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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36628-8.txt b/36628-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fcecef --- /dev/null +++ b/36628-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reasons against the Succession of the House +of Hanover with an Enquiry, by Daniel Defoe + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Reasons against the Succession of the House of Hanover with an Enquiry + How far the Abdication of King James, supposing it to be + Legal, ought to affect the Person of the Pretender + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: July 5, 2011 [EBook #36628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. In memory of +Steven Gibbs (1938-2009). + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: This e-book, a pamphlet by Daniel Defoe, was +originally published in 1713, and was prepared from _The Novels and +Miscellaneous Works of Daniel De Foe_, vol. 6 (London: Henry G. Bohn, +1855). Archaic spellings have been retained as they appear in the +original, and obvious printer errors have been corrected without +note.] + + + + +REASONS + +AGAINST THE + +SUCCESSION + +OF THE + +_HOUSE of HANOVER_, + +WITH AN + +ENQUIRY + +How far the Abdication of King _James_, supposing it to be Legal, +ought to affect the Person of the + +PRETENDER. + + +_Si Populus vult Decipi, Decipiatur._ + + +_LONDON:_ + +Printed for _J. Baker_, at the _Black-Boy_ in _Pater-Noster-Row_, +1713. [_Price 6d._] + + + + +REASONS + +AGAINST + +THE SUCCESSION, &c. + + +What strife is here among you all? And what a noise about who shall or +shall not be king, the Lord knows when? Is it not a strange thing we +cannot be quiet with the queen we have, but we must all fall into +confusion and combustions about who shall come after? Why, pray folks, +how old is the queen, and when is she to die? that here is this pother +made about it. I have heard wise people say the queen is not fifty +years old, that she has no distemper but the gout, that that is a +long-life disease, which generally holds people out twenty, or thirty, +or forty years; and let it go how it will, the queen may well enough +linger out twenty or thirty years, and not be a huge old wife neither. +Now, what say the people, must we think of living twenty or thirty +years in this wrangling condition we are now in? This would be a +torment worse than some of the Egyptian plagues, and would be +intolerable to bear, though for fewer years than that. The animosities +of this nation, should they go on, as it seems they go on now, would +by time become to such a height, that all charity, society, and mutual +agreement among us, will be destroyed. Christians shall we be called! +No; nothing of the people called Christians will be to be found among +us. Nothing of Christianity, or the substance of Christianity, viz., +charity, will be found among us! The name Christian may be assumed, +but it will be all hypocrisy and delusion; the being of Christianity +must be lost in the fog, and smoke, and stink, and noise, and rage, +and cruelty, of our quarrel about a king. Is this rational? Is it +agreeable to the true interest of the nation? What must become of +trade, of religion, of society, of relation, of families, of people? +Why, hark ye, you folk that call yourselves rational, and talk of +having souls, is this a token of your having such things about you, or +of thinking rationally; if you have, pray what is it likely will +become of you all? Why, the strife is gotten into your kitchens, your +parlours, your shops, your counting-houses, nay, into your very beds. +You gentlefolks, if you please to listen to your cookmaids and footmen +in your kitchens, you shall hear them scolding, and swearing, and +scratching, and fighting among themselves; and when you think the +noise is about the beef and the pudding, the dishwater, or the +kitchen-stuff, alas, you are mistaken; the feud is about the more +mighty affairs of the government, and who is for the protestant +succession, and who for the pretender. Here the poor despicable +scullions learn to cry, High Church, No Dutch Kings, No Hanover, that +they may do it dexterously when they come into the next mob. Here +their antagonists of the dripping-pan practise the other side clamour, +No French Peace, No Pretender, No Popery. The thing is the very same +up one pair of stairs: in the shops and warehouses the apprentices +stand some on one side of the shop, and some on the other, (having +trade little enough), and there they throw high church and low church +at one another's heads like battledore and shuttlecock; instead of +posting their books, they are fighting and railing at the pretender +and the house of Hanover; it were better for us certainly that these +things had never been heard of. If we go from the shop one story +higher into our family, the ladies, instead of their innocent sports +and diversions, they are all falling out one among another; the +daughters and the mother, the mothers and the daughters; the children +and the servants; nay, the very little sisters one among another. If +the chambermaid is a slattern, and does not please, Hang her, she is a +jade; or, I warrant she is a highflier; or, on the other side, I +warrant she is a whig; I never knew one of that sort good for anything +in my life. Nay, go to your very bed-chambers, and even in bed the man +and wife shall quarrel about it. People! people! what will become of +you at this rate? If ye cannot set man and wife together, nor your +sons and daughters together, nay, nor your servants together, how will +ye set your horses together, think ye? And how shall they stand +together twenty or thirty years, think ye, if the queen should live so +long? Before that time comes, if you are not reduced to your wits, you +will be stark mad; so that unless you can find in your hearts to agree +about this matter beforehand, the condition you are in, and by that +time will in all likelihood be in, will ruin us all; and this is one +sufficient reason why we should say nothing, and do nothing about the +succession, but just let it rest where it is, and endeavour to be +quiet; for it is impossible to live thus. Further, if Hanover should +come while we are in such a condition, we shall ruin him, or he us, +that is most certain. It remains to inquire what will be the issue of +things. Why, first, if ye will preserve the succession, and keep it +right, you must settle the peace of the nation: we are not in a +condition to stand by the succession now, and if we go on we shall be +worse able to do so; in his own strength Hanover does not pretend to +come, and if he did he must miscarry: if not in his own, in whose then +but the people of Britain? And if the people be a weakened, divided, +and deluded people, and see not your own safety to lie in your +agreement among yourselves, how shall such weak folk assist him, +especially against a strong enemy; so that it will be your destruction +to attempt to bring in the house of Hanover, unless you can stand by +and defend him when he is come; this will make you all like Monmouth's +men in the west, and you will find yourselves lifted up to halters and +gibbets, not to places and preferments. Unless you reconcile +yourselves to one another, and bring things to some better pass among +the common people, it will be but to banter yourselves to talk of the +protestant succession; for you neither will be in a condition to bring +over your protestant successor, or to support him on the throne when +you have brought him; and it will not be denied, but to make the +attempt, and not succeed in it, is to ruin yourselves; and this I +think a very good reason against the succession of the house of +Hanover. + +Another argument relates something to the family of Hanover itself. +Here the folk are continually fighting and quarrelling with one +another to such a degree as must infallibly weaken and disable the +whole body of the nation, and expose them to any enemy, foreign or +domestic. What prince, think you, will venture his person with a party +or a faction, and that a party crushed, and under the power of their +enemy; a party who have not been able to support themselves or their +cause, how shall they support and defend him when he comes? And if +they cannot be in a posture to defend and maintain him when they have +him, how shall he be encouraged to venture himself among them? To come +over and make the attempt here according to his just claim and the +laws of the land, would be indeed his advantage, if there was a +probability that he should succeed; otherwise the example of the king +of Poland is sufficient to warn him against venturing while the nation +is divided, and together by the ears, as they are here. The whole +kingdom of Poland, we see, could not defend King Augustus against the +Swedes and their pretender; but though he had the majority, and was +received as king over the whole kingdom, yet it being a kingdom +divided into factions and parties, and those parties raging with +bitter envy and fury one against another, even just as ours do here, +what came of it but the ruin of King Augustus, who was as it were a +prisoner in his own court, and was brought to the necessity of +abdicating the crown of Poland, and of acknowledging the title of the +pretender to that crown. Now, what can the elector of Hanover expect, +if he should make the attempt here while we are in this divided +factious condition,--while the pretender, backed by his party at home, +shall also have the whole power of France to support him, and place +him upon the throne? + +Let us but look back to a time when the very same case almost fell out +in this nation; the same many ways it was, that is, in the case of +Queen Mary I., your bloody papist persecuting Queen Mary and the Lady +Jane Dudley, or Grey. The late King Edward VI. had settled the +protestant succession upon the Lady Jane; it was received universally +as the protestant succession is now. The reasons which moved the +people to receive it were the same, _i.e._, the safety of the +protestant religion, and the liberties and properties of the people; +all the great men of King Edward's court and council came readily into +this succession, and gave their oaths, or what was in those days +(whatsoever it may be now) thought equal to an oath, viz., their +honour, for the standing by the successor in her taking possession of +her said just right. Mary, daughter of Catherine of Spain, was the +pretender; her mother was abdicated (so we call it in this age), +repudiated, they called it, or divorced. Her daughter was adjudged +illegitimate or spurious, because the marriage of her mother was +esteemed unlawful; just as our pretender is by this nation suggested +spurious, by reason of the yet unfolded mysteries of his birth. Again, +that pretender had the whole power of Spain, which was then the most +dreaded of any in the world, and was just what the French are now, +viz., the terror of Europe. If Queen Mary was to have the crown, it +was allowed by all that England was to be governed by Spanish +councils, and Spanish maxims, Spanish money, and Spanish cruelty. Just +as we say now of the pretender, that if he was to come in we shall be +all governed by French maxims, French councils, French money, and +French tyranny. In these things the pretender (Mary) at that time was +the parallel to our pretender now, and that with but very little +difference. Besides all this, she was a papist, which was directly +contrary to the pious design of King Edward in propagating the +reformation. Exactly agreeing these things were with our succession, +our pretender, our King William, and his design, by settling the +succession for the propagating the revolution, which is the +reformation of this day, as the reformation was the revolution of that +day. After this formal settling of the succession the king (as kings +and queens must) dies, and the lords of the council, as our law calls +them, they were the same thing, suppose lords justices, they meet and +proclaim their protestant successor, as they were obliged to do; and +what followed? Had they been unanimous, had they stuck to one another, +had they not divided into parties, high and low, they had kept their +protestant successor in spite of all the power of Spain, but they fell +out with one another; high protestants against low protestants! and +what was the consequence? One side to ruin the other brought in the +pretender upon them, and so Spanish power, as it was predicted, came +in upon them, and devoured them all. Popery came in, as they feared, +and all went to ruin; and what came of the protestant successor? Truly +they brought her to ruin. For first bringing her in, and then, by +reason of their own strife and divisions, not being able to maintain +her in the possession of that crown, which at their request she had +taken, she fell into her enemies' hand, was made a sacrifice to their +fury, and brought to the block. What can be a more lively +representation of our case now before us? He must have small sense of +the state of our case, I think, who in our present circumstances can +desire the Hanover succession should take place. What! would you bring +over the family of Hanover to have them murdered? No, no, those that +have a true value for the house of Hanover, would by no means desire +them to come hither, or desire you to bring them on such terms; first +let the world see you are in a condition to support and defend them, +that the pretender, and his power and alliances of any kind, shall not +disperse and ruin him and you together; first unite and put yourselves +into a posture that you may defend the succession, and then you may +have it; but as it stands now, good folks, consider with yourselves +what prince in Europe will venture among us, and who that has any +respect or value for the house of Hanover can desire them to come +hither. + +These are some good reasons why the succession of the house of Hanover +should not be our present view. Another reason may be taken from the +example of the good people in the days of King Edward VI. They were +very good, religious people, that must be allowed by all sides, and +who had very great zeal for the protestant religion and the +reformation, as it was then newly established among them; and this +zeal of theirs appeared plainly in a degree we can scarce hope for +among the protestants of this age, viz., in their burning for it +afterwards; yet such was their zeal for the hereditary right of their +royal family, that they chose to fall into the hands of Spanish +tyranny, and of Spanish popery, and let the protestant religion and +the hopes of its establishment go to the d----l, rather than not have +the right line of their princes kept up, and the eldest daughter of +their late King Henry come to the crown. Upon this principle they +forsook their good reforming King Edward's scheme, rejected the +protestant succession, and they themselves, protestants, sincere +protestants, such as afterwards died at a stake for their religion, +the protestant religion; yet they brought in the pretender according +to their principles, and run the risk of what could follow thereupon. +Why should we think it strange, then, that protestants now in this +age, and Church of England protestants too, should be for a popish +pretender? No doubt but they may be as good protestants as the +Suffolk men in Queen Mary's time were, and if they are brought to it, +will go as far, and die at a stake for the protestant religion, and in +doing this, no doubt, but it is their real prospect to die at a stake, +or they would not do it to be sure. Now the protestant religion, the +whole work of reformation, the safety of the nation, both as to their +liberties and religion, the keeping out French or Spanish popery, the +dying at a stake, and the like, being always esteemed things of much +less value than the faithful adhering to the divine rule of keeping +the crown in the right line, let any true protestant tell me, how can +we pretend to be for the Hanover succession? It is evident that the +divine hereditary right of our crown is the main great article now in +debate. You call such a man the pretender, but is he not the son of +our king? And if so, what is the protestant religion to us? Had we not +much better be papists than traitors? Had we not much better deny our +God, our baptism, our religion, and our lives, than deny our lawful +prince, our next male in a right line? If popery comes, passive +obedience is still our friend; we are protestants; we can die, we can +burn, we can do anything but rebel; and this being our first duty, +viz., to recognise our rightful sovereign, are we not to do that +first? And if popery or slavery follow, we must act as becomes us. +This being then orthodox doctrine, is equally a substantial reason why +we should be against the Hanover succession. + +There may be sundry other reasons given why we should not be for this +new establishment of the succession, which, though perhaps they may +not seem so cogent in themselves, have yet a due force, as they stand +related to other circumstances, which this nation is at present +involved in, and therefore are only left to the consideration of the +people of these times. No question but every honest Briton is for a +peaceable succession; now, if the pretender comes, and is quietly +established on the throne, why then you know there is an end of all +our fears of the great and formidable power of France; we have no more +need to fear an invasion, or the effects of leaving France in a +condition by the peace to act against us; and put the pretender upon +us; and therefore, peace being of so much consequence to this nation, +after so long and so cruel a war, none can think of entering upon a +new war for the succession without great regret and horror. Now, it +cannot be doubted but the succession of Hanover would necessarily +involve us again in a war against France, and that perhaps when we may +be in no good case to undertake it, for these reasons:--1. Perhaps +some princes and states in the world by that time, seeing the great +increase and growth of French power, may think fit to change their +sentiments, and rather come over to that interest for want of being +supported before, than be willing to embark against France, and so it +may not be possible to obtain a new confederacy in the degree and +extent of it, which we have seen it in, or in any degree suitable to +the power of France; and if so, there may be but small hopes of +success in case of a new rupture; and any war had better be let alone +than be carried on to loss, which often ends in the overthrow of the +party or nation who undertake it, and fails in the carrying it on. 2. +France itself, as well by the acquisition of those princes who may +have changed sides, as above, as by a time for taking breath after the +losses they have received, may be raised to a condition of superior +strength, and may be too much an overmatch for us to venture upon; and +if he thinks fit to send us the person we call the pretender, and +order us to take him for our king, and this when we are in no +condition to withstand him, prudence will guide us to accept of him; +for all people comply with what they cannot avoid; and if we are not +in a condition to keep him out, there wants very little consultation +upon the question, whether we shall take him in, or no? Like this is a +man, who being condemned to be hanged, and is in irons in the dungeon +at Newgate, when he sees no possibility either of pardon from the +queen, or escape out of prison, what does he resolve upon next? What! +why he resolves to die. What should he resolve on? Everybody submits +to what they cannot escape. People! people! if ye cannot resist the +French king, ye must submit to a French pretender. There is no more to +be said about that. 3. Then some allies, who it might be thought would +be able to lend you some help in such a case as this is, may pretend +to be disgusted at former usage, and say they were abandoned and +forsaken in their occasion by us, and they will not hazard for a +nation who disobliged them so much before, and from whom they have not +received suitable returns for the debt of the revolution. And if these +nations should take things so ill as to refuse their aid and +assistance in a case of so much necessity as that of the succession, +how shall we be able to maintain that attempt? And, as before, an +attempt of that, or any other kind like that, is better unmade than +ineffectually made. 4. Others add a yet farther reason of our probable +inability in such a case, viz., that the enemies of Britain have so +misrepresented things to some of the neighbouring nations, our good +friends and allies, as if we Britons had betrayed the protestant +interest, and not acted faithfully to our confederacies and alliances, +in which our reputation, it is pretended, has suffered so much, as not +to merit to be trusted again in like cases, or that it should be safe +to depend upon our most solemn engagements. This, though it is +invidious and harsh, yet if there may be any truth in it, as we hope +there is not, may be added as a very good reason, why, after this war +is over, we may be in no good case at all to undertake or to carry on +a new war in defence of the new protestant succession, when it may +come to be necessary so to