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+Project Gutenberg's The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by Mary Newton Stanard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion
+
+Author: Mary Newton Stanard
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2011 [EBook #36410]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Lisa Reigel, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes: Words in italics in the original are surrounded by
+_underscores_. Ellipses match the original.
+
+Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the
+original.
+
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. A complete list follows
+the text. Other notes also follow the text.
+
+
+
+
+                              The Story
+                        of Bacon's Rebellion.
+
+
+
+
+                              The Story
+                                  of
+                          Bacon's Rebellion
+
+
+                        By MARY NEWTON STANARD
+
+
+                       New York and Washington
+                     THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY
+                                1907.
+
+
+
+
+                          _Copyright, 1907,
+                  By The Neale Publishing Company._
+
+
+
+
+     TO MY HUSBAND
+
+     WILLIAM GLOVER STANARD,
+
+     MY COMPANION AND GUIDE
+
+     IN ALL MY PILGRIMAGES
+
+     INTO THAT CHARMED REGION,
+
+     VIRGINIA'S PAST.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+     CHAPTER.                                         PAGE.
+
+        I. Sir William Berkeley                          13
+
+       II. The People's Grievances                       18
+
+      III. The Reign of Terror                           29
+
+       IV. Enter, Mr. Bacon                              40
+
+        V. The Indian War-Path                           50
+
+       VI. The June Assembly                             58
+
+      VII. The Commission                                74
+
+     VIII. Civil War                                     86
+
+       IX. The Indian War-Path Again                     96
+
+        X. Governor Berkeley in Accomac                 109
+
+       XI. Bacon Returns to Jamestown                   114
+
+      XII. Jamestown Besieged and Burned                122
+
+     XIII. "The Prosperous Rebel"                       132
+
+      XIV. Death of Bacon and End of the Rebellion      142
+
+       XV. Peace Restored                               156
+
+      XVI. Conclusion                                   162
+
+           Appendix                                     171
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+After the thrilling scenes through which the Colony of Virginia passed
+during its earliest days, the most portentous, the most dramatic, the
+most picturesque event of its seventeenth century history was the
+insurrection known as "Bacon's Rebellion." All writers upon the history
+of Virginia refer to it, and a few have treated it at some length, but
+it is only in quite late years that facts unearthed in the English
+public records have enabled students to reach a proper understanding of
+the causes and the results of this famous uprising, and given them
+accurate and detailed information concerning it. The subject has long
+been one of popular interest, in spite of the imperfect knowledge
+touching it, and it is believed that a clear and simple presentation of
+the information now available will be welcomed by those whose attention
+has been attracted to a man of most striking personality and to a
+stirring period of Colonial history.
+
+During the year 1907 thousands of persons from all parts of the world
+will visit the scenes of Nathaniel Bacon's brief career, will see--while
+passing on James River--the site of his home at "Curles Neck," will
+visit Richmond, where "Bacon's Quarter" is still a name, will linger in
+the historic city of Williamsburg, once the "Middle Plantation," will
+stand within the ancient tower of the church which the rebels burned at
+Jamestown, and from, possibly, the very spot where Bacon and Sir William
+Berkeley had their famous quarrel, will see the foundations of the old
+State House--but lately excavated--before which the antagonists stood.
+
+While the writer of this monograph has made a careful and thorough study
+of all records of the period, remaining in England or America, and has
+earnestly endeavored to give an exact and unbiased account, and while
+she has made no statement not based upon original sources, her story is
+addressed especially to the general reader. She has therefore not
+burdened her pages with references to the authorities she has used, a
+list of which will be found in the appendix.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION--VIRGINIA, 1676.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY.
+
+
+The year 1676 dawned upon troublous scenes in Virginia. Being a time
+when men were wont to see in every unusual manifestation of Nature the
+warning shadow cast ahead by some coming event, the colonists darkly
+reminded each other how the year past had been marked by three
+"Prodigies." The first of these was "a large comet every evening for a
+week or more, at southwest, thirty-five degrees high, streaming like a
+horse's tail westwards, until it reached (almost) the horizon, and
+setting towards the northwest." The second consisted of "flights of
+pigeons, in breadth nigh a quarter of the mid-hemisphere, and of their
+length was no visible end, whose weight break down the limbs of large
+trees whereon they rested at nights, of which the fowlers shot abundance
+and ate 'em," and the third, of "swarms of flies about an inch long, and
+big as the top of a man's little finger, rising out of spigot holes in
+the earth, which ate the new sprouted leaves from the tops of the trees,
+without other harm, and in a month left us."
+
+Looking backward from the practical point of view of our day, and
+beholding that memorable year under the cold light of fact, it does not
+seem that any evil omen should have been needed to make clear that a
+veritable witch's caldron of dangers was brewing in Colonial Virginia,
+and that some radical change in the administration of the government
+alone could have prevented it from reaching boiling point.
+
+Sir William Berkeley had served two long terms as Governor, during which
+his attractive personality and intellectual gifts had brought him wide
+popularity, and his home, "Green Spring," some four miles from
+Jamestown, had become famous for its atmosphere of refinement and good
+cheer, and as a resort for wandering Cavaliers. He was now--grown old in
+years and sadly changed in character--serving a third term; reigning,
+one might almost say. Stern and selfish as he had become, bending his
+will only to the wishes of the young wife of whom he was childishly fond
+and who was, by many, blamed for the change in him, he makes an
+unlovely, but withal a pathetic figure in the history of Virginia.
+
+Every inch a gallant soldier, every inch a gentleman, yet haughty,
+unsympathetic and unlovable; narrow in mind and in heart; clinging
+desperately to Old World traditions in a new country eager to form
+traditions of its own; struggling blindly to train the people under him
+to a habit of unquestioning obedience and submission to the powers that
+be, however arbitrary and oppressive those powers might become--a habit
+which, however deep-rooted it might have been in its native soil, could
+hardly be expected to bear transplanting to a land so wide and free as
+America, and so far distant from its parent stem.
+
+To Sir William Berkeley his sovereign was literally "his most sacred
+Majesty." Whatever that sovereign's human frailties might be, the kingly
+purple covered them all. His slightest whim was holy; to question his
+motives or the rightness and wisdom of his commands was little short of
+blasphemy. Furthermore, as the King's agent and representative in
+Virginia, Governor Berkeley expected like homage toward himself. In
+short, he was a bigoted royalist and egotist, believing first in the
+King and second in himself, or rather, perhaps, first in himself, and
+then in the King, and the confession of faith which he lived up to with
+unswerving consistency was the aggrandizement of those already great and
+the keeping in subjection of those already lowly.
+
+Yet, high-spirited old Cavalier though he was, knowing nothing of
+personal cowardice nor fearing to match his good sword against any in
+the land, The People, whom his aristocratic soul despised, inspired him
+with continual dread.
+
+It most naturally follows that to such a mind the unpardonable sin was
+rebellion. No matter what the provocation to rebellion might be, the
+crime of presuming to resist the King's government was one that could
+not be justified, and the chief policy of Sir William's administration
+was to keep the people where they were as little as possible likely to
+commit it. Recognizing that ideas might become dangerous weapons in
+their possession, he took pains lest they should develop them, and
+thanked God that there were no public schools or printing-presses in
+Virginia. He even discouraged the parsons from preaching for fear that
+the masses might gain too much of the poison of knowledge through
+sermons. He declared that "learning had brought disobedience into the
+world," and his every act showed that he was determined to give it no
+chance to bring disobedience to the English government or to himself
+into Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+THE PEOPLE'S GRIEVANCES.
+
+
+Around the Governor had gathered a ring of favorites, called by the
+people "grandees," who formed an inner circle which grew daily richer
+and more important as those outside of its magic bounds sunk into
+greater obscurity and wretchedness. The result was, under an outward
+show of unity, two distinct parties, deeply antagonistic in feeling, the
+one made up of the Governor and the Governor's friends--small in numbers
+but powerful in wealth and influence--and the other of the people,
+strong only in numbers and in hatred of their oppressors. The one party
+making merry upon the fat of that goodly land, the other feeding upon
+the husks and smarting under a scourge each several lash of which was an
+intolerable "grievance."
+
+It would be impossible to gain a faithful picture of the time without a
+knowledge of the nature of some of these grievances. Most of them were
+summed up in the melancholy and inharmonious cry of "hard times," which
+made itself heard throughout the broad land--a cry which in whatsoever
+country or time it be raised invariably gives rise to discontent with
+the existing government, and, in extreme cases, brings with it a
+readiness on the part of the distressed ones to catch at any measure,
+try any experiment that seems to hold out promise of relief. One cause
+of the poverty of the people of Virginia in 1676 was to be found in the
+low price of tobacco--the sole money product of the colony--through a
+long series of years. For this and the consequent suffering the
+government was, of course, not responsible. Indeed, it sought to find a
+remedy by attempting to bring about, for a time, a general cessation of
+tobacco culture in the colonies. A scheme to better the condition of the
+people by introducing diversified industries was also started, and with
+this end in view tanneries were established in each county, and an
+effort was made to build new towns in several places, but it soon became
+plain that they could not be maintained. These unhappy attempts became,
+by increasing the taxes, merely fresh causes of discontent. Yet, while
+they were blunders, they were well meant, and in accordance with the
+spirit of the times.
+
+Giving the government all honor due for taking even these misguided
+steps in behalf of the people, it must be confessed that there were
+other troubles greatly to its discredit.
+
+The heaviest of these were the long continued Assembly,--while the
+people clamored, justly, for a new election,--the oppressive taxes, and
+the Indian troubles.
+
+As early as 1624 the Virginia Assembly had declared that the Governor
+(for all he was his Majesty's representative) could not levy taxes
+against the will of the Burgesses, which, since the Burgesses were
+supposed to represent the people, was as much as to say against the will
+of the people. Governor Berkeley's Burgesses, however, did not
+represent the people. The Assembly chosen in 1862, and composed almost
+entirely of sympathizers with the Governor, was so much to the old man's
+mind that, saying that "men were more valuable in any calling, in
+proportion to their experience," he refused to permit a new election,
+and the consequence was that in the thirteen years before our story
+opens, during which this Assembly sat under Sir William's influence, he
+had brought it up to his hand, as it were, and it had ceased to
+represent anything but its own and the Governor's interests.
+
+With such a legislature to support him, Sir William could bid defiance
+to the restrictions upon the Governor's power to lay taxes, and the poor
+"tithable polls" (all males above sixteen years of age) were called upon
+to pay the expenses of any measures which were deemed proper in carrying
+on the government; for the unrighteous taxes were imposed always _per
+capita_--never upon property, though by act passed in 1670 only
+landholders could vote.
+
+It was by this system of poll-tax that the ample salaries of the
+Burgesses were paid and also that the sundry perquisites attached to the
+office of a Burgess were provided--such as the maintenance of a
+manservant and two horses apiece, and fees for clerks to serve
+committees, and liquors for the committees to drink their own and each
+other's good health. Doubtless many stately compliments were exchanged
+when the Burgesses, in an outburst of generosity, were pleased to
+present the Governor and others of high degree with "great gifts," but
+the grace and charm of the act were not perceptible to the eyes of the
+people who, enjoying neither the gifts nor the applause of presenting
+them, were taxed to pay the piper.
+
+The "poorer sort" complained that they were "in the hardest
+condition--who having nothing but their labor to maintain themselves,
+wives and children, pay as deeply to the public as he that hath 20,000
+acres." Their complaints were just, but not likely to find a hearing,
+for the spirit of the age demanded that, in order that the wealthy
+might keep up the appearance of wealth and maintain the dignity of their
+position, those who had no wealth to be retained and no dignity to be
+maintained must keep the wolf from the door as best they might while the
+fruits of their daily toil were "engrossed" by their so-called
+representatives. In the mean time, these representatives, their pockets
+thus swelled, found public life too comfortable to feel any desire to
+return to agricultural pursuits, or to be content with the uncertain
+income afforded by the capricious crop.
+
+But this was not the worst.
+
+While Charles II was yet in exile, some of his courtiers who, for all
+their boasted sympathy in the sorrows of their "dear sovereign," were
+not unmindful of their own interests, prayed of his Majesty a grant of
+the Northern Neck of Virginia, and Charles, forgetful of the loyalty of
+the little colony beyond the seas which had been faithful to him through
+all of his troubles, and utterly ignoring the right and title of those
+then in possession of the coveted lands, yielded them their wish. After
+the Restoration this grant was renewed, and in 1672 his Majesty went
+further still and was pleased to grant away the whole colony, with very
+few restrictions, to Lords Arlington and Culpeper. Not only were their
+Lordships to be enriched by the royal quit-rents and escheats, and to
+enjoy the sole right of granting lands, but through the privilege
+likewise given them of appointment of sheriffs, surveyors, and other
+officers, the power of executing the laws and collecting the taxes, and
+of dividing the colony into counties and parishes and setting boundary
+lines was to be practically in their hands.
+
+Thus upon the fair bosom of Virginia, already torn and fretted by a host
+of distresses, was it purposed that these two "Lords Proprietors" should
+be let loose--their greed for gain to be held in check only by the
+limitations of the colony's resources--through a dreary waste of
+thirty-one years.
+
+The colonists, foreseeing that all manner of dishonesty and corruption
+in public affairs would be the certain and swift result of such large
+powers, cast about for a remedy, and at length determined to send a
+commission to England to raise a voice against the ruinous grant and to
+bribe the hawks away from their prey. So far so good; but to meet the
+expenses of the commission the poll-tax was greatly increased, so that
+while the landholders were to be relieved by having their rights
+restored, the "poorer sort" were made poorer than ever by being required
+to pay sixty pounds of tobacco per head for that relief. This unjust tax
+was a crowning point to all that the people had suffered, and a
+suppressed groan, like the threatenings of a distant but surely and
+steadily approaching storm, arose, not in one settlement, not in one
+county, but from one end of Virginia to another, even to the remotest
+borders of the colony.
+
+While this black enough tempest was brewing about the path of the
+Governor and the "grandees," another and a still darker cloud suddenly
+arose in an unexpected quarter and burst with frightful fury upon the
+heads of the unhappy people, the chiefest among whose "grievances" now
+became their daily and hourly terror of the Indians, made worse by the
+fact that their Governor was deaf to all their cries for protection.
+
+Indeed, the savages, not the colonists, were the protected ones, for the
+gain from the Indian beaver and otter fur trade, which the Governor and
+his friends monopolized, was believed to be a stronger argument with Sir
+William Berkeley for keeping in league with the red men than the
+massacre of the King's subjects was for making war upon them. The
+helpless people could only shake their heads despairingly and whisper
+under their breath, "Bullets cannot pierce beaver skins."
+
+In a "Complaint from Heaven, with a Huy and Crye and a Petition out of
+Virginia and Maryland. To Owr great Gratious Kinge and souveraigne
+Charles ye ii King of Engel'd etc. with his parliament," it is charged
+that "Old Governr. Barkly, altered by marrying a young Wyff, from his
+wonted publicq good, to a covetous Fole-age, relished Indians presents
+with some that hath a like feelinge, so wel, that many Christians Blood
+is Pokketed up wth other mischievs, in so mutch that his lady tould,
+that it would bee the overthrow of ye Country."
+
+The most ghastly accounts of the sly and savage incursions of the
+Indians, and of the way in which they served their victims, such as
+flaying them alive, knocking out their teeth with clubs and tearing out
+their finger-nails and toe-nails, flew from lip to lip. The
+terror-stricken planters upon the frontiers and more exposed places
+deserted their homes, left the crops upon which they depended for
+existence to waste and ruin, and huddled together in the more sheltered
+places, still not knowing "upon whom the storm would light."
+
+Truly was the colony under the "greatest distractions" it had known
+since the frightful Indian massacre of the year 1622.
+
+In such a state of horror and demoralization, and remembering all that
+those of earlier times had suffered, no wonder the colonists did not
+question whether the natives had any rights to be considered, and came
+to scarcely regard them as human beings, or that the sentiment "the only
+good Indian is a dead Indian" should have prevailed. Indeed, the one
+chance for the divine law of the survival of the fittest to be carried
+out in Virginia seemed to be in the prompt and total extermination of
+the red race.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+THE REIGN OF TERROR.
+
+
+The beginning of serious war with the Indians happened in this wise. One
+Sunday morning in the summer of 1675, as some of the settlers of
+Stafford County took their way peacefully to church, with no thought of
+immediate danger in their minds, they were greeted, as they passed the
+house of one Robert Hen, a herdsman, by the ghastly spectacle of the
+bloodstained bodies of Hen himself, and an Indian, lying across Hen's
+doorstep. Though scarred with the gashes of the deadly tomahawk, life
+was not quite gone out of the body of the white man, and with his last
+breath he gasped, "Doegs--Doegs," the name of a most hostile tribe of
+Indians.
+
+At once the alarm was given and the neighborhood was in an uproar.
+Experience had taught the Virginians that such a deed as had been
+committed was but a beginning of horrors and that there was no telling
+who the next victim might be. Colonel Giles Brent, commander of the
+horse, and Colonel George Mason, commander of the foot soldiers of
+Stafford County,--both of them living about six or eight miles from the
+scene of the tragedy,--with all speed gathered a force of some thirty
+men and gave chase to the murderers. They followed them for twenty miles
+up the Potomac River and then across into Maryland (which colony was
+then at peace with the Indians), firing upon all the red men they saw
+without taking time to find out whether or not they were of the
+offending tribe. In Maryland, Colonels Brent and Mason divided the men
+under them into two parties and continued their chase, taking different
+directions. Soon each party came upon, and surrounded, an Indian cabin.
+Colonel Brent shot the king of the Doegs who was in the cabin found by
+him, and took his son, a boy eight years old, prisoner. The Indians
+fired a few shots from within the cabin and were fired upon by the white
+men without. Finally the Indians rushed from the doors and fled. The
+noise of the guns aroused the Indians in the cabin--a short distance
+away--surrounded by Colonel Mason's men, and they fled with Mason's men
+following and firing upon them, until one of them turning back rushed up
+to Mason and shaking him by both hands said, "Susquehannocks--friends!"
+and turned and fled. Whereupon Colonel Mason ran among his men, crying
+out,
+
+"For the Lord's sake, shoot no more! These are our friends the
+Susquehannocks!"
+
+The Susquehannocks were an exceedingly fierce tribe of Indians but were,
+just then, at peace with the English settlers.
+
+Colonels Mason and Brent returned to Virginia, taking with them the
+little son of the chief of the Doegs; but as murders continued to be
+committed upon both sides of the Potomac, Maryland (which was now drawn
+into the embroglio) and Virginia soon afterward raised between them a
+thousand men in the hope of putting a stop to the trouble. The
+Virginians were commanded by Col. John Washington (great-grandfather of
+General Washington) and Col. Isaac Allerton. These troops laid siege to
+a stronghold of the Susquehannocks, in Maryland. The siege lasted seven
+weeks. During it the besiegers brought down upon themselves bitter
+hatred by putting to death five out of six of the Susquehannocks' "great
+men" who were sent out to treat of peace. They alleged, by way of
+excuse, that they recognized in the "great men" some of the murderers of
+their fellow-countrymen. At the end of the seven weeks, during which
+fifty of the besiegers were killed, the Susquehannocks silently escaped
+from their fort in the middle of the night, "knocking on the head" ten
+of their sleeping foes, by way of a characteristic leave-taking, as they
+passed them upon the way out. Leaving the rest to guard the cage in
+blissful ignorance that the birds were flown, the Indians crossed over
+into Virginia as far as the head of James River. Instead of the notched
+trees that were wont to serve as landmarks in the pioneer days, these
+infuriated Indians left behind them a pathway marked by gaping wounds
+upon the bodies of white men, women, and children. They swore to have
+still further revenge for the loss of their "great men," each of whose
+lives, they said, was worth the lives of ten of the Englishmen, who were
+of inferior rank, while their ambassadors were "men of quality."
+
+Sir William Berkeley afterward rebuked the besiegers before the Grand
+Assembly for their breach of faith, saying,
+
+"If they had killed my grandfather and grandmother, my father and mother
+and all of my friends, yet if they had come to treat of peace they ought
+to have gone in peace."
+
+The English held that the savages were utterly treacherous, their
+treaties of peace were dishonored by themselves and were therefore
+unworthy of being kept by others.
+
+An investigation made by Governor Berkeley showed that neither of the
+Virginia officers was responsible for the shabby piece of work.
+
+However faithless the Indians may have been in most matters, they were
+as good as their word touching their vengeance for the loss of their
+"men of quality." About the first of the new year a party of them made a
+sudden raid upon the upper plantations of the Potomac and Rappahannock
+rivers, massacred thirty-six persons, and fled to the woods. News of
+this disaster was quickly carried to the Governor, who for once seemed
+to respond to the need of his people. He called a court and placed a
+competent force to march against the Indians under command of Sir Henry
+Chicheley and some other gentlemen of Rappahannock County, giving them
+full power, by commission, to make peace or war. When all things had
+been made ready for the party to set out, however, Governor Berkeley,
+with exasperating fickleness, changed his mind, withdrew the commission,
+and ordered the men to be disbanded, and so no steps were taken for the
+defense of the colony against the daily and hourly dangers that lurked
+in the forests, threatened the homes and haunted the steps of the
+planters--robbing life in Virginia of the freedom and peace which had
+been its chief charm.
+
+The poor Virginians were not "under continual and deadly fears and
+terrors of their lives" without reason. As a result of their Governor's
+unpardonable tardiness in giving them protection, the number of
+plantations in the neighborhood of the massacre was in about a
+fortnight's brief space reduced from seventy-one to eleven. Some of the
+settlers had deserted their firesides and taken refuge in the heart of
+the country, and others had been destroyed by the savages.
+
+Not until March did the Assembly meet to take steps for the safety and
+defense of the colonists, three hundred of whom had by that time been
+cut off, and then, under Governor Berkeley's influence, the only action
+taken was the establishment of forts at the heads of the rivers and on
+the frontiers, and of course heavy taxes were laid upon the people to
+build and maintain them. These fortifications afforded no real defense,
+as the garrisons within them were prohibited from firing upon Indians
+without special permission from the Governor, and were only a new burden
+upon the people. The building of the forts may have been an honest
+(though unwise and insufficient) attempt at protection of the colony,
+but the people would not believe it. They saw in them only expensive
+"mousetraps," for whose bait they were to pay, while they were sure that
+the shrewd Indians would continue their outrages without coming
+dangerously near such easily avoided snares. They declared that,
+scattered about as the forts were, they gave no more protection than so
+many extra plantations with men in them; that their erection was "a
+great grievance, juggle and cheat," and only "a design of the grandees
+to engross all of the tobacco into their own hands." In their
+indignation the planters vowed that rather than pay taxes to support the
+forts they would plant no more tobacco.
+
+So often had the Governor of Virginia mocked them with fair but
+unfulfilled promises, so often temporized and parried words with them
+while their lives were in jeopardy and the terror-stricken cries of
+their wives and children were sounding "grievous and intolerable" in
+their ears, that those whom he was in honor bound to protect had lost
+all faith in him and all hope of obtaining any relief from him or his
+Assembly. Finally, as Sir William Berkeley would not send his forces
+against the murderers, the suffering planters resolved to take matters
+into their own hands and to raise forces amongst themselves, only they
+first humbly craved of him the sanction of his commission for any
+commanders whom he should choose to lead them in defense of their "lives
+and estates, which without speedy prevention, lie liable to the injury
+of such insulting enemies." The petitioners assured Sir William that
+they had no desire to "make any disturbance or put the country to any
+charge," but with characteristic lack of sympathy he bluntly refused to
+grant their request and forbade a repetition of it, "under great
+penalty."
+
+The people's fears and discontent steadily increased. It seemed more
+and more evident that Governor Berkeley was protecting their murderous
+enemies for his own gain, for (they charged) after having prohibited all
+traffic with the Indians, he had, privately, given commission to some of
+his friends to truck with them, and these favorites had supplied them
+with the very arms and ammunition that were intended for the protection
+of the colonists against their savagery. The red men were thus better
+provided with arms than his Majesty's subjects, who had "no other
+ingredients" from which to manufacture munitions of war but "prayers and
+misspent intreaties, which having vented to no purpose, and finding
+their condition every whit as bad, if not worse, than before the forts
+were made," they resolved to cease looking to the Governor for aid and
+to take the steps that seemed to them necessary for defense and
+preservation of themselves and those dear to them. In other words, since
+their petition for a commission to march against the Indians was denied
+them, they would march without a commission, thus venturing not only
+their lives, but the tyrannical old Governor's displeasure for the sake
+of their firesides.
+
+With this end in view, the dwellers in the neighborhood of Merchant's
+Hope Plantation, in Charles City County, on James River, began to "beat
+up drums for Volunteers to go out against the Indians, and soe continued
+Sundry dayes drawing into Armes." The magistrates, either for fear or
+favor, made no attempt to prevent "soe dangerous a beginning & going
+on," and a commander and head seemed all that was needed to perfect the
+design and lead it on to success.
+
+Such, then, was the condition of the little colony which had struggled
+and hoped and hoped and struggled again, until now hope seemed to have
+withdrawn her light altogether, and a despairing struggle to be all that
+was left.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+ENTER, MR. BACON.
+
+
+Throughout all history of all lands, at the supreme moment when any
+country whatsoever has seemed to stand in suspense debating whether to
+give itself over to despair or to gather its energies for one last blow
+at oppression, the mysterious star of destiny has seemed to plant
+itself--a fixed star--above the head of some one man who has been (it
+may be) raised up for the time and the need, and who has appeared, under
+that star's light, to have more of the divine in him than his brother
+mortals. To him other men turn as to a savior, vowing to follow his
+guidance to the death; upon his head women call down Heaven's blessings,
+while in their hearts they enshrine him as something akin to a god.
+Oftentimes such men fall far short of their aims, yet their failures
+are like to be more glorious than common victories. The star that led
+them on in life does not desert them in death--it casts a tender glow
+upon their memory, and through the tears of those who would have laid
+down their lives for them it takes on the softened radiance of the
+martyr's crown.
+
+Other times and other countries have had their leaders, their heroes,
+their martyrs--Virginia, in 1676, had her Nathaniel Bacon.
+
+This young man was said to be a "gentleman of no obscure family." He
+was, indeed, a cousin of Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., the highly esteemed
+president of the Virginia Council of State, who remained loyal to the
+government during the rebellion against Sir William Berkeley's rule, and
+is said to have offered to make his belligerent relative his heir if he
+would remain loyal, too. The first of the family of whom anything is
+known was Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, who married Isabella Cage and had
+two sons, one of whom was Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, and father of
+the great Lord Bacon; and the other James Bacon, Alderman of London,
+who died in 1573. Alderman Bacon's son, Sir James Bacon, of Friston
+Hall, married his cousin Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Francis
+Bacon, of Hessett, and had two sons, James Bacon, Rector of Burgate
+(father of President Nathaniel, of Virginia), and Nathaniel Bacon, of
+Friston Hall, who married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas De Grasse, of
+Norfolk, England, and died in 1644. Nathaniel and Elizabeth Bacon were
+the parents of Thomas Bacon, of Friston, who married Elizabeth, daughter
+of Sir Robert Brooke, of Yexford. Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., styled "the
+Rebel," was their son.
+
+This Nathaniel Bacon was born on January 2, 1647, at Friston Hall, and
+was educated at Cambridge University--entering St. Catherine's College
+there in his fourteenth year and taking his A.M. degree in his
+twenty-first. In the mean time he had seen "many Forraigne Parts,"
+having set out with Ray, the naturalist; Skipton, and a party of
+gentlemen, in April, 1663, upon "a journey made through part of the Low
+Countries, Germany, Italy, France." A quaint account of all they saw,
+written by Skippon, may be found in "Churchill's Voyages." In 1664 young
+Bacon entered Grey's Inn. In 1674 he was married to Mistress Elizabeth
+Duke, daughter of Sir Edward Duke, and in that year his history becomes
+a subject of interest to Virginians, for in the autumn or winter he set
+sail with his bride, in a ship bound for Jamestown, to make or mar his
+fortune in a new world. The young couple soon made a home for themselves
+at "Curles Neck," some twenty miles below the site afterward chosen by
+Colonel William Byrd for the city of Richmond, and about forty miles
+above Jamestown. This plantation afterward became famous in Virginia as
+one of the seats of the Randolph family. Bacon had a second plantation,
+which he called "Bacon's Quarter," within the present limits of
+Richmond, but his residence was at "Curles."
+
+The newcomer's high connections, natural talents--improved as they had
+been by cultivation and travel--and magnetic personality evidently
+brought him speedy distinction in Virginia, for he at once began to
+take a prominent part in public affairs, was made a member of his
+Majesty's Council, and soon enjoyed the reputation of being the "most
+accomplished man in the colony."
+
+Ere long, too, it became apparent that the heart of this marked man was
+with the people. Encouraged by his sympathy they poured their
+lamentations into his ears, and along with his pity for their helpless
+and hopeless condition a mighty wrath against Governor Berkeley took
+possession of his impetuous soul. "If the redskins meddle with me, damn
+my blood," he cried--with what Governor Berkeley called his "usual"
+oath--"but I'll harry them, commission or no commission!" Soon enough
+the "redskins" did "meddle" with him, murdering his overseer, to whom he
+was warmly attached, at "Bacon's Quarter," and, as will be seen, he
+proved himself to be a man as good as his word.
+
+And so it happened that upon this newcomer the whole country, ripe for
+rebellion, casting about for a leading spirit to give the signal for
+the uprising, set its hope and its love. In him choice had fallen upon
+one who had the courage to plan and the ability to put into execution,
+and who, for want of a commission from the Governor to lead a campaign
+against the Indians accepted one "from the people's affections, signed
+by the emergencies of affairs and the country's danger."
+
+Though only twenty-nine years of age when he was called, of a sudden, to
+take so large a part in the history of Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon looked
+to be "about four or five and thirty." No friendly brush or pen has left
+us a portrait of him, but the Royal Commissioners, sent over after the
+Rebellion to "enquire into the affairs of the colony," give us the
+impression which they gathered from all they heard of him. In their
+words he was "Indifferent tall but slender, black-haired, and of an
+ominous, pensive, melancholy aspect, of a pestilent and prevalent
+logical discourse tending to atheism in most companies, not given to
+much talk, or to make sudden replies; of a most imperious and dangerous
+hidden pride of heart, despising the wisest of his neighbors for their
+ignorance and very ambitious and arrogant."
+
+Verily, a lively and interesting picture, for even an enemy to paint.
+
+His temperament and personality were as striking as his appearance and
+manner. He was nervous and full of energy; determined, self-reliant and
+fearless; quick and clear of thought and prompt to act. In speaking, he
+was enthusiastic and impassioned, and full of eloquence and spirit, and
+if he had been born a hundred years or so later would doubtless have
+been dubbed a "silver-tongued orator." He was a man born to sway the
+hearts of his fellows, which he understood and drew after him with
+magnetic power, and upon which he could play with the sureness of a
+master of music touching the keys of a delicate musical instrument.
+
+Such was the man toward whom in the hour of despair the hopes of the
+Virginians turned--such the man who declared his willingness to "stand
+in the gap" between the commonalty and the "grandees," and with true
+Patrick Henry-like devotion, to risk home, fortune, life itself, in the
+cause of freedom from tyranny.
+
+One day a group of four prominent Virginia planters were talking
+together and, naturally, made the "sadness of the times and the fear
+they all lived in" the subject of their conversation. These gentlemen
+were Captain James Crews, of "Turkey Island,"[47:A] Henrico County;
+Henry Isham, Colonel William Byrd (first of the name), and Nathaniel
+Bacon. They were all near neighbors, and lived in the region most
+exposed and subject to the Indian horrors--Squire Bacon's overseer
+having been among the latest victims. Their talk also turned upon the
+little army of volunteers that was collecting in Charles City County, on
+the other side of the river, to march against the Indians. Captain Crews
+told them that he had suggested Bacon to lead the campaign, and the two
+other gentlemen at once joined him in urging Squire Bacon to go over
+and see the troops, and finally persuaded him to do so. No sooner did
+the soldiers see him approaching than from every throat arose a great
+shout of, "A Bacon! A Bacon! A Bacon!"
