civic and religious life of the little
+colony.
+
+An excellent idea of the scene at Sunday church parade is given in a
+letter[7] written by Isaac de Rassieres, secretary to the Dutch colony
+established at Manhattan, the modern New York, in 1623, describing a
+visit he paid to the Plymouth Plantation in the autumn of 1627. After
+speaking of the flat-roofed fort with its "six cannon, which shoot iron
+balls of four and five pounds and command the surrounding country," the
+writer says of the Pilgrims meeting in the lower part: "They assemble by
+beat of drum, each with his musket or firelock, in front of the
+captain's door; they have their cloaks on, and place themselves in order
+three abreast, and are led by a sergeant without beat of drum. Behind
+comes the Governor in a long robe; beside him, on the right hand, comes
+the Preacher with his cloak on, and on the left the Captain with his
+sidearms and cloak on, and with a small cane in his hand; and so they
+march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him. Thus they are
+constantly on their guard, night and day."
+
+The spectacle may not have been strictly that witnessed at every service
+on "Sundays and the usual holidays," for this was a state visit to the
+Colony, with solemn entry and heralding by trumpeters, and the Pilgrims
+probably treated the occasion with more form than was their wont. Still
+it is an instructive picture, full of romantic suggestion.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by G. H. Boughton_
+
+PILGRIMS GOING TO CHURCH]
+
+And then the service itself. For some notion of this we must turn to a
+visit paid to the Plantation five years later, in the autumn of 1632,
+when we are introduced to another scene in the fortified church. From
+the "Life and Letters" of John Winthrop, Governor of the neighbouring
+Colony of Massachusetts Bay, we gather that, at the time stated,
+Winthrop and his pastor, John Wilson, came over to Plymouth, walking the
+twenty-five miles. "On the Lord's Day," we read, "there was a sacrament,
+which they did partake in." Roger Williams was there as assistant to
+Ralph Smith, the first minister of Plymouth church, and in the afternoon
+Williams, according to custom, "propounded a question," to which Mr.
+Smith "spake briefly." Then Mr. Williams "prophesied," that is he
+preached, "and after, the Governor of Plymouth spake to the question;
+after him, Elder Brewster; then some two or three men of the
+congregation. Then Elder Brewster desired the Governor of Massachusetts
+and Mr. Wilson to speak to it, which they did. When this was ended the
+deacon, Mr. Fuller, put the congregation in mind of their duty of
+contribution; whereupon the Governor and all the rest went down to the
+deacon's seat, and put into the box, and then returned."
+
+There is nothing here about the music of the services, such as it was,
+vocal only, rugged, but not without melody. We know, however, that the
+Pilgrims used that psalter, brought over by them to New England, with
+its tunes printed above each psalm in lozenge-shaped Elizabethan notes,
+which Longfellow so grandly describes in "The Courtship of Miles
+Standish" as
+
+            the well-worn psalm-book of Ainsworth,
+    Printed in Amsterdam, the words and the music together,
+    Rough-hewn, angular notes, like stones in the walls of a churchyard,
+    Darkened and overhung by the running vine of the verses.
+
+The duty of "tuning the Psalm," as they designated the performance, in
+the young colonial days, before choirs or precentors were dreamt of, was
+delegated to some lusty-lunged brother present, and, judged by the
+testimony which has come down to us, it was an onerous one, trying to
+his patience and his vocal power when, as sometimes happened, the
+congregation carried another tune against him. They were called to
+Sabbath worship in the earlier times by sound of horn or beat of drum
+or the blowing of a large conch-shell. At Plymouth we have seen it was
+by drum beat, probably from the roof, that the people were assembled at
+the meeting-house.
+
+When the Mayflower left them to return home in the spring, the settlers
+must have felt they were desolate indeed, for their nearest civilised
+neighbours were five hundred miles to the north and south of them, the
+French at Nova Scotia and the English in Virginia. Seven months later,
+in November, came the Fortune, bringing thirty-five new emigrants,
+including William Brewster's eldest son; John Winslow, a brother of
+Edward; and Robert Cushman, who had turned back the year before at Old
+Plymouth. In addition to her passengers, the Fortune brought out to the
+colonists, from the Council of New England, a patent[8] of their land,
+drawn up in the name of John Pierce and his associate Merchant
+Adventurers in the same way as the charter granted them by the Plymouth
+Company on February 21, 1620, authorising the planters to establish
+their colony near the mouth of the Hudson river.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+_From the Painting by A. W. Bayes_
+
+THE DEPARTURE OF THE MAYFLOWER]
+
+When the Fortune sailed back to England, she carried a cargo of
+merchandise valued at five hundred pounds. This was intended for the
+Adventurers, but they never received it, for when nearing port, the
+vessel was captured by the French and the cargo seized. The ship was
+allowed to proceed, and Cushman, who returned in her, secured the papers
+on board, among them Bradford and Winslow's Journal, known as Mourt's
+Relation, and a letter from Edward Winslow to his "loving and old
+friend" George Morton, who was about to come out, giving seasonable
+advice as to what he and his companions should bring with them--good
+store of clothes and bedding, and each man a musket and fowling-piece;
+paper and linseed oil for the making of their windows (glass being then
+too great a luxury for a New England home), and much store of powder and
+shot.
+
+Soon arrived further parties from Leyden and stores from the Adventurers
+in London in the Anne and the Little James pinnace, the people including
+such welcome additions as Brewster's two daughters, Fear and Patience;
+George Morton and his household; Mrs. Samuel Fuller; Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth, afterwards the second wife of Governor
+Bradford; and Barbara, who married Miles Standish. Then from the Leyden
+pastor came letters for Bradford and Brewster. The writer was dead--had
+been dead a year--when those letters reached their destination, but this
+they only knew when Standish gave them the tidings on his return from a
+voyage to England. John Robinson passed away at the age of forty-nine on
+March 1, 1622, in the old meeting-house at Leyden, and they buried him
+under the pavement of St. Peter's Church. Brewster lost his wife about
+the time the sad news was known, and the messenger who brought it had
+further to tell of the death of Robert Cushman. Truly the tale of
+affliction was a sore one.
+
+By the July of 1623 a total of about two hundred and thirty-three
+persons had been brought out, including the children and servants, of
+whom one hundred and two, composed of seventy-three males and
+twenty-nine females, eighteen of the latter wives, were landed from the
+Mayflower. At the close of that year not more than one hundred and
+eighty-three were living. The survivors bravely persevered. Gradually
+the Pilgrim Colony took deep root. The New Plymouth men were a steady,
+plodding set, and the soil, if hard, was tenacious. They got a firm
+foothold. They suffered much, for their trials by no means ended with
+the first winter; but their cheerful trust in Providence and in their
+own final triumph never wavered. By 1628 their position was secure
+beyond all doubt or question. The way was now prepared; the tide of
+emigration set in; and the main body of the Puritans began to follow in
+the track of their courageous and devoted advance-guard.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH]
+
+Out there in the West these Pilgrims, or first-comers, settled
+themselves resolutely to the task which lay before them. They were no
+idle dreamers, though their idealism was intense, and they were united
+by the bonds of sympathy and helpfulness, one towards another. Their
+works were humble, their lives simple and obscure, their worldly success
+but small, their fears many and pressing, and their vision of the future
+restricted and dim. But they consistently put into practise the
+conceptions and ideals which dominated them and were to be the
+inheritance of the great Republic they unconsciously initiated and
+helped to build up. They established a community and a government
+solidly founded on love of freedom and belief in progress, on civil
+liberty and religious toleration, on industrial cooperation and
+individual honesty and industry, on even-handed justice and a real
+equality before the laws, on peace and goodwill supported by protective
+force. They were more liberal and tolerant in religion than the Puritan
+colonists of Massachusetts Bay, and more merciful in their punishments;
+they perpetrated no atrocities against inferior peoples, and cherished
+the love of peace and of political justice.
+
+Although at first the relations of the Pilgrims with their Puritan
+neighbours were none of the best, a better state of feeling before long
+prevailed. We have seen how John Winthrop and his pastor plodded over to
+Plymouth to attend its Sunday worship. Three years earlier, in 1629,
+Bradford and some of his brethren went by sea to Salem to an ordination
+service there, and, says Morton in his "Memorial," "gave them the right
+hand of fellowship." There were other visits, letters of friendship, and
+reciprocal acts of kindness. We read of Samuel Fuller, physician and
+deacon, going to Salem to tend the sick, and of Governor Winthrop
+lending Plymouth in its need twenty-eight pounds of gunpowder.
+
+This good feeling strengthened as time went on, and drew together the
+Plantations of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut for mutual
+support and protection; and in May, 1643, the deputies of these
+Colonies, meeting at Boston, subscribed the Articles of Confederation
+which created the first Federal Union in America. This league prospered
+well until 1684, when the Colonial charter was annulled and a Crown
+Colony was established under an English governor. Less than a decade
+later Massachusetts became a Royal province, and that period in American
+history was entered upon which ended with the Declaration of
+Independence and the creation of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR WILLIAM BRADFORD]
+
+While the federation of 1643 did much for the United Colonies, it
+overshadowed, but could not obscure, Plymouth and the unique annals and
+traditions which have preserved for it a foremost place in all American
+history. With the order of things inaugurated in 1692 the body politic
+framed by the men of the Mayflower ceased to have separate existence,
+but it remains deep in the foundations of the nation which absorbed it.