do. Since, then, the succession of Hanover +will necessarily involve us in a new war against France, and for the +reasons above, if they are allowed to be good reasons, we may not be +in a condition to carry on that war, is not this a good reason why we +should not in our present circumstances be for that succession? Other +reasons may be taken from the present occasion the nation may lie +under of preserving and securing the best administration of things +that ever this nation was under in many ages; and if this be found to +be inconsistent with the succession of Hanover, as some feign, it is +hoped none will say but we ought to consider what we do; if the +succession of Hanover is not consistent with these things, what reason +have we to be for the said succession, till that posture of things be +arrived when that inconsistency may be removed? And now, people of +Britain! be your own judges upon what terms you can think it +reasonable to insist any longer upon this succession. I do not contend +that it is not a lawful succession, a reasonable succession, an +established succession, nay, a sworn succession; but if it be not a +practicable succession, and cannot be a peaceable succession; if peace +will not bring him in, and war cannot, what must we do? It were much +better not to have it at all, than to have it and ruin the kingdom, +and ruin those that claim it at the same time. + +But yet I have other reasons than these, and more cogent ones; learned +men say, some diseases in nature are cured by antipathies, and some +by sympathies; that the enemies of nature are the best preservatives +of nature; that bodies are brought down by the skill of the physician +that they may the better be brought up, made sick to be made well, and +carried to the brink of the grave in order to be kept from the grave; +for these reasons, and in order to these things, poisons are +administered for physic; or amputations in surgery, the flesh is cut +that it may heal; an arm laid open that it may close with safety; and +these methods of cure are said to be the most certain as well as most +necessary in those particular cases, from whence it is become a +proverbial saying in physic, desperate diseases must have desperate +remedies. Now it is very proper to inquire in this case whether the +nation is not in such a state of health at this time, that the coming +of the pretender may not be of absolute necessity, by way of cure of +such national distempers which now afflict us, and that an effectual +cure can be wrought no other way? If upon due inquiry it should appear +that we are not fit to receive such a prince as the successor of the +house of Hanover is, that we should maltreat and abuse him if he were +here, and that there is no way for us to learn the true value of a +protestant successor so well as by tasting a little what a popish +pretender is, and feeling something of the great advantages that may +accrue to us by the superiority of a Jacobite party; if the disease of +stupidity has so far seized us that we are to be cured only by poisons +and fermentations; if the wound is mortified, and nothing but deep +incisions, amputations, and desperate remedies must be used; if it +should be necessary thus to teach us the worth of things by the want +of them; and there is no other way to bring the nation to its senses; +why, what can be then said against the pretender? Even let him come +that we may see what slavery means, and may inquire how the chains of +French galleys hang about us, and how easy wooden shoes are to walk +in; for no experience teaches so well as that we buy dearest, and pay +for with the most smart. + +I think this may pass for a very good reason against the protestant +succession; nothing is surer than that the management of King Charles +II. and his late brother, were the best ways the nation could ever +have taken to bring to pass the happy revolution; yet these +afflictions to the island were not joyous, but grievous, for the time +they remained, and the poor kingdoms suffered great convulsions; but +what weighs that if these convulsions are found to be necessary to a +cure? If the physicians prescribe a vomit for the cure of any +particular distemper, will the patient complain of being made sick? +No, no; when you begin to be sick, then we say, Oh, that is right, and +then the vomit begins to work; and how shall the island of Britain +spew out all the dregs and filth the public digesture has contracted, +if it be not made sick with some French physic? If you give good +nourishing food upon a foul stomach, you cause that wholesome food to +turn into filth, and instead of nourishing the man, it nourishes +diseases in the man, till those diseases prove his destruction, and +bring him to the grave. In like manner, if you will bring the +protestant successor into the government before that government have +taken some physic to cleanse it from the ill digesture it may have +been under, how do we know but the diseases which are already begun in +the constitution may not be nourished and kept up, till they may +hereafter break out in the days of our posterity, and prove mortal to +the nation. Wherefore should we desire the protestant successor to +come in upon a foot of high-flying menage, and be beholden for their +establishment to those who are the enemies of the constitution? Would +not this be to have in time to come the successors of that house be +the same thing as the ages passed have already been made sick of, and +made to spew out of the government? Are not any of these +considerations enough to make any of us averse to the protestant +succession? No, no; let us take a French vomit first, and make us +sick, that we may be well, and may afterwards more effectually have +our health established. + +The pretender will no doubt bring us good medicines, and cure us of +all our hypochondriac vapours that now make us so giddy. But, say +some, he will bring popery in upon us; popery, say you! alas! it is +true, popery is a sad thing, and that, say some folk, ought to have +been thought on before now; but suppose then this thing called popery! +How will it come in? Why, say the honest folk, the pretender is a +papist, and if a popish prince come upon the throne we shall have +popery come in upon us without fail. Well, well, and what hurt will +this be to you? May not popery be very good in its kind? What if this +popery, like the vomit made of poison, be the only physic that can +cure you? If this vomit make you spew out your filth, your tory filth, +your idolatrous filth, your tyrannic filth, and restore you to your +health, shall it not be good for you? Where pray observe in the +allegory of physic; you heard before when you take a vomit, the physic +given you to vomit is always something contrary to nature, something +that if taken in quantity would destroy; but how does it operate? It +attacks nature, and puts her upon a ferment to cast out what offends +her; but remark it, I pray, when the patient vomits, he always vomits +up the physic and the filth together; so, if the nation should take a +vomit of popery, as when the pretender comes most certain it is that +this will be the consequence, they will vomit up the physic and the +filth together; the popery and the pretender will come all up again, +and all the popish, arbitrary, tyrannical filth, which has offended +the stomach of the nation so long, and ruined its digesture, it will +all come up together; one vomit of popery will do us all a great deal +of good, for the stomach of the constitution is marvellous foul. +Observe, people! this is no new application; the nation has taken a +vomit of this kind before now, as in Queen Mary I.'s time; the +reformation was not well chewed, and being taken down whole, did not +rightly digest, but left too much crudity in the stomach, from whence +proceeded ill nourishment, bad blood, and a very ill habit of body in +the constitution; witness the distemper which seized the Gospellers in +Suffolk, who being struck with an epilepsy or dead palsy in the better +half of their understanding, to wit, the religious and zealous part, +took up arms for a popish pretender, against the protestant successor, +upon the wild-headed whimsey of the right line being _jure divino_. +Well, what followed, I pray? Why, they took a vomit of popery; the +potion indeed was given in a double vehicle, viz., of fagots a little +inflamed, and this worked so effectually, that the nation having +vomited, brought up all the filth of the stomach, and the foolish +notion of hereditary right, spewed out popery also along with it. Thus +was popery, and fire and fagot, the most effectual remedy to cure the +nation of all its simple diseases, and to settle and establish the +protestant reformation; and why then should we be so terrified with +the apprehensions of popery? Nay, why should we not open our eyes and +see how much to our advantage it may be in the next reign to have +popery brought in, and to that end the pretender set up, that he may +help us to this most useful dose of physic? These are some other of +my reasons against the protestant succession; I think they cannot be +mended; it may perhaps be thought hard of that we should thus seem to +make light of so terrible a thing as popery, and should jest with the +affair of the protestants; no, people! no; this is no jest,--taking +physic is no jest at all; for it is useful many ways, and there is no +keeping the body in health without it; for the corruption of politic +constitutions are as gross and as fatal as those of human bodies, and +require as immediate application of medicines. And why should you +people of this country be so alarmed, and seem so afraid of this thing +called popery, when it is spoken of in intelligible terms, since you +are not afraid alternately to put your hands to those things which as +naturally tend in themselves to bring it upon you, as clouds tend to +rain, or smoke to fire; what does all your scandalous divisions, your +unchristian quarrellings, your heaping up reproaches, and loading each +other with infamy, and with abominable forgeries, what do these tend +to but to popery? If it should be asked how have these any such +reference? the question is most natural from the premises. If +divisions weaken the nation; if whig and tory, even united, are, and +have been, weak enough to keep out popery, surely then widening the +unnatural breaches, and inflaming things between them to implacable +and irreconcileable breaches, must tend to overthrow the protestant +kingdom, which, as our ever blessed Saviour said, _when divided +against itself cannot stand_. Besides, are not your breaches come up +to that height already as to let any impartial bystander see that +popery must be the consequences? Do not one party say openly, they had +rather be papists than presbyterians; that they would rather go to +mass than to a meeting-house; and are they not to that purpose, all of +them who are of that height, openly joined with the jacobites in the +cause of popery? On the other hand, are not the presbyterians in +Scotland so exasperated at having the abjuration oath imposed upon +them, contrary, as they tell us, to their principles, that they care +not if he, or any else, would come now and free them from that yoke? +What is all this but telling us plainly that the whole nation is +running into popery and the pretender? Why then, while you are +obliquely, and by consequences, joining your hands to bring in popery, +why, O distracted folk! should you think it amiss to have me talk of +doing it openly and avowedly? Better is open enmity than secret +guile; better is it to talk openly, and profess openly, for popery, +that you may see the shape and real picture of it, than pretend strong +opposition of it, and be all at the same time putting your hands to +the work, and pulling it down upon yourselves with all your might. + +But here comes an objection in our way, which, however weighty, we +must endeavour to get over, and this is, what becomes of the +abjuration? If the pretender comes in we are all perjured, and we +ought to be all unanimous for the house of Hanover, because we are all +perjured if we are for the pretender. Perjured, say ye! Ha! why, do +all these people say we are perjured already? Nay, one, two, three, or +four times? What signify oaths and abjurations in a nation where the +parliament can make an oath to-day, and punish a man for keeping it +to-morrow! Besides, taking oaths without examination, and breaking +them without consideration, hath been so much a practice, and the date +of its original is so far back, that none, or but very few, know where +to look for it; nay, have we not been called in the vulgar dialect of +foreign countries "the swearing nation"? Note, we do not say the +forsworn nation; for whatever other countries say of us, it is not +meet we should say so of ourselves; but as to swearing and +forswearing, associating and abjuring, there are very few without sin +to throw the first stone, and therefore we may be the less careful to +answer in this matter: it is evident that the friends of the pretender +cannot blame us; for have not the most professed jacobites all over +the nation taken this abjuration? Nay, when even in their hearts they +have all the while resolved to be for the pretender? Not to instance +in the swearing in all ages to and against governments, just as they +were or were not, in condition to protect us, or keep others out of +possession; but we have a much better way to come off this than that, +and we doubt not to clear the nation of perjury, by declaring the +design, true intent, and meaning of the thing itself; for the good or +evil of every action is said to lie in the intention; if then we can +prove the bringing in the pretender to be done with a real intention +and sincere desire to keep him out, or, as before, to spew him out; if +we bring in popery with an intention and a sincere design to establish +the protestant religion; if we bring in a popish prince with a single +design the firmer and better to fix and introduce the protestant +Hanover succession; if, I say, these things are the true intent and +meaning, and are at the bottom of all our actions in this matter, pray +how shall we be said to be perjured, or to break in upon the +abjuration, whose meaning we keep, whatever becomes of the literal +part of it. Thus we are abundantly defended from the guilt of perjury, +because we preserve the design and intention upright and entire for +the house of Hanover; though as the best means to bring it to pass we +think fit to bring in popery and the pretender: but yet farther, to +justify the lawfulness and usefulness of such kind of methods, we may +go back to former experiments of the same case, or like cases, for +nothing can illustrate such a thing so aptly, as the example of +eminent men who have practised the very same things in the same or +like cases, and more especially when that practice has been made use +of by honest men in an honest cause, and the end been crowned with +success. This eminent example was first put in practice by the late +famous Earl of Sunderland, in the time of King James II., and that too +in the case of bringing popery into England, which is the very +individual article before us. This famous politician, if fame lies +not, turned papist himself, went publicly to mass, advised and +directed all the forward rash steps that King James afterwards took +towards the introducing of popery into the nation; if he is not +slandered, it was he advised the setting up of popish chapels and +mass-houses in the city of London, and in the several principal towns +of this nation; the invading the right of corporations, courts of +justice, universities, and, at last, the erecting the high commission +court, to sap the foundations of the church; and many more of the +arbitrary steps which that monarch took for the ruin of the protestant +religion, as he thought, were brought about by this politic earl, +purely with design, and as the only effectual means to ruin the popish +schemes, and bring about the establishment of the protestant religion +by the revolution; and, as experience after made it good, he alone was +in the right, and it was the only way left, the only step that could +be taken, though at first it made us all of the opinion the man was +going the ready way to ruin his country, and that he was selling us to +popery and Rome. This was exactly our case; the nation being sick of a +deadly, and otherwise incurable disease, this wise physician knew that +nothing but a medicine made up of deadly poison, that should put the +whole body into convulsions, and make it cast up the dregs of the +malady, would have any effect; and so he applied himself accordingly +to such a cure; he brought on popery to the very door; he caused the +nation to swallow as much of it as he thought was enough to make her +as sick as a horse, and then he foresaw she would spew up the disease +and the medicine together; the potion of popery he saw would come up +with it, and so it did. If this be our case now, then it may be true +that bringing the pretender is the only way to establish the +protestant succession; and upon such terms, and such only, I declare +myself for the pretender. If any sort of people are against the +succession of the house of Hanover on any other accounts, and for +other reasons, it may not be amiss to know some of them, and a little +to recommend them to those who have a mind to be for him, but well +know not wherefore or why they are so inclined. 1. Some being +instructed to have an aversion to all foreign princes or families, are +against the succession of the princes of Hanover, because, as they are +taught to say, they are Dutchmen; now, though it might as well be said +of the pretender that he is a Frenchman, yet that having upon many +accounts been made more familiar to them of late, and the name of a +Dutch king having a peculiar odium left upon it, by the grievances of +the late King William's reign, they can by no means think of another +Dutch succession without abhorrence; nay, the aversion is so much +greater than their aversions to popery, that they can with much more +satisfaction entertain the notion of a popish French pretender than of +the best protestant in the world, if he hath anything belonging to him +that sounds like a Dutchman; and this is some people's reason against +the Hanover succession; a reason which has produced various effects in +the world since the death of that prince, even to creating national +antipathies in some people to the whole people of Holland, and to wish +us involved in a war with the Dutch without any foundation of a +quarrel with them, or any reason for those aversions; but these things +opening a scene which relates to things farther back than the subject +we are now upon, we omit them here for brevity sake, and to keep more +closely to the thing in hand at this time. Others have aversions to +the Hanover succession as it is the effect of the revolution, and as +it may reasonably be supposed to favour such principles as the +revolution was brought about by, and has been the support of, viz., +principles of liberty, justice, rights of parliaments, the people's +liberties, free possession of property, and such like; these +doctrines, a certain party in this nation have always to their utmost +opposed, and have given us reason to believe they hate and abhor them, +and for this reason they cannot be supposed to appear forward for the +Hanover succession; to these principles have been opposed the more +famous doctrines of passive obedience, absolute will, indefeasible +right, the _jus divinum_ of the line of princes, hereditary right, and +such like; these, as preached up by that eminent divine, Dr. Henry +Sacheverell, are so much preferable to the pretences of liberty and +constitution, the old republican notions of the whigs, that they +cannot but fill these people with hatred against all those that would +pretend to maintain the foundation we now stand upon, viz., the +revolution; and this is their reason against the Hanover succession, +which they know would endeavour to do so. + +Come we in the conclusion of this great matter to one great and main +reason, which they say prevails with a great part of the nation at +this time to be for the pretender, and which many subtle heads and +industrious hands are now busily employed all over the kingdom to +improve in the minds of the common people, this is the opinion of the +legitimacy of the birth of the pretender; it seems, say these men, +that the poor commons of Britain have been all along imposed upon to +believe that the person called the pretender was a spurious birth, a +child fostered upon the nation by the late king and queen; this +delusion was carried on, say they, by the whigs in King William's +time, and a mighty stir was made of it to possess the rabbles in +favour of the revolution, but nothing was ever made of it; King +William, say they, promised in his declaration to have it referred to +the decision of the English parliament, but when he obtained the crown +he never did anything that way more than encourage the people to +spread the delusion by scurrilous pamphlets to amuse the poor commons; +have them take a thing for granted which could have no other thing +made of it; and so the judging of it in parliament was made a sham +only; and the people drinking