+
+The young man's companions urged him to accept the proffered leadership
+and promised to serve under him; his own ambition and enthusiasm caught
+fire from the warmth of such an ardent greeting, and without more ado he
+became "General Bacon, by consent of the people."
+
+In a letter to England, describing the state of affairs in the colony,
+and his connection with them, he wrote how, "Finding that the country
+was basely, for a small, sordid gain, betrayed, and the lives of the
+poor inhabitants wretchedly sacrificed," he "resolved to stand in this
+ruinous gap" and to expose his "life and fortune to all hazards." His
+quick and sympathetic response to their call "greatly cheered and
+animated the populace," who saw in him the "only patron of the country
+and preserver of their lives and fortunes, so that their whole hearts
+and hopes were set upon him."
+
+To a man like Nathaniel Bacon it would have been impossible to do
+anything by halves. Having once for all committed himself to the
+people's cause, he threw his whole heart and soul into the work before
+him, and recognizing the danger of delay and the importance of letting
+stroke follow stroke while the iron of enthusiasm was still aglow, he
+began at once to gather his forces and to plan the Indian campaign.
+
+The excited volunteers crowded around him and he "listed" them as fast
+as they offered themselves, "upon a large paper, writing their names
+circular-wise, that their ring leaders might not be found out." Having
+"conjured them into this circle," he "gave them brandy to wind up the
+charm," and drink success to the undertaking, and had them to take an
+oath to "stick fast" to each other and to him, and then went on to New
+Kent County to enlist the people thereabouts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47:A] Afterward the seat of William Randolph, first of the Randolph
+family in Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+THE INDIAN WAR-PATH.
+
+
+It was about the end of April, when the glad sight of the countryside
+bursting into life and blossom and throbbing with the fair promise of
+spring doubtless added buoyancy to hearts already cheered by the hope of
+brighter days, that Nathaniel Bacon at the head of three hundred
+men-in-arms, set out upon the Indian warpath. Sir William Berkeley, in a
+rage at their daring to take steps for their own defense without a
+commission from him, but powerless to put a stop to such unheard-of
+proceedings, promptly proclaimed leader and followers "rebels and
+mutineers," and getting a troop of soldiers together, set out toward the
+falls of James River, in hot pursuit, resolved either to overtake and
+capture "General" Bacon, or to seize him on his return. This proved to
+be a wild-goose chase, however, for the little army of "rebels" had
+already crossed to the south side of James River and was marching
+"through boush, through briar," toward the haunts of the savages,
+whither the Governor's train-bands had little appetite to follow.
+
+The enraged Berkeley, finding his will thwarted, waited patiently for
+the return of the doughty three hundred, taking what grim satisfaction
+he could find in telling young Mistress Elizabeth Bacon that her husband
+would hang as soon as he came back, in issuing, upon May 10, another
+proclamation against the "young, inexperienced, rash and inconsiderate,"
+general and his "rude, dissolute and tumultuous" followers, and in
+deposing Bacon from his seat in the "honorable Council" and from his
+office as a magistrate.
+
+Meanwhile, Nathaniel Bacon and his men, regardless of the anxiety with
+which Governor Berkeley watched for their return, were pressing on
+through the wilderness. When they had marched "a great way to the
+south"--had crossed into Carolina, indeed--and their supplies were
+nearly spent, they came upon a little island (probably in Roanoke River)
+seated by the Ockinagee Indians, one of the tribes said to have been
+protected by Berkeley for sake of the fur trade, and doubtless the same
+as the Mangoaks, rumors of whose great trade with the Indians of the
+northwest, for copper, had been brought to Sir Walter Raleigh's colony.
+These Ockinagees, who were very likely a branch of the great Dakota
+family of Indians, were evidently a most enterprising people, and their
+isle was a veritable center of commerce among the red-skin inhabitants
+of that region. It was described as "commodious for trade, and the mart
+for all the Indians for at least five hundred miles" around. Its
+residents had at that time on hand no less than a thousand beaver skins
+of which Sir William Berkeley and his partners would in due time,
+doubtless, have become possessed, and it was supposed to have been
+through trade with these Islanders that arms and ammunition were passed
+on to the fierce Susquehannock braves.
+
+When Bacon reached the island he saw at once that it would be nothing
+short of madness to pit his handful of foot-sore and half-starved men
+against the combined strength of the Ockinagees and the Susquehannocks,
+so, adopting a policy patterned after the savages' own crafty methods of
+warfare, he made friends with one tribe and persuaded them to fall upon
+the other. The result was a furious battle between the two tribes in
+which thirty Susquehannock warriors and all of their women and children
+were killed. By this time Bacon's men were in a sorry plight for the
+want of provisions. They offered to buy food from their new-made
+friends, the Ockinagees, who promised them relief on the morrow, but
+when the next day came put them off again with talk of still another
+"morrow." In the mean time, they were evidently making preparations for
+battle. They had reinforced their three forts upon the island, and were
+seen to grow more and more warlike in their attitude as the pale faces
+grew weaker in numbers and in physical strength. To add to the
+desperate situation, there came a report that the Indians had received
+private messages from Governor Berkeley.
+
+Bacon's men had, in their eagerness to procure food, "waded shoulder
+deep through the river," to one of the island forts, "still entreating
+and tendering pay for the victuals," but all to no avail. While the
+half-starved creatures stood in the water, with hands stretched out,
+still begging for bread, one of them was struck by a shot fired from the
+mainland, by an Indian. The luckless shot proved to be the signal for a
+hideous battle. Bacon, knowing full well that retreat meant starvation
+for himself and his devoted little band of followers, believing that the
+savages within the fort had sent for others to cut them off in their
+rear, but not losing the presence of mind that armed him for every
+emergency, quickly drew his men close against the fort where their
+enemies could get no range upon them, and ordering them to poke their
+guns between the stakes of the palisades, fired without
+discrimination--without mercy. All through the night and until late
+into the next day the wilderness echoed with the yells of the wounded
+and dying savages and with the gun-shots of the hunger-crazed palefaces.
+
+Let us not forget that this battle was the last resort of an army which
+championed the cause of the people of Virginia, and upon whose steps the
+horrors of murder, torture, and starvation waited momently. Let us also
+not forget that the time was the seventeenth century, the place a
+wilderness, the provocation an attempt not merely to shut the
+Anglo-Saxon race from the shores of the New World, but to wipe out with
+hatchet and torch the Anglo-Saxon homes which were already planted
+there.
+
+When at last, after a loss of eleven of their own hardy comrades, the
+exhausted Baconians withdrew from the fray, the island fort had been
+entirely demolished and vast numbers of the Indians slain.
+
+While Sir William Berkeley possessed his soul in as much patience as he
+could command at the Falls of the James, lying in wait for Bacon's
+return, the inhabitants farther down toward Jamestown began to "draw
+into arms," and to proclaim against the useless and costly forts. Open
+war with the Indians was the one thing that would content them, and war
+they were bent upon having. They vowed that they would make war upon all
+Indians who would not "come in with their arms" and give hostages for
+their fidelity and pledge themselves to join with the English against
+all others. "If we must be hanged for rebels for killing those that will
+destroy us," said they, "let them hang us; we will venture that rather
+than lie at the mercy of a barbarous enemy and be murdered as we are."
+
+In a "Manifesto," defending the rights of the people, issued soon after
+his return, Bacon made a scornful and spirited reply to Governor
+Berkeley's charges of rebellion and treason. "If virtue be a sin," said
+he, "if piety be 'gainst all the principles of morality, goodness and
+justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are now called
+rebels may be in danger of those high imputations, those loud and
+several bulls would affright innocents and render the defence of our
+brethren and the inquiry into our sad and heavy oppressions treason. But
+if here be, as sure is, a just God to appeal to, if religion and justice
+be a sanctuary here, if to plead the cause of the oppressed, if
+sincerely to aim at his Majesty's honor and the public good without any
+reservation or by-interest, if to stand in the gap after so much blood
+of our dear brethren bought and sold, if after the loss of a great part
+of his Majesty's colony, deserted and dispeopled, freely with our lives
+and estates to endeavor to save the remainders, be treason, Lord
+Almighty judge and let the guilty die." Can it be that these words were
+in the mind of Patrick Henry, when, nearly a hundred years later, he
+cried, "If this be treason, make the most of it"?
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+THE JUNE ASSEMBLY.
+
+
+Governor Berkeley, finding the wrath of the people past his control,
+gave up for the time the chase after Bacon, returned home, and to
+appease the people, not only had the offensive forts dismantled, but
+even, upon the 18th of May, dissolved the legislature that had
+established them, and for the first time for fourteen years gave orders
+for the election of a new free Assembly. This Assembly, whose immediate
+work, the Governor declared, should be to settle the "distracted"
+condition of Virginia, was "new" in more senses than one, for, departing
+from the usual custom of electing only freeholders to represent them,
+some of the counties chose men "that had but lately crept out of the
+condition of servants," for their Burgesses. Thus showing the strong
+democratic feeling that had arisen, to the exasperation of the
+aristocratic Berkeley.
+
+Bacon had by this time returned from his march into the wilderness and
+the countryside was ringing with glowing reports of his success against
+the Indians. The people welcomed him with wild enthusiasm, for they not
+only regarded him as their champion against the brutalities of savages,
+but attributed to him the calling of the new Assembly, to which they
+looked for relief from the "hard times." Their hopes, as will be seen,
+were not doomed to disappointment.
+
+A short time before the meeting of this "June Assembly," as it was
+commonly called, Bacon made his friend and neighbor, Captain Crews, the
+bearer of a letter from him to Sir William Berkeley, in which he said:
+
+"Sir: Loyalty to our King and obedience to your Honor as his Majesty's
+servant or chief commander here, under him, this was generally the
+preface in all my proceedings to all men, declaring that I abhorred
+rebellion or the opposing of laws or government, and if that your Honor
+were in person to lead or command, I would follow and obey, and that if
+nobody were present, though I had no order, I would still adventure to
+go in defence of the country against all Indians in general, for that
+they were all our enemies; this I have always said and do maintain, but
+as to the injury or violation of your power, interest, or personal
+safety, I always accounted magistracy sacred and the justness of your
+authority a sanctuary; I have never otherwise said, nor ever will have
+any other thoughts."
+
+Continuing, he says that he does not believe the rumors of the
+Governor's threats against his (Bacon's) life, which are "daily and
+hourly brought to my ears," and wishes that "his Honor" were as willing
+to distrust the various reports of him. He says his conscience is too
+clear to fear and his resolution too well grounded to let him
+discontinue his course, and closes his letter with these words:
+
+"I dare be as brave as I am innocent, who am, in spite of all your high
+resentment, unfeignedly, your Honor's humble and obedient servant."
+
+Madam Byrd, who had been driven from her home by fear of the Indians,
+said in a letter to a friend in England that neither Mr. Bacon nor any
+with him had injured any Englishman in their persons or estates, that
+the country was well pleased with what he had done, and she believed the
+council was too, "so far as they durst show it." "Most of those with Mr.
+Bacon," she wrote, "were substantial householders who bore their own
+charges in this war against the Indians." She added that she had heard
+that Bacon had told his men that he "would punish any man severely that
+should dare to speak a word against the Governor or government."
+
+Henrico County chose Nathaniel Bacon to represent it in the new House of
+Burgesses, and Captain Crewes was also sent from that county. Although
+the voters were resolved to give their darling a voice in the Assembly,
+however, they were loth to trust his person in the midst of so many
+dangers as they knew lurked about Jamestown for him. Madam Elizabeth
+Bacon, proudly writing of her young husband, to her sister in England,
+under date June 29, says, "The country does so really love him that they
+would not leave him alone anywhere."
+
+And so, accompanied by a body-guard of forty armed men, the newly
+elected Burgess of Henrico set sail in a sloop for Jamestown. When he
+had passed Swan's Point, a mile or two above the town, he dropped anchor
+and sent a messenger ashore to inquire of the Governor whether or not he
+might land in safety and take his seat as a member of the Assembly.
+Governor Berkeley's only answer was delivered promptly, and with no
+uncertain sound, from the savage mouths of the "great guns" on the
+ramparts of the town fort--whereupon Bacon moved his sloop higher up the
+river. After nightfall, accompanied by a party of his men, he ventured
+on shore and went to "Mr. Lawrence's house" in the town, where he had an
+interview with his good friends Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Drummond, and then
+returned to the sloop without having been seen. These two friends of
+Bacon's were gentlemen of prominence and wealth in the colony. Their
+houses were the best built and the best furnished in Jamestown, and
+Richard Lawrence was a scholar as well as a "gentleman and a man of
+property," for he was a graduate of Oxford, and was known to his
+contemporaries as "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence." His accomplishments, added
+to a genial and gracious temper, made him a favorite with both the
+humble and the great, and he had the honor to represent Jamestown in the
+House of Burgesses. He had married a rich widow who kept a fashionable
+inn at Jamestown, and their house was a rendezvous for persons of the
+best quality. Mr. Lawrence was cordially hated by Governor Berkeley and
+his friends, one of whom dubbed him "that atheistical and scandalous
+person."
+
+Mr. Drummond, "a sober Scotch Gentleman of good repute," had at one time
+been Governor of North Carolina. He was noted for wisdom and honesty,
+and an admirer said of him, "His dimensions are not to be taken by the
+line of an ordinary capacity"; but the Governor's caustic friend,
+already quoted, has placed him on record as "that perfidious Scot."
+
+We shall hear more of these two gentlemen hereafter.
+
+At length, finding no hope of meeting with a more hospitable greeting
+from the Governor of Virginia than that which he had already received,
+the "Rebel" set his sails homeward; but, in obedience to Governor
+Berkeley's orders, Captain Gardner, master of the ship _Adam and Eve_,
+which lay a little way up the river, headed him off, and "commanded his
+sloop in" by firing upon him from aboard ship, arrested him and his
+guard, and delivered them up to the Governor, in Jamestown. Within the
+State House there a bit of drama was then acted in the presence of the
+amazed Assembly--Governor Berkeley and Mr. Bacon playing the principal
+parts. In this scene the fair-spoken Governor's feigned clemency was
+well-matched by the prisoner's feigned repentance, for Berkeley found it
+prudent to be careful of the person of a man in whose defense the
+excited people were ready to lay down their lives, and Bacon found it
+equally prudent to seem to believe in the friendship of one who he knew
+hated him with all the venom of his bitter heart, and doubtless also
+realized that to accept the proffered clemency, however insincere he
+might know it to be, was the likeliest way of obtaining the coveted
+commission to continue his Indian campaign, and to gain admission to his
+seat in the Assembly, by which he hoped to raise his voice in behalf of
+the oppressed commonalty of Virginia.
+
+The Governor, looking at Bacon, but addressing himself to the Assembly,
+said:
+
+"Now I behold the greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia." Then,
+addressing himself to the prisoner, he questioned, "Sir, do you continue
+to be a gentleman, and may I take your word? If so you are at liberty
+upon your own parole."
+
+Upon which Mr. Bacon expressed deep gratitude for so much favor.
+
+On the next day the Governor stood up during the session of the Council,
+sitting as upper house of the Assembly, and said:
+
+"If there be joy in the presence of angels over one sinner that
+repenteth, there is joy now, for we have a penitent come before us. Call
+Mr. Bacon."
+
+Mr. Bacon came forward, and dropping upon his knee, in mock humility,
+presented his Honor with a paper which he had drawn up, pleading guilty
+of the crime of rebellion and disobedience and throwing himself upon the
+mercy of the court.
+
+Governor Berkeley forthwith declared him restored to favor, saying three
+times over, "God forgive you, I forgive you!"
+
+Colonel Cole, of the Council, put in, "And all that were with him."
+
+"Yea," quoth Sir William Berkeley, "and all that were with him"--meaning
+the Rebel's body-guard who had been captured in the sloop with him, and
+were then lying in irons.
+
+Governor Berkeley furthermore extended his clemency to the culprit by
+restoring him to his former place in the Council of State,--"his
+Majesty's Council," as the Virginians loved to call it,--made him a
+positive promise of the much-desired commission to march against the
+Indians, and even suffered Captain Gardner, of the ship _Adam and Eve_,
+to be fined the sum of seventy pounds damage and in default of payment
+to be thrown into jail, for seizing Bacon and his sloop, according to
+his own express orders.
+
+Bacon's friends had been thrown into an uproar at the news of his
+arrest, and some of them made "dreadful threatenings to double revenge
+all wrongs" to their champion and his guard; but all were now so pleased
+at the happy turn of affairs that "every man with great gladness
+returned to his own home."
+
+And so it happened that Mr. Nathaniel Bacon, so lately dubbed a "rebel"
+and a "mutineer," took his seat, not merely in the House of Burgesses,
+but in the more distinguished body, "his Majesty's Council." The Council
+chamber was upon the first floor of the State House, that occupied by
+the Burgesses' upon the second. The Burgesses, as they filed upstairs to
+take their places, that afternoon, saw, through the open door of the
+Council chamber, a surprising sight,--"Mr. Bacon on his quondam
+seat,"--and to at least one of them it seemed "a marvelous indulgence"
+after all that had happened.
+
+The session was distinctly one of reform. Nathaniel Bacon was determined
+to make the best of his hard-earned advantage while he had it, and he at
+once made his influence felt in the Assembly. He was now strong with
+both Burgesses and Council, who were won, in spite of any prejudices
+they may have had, to acknowledge the personal charm and the executive
+genius of the daring youth. He promptly set about revising and improving
+the laws. Universal suffrage was restored, a general inspection of
+public expenses and auditing of public accounts was ordered, and laws
+were enacted requiring frequent election of vestries by the people, and
+prohibiting all trade with the Indians, long terms of office, excessive
+fees, and the sale of spirituous liquors. Some of the most unpopular
+leaders of the Governor's party were debarred from holding any public
+office.
+
+The wisdom of the Rebel's legislation was to be later set forth by the
+fact that after his death, when the fascination of a personality which
+had bent men's wills to its own was no longer felt, and when his name
+was held in contempt by many who failed to understand him or his
+motives, the people of Virginia clamored for the reestablishment of
+"Bacon's Laws," which upon his downfall had been repealed; and in
+February, 1676-7, many of them were actually re-enacted--with only their
+titles changed.
+
+Governor Berkeley, finding it beyond his power to stem the tide of
+reformation which tossed the old man about like a leaf whose little
+summer is past,--a tide by which his former glory seemed to be utterly
+submerged and blotted out,--pleaded sickness as an excuse to get away
+from it all, and take refuge within his own home, but in vain. Not until
+he had placed his signature to each one of the acts passed for the
+relief of the people and correction of the existing abuses would Bacon
+permit him to stir a step.
+
+But the Assembly was not wholly taken up with revising the laws. It
+devoted much attention to planning the Indian campaign to be carried on
+under "General Bacon," for which 1,000 men and provisions were provided.
+For this little army we are told that some volunteered to enlist and
+others were talked into doing so by members of the Council--Councillor
+Ballard being especially zealous in the work. It was also decided to
+enlist the aid of the Pamunkey Indians, who were descendants of
+Powhatan's braves, and had been allies of the English against other
+tribes. Accordingly, the "Queen of Pamunkey" was invited to appear
+before the House of Burgesses and say what she would do. The "Queen" at
+this time commanded a hundred and fifty warriors. She was the widow of
+the "mighty Totapotamoy" who had led a hundred warriors, in aid of the
+English, at the battle of "Bloody Run," and was slain with most of his
+men. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities
+possesses an interesting relic in what is known as the "Indian
+Crown,"--a silver frontlet presented to the "Queen of Pamunkey" by the
+English Government, as a testimonial of friendship.
+
+This forest queen is said to have "entered the chamber with a
+comportment graceful to admiration, bringing on her right hand an
+Englishman interpreter, and on her left her son, a stripling twenty
+years of age, she having round her head a plait of black and white
+wampumpeag, three inches broad, in imitation of a crown, and was clothed
+in a mantle of dressed deerskins with the hair outwards and the edge cut
+round six inches deep, which made strings resembling twisted fringe from
+the shoulders to the feet; thus with grave courtlike gestures and a
+majestic air in her face, she walked up our long room to the lower end
+of the table, where after a few entreaties, she sat down; the
+interpreter and her son standing by her on either side, as they had
+walked up."
+
+When the chairman of the House addressed her she refused to answer
+except through the interpreter, though it was believed that she
+understood all that was said. Finally, when the interpreter had made
+known to her that the House desired to know how many men she would lend
+her English friends for guides in the wilderness against her own and
+their "enemy Indians," she uttered, "with an earnest, passionate
+countenance, as if tears were ready to gush out," and a "high, shrill
+voice," a "harangue," in which the only intelligible words were,
+"Totapotamoy dead! Totapotamoy dead!" Colonel Edward Hill, whose father
+had commanded the English at the battle of "Bloody Run," and who was
+present, it is written, "shook his head."
+
+In spite of this tragic "harangue," the House pressed her to say how
+many Indians she would spare for the campaign. She "sat mute till that
+same question being pressed a third time, she, not returning her face to
+the board, answered, with a low, slighting voice, in her own language,
+_Six_. But being further importuned, she, sitting a little while sullen,
+without uttering a word between, said _Twelve_. . . . and so rose up and
+walked gravely away, as not pleased with her treatment."
+
+While Bacon was dictating laws in Virginia, making ready for the march
+against the Indians and at the same time preparing a defense of himself
+for the King, his father, Thomas Bacon, of Friston Hall, England, was on
+bended knee before his Majesty pleading with him to withhold judgment
+against the rash young man until he could obtain a full account of his
+part in the troubles in the colony, concerning which startling tales had
+already been carried across the water.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+THE COMMISSION.
+
+
+At last the Grand Assembly's work was done and everything but one was
+ready for the march against the Indians--the commission which Sir
+William Berkeley had publicly promised Bacon, and for which alone Bacon
+and his army tarried at Jamestown, was not yet forthcoming. The
+perfidious old man, crazed with jealousy of his prosperous young rival
+in the affections of the people, postponed granting it from day to day,
+while he secretly plotted Bacon's ruin. His plots were discovered,
+however, by some of the friends of Bacon, who was "whispered to," not a
+moment too soon, and informed that the Governor had given orders for him
+to be arrested again, and that road and river were beset with men lying
+in wait to assassinate him if he attempted to leave Jamestown. Thus
+warned, he took horse and made his escape through the dark streets and
+past the scattered homes of the sleeping town before the sun was up to
+show which course he had taken. In the morning the party sent out to
+capture him made a diligent search throughout the town, actually
+thrusting their swords through the beds in the house of his "thoughtful"
+friend, Mr. Lawrence, to make sure that he was not hidden in them.
+
+No sooner had the fugitive Bacon reached the "up country" than the
+inhabitants crowded around him, clamoring for news of the Assembly and
+eager to know the fate of his request for a commission to fight the
+Indians. When they learned the truth they "began to set up their throats
+in one common cry of oaths and curses." Toward evening of the same day a
+rumor reached Jamestown that Bacon was coming back at the head of a
+"raging tumult," who threatened to pull down the town if the Governor's
+promises to their leader were not kept. Governor Berkeley immediately
+ordered four "great guns" to be set up at Sandy Beach--the only
+approach, by land, to Jamestown--to welcome the invaders, and all the
+men who could be mustered--only thirty in all--were called out and other
+preparations made to defend the town.
+
+Next morning the little capital rang with the call to arms, but the
+despised Governor, finding it impossible to get together enough soldiers
+to resist the people's favorite, resorted to the stratagem of seeking to
+disarm the foe by the appearance of peace. The unfriendly cannon were
+taken from their carriages, the small arms put out of sight, and the
+whole town was made to present a picture of harmlessness and serenity.
+
+The Assembly was calmly sitting on that June day when, without meeting
+with the slightest attempt at resistance, Nathaniel Bacon marched into
+Jamestown at the head of four hundred foot soldiers and a hundred and
+twenty horse. He at once stationed guards at all the "principal places
+and avenues," so that "no place could be more securely guarded," and
+then drew his men up in front of the State House where the Councillors
+and Burgesses were in session, and defiantly demanded the promised
+commission. Some parleying through a committee sent out by the Council
+followed, but nothing was effected. Throughout the town panic reigned.
+The white head of the aged and almost friendless Governor alone kept
+cool. At length, his Cavalier blood at boiling point, he arose from the
+executive chair, and stalking out to where Bacon stood, while the
+gentlemen of the Council followed in a body, denounced him to his face
+as a "rebel" and a "traitor." Then, baring his bosom, he shouted, "Here!
+Shoot me! 'Fore God, a fair mark, shoot!" repeating the words several
+times. Drawing his sword, he next proposed to settle the matter with
+Bacon, then and there, in single combat.
+
+"Sir," said Bacon, "I came not, nor intend, to hurt a hair of your
+Honor's head, and as for your sword, your Honor may please to put it up;
+it shall rust in the scabbard before ever I shall desire you to draw it.
+I come for a commission against the heathen who daily inhumanly murder
+us and spill our brethren's blood, and no care is taken to prevent it,"
+adding, "God damn my blood, I came for a commission, and a commission I
+will have before I go!"
+
+During this dramatic interview, Bacon, his dark eyes burning, his black
+locks tossing, strode back and forth betwixt his two lines of
+men-at-arms, resting his left hand upon his hip, and flinging his right
+from his hat to his sword-hilt, and back again, while the Burgesses
+looked on breathless from the second-story windows of the State House.
+
+At length the baffled Governor wheeled about and, with haughty mien,
+walked toward his private apartment at the other end of the State House,
+the gentlemen of the Council still close following him, while Bacon, in
+turn, surrounded by his body-guard, followed them, continuing to
+gesticulate in the wild fashion that has been described.
+
+Finding Sir William deaf to every appeal, the determined young leader
+swore another great oath, and exclaiming, "I'll kill Governor, Council,
+Assembly and all, and then I'll sheathe my sword in my own heart's
+blood!" he turned to his guard and ordered them to "Make ready, and
+present!"
+
+In a flash the loaded muskets of the "fusileers" pointed with steady aim
+and true toward the white faces in the State House windows, while from
+the throats of the little army below arose a chorus of "We _will_ have
+it! We _will_ have it!" meaning the promised commission.
+
+A quick-witted Burgess waved his handkerchief from the window, shouting,
+as he did so, "You _shall_ have it! You _shall_ have it!" and the day
+was saved. The tiny flag of truce worked a magic spell. The soldiers
+withdrew their guns, uncocked the matchlocks, and quietly followed Bacon
+back to the main body of his men. One witness says that Bacon's men also
+shouted a chorus of, "No levies! No levies!"
+
+After a long and heated argument with Council and Burgesses (though not
+until the next day) Governor Berkeley grudgingly drew up a commission
+and sent it out. Bacon, who was bent upon making the most of his
+hard-won position, was not content with it, however, and scorning to
+accept it, dictated one to his own mind and required the Governor to
+sign it, as well as thirty blank ones for officers to serve under him,
+to be filled with such names as he himself should see fit. Afterward,
+finding need of still more officers, he sent to Berkeley for another
+supply of blank commissions, but the beaten old man, deserted, for the
+time, by his resources and his nerve, sent back the answer that he had
+signed enough already, and bade General Bacon sign the rest for himself.
+
+One more paper, however, the old man was made to sign--a letter to King
+Charles explaining and excusing Bacon's course, and an act of indemnity
+for Bacon and his followers.
+
+Most of the commissions Bacon filled with the regular officers of the
+militia, as the "most fit to bear commands," and likely to be the "most
+satisfactory to both Governor and people."
+
+The young General sat up all night long making his appointments and
+preparing the commissions, keeping the Burgess from Stafford County,
+Mr. Mathew, whom he had pressed into service as secretary, up with him.
+This gentleman made bold to express the fear that as the people he
+represented dwelt upon the most northern frontier of the colony, their
+interests might not be so much regarded as those in General Bacon's own
+neighborhood, on the far southern frontier; but his fears were set to
+rest by Bacon's assurance that "the like care should be taken of the
+remotest corners in the land as in his own dwelling house."
+
+In the very midst of Nathaniel Bacon's little reign at Jamestown came
+the news that the Indians, with a boldness exceeding any they had
+hitherto shown, had swooped down upon two settlements on York River,
+only twenty-three miles distant from the little capital, and more than
+forty miles within the bounds of the frontier plantations, and had
+massacred eight persons. This was upon the morning of the twenty-fifth
+of June--a Sunday--when the pious Virginians were doubtless rejoicing in
+a welcome rest from law-making, and, resplendent in apparel fashioned
+after the latest mode in England at the time when the ships that
+brought it over sailed thence, were offering thanks in the church for
+the promise of brighter days which filled their hearts with good hope.
+
+The town was again thrown into an uproar. Bacon ordered supplies to be
+taken to the Falls of James River, and upon Monday morning, bright and
+early, flags were unfurled, drums and trumpets sounded, and with the
+authority of the cherished commission as "General of all the forces in
+Virginia against the Indians," and the God-speed of men, women and
+children, he marched away at the head of his thousand troops.
+
+From the chorus of cheers and prayers for his safety and success that
+followed him, however, one voice was missing. There was among those that
+witnessed the departure one who was silver-haired and full of years, but
+who had grown old ungracefully, for his brilliant and picturesque prime
+had been eclipsed by a narrow and crabbed old age. While every heart but
+his was stirred to its depths, every eye but his dimmed by the gentle
+moisture of emotion, every tongue but his attuned to blessings, Sir
+William Berkeley was possessed by wrathful silence, resolved to submit
+as best he could to what he could not help, and to bide his time till
+the aid from England, which he confidently expected, should arrive. He
+was in the mean time upon the lookout for any straw that could be caught
+at to stem the tide of his rival's popularity, and such a straw he soon
+found.
+
+The people of Gloucester County had been irritated by the rigorous
+manner in which Bacon's officers impressed men and horses for the Indian
+campaign. One account even states (most likely without truth) that Bacon
+himself had been in Gloucester upon this business. Berkeley was informed
+of the feeling in that county and told that the settlers there were
+loyal to him and would support him against Bacon. The old man hastened
+to Gloucester, where he was presented with a petition complaining
+bitterly of the loss of men and horses impressed for the Indian war, and
+especially of the rowdy methods of "one Matthew Gale, one of Mr.
+Bacon's chief commanders," and begging for protection "against any more
+of these outrages." Sir William answered that the petition would be
+"most willingly granted," for that he "felt bound" to preserve his
+Majesty's subjects from the "outrages and oppressions to which they have
+lately too much submitted by the tyranny and usurpation of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jun., who never had any commission from me but what, with armed
+men, he extracted from the Assembly, which in effect is no more than if
+a thief should take my purse and make me own I gave it him freely, so
+that in effect his commission, whatever it is, is void in law and
+nature, and to be looked upon as no value."
+
+Encouraged by the attitude of the people of Gloucester, Governor
+Berkeley at once began raising troops, ostensibly to go himself to fight
+the Indians, but really to attack Bacon.
+
+In the mean time, Bacon, in blissful ignorance of the fresh trouble
+brewing for him, was marching on toward the Falls. They were reached
+ere long, and all was now ready for the plunge into the wilderness where
+the red horror lurked. He gathered his men about him and made them a
+speech. He assured them of his loyalty to England and that his only
+design was to serve his King and his country. Lest any should question
+the means by which he had gotten his commission, he reminded them of the
+urgency of the time and the "cries of his brethren's blood that alarmed
+and wakened him to his public revenge." When he had finished speaking he
+took the oath of "allegiance and supremacy," in the presence of all his
+soldiers, had them to take it, and then gave them an oath of fidelity to
+himself. By this oath they bound themselves to make known to him any
+plot against the persons of himself or any of his men, of which they
+might happen to hear; also, to have no communication with the Indians,
+to send no news out of camp, and to discover all councils, plots, and
+conspiracies of the Indians against the army.
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+CIVIL WAR.