+In the modest language of William Bradford used in his day, "As one
+small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone
+to many, yea, in some sort to our whole nation," a truth which has a far
+wider application now than it had in Bradford's time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Such is the story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, romantic, heroic, idyllic,
+based also upon the principles which have molded and maintained a mighty
+free nation. Its place in the life of to-day is honoured and
+conspicuous, and rests upon the rock of a people's gratitude.
+
+During the nineteenth century it was proclaimed by many orators, among
+them John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Robert Charles
+Winthrop, and George Frisbie Hoar--to name only the century's dead--who
+as New Englanders and lovers of liberty were well fitted to voice the
+virtues of the Pilgrim Fathers, the hardships they endured, their high
+merits as colonists compared with other colonists of ancient and modern
+times, and the immense issues springing from their devout, laborious,
+and self-sacrificing lives.
+
+Passing on to the twentieth century we have the story taken up by one
+American President and continued by another at the cornerstone laying
+and dedication of a combined tribute of State and Nation to the lives
+and work of the Forefathers. This was the Pilgrim Memorial Monument,
+erected at Provincetown on a commanding site above the harbour in whose
+waters the Mayflower dropped her anchor nearly three centuries ago.
+
+The gatherings there of 1907 and 1910 stand out prominently in Pilgrim
+history, especially so that of August 5 of the latter year, which was
+grandly impressive alike in its magnitude and its purpose and character.
+President Taft, the successor of President Roosevelt, arrived in his
+yacht Mayflower with imposing naval display amid rejoicing and the
+booming of guns. He was greeted by Governor of the State Eben S. Draper,
+Captain J. H. Sears, president of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial
+Association, and members of the local committee. Accompanying him were
+Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, United States Senators Henry
+Cabot Lodge and George Peabody Wetmore, and Justice White of the United
+States Supreme Court. The scene and the ceremonies, soul-stirring and
+significant, are worthy of permanent record.
+
+Escorted by a company of bluejackets, of whom two thousand, with marines
+from the warships, lined the street from the wharf, President Taft and
+the other guests were driven up the hill to the Monument, where, from
+the grandstand at its base, Captain Sears reviewed the plans which
+resulted in its erection.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE PILGRIM MEMORIAL MONUMENT AT PROVINCETOWN]
+
+President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University gave an historical
+address. In graphic language he contrasted the desolate prospect
+confronting the Pilgrims at Cape Cod with the picture upon which the
+present concourse gazed, a happy and prosperous population filling the
+smiling land and in the harbour traversed by the Mayflower a varied
+throng of ships, "with them numerous representatives of a strong naval
+force maintained by the eighty million free people who in nine
+generations from the Pilgrims have explored, subdued, and occupied that
+mysterious wilderness so formidable to the imagination of the early
+European settlers on the Atlantic coast of the American continent."
+
+With force and pathos Dr. Eliot spoke of the debt they all owed to the
+Pilgrim Fathers. "We are to hear the voices of the Chief Magistrate of
+this multitudinous people and of the Governor of the Commonwealth
+acknowledging the immeasurable indebtedness of the United States and of
+the Colony, Province, and State of Massachusetts to the adult men and
+the eighteen adult women who were the substance or seed-bearing core of
+the Pilgrim company; and we, the thousands brought hither peacefully in
+a few summer hours by vehicles and forces unimagined in 1620 from the
+wide circuit of Cape Cod--which it took the armed parties from the
+Mayflower a full month to explore in the wintry weather they
+encountered--salute tenderly and reverently the Pilgrims of the
+Mayflower, and, recalling their fewness and their sufferings, anxieties
+and labours, felicitate them and ourselves on the wonderful issues in
+human Joy, strength, and freedom of their faith, endurance, and
+dauntless resolution."
+
+Dr. Eliot was followed by M. Van Weede, charge d'affaires of the
+Netherlands Legation at Washington, whose Government was represented on
+this occasion because the Pilgrims sailed from Holland. (The cornerstone
+laying three years before was attended by the British Ambassador.)
+
+Formal transfer of the Monument from the National Commission, which
+directed its construction, to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the
+Pilgrim Memorial Association, was made on behalf of the United States
+Government by Senator Lodge, who enlarged upon the two great political
+principles embodied in the Mayflower compact, the conception of an
+organic law and of a representative democracy, and on the noble
+purpose--that of securing freedom of worship and the preservation of
+their nationality and native language--of the little band of exiles who
+signed the document and settled there.
+
+William B. Lawrence of Medford accepted the Monument on behalf of the
+Memorial Association, and a quartet sang "The Landing of the Pilgrims,"
+by Mrs. Felicia Hemans.
+
+Congressman James T. McCleary of Minnesota, who supported the bill in
+Congress for a Government appropriation to assist in the building of the
+Monument, also spoke.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PLYMOUTH ROCK]
+
+Governor Draper then introduced the President. "This Monument," he said,
+"shows that our people and our State and National Government honour and
+revere the Pilgrims and the great principles of government they
+enunciated," and for that reason, he added, "It is most fitting that
+this Monument, whose cornerstone was laid by one President, should be
+dedicated by another."
+
+President Taft declared that the spirit which animated the Pilgrim
+Fathers had made the history of the United States what it was by
+
+furnishing it with the highest ideals of moral life and political
+citizenship. "It is meet therefore," said he, "that the United States,
+as well as the State of Massachusetts, should unite in placing here a
+Memorial to the Pilgrims. The warships that are here with their cannon
+to testify to its national character typify the strength of that
+Government whose people have derived much from the spirit and example of
+the heroic band. Governor Bradford, Elder Brewster, Captain Miles
+Standish are the types of men in whom as ancestors, either by blood, or
+by education and example as citizens, the American people may well take
+pride."
+
+The ceremonies were brought to a close by Miss Barbara Hoyt, a
+descendant of Elder Brewster, unveiling a bronze tablet over the door of
+the Monument facing the harbour which bears an appropriate inscription
+written by Dr. Eliot.
+
+And so this magnificent Monument stands as a landmark which, seen from
+afar across the ocean, will remind the traveller of the small beginnings
+of New England when, in the words of Dr. Eliot, fired and led by the
+love of liberty, the Mayflower Pilgrims here "founded and maintained a
+State without a king or a noble, and a Church without a bishop or a
+priest."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is upon record that in the early days of the Plymouth Plantation an
+expedition was made in the Mayflower's shallop, a big boat of about
+fourteen tons, to a point lower down on the coast, where the party made
+friends with the Shawmut Indians and found a fine place for shipping,
+and forty-seven beautiful islands, which they greatly admired as they
+sailed in and out amongst them. This was the future Boston Harbour.
+
+It is interesting to reflect that when, a decade and more after the
+Pilgrim Fathers had landed in America, some hundreds of Puritan
+colonists embarked for Massachusetts, many of the leading burgesses of
+the then only Boston--that Old Boston, scene of the Pilgrims' detention
+and suffering--were of the number. The town cannot claim a contribution
+to the Mayflower, but it has a boast as proud, for it was because the
+ancient seaport sent so large a contingent of Puritans to America that
+it was ordered "that Trimountain," the site overlooking the sheltered
+waters and the island group which delighted Pilgrim eyes, "shall be
+called Boston."
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+A BIT OF OLD BOSTON]
+
+It was in the spring of 1630 that the main body of Puritan emigrants,
+John Winthrop's party, sailed from Southampton. A year before that the
+Massachusetts Bay Company dispatched to the West an expedition of five
+ships, and one of them was our old friend the wonderful little
+Mayflower, of immortal memory, which nine years earlier had carried out
+the Plymouth Pilgrims and was now assisting in the settlement of
+Massachusetts!
+
+Among the Bostonians and their friends who sailed with or in the wake of
+Winthrop were Richard Bellingham, Recorder of the town (Nathaniel
+Hawthorne in "The Scarlet Letter" draws Governor Bellingham of the New
+Boston); bold Atherton Hough aforementioned, Mayor of the borough in
+1628; Thomas Leverett, an alderman, "a plain man, yet piously subtle";
+Thomas Dudley and young John Leverett, who became Governors of
+Massachusetts; William Coddington, father and governor of Rhode Island;
+and John Cotton, the far-famed Puritan preacher of Boston church, who
+became one of the leading religious forces of New England life.
+
+And Old Boston, we have seen, is still much as it was outwardly over
+three hundred years ago, when the Pilgrim Fathers gazed upon it, and
+later Cotton preached long but edifying sermons in the vast church, and
+the Puritan warden struck the Romish symbol from the hand of a carven
+image on the noble tower.