in the delusion, as they who were in the +plot desired, it has passed ever since as if the thing had been +sufficiently proved. Now upon a more sedate considering the matter, +say they, the case is clear that this person is the real son of King +James, and the favourers of the revolution go now upon another +foundation, viz., the powers of parliaments to limit the succession; +and that succession being limited upon King James's abdication, which +they call voluntary; so that now, say they, the question about the +legitimacy of the person called the pretender is over, and nothing now +is to be said of it; that he is the son of King James, there is, say +they, no more room to doubt, and therefore the doctrine of hereditary +right taking place, as the ancient professed doctrine of the Church of +England, there can be no objection against his being our lawful king; +and it is contrary to the said Church of England doctrine to deny it. +This, then, is the present reason which the poor ignorant people are +taught to give why they are against the protestant succession, and why +they are easily persuaded to come into the new scheme of a popish +pretender, though at the same time they are all heartily against +popery as much as ever. + +It becomes necessary now to explain this case a little to the +understanding of the common people, and let them know upon what +foundation the right of these two parties is founded, and if this be +done with plainness and clearness, as by the rights and laws of +Englishmen and Britons appertaineth, the said commons of Britain may +soon discover whether the succession of the house of Hanover, or the +claim of the person called the pretender, is founded best, and which +they ought to adhere unto. The first thing it seems to be made clear +to the common people is, whether the pretender was the lawful son of +King James, yea, or no? And why the contrary to this was not made +appear, according to the promises which, they say, though falsely, +were made by the late King William? In the first place is to be +considered, that the declaration of the said king, when P. of O. +putting the said case in the modestest manner possible, had this +expression, That there were violent suspicions that the said person +was not born of the queen's body, and that the prince resolved to +leave the same to the free parliament, to which throughout the said +declaration the said prince declared himself ready to refer all the +grievances which he came over to redress. I shall give you this in the +words of a late learned author upon that head. + +That before a free parliament could be obtained, King James withdrew +himself, and carried away his pretended son into the hands of the +ancient enemies of this nation, and of our religion, viz., the French, +there to be educated in the principles of enmity to this his native +country. + +By which action he not only declined to refer the legitimacy of his +said son to the examination of the parliament, as the Prince of Orange +had offered in his said declaration, but made such examination +altogether useless and impracticable, he himself (King James) not +owning it to be a legal parliament, and therefore not consenting to +stand by such examination. + +By the said abdication, and carrying away his said pretended son into +the hands of the French to be educated in popery, &c., he gave the +parliament of England and Scotland abundant reason for ever to exclude +the said King James and his said pretended son from the government of +these realms, or from the succession to the same, and made it +absolutely necessary for them to do so, if they would secure the +protestant religion to themselves and their posterity; and this +without any regard to the doubt, whether he was the lawful son of King +James, or no, since it is inconsistent with the constitution of this +protestant nation to be governed by a popish prince. + +The proof of the legitimacy being thus stated, and all the violent +suspicions of his not being born of the queen being thus confirmed by +the abdication of King James, come we next to examine how far this +abdication could forfeit for this pretender, supposing him to be the +real son of King James; this returns upon the right of the parliament +to limit the succession, supposing King James had had no son at all; +if the abdication be granted a lawfully making the throne vacant, it +will be very hard to assign a cause why the parliament might not name +a successor while the father was alive, whose right had no violent +suspicions attending it, and not why they might not name a successor +though the son was living; that the father's abdication forfeited for +the son is no part of the question before us; for the father is not +said to forfeit his right at all; no one ever questioned his right to +reign, nor, had he thought fit to have stayed, could the parliament +have named a successor, unless, as in the case of Richard II., he had +made a voluntary resignation or renunciation of the crown, and of his +people's allegiance; but the king having voluntarily abdicated the +throne, this was as effectual a releasing his subjects from their +allegiance to him, as if he had read an instrument of resignation, +just as King Richard did; all the articles of such a resignation were +naturally contained in the said abdication, except the naming the +successor, as effectually as if they had been at large repeated; and +since the resigning the crown has been formerly practised in England, +and there is so eminent an example in our English history of the same, +it will questionless be of use to the reader of these sheets to have +the particulars of it before his eyes, which for that purpose is here +set down at large, as it was done in the presence of a great number of +English peers, who attended the king for that purpose, and is as +follows:-- + +_In the name of God, Amen. I Richard, by the grace of God, King of +England and France, and Lord of Ireland, do hereby acquit and +discharge all Archbishops, Bishops, Dukes, Marquisses, and Earls, +Barons, Lords, and all other my subjects, both spiritual and secular, +of what degree soever, from their oath of fealty and homage, and all +other bonds of allegiance, to me due from them and their heirs, and do +hereby release them from the said oath and allegiance, so far as they +concern my person, for ever._ + +_I also resign all my kingly majesty and dignity, with all the rights +and privileges thereunto belonging, and do renounce all the title and +claim which I ever had, or have, to them. I also renounce the +government of the said kingdom, and the name and royal highness +thereunto belonging, freely and wholly, and swearing upon the +Evangelists that I will never oppose this my voluntary resignation, +nor suffer it to be opposed, as judging myself not unworthily deposed +from my regal dignity for my deserts._ + +This resignation being read again in parliament, they grounded the +deposing King Richard upon it, and declared him accordingly deposed, +that is, declared the throne vacant; and immediately, by virtue of +their own undoubted right of limiting the succession, named the +successor. See the form in the history of that time, thus:-- + +_That the throne was vacant by the voluntary cession and just +deposition of King Richard II., and that therefore, according to their +undoubted power and right so to do, they ought forthwith to the naming +a successor to fill the said throne, which they forthwith did, by +naming and proclaiming Henry, Duke of Lancaster, to be king, &c._ + +See the history of the kings of England, vol. fol. 287. + +This was the same thing with King James's abdication, and King James's +abdication was no less or more than an effectual resignation in form; +now the parliament, upon the resignation of the crown by the king, +having a manifold and manifest right to supply the throne so become +vacant, had no obligation to regard the posterity of the abdicated +prince, so far as any of them are concerned in, or involved by, the +said abdication, and therefore considered of establishing and limiting +the succession, without mentioning the reasons of the descent, having +the reasons in themselves; but suppose the son of King James had been +allowed legitimate, yet as the father had involved him in the same +circumstances with himself, by first carrying him out of the kingdom, +and afterwards educating him in the popish religion, he became +abdicated also with his father; neither doth the being voluntary or +not voluntary alter the case in the least, since in the laws of +England a father is allowed to be able to forfeit for himself and for +his children, and much more may he make a resignation for himself and +his children, as is daily practised and allowed in law in the cutting +off entails and remainders, even when the heir entail is in being, and +under age. The people of Britain ought not then to suffer themselves +to be imposed upon in such a case; for though the pretender were to be +owned for the lawful son of King James, yet the abdication of King +James his father, and especially his own passive abdication, was as +effectual an abdication in him as if he had been of age, and done it +voluntarily himself, and shall be allowed to be as binding in all +respects in law as an heir in possession cutting off an heir entail. +If this is not so, then was the settlement of the crown upon King +William and Queen Mary unrighteous, and those two famous princes must +be recorded in history for parricides and usurpers; nor will it end +there, for the black charge must reach our most gracious sovereign, +who must be charged with the horrible crimes of robbery and +usurpation; and not the parliament or convention of the estates at the +revolution only shall be charged as rebels and traitors to their +sovereign, and breakers of the great command of rendering to Cæsar the +things that are Cæsar's, but even every parliament since, especially +those who have had any hand in placing the entail of the crown upon +the person of the queen, and in confirming her majesty's possession +thereof since her happy accession; and every act of parliament +settling the succession on the house of Hanover must have likewise +been guilty of treason and rebellion in a most unnatural manner. This +is a heavy charge upon her majesty, and very inconsistent with the +great zeal and affection with which all the people of Britain at this +time pay their duty and allegiance to her majesty's person, and +acknowledge her happy government; this may indeed be thought hard, but +it is evident nothing less can be the case, and therefore those people +who are so forward to plead the pretender's cause, on account of his +being King James's lawful son, can do it upon no other terms than +these, viz., to declare that the queen is herself an illegal governor, +an usurper of another's right, and therefore ought to be deposed; or, +that the hereditary right of princes is no indefeasible thing, but is +subjected to the power of limitations by parliament. Thus I think the +great difficulty of the pretender's being the rightful son of the late +King James is over, and at an end; that it is no part of the needful +inquiry relating to the succession, since his father involved him in +the fate of his abdication, and many ways rendered him incapable to +reign, and out of condition to have any claim; since the power of +limiting the succession to the crown is an undoubted right of the +parliaments of England and of Scotland respectively. Moreover, his +being educated a papist in France, and continuing so, was a just +reason why the people of England rejected him, and why they ought to +reject him, since, according to that famous vote of the commons in the +convention parliament, so often printed, and so often on many accounts +quoted, it is declared, That it is inconsistent with the constitution +of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince. Vid. +Votes of the Convention, Feb. 2nd, 1688. This vote was carried up by +Mr. Hampden to the house of lords the same day as the resolution of +all the commons of England. Now, this prince being popish, not only so +in his infancy, but continuing so even now, when all the acts of +Parliament in Britain have been made to exclude him, his turning +protestant now, which his emissaries promise for him, though perhaps +without his consent, will not answer at all; for the acts of +parliament, or some of them, having been past while he, though of age, +remained a papist, and gave no room to expect any other, his turning +protestant cannot alter those laws, suppose he should do so; nor is it +reasonable that a nation should alter an established succession to +their crown whenever he shall think fit to alter or change his +religion; if to engage the people of Britain to settle the succession +upon him, and receive him as heir, he had thought fit to turn +protestant, why did he not declare himself ready to do so before the +said succession was settled by so many laws, especially by that +irrevocable law of the union of the two kingdoms, and that engagement +of the abjuration, of which no human power can absolve us, no act of +parliament can repeal it, nor no man break it without wilful perjury. + +What, then, is the signification to the people of Britain whether the +person called the pretender be legitimate, or no? The son of King +James, or the son of a cinder-woman? The case is settled by the queen, +by the legislative authority, and we cannot go back from it; and those +who go about as emissaries to persuade the commons of Great Britain of +the pretender having a right, go about at the same time traitorously +to tell the queen's good subjects that her majesty is not our rightful +queen, but an usurper. + + +END OF REASONS AGAINST THE SUCCESSION OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Reasons against the Succession of the +House of Hanover with an Enquiry, by Daniel Defoe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + +***** This file should be named 36628-8.txt or 36628-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/6/2/36628/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Reasons against the Succession of the House of Hanover with an Enquiry + How far the Abdication of King James, supposing it to be + Legal, ought to affect the Person of the Pretender + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: July 5, 2011 [EBook #36628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. In memory of +Steven Gibbs (1938-2009). + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="notes"> +<p><i>Transcriber's Note:</i> This e-book, a pamphlet by Daniel Defoe, was +originally published in 1713, and was prepared from <i>The Novels and +Miscellaneous Works of Daniel De Foe</i>, vol. 6 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855). +Archaic spellings have been retained as they appear in the original, +and obvious printer errors have been corrected without note.</p> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<h1><span class="gesperrt">REASONS</span><br /> +<span class="xsm">AGAINST THE</span><br /> +<span class="gesperrt">SUCCESSION</span><br /> +<span class="xsm">OF THE</span><br /> +<i>HOUSE of HANOVER</i>,<br /> +<span class="xsm">WITH AN</span><br /> +<span class="gesperrt">ENQUIRY</span><br /> +<span class="xsm">How far the Abdication of King <i>James</i>,<br /> +supposing it to be Legal, ought to affect<br /> +the Person of the</span><br /> +<span class="gesperrt">PRETENDER</span>.</h1> + +<hr class="close" /> +<p class="center"><i>Si Populus vult Decipi, Decipiatur.</i></p> +<hr class="close" /> + + +<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt"><i>LONDON:</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerbp">Printed for <i>J. Baker</i>, at the <i>Black-Boy</i> in<br /> +<i>Pater-Noster-Row</i>, 1713. [<i>Price</i> 6<i>d.</i>]</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<h2><span class="gespn">REASONS</span><br /> +<span class="xsm">AGAINST</span><br /> +<span class="msm"><span class="gespn">THE SUCCESSION</span>, &c.</span></h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">What</span> strife is here among you all? And what a noise about who shall or +shall not be king, the Lord knows when? Is it not a strange thing we +cannot be quiet with the queen we have, but we must all fall into +confusion and combustions about who shall come after? Why, pray folks, +how old is the queen, and when is she to die? that here is this pother +made about it. I have heard wise people say the queen is not fifty +years old, that she has no distemper but the gout, that that is a +long-life disease, which generally holds people out twenty, or thirty, +or forty years; and let it go how it will, the queen may well enough +linger out twenty or thirty years, and not be a huge old wife neither. +Now, what say the people, must we think of living twenty or thirty +years in this wrangling condition we are now in? This would be a +torment worse than some of the Egyptian plagues, and would be +intolerable to bear, though for fewer years than that. The animosities +of this nation, should they go on, as it seems they go on now, would +by time become to such a height, that all charity, society, and mutual +agreement among us, will be destroyed. Christians shall we be called! +No; nothing of the people called Christians will be to be found among +us. Nothing of Christianity, or the substance of Christianity, viz., +charity, will be found among us! The name Christian may be assumed, +but it will be all hypocrisy and delusion; the being of Christianity +must be lost in the fog, and smoke, and stink, and noise, and rage, +and cruelty, of our quarrel about a king. Is this rational? Is it +agreeable to the true interest of the nation? What must become of +trade, of religion, of society, of relation, of families, of people? +Why, hark ye, you folk that call yourselves rational, and talk of +having souls, is this a token of your having such things about you, or +of thinking rationally; if you have, pray what is it likely will +become of you all? Why, the strife is gotten into your kitchens, your +parlours, your shops, your counting-houses, nay, into your very beds. +You gentlefolks, if you please to listen to your cookmaids and footmen +in your kitchens, you shall hear them scolding, and swearing, and +scratching, and fighting among themselves; and when you think the +noise is about the beef and the pudding, the dishwater, or the +kitchen-stuff, alas, you are mistaken; the feud is about the more +mighty affairs of the government, and who is for the protestant +succession, and who for the pretender. Here the poor despicable +scullions learn to cry, High Church, No Dutch Kings, No Hanover, that +they may do it dexterously when they come into the next mob. Here +their antagonists of the dripping-pan practise the other side clamour, +No French Peace, No Pretender, No Popery. The thing is the very same +up one pair of stairs: in the shops and warehouses the apprentices +stand some on one side of the shop, and some on the other, (having +trade little enough), and there they throw high church and low church +at one another's heads like battledore and shuttlecock; instead of +posting their books, they are fighting and railing at the pretender +and the house of Hanover; it were better for us certainly that these +things had never been heard of. If we go from the shop one story +higher into our family, the ladies, instead of their innocent sports +and diversions, they are all falling out one among another; the +daughters and the mother, the mothers and the daughters; the children +and the servants; nay, the very little sisters one among another. If +the chambermaid is a slattern, and does not please, Hang her, she is a +jade; or, I warrant she is a highflier; or, on the other side, I +warrant she is a whig; I never knew one of that sort good for anything +in my life. Nay, go to your very bed-chambers, and even in bed the man +and wife shall quarrel about it. People! people! what will become of +you at this rate? If ye cannot set man and wife together, nor your +sons and daughters together, nay, nor your servants together, how will +ye set your horses together, think ye? And how shall they stand +together twenty or thirty years, think ye, if the queen should live so +long? Before that time comes, if you are not reduced to your wits, you +will be stark mad; so that unless you can find in your hearts to agree +about this matter beforehand, the condition you are in, and by that +time will in all likelihood be in, will ruin us all; and this is one +sufficient reason why we should say nothing, and do nothing about the +succession, but just let it rest where it is, and endeavour to be +quiet; for it is impossible to live thus. Further, if Hanover should +come while we are in such a condition, we shall ruin him, or he us, +that is most certain. It remains to inquire what will be the issue of +things. Why, first, if ye will preserve the succession, and keep it +right, you must settle the peace of the nation: we are not in a +condition to stand by the succession now, and if we go on we shall be +worse able to do so; in his own strength Hanover does not pretend to +come, and if he did he must miscarry: if not in his own, in whose then +but the people of Britain? And if the people be a weakened, divided, +and deluded people, and see not your own safety to lie in your +agreement among yourselves, how shall such weak folk assist him, +especially against a strong enemy; so that it will be your destruction +to attempt to bring in the house of Hanover, unless you can stand by +and defend him when he is come; this will make you all like Monmouth's +men in the west, and you will find yourselves lifted up to halters and +gibbets, not to places and preferments. Unless you reconcile +yourselves to one another, and bring things to some better pass among +the common people, it will be but to banter yourselves to talk of the +protestant succession; for you neither will be in a condition to bring +over your protestant successor, or to support him on the throne when +you have brought him; and it will not be denied, but to make the +attempt, and not succeed in it, is to ruin yourselves; and this I +think a very good reason against the succession of the house of +Hanover.