+
+
+The cheers of assent which answered the commander's words died upon the
+air, and the order to march was about to be given, when a messenger
+posted into camp with the news that Governor Berkeley was in Gloucester
+County raising forces to surprise Bacon and take his commission from him
+by force. The doughty young General, unfailing of resources, and nothing
+daunted even by this "amusing" message, promptly decided what he should
+do. In obedience to his command, trumpet and drum again called his men
+together that he might inform them that ere they could further pursue
+the chase after their "dearest foe" they must turn backward again once
+more to meet the even greater horrors of civil warfare--how instead of
+leading them as he had supposed, only against the hated redskins, he
+must now command that the sword of friend should be turned against
+friend, brother against brother.
+
+"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he said, "the news just now brought me
+may not a little startle you as well as myself. But seeing it is not
+altogether unexpected, we may the better hear it and provide our
+remedies. The Governor is now in Gloucester County endeavoring to raise
+forces against us, having declared us rebels and traitors; if true,
+crimes indeed too great for pardon. Our consciences herein are best
+witnesses, and theirs so conscious as like cowards therefore they will
+not have the courage to face us. It is revenge that hurries them on
+without regard to the people's safety, and had rather we should be
+murdered and our ghosts sent to our slaughtered countrymen by their
+actings than we live to hinder them of their interest[87:A] with the
+heathen, and preserve the remaining part of our fellow-subjects from
+their cruelties. Now then, we must be forced to turn our swords to our
+own defence, or expose ourselves to their mercies, or fortune of the
+woods, whilst his Majesty's country lies here in blood and wasting (like
+a candle) at both ends. How incapable we may be made (if we should
+proceed) through sickness, want of provisions, slaughter, wounds, less
+or more, none of us is void of the sense hereof.
+
+"Therefore, while we are sound at heart, unwearied, and not receiving
+damage by the fate of war, let us descend to know the reasons why such
+proceedings are used against us. That those whom they have raised for
+their defense, to preserve them against the fury of the heathen, they
+should thus seek to destroy, and to betray our lives whom they raised to
+preserve theirs. If ever such treachery was heard of, such wickedness
+and inhumanity (and call all the ages to witness) and if any, that they
+suffered it in like manner as we are like by the sword and ruins of war.
+
+"But they are all damned cowards, and you shall see they will not dare
+to meet us in the field to try the justness of our cause, and so we
+will down to them."
+
+As the ringing notes of their commander's voice died away, a great shout
+arose from the soldiers. "Amen! Amen!" they cried. "We are all ready to
+die in the field rather than be hanged like rogues, or perish in the
+woods exposed to the favors of the merciless Indians!" And without more
+ado, they wheeled about and marched, a thousand strong, to meet their
+pursuers.
+
+There was, however, to be no battle that day. It is true, as has been
+shown, that the Governor had raised forces under the pretense of going
+himself to aid in the Indian warfare, but really for the purpose of
+pursuing and surprising Bacon and (in true Indian-gift fashion) taking
+the commission away from him. But as soon as the Governor's army
+discovered for what service they were called out they bluntly, and with
+one accord, refused to obey marching orders, and setting up a cheer of
+"Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!" walked off the field--still (it is written)
+muttering in time to their step, "Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!"
+
+The poor old Governor, finding himself thus abandoned, his friends so
+few, his cause so weak, his authority despised and his will thwarted at
+every turn, "for very grief and sadness of spirit," fainted away in his
+saddle. Soon enough he heard that Bacon was on the march toward
+Gloucester to meet him, and finding himself utterly unprepared for the
+encounter, he fled, in desperation, to Accomac County, upon the Eastern
+Shore of Virginia, which, cut off as it is by the broad waters of the
+Chesapeake, had not suffered from the Indian horrors that had fallen
+upon the rest of the colony, and had remained loyal to the government.
+Here Sir William found a welcome shelter, though, even while giving him
+the balm of a hospitable greeting and according him the honor they
+conceived to be due him as the King's representative, the people of
+Accomac did not forbear to complain to him of the public abuses from
+which they had suffered in common with the folk across the Bay.
+
+As unsuccessful as was Berkeley's attempt to muster an army to oppose
+Bacon, its consequences were dire. The "Royal Commissioners" appointed
+to investigate and report upon the merits of Bacon's Rebellion condemned
+it, declaring that nothing could have called back Bacon, "then the hopes
+of the people," from his march against the Indians, or "turned the sword
+of a civil war into the heart and bowels of the country, but so
+ill-timed a project as this proved."
+
+"Now in vain," say the Commissioners, "the Governor attempts raising a
+force against Bacon, and although the industry and endeavors he used was
+great, yet at this juncture it was impossible, for Bacon at this time
+was so much the hopes and darling of the people that the Governor's
+interest proved but weak." And so he "was fain to fly" to Accomac.
+
+When at length Bacon reached Gloucester he found "the Governor fled and
+the field his own," so he marched boldly, and without resistance, to the
+"Middle Plantation," the very "heart and center" of the colony, and soon
+to be chosen as the site for its new capital--storied Williamsburg.
+Here the young "rebel" found himself lord of all he surveyed--the
+Governor gone, and all Virginia, save the two counties on the Eastern
+Shore, in his power. After quartering his soldiers he issued a
+proclamation inviting all the gentlemen of Virginia to meet him at the
+"Middle Plantation," and "consult with him for the present settlement of
+that, his Majesty's distressed Colony, to preserve its future peace, and
+advance the effectual prosecution of the Indian war."
+
+In response to the summons a great company of people gathered, on the
+third day of August, at the house of Mr. Otho Thorpe. From this
+convention the real Rebellion is dated. An oath was drawn up, by Bacon,
+to be taken by the people of Virginia, "of what quality soever,
+excepting servants." By it the people were bound to aid their General
+with their lives and estates in the Indian war; to oppose and hinder the
+Governor's designs, "if he had any," and to resist any forces that might
+be sent over from England to suppress Bacon until time was allowed to
+acquaint his Majesty with the "grievances" of the colony, and to
+receive a reply.
+
+The oath was put into due form and read to the convention by the clerk
+of the Assembly. A stormy debate, which lasted from midday until
+midnight, followed. Some feared the oath (especially the clause
+regarding resistance of the King's soldiers) to be a dangerous one.
+Bacon, supported by many others, protested its innocency.
+
+"The tenor of the oath" was declared in the report of the "Royal
+Commissioners" to be as follows:
+
+"1. You are to oppose what forces shall be sent out of England by his
+Majesty against me, till such time I have acquainted the King with the
+state of this country, and have had an answer.
+
+"2. You shall swear that what the Governor and Council have acted is
+illegal and destructive to the country, and what I have done is
+according to the laws of England.
+
+"3. You shall swear from your hearts that my commission is legal and
+lawfully obtained.
+
+"4. You shall swear to divulge what you have heard at any time spoken
+against me.
+
+"5. You shall keep my secrets and not discover them to any person."
+
+The men foremost in urging the oath were Colonel Swann, Colonel Beale,
+Colonel Ballard, and Squire Bray, of the Council, and Colonel Jordan,
+Colonel Smith, Colonel Scarsbrook, Colonel Milner, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr.
+Drummond--all of them gentlemen of standing in the colony.
+
+Bacon himself pleaded hotly for the oath, and at last vowed that unless
+it were taken he would surrender up his commission to the Assembly, and
+"let them find other servants to do the country's work."
+
+This threat decided the question. The oath was agreed to and was
+administered by the regular magistrates in almost all of the counties,
+"none or very few" dodging it.
+
+Bacon's position, already so secure, was now made all the stronger by
+the arrival of the "gunner of York fort," breathless with the tidings
+that this, the "most considerablest fortress in the country," was in
+danger of being surprised and attacked by the Indians, and imploring
+help to prevent it. The savages had made a bold raid into Gloucester,
+massacring some of the settlers of the Carter's Creek neighborhood, and
+a number of the terror-stricken county folk had fled to York for refuge.
+The fort could offer them little protection, however, for Governor
+Berkeley had robbed it of its arms and ammunition, which he had stowed
+away in his own vessel and sailed away with them in his flight to the
+Eastern Shore.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[87:A] The fur trade.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+THE INDIAN WAR-PATH AGAIN.
+
+
+Bacon at once began making ready to continue his oft-interrupted Indian
+campaign, but first, to be sure of leaving the country safe from
+Berkeley's ire,--for he feared lest "while he went abroad to destroy the
+wolves, the foxes, in the mean time, should come and devour the
+sheep,"--he seized Captain Larrimore's ship, then lying in the James,
+and manned her with two hundred men and guns. This ship he sent under
+command of Captain Carver, "a person acquainted with navigation," and
+Squire Bland, "a gentleman of an active and stirring disposition, and no
+great admirer of Sir William's goodness," to arrest Sir William Berkeley
+for the purpose of sending him--as those of earlier times had sent
+Governor Harvey--home to England, to stand trial for his "demerits
+toward his Majesty's subjects of Virginia," and for the "likely loss of
+that colony," for lack of defence against the "native savages."
+
+Before leaving "Middle Plantation" the Rebel issued a summons, in the
+name of the King, and signed by four members of his Majesty's Council,
+for a meeting of the Grand Assembly, to be held upon September 4, to
+manage the affairs of the colony in his absence.
+
+Jamestown he left under the command of Colonel Hansford, whom he
+commissioned to raise forces for the safety of the country, if any
+should be needed. He then set out, with a mind at rest, upon his Indian
+warfare. The few who had had the hardihood to openly oppose his plans he
+left behind him safe within prison bars; others, who were at first
+unfriendly to him, he had won over to his way of thinking by argument;
+while any that he suspected might raise any party against him in his
+absence, he took along with him.
+
+For the third time, then, he marched to the "Falls of James River,"
+where it is written that he "bestirred himself lustily," to speedily
+make up for lost time in carrying on the war against the Ockinagees and
+Susquehannocks; but seems to have been unsuccessful in his search for
+these tribes, which had probably fled far into the depths of the
+wilderness to escape Bacon's fury, for he soon abandoned the chase after
+them and marched over to the "freshes of York," in pursuit of the
+Pamunkeys, whose "propinquity and neighborhood to the English, and
+courses among them" was said to "render the rebels suspicious of them,
+as being acquainted and knowing both the manners, customs and nature of
+our people, and the strength, situation and advantages of the country,
+and so, capable of doing hurt and damage to the English."
+
+The "Royal Commissioners" condemn the pursuit of the Pamunkeys, saying
+that "it was well known that the Queen of Pamunkey and her people had
+ne'er at any time betrayed or injured the English," and adding, "but
+among the vulgar it matters not whether they be friends or foes, so
+they be Indians."
+
+It is indeed evident that the war with the Indians was intended to be a
+war of extermination, for by such war only did the Virginians believe
+they would ever secure safety for themselves, their homes, and their
+families.
+
+Governor Berkeley himself had no faith in the friendship of the Indians,
+however. While Bacon was gone upon his expedition against the
+Ockinagees, the Governor sent forces under Colonel Claiborne and others
+to the headwaters of Pamunkey River. They found there the Pamunkey
+Indians established in a fort in the Dragon Swamp--probably somewhere
+between the present Essex and King and Queen Counties. The red men said
+that they had fled to this stronghold for fear of Bacon, but their
+explanation did not satisfy the Governor, who declared that as soon as
+his difficulty with Bacon was settled he would advance upon the fort
+himself. The Queen of Pamunkey herself was in the fort, and when
+requested by Berkeley to return to her usual place of residence said
+"she most willingly would return to be under the Governor's protection,
+but that she did understand the Governor and those gentlemen could not
+protect themselves from Mr. Bacon's violence."
+
+At the "freshes of York" Bacon was met and joined by "all the northern
+forces from Potomac, Rappahannock, and those parts," under the command
+of Colonel Giles Brent, and the two armies marched together to the
+plantations farthest up York River, where they were brought to an
+enforced rest by rainy weather, which continued for several days. Even
+this dismal interruption could not chill Bacon's ardor, but it filled
+him with anxiety lest the delay should cause his provisions to run
+short.
+
+Calling his men together he told them frankly of his fears, and gave all
+leave to return to their homes whose regard for food was stronger than
+their courage and resolution to put down the savages, and revenge the
+blood of their friends and neighbors shed by them. He bade them (if
+there were any such) with all speed begone, for, said he, he knew he
+would find them the "worst of cowards, serving for number and not for
+service," starving his best men, who were willing to "bear the brunt of
+it all," and disheartening others of "half mettle."
+
+In response to this speech, only three of the soldiers withdrew, and
+these were disarmed and sent home.
+
+The sullen clouds at length lifted, and the army tramped joyfully
+onward. Ere long they struck into an Indian trail, leading to a wider
+one, and supposed from this that they must be near the main camp of some
+tribe. Some scouts were sent out, but reported only a continuation of
+the wide path through the woods. The army broke ranks and, to save time,
+and make the rough march under the sultry August sun as little
+uncomfortable as possible, followed the trail at random. They soon came
+in sight of a settlement of the Pamunkey tribe, standing upon a point of
+high land, surrounded upon three sides by a swamp.
+
+Some ten Indian scouts who served Bacon's army were sent ahead to
+reconnoiter. The Pamunkeys, seeing the scouts, suffered them to come
+within range of their guns, and then opened fire upon them. The report
+of the guns gave the alarm to Bacon and his troops, who were about half
+a mile distant, and who marched in great haste and confusion to the
+settlement. The Indians took refuge in the edge of the swamp, which was
+so miry that their pursuers could not follow, and the only result of the
+chase, to the Englishmen, was the not over-glorious feat of killing a
+woman and capturing a child.
+
+It so happened that the "good Queen of Pamunkey," as the "Royal
+Commissioners" styled her, with some of her chiefs and friends, was in
+the neighborhood of the settlement. Being warned that Bacon and his men
+were coming, she took fright and fled, leaving behind her provisions and
+Indian wares, as a peace offering, and charging her subjects that if
+they saw any "pale faces" coming they must "neither fire a gun nor draw
+an arrow upon them." The "pale faces," in their chase, overtook an aged
+squaw who had been the "good queen's" nurse, and took her prisoner,
+hoping to make her their guide to the hiding-places of the Indians. She
+led them in quite the opposite way, through the rest of that day and the
+greater part of the next, however, until, in a rage at finding
+themselves fooled, they brutally knocked her upon the head and left her
+dead in the wilderness. They soon afterward came upon another trail
+which led to a large swamp, where several tribes of Indians were
+encamped, and made an attack upon them, but with small fruits, as the
+red men took to their heels, and most of them made good their escape.
+
+Bacon now found himself at the head of an army wearied by the rough
+march through swamp and forest, weak for want of food, and out of heart
+at the contemplation of their thus far bootless errand.
+
+Moreover, the time appointed for the meeting of the Assembly was drawing
+nigh, and he knew that the people at home were looking anxiously for the
+return of their champion, and expecting glorious tidings of his
+campaign. In this strait he gave the troops commanded by Colonel Brent
+provisions sufficient for two days, and sent them, with any others who
+were pleased to accompany them, home ahead of him, to make report of the
+expedition and to carry the news that he would follow soon.
+
+With the four hundred of his own soldiers that were left the
+indefatigable Bacon now continued to diligently hunt the swamps for the
+savages, for he was determined not to show his face in Jamestown again
+without a story to tell of battles won and foes put to confusion. At
+length he struck a trail on hard ground, which he followed for a great
+distance without finding the "Indian enemy." What he did find was that
+his provisions were almost entirely spent, which melancholy discovery
+forced him to reduce rations to "quarter allowances." His pluck did not
+desert him, however. In the depths of the wilderness, miles away from
+white man's habitation, hungry and worn, and with four hundred wearied
+and half-starved men looking entirely to him, his fortitude was still
+unbroken, his faith in his mission undimmed, his heart stout.
+
+Finally, he saw that the only hope of escape from death by starvation
+was to reduce his numbers by still another division of his army. Drawing
+the forlorn little band up before him he made the dark forest ring with
+the eloquence that had never failed to quicken the hearts of his
+followers and which made them eager to endure hardship under his
+leadership.
+
+"Gentlemen," he said, "the indefatigable pains which hitherto we have
+taken doth require abundantly better success than as yet we have met
+with. But there is nothing so hard but by labor and industry it may be
+overcome, which makes me not without hope of obtaining my desires
+against the heathen, in meeting with them to quit scores for all their
+barbarous cruelties done us.
+
+"I had rather my carcass should lie rotting in the woods, and never see
+Englishman's face in Virginia, than miss of doing that service the
+country expects of me, and I vowed to perform against these heathen,
+which should I not return successful in some manner to damnify and
+affright them, we should have them as much animated as the English
+discouraged, and my adversaries to insult and reflect on me, that my
+defense of the country is but pretended and not real, and (as they
+already say) I have other designs, and make this but my pretense and
+cloak. But that all shall see how devoted I am to it, considering the
+great charge the country is at in fitting me forth, and the hopes and
+expectation they have in me, all you gentlemen that intend to abide with
+me must resolve to undergo all the hardships this wild can afford,
+dangers and successes, and if need be to eat chinquapins and horseflesh
+before he returns. Which resolve I have taken, therefore desire none but
+those which will so freely adventure; the other to return in, and for
+the better knowledge of them, I will separate my camp some distance from
+them bound home."
+
+Next morning, as the sun arose above the tree-tops it looked down upon
+the divided forces--one body moving with heavy step, but doubtless
+lightened hearts, toward Jamestown, the other pressing deeper into the
+wilds.
+
+A few hours after the parting Bacon's remnant fell upon a party of the
+Pamunkey tribe, whom they found encamped--after the wonted Indian
+fashion--upon a piece of wooded land bounded by swamps. The savages made
+little show of resistance, but fled, the English giving close chase.
+Forty-five Indian captives were taken, besides three horse-loads of
+plunder, consisting of mats, baskets, shell-money, furs, and pieces of
+English linen and cloth.
+
+A trumpet blast was the signal for the prisoners to be brought together
+and delivered up to Bacon, by whom some of them were afterward sold for
+slaves while the rest were disposed of by Sir William Berkeley, saving
+five of them, whom Ingram, Bacon's successor, presented to the Queen of
+Pamunkey.
+
+As for the poor queen, the story goes that she fled during the skirmish
+between Bacon's men and her subjects, and, with only a little Indian boy
+to bear her company, was lost in the woods for fourteen days, during
+which she was kept alive by gnawing upon the "leg of a terrapin," which
+the little boy found for her when she was "ready to die for want of
+food."
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+GOVERNOR BERKELEY IN ACCOMAC.
+
+
+While Bacon was scouring the wilderness in his pursuit of the Indians,
+the colony, which he was pleased to think he had left safe from serious
+harms, was in a state of wildest panic.
+
+A plot had been formed by Governor Berkeley and Captain Larrimore to
+recapture the ship which, it will be remembered, Bacon had sent to the
+Eastern Shore after the Governor. When the ship cast anchor before
+Accomac, Berkeley sent for her commander, Captain Carver, to come ashore
+and hold a parley with him, promising him a safe return. Unfortunately
+for himself, the Captain seems to have forgotten for the moment how
+little Governor Berkeley's promises were worth. Leaving his ship in
+charge of Bland, he went well armed, and accompanied by his most trusty
+men, to obey the summons. While Sir William was closeted with Captain
+Carver, trying to persuade him to desert the rebel party, Captain
+Larrimore, who had a boat in readiness for the purpose, rowed a party of
+men, under command of Colonel Philip Ludwell, of the Council, out to the
+ship. The Baconians, supposing that the approaching boat came in peace,
+were taken entirely by surprise, and all on board were made prisoners.
+Soon afterward, Captain Carver, his conference with Sir William over,
+set out for the ship, in blissful ignorance of what had happened in his
+absence until he came within gun-shot, when he, too, fell an easy prey
+into the trap, and soon found himself in irons with Bland and the
+others.
+
+A few days later Sir William Berkeley rewarded the unfortunate Captain
+Carver for his thus thwarted designs against the liberty of his
+Majesty's representative, with the ungracious "gift of the halter."
+
+Governor Berkeley was now having his turn in sweeping things before him.
+At the time of the seizure by Carver and Bland of Captain Larrimore's
+ship, another ship, lying hard by, in the James, commanded by Captain
+Christopher Evelyn, eluded the efforts of the Baconians to seize her
+also, and some days later slipped away to England, carrying aboard her a
+paper setting forth the Governor's own story of the doings of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jr., in Virginia.
+
+It was upon the first day of August that the Baconians had seized
+Captain Larrimore's ship and made her ready to go to Accomac after
+Berkeley. Upon the seventh of September Berkeley set sail for Jamestown,
+not as a prisoner, but with a fleet consisting of the recaptured ship
+and some sixteen or seventeen sloops manned by six hundred sturdy
+denizens of Accomac, whom he is said to have bribed to his service with
+promises of plunder of all who had taken Bacon's oath,--"catch that
+catch could,"--twenty-one years' exemption from all taxes except church
+dues, and regular pay of twelvepence per day so long as they should
+serve under his colors. He was, moreover, said to have offered like
+benefits, and their freedom besides, to all servants of Bacon's
+adherents who would take up arms against the Rebel.
+
+The direful news of Sir William's approach, and of the strength with
+which he came, "outstripping the canvas wings," reached Jamestown before
+any signs of his fleet were spied from the landing. The handful of
+Baconians who had been left on guard there to "see the King's peace kept
+by resisting the King's vice-gerent," as their enemies sarcastically put
+it, were filled with dismay, for they realized themselves to be "a
+people utterly undone, being equally exposed to the Governor's
+displeasure and the Indians' bloody cruelties."
+
+To prove the too great truth of the report, the Governor's ships were
+before long seen sailing up the river, and the Governor's messenger soon
+afterward landed, bearing commands for the immediate surrender of the
+town, with promise of pardon to all who would desert to the Governor's
+cause, excepting only Bacon's two strongest friends, Mr. Drummond and
+"thoughtful Mr. Lawrence."
+
+The Baconians had caught too much of the spirit of their leader to
+consider such terms as were offered them, and scornfully spurned them;
+but seeing that it would be madness to attempt to hold the town against
+such numbers, made their escape, leaving abundant reward in the way of
+plunder for the Governor and his six hundred men of Accomac. Mr.
+Lawrence, whose leave-taking was perhaps the more speedy by reason of
+the compliment Sir William had paid him in making him one of the
+honorable exceptions in his offer of mercy, left "all his wealth and a
+fair cupboard of plate entire standing, which fell into the Governor's
+hands the next morning."
+
+About noonday, on September 8, the day following the evacuation, Sir
+William entered the little capital. He immediately fortified it as
+strongly as possible, and then once more proclaimed Nathaniel Bacon and
+his followers rebels and traitors, threatening them with the utmost
+extremity of the law.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+BACON RETURNS TO JAMESTOWN.
+
+
+Let us now return to the venturesome young man who was voluntarily
+placing himself under this oft-repeated and portentous ban. We will find
+him and his ragged and foot-sore remnant on their way back to Jamestown,
+for after the successful meeting with the Pamunkeys he withdrew his
+forces from the wilderness and turned his face homewards to gather
+strength for the next march. He had already been met by the news of the
+reception that awaited him at Jamestown from Sir William. His army
+consisted now of only one hundred and thirty-six tired-out, soiled,
+tattered and hungry men--not a very formidable array with which to
+attack the fortified town, held by his wrathful enemy and the six
+hundred fresh men-at-arms from Accomac. Pathetic a show as the little
+band presented, however, the gallant young General called them about
+him, and with the frankness with which he always opened the eyes of his
+soldiers to every possible danger to which they might be exposed in his
+service, laid before them Governor Berkeley's schemes for their undoing.
+Verily must this impetuous youth have had magic in his tongue. Perhaps
+it was because he was able to throw into his tones his passion for the
+people's cause and earnest belief in the righteousness of the Rebellion,
+that his voice had ever the effect of martial music upon the spirits of
+his followers. Their hearts were never so faint but the sound of it
+could make them stout, their bodies never so weary but they were ready
+to greet a word from him with a hurrah.
+
+Nothing daunted by the appalling news he told them, the brave men
+shouted that they would stand by their General to the end. Deeply
+touched by their faithfulness, Bacon was quick to express his
+appreciation.
+
+"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he cried: "How am I transported with
+gladness to find you thus unanimous, bold and daring, brave and gallant.
+You have the victory before you fight, the conquest before battle. I
+know you can and dare fight, while they will lie in their place of
+refuge and dare not so much as appear in the field before you. Your
+hardiness shall invite all the country along, as we march, to come in
+and second you.
+
+"The Indians we bear along with us shall be as so many motives to cause
+relief from every hand to be brought to you. The ignominy of their
+actions cannot but so reflect upon their spirits as they will have no
+courage left to fight you. I know you have the prayers and well wishes
+of all the people of Virginia, while the others are loaded with their
+curses."
+
+As if "animated with new courage," the bit of an army marched onward
+toward Jamestown, with speed "out-stripping the swift wings of fame,"
+for love and faith lightened their steps. The only stop was in New Kent
+County, where, halting long enough to gain some new troops, their
+number was increased to three hundred. Weak and weary, ragged and soiled
+as was the little army, the home-coming was a veritable triumphal
+progress. The dwellers along the way came out of their houses praying
+aloud for the happiness of the people's champion, and railing against
+the Governor and his party. Seeing the Indian captives whom Bacon's men
+led along, they shouted their thanks for his care and his pains for
+their preservation, and brought forth fruits and bread for the
+refreshment of himself and his soldiers. Women cried out that if need be
+they would come and serve under him. His young wife proudly wrote a
+friend in England: "You never knew any better beloved than he is. I do
+verily believe that rather than he should come to any hurt by the
+Governor or anybody else, they would most of them lose their lives."
+
+Rumors of the Governor's warlike preparations for his coming were
+received by Bacon with a coolness bound to inspire those under him with
+confidence in his and their own strength. Hearing that Sir William had
+with him in Jamestown a thousand men, "well armed and resolute," he
+nonchalantly made answer that he would soon see how resolute they were,
+for he was going to try them. When told that the Governor had sent out a
+party of sixty mounted scouts to watch his movements, he said, with a
+smile, that they were welcome to come near enough to say "How d'ye," for
+he feared them not.
+
+Toward evening upon September 13, after a march of between thirty and
+forty miles since daybreak, the army reached "Green Spring," Sir William
+Berkeley's own fair estate near Jamestown--the home which had been the
+centre of so much that was distinguished and charming in the social life
+of the colony during the Cavalier days. In a green field here Bacon
+again gathered his men around him for a final word to them before
+marching upon the capital. In a ringing appeal he told them that if they
+would ever fight they would do so now, against all the odds that
+confronted them--the enemy having every advantage of position, places of
+retreat, and men fresh and unwearied, while they were "so few, weak,
+and tired."
+
+"But I speak not this to discourage you," he added, "but to acquaint you
+with what advantages they will neglect and lose." He assured them that
+their enemies had not the courage to maintain the charges so boldly made
+that they were rebels and traitors.
+
+"Come on, my hearts of gold!" he cried. "He that dies in the field, lies
+in the bed of honor!"
+
+With these words the Rebel once more moved onward, and drew up his
+"small tired body of men" in an old Indian field just outside of
+Jamestown. He promptly announced his presence there in the dramatic and
+picturesque fashion that belonged to the time. Riding forward upon the
+"Sandy Beach"--a narrow neck of land which then connected the town with
+the mainland, but has since been washed away, making Jamestown an
+island--he commanded a trumpet-blast to be sounded, and fired off his
+carbine. From out the stillness of the night the salute was heard, and
+immediately, and with all due ceremony, answered by a trumpeter within
+the town. These martial greetings exchanged, Bacon dismounted from his
+horse, surveyed the situation and ordered an earthwork to be cast up
+across the neck of land, thus cutting off all communication between the
+capital and the rest of the colony except by water. Two axes and two
+spades were all the tools at the Rebel's command, but all night long his
+faithful men worked like beavers beneath the bright September moon.
+Trees came crashing down, bushes were cut and earth heaped up, and
+before daybreak the fortification was complete and the besiegers were
+ready for battle.
+
+When Sir William Berkeley looked abroad next morning and found the
+gateway between town and country so hostilely barred he did not suffer
+his complacency to forsake him for a moment, for he at once resolved to
+try his old trick, in which he had perfect confidence, of seeking to
+disarm the enemy by an affectation of friendship. He could not believe
+that Bacon would have the hardihood to open war with such a pitiful
+force against his Majesty's representative, and pretending to desire a
+reconciliation with the Rebel on account of his service against the
+Indians, he ordered his men not to make attack.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+JAMESTOWN BESIEGED AND BURNED.
+
+
+But Sir William Berkeley had played his favorite trick at least twice
+too often. Moreover, he little knew of what stern stuff Bacon and his
+handful of ragamuffins were made, though they were far too well
+acquainted with the silver-haired old Cavalier's ways and wiles to pin
+any faith to the fair words that could so glibly slip off of his tongue
+and out of his memory.
+
+Early that morning the beginning of the siege was formally announced by
+six of Bacon's soldiers, who ran up to the palisades of the town fort,
+"fired briskly upon the guard," and retreated safely within their own
+earthwork. The fight now began in earnest. Upon a signal from within the
+town the Governor's fleet in the river shot off their "great guns,"
+while at the same time the guard in the palisades let fly their small
+shot. Though thus assailed from two sides at once, the rebels lying
+under their earthwork were entirely protected from both, and safe in
+their little fortress, returned the fire as fast as it was given. Even
+under fire, Bacon, the resourceful, strengthened and enlarged his fort
+by having a party of his soldiers to bind fagots into bundles, which
+they held before themselves for protection while they made them fast
+along the top and at the ends of the earthwork.
+
+A sentinel from the top of a chimney upon Colonel Moryson's plantation,
+hard by Jamestown, watched Berkeley's maneuvers all day, and constantly
+reported to Bacon how the men in town "posted and reposted, drew on and
+off, what number they were and how they moved."
+
+For three days the cross-firing continued, during which the besiegers
+were so well shielded that they do not seem to have lost a single man.
+
+Upon the third day the Governor decided to make a sally upon the rebels.
+It is written that when he gave the order for the attack some of his
+officers made such "crabbed faces" that the "gunner of York Fort," who,
+it seems, was humorously inclined, offered too buy a colonel's or a
+captain's commission for whomsoever would have one for "a chunk of a
+pipe."
+
+It is also written that the Governor's Accomac soldiers "went out with
+heavy hearts, but returned with light heels," for the Baconians received
+them so warmly that they retired in great disorder, throwing down their
+arms and leaving them and their drum on the field behind them, with the
+dead bodies of two of their comrades, which the rebels took into their
+trenches and buried with their arms.
+
+This taste of success made the besiegers so bold and daring that Bacon
+could hardly keep them from attempting to storm and capture Jamestown
+forthwith; but he warned them against being over rash, saying that he
+expected to take the town without loss of a man, in due season, and that
+one of their lives was worth more to him than the whole world.
+
+Upon the day after the sally some of Bacon's Indian captives were
+exhibited on top of the earthworks, and this primitive bit of bravado
+served as an object-lesson to quicken the enthusiasm of the neighborhood
+folk, who were coming over to the Rebel in great numbers.
+
+News was brought that "great multitudes" were also declaring for the
+popular cause in Nansemond and Isle of Wight Counties, "as also all the
+south side of the river."
+
+Bacon sent a letter from camp to two of his sea-faring friends, Captain
+William Cookson and Captain Edward Skewon, describing the progress of
+the siege and urging them to protect the "Upper parts of the country"
+against pirates, and to bid his friends in those parts "be courageous,
+for that all the country is bravely resolute."
+
+In the midst of the siege Bacon resorted to one measure which for pure
+originality has not been surpassed in the history of military tactics,
+and which, though up to the present writing no other general
+sufficiently picturesque in his methods to imitate it has arisen, has
+furnished much "copy" for writers of historical romances.