+
+The first days of the Trimountain Colony resembled in some of their
+features those of the planting of New Plymouth. Although their shelter
+was of the scantiest, the settlers had not, like the settlers of
+Plymouth, to face at the outset the rigors of a Western winter. The
+Pilgrims arrived in December, on the shortest day of the year, whereas
+the day of the Puritans' landing was the very longest. Sickness and
+famine had nevertheless to be fought. Disease quickly carried off twenty
+per cent. of the people. About a hundred others returned home
+discouraged. The rest persevered, and proved themselves worthy followers
+of the New Plymouth Pilgrims. The Colony was, moreover, recruited by
+fresh comers from the old country; and through many vicissitudes,
+dissensions, and set-backs, much that was blasting to the spiritual and
+moral life and development of the Colony, it prospered materially and
+gathered strength. And there grew up the New England States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE SITE OF THE OLD FORT, BURIAL HILL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+On the slope of Burial Hill,[9] surrounded by memorials of the Pilgrim
+Fathers and with the graves of their dead in the background; facing down
+that stream-skirted street of the Pilgrims once bordered by their humble
+dwellings and echoing to the tread of their weary feet; looking out upon
+the waters which bore to this haven, long years ago, the storm-tossed
+Mayflower and her eager human freight, there stands to-day a church
+which through the centuries has preserved unbroken records and
+maintained a continuous ministry. This is the First Church in Plymouth
+and the first church in America, the church of Scrooby, Leyden, and the
+Mayflower company, the church of Brewster and Bradford, of Winslow and
+Carver, whose first covenant, signed in the cabin of the little emigrant
+ship, is still the basis of its fellowship. Here Roger Williams, the
+banished of Boston and missionary of Rhode Island--a man according to
+Bradford of "many precious parts, but very unsettled in
+Judgment"--ministered for a time under Ralph Smith in the early stormy
+days of the sister colony; and here John Cotton, son of the famous
+Boston teacher and preacher--"a man of scholarly tastes and habits,
+somewhat decided in his convictions, diligent and faithful in his
+pastoral duties"[10]--was pastor for nearly thirty years from 1669.
+
+As the First Church in Boston is the fifth of its line, so is the First
+Church in Plymouth the fifth meeting-house used by the Pilgrim
+community. Its predecessor, a shrine of Pilgrim history around which
+precious associations clustered, was destroyed by fire in 1892; from
+the burning ruins was rescued the town bell cast by Paul Revere in
+1801, and this sacred relic hangs and tolls again in the tower of the
+present edifice.
+
+Amid such scenes as these well may we of to-day pause and reflect. For
+on this hallowed spot, with its historic environment and its striking
+reminders of a great and honoured past, was rocked the cradle of a
+nation of whose civil and religious liberty it was the first rude home.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+FIRST CHURCH, PLYMOUTH
+
+_The entrance to Burial Hill is shown on the Right_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Morton in his "New England's Memorial," declares that the Dutch
+fraudulently hired the captain of the Mayflower to steer to the north of
+what is now New York, and adds: "Of this plot between the Dutch and Mr.
+Jones I have had late and certain information."
+
+[5] Longfellow, "The Courtship of Miles Standish."
+
+[6] This is the Cole's Hill of the present day, the spot where half the
+Mayflower Pilgrims found their rest during the first winter. Five of
+their graves were discovered in 1855, while pipes for the town's
+waterworks were being laid, and two more (now marked with a granite
+slab), in 1883. The bones of the first five are deposited in a
+compartment of the granite canopy which covers the "Forefathers' Rock"
+on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed.
+
+[7] The letter was addressed by De Rassieres to Herr Blommaert, a
+director of his company, after his return to Holland, where the Royal
+Library became possessed of it in 1847.
+
+[8] This document, preserved still in the Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, is
+dated June 1, 1621, and bears the signatures and seals of the Duke of
+Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, and Sir Ferdinando
+Gorges, a name for many years prominent in American history. The patent
+only remained in force a year. That issued by the Council eight years
+later was transferred by Governor Bradford to the General Court in 1640.
+
+[9] Burial Hill was the site of the embattled church erected in 1622,
+and contains many ancient tombstones and the foundations of a watchtower
+(1643), now covered with sod.
+
+[10] John Cuckson, "History of the First Church in Plymouth." Dying in
+1699, two years after his resignation at Charleston, South Carolina,
+Cotton was "buried with respect and honour by his old parishioners, who
+erected a monument over his grave."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE PILGRIM FATHERS' MEMORIAL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+
+V
+
+THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL--FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS
+
+    _On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled._
+                                            EDMUND SPENSER.
+
+    _There were men with hoary hair_
+      _Amidst that pilgrim band:_
+    _Why had they come to wither there,_
+      _Away from their childhood's land?_
+
+    _There was woman's fearless eye,_
+      _Lit by her deep love's truth;_
+    _There was manhood's brow serenely high,_
+      _And the fiery heart of youth._
+
+
+So sings Mrs. Hemans in her famous poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim
+Fathers in New England." That devoted little Pilgrim band comprised,
+indeed, the Fathers and their families together, members of both sexes
+of all ages. When the compact was signed in the Mayflowers cabin on
+November 21, 1620, while the vessel lay off Cape Cod, each man
+subscribing to it indicated those who accompanied him. There were
+forty-one signatories, and the total number of passengers was shown to
+be one hundred and two. What became of them? What was their individual
+lot and fate subsequent to the landing on Plymouth Rock on December 26?
+For long, long years the record as regards the majority of them was
+lost to the world. Now, after much painstaking search, it has been
+found, bit by bit, and pieced together. And we have it here. It is a
+document full of human interest.
+
+John Alden, the youngest man of the party, was hired as a cooper at
+Southampton, with right to return to England or stay in New Plymouth. He
+preferred to stay, and married, in 1623, Priscilla Mullins, the
+"May-flower of Plymouth," the maiden who, as the legend goes, when he
+first went to plead Miles Standish's suit, witchingly asked, "Prithee,
+why don't you speak for yourself, John?" Alden was chosen as assistant
+in 1633, and served from 1634 to 1639 and from 1650 to 1686. He was
+treasurer of the Colony from 1656 to 1659; was Deputy from Duxbury in
+1641-42, and from 1645 to 1649; a member of the Council of War from 1653
+to 1660 and 1675-76; a soldier in Captain Miles Standish's company 1643.
+He was the last survivor of the signers of the compact of November,
+1620, dying September 12, 1687, aged eighty-four years.
+
+Bartholomew Allerton, born in Holland in 1612, was in Plymouth in 1627,
+when he returned to England. He was son of Isaac Allerton.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+JOHN ALDEN]
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, 1904, by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+PRISCILLA MULLINS]
+
+Isaac Allerton, a tailor of London, married at Leyden, November 4, 1611,
+Mary Norris from Newbury, Berkshire, England. He was a freeman of
+Leyden. His wife died February 25, 1621, at Plymouth. Allerton
+married Fear Brewster (his second wife), who died at Plymouth, December
+12, 1634. In 1644 he had married Joanna (his third wife). He was an
+assistant in 1621 and 1634, and Deputy Governor. He was living in New
+Haven in 1642, later in New York, then returned to New Haven. He died in
+1659.
+
+John Allerton, a sailor, died before the Mayflower made her return
+voyage. Mary Allerton, a daughter of Isaac, was born in 1616. She
+married Elder Thomas Cushman. She died in 1699, the last survivor of the
+Mayflower passengers. Remember Allerton was another daughter living in
+Plymouth in 1627. Sarah Allerton, yet another daughter, married Moses
+Maverick of Salem.
+
+Francis Billington, son of John and Eleanor, went out in 1620 with his
+parents. In 1634 he married widow Christian (Penn) Eaton, by whom he had
+children. He removed before 1648 to Yarmouth. He was a member of the
+Plymouth military company in 1643. He died in Yarmouth after 1650.
+
+John Billington was hanged[11] in 1630 for the murder of John Newcomen.
+His widow, Eleanor, who went over with him, married in 1638 Gregory
+Armstrong, who died in 1650, leaving no children by her. John
+Billington, a son of John and Eleanor, born in England, died at Plymouth
+soon after 1627.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR BRADFORD'S MONUMENT, BURIAL HILL, PLYMOUTH]
+
+William Bradford, baptised in 1589 at Austerfield, Yorkshire, was a
+leading spirit in the Pilgrim movement from its inception to its
+absorption in the Union of the New England Colonies. We have seen how,
+on the death of John Carver, he became the second Governor of Plymouth
+Colony, and he five times filled that office, in 1621-33, 1635, 1637,
+1639-44, and 1645-47, as well as serving several times as Deputy
+Governor and assistant. A patent was granted to him in 1629 by the
+Council of New England vesting the Colony in trust to him, his heirs,
+associates and assigns, confirming their title to a tract of land and
+conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws; but eleven years
+later he transferred this patent to the General Court, reserving only to
+himself the allotment conceded to him in the original division of land.
+Bradford's rule as chief magistrate was marked by honesty and fair
+dealing, alike in his relations with the Indian tribes and his treatment
+of recalcitrant colonists. His word was respected and caused him to be
+trusted; his will was resolute in every emergency, and yet all knew that
+his clemency and charity might be counted on whenever it could be safely
+exercised. The Church was always dear to him: he enjoyed its faith and
+respected its institutions, and up to the hour of his death, on May 9,
+1657, he confessed his delight in its teachings and simple services.