</p> + +<p>Another argument relates something to the family of Hanover itself. +Here the folk are continually fighting and quarrelling with one +another to such a degree as must infallibly weaken and disable the +whole body of the nation, and expose them to any enemy, foreign or +domestic. What prince, think you, will venture his person with a party +or a faction, and that a party crushed, and under the power of their +enemy; a party who have not been able to support themselves or their +cause, how shall they support and defend him when he comes? And if +they cannot be in a posture to defend and maintain him when they have +him, how shall he be encouraged to venture himself among them? To come +over and make the attempt here according to his just claim and the +laws of the land, would be indeed his advantage, if there was a +probability that he should succeed; otherwise the example of the king +of Poland is sufficient to warn him against venturing while the nation +is divided, and together by the ears, as they are here. The whole +kingdom of Poland, we see, could not defend King Augustus against the +Swedes and their pretender; but though he had the majority, and was +received as king over the whole kingdom, yet it being a kingdom +divided into factions and parties, and those parties raging with +bitter envy and fury one against another, even just as ours do here, +what came of it but the ruin of King Augustus, who was as it were a +prisoner in his own court, and was brought to the necessity of +abdicating the crown of Poland, and of acknowledging the title of the +pretender to that crown. Now, what can the elector of Hanover expect, +if he should make the attempt here while we are in this divided +factious condition,—while the pretender, backed by his party at home, +shall also have the whole power of France to support him, and place +him upon the throne?</p> + +<p>Let us but look back to a time when the very same case almost fell out +in this nation; the same many ways it was, that is, in the case of +Queen Mary I., your bloody papist persecuting Queen Mary and the Lady +Jane Dudley, or Grey. The late King Edward VI. had settled the +protestant succession upon the Lady Jane; it was received universally +as the protestant succession is now. The reasons which moved the +people to receive it were the same, <i>i.e.</i>, the safety of the +protestant religion, and the liberties and properties of the people; +all the great men of King Edward's court and council came readily into +this succession, and gave their oaths, or what was in those days +(whatsoever it may be now) thought equal to an oath, viz., their +honour, for the standing by the successor in her taking possession of +her said just right. Mary, daughter of Catherine of Spain, was the +pretender; her mother was abdicated (so we call it in this age), +repudiated, they called it, or divorced. Her daughter was adjudged +illegitimate or spurious, because the marriage of her mother was +esteemed unlawful; just as our pretender is by this nation suggested +spurious, by reason of the yet unfolded mysteries of his birth. Again, +that pretender had the whole power of Spain, which was then the most +dreaded of any in the world, and was just what the French are now, +viz., the terror of Europe. If Queen Mary was to have the crown, it +was allowed by all that England was to be governed by Spanish +councils, and Spanish maxims, Spanish money, and Spanish cruelty. Just +as we say now of the pretender, that if he was to come in we shall be +all governed by French maxims, French councils, French money, and +French tyranny. In these things the pretender (Mary) at that time was +the parallel to our pretender now, and that with but very little +difference. Besides all this, she was a papist, which was directly +contrary to the pious design of King Edward in propagating the +reformation. Exactly agreeing these things were with our succession, +our pretender, our King William, and his design, by settling the +succession for the propagating the revolution, which is the +reformation of this day, as the reformation was the revolution of that +day. After this formal settling of the succession the king (as kings +and queens must) dies, and the lords of the council, as our law calls +them, they were the same thing, suppose lords justices, they meet and +proclaim their protestant successor, as they were obliged to do; and +what followed? Had they been unanimous, had they stuck to one another, +had they not divided into parties, high and low, they had kept their +protestant successor in spite of all the power of Spain, but they fell +out with one another; high protestants against low protestants! and +what was the consequence? One side to ruin the other brought in the +pretender upon them, and so Spanish power, as it was predicted, came +in upon them, and devoured them all. Popery came in, as they feared, +and all went to ruin; and what came of the protestant successor? Truly +they brought her to ruin. For first bringing her in, and then, by +reason of their own strife and divisions, not being able to maintain +her in the possession of that crown, which at their request she had +taken, she fell into her enemies' hand, was made a sacrifice to their +fury, and brought to the block. What can be a more lively +representation of our case now before us? He must have small sense of +the state of our case, I think, who in our present circumstances can +desire the Hanover succession should take place. What! would you bring +over the family of Hanover to have them murdered? No, no, those that +have a true value for the house of Hanover, would by no means desire +them to come hither, or desire you to bring them on such terms; first +let the world see you are in a condition to support and defend them, +that the pretender, and his power and alliances of any kind, shall not +disperse and ruin him and you together; first unite and put yourselves +into a posture that you may defend the succession, and then you may +have it; but as it stands now, good folks, consider with yourselves +what prince in Europe will venture among us, and who that has any +respect or value for the house of Hanover can desire them to come +hither.</p> + +<p>These are some good reasons why the succession of the house of Hanover +should not be our present view. Another reason may be taken from the +example of the good people in the days of King Edward VI. They were +very good, religious people, that must be allowed by all sides, and +who had very great zeal for the protestant religion and the +reformation, as it was then newly established among them; and this +zeal of theirs appeared plainly in a degree we can scarce hope for +among the protestants of this age, viz., in their burning for it +afterwards; yet such was their zeal for the hereditary right of their +royal family, that they chose to fall into the hands of Spanish +tyranny, and of Spanish popery, and let the protestant religion and +the hopes of its establishment go to the d——l, rather than not have +the right line of their princes kept up, and the eldest daughter of +their late King Henry come to the crown. Upon this principle they +forsook their good reforming King Edward's scheme, rejected the +protestant succession, and they themselves, protestants, sincere +protestants, such as afterwards died at a stake for their religion, +the protestant religion; yet they brought in the pretender according +to their principles, and run the risk of what could follow thereupon. +Why should we think it strange, then, that protestants now in this +age, and Church of England protestants too, should be for a popish +pretender? No doubt but they may be as good protestants as the +Suffolk men in Queen Mary's time were, and if they are brought to it, +will go as far, and die at a stake for the protestant religion, and in +doing this, no doubt, but it is their real prospect to die at a stake, +or they would not do it to be sure. Now the protestant religion, the +whole work of reformation, the safety of the nation, both as to their +liberties and religion, the keeping out French or Spanish popery, the +dying at a stake, and the like, being always esteemed things of much +less value than the faithful adhering to the divine rule of keeping +the crown in the right line, let any true protestant tell me, how can +we pretend to be for the Hanover succession? It is evident that the +divine hereditary right of our crown is the main great article now in +debate. You call such a man the pretender, but is he not the son of +our king? And if so, what is the protestant religion to us? Had we not +much better be papists than traitors? Had we not much better deny our +God, our baptism, our religion, and our lives, than deny our lawful +prince, our next male in a right line? If popery comes, passive +obedience is still our friend; we are protestants; we can die, we can +burn, we can do anything but rebel; and this being our first duty, +viz., to recognise our rightful sovereign, are we not to do that +first? And if popery or slavery follow, we must act as becomes us. +This being then orthodox doctrine, is equally a substantial reason why +we should be against the Hanover succession.</p> + +<p>There may be sundry other reasons given why we should not be for this +new establishment of the succession, which, though perhaps they may +not seem so cogent in themselves, have yet a due force, as they stand +related to other circumstances, which this nation is at present +involved in, and therefore are only left to the consideration of the +people of these times. No question but every honest Briton is for a +peaceable succession; now, if the pretender comes, and is quietly +established on the throne, why then you know there is an end of all +our fears of the great and formidable power of France; we have no more +need to fear an invasion, or the effects of leaving France in a +condition by the peace to act against us; and put the pretender upon +us; and therefore, peace being of so much consequence to this nation, +after so long and so cruel a war, none can think of entering upon a +new war for the succession without great regret and horror. Now, it +cannot be doubted but the succession of Hanover would necessarily +involve us again in a war against France, and that perhaps when we may +be in no good case to undertake it, for these reasons:—1. Perhaps +some princes and states in the world by that time, seeing the great +increase and growth of French power, may think fit to change their +sentiments, and rather come over to that interest for want of being +supported before, than be willing to embark against France, and so it +may not be possible to obtain a new confederacy in the degree and +extent of it, which we have seen it in, or in any degree suitable to +the power of France; and if so, there may be but small hopes of +success in case of a new rupture; and any war had better be let alone +than be carried on to loss, which often ends in the overthrow of the +party or nation who undertake it, and fails in the carrying it on. 2. +France itself, as well by the acquisition of those princes who may +have changed sides, as above, as by a time for taking breath after the +losses they have received, may be raised to a condition of superior +strength, and may be too much an overmatch for us to venture upon; and +if he thinks fit to send us the person we call the pretender, and +order us to take him for our king, and this when we are in no +condition to withstand him, prudence will guide us to accept of him; +for all people comply with what they cannot avoid; and if we are not +in a condition to keep him out, there wants very little consultation +upon the question, whether we shall take him in, or no? Like this is a +man, who being condemned to be hanged, and is in irons in the dungeon +at Newgate, when he sees no possibility either of pardon from the +queen, or escape out of prison, what does he resolve upon next? What! +why he resolves to die. What should he resolve on? Everybody submits +to what they cannot escape. People! people! if ye cannot resist the +French king, ye must submit to a French pretender. There is no more to +be said about that. 3. Then some allies, who it might be thought would +be able to lend you some help in such a case as this is, may pretend +to be disgusted at former usage, and say they were abandoned and +forsaken in their occasion by us, and they will not hazard for a +nation who disobliged them so much before, and from whom they have not +received suitable returns for the debt of the revolution. And if these +nations should take things so ill as to refuse their aid and +assistance in a case of so much necessity as that of the succession, +how shall we be able to maintain that attempt? And, as before, an +attempt of that, or any other kind like that, is better unmade than +ineffectually made. 4. Others add a yet farther reason of our probable +inability in such a case, viz., that the enemies of Britain have so +misrepresented things to some of the neighbouring nations, our good +friends and allies, as if we Britons had betrayed the protestant +interest, and not acted faithfully to our confederacies and alliances, +in which our reputation, it is pretended, has suffered so much, as not +to merit to be trusted again in like cases, or that it should be safe +to depend upon our most solemn engagements. This, though it is +invidious and harsh, yet if there may be any truth in it, as we hope +there is not, may be added as a very good reason, why, after this war +is over, we may be in no good case at all to undertake or to carry on +a new war in defence of the new protestant succession, when it may +come to be necessary so to do. Since, then, the succession of Hanover +will necessarily involve us in a new war against France, and for the +reasons above, if they are allowed to be good reasons, we may not be +in a condition to carry on that war, is not this a good reason why we +should not in our present circumstances be for that succession? Other +reasons may be taken from the present occasion the nation may lie +under of preserving and securing the best administration of things +that ever this nation was under in many ages; and if this be found to +be inconsistent with the succession of Hanover, as some feign, it is +hoped none will say but we ought to consider what we do; if the +succession of Hanover is not consistent with these things, what reason +have we to be for the said succession, till that posture of things be +arrived when that inconsistency may be removed? And now, people of +Britain! be your own judges upon what terms you can think it +reasonable to insist any longer upon this succession. I do not contend +that it is not a lawful succession, a reasonable succession, an +established succession, nay, a sworn succession; but if it be not a +practicable succession, and cannot be a peaceable succession; if peace +will not bring him in, and war cannot, what must we do? It were much +better not to have it at all, than to have it and ruin the kingdom, +and ruin those that claim it at the same time.</p> + +<p>But yet I have other reasons than these, and more cogent ones; learned +men say, some diseases in nature are cured by antipathies, and some +by sympathies; that the enemies of nature are the best preservatives +of nature; that bodies are brought down by the skill of the physician +that they may the better be brought up, made sick to be made well, and +carried to the brink of the grave in order to be kept from the grave; +for these reasons, and in order to these things, poisons are +administered for physic; or amputations in surgery, the flesh is cut +that it may heal; an arm laid open that it may close with safety; and +these methods of cure are said to be the most certain as well as most +necessary in those particular cases, from whence it is become a +proverbial saying in physic, desperate diseases must have desperate +remedies. Now it is very proper to inquire in this case whether the +nation is not in such a state of health at this time, that the coming +of the pretender may not be of absolute necessity, by way of cure of +such national distempers which now afflict us, and that an effectual +cure can be wrought no other way? If upon due inquiry it should appear +that we are not fit to receive such a prince as the successor of the +house of Hanover is, that we should maltreat and abuse him if he were +here, and that there is no way for us to learn the true value of a +protestant successor so well as by tasting a little what a popish +pretender is, and feeling something of the great advantages that may +accrue to us by the superiority of a Jacobite party; if the disease of +stupidity has so far seized us that we are to be cured only by poisons +and fermentations; if the wound is mortified, and nothing but deep +incisions, amputations, and desperate remedies must be used; if it +should be necessary thus to teach us the worth of things by the want +of them; and there is no other way to bring the nation to its senses; +why, what can be then said against the pretender? Even let him come +that we may see what slavery means, and may inquire how the chains of +French galleys hang about us, and how easy wooden shoes are to walk +in; for no experience teaches so well as that we buy dearest, and pay +for with the most smart.</p> + +<p>I think this may pass for a very good reason against the protestant +succession; nothing is surer than that the management of King Charles +II. and his late brother, were the best ways the nation could ever +have taken to bring to pass the happy revolution; yet these +afflictions to the island were not joyous, but grievous, for the time +they remained, and the poor kingdoms suffered great convulsions; but +what weighs that if these convulsions are found to be necessary to a +cure? If the physicians prescribe a vomit for the cure of any +particular distemper, will the patient complain of being made sick? +No, no; when you begin to be sick, then we say, Oh, that is right, and +then the vomit begins to work; and how shall the island of Britain +spew out all the dregs and filth the public digesture has contracted, +if it be not made sick with some French physic? If you give good +nourishing food upon a foul stomach, you cause that wholesome food to +turn into filth, and instead of nourishing the man, it nourishes +diseases in the man, till those diseases prove his destruction, and +bring him to the grave. In like manner, if you will bring the +protestant successor into the government before that government have +taken some physic to cleanse it from the ill digesture it may have +been under, how do we know but the diseases which are already begun in +the constitution may not be nourished and kept up, till they may +hereafter break out in the days of our posterity, and prove mortal to +the nation. Wherefore should we desire the protestant successor to +come in upon a foot of high-flying menage, and be beholden for their +establishment to those who are the enemies of the constitution? Would +not this be to have in time to come the successors of that house be +the same thing as the ages passed have already been made sick of, and +made to spew out of the government? Are not any of these +considerations enough to make any of us averse to the protestant +succession? No, no; let us take a French vomit first, and make us +sick, that we may be well, and may afterwards more effectually have +our health established.