+
+The Rebel had the good fortune to capture two pieces of artillery, but a
+dilemma arose as to how he should mount them without endangering the
+lives of some of his men. His ingenious brain was quick to solve the
+riddle. Dispatching some of his officers to the plantations near
+Jamestown, he had them to bring into his camp Madam Bacon (the wife of
+his cousin Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., President of the Council), Madam Bray,
+Madam Page, Madam Ballard, and other ladies of the households of members
+of his Majesty's Council who had remained loyal to the Governor. He then
+sent one of these fair ones, under escort, into Jamestown, to let her
+husband and the husbands of her companions know with what delicate and
+precious material their audacious foe was strengthening his fort, and to
+give them fair warning not to shoot. The remaining ladies (alas for the
+age of chivalry!) he stationed in front of his breastworks and kept them
+there until the captured "great guns" had been duly mounted; after
+which he sent them all safely home.
+
+Most truly was it said that Bacon "knit more knots by his own head in
+one day than all the hands in town were able to untie in a whole week!"
+
+So effectual a fortification did the glimmer of a few fluttering white
+aprons upon his breastworks prove to be, that, as though confronted by a
+line of warriors from Ghostland, the Governor's soldiers stood aghast,
+and powerless to level a gun, while to add still further to their
+discomfiture they had to bear with what grace they could command having
+their ladies dubbed the "guardian angels" of the rebel camp.
+
+The cannon mounted under such gentle protection were never given a
+chance to prove their service.
+
+Jamestown stood upon low ground, full of marshes and swamps. The
+climate, at all times malarious and unhealthy, was at this season made
+more so than usual by the hot September suns. There were no fresh water
+springs, and the water from the wells was brackish and unwholesome,
+making the place especially "improper for the commencement of a siege."
+While the Governor had the advantage of numbers, and his men were fresh
+and unwearied, Bacon had the greater advantage of motive. Sir William
+Berkeley's soldiers were bent upon plunder, and when they found that the
+Rebel's determined "hearts of gold" meant to keep them blocked up in
+such comfortless quarters, and that the prospects were that there was
+nothing to be gained in Sir William's service, they began to fall away
+from him in such numbers that, upon the day after the placing of Bacon's
+great guns, the old man found that there was nothing left for him but a
+second flight. That night he, with the gentlemen who remained true to
+him--about twenty in all--stole out of their stronghold in great
+secrecy, and taking to the ships, "fell silently down the river." The
+fleet came to anchor a few miles away, perhaps that those on board might
+reoccupy the town again as soon as the siege should be raised, perhaps
+that they might, in turn, block up the rebels in it if they should
+quarter there.
+
+Bacon found a way to thwart either design.
+
+The first rays of morning light brought knowledge to the rebels that the
+Governor had fled, and that they were free to take possession of the
+deserted capital. That night, as Berkeley and his friends rocked on the
+river below, doubtless straining eyes and ears toward Jamestown, and
+eagerly awaiting news of Bacon's doings there, the sickening sight of
+jets of flame leaping skyward through the darkness told them in signals
+all too plain that the hospitable little city would shelter them
+nevermore.
+
+Filled with horror, they weighed anchor and sailed with as great speed
+as the winds would vouchsafe to bear them out of James River and across
+the Chesapeake's broad waters, where Governor Berkeley found, for a
+second time, a haven of refuge upon the shores of Accomac County.
+
+This great city of Jamestown, which though insignificant in number of
+inhabitants and in the area it covered, was a truly great city, for its
+achievements had been great, was thus laid low at the very height of
+its modest magnificence and power. Though but little more than a half
+century old, it was already historic Jamestown, for with its foundations
+had been laid, in the virgin soil of a new world, the foundations of the
+Anglo-Saxon home, the Anglo-Saxon religion, and Anglo-Saxon law. This
+town, so small in size, so great in import, could proudly boast of a
+brick church, "faire and large," twelve new brick houses and half a
+dozen frame ones, with brick chimneys. There was also a brick state
+house the foundations of which have lately been discovered.
+
+The inhabitants are facetiously described by a writer of the time as for
+the most part "getting their livings by keeping ordinaries at
+_extra_-ordinary rates."
+
+"Thoughtful Mr. Lawrence"--devoted Mr. Lawrence (whose silver plate the
+Governor had not forgotten to carry off with him, for all his
+leave-taking was so abrupt)--and Mr. Drummond heroically began the work
+of ruin by setting the torch to their own substantial dwellings. The
+soldiers were quick to follow this example, and soon all that remained
+of Jamestown was a memory, a heap of ashes, and a smoke-stained church
+tower, which still reaches heavenward and tells the wayfarer how the
+most enduring pile the builders of that first little capital of Virginia
+had heaped up was a Christian temple.
+
+Mr. Drummond (to his honor be it said) rushed into the burning State
+House and rescued the official records of the colony.
+
+In a letter written the following February Sir William Berkeley said
+that Bacon entered Jamestown and "burned five houses of mine and twenty
+of other gentlemen's, and a very commodious church. They say he set to
+with his own sacrilegious hand."
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+"THE PROSPEROUS REBEL."
+
+
+The firebrand's uncanny work complete, Bacon marched his men back to
+"Green Spring" and quartered them there. That commodious plantation,
+noted among other things for its variety of fruits and its delightful
+spring water, must have been a welcome change from the trenches before
+Jamestown, haunted by malaria and mosquitoes.
+
+Comfortably established in Sir William Berkeley's own house, the Rebel's
+next step was to draw up an oath of fidelity to the people's cause,
+denouncing Sir William as a traitor and an enemy to the public good, and
+again binding his followers to resist any forces that might be sent from
+England until such time as his Majesty should "fully understand the
+miserable case of the country, and the justice of our proceedings," and
+if they should find themselves no longer strong enough to defend their
+"lives and liberties," to quit the colony rather than submit to "any
+such miserable a slavery" as they had been undergoing.
+
+Though the "prosperous rebel," as the Royal Commissioners call Bacon,
+had now everything his own way, his hour of triumph was marked by
+dignity and moderation. Even those who opposed him bore witness that he
+"was not bloodily inclined in the whole progress of this rebellion." He
+had only one man--a deserter--executed, and even in that case he
+declared that he would spare the victim if any single one of his
+soldiers would speak a word to save him. The Royal Commissioners, who
+had made a careful study of Bacon's character, expressed the belief that
+he at last had the poor fellow's life taken, not from cruelty, but as a
+wholesome object-lesson for his army.
+
+He suggested an exchange of prisoners of war to Berkeley--offering the
+Reverend John Clough (minister at Jamestown), Captain Thomas Hawkins,
+and Major John West, in return for Captain Carver (of whose execution,
+it seems, he had not heard), Bland, and Farloe. Governor Berkeley
+scorned to consider the proposition, and instead of releasing the
+gentlemen asked for, afterward sent the remaining two after the luckless
+Captain Carver, although Bacon spared the lives of all those he had
+offered in exchange, and though Mr. Bland's friends in England had
+procured the King's pardon for him, which he pleaded at his trial was
+even then in the Governor's pocket.
+
+Though Bacon himself was never accused of putting any one to death in
+cold blood, or of plundering any house, he found that the people began
+to complain bitterly of the depredations, rudeness, and disorder of his
+men. He therefore set a strict discipline over his army and became more
+moderate than ever himself.
+
+After a few days' rest at "Green Spring" the Rebel marched on to
+Tindall's Point, Gloucester County, where he made the home of Colonel
+Augustine Warner, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, his headquarters.
+From there he sent out a notice to all the people of the county to meet
+him at the court-house for the purpose of taking his oath.
+
+His plans were now suddenly interrupted by a report from Rappahannock
+County that Colonel Brent, who, it seems, had gone over to the
+Governor's side, was advancing upon him at the head of eleven hundred
+militia. No sooner had he heard this news than he ordered the drums to
+beat up his soldiers, under their colors, and told them of the strength
+of the approaching army, and of Brent's "resolution" to fight him, and
+"demanded theirs."
+
+With their wonted heartiness, his men made answer in "shouts and
+acclamations, while the drums thunder a march to meet the promised
+conflict."
+
+Thus encouraged, Bacon set out without delay to give the enemy even an
+earlier chance to unload his guns than he had bargained for. He had been
+on the march for several days when, instead of meeting a hostile army,
+he was greeted with the cheerful tidings that Brent's followers, who
+were described as "men, not soldiers," had left their commander to
+"shift for himself." They had heard how the Rebel had beat the Governor
+out of town, and lest he should "beat them out of their lives," some of
+them determined to keep a safe distance from him, while most of them
+unblushingly deserted to him, deeming it the part of wisdom "with the
+Persians, to go and worship the rising sun."
+
+Bacon now hastened back to Gloucester Court House to meet the county
+folk there, in accordance with his appointment. The cautious denizens of
+Gloucester, reckoning that in such uncertain times there might be danger
+in declaring too warmly for either the one side or the other, petitioned
+through Councillor Cole, who acted as spokesman, that they might be
+excused from taking the oath of fidelity, and "indulged in the benefit
+of neutrality." Lukewarmness in his service was a thing wholly new to
+Bacon, and utterly contemptible in his eyes. He haughtily refused to
+grant so unworthy a request, telling those who made it that they put
+him in mind of the worst of sinners, who desired to be saved with the
+righteous, "yet would do nothing whereby they might obtain their
+salvation."
+
+He was about to leave the place in disgust when one of the neutrals
+stopped him and told him that he had only spoken "to the horse"--meaning
+the troopers--and had said nothing to the "foot."
+
+Bacon cuttingly made answer that he had "spoken to the men, and not to
+the horse, having left that service for him to do, because one beast
+would best understand the meaning of another."
+
+Mr. Wading, a parson, not only refused to take the oath himself, but
+tried to persuade others against it, whereupon Bacon had him arrested,
+telling him that "it was his place to preach in the church--not in the
+camp," and that in the one place he might say what he pleased, in the
+other only what Bacon pleased, "unless he could fight better than he
+could preach."
+
+It was clearly the clause regarding resistance of the English forces
+that made the people suspicious and afraid of the oath. John Goode, a
+Virginia planter, and a near neighbor of Bacon's, had been one of the
+first among the volunteers to enlist under him, but afterward went over
+to Governor Berkeley. He wrote the Governor a letter reporting a
+conversation between himself and Bacon which he said they had had upon
+the second of September. This must have been during Bacon's last Indian
+march, and about ten days before the siege of Jamestown.
+
+According to Goode, Bacon had spoken to him of a rumor that the King had
+sent two thousand "red-coats" to put down the insurgents, saying that if
+it were true he believed that the Virginians could beat them--having the
+advantages of knowing the country, understanding how to make ambuscades,
+etc., and being accustomed to the climate--which last would doubtless
+play havoc in the King's army.
+
+Goode writes that he discouraged resistance of the "red-coats," and
+charged Bacon with designing a total overthrow of the Mother Country's
+government in Virginia--to which Bacon coolly made answer, "Have not
+many princes lost their dominions in like manner?" and frankly expressed
+the opinion that not only Virginia, but Maryland and Carolina would cast
+off his Majesty's yoke as soon as they should become strong enough.
+
+The writer adds that Bacon furthermore suggested that if the people
+could not obtain redress for their grievances from the Crown, and have
+the privilege of electing their own governors, they might "retire to
+Roanoke," and that he then "fell into a discourse of seating a
+plantation in a great island in the river as a fit place to retire to
+for a refuge."
+
+Goode describes his horror at such a daring suggestion, and says he
+assured Bacon that he would get no aid from him in carrying it out, and
+that the Rebel replied that he was glad to know his mind, but charged
+that "this dread of putting his hand to the promoting" of such a design
+was prompted by cowardice, and that Goode's attitude would seem to hint
+that a gentleman engaged as he (Bacon) was, must either "fly or hang
+for it."
+
+The writer says that he suggested to the Rebel that "a seasonable
+submission to authority and acknowledgment of errors past" would be the
+wisest course for one in his ticklish position, and, after giving this
+prudent advice, Mr. Goode, fearing that alliance with Bacon was growing
+to be a risky business, asked leave to go home for a few days, which was
+granted, and he never saw the Rebel again--for which, he piously adds,
+he was very thankful.
+
+Gloucester folk, who evidently did not realize as fully as Mr. Goode
+that discretion is the better part of valor, finally came to terms, and
+took the dangerous oath. Six hundred men are said to have subscribed to
+it in one place, besides others in other parts of the county.
+
+Bacon next turned his attention to making plans for the regulation of
+affairs in the colony. One of his schemes was to visit all "the northern
+parts of Virginia," and inquire personally into their needs, so as to
+meet them as seemed most fit. He appointed a committee to look after
+the south side of James River, and inquire into the plundering reported
+to have been done there by his army; another committee was to be always
+with the army, with authority to restrain rudeness, disorder, and
+depredations, while still another was to have the management of the
+Indian war.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+DEATH OF BACON AND END OF THE REBELLION.
+
+
+Full many "knots" the busy brain of Bacon was "knitting" indeed, among
+them a design to go over to the Eastern Shore, where Sir William
+Berkeley was still in retreat, and return the "kind-hearted visit" which
+Sir William and his Accomac eight hundred had made Hansford and the
+other Baconians at Jamestown, during his absence, and that the
+Accomackians might be ready to give him a warm reception, he had his
+coming heralded with meet ceremony.
+
+The "prosperous Rebel" was never to see the fulfilment of his hopes and
+purposes, however. The week of exposure to the damps and vapors of the
+Jamestown swamps, during the siege, added to the physical and mental
+strain he had been under since the beginning of the Rebellion, had done
+its deadly work. The dauntless and brilliant young General met an
+unexpected and, for the first time during his career, an unprepared-for
+enemy in the deadly fever, against which he had no weapon of defense.
+
+It is written that he was "besieged by sickness" at the house of Mr.
+Pate, in Gloucester. He made the brave struggle that was to be expected
+from one of his fibre, but at length, upon the first day of October, he
+who had seemed invincible to human foes "surrendered up that fort he was
+no longer able to keep into the hands of that grim and all-conquering
+captain, Death."
+
+He died much dissatisfied in mind at leaving his work unfinished, and
+"inquiring ever and anon after the arrival of the frigates and forces
+from England."
+
+Sir William Berkeley, writing of his enemy's illness and death in a tone
+of great satisfaction, says that Bacon swore his "usual oath"--"God damn
+my blood!"--at least "a thousand times a day," and that "God so
+infected his blood" that it bred vermin in "an incredible number," to
+which "God added" his sickness. Sir William adds that "an honest
+minister"--evidently one of the Governor's own adherents--wrote an
+epitaph upon Bacon declaring that he was "sorry" at his "heart" that
+vermin and disease "should act the hangman's part."
+
+Was this "honest minister" the Reverend Mr. Wading--the same whom Bacon
+had arrested and debarred from "preaching in camp"? Perhaps, but the
+deponent saith not.
+
+Those who had loved the Rebel in life were faithful to him in death, and
+tenderly laid his body away beyond the reach of the insults of his
+enemies. So closely guarded was the secret of the place and manner of
+his burial that it is unto this day a mystery; but tradition has it that
+stones were placed in his coffin and he was put to bed beneath the deep
+waters of the majestic York River, whose waves chant him a perpetual
+"_requiescat in pace_."
+
+A feeble attempt was made by Bacon's followers, under Ingram as
+commander-in-chief, to carry on the rebellion, but in their leader the
+people of Virginia had not only lost their "hope and darling" but the
+organizer, the inspiration of their party. Their "arms, though ne'er so
+strong," wanted the "aid of his commanding tongue." Without Bacon the
+movement was as a ship without captain, pilot, or even guiding star. As
+soon as the news of his death was carried across the Chesapeake, to
+Berkeley, the Governor sent a party of men, under command of Maj. Robert
+Beverley, in a sloop over to York to reconnoiter. These "snapped up,"
+young Colonel Hansford and about twenty soldiers who kept guard under
+his command at Colonel Reade's house, and sailed away with them to
+Accomac. Upon his arrival there Hansford was accorded the unenviable
+"honor to be the first Virginian that ever was hanged" (which probably
+means the first Englishman born in Virginia), while the soldiers under
+him were cast into prison. The young officer met his death, heroically,
+asking of men no other favor than that he might be "shot, like a
+soldier, and not hanged, like a dog" (which was heartlessly denied him),
+and praying Heaven to forgive his sins.
+
+With his last breath Colonel Hansford protested that he "died a loyal
+subject and a lover of his country, and that he had never taken up arms
+but for the destruction of the Indians, who had murdered so many
+Christians."
+
+Major Cheesman and Captain Wilford, who was the son of a knight, and was
+but "a little man, yet had a great heart, and was known to be no
+coward," were taken by the same party that captured Hansford, and
+Wilford was hanged, while Cheesman only escaped a like fate by dying in
+prison, of hard usage.
+
+When Major Cheesman was brought into the Governor's presence and asked
+why he had taken up arms with Bacon, his devoted and heroic wife stepped
+forward and declared that she had persuaded him to do so, and upon her
+knees pleaded that she might be executed in his stead.
+
+Berkeley answered her with insult, and ordered that her husband be taken
+to prison.
+
+Encouraged by Major Beverley's "nimble and timely service" in ridding
+him of so many Baconians, Berkeley, with an armed force, took ship and
+sailed in person to York River. A party of his soldiers under one
+Farrill, and accompanied by Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, President of the
+Council, and Colonel Ludwell, who went along to see the thing well done,
+made an unsuccessful attack upon a garrison of Baconians under Major
+Whaly, at President Bacon's own house. During the fray Farrill was
+killed and some of his men were taken prisoners.
+
+Another party of the Governor's troops which, under command of Maj.
+Lawrence Smith, had taken possession of Mr. Pate's house, where the
+Rebel died, was besieged by the Baconians, under Ingram. Although Major
+Smith was said to have been "a gentleman that in his time had hewed out
+many a knotty piece of work," and so the better knew how to handle such
+rugged fellows as the Baconians were famed to be, "he only saved
+himself by leaving his men in the lurch."
+
+The whole party tamely surrendered to Ingram, who dismissed them all to
+their homes, unharmed.
+
+In spite of these little victories, however, the Rebellion was doomed.
+Only a few days after his raid upon Pate's house, Ingram decided to give
+up the struggle, and made terms with Captain Grantham, of Governor
+Berkeley's following.
+
+The Governor's own home, "Green Spring," which Bacon had left in charge
+of about a hundred men and boys, under command of Captain Drew, now
+stood ready to throw open its doors once more to its master.
+
+It was said that the "main service that was done for the reducing the
+rebels to their obedience, was done by the seamen and commanders of
+ships then riding in the rivers." In the lower part of Surry County,
+upon the banks of James River, stands an ancient brick mansion, still
+known as "Bacon's Castle," which tradition says was fortified by the
+Rebel. This relic of the famous rebellion is mentioned in the records
+as "Allen's Brick House," where Bacon had a guard under Major Rookins.
+The place was captured by a force from the Governor's ship _Young
+Prince_, Robert Morris, commander. Major Rookins, being "taken in open
+rebellion," was one of those afterward sentenced to death by court
+martial, at "Green Spring," but was so happy as to die in prison and
+thus, like Major Cheesman, cheat the gallows.
+
+Drummond and Lawrence alone remained inflexible, in command of a brick
+house in New Kent County, on the opposite side of the river from where
+Grantham and the Governor's forces were quartered. Seeing that they
+could not long hold out against such odds, but determined not to
+surrender to Berkeley, or to become his prisoners, they at length fled
+from their stronghold.
+
+Poor Mr. Drummond was overtaken by some of the Governor's soldiers in
+Chickahominy Swamp, half starved. He had been from the very beginning
+one of the staunchest adherents of Bacon and the people's party. A
+friend had advised him to be cautious in his opposition to the
+Governor, but the only answer he deigned to make was, "I am in over
+shoes, I will be in over boots."
+
+And he was as good as his word. When he was brought under arrest, before
+Berkeley, Sir William greeted him with a low bow, saying, in mock
+hospitality:
+
+"Mr. Drummond, you are very welcome. I am more glad to see you than any
+man in Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half an hour."
+
+The sturdy Scotchman replied, with perfect equanimity, and like show of
+courtesy:
+
+"What your Honor pleases."
+
+Sir William, too, was for once as good as his word, and the sentence was
+executed without delay.
+
+Governor Berkeley was evidently bent upon enjoying whatever satisfaction
+was to be found in the humiliation and death of his enemies. Those who
+shared Mr. Drummond's fate numbered no less than twenty, among them
+Bacon's friend and neighbor, Captain James Crews.
+
+The end of "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence" is not known. When last seen he, in
+company with four other Baconians, mounted and armed, was making good
+his escape through a snow ankle deep. They were supposed to have cast
+themselves into some river rather than die by Sir William Berkeley's
+rope.
+
+Mr. Lawrence was thought by many to have been the chief instigator of
+the Rebellion, and it was rumored that it was he that laid the stones in
+Bacon's coffin.
+
+By the middle of January of the new year the whole colony had been
+reduced to submission, and upon January 22 Governor Berkeley went home
+to "Green Spring," and issued a summons for an Assembly to meet at his
+own house--for since the destruction of Jamestown the colony was without
+a legislative hall.
+
+Sir William sent a message to the Assembly directing that some mark of
+distinction be set upon his loyal friends of Accomac, who had twice
+given him shelter during the uprising. It fell to the lot of a Baconian,
+Col. Augustine Warner, as Speaker of the House, to read the Governor's
+message, but that fiery gentleman consoled himself by adding, upon his
+own account, that he did not know what the "distinction" should be
+unless to give them "earmarks or burnt marks"--which was the common
+manner of branding criminals and hogs.
+
+So many persons had been put to death by Governor Berkeley, "divers
+whereof were persons of honest reputations and handsome estates," and
+among them some of the members of the last Assembly, that the new
+Assembly petitioned him to spill no more blood. A member from
+Northumberland, Mr. William Presley by name, said that he "believed the
+Governor would have hanged half the country if they had let him alone."
+
+His Majesty King Charles II is said to have declared when accounts of
+Berkeley's punishment of the rebels reached his ears, that the "old fool
+had hanged more men in that naked country than he [Charles] had done for
+the murder of his father."
+
+With the completion of Sir William Berkeley's wholesale and pitiless
+revenge fell the curtain upon the final act in the tragedy of Bacon's
+Rebellion.
+
+As soon as the country was quiet many suits were brought by members of
+the Governor's party for damages to their property during the commotion.
+These suits serve to show how widespread throughout the colony was the
+uprising.
+
+The records of Henrico County contain sundry charges of depredations
+committed by Bacon's soldiers, showing that the people's cause was
+strong in that section. Major John Lewis, of Middlesex, laid claim of
+damages at the hands of "one Matt Bentley," with "forty or fifty
+men-of-arms," in the "time of the late rebellion." Major Lewis's
+inventory of his losses includes "400 meals" (which he declares were
+eaten at his house by Bacon's men during their two days encampment on
+his plantation), the killing of some of his stock, and carrying off of
+meal "for the whole rebel army," at Major Pate's house.
+
+The records of Westmoreland County show that the Baconians, under
+"General" Thomas Goodrich, had control in the Northern Neck of Virginia
+as late as November, 1676. Major Isaac Allerton, of Westmoreland,
+brought suit for thirteen thousand pounds of tobacco for damages his
+estate had suffered at the hands of a rebel garrison which had seized
+and fortified the house of his neighbor, Colonel John Washington. The
+jury gave him sixty-four hundred pounds.
+
+Many illustrations of the unbroken spirit of Bacon's followers are
+preserved in the old records.
+
+When Stephen Mannering, the rebel officer who had given the order for
+the seizure of Colonel Washington's house, inquired how many prisoners
+had been taken there, and how they were armed, he was told fourteen,
+with "guns loaden." Whereupon he exclaimed that if he had been there
+with fourteen men, he would "uphold the house from five hundred men, or
+else die at their feet."
+
+Mannering furthermore expressed the opinion that "General Ingram was a
+cowardly, treacherous dog for laying down his arms, or otherwise he
+would die himself at the face of his enemies."
+
+John Pygott, of Henrico, showed how far from recantation he was by
+uttering a curse against all men who would not "pledge the juice and
+quintessence of Bacon."
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+PEACE RESTORED.
+
+
+About the time of meeting of the "Green Spring" Assembly, a small fleet
+arrived from England, bringing the long-looked-for "red-coats" and also
+three gentlemen--Sir John Berry, Colonel Herbert Jeffreys, and Colonel
+Francis Moryson--commissioned by the King to inquire into and report
+upon the state of affairs in the colony. His Majesty's "red-coats" found
+that their services were not needed, but the conciliatory attitude of
+the "Commissioners" doubtless aided in restoring peace, and their
+official report makes interesting reading. In a tactful address to the
+Assembly they expressed the hope that the "debates and consultations" of
+that body might be for the "glory of God, the honor of his most sacred
+Majesty, and the happy restoration, public good, and long lasting
+welfare and resettlement of this so miserable, shattered, and lacerated
+colony," and that the Assembly might gain for itself the "name and
+memorable reputation of the _healing_ Assembly," and in order that it
+might be the "more truly styled so," the Commissioners advised that it
+would thoroughly "inspect and search into the depth and yet hidden root
+and course of these late rebellious distempers that have broke out and
+been so contagious and spreading over the whole country," that it might
+thus decide "what apt and wholesome laws" might be "most properly
+applied, not only to prevent the like evil consequences for the future
+but also effectually to staunch and heal the fresh and bleeding wounds
+these unnatural wars have caused among you, that there may as few and
+small scars and marks remain, as you in your prudent care and tenderness
+can possibly bring them to."
+
+They "most heartily" assured the Assembly that in accordance with "his
+Majesty's royal commission," granted to them, "under the great seal of
+England," and his "instructions therewith given," they would "most
+readily assist, promote and advise" it, and would be "happy" to bear
+home to his Majesty the "burthens" which had disturbed "that peace and
+tranquillity which his good subjects had so long enjoyed under his
+Majesty's happy government," and which "by reason of the great and
+remote distance" of Virginia from "the usual place of his royal
+residence," could not be "so easily made known to him" as the troubles
+of "other his subjects who live at a nearer distance." They promised
+that the people's grievances, "be they few or many, great or less,"
+should be received and "most sincerely reported" to the King, who, they
+declared, "out of his royal favor and compassion" had been pleased to
+promise a "speedy redress thereof, as to his royal wisdom shall seem
+meet."
+
+The Commissioners furthermore promised to aid in bringing about a "truly
+good and just peace" with the Indians, and exhorted the Virginians to
+keep peace among themselves, that the Indians might not again "look on"
+while they were "murdering, burning, plundering and ruining one another,
+without remorse or consideration." They recommended to the Assembly
+various measures for the relief of the people's grievances--among them
+reduction of salaries of the Burgesses to "such moderate rates as may
+render them less grievous and burdensome to the country," a new election
+of representatives every two years, cutting off the allowance for
+"liquors drank by any members of committees," and other perquisites for
+which the "tithable polls" had to pay so dearly.
+
+The Commissioners refused to consider anonymous complaints, but
+appointed Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays as days to receive and examine
+"grievances" that were duly signed and sworn to.
+
+The Commissioners' address to the Assembly is dated, "Swann's Point,
+Feb. 27th, 1676-7," and is signed, "Your friends to serve you, Herbert
+Jeffreys, John Berry, Francis Moryson."
+
+In a proclamation dated "Whitehall, October 27, 1676," the King declared
+that every man engaged in the Rebellion who would submit to the
+government and take the oath of obedience within twenty days after the
+royal proclamation should be published, would be "pardoned and forgiven
+the rebellion and treason by him committed," and "be free from all
+punishments for or by reason of the same."
+
+Upon February 10 of the following year Sir William Berkeley published at
+"Green Spring" a proclamation, similar to that of his Majesty, save that
+it announced the "exception and expulsion of divers and sundry persons"
+from the offer of pardon.
+
+Upon May 15 still another proclamation was issued from Whitehall,
+wherein his Majesty condemned Governor Berkeley's proclamation as "so
+different from ours and so derogatory to our princely clemency toward
+all our subjects," that it was declared to be of "no validity," and his
+Majesty's own directions were ordered to be "punctually obeyed in all
+points."
+
+When the fleet of the Royal Commissioners sailed again for England, Sir
+William Berkeley sailed with it to plead his own side of the question
+before King Charles. Happily for himself, perhaps, he died not long
+after he reached his native land, and without having seen the King. In a
+letter written "on board Sir John Berry's ship," however (which has
+already been quoted), he expressed some very energetic opinions
+concerning Bacon and the Rebellion, which still live to bear witness to
+the bitter old man's views.
+
+In an address to the Assembly in June, 1680, Governor Berkeley's
+successor, Governor Jeffreys--the same Jeffreys that had been a Royal
+Commissioner--reminded the Virginians how the King had pardoned "all
+persons whatever" that had engaged in the uprising, "except Bacon that
+died and Lawrence that fled away," and added, "as his Majesty hath
+forgot it himself, he doth expect this to be the last time of your
+remembering the late Rebellion, and shall look upon them to be ill men
+that rub the sore by using any future reproaches or terms of distinction
+whatever."
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+And was Bacon's Rebellion, then, a failure? Far from it. Judged by its
+results, it was indeed a signal success, for though the gallant leader
+himself was cut down by disease at a moment when he himself felt that he
+had but begun his work, though many of the bravest of his men paid for
+their allegiance to the popular cause upon the scaffold, that cause was
+won--not lost. Most of the people's grievances were relieved by the
+reforms in the administration of the government, and the re-enactment of
+Bacon's Laws made the relief permanent. The worst of all the
+grievances--the Indian atrocities--was removed once and forever, for
+Bacon had inspired the savages with a wholesome fear of the pale faces,
+so that many of them removed their settlements to a safe distance from
+their English neighbors, and a general treaty of peace, which seems to
+have been faithfully kept, was effected with the others. And so the
+colonists never had any more trouble with the red men until they began
+to make settlements beyond the Blue Ridge.
+
+According to a deposition made by "Great Peter, the great man of the
+Nansemond Indians," the Weyanoke tribe, "when Bacon disturbed the
+Indians," fled to their former settlements upon Roanoke River, in North
+Carolina. In 1711 some "old men of the Nottaway Indians" upon being
+asked if they knew anything of the return of the Weyanokes to Carolina
+replied, "They did go thither for they were afraid of Squire Bacon, and
+therefore were resolved to go to their own land."
+
+Lovely woman flits in and out through the whole story of Bacon's
+Rebellion, touching up the narrative here and there with the interest
+her presence always creates. First there is the fair and fascinating
+young wife of Sir William Berkeley, said to have turned his head in his
+old age. A beautiful portrait of her remains to make excuses for the
+bewitched husband's weakness. She seems to have been capable of
+excessive irony upon occasion. The Royal Commissioners indignantly
+complained that when they went ashore and called upon Lady Frances
+Berkeley she received them courteously and sent them back to the wharf,
+in state, in the Governor's coach, but they afterward found that the
+coachman she chose to drive them was the "common hangman."
+
+Then there is the brave-hearted young bride of the Rebel, trembling with
+fears for his safety, no doubt, but exulting in his popularity, and
+writing home to tell about it.
+
+We have a series of characteristic pictures in the dusky "Queen of
+Pamunkey" upbraiding the Virginians for the death of her consort, the
+"mighty Totapotamoy"; the house-wives running out of their homes to see
+the victorious Rebel pass and heap him with blessings and gifts of food;
+the white-aproned ladies guarding the Rebel fort from the guns of their
+own husbands, and, at the end of all, the wife of Major Cheesman upon
+her knees before the Governor, praying to be hanged in her husband's
+place. Madam Sarah Drummond seems to have been as ardent an admirer of
+Bacon as her husband. When others were hesitating for fear of what his
+Majesty's "red-coats" might do, she picked up a stick and broke it in
+two, saying, "I fear the power of England no more than a broken straw."
+
+The only child left by Nathaniel Bacon was a daughter, Mary, born a
+short time before or after his death, and through her many can claim
+descent from the Rebel, though none of them bear his name. She grew, in
+due time, to womanhood, and married, in England, Hugh Chamberlain, a
+famous doctor of medicine and physician to Queen Anne, and became the
+mother of three daughters. The eldest of these, Mary, died a spinster,
+the second, Anna Maria, became the wife of the Right Honorable Edward
+Hopkins, who was a Member of Parliament for Coventry in the time of
+William III and Anne, and Secretary of State for Ireland. The third
+daughter, Charlotte, married Richard Luther, Esq., of Essex, England.