+Governor Bradford was twice married, first, as we know, at Leyden in
+1613 to Dorothy May, who was accidentally drowned in Cape Cod harbour on
+December 7, 1620; and again on August 14, 1623, to Alice Carpenter,
+widow of Edward Southworth. By his first wife he had one son, and by his
+second, two sons and a daughter. Jointly with Edward Winslow, Bradford
+wrote "A Diary of Occurences during the First Year of the Colony," and
+this was published in England in 1622. He left many manuscripts, letters
+and chronicles, verses and dialogues, which are the principal
+authorities for the early history of the Colony; but the work by which
+he is best remembered is his manuscript "History of Plymouth
+Plantation," now happily, after being carried to England and lost to
+sight for years in the Fulham Palace Library, restored to the safe
+custody of the State of Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR CARVER'S CHAIR AND ANCIENT SPINNING WHEEL]
+
+William Brewster more than any man was entitled to be called the Founder
+of the Pilgrim Church. It originated in his house at Scrooby, where he
+was born in 1566, and he sacrificed everything for it. He was elder of
+the church at Leyden and Plymouth, and served it also as minister for
+some time after going out. Through troubles, trials, and adversity, he
+stood by the Plymouth flocks, and when his followers were in peril and
+perplexity, worn and almost hopeless through fear and suffering, he kept
+a stout heart and bade them be of good cheer. Bradford has borne
+touching testimony to the personal attributes of his friend, who, he
+tells us, was "qualified above many," and of whom he writes that "he was
+wise and discrete, and well-spoken, having a grave and deliberate
+utterance, of a very cheerful spirite, very sociable and pleasante among
+his friends, of an humble and modest mind, of a peaceable disposition,
+under-valewing himself and his own abilities and sometimes
+over-vallewing others, inoffensive and innocent in his life and
+conversation, which gained him ye love of those without, as well as
+those within." Of William Brewster it has been truly said that until
+his death, on April 16, 1644, his hand was never lifted from Pilgrim
+history. He shaped the counsels of his colleagues, helped to mould their
+policy, safeguarded their liberties, and kept in check tendencies
+towards religious bigotry and oppression. He tolerated differences, but
+put down wrangling and dissension, and promoted to the best of his power
+the strength and purity of public and private life. Mary Brewster, wife
+of William, who went out with him, died before 1627.
+
+Love Brewster, son of Elder William, born in England, married (1634)
+Sarah, daughter of William Collier. He was a member of the Duxbury
+company in 1643, and died at Duxbury in 1650.
+
+Wrestling Brewster, son of Elder William, emigrated at the same time; he
+died a young man, unmarried.
+
+Richard Britteridge died December 21, 1620, his being the first death
+after landing.
+
+Peter Brown probably married the widow Martha Ford; he died in 1633.
+
+William Button, a servant of Samuel Fuller, died on the voyage.
+
+John Carver, first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, landed from the
+Mayflower with his wife, Catherine, and both died the following spring
+or summer. Carver was deacon in Holland. He left no descendants.
+
+Robert Carter was a servant of William Mullins, and died during the
+first winter.
+
+James Chilton died December 8, 1620, before the landing at Plymouth, and
+his wife succumbed shortly after. Their daughter Mary, tradition states,
+romantically if not truthfully, was the first to leap on shore. She
+married John Winslow, and had ten children.
+
+Richard Clarke died soon after arrival.
+
+Francis Cook died at Plymouth in 1663.
+
+John Cook, son of Francis Cook by his wife, Esther, shipped in the
+Mayflower with his father. He married Sarah, daughter of Richard Warren.
+On account of religious differences he removed to Dartmouth, of which he
+was one of the first purchasers. He became a Baptist minister there. He
+was also Deputy in 1666-68, 1673, and 1681-83-86. The father and son
+were both members of the Plymouth military company in 1643.
+
+John Cook died at Dartmouth after 1694.
+
+Humility Cooper returned to England, and died there.
+
+John Crackston died in 1621; his son, John, who went out with him, died
+in 1628.
+
+Edward Dotey married Faith Clark, probably as second wife, and had nine
+children, some of whom moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere.
+He was a purchaser of Dartmouth, but moved to Yarmouth, where he died
+August 23, 1655. He made the passage out as a servant to Stephen
+Hopkins, and was wild and headstrong in his youth, being a party to the
+first duel fought in New England.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+ELDER BREWSTER'S CHAIR AND THE CRADLE OF PEREGRINE WHITE]
+
+Francis Eaton went over with his first wife, Sarah, and their son,
+Samuel. He married a second wife, and a third, Christian Penn, before
+1627. He died in 1633.
+
+Samuel Eaton married, in 1661, Martha Billington. In 1643 he was in the
+Plymouth military company, and was living at Duxbury in 1663. He removed
+to Middleboro, where he died about 1684.
+
+Thomas English died the first winter.
+
+One Ely, a hired man, served his time and returned to England.
+
+Moses Fletcher married at Leyden, in 1613, widow Sarah Dingby. He died
+during the first winter.
+
+Edward Fuller shipped with his wife, Ann, and son, Samuel. The parents
+died the first season.
+
+Samuel Fuller, the son, married in 1635 Jane, daughter of the Reverend
+John Lothrop; he removed to Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683,
+having many descendants.
+
+Dr. Samuel Fuller, brother of Edward, was the first physician; he
+married (1) Elsie Glascock, (2) Agnes Carpenter, (3) Bridget Lee; he
+died in 1633. His descendants of the name are through a son, Samuel, who
+settled in Middleboro.
+
+Richard Gardiner, mariner, was at Plymouth in 1624, but soon
+disappeared.
+
+John Goodman, unmarried, died the first winter.
+
+John Hooke died the first winter, as did also William Holbeck.
+
+Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married in 1639 Catherine Wheldon; he
+moved to Yarmouth and afterwards to Eastham, and died about 1690.
+
+Stephen Hopkins went out with his second wife, Elizabeth, and Giles and
+Constance, children by a first wife. On the voyage a child was born to
+them, which they named Oceanus, but it died in 1621. He was an
+assistant, 1634-35, and died in 1644. His wife died between 1640 and
+1644. Constance, daughter of Stephen, married Nicholas Snow. They
+settled at Eastham, from which he was a Deputy in 1648, and he died
+November 15, 1676; she died in October, 1677, having had twelve
+children. Damaris, a daughter, was born after their arrival and married
+Jacob Cooke.
+
+John Howland married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. He was a Deputy
+in 1641, 1645 to 1658, 1661, 1663, 1666-67, and 1670; assistant in 1634
+and 1635; also a soldier in the Plymouth military company in 1643. He
+died February 23, 1673, aged more than eighty years, and his widow died
+December 21, 1687, aged eighty years.
+
+John Langemore died during the first winter.
+
+William Latham about 1640 left for England, and afterwards went to the
+Bahamas, where he probably died.
+
+Edward Leister went to Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE GRAVE OF JOHN HOWLAND]
+
+Edmund Margeson, unmarried, died in 1621.
+
+Christopher Martin and wife both died early; his death took place
+January 8, 1621.
+
+Desire Minter returned to England, and there died.
+
+Ellen More perished the first winter.
+
+Jasper More removed to Scituate, and his name is said to have become
+Mann. He died in Scituate in 1656; his brother died the first winter.
+
+William Mullins shipped with his wife, son Joseph, and daughter
+Priscilla, who married John Alden. The father died February 21, 1621,
+and his wife during the same winter, as did also the son.
+
+Solomon Power died December 24, 1620.
+
+Degory Priest married in 1611, at Leyden, widow Sarah Vincent, a sister
+of Isaac Allerton; he died January 1, 1621.
+
+John Rigdale went out with his wife, Alice, both dying the first winter.
+
+Joseph Rogers went with his father, Thomas Rogers, who died in 1621. The
+son married, and lived at Eastham in 1655, dwelling first at Duxbury and
+Sandwich. He was a lieutenant, and died in 1678 at Eastham.
+
+Harry Sampson settled at Duxbury, and married Ann Plummer in 1636. He
+was of the Duxbury military company in 1643, and died there in 1684.
+
+George Soule was married to Mary Becket. He was in the military company
+of Duxbury, where he resided, and was the Deputy in 1645-46, and
+1650-54. He was an original proprietor of Bridgewater and owner of land
+in Dartmouth and Middleboro; he died 1680, his wife in 1677.
+
+Ellen Story died the first winter.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE GRAVE OF MILES STANDISH, DUXBURY]
+
+Miles Standish, that romantic figure in the Pilgrim history, did good
+service for the Colony, and practically settled the question whether the
+Anglo-Saxon or the native Indian was to predominate in New England. Born
+in Lancashire about 1584, and belonging to the Duxbury branch of the
+Standish family, he obtained a lieutenant's commission in the English
+army and fought in the wars against The Netherlands and Spain. His taste
+for military adventure led to his joining the Pilgrims at Leyden, and
+when the Mayflower reached Cape Cod, he led the land exploring parties.
+Soon he was elected military captain of the Colony, and with a small
+force he protected the settlers against Indian incursions until the
+danger from that quarter was past. When they were made peaceably secure
+in their rights and possessions, and warlike exploits and adventures
+were at an end, Standish retired to his estate at Duxbury, on the north
+side of Plymouth Bay: but in peace, as in war, he was still devoted to
+the interests of the Colony, frequently acting as Governor's assistant
+from 1632 onward, becoming Deputy in 1644, and serving as treasurer
+between that year and 1649. His wife Rose, who sailed with him in the
+Mayflower, died January 29, 1621, but he married again, and had four
+sons and a daughter. He died on October 3, 1656, honoured by all the
+community among whom he dwelt, and his name and fame are perpetuated in
+history, in the poetry of Longfellow and Lowell, and by the monument
+which stands upon what was his estate at Duxbury, the lofty column on
+Captain's Hill, seen for miles both from sea and land.
+
+Edward Thompson died December 4, 1620.
+
+Edward Tilley and his wife Ann both died the first winter.
+
+John Tilley accompanied his wife and daughter Elizabeth; the parents
+died the first winter, but the daughter survived and married John
+Howland.
+
+Thomas Tinker, with his wife and son, died the first winter.
+
+John Turner had with him two sons, but the party succumbed to the
+hardships of the first season.