</p> + +<p>The pretender will no doubt bring us good medicines, and cure us of +all our hypochondriac vapours that now make us so giddy. But, say +some, he will bring popery in upon us; popery, say you! alas! it is +true, popery is a sad thing, and that, say some folk, ought to have +been thought on before now; but suppose then this thing called popery! +How will it come in? Why, say the honest folk, the pretender is a +papist, and if a popish prince come upon the throne we shall have +popery come in upon us without fail. Well, well, and what hurt will +this be to you? May not popery be very good in its kind? What if this +popery, like the vomit made of poison, be the only physic that can +cure you? If this vomit make you spew out your filth, your tory filth, +your idolatrous filth, your tyrannic filth, and restore you to your +health, shall it not be good for you? Where pray observe in the +allegory of physic; you heard before when you take a vomit, the physic +given you to vomit is always something contrary to nature, something +that if taken in quantity would destroy; but how does it operate? It +attacks nature, and puts her upon a ferment to cast out what offends +her; but remark it, I pray, when the patient vomits, he always vomits +up the physic and the filth together; so, if the nation should take a +vomit of popery, as when the pretender comes most certain it is that +this will be the consequence, they will vomit up the physic and the +filth together; the popery and the pretender will come all up again, +and all the popish, arbitrary, tyrannical filth, which has offended +the stomach of the nation so long, and ruined its digesture, it will +all come up together; one vomit of popery will do us all a great deal +of good, for the stomach of the constitution is marvellous foul. +Observe, people! this is no new application; the nation has taken a +vomit of this kind before now, as in Queen Mary I.'s time; the +reformation was not well chewed, and being taken down whole, did not +rightly digest, but left too much crudity in the stomach, from whence +proceeded ill nourishment, bad blood, and a very ill habit of body in +the constitution; witness the distemper which seized the Gospellers in +Suffolk, who being struck with an epilepsy or dead palsy in the better +half of their understanding, to wit, the religious and zealous part, +took up arms for a popish pretender, against the protestant successor, +upon the wild-headed whimsey of the right line being <i>jure divino</i>. +Well, what followed, I pray? Why, they took a vomit of popery; the +potion indeed was given in a double vehicle, viz., of fagots a little +inflamed, and this worked so effectually, that the nation having +vomited, brought up all the filth of the stomach, and the foolish +notion of hereditary right, spewed out popery also along with it. Thus +was popery, and fire and fagot, the most effectual remedy to cure the +nation of all its simple diseases, and to settle and establish the +protestant reformation; and why then should we be so terrified with +the apprehensions of popery? Nay, why should we not open our eyes and +see how much to our advantage it may be in the next reign to have +popery brought in, and to that end the pretender set up, that he may +help us to this most useful dose of physic? These are some other of +my reasons against the protestant succession; I think they cannot be +mended; it may perhaps be thought hard of that we should thus seem to +make light of so terrible a thing as popery, and should jest with the +affair of the protestants; no, people! no; this is no jest,—taking +physic is no jest at all; for it is useful many ways, and there is no +keeping the body in health without it; for the corruption of politic +constitutions are as gross and as fatal as those of human bodies, and +require as immediate application of medicines. And why should you +people of this country be so alarmed, and seem so afraid of this thing +called popery, when it is spoken of in intelligible terms, since you +are not afraid alternately to put your hands to those things which as +naturally tend in themselves to bring it upon you, as clouds tend to +rain, or smoke to fire; what does all your scandalous divisions, your +unchristian quarrellings, your heaping up reproaches, and loading each +other with infamy, and with abominable forgeries, what do these tend +to but to popery? If it should be asked how have these any such +reference? the question is most natural from the premises. If +divisions weaken the nation; if whig and tory, even united, are, and +have been, weak enough to keep out popery, surely then widening the +unnatural breaches, and inflaming things between them to implacable +and irreconcileable breaches, must tend to overthrow the protestant +kingdom, which, as our ever blessed Saviour said, <i>when divided +against itself cannot stand</i>. Besides, are not your breaches come up +to that height already as to let any impartial bystander see that +popery must be the consequences? Do not one party say openly, they had +rather be papists than presbyterians; that they would rather go to +mass than to a meeting-house; and are they not to that purpose, all of +them who are of that height, openly joined with the jacobites in the +cause of popery? On the other hand, are not the presbyterians in +Scotland so exasperated at having the abjuration oath imposed upon +them, contrary, as they tell us, to their principles, that they care +not if he, or any else, would come now and free them from that yoke? +What is all this but telling us plainly that the whole nation is +running into popery and the pretender? Why then, while you are +obliquely, and by consequences, joining your hands to bring in popery, +why, O distracted folk! should you think it amiss to have me talk of +doing it openly and avowedly? Better is open enmity than secret +guile; better is it to talk openly, and profess openly, for popery, +that you may see the shape and real picture of it, than pretend strong +opposition of it, and be all at the same time putting your hands to +the work, and pulling it down upon yourselves with all your might.</p> + +<p>But here comes an objection in our way, which, however weighty, we +must endeavour to get over, and this is, what becomes of the +abjuration? If the pretender comes in we are all perjured, and we +ought to be all unanimous for the house of Hanover, because we are all +perjured if we are for the pretender. Perjured, say ye! Ha! why, do +all these people say we are perjured already? Nay, one, two, three, or +four times? What signify oaths and abjurations in a nation where the +parliament can make an oath to-day, and punish a man for keeping it +to-morrow! Besides, taking oaths without examination, and breaking +them without consideration, hath been so much a practice, and the date +of its original is so far back, that none, or but very few, know where +to look for it; nay, have we not been called in the vulgar dialect of +foreign countries "the swearing nation"? Note, we do not say the +forsworn nation; for whatever other countries say of us, it is not +meet we should say so of ourselves; but as to swearing and +forswearing, associating and abjuring, there are very few without sin +to throw the first stone, and therefore we may be the less careful to +answer in this matter: it is evident that the friends of the pretender +cannot blame us; for have not the most professed jacobites all over +the nation taken this abjuration? Nay, when even in their hearts they +have all the while resolved to be for the pretender? Not to instance +in the swearing in all ages to and against governments, just as they +were or were not, in condition to protect us, or keep others out of +possession; but we have a much better way to come off this than that, +and we doubt not to clear the nation of perjury, by declaring the +design, true intent, and meaning of the thing itself; for the good or +evil of every action is said to lie in the intention; if then we can +prove the bringing in the pretender to be done with a real intention +and sincere desire to keep him out, or, as before, to spew him out; if +we bring in popery with an intention and a sincere design to establish +the protestant religion; if we bring in a popish prince with a single +design the firmer and better to fix and introduce the protestant +Hanover succession; if, I say, these things are the true intent and +meaning, and are at the bottom of all our actions in this matter, pray +how shall we be said to be perjured, or to break in upon the +abjuration, whose meaning we keep, whatever becomes of the literal +part of it. Thus we are abundantly defended from the guilt of perjury, +because we preserve the design and intention upright and entire for +the house of Hanover; though as the best means to bring it to pass we +think fit to bring in popery and the pretender: but yet farther, to +justify the lawfulness and usefulness of such kind of methods, we may +go back to former experiments of the same case, or like cases, for +nothing can illustrate such a thing so aptly, as the example of +eminent men who have practised the very same things in the same or +like cases, and more especially when that practice has been made use +of by honest men in an honest cause, and the end been crowned with +success. This eminent example was first put in practice by the late +famous Earl of Sunderland, in the time of King James II., and that too +in the case of bringing popery into England, which is the very +individual article before us. This famous politician, if fame lies +not, turned papist himself, went publicly to mass, advised and +directed all the forward rash steps that King James afterwards took +towards the introducing of popery into the nation; if he is not +slandered, it was he advised the setting up of popish chapels and +mass-houses in the city of London, and in the several principal towns +of this nation; the invading the right of corporations, courts of +justice, universities, and, at last, the erecting the high commission +court, to sap the foundations of the church; and many more of the +arbitrary steps which that monarch took for the ruin of the protestant +religion, as he thought, were brought about by this politic earl, +purely with design, and as the only effectual means to ruin the popish +schemes, and bring about the establishment of the protestant religion +by the revolution; and, as experience after made it good, he alone was +in the right, and it was the only way left, the only step that could +be taken, though at first it made us all of the opinion the man was +going the ready way to ruin his country, and that he was selling us to +popery and Rome. This was exactly our case; the nation being sick of a +deadly, and otherwise incurable disease, this wise physician knew that +nothing but a medicine made up of deadly poison, that should put the +whole body into convulsions, and make it cast up the dregs of the +malady, would have any effect; and so he applied himself accordingly +to such a cure; he brought on popery to the very door; he caused the +nation to swallow as much of it as he thought was enough to make her +as sick as a horse, and then he foresaw she would spew up the disease +and the medicine together; the potion of popery he saw would come up +with it, and so it did. If this be our case now, then it may be true +that bringing the pretender is the only way to establish the +protestant succession; and upon such terms, and such only, I declare +myself for the pretender. If any sort of people are against the +succession of the house of Hanover on any other accounts, and for +other reasons, it may not be amiss to know some of them, and a little +to recommend them to those who have a mind to be for him, but well +know not wherefore or why they are so inclined. 1. Some being +instructed to have an aversion to all foreign princes or families, are +against the succession of the princes of Hanover, because, as they are +taught to say, they are Dutchmen; now, though it might as well be said +of the pretender that he is a Frenchman, yet that having upon many +accounts been made more familiar to them of late, and the name of a +Dutch king having a peculiar odium left upon it, by the grievances of +the late King William's reign, they can by no means think of another +Dutch succession without abhorrence; nay, the aversion is so much +greater than their aversions to popery, that they can with much more +satisfaction entertain the notion of a popish French pretender than of +the best protestant in the world, if he hath anything belonging to him +that sounds like a Dutchman; and this is some people's reason against +the Hanover succession; a reason which has produced various effects in +the world since the death of that prince, even to creating national +antipathies in some people to the whole people of Holland, and to wish +us involved in a war with the Dutch without any foundation of a +quarrel with them, or any reason for those aversions; but these things +opening a scene which relates to things farther back than the subject +we are now upon, we omit them here for brevity sake, and to keep more +closely to the thing in hand at this time. Others have aversions to +the Hanover succession as it is the effect of the revolution, and as +it may reasonably be supposed to favour such principles as the +revolution was brought about by, and has been the support of, viz., +principles of liberty, justice, rights of parliaments, the people's +liberties, free possession of property, and such like; these +doctrines, a certain party in this nation have always to their utmost +opposed, and have given us reason to believe they hate and abhor them, +and for this reason they cannot be supposed to appear forward for the +Hanover succession; to these principles have been opposed the more +famous doctrines of passive obedience, absolute will, indefeasible +right, the <i>jus divinum</i> of the line of princes, hereditary right, and +such like; these, as preached up by that eminent divine, Dr. Henry +Sacheverell, are so much preferable to the pretences of liberty and +constitution, the old republican notions of the whigs, that they +cannot but fill these people with hatred against all those that would +pretend to maintain the foundation we now stand upon, viz., the +revolution; and this is their reason against the Hanover succession, +which they know would endeavour to do so.</p> + +<p>Come we in the conclusion of this great matter to one great and main +reason, which they say prevails with a great part of the nation at +this time to be for the pretender, and which many subtle heads and +industrious hands are now busily employed all over the kingdom to +improve in the minds of the common people, this is the opinion of the +legitimacy of the birth of the pretender; it seems, say these men, +that the poor commons of Britain have been all along imposed upon to +believe that the person called the pretender was a spurious birth, a +child fostered upon the nation by the late king and queen; this +delusion was carried on, say they, by the whigs in King William's +time, and a mighty stir was made of it to possess the rabbles in +favour of the revolution, but nothing was ever made of it; King +William, say they, promised in his declaration to have it referred to +the decision of the English parliament, but when he obtained the crown +he never did anything that way more than encourage the people to +spread the delusion by scurrilous pamphlets to amuse the poor commons; +have them take a thing for granted which could have no other thing +made of it; and so the judging of it in parliament was made a sham +only; and the people drinking in the delusion, as they who were in the +plot desired, it has passed ever since as if the thing had been +sufficiently proved. Now upon a more sedate considering the matter, +say they, the case is clear that this person is the real son of King +James, and the favourers of the revolution go now upon another +foundation, viz., the powers of parliaments to limit the succession; +and that succession being limited upon King James's abdication, which +they call voluntary; so that now, say they, the question about the +legitimacy of the person called the pretender is over, and nothing now +is to be said of it; that he is the son of King James, there is, say +they, no more room to doubt, and therefore the doctrine of hereditary +right taking place, as the ancient professed doctrine of the Church of +England, there can be no objection against his being our lawful king; +and it is contrary to the said Church of England doctrine to deny it. +This, then, is the present reason which the poor ignorant people are +taught to give why they are against the protestant succession, and why +they are easily persuaded to come into the new scheme of a popish +pretender, though at the same time they are all heartily against +popery as much as ever.</p> + +<p>It becomes necessary now to explain this case a little to the +understanding of the common people, and let them know upon what +foundation the right of these two parties is founded, and if this be +done with plainness and clearness, as by the rights and laws of +Englishmen and Britons appertaineth, the said commons of Britain may +soon discover whether the succession of the house of Hanover, or the +claim of the person called the pretender, is founded best, and which +they ought to adhere unto. The first thing it seems to be made clear +to the common people is, whether the pretender was the lawful son of +King James, yea, or no? And why the contrary to this was not made +appear, according to the promises which, they say, though falsely, +were made by the late King William? In the first place is to be +considered, that the declaration of the said king, when P. of O. +putting the said case in the modestest manner possible, had this +expression, That there were violent suspicions that the said person +was not born of the queen's body, and that the prince resolved to +leave the same to the free parliament, to which throughout the said +declaration the said prince declared himself ready to refer all the +grievances which he came over to redress. I shall give you this in the +words of a late learned author upon that head.</p> + +<p>That before a free parliament could be obtained, King James withdrew +himself, and carried away his pretended son into the hands of the +ancient enemies of this nation, and of our religion, viz., the French, +there to be educated in the principles of enmity to this his native +country.</p> + +<p>By which action he not only declined to refer the legitimacy of his +said son to the examination of the parliament, as the Prince of Orange +had offered in his said declaration, but made such examination +altogether useless and impracticable, he himself (King James) not +owning it to be a legal parliament, and therefore not consenting to +stand by such examination.</p> + +<p>By the said abdication, and carrying away his said pretended son into +the hands of the French to be educated in popery, &c., he gave the +parliament of England and Scotland abundant reason for ever to exclude +the said King James and his said pretended son from the government of +these realms, or from the succession to the same, and made it +absolutely necessary for them to do so, if they would secure the +protestant religion to themselves and their posterity; and this +without any regard to the doubt, whether he was the lawful son of King +James, or no, since it is inconsistent with the constitution of this +protestant nation to be governed by a popish prince.</p> + +<p>The proof of the legitimacy being thus stated, and all the violent +suspicions of his not being born of the queen being thus confirmed by +the abdication of King James, come we next to examine how far this +abdication could forfeit for this pretender, supposing him to be the +real son of King James; this returns upon the right of the parliament +to limit the succession, supposing King James had had no son at all; +if the abdication be granted a lawfully making the throne vacant, it +will be very hard to assign a cause why the parliament might not name +a successor while the father was alive, whose right had no violent +suspicions attending it, and not why they might not name a successor +though the son was living; that the father's abdication forfeited for +the son is no part of the question before us; for the father is not +said to forfeit his right at all; no one ever questioned his right to +reign, nor, had he thought fit to have stayed, could the parliament +have named a successor, unless, as in the case of Richard II., he had +made a voluntary resignation or renunciation of the crown, and of his +people's allegiance; but the king having voluntarily abdicated the +throne, this was as effectual a releasing his subjects from their +allegiance to him, as if he had read an instrument of resignation, +just as King Richard did; all the articles of such a resignation were +naturally contained in the said abdication, except the naming the +successor, as effectually as if they had been at large repeated; and +since the resigning the crown has been formerly practised in England, +and there is so eminent an example in our English history of the same, +it will questionless be of use to the reader of these sheets to have +the particulars of it before his eyes, which for that purpose is here +set down at large, as it was done in the presence of a great number of +English peers, who attended the king for that purpose, and is as +follows:—</p> + +<p><i>In the name of God, Amen. I Richard, by the grace of God, King of +England and France, and Lord of Ireland, do hereby acquit and +discharge all Archbishops, Bishops, Dukes, Marquisses, and Earls, +Barons, Lords, and all other my subjects, both spiritual and secular, +of what degree soever, from their oath of fealty and homage, and all +other bonds of allegiance, to me due from them and their heirs, and do +hereby release them from the said oath and allegiance, so far as they +concern my person, for ever.</i></p> + +<p><i>I also resign all my kingly majesty and dignity, with all the rights +and privileges thereunto belonging, and do renounce all the title and +claim which I ever had, or have, to them. I also renounce the +government of the said kingdom, and the name and royal highness +thereunto belonging, freely and wholly, and swearing upon the +Evangelists that I will never oppose this my voluntary resignation, +nor suffer it to be opposed, as judging myself not unworthily deposed +from my regal dignity for my deserts.