+
+Young Madam Bacon, so early and tragically widowed, was married twice
+afterward--first becoming Madam Jarvis and later Madam Mole. Devoid of
+romance as this record sounds, her first love affair and marriage had
+not been without a strong flavor of that captivating element. The young
+woman's father, Sir Edward Duke, for reasons unknown, opposed the match
+with "Nat" Bacon and provided in his will that his bequest to her of
+£2,000 should be forfeited if she should persist in marrying "one
+Bacon." That Mistress Elizabeth gave up her fortune for him, is but
+another proof of the Rebel's charm.
+
+Later, as Madam Jarvis, she and her husband brought suit for a share in
+her father's estate, but the Lord Chancellor decided against her, and
+gave as his opinion that her father had been right--"such an example of
+presumptuous disobedience highly meriting such punishment; she being
+only prohibited to marry with one man by name, and nothing in the whole
+fair garden of Eden would serve her but this forbidden fruit."
+
+Had Nathaniel Bacon's life been spared, who can say what its
+possibilities might or might not have been? His brief career was that of
+a meteor--springing in the twinkling of an eye into a dazzling being,
+dashing headlong upon its brilliant way, then going out in mystery,
+leaving only the memory of an existence that was all fire and motion. If
+he had lived a hundred years later the number of heroes of the American
+Revolution would doubtless have been increased by one--and his name
+would have been at the top of the list, or near it.
+
+For about two hundred years after the episode of Bacon's Rebellion, in
+the history of Virginia, there was no light by which to view it other
+than such as was afforded by a few meagre accounts of persons opposed to
+it. It is only by the most painstaking and judicious sifting of these
+contemporary and sometimes vexingly conflicting statements, diligent
+study of the period, and research into official colonial records, of
+late years unearthed, that the truth of the matter can be arrived at.
+
+Unveiled by such investigation, the character of Bacon seems to have
+been (while of course he had his faults like other mortals)
+self-sacrificing to a heroic degree, sincere, unmercenary, and
+high-minded. If otherwise, it nowhere is revealed, even by the
+chronicles of his enemies, who while they frown upon his course cannot
+hide their admiration of the man. Such of his followers as lived to tell
+the story of the struggle from their own point of view doubtless dared
+not commit it to paper. If his intrepid and accomplished friends,
+Drummond and Lawrence, had lived, they might have left some testimony
+which would have prevented the world from misjudging him as it did
+through so many generations, though, after all, no musty document could
+speak so clearly in his behalf as does the fact that they like so many
+others, were ready to give their lives for him. A fire-brand! Perhaps
+so; for some sores caustic is a necessary remedy. Profane? That he
+undoubtedly was, but plain speech was a part of the time he lived in,
+and a people settled in a wilderness and driven to desperation by hard
+times and the constant fear of violent death would hardly have chosen
+for their leader in a movement to redress their wrongs a man of mincing
+manners or methods. The only memorial of him left by a friendly hand,
+now remaining, is a bit of rhyme entitled, "Bacon's Epitaph made by his
+man," which truly prophesied,
+
+     "None shall dare his obsequies to sing
+     In deserv'd measures, until time shall bring
+     Truth crown'd with freedom, and from danger free
+     To sound his praise to all posterity."
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX._
+
+_Original Sources of Information for "The Story of Bacon's Rebellion."_
+
+
+Most of the official records and other contemporary manuscript
+documents--including private letters--which supply material for a
+history of Bacon's Rebellion have been printed and copies of them may be
+found in collections of _Virginiana_ owned by historical societies and
+libraries.
+
+No one of these documents, however, sheds more than an imperfect
+side-light upon this interesting subject. To understand the man Bacon,
+and the merits of the rebellion led by him, familiarity with all
+contemporary evidences, and a painstaking sifting of them, is necessary.
+
+From the aforesaid evidences the author of this modest work has made a
+sincere attempt to draw the real facts, bit by bit, and to patch them
+together into a true story.
+
+The items of the list which here follows have not been arranged in
+chronological order--indeed, a number of the most important papers bear
+no date. The collections where the original manuscripts may be or once
+could have been found are indicated by italics. In some instances it has
+been impossible to locate the original.
+
+The British Public Record Office is referred to as P. R. O. and Colonial
+Papers and Colonial Entry Books mentioned are classes of records in that
+great depository.
+
+The list does not include the abstracts in the English Calendar of State
+Papers, and the acts in Hening's Statutes at Large of Virginia. All the
+papers referred to are full copies.
+
+
+_THE LIST._
+
+The Beginning, Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia
+in the year 1675 and 1676. Known as "T. M's" account--printed in the
+_Richmond (Va.) Enquirer_, Sept., 1804, from the original, formerly in
+the _Harleian Collection_, subsequently included in _Force's Tracts_.
+
+An account of our late troubles in Virginia written in 1676 by Mrs. An.
+Cotton of Q. Creeke. Published from the original manuscript in the
+_Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 1804, and afterward in Force's Tracts_.
+
+A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Virginia in the year 1675
+and 1676. A manuscript found among the papers of Captain Nathaniel
+Burwell of King William County, Virginia, first printed in Vol. 1, 2nd
+Series, _Massachusetts Historical Society Collection_.
+
+A List of those that have been Executed for the Late Rebellion in
+Virginia by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of that Colony. Printed in
+_Force's Tracts_ from the original manuscript in the _British Museum_
+(_Harleian Collection_, Codex 6845, page 54) copied by _Robert Greenhow,
+Esq., of Virginia_.
+
+Strange Newse from Virginia, &c. (Printed) London, 1677.
+
+Nathaniel Bacon's acknowledgement of offences, and request for pardon,
+June 9, 1676. _General Court "Deeds and Wills, 1670-1677."_ _Hening's
+Statutes at Large of Virginia_, II, 543.
+
+A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late
+Rebellion in Virginia. * * * By His Majesty's Commissioners. _P. R. O.
+Col. Papers_, XLI, 79. Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., IV., 117-154.
+
+Defence of Colonel Edward Hill. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., III,
+239-252, 341-349; IV, 1-15.
+
+Charles City County Grievances, May 10, 1677. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. Hist.
+& Biog., III, 132-160.
+
+William Byrd's Relation of Bacon's Rebellion. Century Magazine (Edward
+Eggleston), Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., V, 220.
+
+Council and General Court Records. _Robinson Notes._ Va. Mag., VIII,
+411, 412; IX, 47, 306.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Surry, County Court proceedings, July 4, 1677.
+_Surry Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, 125-126.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Westmoreland County, depositions, &c., in regard
+to, Oct. 21, Nov. 25, 1676, &c. _Westmoreland Records._ Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, II, 43-49.
+
+Extracts from the records of Lower Norfolk County in regard to Capt.
+William Carver, June 15, 1675, Jan. 15, 1676. _Lower Norfolk Records._
+Wm. & Mary Quarterly, III, 163-164.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Isle of Wight County, entries in county records
+relating to, May 22, and July 14, 1677. _Isle of Wight Records._ Wm. &
+Mary Quarterly, IV, 111-115.
+
+Indian War, Orders of Northumberland County Court in regard to, July 4th
+and 19th, and Sept. 20, 1676. _Northumberland Records._ Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, VIII, 24-27.
+
+Grievances of Cittenborne Parish, Rappahannock County, March, 1677. _P.
+R. O. Col. Papers_, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 62-63, also _Col. Entry Book_,
+LXXXI, pp. 300-302. Va. Mag., III, 35-42.
+
+Isle of Wight County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Papers_,
+Vol. XXIX, Nos. 82-83, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. LXXXI, pp. 316-319.
+Va. Mag., II, 390-392.
+
+Gloucester County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 94, and _Col. Entry Bk._ No. 81, pp. 325-327. Va. Mag. II,
+166-169.
+
+Lower Norfolk County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 95, and _Col. Entry Bk._ No. 81, pp. 327-328. Va. Mag., II,
+169-170.
+
+Surry County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXIX,
+Nos. 69-70, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 304-307. Va. Mag., II,
+170-173.
+
+Northampton County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 74, 75, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 309-312. Va. Mag.
+289-292.
+
+A Description of the fight between the English and the Indians in May,
+1676. _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.
+
+Letter, Philip Ludwell, Va., June 28, 1676, to Sir Joseph Williamson.
+_P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 16. Va. Mag. I, 174-186.
+
+Letters, William Sherwood, James City, June 1 and 28, 1676, to Sir
+Joseph Williamson. _P. R. O. Col. Papers_, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1 and No.
+17. Va. Mag. I, 167-174.
+
+Letter, Virginia, June 29, 1676, from the wife of Nathaniel Bacon to her
+sister. _Egerton MSS._, 2325. Va. Mag., V, 219-220. Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, IX, 4-5.
+
+Mr. Bacon's Account of the Troubles in Virginia, June 18, 1676. _Egerton
+MSS._, 2395. Wm & Mary Quarterly, IX, 6-10.
+
+Charter of Virginia, dated Oct. 10, 1676 (but never granted). _Bland
+MSS., Library of Congress and contemporary copy, Va. Historical
+Society._ Hening II, 532, 533; Burk's Virginia, II, lxii.
+
+Proclamation by Charles II, Westminster, Oct. 10, 1676, granting pardon
+to the Governor and Assembly and other subjects in Virginia. _Pat. Roll,
+28 Car._ II, No. 11. Hening II, 423-424.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Nov. 29, 1676, to Major Robert Beverley,
+_Beverley MSS._ Hening III, 568.
+
+General Court Proceedings, Sept. 28, 1677 (in regard to the Rebellion).
+_General Court Records._ Hening II, 557.
+
+General Court Proceedings, Oct. 26, 1677. _General Court Records._
+Hening II, 557-558.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion, Depositions, Nov. 15, 1677, in regard to Col. Thomas
+Swann's Conduct in. _Surry Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, XI, 80-81.
+
+Mrs. Bird's Relation, who lived Nigh Mr. Bacon in Virginia * * *
+_Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly, IX, 10.
+
+Proposals of Thos. Ludwell and Robert Smith, to the king, for reducing
+the rebels in Virginia [1676]. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. I, 432-435.
+
+Petition of Thomas Bacon (father of Nathaniel) to the King, June (?)
+1676. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 15. Va. Mag., I, 430-431.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 11,
+1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 545-546.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 12,
+1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 546.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 547-548.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Bray's House, Jan. 20, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 546-547.
+
+A True and faithful account in what condition we found your Majesty's
+Colony of Virginia, of our transactions, &c., signed by the
+Commissioners Berry and Moryson. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No.
+51. 427. Burk's Virginia II, 253-259.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 547-548.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 1, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 548.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 8, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 549-550.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 9, 10, 15, 16, 17,
+22, 1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 550-556.
+
+Nathaniel Bacon's Manifesto Concerning the present troubles in Virginia
+(_n. d._) _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 51. Va. Mag. I, 55-58.
+
+The Declaration of the People, By Bacon. Aug. 3, 1676. _P. R. O._, Vol.
+XXXVII, No. 41. Va. Mag., I, 59-61. Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 184-186.
+
+Bacon's Appeal to the People of Accomac (_n. d._). _P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 254-263. Va. Mag., I, 61-63.
+
+Orders of the General Assembly at Session begun Feb. 26, 1676-77.
+_Northumberland Co. MS._ Hening II, 401-406.
+
+Additional instructions from the King to Governor Berkeley, Whitehall,
+Nov. 13, 1676. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 80, pp. 111-114. (In the
+English Cal. Col. State Papers, these instructions are dated Oct. 13; in
+Hening, Nov. 13.) Hening II, 424-426.
+
+Surry County, submission of Bacon's followers in, Feb. 6, 1677. _Surry
+Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, XI, 79-80.
+
+Testimony of Governor Berkeley in regard to Robert Beverley's services
+during the Rebellion, Northampton Co., Nov. 13, 1676. _Beverley MS._
+Hening III, 567.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 18, 1676 (7), to Robert Beverley.
+_Beverley MS._ Hening III, 569.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 21, 1676-77, to Robert Beverley.
+_Beverley MS._ Hening III, 569.
+
+The Petition of the County of Gloucester, July, 1676, to Sir William
+Berkeley, and his answer. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist.
+Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX, 181-184.
+
+The Declaration and Remonstrance of Sir William Berkeley, May 29, 1676.
+_Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX,
+178-181.
+
+The Opinion of Council of Virginia Concerning Mr. Bacon's Proceedings,
+May 29, 1676. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, pp. 177-178.
+
+Virginia's Deploured Condition. Or an Impartial Narrative of the Murders
+Committed by the Indians there, and the sufferings * * * under the
+Rebellious outrages of Mr. Nath. Bacon, Jr. * * * to the tenth day of
+August, 1676. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 162-176.
+
+A dialogue between the Rebel Bacon and one Goode as it was presented to
+* * * Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia. _P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk._, lxxi. pp. 232-240. Goode's "Our Virginia Cousins."
+
+A Review, Breviarie and Conclusion, being a Summarie account of the late
+rebellion in Virginia. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 411-419.
+Burk's Virginia, II, 250-253.
+
+Letter, Giles Bland, James Town, April 20, 1676, to Charles Berne
+(England). Burk's Virginia II, 245-249.
+
+Letter, Francis Moryson, London, Nov. 28, 1677, to Thomas Ludwell.
+Burk's Virginia II, 265-270.
+
+Letter, Charles II, Oct. 22, 1677, to Governor Jeffreys. Burk's Virginia
+II, 264-265.
+
+Vindications of Sir William Berkeley (1676). _Randolph MS._, Va. Hist.
+Soc. Va. Mag. VI, 139-144. Burk's Virginia, II, 259-264.
+
+List of persons who suffered in Bacon's Rebellion, report by the
+Commissioners, Oct. 15, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp.
+353-357. Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog. V, 64-70.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+On page 42, the name "Skipton" is used while page 43 has "Skippon". If
+this is the same person, the name on page 42 is spelled incorrectly.
+Skippon is listed as the name of the author of an article in
+"Churchill's Voyages".
+
+The following corrections have been made to the text:
+
+     Page 21: Assembly chosen in 1662[original has 1862]
+
+     Page 109: GOVERNOR BERKELEY[original has BERKELY] IN ACCOMAC.
+
+     Page 120: neck of land, thus cutting[original has cuting] off
+     all communication
+
+     Page 133: triumph was marked by dignity[original has diginity]
+
+     Page 146: upon her knees pleaded[original has plead] that she
+
+     Page 159: grievous and burdensome to the country,"[quotation
+     mark missing in the original]
+
+     Page 171: _Original Sources of Information for "The Story of
+     Bacon's Rebellion._"[quotation mark missing in original]
+
+     Page 176: _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm.[period missing in
+     original] & Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.
+
+     Page 177: _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly,[comma
+     missing in original] IX, 10.
+
+     Page 179: Vol. 81, pp.[period missing in original] 254-263
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by 
+Mary Newton Stanard
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by Mary Newton Stanard.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    body { margin-left: 10%;
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+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
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+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
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+
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+                    margin-bottom: 5%; padding: 1em; border: solid black 1px;}
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by Mary Newton Stanard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion
+
+Author: Mary Newton Stanard
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2011 [EBook #36410]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Lisa Reigel, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="notebox">
+<p>Transcriber's Notes: Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been
+left as in the original. Ellipses match the original.</p>
+
+<p>A few typographical errors have been corrected. A complete <a href="#TN">list</a> follows
+the text. Other notes also follow the text.</p>
+
+<p>Click on the page number to see an image of the page.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="gap"><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>[<a href="./images/1.png">1</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<h1>The Story<br />
+of Bacon's Rebellion.</h1>
+
+<p class="gap"><!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>[<a href="./images/2.png">2</a>]</span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="biggap"><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>[<a href="./images/3.png">3</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<h1>The Story<br />
+of<br />
+Bacon's Rebellion</h1>
+
+<p class="gap">&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>By MARY NEWTON STANARD</h3>
+
+<p class="gap">&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>New York and Washington<br />
+THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />
+1907.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="gap"><!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[<a href="./images/4.png">4</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p4"><i>Copyright, 1907,<br />
+By The Neale Publishing Company.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="smallgap">&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[<a href="./images/5.png">5</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">TO MY HUSBAND<br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM GLOVER STANARD,<br />
+<br />
+MY COMPANION AND GUIDE<br />
+<br />
+IN ALL MY PILGRIMAGES<br />
+<br />
+INTO THAT CHARMED REGION,<br />
+<br />
+VIRGINIA'S PAST.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[<a href="./images/6.png">6</a>]</span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[<a href="./images/7.png">7</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft" colspan="2">CHAPTER.</td>
+  <td class="tdright">PAGE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">I.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Sir William Berkeley</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">II.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The People's Grievances</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">III.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The Reign of Terror</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">IV.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Enter, Mr. Bacon</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">V.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The Indian War-Path</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">VI.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The June Assembly</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">VII.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The Commission</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">VIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Civil War</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">IX.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">The Indian War-Path Again</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">X.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Governor Berkeley in Accomac</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XI.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Bacon Returns to Jamestown</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XII.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Jamestown Besieged and Burned</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">"The Prosperous Rebel"</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XIV.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft" style="padding-right: 3em;">Death of Bacon and End of the Rebellion</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XV.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Peace Restored</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdright">XVI.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Conclusion</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">Appendix</td>
+  <td class="tdright"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>[<a href="./images/8.png">8</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[<a href="./images/9.png">9</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After the thrilling scenes through which the Colony of Virginia passed
+during its earliest days, the most portentous, the most dramatic, the
+most picturesque event of its seventeenth century history was the
+insurrection known as "Bacon's Rebellion." All writers upon the history
+of Virginia refer to it, and a few have treated it at some length, but
+it is only in quite late years that facts unearthed in the English
+public records have enabled students to reach a proper understanding of
+the causes and the results of this famous uprising, and given them
+accurate and detailed information concerning it. The subject has long
+been one of popular interest, in spite of the imperfect knowledge
+touching it, and it is believed that a clear and simple presentation of
+the information now available <!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>[<a href="./images/10.png">10</a>]</span>will be welcomed by those whose attention
+has been attracted to a man of most striking personality and to a
+stirring period of Colonial history.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1907 thousands of persons from all parts of the world
+will visit the scenes of Nathaniel Bacon's brief career, will see&mdash;while
+passing on James River&mdash;the site of his home at "Curles Neck," will
+visit Richmond, where "Bacon's Quarter" is still a name, will linger in
+the historic city of Williamsburg, once the "Middle Plantation," will
+stand within the ancient tower of the church which the rebels burned at
+Jamestown, and from, possibly, the very spot where Bacon and Sir William
+Berkeley had their famous quarrel, will see the foundations of the old
+State House&mdash;but lately excavated&mdash;before which the antagonists stood.</p>
+
+<p>While the writer of this monograph has made a careful and thorough study
+of all records of the period, remaining in England or America, and has
+earnestly endeavored to give an exact and unbiased account, and while
+she has made no statement <!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>[<a href="./images/11.png">11</a>]</span>not based upon original sources, her story is
+addressed especially to the general reader. She has therefore not
+burdened her pages with references to the authorities she has used, a
+list of which will be found in the appendix.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>[<a href="./images/12.png">12</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>[<a href="./images/13.png">13</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="p1">THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION&mdash;VIRGINIA, 1676.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>I.</h2>
+
+<h3>SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The year 1676 dawned upon troublous scenes in Virginia. Being a time
+when men were wont to see in every unusual manifestation of Nature the
+warning shadow cast ahead by some coming event, the colonists darkly
+reminded each other how the year past had been marked by three
+"Prodigies." The first of these was "a large comet every evening for a
+week or more, at southwest, thirty-five degrees high, streaming like a
+horse's tail westwards, until it reached (almost) the horizon, and
+setting towards the northwest." The second consisted of "flights of
+pigeons, in breadth nigh a quarter of the mid-hemisphere, and of their
+length was no visible <!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>[<a href="./images/14.png">14</a>]</span>end, whose weight break down the limbs of large
+trees whereon they rested at nights, of which the fowlers shot abundance
+and ate 'em," and the third, of "swarms of flies about an inch long, and
+big as the top of a man's little finger, rising out of spigot holes in
+the earth, which ate the new sprouted leaves from the tops of the trees,
+without other harm, and in a month left us."</p>
+
+<p>Looking backward from the practical point of view of our day, and
+beholding that memorable year under the cold light of fact, it does not
+seem that any evil omen should have been needed to make clear that a
+veritable witch's caldron of dangers was brewing in Colonial Virginia,
+and that some radical change in the administration of the government
+alone could have prevented it from reaching boiling point.</p>
+
+<p>Sir William Berkeley had served two long terms as Governor, during which
+his attractive personality and intellectual gifts had brought him wide
+popularity, and his home, "Green Spring," some four miles from
+Jamestown, had become famous for <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[<a href="./images/15.png">15</a>]</span>its atmosphere of refinement and good
+cheer, and as a resort for wandering Cavaliers. He was now&mdash;grown old in
+years and sadly changed in character&mdash;serving a third term; reigning,
+one might almost say. Stern and selfish as he had become, bending his
+will only to the wishes of the young wife of whom he was childishly fond
+and who was, by many, blamed for the change in him, he makes an
+unlovely, but withal a pathetic figure in the history of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Every inch a gallant soldier, every inch a gentleman, yet haughty,
+unsympathetic and unlovable; narrow in mind and in heart; clinging
+desperately to Old World traditions in a new country eager to form
+traditions of its own; struggling blindly to train the people under him
+to a habit of unquestioning obedience and submission to the powers that
+be, however arbitrary and oppressive those powers might become&mdash;a habit
+which, however deep-rooted it might have been in its native soil, could
+hardly be expected to bear transplanting to a land so wide and free as
+America, and so far distant from its parent stem.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>[<a href="./images/16.png">16</a>]</span>To Sir William Berkeley his sovereign was literally "his most sacred
+Majesty." Whatever that sovereign's human frailties might be, the kingly
+purple covered them all. His slightest whim was holy; to question his
+motives or the rightness and wisdom of his commands was little short of
+blasphemy. Furthermore, as the King's agent and representative in
+Virginia, Governor Berkeley expected like homage toward himself. In
+short, he was a bigoted royalist and egotist, believing first in the
+King and second in himself, or rather, perhaps, first in himself, and
+then in the King, and the confession of faith which he lived up to with
+unswerving consistency was the aggrandizement of those already great and
+the keeping in subjection of those already lowly.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, high-spirited old Cavalier though he was, knowing nothing of
+personal cowardice nor fearing to match his good sword against any in
+the land, The People, whom his aristocratic soul despised, inspired him
+with continual dread.</p>
+
+<p>It most naturally follows that to such a<!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>[<a href="./images/17.png">17</a>]</span>mind the unpardonable sin was
+rebellion. No matter what the provocation to rebellion might be, the
+crime of presuming to resist the King's government was one that could
+not be justified, and the chief policy of Sir William's administration
+was to keep the people where they were as little as possible likely to
+commit it. Recognizing that ideas might become dangerous weapons in
+their possession, he took pains lest they should develop them, and
+thanked God that there were no public schools or printing-presses in
+Virginia. He even discouraged the parsons from preaching for fear that
+the masses might gain too much of the poison of knowledge through
+sermons. He declared that "learning had brought disobedience into the
+world," and his every act showed that he was determined to give it no
+chance to bring disobedience to the English government or to himself
+into Virginia.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>[<a href="./images/18.png">18</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE PEOPLE'S GRIEVANCES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Around the Governor had gathered a ring of favorites, called by the
+people "grandees," who formed an inner circle which grew daily richer
+and more important as those outside of its magic bounds sunk into
+greater obscurity and wretchedness. The result was, under an outward
+show of unity, two distinct parties, deeply antagonistic in feeling, the
+one made up of the Governor and the Governor's friends&mdash;small in numbers
+but powerful in wealth and influence&mdash;and the other of the people,
+strong only in numbers and in hatred of their oppressors. The one party
+making merry upon the fat of that goodly land, the other feeding upon
+the husks and smarting under a scourge each several lash of which was an
+intolerable "grievance."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[<a href="./images/19.png">19</a>]</span>It would be impossible to gain a faithful picture of the time without a
+knowledge of the nature of some of these grievances. Most of them were
+summed up in the melancholy and inharmonious cry of "hard times," which
+made itself heard throughout the broad land&mdash;a cry which in whatsoever
+country or time it be raised invariably gives rise to discontent with
+the existing government, and, in extreme cases, brings with it a
+readiness on the part of the distressed ones to catch at any measure,
+try any experiment that seems to hold out promise of relief. One cause
+of the poverty of the people of Virginia in 1676 was to be found in the
+low price of tobacco&mdash;the sole money product of the colony&mdash;through a
+long series of years. For this and the consequent suffering the
+government was, of course, not responsible. Indeed, it sought to find a
+remedy by attempting to bring about, for a time, a general cessation of
+tobacco culture in the colonies. A scheme to better the condition of the
+people by introducing diversified industries was also started, and with
+this end in view tanneries <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>[<a href="./images/20.png">20</a>]</span>were established in each county, and an
+effort was made to build new towns in several places, but it soon became
+plain that they could not be maintained. These unhappy attempts became,
+by increasing the taxes, merely fresh causes of discontent. Yet, while
+they were blunders, they were well meant, and in accordance with the
+spirit of the times.</p>
+
+<p>Giving the government all honor due for taking even these misguided
+steps in behalf of the people, it must be confessed that there were
+other troubles greatly to its discredit.</p>
+
+<p>The heaviest of these were the long continued Assembly,&mdash;while the
+people clamored, justly, for a new election,&mdash;the oppressive taxes, and
+the Indian troubles.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1624 the Virginia Assembly had declared that the Governor
+(for all he was his Majesty's representative) could not levy taxes
+against the will of the Burgesses, which, since the Burgesses were
+supposed to represent the people, was as much as to say against the will
+of the people. Governor Berkeley's Burgesses, <!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>[<a href="./images/21.png">21</a>]</span>however, did not
+represent the people. The Assembly chosen in 1862, and composed almost
+entirely of sympathizers with the Governor, was so much to the old man's
+mind that, saying that "men were more valuable in any calling, in
+proportion to their experience," he refused to permit a new election,
+and the consequence was that in the thirteen years before our story
+opens, during which this Assembly sat under Sir William's influence, he
+had brought it up to his hand, as it were, and it had ceased to
+represent anything but its own and the Governor's interests.</p>
+
+<p>With such a legislature to support him, Sir William could bid defiance
+to the restrictions upon the Governor's power to lay taxes, and the poor
+"tithable polls" (all males above sixteen years of age) were called upon
+to pay the expenses of any measures which were deemed proper in carrying
+on the government; for the unrighteous taxes were imposed always <i>per
+capita</i>&mdash;never upon property, though by act passed in 1670 only
+landholders could vote.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>[<a href="./images/22.png">22</a>]</span>It was by this system of poll-tax that the ample salaries of the
+Burgesses were paid and also that the sundry perquisites attached to the
+office of a Burgess were provided&mdash;such as the maintenance of a
+manservant and two horses apiece, and fees for clerks to serve
+committees, and liquors for the committees to drink their own and each
+other's good health. Doubtless many stately compliments were exchanged
+when the Burgesses, in an outburst of generosity, were pleased to
+present the Governor and others of high degree with "great gifts," but
+the grace and charm of the act were not perceptible to the eyes of the
+people who, enjoying neither the gifts nor the applause of presenting
+them, were taxed to pay the piper.</p>
+
+<p>The "poorer sort" complained that they were "in the hardest
+condition&mdash;who having nothing but their labor to maintain themselves,
+wives and children, pay as deeply to the public as he that hath 20,000
+acres." Their complaints were just, but not likely to find a hearing,
+for the spirit of the age demanded that, in order that the <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>[<a href="./images/23.png">23</a>]</span>wealthy
+might keep up the appearance of wealth and maintain the dignity of their
+position, those who had no wealth to be retained and no dignity to be
+maintained must keep the wolf from the door as best they might while the
+fruits of their daily toil were "engrossed" by their so-called
+representatives. In the mean time, these representatives, their pockets
+thus swelled, found public life too comfortable to feel any desire to
+return to agricultural pursuits, or to be content with the uncertain
+income afforded by the capricious crop.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not the worst.</p>
+
+<p>While Charles II was yet in exile, some of his courtiers who, for all
+their boasted sympathy in the sorrows of their "dear sovereign," were
+not unmindful of their own interests, prayed of his Majesty a grant of
+the Northern Neck of Virginia, and Charles, forgetful of the loyalty of
+the little colony beyond the seas which had been faithful to him through
+all of his troubles, and utterly ignoring the right and title of those
+then in possession of the coveted lands, yielded them their wish. After
+<!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>[<a href="./images/24.png">24</a>]</span>the Restoration this grant was renewed, and in 1672 his Majesty went
+further still and was pleased to grant away the whole colony, with very
+few restrictions, to Lords Arlington and Culpeper. Not only were their
+Lordships to be enriched by the royal quit-rents and escheats, and to
+enjoy the sole right of granting lands, but through the privilege
+likewise given them of appointment of sheriffs, surveyors, and other
+officers, the power of executing the laws and collecting the taxes, and
+of dividing the colony into counties and parishes and setting boundary
+lines was to be practically in their hands.</p>
+
+<p>Thus upon the fair bosom of Virginia, already torn and fretted by a host
+of distresses, was it purposed that these two "Lords Proprietors" should
+be let loose&mdash;their greed for gain to be held in check only by the
+limitations of the colony's resources&mdash;through a dreary waste of
+thirty-one years.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists, foreseeing that all manner of dishonesty and corruption
+in public affairs would be the certain and swift <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>[<a href="./images/25.png">25</a>]</span>result of such large
+powers, cast about for a remedy, and at length determined to send a
+commission to England to raise a voice against the ruinous grant and to
+bribe the hawks away from their prey. So far so good; but to meet the
+expenses of the commission the poll-tax was greatly increased, so that
+while the landholders were to be relieved by having their rights
+restored, the "poorer sort" were made poorer than ever by being required
+to pay sixty pounds of tobacco per head for that relief. This unjust tax
+was a crowning point to all that the people had suffered, and a
+suppressed groan, like the threatenings of a distant but surely and
+steadily approaching storm, arose, not in one settlement, not in one
+county, but from one end of Virginia to another, even to the remotest
+borders of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>While this black enough tempest was brewing about the path of the
+Governor and the "grandees," another and a still darker cloud suddenly
+arose in an unexpected quarter and burst with frightful fury upon the
+heads of the unhappy people, <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>[<a href="./images/26.png">26</a>]</span>the chiefest among whose "grievances" now
+became their daily and hourly terror of the Indians, made worse by the
+fact that their Governor was deaf to all their cries for protection.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, the savages, not the colonists, were the protected ones, for the
+gain from the Indian beaver and otter fur trade, which the Governor and
+his friends monopolized, was believed to be a stronger argument with Sir
+William Berkeley for keeping in league with the red men than the
+massacre of the King's subjects was for making war upon them. The
+helpless people could only shake their heads despairingly and whisper
+under their breath, "Bullets cannot pierce beaver skins."</p>
+
+<p>In a "Complaint from Heaven, with a Huy and Crye and a Petition out of
+Virginia and Maryland. To Owr great Gratious Kinge and souveraigne
+Charles ye ii King of Engel'd etc. with his parliament," it is charged
+that "Old Governr. Barkly, altered by marrying a young Wyff, from his
+wonted publicq good, to a covetous Fole-age, relished Indians presents
+with <!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>[<a href="./images/27.png">27</a>]</span>some that hath a like feelinge, so wel, that many Christians Blood
+is Pokketed up wth other mischievs, in so mutch that his lady tould,
+that it would bee the overthrow of ye Country."</p>
+
+<p>The most ghastly accounts of the sly and savage incursions of the
+Indians, and of the way in which they served their victims, such as
+flaying them alive, knocking out their teeth with clubs and tearing out
+their finger-nails and toe-nails, flew from lip to lip. The
+terror-stricken planters upon the frontiers and more exposed places
+deserted their homes, left the crops upon which they depended for
+existence to waste and ruin, and huddled together in the more sheltered
+places, still not knowing "upon whom the storm would light."</p>
+
+<p>Truly was the colony under the "greatest distractions" it had known
+since the frightful Indian massacre of the year 1622.</p>
+
+<p>In such a state of horror and demoralization, and remembering all that
+those of earlier times had suffered, no wonder the colonists did not
+question whether the natives had any rights to be considered, <!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>[<a href="./images/28.png">28</a>]</span>and came
+to scarcely regard them as human beings, or that the sentiment "the only
+good Indian is a dead Indian" should have prevailed. Indeed, the one
+chance for the divine law of the survival of the fittest to be carried
+out in Virginia seemed to be in the prompt and total extermination of
+the red race.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>[<a href="./images/29.png">29</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>III.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE REIGN OF TERROR.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The beginning of serious war with the Indians happened in this wise. One
+Sunday morning in the summer of 1675, as some of the settlers of
+Stafford County took their way peacefully to church, with no thought of
+immediate danger in their minds, they were greeted, as they passed the
+house of one Robert Hen, a herdsman, by the ghastly spectacle of the
+bloodstained bodies of Hen himself, and an Indian, lying across Hen's
+doorstep. Though scarred with the gashes of the deadly tomahawk, life
+was not quite gone out of the body of the white man, and with his last
+breath he gasped, "Doegs&mdash;Doegs," the name of a most hostile tribe of
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>At once the alarm was given and the <!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>[<a href="./images/30.png">30</a>]</span>neighborhood was in an uproar.