+
+William Trevore entered as a sailor on the Mayflower, and returned to
+England on the Fortune in 1621.
+
+William White went out with his wife Susanna, and son Resolved. A son,
+Peregrine, was born to them in Provincetown Harbour, who has been
+distinguished as being the first child of the Pilgrims born after the
+arrival in the New World. This is his strongest claim, as his early life
+was rather disreputable, though his obituary, in 1704, allowed "he was
+much reformed in his last years." William, the father, died on February
+21, 1621; his widow married, in the May following, Edward Winslow, who
+had recently lost his wife.
+
+Resolved White married (1) Judith, daughter of William Vassall; he lived
+at Scituate, Marshfield, and lastly Salem, where he married, (2) October
+5, 1674, widow Abigail Lord, and died after 1680. He was a member of the
+Scituate military company in 1643.
+
+Roger Wilder died the first winter, and Thomas Williams also died the
+first season.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+THE MILES STANDISH MONUMENT, DUXBURY]
+
+Edward Winslow, an educated young English gentleman from Droitwich,
+joined the brethren at Leyden in 1617, and accompanying them to New
+England, was the third to sign the compact on board the Mayflower,
+Carver and Bradford signing before, and Brewster after him, then Isaac
+Allerton and Miles Standish. Winslow was one of the party sent to
+prospect along the coast. Before leaving Holland, he married at Leyden,
+in 1618, Elizabeth Barker, who went out with him, but died March 24,
+1621, and as we have seen, he shortly afterwards married widow Susanna
+(Fuller) White. Winslow proved himself a man of exceptional ability and
+character, and gave the best years of his life to the service of the
+Colony. While on a mission to England in its interests in 1623, he
+published an account of the settlement and struggles of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, under the title "Good News for New England, or a relation
+of things remarkable in that Plantation." Later he wrote (and published
+in 1646). "Hypocrisie Unmasked; by a true relation of the proceedings of
+the Governor of Massachusetts against Samuel Groton, a notorious
+Disturber of the Peace," which is chiefly remarkable for an appendix
+giving an account of the preparations in Leyden for removal to America,
+and the substance of John Robinson's address to the Pilgrims on their
+departure from Holland. Winslow was Governor of the Colony in 1633,
+1636, and 1644, and at other times assistant. In 1634 he went to England
+again on colonial business, and before sailing accepted a commission for
+the Bay Colony which required him to appear before the King's
+Commissioners for Plantations. Here he was brought face to face with
+Archbishop Laud, who could not resist the opportunity of venting his
+wrath upon the representative of the Plymouth settlement, about whose
+sayings and doings he had been duly informed. Winslow was accused of
+taking part in Sunday services and of conducting civil marriages. He
+admitted the charges, and pleaded extenuating circumstances; but Laud
+was not to be appeased and committed the bold Separatist to the Fleet
+Prison, where he remained for seventeen weeks, when he was released and
+permitted to return to America, wounded in his conscience by the cruel
+wrong done him and impoverished by legal expenses. In October, 1646,
+against the advice of his compatriots, Winslow undertook another
+mission to the old country, this time in connection with the federation
+of the New England Colonies, and, accepting service under Cromwell,
+sailed on an expedition to the West Indies, caught a fever, and died,
+and was buried at sea on May 8, 1655.
+
+Gilbert Winslow, another subscriber to the compact in the Mayflower's
+cabin, returned subsequently to England and died in 1650.
+
+Apart from the events of their after lives, the spirit which possessed
+the Mayflower Pilgrims and guided their leaders in exile is well
+expressed by Mrs. Hemans when she says, in her stirring lines--
+
+      They sought a faith's pure shrine!
+    Ay, call it holy ground,
+      The soil where first they trod;
+    They have left unstained what there they found--
+      Freedom to worship God.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth_
+
+GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW
+
+_The only authentic Portrait of a Mayflower Pilgrim_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] The murderer Billington, sad to relate, was one of those who signed
+the historic compact on board the Mayflower. He was tried, condemned to
+death, and executed by his brethren in accordance with their primitive
+criminal procedure. At first, trials in the little colony were conducted
+by the whole body of the townsmen, the Governor presiding. In 1623 trial
+by Jury was established, and subsequently a regular code of laws was
+adopted. The capital offences were treason, murder, diabolical
+conversation, arson, rape, and unnatural crimes. Plymouth had only six
+sorts of capital crime, against thirty-one in England at the accession
+of James I, and of these six it actually punished only two, Billington's
+belonging to one of them. The Pilgrims used no barbarous punishments.
+Like all their contemporaries they used the stocks and the
+whipping-post, without perceiving that those punishments in public were
+barbarizing. They inflicted fines and forfeitures freely without regard
+to the station or quality of the offenders. They never punished, or even
+committed any person as a witch. Restrictive laws were early adopted as
+to spirituous drinks, and in 1667 cider was included. In 1638 the
+smoking of tobacco was forbidden out-of-doors within a mile of a
+dwelling-house or while at work in the fields; but unlike England and
+Massachusetts, Plymouth never had a law regulating apparel.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Battershill, Plymouth_
+
+MAYFLOWER TABLET ON THE BARBICAN, PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND]
+
+
+VI
+
+NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES
+
+                    pilgrim shrines,
+    Shrines to no code or creed confined.--LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+Memories of the Mayflower and the Pilgrim Fathers were actively revived
+when, in July, 1891, during the Mayoralty of Mr. J. T. Bond, a number of
+the Pilgrims' descendants and their representatives from the New World
+visited Old World Plymouth, and with an interest whole-hearted and
+profound inspected the scene, famous in the annals and traditions of our
+race, which witnessed their forbears' last brief sojourn on English
+soil--a place where the Fathers, as they never tired of testifying, in
+the days when Thomas Townes was Mayor, were "kindly entertained and
+courteously used by divers friends there dwelling," and whence the
+sturdy little Mayflower sailed to the West with its precious human
+freight, to lay the foundation of the New England States.
+
+To commemorate this visit, and the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers two
+hundred and seventy years before, the site of the historic embarkation
+was marked by the Mayflower Stone and Tablet placed on the Barbican at
+Plymouth, the stone in the pavement of the pier adjacent to the ancient
+causey trod by the Pilgrims' departing feet and destroyed a few years
+later, and the tablet on the wall of the Barbican facing it.
+
+The memorial and the circumstances of its erection formed a fitting
+tribute to the New England pioneers; and the story told by these stones
+should serve to remind all who behold them of the devoted lives, the
+splendid achievement, and the romantic history of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims. They are at once a landmark and a shrine honoured by the
+English and American peoples.
+
+In June, 1896, another company of New World pilgrims landed at
+Plymouth, and proceeded to worship in spirit at Old World shrines.
+During two weeks they wandered about the dear old country--"Our Old
+Home," as Nathaniel Hawthorne calls it in his book of English
+reminiscences--lingering on the scenes associated with the lives of
+their forefathers: quiet villages wherein they were born; quaint,
+half-forgotten boroughs in which they lived; the metropolis in which
+they taught; the sombre East Anglia, where many of them died "for the
+testimony." But chief of all were the places where these sojourners
+could look on the homes of the grave, brave men who gathered together
+the people who sailed in the Mayflower, and led the way to the New
+World.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+SCROOBY VILLAGE]
+
+We still call them "the Pilgrim Fathers," in spite of what the Reverend
+Joseph Hunter, an esteemed native of South Yorkshire, wrote in his
+book.[12] "There is something of affectation in this term," he finds,
+"which is always displeasing to me." "It appears to me," says he, "to be
+philologically improper." And then he explains. "An American who visits
+the place from which the founders of his country emigrated is a pilgrim
+in the proper sense of the word, whether he finds an altar, a shrine, or
+a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders, when they found the
+shores of America, were proceeding to no object of this kind, and even
+leaving it to the winds and the waves to drive them to any point on an
+unknown and unmarked shore."
+
+Perhaps Mr. Hunter is right, philologically; but apart from his history
+(which may be challenged, because the master of the Mayflower knew where
+he was going if the Pilgrims did not, and a map and description of the
+region had been published by Captain John Smith, the name-giver of New
+England), the designation stands, and will ever be cherished by those
+familiar with the spots these faithful Fathers left when, pilgrims and
+wanderers, they set forth they scarcely knew whither, and finally
+crossed the little-known sea. And the most historic of such shrines are
+in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.
+
+When the New World pilgrims arrived at Plymouth for the journey through
+the old country, by a curious arrangement they travelled backwards; for
+Plymouth was the last place the Pilgrim Fathers touched, and the haunts
+they took in turn were those which saw the rise and earlier efforts of
+those grave and reverend seekers for religious freedom. Soon they
+reached Boston--dreamy, old-world, tide-washed, fenland-locked
+Boston--scene of deep interest to them all, filled with hallowed
+memories of the Pilgrim Fathers and founders of the Western States.
+
+The party numbered nearly fifty, a dozen at least of whom could lay
+claim to be lineal descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Their leader
+was the Reverend Dr. Dunning of Boston, Massachusetts, and among them
+were representatives of the National Council of American Congregational
+churches.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Hackford, Boston_
+
+THE ANCIENT KITCHEN, GUILDHALL, BOSTON]
+
+Boston, like Plymouth, gave them a warm welcome. The cordiality of their
+reception to the old town was acknowledged on behalf of the pilgrims
+by Dr. Dunning. "Our fathers found it difficult to get away from
+Boston," said he, "and from the kindness you have shown us we are much
+afraid that you are planning to detain us also." The character of the
+"detention" was very different with nearly three centuries intervening,
+and this Dr. Dunning and his friends abundantly realised.