</i></p> + +<p>This resignation being read again in parliament, they grounded the +deposing King Richard upon it, and declared him accordingly deposed, +that is, declared the throne vacant; and immediately, by virtue of +their own undoubted right of limiting the succession, named the +successor. See the form in the history of that time, thus:—</p> + +<p><i>That the throne was vacant by the voluntary cession and just +deposition of King Richard II., and that therefore, according to their +undoubted power and right so to do, they ought forthwith to the naming +a successor to fill the said throne, which they forthwith did, by +naming and proclaiming Henry, Duke of Lancaster, to be king, &c.</i></p> + +<p>See the history of the kings of England, vol. fol. 287.</p> + +<p>This was the same thing with King James's abdication, and King James's +abdication was no less or more than an effectual resignation in form; +now the parliament, upon the resignation of the crown by the king, +having a manifold and manifest right to supply the throne so become +vacant, had no obligation to regard the posterity of the abdicated +prince, so far as any of them are concerned in, or involved by, the +said abdication, and therefore considered of establishing and limiting +the succession, without mentioning the reasons of the descent, having +the reasons in themselves; but suppose the son of King James had been +allowed legitimate, yet as the father had involved him in the same +circumstances with himself, by first carrying him out of the kingdom, +and afterwards educating him in the popish religion, he became +abdicated also with his father; neither doth the being voluntary or +not voluntary alter the case in the least, since in the laws of +England a father is allowed to be able to forfeit for himself and for +his children, and much more may he make a resignation for himself and +his children, as is daily practised and allowed in law in the cutting +off entails and remainders, even when the heir entail is in being, and +under age. The people of Britain ought not then to suffer themselves +to be imposed upon in such a case; for though the pretender were to be +owned for the lawful son of King James, yet the abdication of King +James his father, and especially his own passive abdication, was as +effectual an abdication in him as if he had been of age, and done it +voluntarily himself, and shall be allowed to be as binding in all +respects in law as an heir in possession cutting off an heir entail. +If this is not so, then was the settlement of the crown upon King +William and Queen Mary unrighteous, and those two famous princes must +be recorded in history for parricides and usurpers; nor will it end +there, for the black charge must reach our most gracious sovereign, +who must be charged with the horrible crimes of robbery and +usurpation; and not the parliament or convention of the estates at the +revolution only shall be charged as rebels and traitors to their +sovereign, and breakers of the great command of rendering to Cæsar the +things that are Cæsar's, but even every parliament since, especially +those who have had any hand in placing the entail of the crown upon +the person of the queen, and in confirming her majesty's possession +thereof since her happy accession; and every act of parliament +settling the succession on the house of Hanover must have likewise +been guilty of treason and rebellion in a most unnatural manner. This +is a heavy charge upon her majesty, and very inconsistent with the +great zeal and affection with which all the people of Britain at this +time pay their duty and allegiance to her majesty's person, and +acknowledge her happy government; this may indeed be thought hard, but +it is evident nothing less can be the case, and therefore those people +who are so forward to plead the pretender's cause, on account of his +being King James's lawful son, can do it upon no other terms than +these, viz., to declare that the queen is herself an illegal governor, +an usurper of another's right, and therefore ought to be deposed; or, +that the hereditary right of princes is no indefeasible thing, but is +subjected to the power of limitations by parliament. Thus I think the +great difficulty of the pretender's being the rightful son of the late +King James is over, and at an end; that it is no part of the needful +inquiry relating to the succession, since his father involved him in +the fate of his abdication, and many ways rendered him incapable to +reign, and out of condition to have any claim; since the power of +limiting the succession to the crown is an undoubted right of the +parliaments of England and of Scotland respectively. Moreover, his +being educated a papist in France, and continuing so, was a just +reason why the people of England rejected him, and why they ought to +reject him, since, according to that famous vote of the commons in the +convention parliament, so often printed, and so often on many accounts +quoted, it is declared, That it is inconsistent with the constitution +of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince. Vid. +Votes of the Convention, Feb. 2nd, 1688. This vote was carried up by +Mr. Hampden to the house of lords the same day as the resolution of +all the commons of England. Now, this prince being popish, not only so +in his infancy, but continuing so even now, when all the acts of +Parliament in Britain have been made to exclude him, his turning +protestant now, which his emissaries promise for him, though perhaps +without his consent, will not answer at all; for the acts of +parliament, or some of them, having been past while he, though of age, +remained a papist, and gave no room to expect any other, his turning +protestant cannot alter those laws, suppose he should do so; nor is it +reasonable that a nation should alter an established succession to +their crown whenever he shall think fit to alter or change his +religion; if to engage the people of Britain to settle the succession +upon him, and receive him as heir, he had thought fit to turn +protestant, why did he not declare himself ready to do so before the +said succession was settled by so many laws, especially by that +irrevocable law of the union of the two kingdoms, and that engagement +of the abjuration, of which no human power can absolve us, no act of +parliament can repeal it, nor no man break it without wilful perjury.</p> + +<p>What, then, is the signification to the people of Britain whether the +person called the pretender be legitimate, or no? The son of King +James, or the son of a cinder-woman? The case is settled by the queen, +by the legislative authority, and we cannot go back from it; and those +who go about as emissaries to persuade the commons of Great Britain of +the pretender having a right, go about at the same time traitorously +to tell the queen's good subjects that her majesty is not our rightful +queen, but an usurper.</p> + + +<p class="centertp"><span class="sm">END OF REASONS AGAINST THE SUCCESSION OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.</span></p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Reasons against the Succession of the +House of Hanover with an Enquiry, by Daniel Defoe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + +***** This file should be named 36628-h.htm or 36628-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/6/2/36628/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Reasons against the Succession of the House of Hanover with an Enquiry + How far the Abdication of King James, supposing it to be + Legal, ought to affect the Person of the Pretender + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: July 5, 2011 [EBook #36628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. In memory of +Steven Gibbs (1938-2009). + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: This e-book, a pamphlet by Daniel Defoe, was +originally published in 1713, and was prepared from _The Novels and +Miscellaneous Works of Daniel De Foe_, vol. 6 (London: Henry G. Bohn, +1855). Archaic spellings have been retained as they appear in the +original, and obvious printer errors have been corrected without +note.] + + + + +REASONS + +AGAINST THE + +SUCCESSION + +OF THE + +_HOUSE of HANOVER_, + +WITH AN + +ENQUIRY + +How far the Abdication of King _James_, supposing it to be Legal, +ought to affect the Person of the + +PRETENDER. + + +_Si Populus vult Decipi, Decipiatur._ + + +_LONDON:_ + +Printed for _J. Baker_, at the _Black-Boy_ in _Pater-Noster-Row_, +1713. [_Price 6d._] + + + + +REASONS + +AGAINST + +THE SUCCESSION, &c. + + +What strife is here among you all? And what a noise about who shall or +shall not be king, the Lord knows when? Is it not a strange thing we +cannot be quiet with the queen we have, but we must all fall into +confusion and combustions about who shall come after? Why, pray folks, +how old is the queen, and when is she to die? that here is this pother +made about it. I have heard wise people say the queen is not fifty +years old, that she has no distemper but the gout, that that is a +long-life disease, which generally holds people out twenty, or thirty, +or forty years; and let it go how it will, the queen may well enough +linger out twenty or thirty years, and not be a huge old wife neither. +Now, what say the people, must we think of living twenty or thirty +years in this wrangling condition we are now in? This would be a +torment worse than some of the Egyptian plagues, and would be +intolerable to bear, though for fewer years than that. The animosities +of this nation, should they go on, as it seems they go on now, would +by time become to such a height, that all charity, society, and mutual +agreement among us, will be destroyed. Christians shall we be called! +No; nothing of the people called Christians will be to be found among +us. Nothing of Christianity, or the substance of Christianity, viz., +charity, will be found among us! The name Christian may be assumed, +but it will be all hypocrisy and delusion; the being of Christianity +must be lost in the fog, and smoke, and stink, and noise, and rage, +and cruelty, of our quarrel about a king. Is this rational? Is it +agreeable to the true interest of the nation? What must become of +trade, of religion, of society, of relation, of families, of people? +Why, hark ye, you folk that call yourselves rational, and talk of +having souls, is this a token of your having such things about you, or +of thinking rationally; if you have, pray what is it likely will +become of you all? Why, the strife is gotten into your kitchens, your +parlours, your shops, your counting-houses, nay, into your very beds. +You gentlefolks, if you please to listen to your cookmaids and footmen +in your kitchens, you shall hear them scolding, and swearing, and +scratching, and fighting among themselves; and when you think the +noise is about the beef and the pudding, the dishwater, or the +kitchen-stuff, alas, you are mistaken; the feud is about the more +mighty affairs of the government, and who is for the protestant +succession, and who for the pretender. Here the poor despicable +scullions learn to cry, High Church, No Dutch Kings, No Hanover, that +they may do it dexterously when they come into the next mob. Here +their antagonists of the dripping-pan practise the other side clamour, +No French Peace, No Pretender, No Popery. The thing is the very same +up one pair of stairs: in the shops and warehouses the apprentices +stand some on one side of the shop, and some on the other, (having +trade little enough), and there they throw high church and low church +at one another's heads like battledore and shuttlecock; instead of +posting their books, they are fighting and railing at the pretender +and the house of Hanover; it were better for us certainly that these +things had never been heard of. If we go from the shop one story +higher into our family, the ladies, instead of their innocent sports +and diversions, they are all falling out one among another; the +daughters and the mother, the mothers and the daughters; the children +and the servants; nay, the very little sisters one among another. If +the chambermaid is a slattern, and does not please, Hang her, she is a +jade; or, I warrant she is a highflier; or, on the other side, I +warrant she is a whig; I never knew one of that sort good for anything +in my life. Nay, go to your very bed-chambers, and even in bed the man +and wife shall quarrel about it. People! people! what will become of +you at this rate? If ye cannot set man and wife together, nor your +sons and daughters together, nay, nor your servants together, how will +ye set your horses together, think ye? And how shall they stand +together twenty or thirty years, think ye, if the queen should live so +long? Before that time comes, if you are not reduced to your wits, you +will be stark mad; so that unless you can find in your hearts to agree +about this matter beforehand, the condition you are in, and by that +time will in all likelihood be in, will ruin us all; and this is one +sufficient reason why we should say nothing, and do nothing about the +succession, but just let it rest where it is, and endeavour to be +quiet; for it is impossible to live thus. Further, if Hanover should +come while we are in such a condition, we shall ruin him, or he us, +that is most certain. It remains to inquire what will be the issue of +things. Why, first, if ye will preserve the succession, and keep it +right, you must settle the peace of the nation: we are not in a +condition to stand by the succession now, and if we go on we shall be +worse able to do so; in his own strength Hanover does not pretend to +come, and if he did he must miscarry: if not in his own, in whose then +but the people of Britain? And if the people be a weakened, divided, +and deluded people, and see not your own safety to lie in your +agreement among yourselves, how shall such weak folk assist him, +especially against a strong enemy; so that it will be your destruction +to attempt to bring in the house of Hanover, unless you can stand by +and defend him when he is come; this will make you all like Monmouth's +men in the west, and you will find yourselves lifted up to halters and +gibbets, not to places and preferments. Unless you reconcile +yourselves to one another, and bring things to some better pass among +the common people, it will be but to banter yourselves to talk of the +protestant succession; for you neither will be in a condition to bring +over your protestant successor, or to support him on the throne when +you have brought him; and it will not be denied, but to make the +attempt, and not succeed in it, is to ruin yourselves; and this I +think a very good reason against the succession of the house of +Hanover. + +Another argument relates something to the family of Hanover itself. +Here the folk are continually fighting and quarrelling with one +another to such a degree as must infallibly weaken and disable the +whole body of the nation, and expose them to any enemy, foreign or +domestic. What prince, think you, will venture his person with a party +or a faction, and that a party crushed, and under the power of their +enemy; a party who have not been able to support themselves or their +cause, how shall they support and defend him when he comes? And if +they cannot be in a posture to defend and maintain him when they have +him, how shall he be encouraged to venture himself among them? To come +over and make the attempt here according to his just claim and the +laws of the land, would be indeed his advantage, if there was a +probability that he should succeed; otherwise the example of the king +of Poland is sufficient to warn him against venturing while the nation +is divided, and together by the ears, as they are here. The whole +kingdom of Poland, we see, could not defend King Augustus against the +Swedes and their pretender; but though he had the majority, and was +received as king over the whole kingdom, yet it being a kingdom +divided into factions and parties, and those parties raging with +bitter envy and fury one against another, even just as ours do here, +what came of it but the ruin of King Augustus, who was as it were a +prisoner in his own court, and was brought to the necessity of +abdicating the crown of Poland, and of acknowledging the title of the +pretender to that crown. Now, what can the elector of Hanover expect, +if he should make the attempt here while we are in this divided +factious condition,--while the pretender, backed by his party at home, +shall also have the whole power of France to support him, and place +him upon the throne? + +Let us but look back to a time when the very same case almost fell out +in this nation; the same many ways it was, that is, in the case of +Queen Mary I., your bloody papist persecuting Queen Mary and the Lady +Jane Dudley, or Grey. The late King Edward VI. had settled the +protestant succession upon the Lady Jane; it was received universally +as the protestant succession is now. The reasons which moved the +people to receive it were the same, _i.e._, the safety of the +protestant religion, and the liberties and properties of the people; +all the great men of King Edward's court and council came readily into +this succession, and gave their oaths, or what was in those days +(whatsoever it may be now) thought equal to an oath, viz., their +honour, for the standing by the successor in her taking possession of +her said just right. Mary, daughter of Catherine of Spain, was the +pretender; her mother was abdicated (so we call it in this age), +repudiated, they called it, or divorced. Her daughter was adjudged +illegitimate or spurious, because the marriage of her mother was +esteemed unlawful; just as our pretender is by this nation suggested +spurious, by reason of the yet unfolded mysteries of his birth. Again, +that pretender had the whole power of Spain, which was then the most +dreaded of any in the world, and was just what the French are now, +viz., the terror of Europe. If Queen Mary was to have the crown, it +was allowed by all that England was to be governed by Spanish +councils, and Spanish maxims, Spanish money, and Spanish cruelty. Just +as we say now of the pretender, that if he was to come in we shall be +all governed by French maxims, French councils, French money, and +French tyranny. In these things the pretender (Mary) at that time was +the parallel to our pretender now, and that with but very little +difference. Besides all this, she was a papist, which was directly +contrary to the pious design of King Edward in propagating the +reformation. Exactly agreeing these things were with our succession, +our pretender, our King William, and his design, by settling the +succession for the propagating the revolution, which is the +reformation of this day, as the reformation was the revolution of that +day. After this formal settling of the succession the king (as kings +and queens must) dies, and the lords of the council, as our law calls +them, they were the same thing, suppose lords justices, they meet and +proclaim their protestant successor, as they were obliged to do; and +what followed? Had they been unanimous, had they stuck to one another, +had they not divided into parties, high and low, they had kept their +protestant successor in spite of all the power of Spain, but they fell +out with one another; high protestants against low protestants! and +what was the consequence? One side to ruin the other brought in the +pretender upon them, and so Spanish power, as it was predicted, came +in upon them, and devoured them all. Popery came in, as they feared, +and all went to ruin; and what came of the protestant successor? Truly +they brought her to ruin. For first bringing her in, and then, by +reason of their own strife and divisions, not being able to maintain +her in the possession of that crown, which at their request she had +taken, she fell into her enemies' hand, was made a sacrifice to their +fury, and brought to the block. What can be a more lively +representation of our case now before us? He must have small sense of +the state of our case, I think, who in our present circumstances can +desire the Hanover succession should take place. What! would you bring +over the family of Hanover to have them murdered? No, no, those that +have a true value for the house of Hanover, would by no means desire +them to come hither, or desire you to bring them on such terms; first +let the world see you are in a condition to support and defend them, +that the pretender, and his power and alliances of any kind, shall not +disperse and ruin him and you together; first unite and put yourselves +into a posture that you may defend the succession, and then you may +have it; but as it stands now, good folks, consider with yourselves +what prince in Europe will venture among us, and who that has any +respect or value for the house of Hanover can desire them to come +hither. + +These are some good reasons why the succession of the house of Hanover +should not be our present view. Another reason may be taken from the +example of the good people in the days of King Edward VI. They were +very good, religious people, that must be allowed by all sides, and +who had