+Experience had taught the Virginians that such a deed as had been
+committed was but a beginning of horrors and that there was no telling
+who the next victim might be. Colonel Giles Brent, commander of the
+horse, and Colonel George Mason, commander of the foot soldiers of
+Stafford County,&mdash;both of them living about six or eight miles from the
+scene of the tragedy,&mdash;with all speed gathered a force of some thirty
+men and gave chase to the murderers. They followed them for twenty miles
+up the Potomac River and then across into Maryland (which colony was
+then at peace with the Indians), firing upon all the red men they saw
+without taking time to find out whether or not they were of the
+offending tribe. In Maryland, Colonels Brent and Mason divided the men
+under them into two parties and continued their chase, taking different
+directions. Soon each party came upon, and surrounded, an Indian cabin.
+Colonel Brent shot the king of the Doegs who was in the cabin found by
+him, and took his son, a boy eight years <!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>[<a href="./images/31.png">31</a>]</span>old, prisoner. The Indians
+fired a few shots from within the cabin and were fired upon by the white
+men without. Finally the Indians rushed from the doors and fled. The
+noise of the guns aroused the Indians in the cabin&mdash;a short distance
+away&mdash;surrounded by Colonel Mason's men, and they fled with Mason's men
+following and firing upon them, until one of them turning back rushed up
+to Mason and shaking him by both hands said, "Susquehannocks&mdash;friends!"
+and turned and fled. Whereupon Colonel Mason ran among his men, crying
+out,</p>
+
+<p>"For the Lord's sake, shoot no more! These are our friends the
+Susquehannocks!"</p>
+
+<p>The Susquehannocks were an exceedingly fierce tribe of Indians but were,
+just then, at peace with the English settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Colonels Mason and Brent returned to Virginia, taking with them the
+little son of the chief of the Doegs; but as murders continued to be
+committed upon both sides of the Potomac, Maryland (which was now drawn
+into the embroglio) and Virginia soon afterward raised between them a
+thousand <!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>[<a href="./images/32.png">32</a>]</span>men in the hope of putting a stop to the trouble. The
+Virginians were commanded by Col. John Washington (great-grandfather of
+General Washington) and Col. Isaac Allerton. These troops laid siege to
+a stronghold of the Susquehannocks, in Maryland. The siege lasted seven
+weeks. During it the besiegers brought down upon themselves bitter
+hatred by putting to death five out of six of the Susquehannocks' "great
+men" who were sent out to treat of peace. They alleged, by way of
+excuse, that they recognized in the "great men" some of the murderers of
+their fellow-countrymen. At the end of the seven weeks, during which
+fifty of the besiegers were killed, the Susquehannocks silently escaped
+from their fort in the middle of the night, "knocking on the head" ten
+of their sleeping foes, by way of a characteristic leave-taking, as they
+passed them upon the way out. Leaving the rest to guard the cage in
+blissful ignorance that the birds were flown, the Indians crossed over
+into Virginia as far as the head of James River. Instead of the notched
+trees that were wont <!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>[<a href="./images/33.png">33</a>]</span>to serve as landmarks in the pioneer days, these
+infuriated Indians left behind them a pathway marked by gaping wounds
+upon the bodies of white men, women, and children. They swore to have
+still further revenge for the loss of their "great men," each of whose
+lives, they said, was worth the lives of ten of the Englishmen, who were
+of inferior rank, while their ambassadors were "men of quality."</p>
+
+<p>Sir William Berkeley afterward rebuked the besiegers before the Grand
+Assembly for their breach of faith, saying,</p>
+
+<p>"If they had killed my grandfather and grandmother, my father and mother
+and all of my friends, yet if they had come to treat of peace they ought
+to have gone in peace."</p>
+
+<p>The English held that the savages were utterly treacherous, their
+treaties of peace were dishonored by themselves and were therefore
+unworthy of being kept by others.</p>
+
+<p>An investigation made by Governor Berkeley showed that neither of the
+Virginia officers was responsible for the shabby piece of work.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>[<a href="./images/34.png">34</a>]</span>However faithless the Indians may have been in most matters, they were
+as good as their word touching their vengeance for the loss of their
+"men of quality." About the first of the new year a party of them made a
+sudden raid upon the upper plantations of the Potomac and Rappahannock
+rivers, massacred thirty-six persons, and fled to the woods. News of
+this disaster was quickly carried to the Governor, who for once seemed
+to respond to the need of his people. He called a court and placed a
+competent force to march against the Indians under command of Sir Henry
+Chicheley and some other gentlemen of Rappahannock County, giving them
+full power, by commission, to make peace or war. When all things had
+been made ready for the party to set out, however, Governor Berkeley,
+with exasperating fickleness, changed his mind, withdrew the commission,
+and ordered the men to be disbanded, and so no steps were taken for the
+defense of the colony against the daily and hourly dangers that lurked
+in the forests, threatened the homes and haunted the steps of <!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>[<a href="./images/35.png">35</a>]</span>the
+planters&mdash;robbing life in Virginia of the freedom and peace which had
+been its chief charm.</p>
+
+<p>The poor Virginians were not "under continual and deadly fears and
+terrors of their lives" without reason. As a result of their Governor's
+unpardonable tardiness in giving them protection, the number of
+plantations in the neighborhood of the massacre was in about a
+fortnight's brief space reduced from seventy-one to eleven. Some of the
+settlers had deserted their firesides and taken refuge in the heart of
+the country, and others had been destroyed by the savages.</p>
+
+<p>Not until March did the Assembly meet to take steps for the safety and
+defense of the colonists, three hundred of whom had by that time been
+cut off, and then, under Governor Berkeley's influence, the only action
+taken was the establishment of forts at the heads of the rivers and on
+the frontiers, and of course heavy taxes were laid upon the people to
+build and maintain them. These fortifications afforded no real defense,
+as the garrisons within them were <!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>[<a href="./images/36.png">36</a>]</span>prohibited from firing upon Indians
+without special permission from the Governor, and were only a new burden
+upon the people. The building of the forts may have been an honest
+(though unwise and insufficient) attempt at protection of the colony,
+but the people would not believe it. They saw in them only expensive
+"mousetraps," for whose bait they were to pay, while they were sure that
+the shrewd Indians would continue their outrages without coming
+dangerously near such easily avoided snares. They declared that,
+scattered about as the forts were, they gave no more protection than so
+many extra plantations with men in them; that their erection was "a
+great grievance, juggle and cheat," and only "a design of the grandees
+to engross all of the tobacco into their own hands." In their
+indignation the planters vowed that rather than pay taxes to support the
+forts they would plant no more tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>So often had the Governor of Virginia mocked them with fair but
+unfulfilled promises, so often temporized and parried <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>[<a href="./images/37.png">37</a>]</span>words with them
+while their lives were in jeopardy and the terror-stricken cries of
+their wives and children were sounding "grievous and intolerable" in
+their ears, that those whom he was in honor bound to protect had lost
+all faith in him and all hope of obtaining any relief from him or his
+Assembly. Finally, as Sir William Berkeley would not send his forces
+against the murderers, the suffering planters resolved to take matters
+into their own hands and to raise forces amongst themselves, only they
+first humbly craved of him the sanction of his commission for any
+commanders whom he should choose to lead them in defense of their "lives
+and estates, which without speedy prevention, lie liable to the injury
+of such insulting enemies." The petitioners assured Sir William that
+they had no desire to "make any disturbance or put the country to any
+charge," but with characteristic lack of sympathy he bluntly refused to
+grant their request and forbade a repetition of it, "under great
+penalty."</p>
+
+<p>The people's fears and discontent steadily <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>[<a href="./images/38.png">38</a>]</span>increased. It seemed more
+and more evident that Governor Berkeley was protecting their murderous
+enemies for his own gain, for (they charged) after having prohibited all
+traffic with the Indians, he had, privately, given commission to some of
+his friends to truck with them, and these favorites had supplied them
+with the very arms and ammunition that were intended for the protection
+of the colonists against their savagery. The red men were thus better
+provided with arms than his Majesty's subjects, who had "no other
+ingredients" from which to manufacture munitions of war but "prayers and
+misspent intreaties, which having vented to no purpose, and finding
+their condition every whit as bad, if not worse, than before the forts
+were made," they resolved to cease looking to the Governor for aid and
+to take the steps that seemed to them necessary for defense and
+preservation of themselves and those dear to them. In other words, since
+their petition for a commission to march against the Indians was denied
+them, they would march without a commission, thus venturing <!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>[<a href="./images/39.png">39</a>]</span>not only
+their lives, but the tyrannical old Governor's displeasure for the sake
+of their firesides.</p>
+
+<p>With this end in view, the dwellers in the neighborhood of Merchant's
+Hope Plantation, in Charles City County, on James River, began to "beat
+up drums for Volunteers to go out against the Indians, and soe continued
+Sundry dayes drawing into Armes." The magistrates, either for fear or
+favor, made no attempt to prevent "soe dangerous a beginning &amp; going
+on," and a commander and head seemed all that was needed to perfect the
+design and lead it on to success.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, was the condition of the little colony which had struggled
+and hoped and hoped and struggled again, until now hope seemed to have
+withdrawn her light altogether, and a despairing struggle to be all that
+was left.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>[<a href="./images/40.png">40</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>ENTER, MR. BACON.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Throughout all history of all lands, at the supreme moment when any
+country whatsoever has seemed to stand in suspense debating whether to
+give itself over to despair or to gather its energies for one last blow
+at oppression, the mysterious star of destiny has seemed to plant
+itself&mdash;a fixed star&mdash;above the head of some one man who has been (it
+may be) raised up for the time and the need, and who has appeared, under
+that star's light, to have more of the divine in him than his brother
+mortals. To him other men turn as to a savior, vowing to follow his
+guidance to the death; upon his head women call down Heaven's blessings,
+while in their hearts they enshrine him as something akin to a god.
+Oftentimes such men fall far short of their <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[<a href="./images/41.png">41</a>]</span>aims, yet their failures
+are like to be more glorious than common victories. The star that led
+them on in life does not desert them in death&mdash;it casts a tender glow
+upon their memory, and through the tears of those who would have laid
+down their lives for them it takes on the softened radiance of the
+martyr's crown.</p>
+
+<p>Other times and other countries have had their leaders, their heroes,
+their martyrs&mdash;Virginia, in 1676, had her Nathaniel Bacon.</p>
+
+<p>This young man was said to be a "gentleman of no obscure family." He
+was, indeed, a cousin of Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., the highly esteemed
+president of the Virginia Council of State, who remained loyal to the
+government during the rebellion against Sir William Berkeley's rule, and
+is said to have offered to make his belligerent relative his heir if he
+would remain loyal, too. The first of the family of whom anything is
+known was Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, who married Isabella Cage and had
+two sons, one of whom was Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, and father of
+the great Lord Bacon; and the other James <!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>[<a href="./images/42.png">42</a>]</span>Bacon, Alderman of London,
+who died in 1573. Alderman Bacon's son, Sir James Bacon, of Friston
+Hall, married his cousin Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Francis
+Bacon, of Hessett, and had two sons, James Bacon, Rector of Burgate
+(father of President Nathaniel, of Virginia), and Nathaniel Bacon, of
+Friston Hall, who married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas De Grasse, of
+Norfolk, England, and died in 1644. Nathaniel and Elizabeth Bacon were
+the parents of Thomas Bacon, of Friston, who married Elizabeth, daughter
+of Sir Robert Brooke, of Yexford. Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., styled "the
+Rebel," was their son.</p>
+
+<p>This Nathaniel Bacon was born on January 2, 1647, at Friston Hall, and
+was educated at Cambridge University&mdash;entering St. Catherine's College
+there in his fourteenth year and taking his A.M. degree in his
+twenty-first. In the mean time he had seen "many Forraigne Parts,"
+having set out with Ray, the naturalist; Skipton, and a party of
+gentlemen, in April, 1663, upon "a journey made through part of the Low
+Countries, Germany, Italy, France." A <!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>[<a href="./images/43.png">43</a>]</span>quaint account of all they saw,
+written by Skippon, may be found in "Churchill's Voyages." In 1664 young
+Bacon entered Grey's Inn. In 1674 he was married to Mistress Elizabeth
+Duke, daughter of Sir Edward Duke, and in that year his history becomes
+a subject of interest to Virginians, for in the autumn or winter he set
+sail with his bride, in a ship bound for Jamestown, to make or mar his
+fortune in a new world. The young couple soon made a home for themselves
+at "Curles Neck," some twenty miles below the site afterward chosen by
+Colonel William Byrd for the city of Richmond, and about forty miles
+above Jamestown. This plantation afterward became famous in Virginia as
+one of the seats of the Randolph family. Bacon had a second plantation,
+which he called "Bacon's Quarter," within the present limits of
+Richmond, but his residence was at "Curles."</p>
+
+<p>The newcomer's high connections, natural talents&mdash;improved as they had
+been by cultivation and travel&mdash;and magnetic personality evidently
+brought him speedy <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>[<a href="./images/44.png">44</a>]</span>distinction in Virginia, for he at once began to
+take a prominent part in public affairs, was made a member of his
+Majesty's Council, and soon enjoyed the reputation of being the "most
+accomplished man in the colony."</p>
+
+<p>Ere long, too, it became apparent that the heart of this marked man was
+with the people. Encouraged by his sympathy they poured their
+lamentations into his ears, and along with his pity for their helpless
+and hopeless condition a mighty wrath against Governor Berkeley took
+possession of his impetuous soul. "If the redskins meddle with me, damn
+my blood," he cried&mdash;with what Governor Berkeley called his "usual"
+oath&mdash;"but I'll harry them, commission or no commission!" Soon enough
+the "redskins" did "meddle" with him, murdering his overseer, to whom he
+was warmly attached, at "Bacon's Quarter," and, as will be seen, he
+proved himself to be a man as good as his word.</p>
+
+<p>And so it happened that upon this newcomer the whole country, ripe for
+rebellion, casting about for a leading spirit to give <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>[<a href="./images/45.png">45</a>]</span>the signal for
+the uprising, set its hope and its love. In him choice had fallen upon
+one who had the courage to plan and the ability to put into execution,
+and who, for want of a commission from the Governor to lead a campaign
+against the Indians accepted one "from the people's affections, signed
+by the emergencies of affairs and the country's danger."</p>
+
+<p>Though only twenty-nine years of age when he was called, of a sudden, to
+take so large a part in the history of Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon looked
+to be "about four or five and thirty." No friendly brush or pen has left
+us a portrait of him, but the Royal Commissioners, sent over after the
+Rebellion to "enquire into the affairs of the colony," give us the
+impression which they gathered from all they heard of him. In their
+words he was "Indifferent tall but slender, black-haired, and of an
+ominous, pensive, melancholy aspect, of a pestilent and prevalent
+logical discourse tending to atheism in most companies, not given to
+much talk, or to make sudden replies; of a most imperious and dangerous
+<!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>[<a href="./images/46.png">46</a>]</span>hidden pride of heart, despising the wisest of his neighbors for their
+ignorance and very ambitious and arrogant."</p>
+
+<p>Verily, a lively and interesting picture, for even an enemy to paint.</p>
+
+<p>His temperament and personality were as striking as his appearance and
+manner. He was nervous and full of energy; determined, self-reliant and
+fearless; quick and clear of thought and prompt to act. In speaking, he
+was enthusiastic and impassioned, and full of eloquence and spirit, and
+if he had been born a hundred years or so later would doubtless have
+been dubbed a "silver-tongued orator." He was a man born to sway the
+hearts of his fellows, which he understood and drew after him with
+magnetic power, and upon which he could play with the sureness of a
+master of music touching the keys of a delicate musical instrument.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the man toward whom in the hour of despair the hopes of the
+Virginians turned&mdash;such the man who declared his willingness to "stand
+in the gap" between the commonalty and the "grandees," and <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>[<a href="./images/47.png">47</a>]</span>with true
+Patrick Henry-like devotion, to risk home, fortune, life itself, in the
+cause of freedom from tyranny.</p>
+
+<p>One day a group of four prominent Virginia planters were talking
+together and, naturally, made the "sadness of the times and the fear
+they all lived in" the subject of their conversation. These gentlemen
+were Captain James Crews, of "Turkey Island,"<a name="FNanchor_47:A_1" id="FNanchor_47:A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_47:A_1" class="fnanchor">[47:A]</a> Henrico County;
+Henry Isham, Colonel William Byrd (first of the name), and Nathaniel
+Bacon. They were all near neighbors, and lived in the region most
+exposed and subject to the Indian horrors&mdash;Squire Bacon's overseer
+having been among the latest victims. Their talk also turned upon the
+little army of volunteers that was collecting in Charles City County, on
+the other side of the river, to march against the Indians. Captain Crews
+told them that he had suggested Bacon to lead the campaign, and the two
+other gentlemen <!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>[<a href="./images/48.png">48</a>]</span>at once joined him in urging Squire Bacon to go over
+and see the troops, and finally persuaded him to do so. No sooner did
+the soldiers see him approaching than from every throat arose a great
+shout of, "A Bacon! A Bacon! A Bacon!"</p>
+
+<p>The young man's companions urged him to accept the proffered leadership
+and promised to serve under him; his own ambition and enthusiasm caught
+fire from the warmth of such an ardent greeting, and without more ado he
+became "General Bacon, by consent of the people."</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to England, describing the state of affairs in the colony,
+and his connection with them, he wrote how, "Finding that the country
+was basely, for a small, sordid gain, betrayed, and the lives of the
+poor inhabitants wretchedly sacrificed," he "resolved to stand in this
+ruinous gap" and to expose his "life and fortune to all hazards." His
+quick and sympathetic response to their call "greatly cheered and
+animated the populace," who saw in him the "only patron of the country
+and preserver of their lives and fortunes, so that <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>[<a href="./images/49.png">49</a>]</span>their whole hearts
+and hopes were set upon him."</p>
+
+<p>To a man like Nathaniel Bacon it would have been impossible to do
+anything by halves. Having once for all committed himself to the
+people's cause, he threw his whole heart and soul into the work before
+him, and recognizing the danger of delay and the importance of letting
+stroke follow stroke while the iron of enthusiasm was still aglow, he
+began at once to gather his forces and to plan the Indian campaign.</p>
+
+<p>The excited volunteers crowded around him and he "listed" them as fast
+as they offered themselves, "upon a large paper, writing their names
+circular-wise, that their ring leaders might not be found out." Having
+"conjured them into this circle," he "gave them brandy to wind up the
+charm," and drink success to the undertaking, and had them to take an
+oath to "stick fast" to each other and to him, and then went on to New
+Kent County to enlist the people thereabouts.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 90%;" />
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47:A_1" id="Footnote_47:A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47:A_1"><span class="label">[47:A]</span></a> Afterward the seat of William Randolph, first of the
+Randolph family in Virginia.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>[<a href="./images/50.png">50</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>V.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE INDIAN WAR-PATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>It was about the end of April, when the glad sight of the countryside
+bursting into life and blossom and throbbing with the fair promise of
+spring doubtless added buoyancy to hearts already cheered by the hope of
+brighter days, that Nathaniel Bacon at the head of three hundred
+men-in-arms, set out upon the Indian warpath. Sir William Berkeley, in a
+rage at their daring to take steps for their own defense without a
+commission from him, but powerless to put a stop to such unheard-of
+proceedings, promptly proclaimed leader and followers "rebels and
+mutineers," and getting a troop of soldiers together, set out toward the
+falls of James River, in hot pursuit, resolved either to overtake and
+capture "General" Bacon, or to seize him on his return. This proved to
+be a <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>[<a href="./images/51.png">51</a>]</span>wild-goose chase, however, for the little army of "rebels" had
+already crossed to the south side of James River and was marching
+"through boush, through briar," toward the haunts of the savages,
+whither the Governor's train-bands had little appetite to follow.</p>
+
+<p>The enraged Berkeley, finding his will thwarted, waited patiently for
+the return of the doughty three hundred, taking what grim satisfaction
+he could find in telling young Mistress Elizabeth Bacon that her husband
+would hang as soon as he came back, in issuing, upon May 10, another
+proclamation against the "young, inexperienced, rash and inconsiderate,"
+general and his "rude, dissolute and tumultuous" followers, and in
+deposing Bacon from his seat in the "honorable Council" and from his
+office as a magistrate.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Nathaniel Bacon and his men, regardless of the anxiety with
+which Governor Berkeley watched for their return, were pressing on
+through the wilderness. When they had marched "a great way to the
+south"&mdash;had crossed into <!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>[<a href="./images/52.png">52</a>]</span>Carolina, indeed&mdash;and their supplies were
+nearly spent, they came upon a little island (probably in Roanoke River)
+seated by the Ockinagee Indians, one of the tribes said to have been
+protected by Berkeley for sake of the fur trade, and doubtless the same
+as the Mangoaks, rumors of whose great trade with the Indians of the
+northwest, for copper, had been brought to Sir Walter Raleigh's colony.
+These Ockinagees, who were very likely a branch of the great Dakota
+family of Indians, were evidently a most enterprising people, and their
+isle was a veritable center of commerce among the red-skin inhabitants
+of that region. It was described as "commodious for trade, and the mart
+for all the Indians for at least five hundred miles" around. Its
+residents had at that time on hand no less than a thousand beaver skins
+of which Sir William Berkeley and his partners would in due time,
+doubtless, have become possessed, and it was supposed to have been
+through trade with these Islanders that arms and ammunition were passed
+on to the fierce Susquehannock braves.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>[<a href="./images/53.png">53</a>]</span>When Bacon reached the island he saw at once that it would be nothing
+short of madness to pit his handful of foot-sore and half-starved men
+against the combined strength of the Ockinagees and the Susquehannocks,
+so, adopting a policy patterned after the savages' own crafty methods of
+warfare, he made friends with one tribe and persuaded them to fall upon
+the other. The result was a furious battle between the two tribes in
+which thirty Susquehannock warriors and all of their women and children
+were killed. By this time Bacon's men were in a sorry plight for the
+want of provisions. They offered to buy food from their new-made
+friends, the Ockinagees, who promised them relief on the morrow, but
+when the next day came put them off again with talk of still another
+"morrow." In the mean time, they were evidently making preparations for
+battle. They had reinforced their three forts upon the island, and were
+seen to grow more and more warlike in their attitude as the pale faces
+grew weaker in numbers and in physical strength. To add to the
+desperate <!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>[<a href="./images/54.png">54</a>]</span>situation, there came a report that the Indians had received
+private messages from Governor Berkeley.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's men had, in their eagerness to procure food, "waded shoulder
+deep through the river," to one of the island forts, "still entreating
+and tendering pay for the victuals," but all to no avail. While the
+half-starved creatures stood in the water, with hands stretched out,
+still begging for bread, one of them was struck by a shot fired from the
+mainland, by an Indian. The luckless shot proved to be the signal for a
+hideous battle. Bacon, knowing full well that retreat meant starvation
+for himself and his devoted little band of followers, believing that the
+savages within the fort had sent for others to cut them off in their
+rear, but not losing the presence of mind that armed him for every
+emergency, quickly drew his men close against the fort where their
+enemies could get no range upon them, and ordering them to poke their
+guns between the stakes of the palisades, fired without
+discrimination&mdash;without mercy. All through the night and <!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>[<a href="./images/55.png">55</a>]</span>until late
+into the next day the wilderness echoed with the yells of the wounded
+and dying savages and with the gun-shots of the hunger-crazed palefaces.</p>
+
+<p>Let us not forget that this battle was the last resort of an army which
+championed the cause of the people of Virginia, and upon whose steps the
+horrors of murder, torture, and starvation waited momently. Let us also
+not forget that the time was the seventeenth century, the place a
+wilderness, the provocation an attempt not merely to shut the
+Anglo-Saxon race from the shores of the New World, but to wipe out with
+hatchet and torch the Anglo-Saxon homes which were already planted
+there.</p>
+
+<p>When at last, after a loss of eleven of their own hardy comrades, the
+exhausted Baconians withdrew from the fray, the island fort had been
+entirely demolished and vast numbers of the Indians slain.</p>
+
+<p>While Sir William Berkeley possessed his soul in as much patience as he
+could command at the Falls of the James, lying in wait for Bacon's
+return, the inhabitants farther down toward Jamestown began to <!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>[<a href="./images/56.png">56</a>]</span>"draw
+into arms," and to proclaim against the useless and costly forts. Open
+war with the Indians was the one thing that would content them, and war
+they were bent upon having. They vowed that they would make war upon all
+Indians who would not "come in with their arms" and give hostages for
+their fidelity and pledge themselves to join with the English against
+all others. "If we must be hanged for rebels for killing those that will
+destroy us," said they, "let them hang us; we will venture that rather
+than lie at the mercy of a barbarous enemy and be murdered as we are."</p>
+
+<p>In a "Manifesto," defending the rights of the people, issued soon after
+his return, Bacon made a scornful and spirited reply to Governor
+Berkeley's charges of rebellion and treason. "If virtue be a sin," said
+he, "if piety be 'gainst all the principles of morality, goodness and
+justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are now called
+rebels may be in danger of those high imputations, those loud and
+several bulls would affright innocents and <!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>[<a href="./images/57.png">57</a>]</span>render the defence of our
+brethren and the inquiry into our sad and heavy oppressions treason. But
+if here be, as sure is, a just God to appeal to, if religion and justice
+be a sanctuary here, if to plead the cause of the oppressed, if
+sincerely to aim at his Majesty's honor and the public good without any
+reservation or by-interest, if to stand in the gap after so much blood
+of our dear brethren bought and sold, if after the loss of a great part
+of his Majesty's colony, deserted and dispeopled, freely with our lives
+and estates to endeavor to save the remainders, be treason, Lord
+Almighty judge and let the guilty die." Can it be that these words were
+in the mind of Patrick Henry, when, nearly a hundred years later, he
+cried, "If this be treason, make the most of it"?</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>[<a href="./images/58.png">58</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE JUNE ASSEMBLY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley, finding the wrath of the people past his control,
+gave up for the time the chase after Bacon, returned home, and to
+appease the people, not only had the offensive forts dismantled, but
+even, upon the 18th of May, dissolved the legislature that had
+established them, and for the first time for fourteen years gave orders
+for the election of a new free Assembly. This Assembly, whose immediate
+work, the Governor declared, should be to settle the "distracted"
+condition of Virginia, was "new" in more senses than one, for, departing
+from the usual custom of electing only freeholders to represent them,
+some of the counties chose men "that had but lately crept out of the
+condition of servants," for their Burgesses. Thus showing the strong
+democratic feeling that had arisen, to the exasperation of the
+aristocratic Berkeley.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>[<a href="./images/59.png">59</a>]</span>Bacon had by this time returned from his march into the wilderness and
+the countryside was ringing with glowing reports of his success against
+the Indians. The people welcomed him with wild enthusiasm, for they not
+only regarded him as their champion against the brutalities of savages,
+but attributed to him the calling of the new Assembly, to which they
+looked for relief from the "hard times." Their hopes, as will be seen,
+were not doomed to disappointment.</p>
+
+<p>A short time before the meeting of this "June Assembly," as it was
+commonly called, Bacon made his friend and neighbor, Captain Crews, the
+bearer of a letter from him to Sir William Berkeley, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir: Loyalty to our King and obedience to your Honor as his Majesty's
+servant or chief commander here, under him, this was generally the
+preface in all my proceedings to all men, declaring that I abhorred
+rebellion or the opposing of laws or government, and if that your Honor
+were in person to lead or command, I would follow and obey, and that if
+nobody <!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>[<a href="./images/60.png">60</a>]</span>were present, though I had no order, I would still adventure to
+go in defence of the country against all Indians in general, for that
+they were all our enemies; this I have always said and do maintain, but
+as to the injury or violation of your power, interest, or personal
+safety, I always accounted magistracy sacred and the justness of your
+authority a sanctuary; I have never otherwise said, nor ever will have
+any other thoughts."</p>
+
+<p>Continuing, he says that he does not believe the rumors of the
+Governor's threats against his (Bacon's) life, which are "daily and
+hourly brought to my ears," and wishes that "his Honor" were as willing
+to distrust the various reports of him. He says his conscience is too
+clear to fear and his resolution too well grounded to let him
+discontinue his course, and closes his letter with these words:</p>
+
+<p>"I dare be as brave as I am innocent, who am, in spite of all your high
+resentment, unfeignedly, your Honor's humble and obedient servant."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[<a href="./images/61.png">61</a>]</span>Madam Byrd, who had been driven from her home by fear of the Indians,
+said in a letter to a friend in England that neither Mr. Bacon nor any
+with him had injured any Englishman in their persons or estates, that
+the country was well pleased with what he had done, and she believed the
+council was too, "so far as they durst show it." "Most of those with Mr.
+Bacon," she wrote, "were substantial householders who bore their own
+charges in this war against the Indians." She added that she had heard
+that Bacon had told his men that he "would punish any man severely that
+should dare to speak a word against the Governor or government."</p>
+
+<p>Henrico County chose Nathaniel Bacon to represent it in the new House of
+Burgesses, and Captain Crewes was also sent from that county. Although
+the voters were resolved to give their darling a voice in the Assembly,
+however, they were loth to trust his person in the midst of so many
+dangers as they knew lurked about Jamestown for him. Madam Elizabeth
+Bacon, proudly writing of her young <!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>[<a href="./images/62.png">62</a>]</span>husband, to her sister in England,
+under date June 29, says, "The country does so really love him that they
+would not leave him alone anywhere."</p>
+
+<p>And so, accompanied by a body-guard of forty armed men, the newly
+elected Burgess of Henrico set sail in a sloop for Jamestown. When he
+had passed Swan's Point, a mile or two above the town, he dropped anchor
+and sent a messenger ashore to inquire of the Governor whether or not he
+might land in safety and take his seat as a member of the Assembly.