+
+The visitors were taken over the old parish church, and were duly
+impressed by its size and grandeur as a whole; and the scene was most
+striking and memorable when, gathered within its beautiful chancel,
+these representative New World men, many of them with the blood of the
+Pilgrim Fathers in their veins, joined in singing together the noble
+hymn, "O God, our help in ages past." Next the Guildhall was visited.
+Here the disused sessions-court, where the fugitives were arraigned in
+1607, and other upper rooms were scrutinised.
+
+But most attractive were the kitchen and prison beneath. The cells must
+in fact have had more "prisoners" in them that day than they had held
+for a long time, for there was scarcely a member of the company who was
+not shut up in at least one of them during the inspection. They thus
+realised something of what their forefathers actually endured; the taste
+of the bitterness was slight, and wanting in the old-time flavour which
+the prisoners' treatment imparted, but it was sufficient to call forth
+expressions of abhorrence at the thought of continued confinement in
+such a place.
+
+At last the pilgrims said farewell to a town crowded with precious
+memories and entrained for Lincoln, where their welcome by the Free
+Churches and Cathedral authorities was in keeping with that extended to
+them everywhere on their route. At Lincoln they received an address. "We
+feel," said the Nonconformists there, "that in welcoming you to this
+county of ours, we are welcoming you back to your ancestral home, for
+Lincolnshire people never forget that their county is inseparably
+associated with the history of the Pilgrim Church. We claim the great
+John Robinson, the pastor of the Pilgrim church, as our own, and the
+neighbouring town of Gainsborough boasts of having been for some time
+the church's home. We are proud of the men, of the testimony they bore,
+of the work they did. All England is debtor to the men of the Pilgrim
+Church for their heroic witness in behalf of a pure and Scriptural faith
+and freedom of conscience worship."
+
+And "the neighbouring town of Gainsborough," home of the Pilgrim Church,
+gave itself up at this time to a ceremonial stone-laying of the Robinson
+Memorial Church, a function which the American pilgrims attended,
+together with the Honourable T. F. Bayard, the United States Ambassador,
+who made a journey into Lincolnshire to lay this stone, and
+Congregationalists gathered from all parts.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros., Retford_
+
+ROBINSON MEMORIAL CHURCH, GAINSBOROUGH
+
+_The corner-stone of the church was laid by Mr. Bayard in June, 1896_]
+
+First the pilgrims drove to Scrooby, Bawtry, and Austerfield, where they
+inspected Brewster's house and Bradford's cottage and other objects of
+absorbing interest linked with the lives of the exiled Separatists. They
+then entered Gainsborough--that "foreign-looking town," subject of
+George Eliot's romantic pen, birthplace of John Robinson--where an
+address was presented to Mr. Bayard at the Town Hall, and luncheon was
+partaken of at the Old Hall, one of Gainsborough's most cherished
+antiquities, where John Smyth and his brethren held services and John
+Wesley many times preached. A move was next made to the site of the
+future Robinson Memorial Hall, a building at once a tribute to a worthy
+Englishman and an agency for the development of Christian work in the
+home of the Pilgrim Fathers. The proceedings were under the presidency
+of the Reverend J. M. Jones, chairman of the Congregational Union of
+England and Wales. To Mr. Bayard was handed a silver trowel, the gift of
+the congregation of the Gainsborough church, bearing an inscription and
+engravings of the Mayflower and of Delfshaven, on whose beach Robinson
+knelt in prayer with the Pilgrim band ere they set out on their long and
+checkered voyage. Having laid the cornerstone, Mr. Bayard sketched the
+early life of John Robinson, on from his Cambridge career to his
+harassed ministry at Norwich, his withdrawal to Lincolnshire in 1604 and
+the inception of the Scrooby congregation, whose faith found cause for
+hope and cheerful courage in the dark hours of their persecution,
+adversity, and affliction. He went on to picture the blessings of civil
+and religious liberty which we are apt to accept and enjoy without
+giving much heed to the generations that in bygone years toiled and
+suffered to secure them for us. How small, said he, the measure of our
+gratitude and infrequent our recognition of those who
+
+    Beyond their dark age led the van of thought.
+
+Well, reasoned Mr. Bayard, on such a scene and such an occasion as this,
+might the words of Whittier be repeated--
+
+      Our hearts grow cold,
+      We lightly hold
+    A right which brave men died to gain;
+      The stake, the cord,
+      The axe, the sword,
+    Grim nurses at its birth of pain.
+
+It was the momentous issues raised by the invasion of liberty of
+conscience that drove John Robinson and his associates forth. As William
+Bradford has recorded, "Being thus molested and with no hope of their
+continuance there, by a joynte consent they resolved to go into ye low
+countries, where they heard was freedom of religion for all men." Then
+it was that they made the attempted passage from Boston to The
+Netherlands.
+
+[Illustration: TABLET IN VESTIBULE OF ROBINSON MEMORIAL CHURCH,
+GAINSBOROUGH]
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL TABLET ON ST. PETER'S CHURCH, LEYDEN]
+
+Glancing at the history of the arbitrary and cruel measures taken to
+prevent the departure of the congregation, which finally, in broken
+detachments, distressed, despoiled, imperilled by land and sea,
+assembled at Amsterdam, moving thence to Leyden, Mr. Bayard paid
+grateful recognition to the country which, in their hour of sore need,
+extended to exiles welcome protection and generous toleration in an age
+of intolerance, and recited the familiar incidents connected with their
+sailing for America. "It is clear and plain to us now that the departure
+from England of this small body of humble men was a great step in the
+march of Christian civilisation. It contained the seed of Christian
+liberty, freedom of enquiry, freedom of man's conscience." As for John
+Robinson, between whose grave and the colony he was the means of
+planting, washes the wide ocean he never crossed. His memory is a tie of
+kindred--a recognition of the common trust committed to both nations to
+sustain the principles of civil and religious liberty of which he was a
+fearless champion, and under which he has so marvellously fulfilled the
+prophesy "A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a great
+nation." And the seed of Christian liberty, sown in adversity but on
+good soil, has become a wide-spreading tree in whose sheltering branches
+all who will may lodge.
+
+Six years after this stone-laying, in June, 1902, the tercentenary of
+the founding of the Gainsborough church, a tablet was unveiled in the
+vestibule of the new building to commemorate the world-wide co-operation
+in honouring one "the thought of whom stirs equal reverence in English
+and American hearts."
+
+What the American Ambassador so well said at Gainsborough was a fitting
+prelude to the excursion which his countrymen, continuing their
+itinerary, made to the Pilgrim scenes in Holland where, in 1891, the
+English Plymouth memorial year, they had erected on St. Peter's
+Cathedral at Leyden, under which lie his bones, a tablet to John
+Robinson, pastor of the English church worshipping "over against this
+spot," whence at his prompting went forth the Pilgrim Fathers to settle
+New England.
+
+[Illustration: DESIGN BY R. M. LUCAS FOR THE TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL AT
+SOUTHAMPTON, TO BE UNVEILED ON AUGUST 15TH, 1912]
+
+The Gainsborough ceremony and the visits to Plymouth and Boston forged
+further links in the chain of sympathy and brotherhood between England
+and America. Fresh evidence has since been forthcoming that the
+religious zeal and love of manly independence which induced the
+Mayflower Pilgrims to expatriate themselves and found a mighty empire
+across the Atlantic have their abiding influence to-day. We have seen
+how these New World pilgrimages to Old World shrines rekindled dormant
+affections on both sides.[13] No doubt the journeys will be renewed
+again and again over much the same ground in the days to come.
+
+It was about this time that Mr. Bayard was instrumental in restoring to
+the State of Massachusetts William Bradford's manuscript "History of
+Plymouth Plantation." About the middle of the eighteenth century this
+valuable record was deposited in the New England Library, in the tower
+of the Old South Church in Boston, but it disappeared, and found its way
+to England. By some it was thought that Governor Hutchinson carried it
+off; others believed that it was looted by British soldiers when Boston
+was evacuated. Anyhow it vanished, and was given up for lost. But by a
+lucky chance it was discovered. It was not until 1855 that certain
+passages in Wilberforce's "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
+America," printed in 1846, professing to quote from "a manuscript
+History of Plymouth in the Fulham Library," revealed the whereabouts of
+the priceless folios. These quotations were identified as being similar
+to extracts from Bradford's History made by earlier annalists--Nathaniel
+Morton, who used it freely in his "New England's Memorial," published
+1669; Thomas Prince, in his "Annals" printed in 1736; and Governor
+Hutchinson, the last man known to have seen the manuscript, who used it
+in the preparation of his "History of Massachusetts" (second volume), in
+1767. The story of the return of the manuscript has been told by the
+Honourable George F. Hoar, the venerable Senator of Massachusetts who,
+during a visit to England, interviewed the Bishop of London on the
+subject, and, when the History had been recovered through the good
+offices of Mr. Bayard, had the satisfaction of handing it over to
+Governor Wolcott on May 24, 1897. Ten years subsequently, after Mr.