very great zeal for the protestant religion and the +reformation, as it was then newly established among them; and this +zeal of theirs appeared plainly in a degree we can scarce hope for +among the protestants of this age, viz., in their burning for it +afterwards; yet such was their zeal for the hereditary right of their +royal family, that they chose to fall into the hands of Spanish +tyranny, and of Spanish popery, and let the protestant religion and +the hopes of its establishment go to the d----l, rather than not have +the right line of their princes kept up, and the eldest daughter of +their late King Henry come to the crown. Upon this principle they +forsook their good reforming King Edward's scheme, rejected the +protestant succession, and they themselves, protestants, sincere +protestants, such as afterwards died at a stake for their religion, +the protestant religion; yet they brought in the pretender according +to their principles, and run the risk of what could follow thereupon. +Why should we think it strange, then, that protestants now in this +age, and Church of England protestants too, should be for a popish +pretender? No doubt but they may be as good protestants as the +Suffolk men in Queen Mary's time were, and if they are brought to it, +will go as far, and die at a stake for the protestant religion, and in +doing this, no doubt, but it is their real prospect to die at a stake, +or they would not do it to be sure. Now the protestant religion, the +whole work of reformation, the safety of the nation, both as to their +liberties and religion, the keeping out French or Spanish popery, the +dying at a stake, and the like, being always esteemed things of much +less value than the faithful adhering to the divine rule of keeping +the crown in the right line, let any true protestant tell me, how can +we pretend to be for the Hanover succession? It is evident that the +divine hereditary right of our crown is the main great article now in +debate. You call such a man the pretender, but is he not the son of +our king? And if so, what is the protestant religion to us? Had we not +much better be papists than traitors? Had we not much better deny our +God, our baptism, our religion, and our lives, than deny our lawful +prince, our next male in a right line? If popery comes, passive +obedience is still our friend; we are protestants; we can die, we can +burn, we can do anything but rebel; and this being our first duty, +viz., to recognise our rightful sovereign, are we not to do that +first? And if popery or slavery follow, we must act as becomes us. +This being then orthodox doctrine, is equally a substantial reason why +we should be against the Hanover succession. + +There may be sundry other reasons given why we should not be for this +new establishment of the succession, which, though perhaps they may +not seem so cogent in themselves, have yet a due force, as they stand +related to other circumstances, which this nation is at present +involved in, and therefore are only left to the consideration of the +people of these times. No question but every honest Briton is for a +peaceable succession; now, if the pretender comes, and is quietly +established on the throne, why then you know there is an end of all +our fears of the great and formidable power of France; we have no more +need to fear an invasion, or the effects of leaving France in a +condition by the peace to act against us; and put the pretender upon +us; and therefore, peace being of so much consequence to this nation, +after so long and so cruel a war, none can think of entering upon a +new war for the succession without great regret and horror. Now, it +cannot be doubted but the succession of Hanover would necessarily +involve us again in a war against France, and that perhaps when we may +be in no good case to undertake it, for these reasons:--1. Perhaps +some princes and states in the world by that time, seeing the great +increase and growth of French power, may think fit to change their +sentiments, and rather come over to that interest for want of being +supported before, than be willing to embark against France, and so it +may not be possible to obtain a new confederacy in the degree and +extent of it, which we have seen it in, or in any degree suitable to +the power of France; and if so, there may be but small hopes of +success in case of a new rupture; and any war had better be let alone +than be carried on to loss, which often ends in the overthrow of the +party or nation who undertake it, and fails in the carrying it on. 2. +France itself, as well by the acquisition of those princes who may +have changed sides, as above, as by a time for taking breath after the +losses they have received, may be raised to a condition of superior +strength, and may be too much an overmatch for us to venture upon; and +if he thinks fit to send us the person we call the pretender, and +order us to take him for our king, and this when we are in no +condition to withstand him, prudence will guide us to accept of him; +for all people comply with what they cannot avoid; and if we are not +in a condition to keep him out, there wants very little consultation +upon the question, whether we shall take him in, or no? Like this is a +man, who being condemned to be hanged, and is in irons in the dungeon +at Newgate, when he sees no possibility either of pardon from the +queen, or escape out of prison, what does he resolve upon next? What! +why he resolves to die. What should he resolve on? Everybody submits +to what they cannot escape. People! people! if ye cannot resist the +French king, ye must submit to a French pretender. There is no more to +be said about that. 3. Then some allies, who it might be thought would +be able to lend you some help in such a case as this is, may pretend +to be disgusted at former usage, and say they were abandoned and +forsaken in their occasion by us, and they will not hazard for a +nation who disobliged them so much before, and from whom they have not +received suitable returns for the debt of the revolution. And if these +nations should take things so ill as to refuse their aid and +assistance in a case of so much necessity as that of the succession, +how shall we be able to maintain that attempt? And, as before, an +attempt of that, or any other kind like that, is better unmade than +ineffectually made. 4. Others add a yet farther reason of our probable +inability in such a case, viz., that the enemies of Britain have so +misrepresented things to some of the neighbouring nations, our good +friends and allies, as if we Britons had betrayed the protestant +interest, and not acted faithfully to our confederacies and alliances, +in which our reputation, it is pretended, has suffered so much, as not +to merit to be trusted again in like cases, or that it should be safe +to depend upon our most solemn engagements. This, though it is +invidious and harsh, yet if there may be any truth in it, as we hope +there is not, may be added as a very good reason, why, after this war +is over, we may be in no good case at all to undertake or to carry on +a new war in defence of the new protestant succession, when it may +come to be necessary so to do. Since, then, the succession of Hanover +will necessarily involve us in a new war against France, and for the +reasons above, if they are allowed to be good reasons, we may not be +in a condition to carry on that war, is not this a good reason why we +should not in our present circumstances be for that succession? Other +reasons may be taken from the present occasion the nation may lie +under of preserving and securing the best administration of things +that ever this nation was under in many ages; and if this be found to +be inconsistent with the succession of Hanover, as some feign, it is +hoped none will say but we ought to consider what we do; if the +succession of Hanover is not consistent with these things, what reason +have we to be for the said succession, till that posture of things be +arrived when that inconsistency may be removed? And now, people of +Britain! be your own judges upon what terms you can think it +reasonable to insist any longer upon this succession. I do not contend +that it is not a lawful succession, a reasonable succession, an +established succession, nay, a sworn succession; but if it be not a +practicable succession, and cannot be a peaceable succession; if peace +will not bring him in, and war cannot, what must we do? It were much +better not to have it at all, than to have it and ruin the kingdom, +and ruin those that claim it at the same time. + +But yet I have other reasons than these, and more cogent ones; learned +men say, some diseases in nature are cured by antipathies, and some +by sympathies; that the enemies of nature are the best preservatives +of nature; that bodies are brought down by the skill of the physician +that they may the better be brought up, made sick to be made well, and +carried to the brink of the grave in order to be kept from the grave; +for these reasons, and in order to these things, poisons are +administered for physic; or amputations in surgery, the flesh is cut +that it may heal; an arm laid open that it may close with safety; and +these methods of cure are said to be the most certain as well as most +necessary in those particular cases, from whence it is become a +proverbial saying in physic, desperate diseases must have desperate +remedies. Now it is very proper to inquire in this case whether the +nation is not in such a state of health at this time, that the coming +of the pretender may not be of absolute necessity, by way of cure of +such national distempers which now afflict us, and that an effectual +cure can be wrought no other way? If upon due inquiry it should appear +that we are not fit to receive such a prince as the successor of the +house of Hanover is, that we should maltreat and abuse him if he were +here, and that there is no way for us to learn the true value of a +protestant successor so well as by tasting a little what a popish +pretender is, and feeling something of the great advantages that may +accrue to us by the superiority of a Jacobite party; if the disease of +stupidity has so far seized us that we are to be cured only by poisons +and fermentations; if the wound is mortified, and nothing but deep +incisions, amputations, and desperate remedies must be used; if it +should be necessary thus to teach us the worth of things by the want +of them; and there is no other way to bring the nation to its senses; +why, what can be then said against the pretender? Even let him come +that we may see what slavery means, and may inquire how the chains of +French galleys hang about us, and how easy wooden shoes are to walk +in; for no experience teaches so well as that we buy dearest, and pay +for with the most smart. + +I think this may pass for a very good reason against the protestant +succession; nothing is surer than that the management of King Charles +II. and his late brother, were the best ways the nation could ever +have taken to bring to pass the happy revolution; yet these +afflictions to the island were not joyous, but grievous, for the time +they remained, and the poor kingdoms suffered great convulsions; but +what weighs that if these convulsions are found to be necessary to a +cure? If the physicians prescribe a vomit for the cure of any +particular distemper, will the patient complain of being made sick? +No, no; when you begin to be sick, then we say, Oh, that is right, and +then the vomit begins to work; and how shall the island of Britain +spew out all the dregs and filth the public digesture has contracted, +if it be not made sick with some French physic? If you give good +nourishing food upon a foul stomach, you cause that wholesome food to +turn into filth, and instead of nourishing the man, it nourishes +diseases in the man, till those diseases prove his destruction, and +bring him to the grave. In like manner, if you will bring the +protestant successor into the government before that government have +taken some physic to cleanse it from the ill digesture it may have +been under, how do we know but the diseases which are already begun in +the constitution may not be nourished and kept up, till they may +hereafter break out in the days of our posterity, and prove mortal to +the nation. Wherefore should we desire the protestant successor to +come in upon a foot of high-flying menage, and be beholden for their +establishment to those who are the enemies of the constitution? Would +not this be to have in time to come the successors of that house be +the same thing as the ages passed have already been made sick of, and +made to spew out of the government? Are not any of these +considerations enough to make any of us averse to the protestant +succession? No, no; let us take a French vomit first, and make us +sick, that we may be well, and may afterwards more effectually have +our health established. + +The pretender will no doubt bring us good medicines, and cure us of +all our hypochondriac vapours that now make us so giddy. But, say +some, he will bring popery in upon us; popery, say you! alas! it is +true, popery is a sad thing, and that, say some folk, ought to have +been thought on before now; but suppose then this thing called popery! +How will it come in? Why, say the honest folk, the pretender is a +papist, and if a popish prince come upon the throne we shall have +popery come in upon us without fail. Well, well, and what hurt will +this be to you? May not popery be very good in its kind? What if this +popery, like the vomit made of poison, be the only physic that can +cure you? If this vomit make you spew out your filth, your tory filth, +your idolatrous filth, your tyrannic filth, and restore you to your +health, shall it not be good for you? Where pray observe in the +allegory of physic; you heard before when you take a vomit, the physic +given you to vomit is always something contrary to nature, something +that if taken in quantity would destroy; but how does it operate? It +attacks nature, and puts her upon a ferment to cast out what offends +her; but remark it, I pray, when the patient vomits, he always vomits +up the physic and the filth together; so, if the nation should take a +vomit of popery, as when the pretender comes most certain it is that +this will be the consequence, they will vomit up the physic and the +filth together; the popery and the pretender will come all up again, +and all the popish, arbitrary, tyrannical filth, which has offended +the stomach of the nation so long, and ruined its digesture, it will +all come up together; one vomit of popery will do us all a great deal +of good, for the stomach of the constitution is marvellous foul. +Observe, people! this is no new application; the nation has taken a +vomit of this kind before now, as in Queen Mary I.'s time; the +reformation was not well chewed, and being taken down whole, did not +rightly digest, but left too much crudity in the stomach, from whence +proceeded ill nourishment, bad blood, and a very ill habit of body in +the constitution; witness the distemper which seized the Gospellers in +Suffolk, who being struck with an epilepsy or dead palsy in the better +half of their understanding, to wit, the religious and zealous part, +took up arms for a popish pretender, against the protestant successor, +upon the wild-headed whimsey of the right line being _jure divino_. +Well, what followed, I pray? Why, they took a vomit of popery; the +potion indeed was given in a double vehicle, viz., of fagots a little +inflamed, and this worked so effectually, that the nation having +vomited, brought up all the filth of the stomach, and the foolish +notion of hereditary right, spewed out popery also along with it. Thus +was popery, and fire and fagot, the most effectual remedy to cure the +nation of all its simple diseases, and to settle and establish the +protestant reformation; and why then should we be so terrified with +the apprehensions of popery? Nay, why should we not open our eyes and +see how much to our advantage it may be in the next reign to have +popery brought in, and to that end the pretender set up, that he may +help us to this most useful dose of physic? These are some other of +my reasons against the protestant succession; I think they cannot be +mended; it may perhaps be thought hard of that we should thus seem to +make light of so terrible a thing as popery, and should jest with the +affair of the protestants; no, people! no; this is no jest,--taking +physic is no jest at all; for it is useful many ways, and there is no +keeping the body in health without it; for the corruption of politic +constitutions are as gross and as fatal as those of human bodies, and +require as immediate application of medicines. And why should you +people of this country be so alarmed, and seem so afraid of this thing +called popery, when it is spoken of in intelligible terms, since you +are not afraid alternately to put your hands to those things which as +naturally tend in themselves to bring it upon you, as clouds tend to +rain, or smoke to fire; what does all your scandalous divisions, your +unchristian quarrellings, your heaping up reproaches, and loading each +other with infamy, and with abominable forgeries, what do these tend +to but to popery? If it should be asked how have these any such +reference? the question is most natural from the premises. If +divisions weaken the nation; if whig and tory, even united, are, and +have been, weak enough to keep out popery, surely then widening the +unnatural breaches, and inflaming things between them to implacable +and irreconcileable breaches, must tend to overthrow the protestant +kingdom, which, as our ever blessed Saviour said, _when divided +against itself cannot stand_. Besides, are not your breaches come up +to that height already as to let any impartial bystander see that +popery must be the consequences? Do not one party say openly, they had +rather be papists than presbyterians; that they would rather go to +mass than to a meeting-house; and are they not to that purpose, all of +them who are of that height, openly joined with the jacobites in the +cause of popery? On the other hand, are not the presbyterians in +Scotland so exasperated at having the abjuration oath imposed upon +them, contrary, as they tell us, to their principles, that they care +not if he, or any else, would come now and free them from that yoke? +What is all this but telling us plainly that the whole nation is +running into popery and the pretender? Why then, while you are +obliquely, and by consequences, joining your hands to bring in popery, +why, O distracted folk! should you think it amiss to have me talk of +doing it openly and avowedly? Better is open enmity than secret +guile; better is it to talk openly, and profess openly, for popery, +that you may see the shape and real picture of it, than pretend strong +opposition of it, and be all at the same time putting your hands to +the work, and pulling it down upon yourselves with all your might. + +But here comes an objection in our way, which, however weighty, we +must endeavour to get over, and this is, what becomes of the +abjuration? If the pretender comes in we are all perjured, and we +ought to be all unanimous for the house of Hanover, because we are all +perjured if we are for the pretender. Perjured, say ye! Ha! why, do +all these people say we are perjured already? Nay, one, two, three, or +four times? What signify oaths and abjurations in a nation where the +parliament can make an oath to-day, and punish a man for keeping it +to-morrow! Besides, taking oaths without examination, and breaking +them without consideration, hath been so much a practice, and the date +of its original is so far back, that none, or but very few, know where +to look for it; nay, have we not been called in the vulgar dialect of +foreign countries "the swearing nation"? Note, we do not say the +forsworn nation; for whatever other countries say of us, it is not +meet we should say so of ourselves; but as to swearing and +forswearing, associating and abjuring, there are very few without sin +to throw the first stone, and therefore we may be the less careful to +answer in this matter: it is evident that the friends of the pretender +cannot blame us; for have not the most professed jacobites all over +the nation taken this abjuration? Nay, when even in their hearts they +have all the while resolved to be for the pretender? Not to instance +in the swearing in all ages to and against governments, just as they +were or were not, in condition to protect us, or keep others out of +possession; but we have a much better way to come off this than that, +and we doubt not to clear the nation of perjury, by declaring the +design, true intent, and meaning of the thing itself; for the good or +evil of every action is said to lie in the intention; if then we can +prove the bringing in the pretender to be done with a real intention +and sincere desire to keep him out, or, as before, to spew him out; if +we bring in popery with an intention and a sincere design to establish +the protestant religion; if we bring in a popish prince with a single +design the firmer and better to fix and introduce the protestant +Hanover succession; if, I say, these things are the true intent and +meaning, and are at the bottom of all our actions in this matter, pray +how shall we be said to be perjured, or to break in upon the +abjuration, whose meaning we keep, whatever becomes of the literal +part of it. Thus we are abundantly defended from the guilt of perjury, +because we preserve the design and intention upright and entire for +the house of Hanover; though as the best means to bring it to pass we +think fit to bring in popery and the pretender: but yet farther, to +justify the lawfulness and usefulness of such kind of methods, we may +go back to former experiments of the same case, or like cases, for +nothing can illustrate such a thing so aptly, as the example of +eminent men who have practised the very same things in the same or +like cases, and more especially when that practice has been made use +of by honest men in an honest cause, and the end been crowned with +success. This eminent example was first put in practice by the late +famous Earl of Sunderland, in the time of King James II., and that too +in the case of bringing popery into England, which is the very +individual article before us. This famous politician, if fame lies +not, turned papist himself, went publicly to mass, advised and +directed all the forward rash steps that King James afterwards took +towards the introducing of popery into the nation; if he is not +slandered, it was he advised the setting up of popish chapels and +mass-houses in the city of London, and in the several principal towns +of this nation; the invading the right of corporations, courts of +justice, universities, and, at last, the erecting the high commission +court, to sap the foundations of the church; and many more of the +arbitrary steps which that monarch took for the ruin of the protestant +religion, as he thought, were brought about by this politic earl, +purely with design, and as the only effectual means to ruin the popish +schemes, and bring about the establishment of the protestant religion +by the revolution; and, as experience after made it good, he alone was +in the right, and it was the only way left, the only step that could +be taken, though at first it made us all of the opinion the man was +going the ready way to ruin his country, and that he was selling us to +popery and Rome. This was exactly our case; the nation being sick of a +deadly, and otherwise incurable disease, this wise physician knew that +nothing but a medicine made up of deadly poison, that should put the +whole body into convulsions, and make it cast up the dregs of the +malady, would have any effect; and so he applied himself accordingly +to such a cure; he brought on popery to the very door; he caused the +nation to swallow as much of it as he thought was enough to make her +as sick as a horse, and then he foresaw she would spew up the disease +and the medicine together; the potion of popery he saw would come up +with it, and so it did. If this be our case now, then it may be true +that bringing the pretender is the only way to establish the +protestant succession; and upon such terms, and such only, I declare +myself for the pretender. If any sort of people are against the +succession of the house of Hanover on any other accounts, and for +other reasons, it may not be amiss to know some of them, and a little +to recommend them to those who have a mind to be for him, but well +know not wherefore or why they are so inclined. 1. Some being +instructed to have an aversion to all foreign princes or families, are +against the succession of the princes of Hanover, because, as they are +taught to say, they are Dutchmen; now, though it might as well be said +of the pretender that he is a Frenchman, yet that having upon many +accounts been made more familiar to them of late, and the name of a +Dutch king having a peculiar odium left upon it, by the grievances of +the late King William's reign, they can by no means think of another +Dutch succession without abhorrence; nay, the aversion is so much +greater than their aversions to popery, that they can with much more +satisfaction entertain the notion of a popish French pretender than of +the best protestant in the world, if he hath anything belonging to him +that sounds like a Dutchman; and this is some people's reason against +the Hanover succession; a reason which has produced various effects in +the world since the death of that prince, even to creating national +antipathies in some people to the whole people of Holland, and to wish +us involved in a war with the Dutch without any foundation of a +quarrel with them, or any reason for those aversions; but these things +opening a scene which relates to things farther back than the subject +we are now upon, we omit them here for brevity sake, and to keep more +closely to the thing in hand at this time. Others have aversions to +the Hanover succession as it is the effect of the revolution, and as +it may reasonably be supposed to favour such principles as the +revolution was brought about by, and has been the support of, viz., +principles of liberty, justice, rights of parliaments, the people's +liberties, free possession of property, and such like; these +doctrines, a certain party in this nation have always to their utmost +opposed, and have given us reason to believe they hate and abhor them, +and for this reason they cannot be supposed to appear forward for the +Hanover succession; to these principles have been opposed the more +famous doctrines of passive obedience, absolute will, indefeasible +right, the _jus divinum_ of the line of princes, hereditary right, and +such like; these, as preached up by that eminent divine, Dr. Henry +Sacheverell, are so much preferable to the pretences of liberty and +constitution, the old republican notions of the whigs, that they +cannot but fill these people with hatred against all those that would +pretend to maintain the foundation we now stand upon, viz., the +revolution; and this is their reason against the Hanover succession, +which they know would endeavour to do so. + +Come we in the conclusion of this great matter to one great and main +reason, which they say prevails with a great part of the nation at +this time to be for the pretender, and which many subtle heads and +industrious hands are now busily employed all over the kingdom to +improve in the minds of the common people, this is the opinion of the +legitimacy of the birth of the pretender; it seems, say these men, +that the poor commons of Britain have been all along imposed upon to +believe that the person called the pretender was a spurious birth, a +child fostered upon the nation by the late king and queen; this +delusion was carried on, say they, by the whigs in King William's +time, and a mighty stir was made of it to possess the rabbles in +favour of the revolution, but nothing was ever made of it; King +William, say they, promised in his declaration to have it referred to +the decision of the English parliament, but when he obtained the crown +he never did anything that way more than encourage the people to +spread the delusion by scurrilous pamphlets to amuse the poor commons; +have them take a thing for granted which could have no other thing +made of it; and so the judging of it in parliament was made a sham +only; and the people drinking in the delusion, as they who were in the +plot desired, it has passed ever since as if the thing had been +sufficiently proved. Now upon a more sedate considering the matter, +say they, the case is clear that this person is the real son of King +James, and the favourers of the revolution go now upon another +foundation, viz., the powers of parliaments to limit the succession; +and that succession being limited upon King James's abdication, which +they call voluntary; so that now, say they, the question about the +legitimacy of the person called the pretender is over, and nothing now +is to be said of it; that he is the son of King James, there is, say +they, no more room to doubt, and therefore the doctrine of hereditary +right taking place, as the ancient professed doctrine of the Church of +England, there can be no objection against his being our lawful king; +and it is contrary to the said Church of England doctrine to deny it. +This, then, is the present reason which the poor ignorant people are +taught to give why they are against the protestant succession, and why +they are easily persuaded to come into the new scheme of a popish +pretender, though at the same time they are all heartily against +popery as much as ever. + +It becomes necessary now to explain this case a little to the +understanding of the common people, and let them know upon what +foundation the right of these two parties is founded, and if this be +done with plainness and clearness, as by the rights and laws of +Englishmen and Britons appertaineth, the said commons of Britain may +soon discover whether the succession of the house of Hanover, or the +claim of the person called the pretender, is founded best, and which +they ought to adhere unto. The first thing it seems to be made clear +to the common people is, whether the pretender was the lawful son of +King James, yea, or no? And why the contrary to this was not made +appear, according to the promises which, they say, though falsely, +were made by the late King William? In the first place is to be +considered, that the declaration of the said king, when P. of O. +putting the said case in the modestest manner possible, had this +expression, That there were violent suspicions that the said person +was not born of the queen's body, and that the prince resolved to +leave the same to the free parliament, to which throughout the said +declaration the said prince declared himself ready to refer all the +grievances which he came over to redress. I shall give you this in the +words of a late learned author upon that head. + +That before a free parliament could be obtained, King James withdrew +himself, and carried away his pretended son into the hands of the +ancient enemies of this nation, and of our religion, viz., the French, +there to be educated in the principles of enmity to this his native +country. + +By which action he not only declined to refer the legitimacy of his +said son to the examination of the parliament, as the Prince of Orange +had offered in his said declaration, but made such examination +altogether useless and impracticable, he himself (King James) not +owning it to be a legal parliament, and therefore not consenting to +stand by such examination. + +By the said abdication, and carrying away his said pretended son into +the hands of the French to be educated in popery, &c., he gave the +parliament of England and Scotland abundant reason for ever to exclude +the said King James and his said pretended son from the government of +these realms, or from the succession to the same, and made it +absolutely necessary for them to do so, if they would secure the +protestant religion to themselves and their posterity; and this +without any regard to the doubt, whether he was the lawful son of King +James, or no, since it is inconsistent with the constitution of this +protestant nation to be governed by a popish prince. + +The proof of the legitimacy being thus stated, and all the violent +suspicions of his not being born of the queen being thus confirmed by +the abdication of King James, come we next to examine how far this +abdication could forfeit for this pretender, supposing him to be the +real son of King James; this returns upon the right of the parliament +to limit the succession, supposing King James had had no son at all; +if the abdication be granted a lawfully making the throne vacant, it +will be very hard to assign a cause why the parliament might not name +a successor while the father was alive, whose right had no violent +suspicions attending it, and not why they might not name a successor +though the son was living; that the father's abdication forfeited for +the son is no part of the question before us; for the father is not +said to forfeit his right at all; no one ever questioned his right to +reign, nor, had he thought fit to have stayed, could the parliament +have named a successor, unless, as in the case of Richard II., he had +made a voluntary resignation or renunciation of the crown, and of his +people's allegiance; but the king having voluntarily abdicated the +throne, this was as effectual a releasing his subjects from their +allegiance to him, as if he had read an instrument of resignation, +just as King Richard did; all the articles of such a resignation were +naturally contained in the said abdication, except the naming the +successor, as effectually as if they had been at large repeated; and +since the resigning the crown has been formerly practised in England, +and there is so eminent an example in our English history of the same, +it will questionless be of use to the reader of these sheets to have +the particulars of it before his eyes, which for that purpose is here +set down at large, as it was done in the presence of a great number of +English peers, who attended the king for that purpose, and is as +follows:-- + +_In the name of God, Amen. I Richard, by the grace of God, King of +England and France, and Lord of Ireland, do hereby acquit and +discharge all Archbishops, Bishops, Dukes, Marquisses, and Earls, +Barons, Lords, and all other my subjects, both spiritual and secular, +of what degree soever, from their oath of fealty and homage, and all +other bonds of allegiance, to me due from them and their heirs, and do +hereby release them from the said oath and allegiance, so far as they +concern my person, for ever._ + +_I also resign all my kingly majesty and dignity, with all the rights +and privileges thereunto belonging, and do renounce all the title and +claim which I ever had, or have, to them. I also renounce the +government of the said kingdom, and the name and royal highness +thereunto belonging, freely and wholly, and swearing upon the +Evangelists that I will never oppose this my voluntary resignation, +nor suffer it to be opposed, as judging myself not unworthily deposed +from my regal dignity for my deserts._ + +This resignation being read again in parliament, they grounded the +deposing King Richard upon it, and declared him accordingly deposed, +that is, declared the throne vacant; and immediately, by virtue of +their own undoubted right of limiting the succession, named the +successor. See the form in the history of that time, thus:-- + +_That the throne was vacant by the voluntary cession and just +deposition of King Richard II., and that therefore, according to their +undoubted power and right so to do, they ought forthwith to the naming +a successor to fill the said throne, which they forthwith did, by +naming and proclaiming Henry, Duke of Lancaster, to be king, &c._ + +See the history of the kings of England, vol. fol. 287. + +This was the same thing with King James's abdication, and King James's +abdication was no less or more than an effectual resignation in form; +now the parliament, upon the resignation of the crown by the king, +having a manifold and manifest right to supply the throne so become +vacant, had no obligation to regard the posterity of the abdicated +prince, so far as any of them are concerned in, or involved by, the +said abdication, and therefore considered of establishing and limiting +the succession, without mentioning the reasons of the descent, having +the reasons in themselves; but suppose the son of King James had been +allowed legitimate, yet as the father had involved him in the same +circumstances with himself, by first carrying him out of the kingdom, +and afterwards educating him in the popish religion, he became +abdicated also with his father; neither doth the being voluntary or +not voluntary alter the case in the least, since in the laws of +England a father is allowed to be able to forfeit for himself and for +his children, and much more may he make a resignation for himself and +his children, as is daily practised and allowed in law in the cutting +off entails and remainders, even when the heir entail is in being, and +under age. The people of Britain ought not then to suffer themselves +to be imposed upon in such a case; for though the pretender were to be +owned for the lawful son of King James, yet the abdication of King +James his father, and especially his own passive abdication, was as +effectual an abdication in him as if he had been of age, and done it +voluntarily himself, and shall be allowed to be as binding in all +respects in law as an heir in possession cutting off an heir entail. +If this is not so, then was the settlement of the crown upon King +William and Queen Mary unrighteous, and those two famous princes must +be recorded in history for parricides and usurpers; nor will it end +there, for the black charge must reach our most gracious sovereign, +who must be charged with the horrible crimes of robbery and +usurpation; and not the parliament or convention of the estates at the +revolution only shall be charged as rebels and traitors to their +sovereign, and breakers of the great command of rendering to Caesar the +things that are Caesar's, but even every parliament since, especially +those who have had any hand in placing the entail of the crown upon +the person of the queen, and in confirming her majesty's possession +thereof since her happy accession; and every act of parliament +settling the succession on the house of Hanover must have likewise +been guilty of treason and rebellion in a most unnatural manner. This +is a heavy charge upon her majesty, and very inconsistent with the +great zeal and affection with which all the people of Britain at this +time pay their duty and allegiance to her majesty's person, and +acknowledge her happy government; this may indeed be thought hard, but +it is evident nothing less can be the case, and therefore those people +who are so forward to plead the pretender's cause, on account of his +being King James's lawful son, can do it upon no other terms than +these, viz., to declare that the queen is herself an illegal governor, +an usurper of another's right, and therefore ought to be deposed; or, +that the hereditary right of princes is no indefeasible thing, but is +subjected to the power of limitations by parliament. Thus I think the +great difficulty of the pretender's being the rightful son of the late +King James is over, and at an end; that it is no part of the needful +inquiry relating to the succession, since his father involved him in +the fate of his abdication, and many ways rendered him incapable to +reign, and out of condition to have any claim; since the power of +limiting the succession to the crown is an undoubted right of the +parliaments of England and of Scotland respectively. Moreover, his +being educated a papist in France, and continuing so, was a just +reason why the people of England rejected him, and why they ought to +reject him, since, according to that famous vote of the commons in the +convention parliament, so often printed, and so often on many accounts +quoted, it is declared, That it is inconsistent with the constitution +of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince. Vid. +Votes of the Convention, Feb. 2nd, 1688. This vote was carried up by +Mr. Hampden to the house of lords the same day as the resolution of +all the commons of England. Now, this prince being popish, not only so +in his infancy, but continuing so even now, when all the acts of +Parliament in Britain have been made to exclude him, his turning +protestant now, which his emissaries promise for him, though perhaps +without his consent, will not answer at all; for the acts of +parliament, or some of them, having been past while he, though of age, +remained a papist, and gave no room to expect any other, his turning +protestant cannot alter those laws, suppose he should do so; nor is it +reasonable that a nation should alter an established succession to +their crown whenever he shall think fit to alter or change his +religion; if to engage the people of Britain to settle the succession +upon him, and receive him as heir, he had thought fit to turn +protestant, why did he not declare himself ready to do so before the +said succession was settled by so many laws, especially by that +irrevocable law of the union of the two kingdoms, and that engagement +of the abjuration, of which no human power can absolve us, no act of +parliament can repeal it, nor no man break it without wilful perjury. + +What, then, is the signification to the people of Britain whether the +person called the pretender be legitimate, or no? The son of King +James, or the son of a cinder-woman? The case is settled by the queen, +by the legislative authority, and we cannot go back from it; and those +who go about as emissaries to persuade the commons of Great Britain of +the pretender having a right, go about at the same time traitorously +to tell the queen's good subjects that her majesty is not our rightful +queen, but an usurper. + + +END OF REASONS AGAINST THE SUCCESSION OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Reasons against the Succession of the +House of Hanover with an Enquiry, by Daniel Defoe + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REASONS *** + +***** This file should be named 36628.txt or 36628.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/6/2/36628/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. 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