+Governor Berkeley's only answer was delivered promptly, and with no
+uncertain sound, from the savage mouths of the "great guns" on the
+ramparts of the town fort&mdash;whereupon Bacon moved his sloop higher up the
+river. After nightfall, accompanied by a party of his men, he ventured
+on shore and went to "Mr. Lawrence's house" in the town, where he had an
+interview with his good friends Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Drummond, and then
+returned to the sloop without having been seen. These two friends of
+Bacon's were <!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>[<a href="./images/63.png">63</a>]</span>gentlemen of prominence and wealth in the colony. Their
+houses were the best built and the best furnished in Jamestown, and
+Richard Lawrence was a scholar as well as a "gentleman and a man of
+property," for he was a graduate of Oxford, and was known to his
+contemporaries as "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence." His accomplishments, added
+to a genial and gracious temper, made him a favorite with both the
+humble and the great, and he had the honor to represent Jamestown in the
+House of Burgesses. He had married a rich widow who kept a fashionable
+inn at Jamestown, and their house was a rendezvous for persons of the
+best quality. Mr. Lawrence was cordially hated by Governor Berkeley and
+his friends, one of whom dubbed him "that atheistical and scandalous
+person."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Drummond, "a sober Scotch Gentleman of good repute," had at one time
+been Governor of North Carolina. He was noted for wisdom and honesty,
+and an admirer said of him, "His dimensions are not to be taken by the
+line of an ordinary capacity"; but the Governor's caustic friend,
+already <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>[<a href="./images/64.png">64</a>]</span>quoted, has placed him on record as "that perfidious Scot."</p>
+
+<p>We shall hear more of these two gentlemen hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>At length, finding no hope of meeting with a more hospitable greeting
+from the Governor of Virginia than that which he had already received,
+the "Rebel" set his sails homeward; but, in obedience to Governor
+Berkeley's orders, Captain Gardner, master of the ship <i>Adam and Eve</i>,
+which lay a little way up the river, headed him off, and "commanded his
+sloop in" by firing upon him from aboard ship, arrested him and his
+guard, and delivered them up to the Governor, in Jamestown. Within the
+State House there a bit of drama was then acted in the presence of the
+amazed Assembly&mdash;Governor Berkeley and Mr. Bacon playing the principal
+parts. In this scene the fair-spoken Governor's feigned clemency was
+well-matched by the prisoner's feigned repentance, for Berkeley found it
+prudent to be careful of the person of a man in whose defense the
+excited people were ready to lay down their <!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>[<a href="./images/65.png">65</a>]</span>lives, and Bacon found it
+equally prudent to seem to believe in the friendship of one who he knew
+hated him with all the venom of his bitter heart, and doubtless also
+realized that to accept the proffered clemency, however insincere he
+might know it to be, was the likeliest way of obtaining the coveted
+commission to continue his Indian campaign, and to gain admission to his
+seat in the Assembly, by which he hoped to raise his voice in behalf of
+the oppressed commonalty of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor, looking at Bacon, but addressing himself to the Assembly,
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"Now I behold the greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia." Then,
+addressing himself to the prisoner, he questioned, "Sir, do you continue
+to be a gentleman, and may I take your word? If so you are at liberty
+upon your own parole."</p>
+
+<p>Upon which Mr. Bacon expressed deep gratitude for so much favor.</p>
+
+<p>On the next day the Governor stood up during the session of the Council,
+sitting as upper house of the Assembly, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"If there be joy in the presence of <!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>[<a href="./images/66.png">66</a>]</span>angels over one sinner that
+repenteth, there is joy now, for we have a penitent come before us. Call
+Mr. Bacon."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bacon came forward, and dropping upon his knee, in mock humility,
+presented his Honor with a paper which he had drawn up, pleading guilty
+of the crime of rebellion and disobedience and throwing himself upon the
+mercy of the court.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley forthwith declared him restored to favor, saying three
+times over, "God forgive you, I forgive you!"</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Cole, of the Council, put in, "And all that were with him."</p>
+
+<p>"Yea," quoth Sir William Berkeley, "and all that were with him"&mdash;meaning
+the Rebel's body-guard who had been captured in the sloop with him, and
+were then lying in irons.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley furthermore extended his clemency to the culprit by
+restoring him to his former place in the Council of State,&mdash;"his
+Majesty's Council," as the Virginians loved to call it,&mdash;made him a
+positive promise of the much-desired commission to march against the
+<!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>[<a href="./images/67.png">67</a>]</span>Indians, and even suffered Captain Gardner, of the ship <i>Adam and Eve</i>,
+to be fined the sum of seventy pounds damage and in default of payment
+to be thrown into jail, for seizing Bacon and his sloop, according to
+his own express orders.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's friends had been thrown into an uproar at the news of his
+arrest, and some of them made "dreadful threatenings to double revenge
+all wrongs" to their champion and his guard; but all were now so pleased
+at the happy turn of affairs that "every man with great gladness
+returned to his own home."</p>
+
+<p>And so it happened that Mr. Nathaniel Bacon, so lately dubbed a "rebel"
+and a "mutineer," took his seat, not merely in the House of Burgesses,
+but in the more distinguished body, "his Majesty's Council." The Council
+chamber was upon the first floor of the State House, that occupied by
+the Burgesses' upon the second. The Burgesses, as they filed upstairs to
+take their places, that afternoon, saw, through the open door of the
+Council chamber, a surprising sight,&mdash;"Mr. Bacon on his <!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>[<a href="./images/68.png">68</a>]</span>quondam
+seat,"&mdash;and to at least one of them it seemed "a marvelous indulgence"
+after all that had happened.</p>
+
+<p>The session was distinctly one of reform. Nathaniel Bacon was determined
+to make the best of his hard-earned advantage while he had it, and he at
+once made his influence felt in the Assembly. He was now strong with
+both Burgesses and Council, who were won, in spite of any prejudices
+they may have had, to acknowledge the personal charm and the executive
+genius of the daring youth. He promptly set about revising and improving
+the laws. Universal suffrage was restored, a general inspection of
+public expenses and auditing of public accounts was ordered, and laws
+were enacted requiring frequent election of vestries by the people, and
+prohibiting all trade with the Indians, long terms of office, excessive
+fees, and the sale of spirituous liquors. Some of the most unpopular
+leaders of the Governor's party were debarred from holding any public
+office.</p>
+
+<p>The wisdom of the Rebel's legislation was to be later set forth by the
+fact that <!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>[<a href="./images/69.png">69</a>]</span>after his death, when the fascination of a personality which
+had bent men's wills to its own was no longer felt, and when his name
+was held in contempt by many who failed to understand him or his
+motives, the people of Virginia clamored for the reestablishment of
+"Bacon's Laws," which upon his downfall had been repealed; and in
+February, 1676-7, many of them were actually re-enacted&mdash;with only their
+titles changed.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley, finding it beyond his power to stem the tide of
+reformation which tossed the old man about like a leaf whose little
+summer is past,&mdash;a tide by which his former glory seemed to be utterly
+submerged and blotted out,&mdash;pleaded sickness as an excuse to get away
+from it all, and take refuge within his own home, but in vain. Not until
+he had placed his signature to each one of the acts passed for the
+relief of the people and correction of the existing abuses would Bacon
+permit him to stir a step.</p>
+
+<p>But the Assembly was not wholly taken up with revising the laws. It
+devoted <!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>[<a href="./images/70.png">70</a>]</span>much attention to planning the Indian campaign to be carried on
+under "General Bacon," for which 1,000 men and provisions were provided.
+For this little army we are told that some volunteered to enlist and
+others were talked into doing so by members of the Council&mdash;Councillor
+Ballard being especially zealous in the work. It was also decided to
+enlist the aid of the Pamunkey Indians, who were descendants of
+Powhatan's braves, and had been allies of the English against other
+tribes. Accordingly, the "Queen of Pamunkey" was invited to appear
+before the House of Burgesses and say what she would do. The "Queen" at
+this time commanded a hundred and fifty warriors. She was the widow of
+the "mighty Totapotamoy" who had led a hundred warriors, in aid of the
+English, at the battle of "Bloody Run," and was slain with most of his
+men. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities
+possesses an interesting relic in what is known as the "Indian
+Crown,"&mdash;a silver frontlet presented to <!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>[<a href="./images/71.png">71</a>]</span>the "Queen of Pamunkey" by the
+English Government, as a testimonial of friendship.</p>
+
+<p>This forest queen is said to have "entered the chamber with a
+comportment graceful to admiration, bringing on her right hand an
+Englishman interpreter, and on her left her son, a stripling twenty
+years of age, she having round her head a plait of black and white
+wampumpeag, three inches broad, in imitation of a crown, and was clothed
+in a mantle of dressed deerskins with the hair outwards and the edge cut
+round six inches deep, which made strings resembling twisted fringe from
+the shoulders to the feet; thus with grave courtlike gestures and a
+majestic air in her face, she walked up our long room to the lower end
+of the table, where after a few entreaties, she sat down; the
+interpreter and her son standing by her on either side, as they had
+walked up."</p>
+
+<p>When the chairman of the House addressed her she refused to answer
+except through the interpreter, though it was believed that she
+understood all that was said. Finally, when the interpreter had <!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>[<a href="./images/72.png">72</a>]</span>made
+known to her that the House desired to know how many men she would lend
+her English friends for guides in the wilderness against her own and
+their "enemy Indians," she uttered, "with an earnest, passionate
+countenance, as if tears were ready to gush out," and a "high, shrill
+voice," a "harangue," in which the only intelligible words were,
+"Totapotamoy dead! Totapotamoy dead!" Colonel Edward Hill, whose father
+had commanded the English at the battle of "Bloody Run," and who was
+present, it is written, "shook his head."</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this tragic "harangue," the House pressed her to say how
+many Indians she would spare for the campaign. She "sat mute till that
+same question being pressed a third time, she, not returning her face to
+the board, answered, with a low, slighting voice, in her own language,
+<i>Six</i>. But being further importuned, she, sitting a little while sullen,
+without uttering a word between, said <i>Twelve</i>.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. and so rose up and
+walked gravely away, as not pleased with her treatment."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>[<a href="./images/73.png">73</a>]</span>While Bacon was dictating laws in Virginia, making ready for the march
+against the Indians and at the same time preparing a defense of himself
+for the King, his father, Thomas Bacon, of Friston Hall, England, was on
+bended knee before his Majesty pleading with him to withhold judgment
+against the rash young man until he could obtain a full account of his
+part in the troubles in the colony, concerning which startling tales had
+already been carried across the water.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>[<a href="./images/74.png">74</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE COMMISSION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>At last the Grand Assembly's work was done and everything but one was
+ready for the march against the Indians&mdash;the commission which Sir
+William Berkeley had publicly promised Bacon, and for which alone Bacon
+and his army tarried at Jamestown, was not yet forthcoming. The
+perfidious old man, crazed with jealousy of his prosperous young rival
+in the affections of the people, postponed granting it from day to day,
+while he secretly plotted Bacon's ruin. His plots were discovered,
+however, by some of the friends of Bacon, who was "whispered to," not a
+moment too soon, and informed that the Governor had given orders for him
+to be arrested again, and that road and river were beset with men lying
+in wait to assassinate him if he <!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>[<a href="./images/75.png">75</a>]</span>attempted to leave Jamestown. Thus
+warned, he took horse and made his escape through the dark streets and
+past the scattered homes of the sleeping town before the sun was up to
+show which course he had taken. In the morning the party sent out to
+capture him made a diligent search throughout the town, actually
+thrusting their swords through the beds in the house of his "thoughtful"
+friend, Mr. Lawrence, to make sure that he was not hidden in them.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had the fugitive Bacon reached the "up country" than the
+inhabitants crowded around him, clamoring for news of the Assembly and
+eager to know the fate of his request for a commission to fight the
+Indians. When they learned the truth they "began to set up their throats
+in one common cry of oaths and curses." Toward evening of the same day a
+rumor reached Jamestown that Bacon was coming back at the head of a
+"raging tumult," who threatened to pull down the town if the Governor's
+promises to their leader were not kept. Governor Berkeley immediately
+ordered four "great guns" to be set up at Sandy <!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>[<a href="./images/76.png">76</a>]</span>Beach&mdash;the only
+approach, by land, to Jamestown&mdash;to welcome the invaders, and all the
+men who could be mustered&mdash;only thirty in all&mdash;were called out and other
+preparations made to defend the town.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning the little capital rang with the call to arms, but the
+despised Governor, finding it impossible to get together enough soldiers
+to resist the people's favorite, resorted to the stratagem of seeking to
+disarm the foe by the appearance of peace. The unfriendly cannon were
+taken from their carriages, the small arms put out of sight, and the
+whole town was made to present a picture of harmlessness and serenity.</p>
+
+<p>The Assembly was calmly sitting on that June day when, without meeting
+with the slightest attempt at resistance, Nathaniel Bacon marched into
+Jamestown at the head of four hundred foot soldiers and a hundred and
+twenty horse. He at once stationed guards at all the "principal places
+and avenues," so that "no place could be more securely guarded," and
+then drew his men up in front of the State House where the Councillors
+and Burgesses were in session, <!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>[<a href="./images/77.png">77</a>]</span>and defiantly demanded the promised
+commission. Some parleying through a committee sent out by the Council
+followed, but nothing was effected. Throughout the town panic reigned.
+The white head of the aged and almost friendless Governor alone kept
+cool. At length, his Cavalier blood at boiling point, he arose from the
+executive chair, and stalking out to where Bacon stood, while the
+gentlemen of the Council followed in a body, denounced him to his face
+as a "rebel" and a "traitor." Then, baring his bosom, he shouted, "Here!
+Shoot me! 'Fore God, a fair mark, shoot!" repeating the words several
+times. Drawing his sword, he next proposed to settle the matter with
+Bacon, then and there, in single combat.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," said Bacon, "I came not, nor intend, to hurt a hair of your
+Honor's head, and as for your sword, your Honor may please to put it up;
+it shall rust in the scabbard before ever I shall desire you to draw it.
+I come for a commission against the heathen who daily inhumanly murder
+us and spill our brethren's blood, and no care <!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>[<a href="./images/78.png">78</a>]</span>is taken to prevent it,"
+adding, "God damn my blood, I came for a commission, and a commission I
+will have before I go!"</p>
+
+<p>During this dramatic interview, Bacon, his dark eyes burning, his black
+locks tossing, strode back and forth betwixt his two lines of
+men-at-arms, resting his left hand upon his hip, and flinging his right
+from his hat to his sword-hilt, and back again, while the Burgesses
+looked on breathless from the second-story windows of the State House.</p>
+
+<p>At length the baffled Governor wheeled about and, with haughty mien,
+walked toward his private apartment at the other end of the State House,
+the gentlemen of the Council still close following him, while Bacon, in
+turn, surrounded by his body-guard, followed them, continuing to
+gesticulate in the wild fashion that has been described.</p>
+
+<p>Finding Sir William deaf to every appeal, the determined young leader
+swore another great oath, and exclaiming, "I'll kill Governor, Council,
+Assembly and all, and then I'll sheathe my sword in my own <!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[<a href="./images/79.png">79</a>]</span>heart's
+blood!" he turned to his guard and ordered them to "Make ready, and
+present!"</p>
+
+<p>In a flash the loaded muskets of the "fusileers" pointed with steady aim
+and true toward the white faces in the State House windows, while from
+the throats of the little army below arose a chorus of "We <i>will</i> have
+it! We <i>will</i> have it!" meaning the promised commission.</p>
+
+<p>A quick-witted Burgess waved his handkerchief from the window, shouting,
+as he did so, "You <i>shall</i> have it! You <i>shall</i> have it!" and the day
+was saved. The tiny flag of truce worked a magic spell. The soldiers
+withdrew their guns, uncocked the matchlocks, and quietly followed Bacon
+back to the main body of his men. One witness says that Bacon's men also
+shouted a chorus of, "No levies! No levies!"</p>
+
+<p>After a long and heated argument with Council and Burgesses (though not
+until the next day) Governor Berkeley grudgingly drew up a commission
+and sent it out. Bacon, who was bent upon making the most of his
+hard-won position, was not content <!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>[<a href="./images/80.png">80</a>]</span>with it, however, and scorning to
+accept it, dictated one to his own mind and required the Governor to
+sign it, as well as thirty blank ones for officers to serve under him,
+to be filled with such names as he himself should see fit. Afterward,
+finding need of still more officers, he sent to Berkeley for another
+supply of blank commissions, but the beaten old man, deserted, for the
+time, by his resources and his nerve, sent back the answer that he had
+signed enough already, and bade General Bacon sign the rest for himself.</p>
+
+<p>One more paper, however, the old man was made to sign&mdash;a letter to King
+Charles explaining and excusing Bacon's course, and an act of indemnity
+for Bacon and his followers.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the commissions Bacon filled with the regular officers of the
+militia, as the "most fit to bear commands," and likely to be the "most
+satisfactory to both Governor and people."</p>
+
+<p>The young General sat up all night long making his appointments and
+preparing the commissions, keeping the Burgess from <!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>[<a href="./images/81.png">81</a>]</span>Stafford County,
+Mr. Mathew, whom he had pressed into service as secretary, up with him.
+This gentleman made bold to express the fear that as the people he
+represented dwelt upon the most northern frontier of the colony, their
+interests might not be so much regarded as those in General Bacon's own
+neighborhood, on the far southern frontier; but his fears were set to
+rest by Bacon's assurance that "the like care should be taken of the
+remotest corners in the land as in his own dwelling house."</p>
+
+<p>In the very midst of Nathaniel Bacon's little reign at Jamestown came
+the news that the Indians, with a boldness exceeding any they had
+hitherto shown, had swooped down upon two settlements on York River,
+only twenty-three miles distant from the little capital, and more than
+forty miles within the bounds of the frontier plantations, and had
+massacred eight persons. This was upon the morning of the twenty-fifth
+of June&mdash;a Sunday&mdash;when the pious Virginians were doubtless rejoicing in
+a welcome rest from law-making, and, resplendent in apparel fashioned
+after the <!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>[<a href="./images/82.png">82</a>]</span>latest mode in England at the time when the ships that
+brought it over sailed thence, were offering thanks in the church for
+the promise of brighter days which filled their hearts with good hope.</p>
+
+<p>The town was again thrown into an uproar. Bacon ordered supplies to be
+taken to the Falls of James River, and upon Monday morning, bright and
+early, flags were unfurled, drums and trumpets sounded, and with the
+authority of the cherished commission as "General of all the forces in
+Virginia against the Indians," and the God-speed of men, women and
+children, he marched away at the head of his thousand troops.</p>
+
+<p>From the chorus of cheers and prayers for his safety and success that
+followed him, however, one voice was missing. There was among those that
+witnessed the departure one who was silver-haired and full of years, but
+who had grown old ungracefully, for his brilliant and picturesque prime
+had been eclipsed by a narrow and crabbed old age. While every heart but
+his was stirred to its depths, every eye but his <!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>[<a href="./images/83.png">83</a>]</span>dimmed by the gentle
+moisture of emotion, every tongue but his attuned to blessings, Sir
+William Berkeley was possessed by wrathful silence, resolved to submit
+as best he could to what he could not help, and to bide his time till
+the aid from England, which he confidently expected, should arrive. He
+was in the mean time upon the lookout for any straw that could be caught
+at to stem the tide of his rival's popularity, and such a straw he soon
+found.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Gloucester County had been irritated by the rigorous
+manner in which Bacon's officers impressed men and horses for the Indian
+campaign. One account even states (most likely without truth) that Bacon
+himself had been in Gloucester upon this business. Berkeley was informed
+of the feeling in that county and told that the settlers there were
+loyal to him and would support him against Bacon. The old man hastened
+to Gloucester, where he was presented with a petition complaining
+bitterly of the loss of men and horses impressed for the Indian war, and
+especially of the rowdy methods of "one <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>[<a href="./images/84.png">84</a>]</span>Matthew Gale, one of Mr.
+Bacon's chief commanders," and begging for protection "against any more
+of these outrages." Sir William answered that the petition would be
+"most willingly granted," for that he "felt bound" to preserve his
+Majesty's subjects from the "outrages and oppressions to which they have
+lately too much submitted by the tyranny and usurpation of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jun., who never had any commission from me but what, with armed
+men, he extracted from the Assembly, which in effect is no more than if
+a thief should take my purse and make me own I gave it him freely, so
+that in effect his commission, whatever it is, is void in law and
+nature, and to be looked upon as no value."</p>
+
+<p>Encouraged by the attitude of the people of Gloucester, Governor
+Berkeley at once began raising troops, ostensibly to go himself to fight
+the Indians, but really to attack Bacon.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Bacon, in blissful ignorance of the fresh trouble
+brewing for him, was marching on toward the Falls. <!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>[<a href="./images/85.png">85</a>]</span>They were reached
+ere long, and all was now ready for the plunge into the wilderness where
+the red horror lurked. He gathered his men about him and made them a
+speech. He assured them of his loyalty to England and that his only
+design was to serve his King and his country. Lest any should question
+the means by which he had gotten his commission, he reminded them of the
+urgency of the time and the "cries of his brethren's blood that alarmed
+and wakened him to his public revenge." When he had finished speaking he
+took the oath of "allegiance and supremacy," in the presence of all his
+soldiers, had them to take it, and then gave them an oath of fidelity to
+himself. By this oath they bound themselves to make known to him any
+plot against the persons of himself or any of his men, of which they
+might happen to hear; also, to have no communication with the Indians,
+to send no news out of camp, and to discover all councils, plots, and
+conspiracies of the Indians against the army.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>[<a href="./images/86.png">86</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>CIVIL WAR.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The cheers of assent which answered the commander's words died upon the
+air, and the order to march was about to be given, when a messenger
+posted into camp with the news that Governor Berkeley was in Gloucester
+County raising forces to surprise Bacon and take his commission from him
+by force. The doughty young General, unfailing of resources, and nothing
+daunted even by this "amusing" message, promptly decided what he should
+do. In obedience to his command, trumpet and drum again called his men
+together that he might inform them that ere they could further pursue
+the chase after their "dearest foe" they must turn backward again once
+more to meet the even greater horrors of civil warfare&mdash;how instead of
+leading them as he had supposed, only against the hated <!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>[<a href="./images/87.png">87</a>]</span>redskins, he
+must now command that the sword of friend should be turned against
+friend, brother against brother.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he said, "the news just now brought me
+may not a little startle you as well as myself. But seeing it is not
+altogether unexpected, we may the better hear it and provide our
+remedies. The Governor is now in Gloucester County endeavoring to raise
+forces against us, having declared us rebels and traitors; if true,
+crimes indeed too great for pardon. Our consciences herein are best
+witnesses, and theirs so conscious as like cowards therefore they will
+not have the courage to face us. It is revenge that hurries them on
+without regard to the people's safety, and had rather we should be
+murdered and our ghosts sent to our slaughtered countrymen by their
+actings than we live to hinder them of their interest<a name="FNanchor_87:A_2" id="FNanchor_87:A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_87:A_2" class="fnanchor">[87:A]</a> with the
+heathen, and preserve the remaining part of our fellow-subjects from
+their cruelties. Now then, we must be <!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>[<a href="./images/88.png">88</a>]</span>forced to turn our swords to our
+own defence, or expose ourselves to their mercies, or fortune of the
+woods, whilst his Majesty's country lies here in blood and wasting (like
+a candle) at both ends. How incapable we may be made (if we should
+proceed) through sickness, want of provisions, slaughter, wounds, less
+or more, none of us is void of the sense hereof.</p>
+
+<p>"Therefore, while we are sound at heart, unwearied, and not receiving
+damage by the fate of war, let us descend to know the reasons why such
+proceedings are used against us. That those whom they have raised for
+their defense, to preserve them against the fury of the heathen, they
+should thus seek to destroy, and to betray our lives whom they raised to
+preserve theirs. If ever such treachery was heard of, such wickedness
+and inhumanity (and call all the ages to witness) and if any, that they
+suffered it in like manner as we are like by the sword and ruins of war.</p>
+
+<p>"But they are all damned cowards, and you shall see they will not dare
+to meet us <!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>[<a href="./images/89.png">89</a>]</span>in the field to try the justness of our cause, and so we
+will down to them."</p>
+
+<p>As the ringing notes of their commander's voice died away, a great shout
+arose from the soldiers. "Amen! Amen!" they cried. "We are all ready to
+die in the field rather than be hanged like rogues, or perish in the
+woods exposed to the favors of the merciless Indians!" And without more
+ado, they wheeled about and marched, a thousand strong, to meet their
+pursuers.</p>
+
+<p>There was, however, to be no battle that day. It is true, as has been
+shown, that the Governor had raised forces under the pretense of going
+himself to aid in the Indian warfare, but really for the purpose of
+pursuing and surprising Bacon and (in true Indian-gift fashion) taking
+the commission away from him. But as soon as the Governor's army
+discovered for what service they were called out they bluntly, and with
+one accord, refused to obey marching orders, and setting up a cheer of
+"Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!" walked off the field&mdash;still (it is written)
+muttering in time to their step, "Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!"</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>[<a href="./images/90.png">90</a>]</span>The poor old Governor, finding himself thus abandoned, his friends so
+few, his cause so weak, his authority despised and his will thwarted at
+every turn, "for very grief and sadness of spirit," fainted away in his
+saddle. Soon enough he heard that Bacon was on the march toward
+Gloucester to meet him, and finding himself utterly unprepared for the
+encounter, he fled, in desperation, to Accomac County, upon the Eastern
+Shore of Virginia, which, cut off as it is by the broad waters of the
+Chesapeake, had not suffered from the Indian horrors that had fallen
+upon the rest of the colony, and had remained loyal to the government.
+Here Sir William found a welcome shelter, though, even while giving him
+the balm of a hospitable greeting and according him the honor they
+conceived to be due him as the King's representative, the people of
+Accomac did not forbear to complain to him of the public abuses from
+which they had suffered in common with the folk across the Bay.</p>
+
+<p>As unsuccessful as was Berkeley's attempt to muster an army to oppose
+Bacon, <!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>[<a href="./images/91.png">91</a>]</span>its consequences were dire. The "Royal Commissioners" appointed
+to investigate and report upon the merits of Bacon's Rebellion condemned
+it, declaring that nothing could have called back Bacon, "then the hopes
+of the people," from his march against the Indians, or "turned the sword
+of a civil war into the heart and bowels of the country, but so
+ill-timed a project as this proved."</p>
+
+<p>"Now in vain," say the Commissioners, "the Governor attempts raising a
+force against Bacon, and although the industry and endeavors he used was
+great, yet at this juncture it was impossible, for Bacon at this time
+was so much the hopes and darling of the people that the Governor's
+interest proved but weak." And so he "was fain to fly" to Accomac.</p>
+
+<p>When at length Bacon reached Gloucester he found "the Governor fled and
+the field his own," so he marched boldly, and without resistance, to the
+"Middle Plantation," the very "heart and center" of the colony, and soon
+to be chosen as the site for its new capital&mdash;storied Williamsburg.
+<!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>[<a href="./images/92.png">92</a>]</span>Here the young "rebel" found himself lord of all he surveyed&mdash;the
+Governor gone, and all Virginia, save the two counties on the Eastern
+Shore, in his power. After quartering his soldiers he issued a
+proclamation inviting all the gentlemen of Virginia to meet him at the
+"Middle Plantation," and "consult with him for the present settlement of
+that, his Majesty's distressed Colony, to preserve its future peace, and
+advance the effectual prosecution of the Indian war."</p>
+
+<p>In response to the summons a great company of people gathered, on the
+third day of August, at the house of Mr. Otho Thorpe. From this
+convention the real Rebellion is dated. An oath was drawn up, by Bacon,
+to be taken by the people of Virginia, "of what quality soever,
+excepting servants." By it the people were bound to aid their General
+with their lives and estates in the Indian war; to oppose and hinder the
+Governor's designs, "if he had any," and to resist any forces that might
+be sent over from England to suppress Bacon until time was allowed to
+acquaint his Majesty with <!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[<a href="./images/93.png">93</a>]</span>the "grievances" of the colony, and to
+receive a reply.</p>
+
+<p>The oath was put into due form and read to the convention by the clerk
+of the Assembly. A stormy debate, which lasted from midday until
+midnight, followed. Some feared the oath (especially the clause
+regarding resistance of the King's soldiers) to be a dangerous one.
+Bacon, supported by many others, protested its innocency.</p>
+
+<p>"The tenor of the oath" was declared in the report of the "Royal
+Commissioners" to be as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"1. You are to oppose what forces shall be sent out of England by his
+Majesty against me, till such time I have acquainted the King with the
+state of this country, and have had an answer.</p>
+
+<p>"2. You shall swear that what the Governor and Council have acted is
+illegal and destructive to the country, and what I have done is
+according to the laws of England.</p>
+
+<p>"3. You shall swear from your hearts that my commission is legal and
+lawfully obtained.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>[<a href="./images/94.png">94</a>]</span>"4. You shall swear to divulge what you have heard at any time spoken
+against me.</p>
+
+<p>"5. You shall keep my secrets and not discover them to any person."</p>
+
+<p>The men foremost in urging the oath were Colonel Swann, Colonel Beale,
+Colonel Ballard, and Squire Bray, of the Council, and Colonel Jordan,
+Colonel Smith, Colonel Scarsbrook, Colonel Milner, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr.
+Drummond&mdash;all of them gentlemen of standing in the colony.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon himself pleaded hotly for the oath, and at last vowed that unless
+it were taken he would surrender up his commission to the Assembly, and
+"let them find other servants to do the country's work."</p>
+
+<p>This threat decided the question. The oath was agreed to and was
+administered by the regular magistrates in almost all of the counties,
+"none or very few" dodging it.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's position, already so secure, was now made all the stronger by
+the arrival of the "gunner of York fort," breathless with the tidings
+that this, the "most considerablest fortress in the country," was in
+danger <!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>[<a href="./images/95.png">95</a>]</span>of being surprised and attacked by the Indians, and imploring
+help to prevent it. The savages had made a bold raid into Gloucester,
+massacring some of the settlers of the Carter's Creek neighborhood, and
+a number of the terror-stricken county folk had fled to York for refuge.