+Bayard's death, another Bishop of London, engaged on a mission to
+America, presented to President Roosevelt the original deed appointing
+Colonel Coddington first Governor of Rhode Island. This document was
+found in the muniment room at Fulham Palace; it bears the seal of the
+Cromwellian Government and the signature of Bradshaw.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph by Welchman Bros, Retford_
+
+THE FONT, AUSTERFIELD CHURCH
+
+_For a long time it was believed that this font was used at the baptism
+of William Bradford_]
+
+[Illustration: THE FONT, PRIMITIVE METHODIST CHAPEL, LOUND
+
+_The font that was probably used at the baptism of William Bradford_]
+
+Those Americans who visited the district of Bawtry for the purpose of
+seeing the Pilgrim village of Austerfield would be surprised ten years
+later, in August, 1906, to hear that the font in the old parish church,
+which had so often been pointed to as that at which William Bradford was
+baptised, was not in reality what it had been represented to be. For
+some time there was a heated controversy in the district, and this
+revealed certain strange facts concerning the font which go to prove
+that the Norman font used at Bradford's baptism is at the present time
+in a small Primitive Methodist chapel at Lound near Retford,
+Nottinghamshire. It seems that about fifty years ago the sexton, one
+Milner, was ordered to clear certain rubbish out of the church at
+Austerfield, and sell it. Among the objects thus disposed of was the
+font. A farmer, John Jackson, became the purchaser, and a few years
+later the font passed to his son, who for some time kept it in his
+garden as an ornament. In 1895 the farm changed hands, the new tenant
+being a Mr. Fielding, and included in the fixtures he took over was the
+font, described in the auctioneers' valuation award, dated April 15,
+1895, as "Garden--Stone baptismal font (formerly in Austerfield Parish
+Church)." Having no wish to keep the font Mr. Fielding gave it to his
+mother, a native of Austerfield, and she in turn handed it over to the
+trustees of the chapel at Lound, where it still remains, jealously
+guarded in the incongruous surroundings of its alien home. It is noted
+that when, years ago, the clergyman at Austerfield discovered what
+sexton Milner had done, he sent for him and told him of the great loss
+the church had sustained. It was little use locking the stable door when
+the steed had gone, but the sexton, being a man of resource, thought he
+saw a way out of the difficulty. So to avoid further trouble he brought
+a trough from his own farmyard and substituted it for the lost font!
+That was a very impious kind of fraud indeed, but it seems quite clear
+that it was perpetrated. The church authorities, it must be admitted,
+have done their best to atone for the faults of the past in the
+direction of trying to restore the ancient font to its original place.
+Unfortunately they have not succeeded, for though good offers were made
+to Mrs. Fielding and the chapel trustees, they resolutely refused to
+part with the precious relic. The fear was then entertained that a
+wealthy American would some day buy the font, and thus deprive the
+district of one of its most historic possessions. It is questionable,
+however, if that fate would be worse than the one that has already
+overtaken the font. Should the failure to restore it to its rightful
+place unhappily continue, the more satisfactory alternative would appear
+to be its purchase and presentation, say, to the Pilgrim Church at New
+Plymouth.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] "Collections Concerning the Early History of the Founders of New
+Plymouth." Mr. Hunter was assistant-keeper of H.M. Records, and after
+the village had remained for more than two centuries in oblivion,
+located Scrooby as the birthplace of the Pilgrim Church. His sole guide
+in the search were the brief statements in Bradford's History that the
+members of the church "were of several towns and villages, some in
+Nottinghamshire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire, where they
+bordered nearest together," and that "they ordinarily met at William
+Brewster's house on the Lord's day, which was a manor of the bishop's."
+The inquiry which led to this important discovery was instigated by the
+Honourable James Savage while on a visit to England. The key was
+supplied by Governor Bradford, Mr. Savage detected it; Mr. Hunter
+unlocked the hidden and forgotten door.
+
+[13] In another part of England, in 1910-11, Americans were joining
+hands with the people of Southampton in raising on the old West Quay of
+that port a Pilgrim shrine to the men of New Plymouth who, as we know,
+sailed thence in the Mayflower on their interrupted voyage to the West,
+on August 5 (O.S.), 1620. It was proposed to unveil this memorial on
+August 15, 1912.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 103
+
+  Ainsworth, Henry, 51
+
+  Alden, John, 128, 147
+
+  Allerton, Bartholomew, 128
+
+  Allerton, Isaac, 59, 128-131, 147, 152
+
+  Allerton, Joanna, 131
+
+  Allerton, John, 131
+
+  Allerton, Mary, 131
+
+  Allerton, Remember, 131
+
+  Allerton, Sarah (1), 147
+
+  Allerton, Sarah (2), 131
+
+  Amsterdam, 51-52, 179
+
+  "Anne," The, 95
+
+  Armstrong, Gregory, 132
+
+  Austerfield, England, 11-12, 175, 184-187
+
+
+  Babworth, England, 11
+
+  Barker, Elizabeth, 152
+
+  Barnstable, Mass., 143
+
+  Bawtry, 175, 184-187
+
+  Bayard, Hon. T. J., 172, 175-180, 183-184
+
+  Becket, Mary, 147-148
+
+  Bellingham, Richard, 115
+
+  Billington, Eleanor, 131, 132
+
+  Billington, Francis, 131
+
+  Billington, John (1), 131-132
+
+  Billington, John (2), 132
+
+  Billington, Martha, 143
+
+  Blommaert, Herr, 87
+
+  Bond, J. T., 163
+
+  Bonner, Bishop, 8
+
+  Boston, England, VIII, 7, 16, 19, 39, 112, 115, 168-172, 176, 180;
+    Pilgrim Cells, VII, XIII-XIV, 32-36, 171;
+    Guildhall, 20, 23-24, 32-36, 171;
+    Hussey Tower, 20;
+    Kyme Tower, 20;
+    Grammar School, 20;
+    Church, 20, 35, 171;
+    Gysor's Hall, 23;
+    "Little Ease," 36
+
+  Boston, Mass., 100, 112, 168, 183 (_see also_ Massachusetts Bay
+    Colony)
+
+  Bradford, Governor William, 11-12, 19, 20, 31, 43, 52, 59, 83, 84, 88,
+    92, 95, 100, 103, 111, 119, 132-136, 152, 167, 175, 176, 183-184
+
+  Brewer, Thomas, 52, 55
+
+  Brewster, Fear, 95, 131
+
+  Brewster, Love, 139
+
+  Brewster, Mary, 96, 139
+
+  Brewster, Patience, 95
+
+  Brewster, William, 4, 8, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23, 31, 39, 43, 52-55, 59,
+    83, 88, 91, 92, 96, 111, 119, 136-139, 152, 167, 175
+
+  Brewster, Wrestling, 139
+
+  Bridgewater, Mass., 148
+
+  Britteridge, Richard, 139
+
+  Brown, Dr. John, 12
+
+  Brown, Peter, 139
+
+  Button, William, 139
+
+
+  Caistor, England, 7
+
+  Canute, King, 4, 15
+
+  Carleton, Sir Dudley, 52-55
+
+  Carpenter, Alice, 95, 135, 143
+
+  Carter, Robert, 139
+
+  Carver, Catherine, 83, 139
+
+  Carver, Governor John, 59, 60, 79, 83, 84, 119, 132, 139, 152
+
+  Chilton, James, 140
+
+  Chilton, Mary, 140
+
+  Clark, Faith, 140
+
+  Clarke, Richard, 140
+
+  Clyfton, Richard, 11, 43, 52
+
+  Coddington, William, 115, 184
+
+  Collier, Sarah, 139
+
+  Collier, William, 139
+
+  Connecticut Plantation, 100
+
+  Cook, Esther, 140
+
+  Cook, Francis, 140
+
+  Cook, John, 140
+
+  Cooke, Jacob, 144
+
+  Cooper, Humility, 140
+
+  Cotton, John (1), 23, 115, 119
+
+  Cotton, John (2), 119
+
+  Crackston, John (1), 140
+
+  Crackston, John (2), 140
+
+  Cromwell, Oliver, 156
+
+  Cromwell, Thomas, 8
+
+  Cuckson, John, 119
+
+  Cushman, Robert, 63, 92, 95, 96
+
+
+  Dartmouth, England, 63
+
+  Dartmouth, Mass., 140, 148
+
+  Davidson, 8
+
+  Delfshaven, 60, 175
+
+  Dingy, Sarah, 143
+
+  Dotey, Edward, 140
+
+  Doyle's "English in America," 7
+
+  Draper, Eben S., 104, 111
+
+  Droitwich, 152
+
+  Dudley, Thomas, 115
+
+  Dunning, Dr., 168, 171
+
+  Duxbury, Mass., 128, 139, 143, 147, 148, 151;
+    Standish Monument, 151
+
+
+  Eastham, Mass., 144, 147
+
+  Eaton, Francis, 143
+
+  Eaton, Samuel, 143
+
+  Eaton, Sarah, 143
+
+  Eliot, Charles W., 104-108, 111-112
+
+  Eliot's, George, "The Mill on the Floss," 15-16, 20, 175
+
+  Ely, One, 143
+
+  English, Thomas, 143
+
+  Everett, Edward, 103
+
+
+  Fielding, 187-188
+
+  Fletcher, Moses, 143
+
+  Ford, Martha, 139
+
+  "Fortune," The, 92, 95, 151
+
+  Fuller, Anne, 143
+
+  Fuller, Edward, 143
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (1), 59, 100, 139
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (2), 143
+
+  Fuller, Samuel (3), 143
+
+  Fuller, Susanna (_see_ White, Susanna)
+
+
+  Gainsborough, England, VIII, 4, 11, 15-19, 20, 40, 51, 172, 175-176,
+    180;
+    Old Hall, 16, 175
+
+  Gardiner, Richard, 143
+
+  Glascock (Fuller), Elsie, 95, 143
+
+  Goodman, John, 143
+
+  Grimsby, England, 40
+
+  Groton, Samuel, 155
+
+
+  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 115, 164
+
+  Hemans, Felicia, 108, 127, 156
+
+  Hickman Family, 16
+
+  Hoar, George Frisbie, 103, 183
+
+  Holbeck, William, 144
+
+  Hooke, John, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Constance, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Elizabeth, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Giles, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Oceanus, 144
+
+  Hopkins, Stephen, 140, 144
+
+  Horncastle, England, 7
+
+  Hough, Atherton, 23, 115
+
+  Howland, John, 59, 67, 144, 151
+
+  Hoyt, Barbara, 111
+
+  Hull, England, 40
+
+  Humber, The, 40
+
+  Hunter, Rev. Joseph, 164-167
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 183
+
+
+  Immingham, England, 40
+
+
+  Jackson, John, 187
+
+  Jackson, Richard, 39
+
+  James I, 52
+
+  Jamestown, Va., 56
+
+  John, King, 3
+
+  Johnson, Francis, 51
+
+  Jones, Rev. J. M., 175
+
+  Jones, Captain Thomas, 60, 75-76, 167-168
+
+
+  Kyle, William S., IX
+
+
+  Langemore, John, 144
+
+  Langton, Stephen, 3-4
+
+  Latham, William, 144
+
+  Laud, Archbishop, 155
+
+  Lawrence, William B., 108
+
+  Lee, Bridget, 143
+
+  Leister, Edward, 144
+
+  Leland, 8
+
+  Leverett, John, 115
+
+  Leverett, Thomas, 115
+
+  Leyden, 51-60, 95, 96, 119, 128, 135, 143, 147, 148, 152, 155, 179,
+    180;
+    St. Peter's Church, 51, 96, 180
+
+  Lincoln, England, 7, 172
+
+  "Little James," The, 95
+
+  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 104, 108
+
+  Longfellow's "The Courtship of Miles Standish," 79, 91
+
+  Lord, Abigail, 152
+
+  Lothrop, Jane, 143
+
+  Lothrop, Rev. John, 143
+
+  Lound, England, 184, 187
+
+  Louth, England, 4-7
+
+
+  Mann, Jasper, 147
+
+  Margeson, Edmund, 147
+
+  Marshfield, Mass., 152
+
+  Martin, Christopher and wife, 147
+
+  Massachusetts Bay Colony, 88, 99, 100, 112-116, 132, 155
+
+  Maverick, Moses, 131
+
+  May, Dorothy, 52, 84, 135
+
+  "Mayflower," The, XIV, 4, 60-67, 75-80, 84, 92, 96, 100, 104, 107,
+    112, 115, 116, 127, 131,140, 148, 151, 152, 156, 163, 164, 167, 175,
+    180
+
+  Mayson, Mayor John, 36
+
+  McCleary, James T., 108
+
+  Meyer, George Von L., 104
+
+  Middleboro, Mass., 143, 148
+
+  Milner, 184
+
+  Milnes, Richard Monckton, 44
+
+  Minter, Desire, 147
+
+  More, Ellen, 147
+
+  More, Jasper and his brother, 147
+
+  Morton, George, 95
+
+  Morton's "New England's Memorial," 76, 100, 183
+
+  "Mourt's Relation," 95
+
+  Mullins, Joseph, 147
+
+  Mullins, Priscilla, 128, 147
+
+  Mullins, William and his wife, 139, 147
+
+
+  Naughton, 55
+
+  New Plymouth (_see_ Plymouth Mass.)
+
+  Newcomen, John, 132
+
+  Norris, Mary, 128
+
+
+  Penn, Christian, 131, 143
+
+  Pierce, John, 92
+
+  "Pilgrimage of Grace," The, 4-7
+
+  Plummer, Ann, 147
+
+  Plymouth, England, XIV, 63, 67, 92, 163-164, 168, 180
+
+  Plymouth, Mass., VII, XIV, 8, 11, 79-103, 112, 115, 116-120, 132, 188;
+    Pilgrim Stone, 79, 83, 127;
+    Cole's Hill, 83;
+    The Fort, 84-87, 116;
+    The Church, 84, 116-119;
+    Pilgrim Hall, 92;
+    Burial Hill, 116
+
+  Power, Solomon, 147
+
+  Priest, Degory, 147
+
+  Prince, Thomas, 183
+
+  Provincetown, Mass., 67, 103-112, 151
+
+  Puritans, The (_see_ Massachusetts Bay Colony)
+
+
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 56
+
+  Rassieres, Isaac de, 87
+
+  Retford, England, 11
+
+  Revere, Paul, 120
+
+  Reynolds, Captain, 63
+
+  Rigdale, Alice, 147
+
+  Rigdale, John, 147
+
+  Robinson, John, 11-15, 43, 52, 59, 60, 95-96, 155, 172, 175, 176, 179,
+    180
+
+  Rogers, Joseph, 147
+
+  Rogers, Thomas, 147
+
+  Roosevelt, President, VII, 103, 104, 111, 184
+
+  Ryton River, 7
+
+
+  Salem, Mass., 100, 131, 152
+
+  Sampson, Harry, 147
+
+  Sandwich, Mass., 147
+
+  Savage, James, 167
+
+  Scituate, Mass., 147, 152
+
+  Scrooby, England, 8, 11, 12, 16, 31, 39, 40, 51, 84, 119, 136, 167,
+    175
+
+  Sears, Captain J. H., 104
+
+  Sempringham, England, 7
+
+  Smith, Captain John, 56, 168
+
+  Smith, Ralph, 88, 119
+
+  Smyth, John, 11, 16, 51, 175
+
+  Snow, Damaris, 144
+
+  Snow, Nicholas, 144
+
+  Soule, George, 147-148
+
+  Southampton, England, 60, 63, 128, 180
+
+  Southworth, Edward, 95, 135
+
+  "Speedwell," The, 59-63
+
+  Standish, Barbara, 95, 151
+
+  Standish, Captain Miles, 59, 79, 83, 84, 95, 96, 111, 128, 148-151,
+    152
+
+  Standish, Rose, 148
+
+  Story, Ellen, 148
+
+
+  Taft, President, VII, 103, 104, 111
+
+  Tattershall Castle, England, 7
+
+  Thompson, Edward, 151
+
+  Tilley, Ann, 151
+
+  Tilley, Edward, 151
+
+  Tilley, Elizabeth, 144, 151
+
+  Tilley, John and wife, 144, 151
+
+  Tinker, Thomas, and wife and son, 151
+
+  Torksey, England, 4
+
+  Townes, Thomas, 163
+
+  Trent River, 3, 4, 11, 15, 40
+
+  Trevore, William, 151
+
+  Turner, John, and Sons, 151
+
+
+  Van Weede, M., 108
+
+  Vassall, Judith, 152
+
+  Vassall, William, 152
+
+  Vincent, Sarah, 147
+
+
+  Warren, Richard, 140
+
+  Warren, Sarah, 140
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 103
+
+  Wesley, John, 3, 175
+
+  Wetmore, George Peabody, 104
+
+  Wheldon, Catherine, 144
+
+  White, Justice, 104
+
+  White, Peregrine, 151-152
+
+  White, Resolved, 151, 152
+
+  White, Susanna, 151, 152
+
+  White, William, 151, 152
+
+  Whittier, VII, 176
+
+  Wickliffe, 4
+
+  Wilberforce, 183
+
+  Wilder, Roger, 152
+
+  Williams, Roger, 88, 119
+
+  Williams, Thomas, 152
+
+  Wilson, John, 88, 91, 99
+
+  Winslow, Edward, 59, 92, 95, 119, 135, 152-156
+
+  Winslow, Gilbert, 156
+
+  Winslow, John, 92, 140
+
+  Winthrop, Governor John, 88, 91, 99, 100, 115
+
+  Winthrop, Robert Charles, 103
+
+  Witham River, 15, 31
+
+  Woburn, England, 36
+
+  Wolcott, Governor, 184
+
+  Wolsey, 8
+
+
+  Yarmouth, Mass., 131, 140, 144
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    Well worthy to be magnified are they
+    Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took
+    A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
+    And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.
+
+                                                  Wordsworth]
+
+[Illustration
+
+    The breaking waves dash'd high
+      On a stern and rock-bound coast;
+    And the woods, against a stormy sky,
+    Their giant branches toss'd.
+
+                                   Mrs. Hemans]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+A caron (^) indicates the letter following is superscripted, like ^e.
+
+Images were moved to a convenient paragraph break.
+
+Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
+chapter.
+
+The opening and closing illustrations are the same.
+
+Old spellings in quoted text and poetry are retained from the original.
+
+The following words are used interchangeably throughout this book:
+
+  cooperation co-operation
+  cornerstone corner-stone
+  Mayflower May-flower
+
+
+Page 117
+
+(Photograph by A. S. Burbank, Plymouth). Changed from 'Photgraph' of
+the original.
+
+Index
+
+(Naughton, 55). This is most likely Naunton, referred to on Page 55.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romantic Story of the Mayflower
+Pilgrims, by Albert Christopher Addison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMANTIC STORY--MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS ***
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