+The fort could offer them little protection, however, for Governor
+Berkeley had robbed it of its arms and ammunition, which he had stowed
+away in his own vessel and sailed away with them in his flight to the
+Eastern Shore.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 90%;" />
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87:A_2" id="Footnote_87:A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87:A_2"><span class="label">[87:A]</span></a> The fur trade.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>[<a href="./images/96.png">96</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE INDIAN WAR-PATH AGAIN.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Bacon at once began making ready to continue his oft-interrupted Indian
+campaign, but first, to be sure of leaving the country safe from
+Berkeley's ire,&mdash;for he feared lest "while he went abroad to destroy the
+wolves, the foxes, in the mean time, should come and devour the
+sheep,"&mdash;he seized Captain Larrimore's ship, then lying in the James,
+and manned her with two hundred men and guns. This ship he sent under
+command of Captain Carver, "a person acquainted with navigation," and
+Squire Bland, "a gentleman of an active and stirring disposition, and no
+great admirer of Sir William's goodness," to arrest Sir William Berkeley
+for the purpose of sending him&mdash;as those of earlier times had sent
+Governor Harvey&mdash;home to <!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>[<a href="./images/97.png">97</a>]</span>England, to stand trial for his "demerits
+toward his Majesty's subjects of Virginia," and for the "likely loss of
+that colony," for lack of defence against the "native savages."</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving "Middle Plantation" the Rebel issued a summons, in the
+name of the King, and signed by four members of his Majesty's Council,
+for a meeting of the Grand Assembly, to be held upon September 4, to
+manage the affairs of the colony in his absence.</p>
+
+<p>Jamestown he left under the command of Colonel Hansford, whom he
+commissioned to raise forces for the safety of the country, if any
+should be needed. He then set out, with a mind at rest, upon his Indian
+warfare. The few who had had the hardihood to openly oppose his plans he
+left behind him safe within prison bars; others, who were at first
+unfriendly to him, he had won over to his way of thinking by argument;
+while any that he suspected might raise any party against him in his
+absence, he took along with him.</p>
+
+<p>For the third time, then, he marched to <!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>[<a href="./images/98.png">98</a>]</span>the "Falls of James River,"
+where it is written that he "bestirred himself lustily," to speedily
+make up for lost time in carrying on the war against the Ockinagees and
+Susquehannocks; but seems to have been unsuccessful in his search for
+these tribes, which had probably fled far into the depths of the
+wilderness to escape Bacon's fury, for he soon abandoned the chase after
+them and marched over to the "freshes of York," in pursuit of the
+Pamunkeys, whose "propinquity and neighborhood to the English, and
+courses among them" was said to "render the rebels suspicious of them,
+as being acquainted and knowing both the manners, customs and nature of
+our people, and the strength, situation and advantages of the country,
+and so, capable of doing hurt and damage to the English."</p>
+
+<p>The "Royal Commissioners" condemn the pursuit of the Pamunkeys, saying
+that "it was well known that the Queen of Pamunkey and her people had
+ne'er at any time betrayed or injured the English," and adding, "but
+among the vulgar it matters <!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>[<a href="./images/99.png">99</a>]</span>not whether they be friends or foes, so
+they be Indians."</p>
+
+<p>It is indeed evident that the war with the Indians was intended to be a
+war of extermination, for by such war only did the Virginians believe
+they would ever secure safety for themselves, their homes, and their
+families.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley himself had no faith in the friendship of the Indians,
+however. While Bacon was gone upon his expedition against the
+Ockinagees, the Governor sent forces under Colonel Claiborne and others
+to the headwaters of Pamunkey River. They found there the Pamunkey
+Indians established in a fort in the Dragon Swamp&mdash;probably somewhere
+between the present Essex and King and Queen Counties. The red men said
+that they had fled to this stronghold for fear of Bacon, but their
+explanation did not satisfy the Governor, who declared that as soon as
+his difficulty with Bacon was settled he would advance upon the fort
+himself. The Queen of Pamunkey herself was in the fort, and when
+requested by Berkeley to return to <!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>[<a href="./images/100.png">100</a>]</span>her usual place of residence said
+"she most willingly would return to be under the Governor's protection,
+but that she did understand the Governor and those gentlemen could not
+protect themselves from Mr. Bacon's violence."</p>
+
+<p>At the "freshes of York" Bacon was met and joined by "all the northern
+forces from Potomac, Rappahannock, and those parts," under the command
+of Colonel Giles Brent, and the two armies marched together to the
+plantations farthest up York River, where they were brought to an
+enforced rest by rainy weather, which continued for several days. Even
+this dismal interruption could not chill Bacon's ardor, but it filled
+him with anxiety lest the delay should cause his provisions to run
+short.</p>
+
+<p>Calling his men together he told them frankly of his fears, and gave all
+leave to return to their homes whose regard for food was stronger than
+their courage and resolution to put down the savages, and revenge the
+blood of their friends and neighbors shed by them. He bade them (if
+there were any such) with all speed begone, <!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>[<a href="./images/101.png">101</a>]</span>for, said he, he knew he
+would find them the "worst of cowards, serving for number and not for
+service," starving his best men, who were willing to "bear the brunt of
+it all," and disheartening others of "half mettle."</p>
+
+<p>In response to this speech, only three of the soldiers withdrew, and
+these were disarmed and sent home.</p>
+
+<p>The sullen clouds at length lifted, and the army tramped joyfully
+onward. Ere long they struck into an Indian trail, leading to a wider
+one, and supposed from this that they must be near the main camp of some
+tribe. Some scouts were sent out, but reported only a continuation of
+the wide path through the woods. The army broke ranks and, to save time,
+and make the rough march under the sultry August sun as little
+uncomfortable as possible, followed the trail at random. They soon came
+in sight of a settlement of the Pamunkey tribe, standing upon a point of
+high land, surrounded upon three sides by a swamp.</p>
+
+<p>Some ten Indian scouts who served Bacon's army were sent ahead to
+<!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a>[<a href="./images/102.png">102</a>]</span>reconnoiter. The Pamunkeys, seeing the scouts, suffered them to come
+within range of their guns, and then opened fire upon them. The report
+of the guns gave the alarm to Bacon and his troops, who were about half
+a mile distant, and who marched in great haste and confusion to the
+settlement. The Indians took refuge in the edge of the swamp, which was
+so miry that their pursuers could not follow, and the only result of the
+chase, to the Englishmen, was the not over-glorious feat of killing a
+woman and capturing a child.</p>
+
+<p>It so happened that the "good Queen of Pamunkey," as the "Royal
+Commissioners" styled her, with some of her chiefs and friends, was in
+the neighborhood of the settlement. Being warned that Bacon and his men
+were coming, she took fright and fled, leaving behind her provisions and
+Indian wares, as a peace offering, and charging her subjects that if
+they saw any "pale faces" coming they must "neither fire a gun nor draw
+an arrow upon them." The "pale faces," in their chase, overtook an aged
+squaw who had been the "good <!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>[<a href="./images/103.png">103</a>]</span>queen's" nurse, and took her prisoner,
+hoping to make her their guide to the hiding-places of the Indians. She
+led them in quite the opposite way, through the rest of that day and the
+greater part of the next, however, until, in a rage at finding
+themselves fooled, they brutally knocked her upon the head and left her
+dead in the wilderness. They soon afterward came upon another trail
+which led to a large swamp, where several tribes of Indians were
+encamped, and made an attack upon them, but with small fruits, as the
+red men took to their heels, and most of them made good their escape.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon now found himself at the head of an army wearied by the rough
+march through swamp and forest, weak for want of food, and out of heart
+at the contemplation of their thus far bootless errand.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the time appointed for the meeting of the Assembly was drawing
+nigh, and he knew that the people at home were looking anxiously for the
+return of their champion, and expecting glorious tidings of his
+campaign. In this strait he gave the <!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>[<a href="./images/104.png">104</a>]</span>troops commanded by Colonel Brent
+provisions sufficient for two days, and sent them, with any others who
+were pleased to accompany them, home ahead of him, to make report of the
+expedition and to carry the news that he would follow soon.</p>
+
+<p>With the four hundred of his own soldiers that were left the
+indefatigable Bacon now continued to diligently hunt the swamps for the
+savages, for he was determined not to show his face in Jamestown again
+without a story to tell of battles won and foes put to confusion. At
+length he struck a trail on hard ground, which he followed for a great
+distance without finding the "Indian enemy." What he did find was that
+his provisions were almost entirely spent, which melancholy discovery
+forced him to reduce rations to "quarter allowances." His pluck did not
+desert him, however. In the depths of the wilderness, miles away from
+white man's habitation, hungry and worn, and with four hundred wearied
+and half-starved men looking entirely to him, his fortitude was still
+unbroken, his faith in his mission undimmed, his heart stout.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>[<a href="./images/105.png">105</a>]</span>Finally, he saw that the only hope of escape from death by starvation
+was to reduce his numbers by still another division of his army. Drawing
+the forlorn little band up before him he made the dark forest ring with
+the eloquence that had never failed to quicken the hearts of his
+followers and which made them eager to endure hardship under his
+leadership.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," he said, "the indefatigable pains which hitherto we have
+taken doth require abundantly better success than as yet we have met
+with. But there is nothing so hard but by labor and industry it may be
+overcome, which makes me not without hope of obtaining my desires
+against the heathen, in meeting with them to quit scores for all their
+barbarous cruelties done us.</p>
+
+<p>"I had rather my carcass should lie rotting in the woods, and never see
+Englishman's face in Virginia, than miss of doing that service the
+country expects of me, and I vowed to perform against these heathen,
+which should I not return successful in some manner to damnify and
+affright them, <!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>[<a href="./images/106.png">106</a>]</span>we should have them as much animated as the English
+discouraged, and my adversaries to insult and reflect on me, that my
+defense of the country is but pretended and not real, and (as they
+already say) I have other designs, and make this but my pretense and
+cloak. But that all shall see how devoted I am to it, considering the
+great charge the country is at in fitting me forth, and the hopes and
+expectation they have in me, all you gentlemen that intend to abide with
+me must resolve to undergo all the hardships this wild can afford,
+dangers and successes, and if need be to eat chinquapins and horseflesh
+before he returns. Which resolve I have taken, therefore desire none but
+those which will so freely adventure; the other to return in, and for
+the better knowledge of them, I will separate my camp some distance from
+them bound home."</p>
+
+<p>Next morning, as the sun arose above the tree-tops it looked down upon
+the divided forces&mdash;one body moving with heavy step, but doubtless
+lightened hearts, toward <!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>[<a href="./images/107.png">107</a>]</span>Jamestown, the other pressing deeper into the
+wilds.</p>
+
+<p>A few hours after the parting Bacon's remnant fell upon a party of the
+Pamunkey tribe, whom they found encamped&mdash;after the wonted Indian
+fashion&mdash;upon a piece of wooded land bounded by swamps. The savages made
+little show of resistance, but fled, the English giving close chase.
+Forty-five Indian captives were taken, besides three horse-loads of
+plunder, consisting of mats, baskets, shell-money, furs, and pieces of
+English linen and cloth.</p>
+
+<p>A trumpet blast was the signal for the prisoners to be brought together
+and delivered up to Bacon, by whom some of them were afterward sold for
+slaves while the rest were disposed of by Sir William Berkeley, saving
+five of them, whom Ingram, Bacon's successor, presented to the Queen of
+Pamunkey.</p>
+
+<p>As for the poor queen, the story goes that she fled during the skirmish
+between Bacon's men and her subjects, and, with only a little Indian boy
+to bear her <!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>[<a href="./images/108.png">108</a>]</span>company, was lost in the woods for fourteen days, during
+which she was kept alive by gnawing upon the "leg of a terrapin," which
+the little boy found for her when she was "ready to die for want of
+food."</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>[<a href="./images/109.png">109</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>X.</h2>
+
+<h3>GOVERNOR BERKELEY IN ACCOMAC.</h3>
+
+
+<p>While Bacon was scouring the wilderness in his pursuit of the Indians,
+the colony, which he was pleased to think he had left safe from serious
+harms, was in a state of wildest panic.</p>
+
+<p>A plot had been formed by Governor Berkeley and Captain Larrimore to
+recapture the ship which, it will be remembered, Bacon had sent to the
+Eastern Shore after the Governor. When the ship cast anchor before
+Accomac, Berkeley sent for her commander, Captain Carver, to come ashore
+and hold a parley with him, promising him a safe return. Unfortunately
+for himself, the Captain seems to have forgotten for the moment how
+little Governor Berkeley's promises were worth. Leaving his ship in
+charge of Bland, he went well armed, and accompanied by his most trusty
+men, to <!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>[<a href="./images/110.png">110</a>]</span>obey the summons. While Sir William was closeted with Captain
+Carver, trying to persuade him to desert the rebel party, Captain
+Larrimore, who had a boat in readiness for the purpose, rowed a party of
+men, under command of Colonel Philip Ludwell, of the Council, out to the
+ship. The Baconians, supposing that the approaching boat came in peace,
+were taken entirely by surprise, and all on board were made prisoners.
+Soon afterward, Captain Carver, his conference with Sir William over,
+set out for the ship, in blissful ignorance of what had happened in his
+absence until he came within gun-shot, when he, too, fell an easy prey
+into the trap, and soon found himself in irons with Bland and the
+others.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later Sir William Berkeley rewarded the unfortunate Captain
+Carver for his thus thwarted designs against the liberty of his
+Majesty's representative, with the ungracious "gift of the halter."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley was now having his turn in sweeping things before him.
+At the time of the seizure by Carver and Bland of Captain Larrimore's
+ship, another ship, <!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>[<a href="./images/111.png">111</a>]</span>lying hard by, in the James, commanded by Captain
+Christopher Evelyn, eluded the efforts of the Baconians to seize her
+also, and some days later slipped away to England, carrying aboard her a
+paper setting forth the Governor's own story of the doings of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jr., in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>It was upon the first day of August that the Baconians had seized
+Captain Larrimore's ship and made her ready to go to Accomac after
+Berkeley. Upon the seventh of September Berkeley set sail for Jamestown,
+not as a prisoner, but with a fleet consisting of the recaptured ship
+and some sixteen or seventeen sloops manned by six hundred sturdy
+denizens of Accomac, whom he is said to have bribed to his service with
+promises of plunder of all who had taken Bacon's oath,&mdash;"catch that
+catch could,"&mdash;twenty-one years' exemption from all taxes except church
+dues, and regular pay of twelvepence per day so long as they should
+serve under his colors. He was, moreover, said to have offered like
+benefits, and their freedom besides, to all <!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>[<a href="./images/112.png">112</a>]</span>servants of Bacon's
+adherents who would take up arms against the Rebel.</p>
+
+<p>The direful news of Sir William's approach, and of the strength with
+which he came, "outstripping the canvas wings," reached Jamestown before
+any signs of his fleet were spied from the landing. The handful of
+Baconians who had been left on guard there to "see the King's peace kept
+by resisting the King's vice-gerent," as their enemies sarcastically put
+it, were filled with dismay, for they realized themselves to be "a
+people utterly undone, being equally exposed to the Governor's
+displeasure and the Indians' bloody cruelties."</p>
+
+<p>To prove the too great truth of the report, the Governor's ships were
+before long seen sailing up the river, and the Governor's messenger soon
+afterward landed, bearing commands for the immediate surrender of the
+town, with promise of pardon to all who would desert to the Governor's
+cause, excepting only Bacon's two strongest friends, Mr. Drummond and
+"thoughtful Mr. Lawrence."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>[<a href="./images/113.png">113</a>]</span>The Baconians had caught too much of the spirit of their leader to
+consider such terms as were offered them, and scornfully spurned them;
+but seeing that it would be madness to attempt to hold the town against
+such numbers, made their escape, leaving abundant reward in the way of
+plunder for the Governor and his six hundred men of Accomac. Mr.
+Lawrence, whose leave-taking was perhaps the more speedy by reason of
+the compliment Sir William had paid him in making him one of the
+honorable exceptions in his offer of mercy, left "all his wealth and a
+fair cupboard of plate entire standing, which fell into the Governor's
+hands the next morning."</p>
+
+<p>About noonday, on September 8, the day following the evacuation, Sir
+William entered the little capital. He immediately fortified it as
+strongly as possible, and then once more proclaimed Nathaniel Bacon and
+his followers rebels and traitors, threatening them with the utmost
+extremity of the law.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>[<a href="./images/114.png">114</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>BACON RETURNS TO JAMESTOWN.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Let us now return to the venturesome young man who was voluntarily
+placing himself under this oft-repeated and portentous ban. We will find
+him and his ragged and foot-sore remnant on their way back to Jamestown,
+for after the successful meeting with the Pamunkeys he withdrew his
+forces from the wilderness and turned his face homewards to gather
+strength for the next march. He had already been met by the news of the
+reception that awaited him at Jamestown from Sir William. His army
+consisted now of only one hundred and thirty-six tired-out, soiled,
+tattered and hungry men&mdash;not a very formidable array with which to
+attack the fortified town, held by his wrathful enemy and the six
+hundred fresh men-at-arms from Accomac. <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>[<a href="./images/115.png">115</a>]</span>Pathetic a show as the little
+band presented, however, the gallant young General called them about
+him, and with the frankness with which he always opened the eyes of his
+soldiers to every possible danger to which they might be exposed in his
+service, laid before them Governor Berkeley's schemes for their undoing.
+Verily must this impetuous youth have had magic in his tongue. Perhaps
+it was because he was able to throw into his tones his passion for the
+people's cause and earnest belief in the righteousness of the Rebellion,
+that his voice had ever the effect of martial music upon the spirits of
+his followers. Their hearts were never so faint but the sound of it
+could make them stout, their bodies never so weary but they were ready
+to greet a word from him with a hurrah.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing daunted by the appalling news he told them, the brave men
+shouted that they would stand by their General to the end. Deeply
+touched by their faithfulness, Bacon was quick to express his
+appreciation.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>[<a href="./images/116.png">116</a>]</span>"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he cried: "How am I transported with
+gladness to find you thus unanimous, bold and daring, brave and gallant.
+You have the victory before you fight, the conquest before battle. I
+know you can and dare fight, while they will lie in their place of
+refuge and dare not so much as appear in the field before you. Your
+hardiness shall invite all the country along, as we march, to come in
+and second you.</p>
+
+<p>"The Indians we bear along with us shall be as so many motives to cause
+relief from every hand to be brought to you. The ignominy of their
+actions cannot but so reflect upon their spirits as they will have no
+courage left to fight you. I know you have the prayers and well wishes
+of all the people of Virginia, while the others are loaded with their
+curses."</p>
+
+<p>As if "animated with new courage," the bit of an army marched onward
+toward Jamestown, with speed "out-stripping the swift wings of fame,"
+for love and faith lightened their steps. The only stop was in New Kent
+County, where, halting long <!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>[<a href="./images/117.png">117</a>]</span>enough to gain some new troops, their
+number was increased to three hundred. Weak and weary, ragged and soiled
+as was the little army, the home-coming was a veritable triumphal
+progress. The dwellers along the way came out of their houses praying
+aloud for the happiness of the people's champion, and railing against
+the Governor and his party. Seeing the Indian captives whom Bacon's men
+led along, they shouted their thanks for his care and his pains for
+their preservation, and brought forth fruits and bread for the
+refreshment of himself and his soldiers. Women cried out that if need be
+they would come and serve under him. His young wife proudly wrote a
+friend in England: "You never knew any better beloved than he is. I do
+verily believe that rather than he should come to any hurt by the
+Governor or anybody else, they would most of them lose their lives."</p>
+
+<p>Rumors of the Governor's warlike preparations for his coming were
+received by Bacon with a coolness bound to inspire those under him with
+confidence in his and their own strength. Hearing that Sir William <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>[<a href="./images/118.png">118</a>]</span>had
+with him in Jamestown a thousand men, "well armed and resolute," he
+nonchalantly made answer that he would soon see how resolute they were,
+for he was going to try them. When told that the Governor had sent out a
+party of sixty mounted scouts to watch his movements, he said, with a
+smile, that they were welcome to come near enough to say "How d'ye," for
+he feared them not.</p>
+
+<p>Toward evening upon September 13, after a march of between thirty and
+forty miles since daybreak, the army reached "Green Spring," Sir William
+Berkeley's own fair estate near Jamestown&mdash;the home which had been the
+centre of so much that was distinguished and charming in the social life
+of the colony during the Cavalier days. In a green field here Bacon
+again gathered his men around him for a final word to them before
+marching upon the capital. In a ringing appeal he told them that if they
+would ever fight they would do so now, against all the odds that
+confronted them&mdash;the enemy having every advantage of position, places of
+retreat, and men <!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>[<a href="./images/119.png">119</a>]</span>fresh and unwearied, while they were "so few, weak,
+and tired."</p>
+
+<p>"But I speak not this to discourage you," he added, "but to acquaint you
+with what advantages they will neglect and lose." He assured them that
+their enemies had not the courage to maintain the charges so boldly made
+that they were rebels and traitors.</p>
+
+<p>"Come on, my hearts of gold!" he cried. "He that dies in the field, lies
+in the bed of honor!"</p>
+
+<p>With these words the Rebel once more moved onward, and drew up his
+"small tired body of men" in an old Indian field just outside of
+Jamestown. He promptly announced his presence there in the dramatic and
+picturesque fashion that belonged to the time. Riding forward upon the
+"Sandy Beach"&mdash;a narrow neck of land which then connected the town with
+the mainland, but has since been washed away, making Jamestown an
+island&mdash;he commanded a trumpet-blast to be sounded, and fired off his
+carbine. From out the stillness of the night the salute was heard, and
+<!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>[<a href="./images/120.png">120</a>]</span>immediately, and with all due ceremony, answered by a trumpeter within
+the town. These martial greetings exchanged, Bacon dismounted from his
+horse, surveyed the situation and ordered an earthwork to be cast up
+across the neck of land, thus cutting off all communication between the
+capital and the rest of the colony except by water. Two axes and two
+spades were all the tools at the Rebel's command, but all night long his
+faithful men worked like beavers beneath the bright September moon.
+Trees came crashing down, bushes were cut and earth heaped up, and
+before daybreak the fortification was complete and the besiegers were
+ready for battle.</p>
+
+<p>When Sir William Berkeley looked abroad next morning and found the
+gateway between town and country so hostilely barred he did not suffer
+his complacency to forsake him for a moment, for he at once resolved to
+try his old trick, in which he had perfect confidence, of seeking to
+disarm the enemy by an affectation of friendship. He could not believe
+that Bacon would have the hardihood to open war with <!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>[<a href="./images/121.png">121</a>]</span>such a pitiful
+force against his Majesty's representative, and pretending to desire a
+reconciliation with the Rebel on account of his service against the
+Indians, he ordered his men not to make attack.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>[<a href="./images/122.png">122</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>JAMESTOWN BESIEGED AND BURNED.</h3>
+
+
+<p>But Sir William Berkeley had played his favorite trick at least twice
+too often. Moreover, he little knew of what stern stuff Bacon and his
+handful of ragamuffins were made, though they were far too well
+acquainted with the silver-haired old Cavalier's ways and wiles to pin
+any faith to the fair words that could so glibly slip off of his tongue
+and out of his memory.</p>
+
+<p>Early that morning the beginning of the siege was formally announced by
+six of Bacon's soldiers, who ran up to the palisades of the town fort,
+"fired briskly upon the guard," and retreated safely within their own
+earthwork. The fight now began in earnest. Upon a signal from within the
+town the Governor's fleet in the river shot off their "great guns,"
+while at the same <!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>[<a href="./images/123.png">123</a>]</span>time the guard in the palisades let fly their small
+shot. Though thus assailed from two sides at once, the rebels lying
+under their earthwork were entirely protected from both, and safe in
+their little fortress, returned the fire as fast as it was given. Even
+under fire, Bacon, the resourceful, strengthened and enlarged his fort
+by having a party of his soldiers to bind fagots into bundles, which
+they held before themselves for protection while they made them fast
+along the top and at the ends of the earthwork.</p>
+
+<p>A sentinel from the top of a chimney upon Colonel Moryson's plantation,
+hard by Jamestown, watched Berkeley's maneuvers all day, and constantly
+reported to Bacon how the men in town "posted and reposted, drew on and
+off, what number they were and how they moved."</p>
+
+<p>For three days the cross-firing continued, during which the besiegers
+were so well shielded that they do not seem to have lost a single man.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the third day the Governor decided to make a sally upon the rebels.
+It is written <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>[<a href="./images/124.png">124</a>]</span>that when he gave the order for the attack some of his
+officers made such "crabbed faces" that the "gunner of York Fort," who,
+it seems, was humorously inclined, offered too buy a colonel's or a
+captain's commission for whomsoever would have one for "a chunk of a
+pipe."</p>
+
+<p>It is also written that the Governor's Accomac soldiers "went out with
+heavy hearts, but returned with light heels," for the Baconians received
+them so warmly that they retired in great disorder, throwing down their
+arms and leaving them and their drum on the field behind them, with the
+dead bodies of two of their comrades, which the rebels took into their
+trenches and buried with their arms.</p>
+
+<p>This taste of success made the besiegers so bold and daring that Bacon
+could hardly keep them from attempting to storm and capture Jamestown
+forthwith; but he warned them against being over rash, saying that he
+expected to take the town without loss of a man, in due season, and that
+one of their lives was worth more to him than the whole world.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>[<a href="./images/125.png">125</a>]</span>Upon the day after the sally some of Bacon's Indian captives were
+exhibited on top of the earthworks, and this primitive bit of bravado
+served as an object-lesson to quicken the enthusiasm of the neighborhood
+folk, who were coming over to the Rebel in great numbers.</p>
+
+<p>News was brought that "great multitudes" were also declaring for the
+popular cause in Nansemond and Isle of Wight Counties, "as also all the
+south side of the river."</p>
+
+<p>Bacon sent a letter from camp to two of his sea-faring friends, Captain
+William Cookson and Captain Edward Skewon, describing the progress of
+the siege and urging them to protect the "Upper parts of the country"
+against pirates, and to bid his friends in those parts "be courageous,
+for that all the country is bravely resolute."</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of the siege Bacon resorted to one measure which for pure
+originality has not been surpassed in the history of military tactics,
+and which, though up to the present writing no other general
+sufficiently picturesque in his methods to <!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>[<a href="./images/126.png">126</a>]</span>imitate it has arisen, has
+furnished much "copy" for writers of historical romances.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel had the good fortune to capture two pieces of artillery, but a
+dilemma arose as to how he should mount them without endangering the
+lives of some of his men. His ingenious brain was quick to solve the
+riddle. Dispatching some of his officers to the plantations near
+Jamestown, he had them to bring into his camp Madam Bacon (the wife of
+his cousin Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., President of the Council), Madam Bray,
+Madam Page, Madam Ballard, and other ladies of the households of members
+of his Majesty's Council who had remained loyal to the Governor. He then
+sent one of these fair ones, under escort, into Jamestown, to let her
+husband and the husbands of her companions know with what delicate and
+precious material their audacious foe was strengthening his fort, and to
+give them fair warning not to shoot. The remaining ladies (alas for the
+age of chivalry!) he stationed in front of his breastworks and kept them
+there until the captured "great guns" had been duly <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a>[<a href="./images/127.png">127</a>]</span>mounted; after
+which he sent them all safely home.</p>
+
+<p>Most truly was it said that Bacon "knit more knots by his own head in
+one day than all the hands in town were able to untie in a whole week!"</p>
+
+<p>So effectual a fortification did the glimmer of a few fluttering white
+aprons upon his breastworks prove to be, that, as though confronted by a
+line of warriors from Ghostland, the Governor's soldiers stood aghast,
+and powerless to level a gun, while to add still further to their
+discomfiture they had to bear with what grace they could command having
+their ladies dubbed the "guardian angels" of the rebel camp.</p>
+
+<p>The cannon mounted under such gentle protection were never given a
+chance to prove their service.</p>
+
+<p>Jamestown stood upon low ground, full of marshes and swamps. The
+climate, at all times malarious and unhealthy, was at this season made
+more so than usual by the hot September suns. There were no fresh water
+springs, and the water from the wells was brackish and unwholesome,
+making the <!-- Page 128 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a>[<a href="./images/128.png">128</a>]</span>place especially "improper for the commencement of a siege."
+While the Governor had the advantage of numbers, and his men were fresh
+and unwearied, Bacon had the greater advantage of motive. Sir William
+Berkeley's soldiers were bent upon plunder, and when they found that the
+Rebel's determined "hearts of gold" meant to keep them blocked up in
+such comfortless quarters, and that the prospects were that there was
+nothing to be gained in Sir William's service, they began to fall away
+from him in such numbers that, upon the day after the placing of Bacon's
+great guns, the old man found that there was nothing left for him but a
+second flight. That night he, with the gentlemen who remained true to
+him&mdash;about twenty in all&mdash;stole out of their stronghold in great
+secrecy, and taking to the ships, "fell silently down the river." The
+fleet came to anchor a few miles away, perhaps that those on board might
+reoccupy the town again as soon as the siege should be raised, perhaps
+that they might, in turn, block up the rebels in it if they should
+quarter there.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 129 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a>[<a href="./images/129.png">129</a>]</span>Bacon found a way to thwart either design.</p>
+
+<p>The first rays of morning light brought knowledge to the rebels that the
+Governor had fled, and that they were free to take possession of the
+deserted capital. That night, as Berkeley and his friends rocked on the
+river below, doubtless straining eyes and ears toward Jamestown, and
+eagerly awaiting news of Bacon's doings there, the sickening sight of
+jets of flame leaping skyward through the darkness told them in signals
+all too plain that the hospitable little city would shelter them
+nevermore.</p>
+
+<p>Filled with horror, they weighed anchor and sailed with as great speed
+as the winds would vouchsafe to bear them out of James River and across
+the Chesapeake's broad waters, where Governor Berkeley found, for a
+second time, a haven of refuge upon the shores of Accomac County.</p>
+
+<p>This great city of Jamestown, which though insignificant in number of
+inhabitants and in the area it covered, was a truly great city, for its
+achievements had been great, was thus laid low at the very <!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a>[<a href="./images/130.png">130</a>]</span>height of
+its modest magnificence and power. Though but little more than a half
+century old, it was already historic Jamestown, for with its foundations
+had been laid, in the virgin soil of a new world, the foundations of the
+Anglo-Saxon home, the Anglo-Saxon religion, and Anglo-Saxon law. This
+town, so small in size, so great in import, could proudly boast of a
+brick church, "faire and large," twelve new brick houses and half a
+dozen frame ones, with brick chimneys. There was also a brick state
+house the foundations of which have lately been discovered.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants are facetiously described by a writer of the time as for
+the most part "getting their livings by keeping ordinaries at
+<i>extra</i>-ordinary rates."</p>
+
+<p>"Thoughtful Mr. Lawrence"&mdash;devoted Mr. Lawrence (whose silver plate the
+Governor had not forgotten to carry off with him, for all his
+leave-taking was so abrupt)&mdash;and Mr. Drummond heroically began the work
+of ruin by setting the torch to their own substantial dwellings. The
+soldiers were quick to follow this example, and soon <!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a>[<a href="./images/131.png">131</a>]</span>all that remained
+of Jamestown was a memory, a heap of ashes, and a smoke-stained church
+tower, which still reaches heavenward and tells the wayfarer how the
+most enduring pile the builders of that first little capital of Virginia
+had heaped up was a Christian temple.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Drummond (to his honor be it said) rushed into the burning State
+House and rescued the official records of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter written the following February Sir William Berkeley said
+that Bacon entered Jamestown and "burned five houses of mine and twenty
+of other gentlemen's, and a very commodious church. They say he set to
+with his own sacrilegious hand."</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a>[<a href="./images/132.png">132</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>"THE PROSPEROUS REBEL."</h3>
+
+
+<p>The firebrand's uncanny work complete, Bacon marched his men back to
+"Green Spring" and quartered them there. That commodious plantation,
+noted among other things for its variety of fruits and its delightful
+spring water, must have been a welcome change from the trenches before
+Jamestown, haunted by malaria and mosquitoes.</p>
+
+<p>Comfortably established in Sir William Berkeley's own house, the Rebel's
+next step was to draw up an oath of fidelity to the people's cause,
+denouncing Sir William as a traitor and an enemy to the public good, and
+again binding his followers to resist any forces that might be sent from
+England until such time as his Majesty should "fully understand the
+miserable case of the country, <!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a>[<a href="./images/133.png">133</a>]</span>and the justice of our proceedings," and
+if they should find themselves no longer strong enough to defend their
+"lives and liberties," to quit the colony rather than submit to "any
+such miserable a slavery" as they had been undergoing.</p>
+
+<p>Though the "prosperous rebel," as the Royal Commissioners call Bacon,
+had now everything his own way, his hour of triumph was marked by
+dignity and moderation. Even those who opposed him bore witness that he
+"was not bloodily inclined in the whole progress of this rebellion." He
+had only one man&mdash;a deserter&mdash;executed, and even in that case he
+declared that he would spare the victim if any single one of his
+soldiers would speak a word to save him. The Royal Commissioners, who
+had made a careful study of Bacon's character, expressed the belief that
+he at last had the poor fellow's life taken, not from cruelty, but as a
+wholesome object-lesson for his army.</p>
+
+<p>He suggested an exchange of prisoners of war to Berkeley&mdash;offering the
+Reverend John Clough (minister at Jamestown), <!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a>[<a href="./images/134.png">134</a>]</span>Captain Thomas Hawkins,
+and Major John West, in return for Captain Carver (of whose execution,
+it seems, he had not heard), Bland, and Farloe. Governor Berkeley
+scorned to consider the proposition, and instead of releasing the
+gentlemen asked for, afterward sent the remaining two after the luckless
+Captain Carver, although Bacon spared the lives of all those he had
+offered in exchange, and though Mr. Bland's friends in England had
+procured the King's pardon for him, which he pleaded at his trial was
+even then in the Governor's pocket.</p>
+
+<p>Though Bacon himself was never accused of putting any one to death in
+cold blood, or of plundering any house, he found that the people began
+to complain bitterly of the depredations, rudeness, and disorder of his
+men. He therefore set a strict discipline over his army and became more
+moderate than ever himself.</p>
+
+<p>After a few days' rest at "Green Spring" the Rebel marched on to
+Tindall's Point, Gloucester County, where he made the home <!-- Page 135 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a>[<a href="./images/135.png">135</a>]</span>of Colonel
+Augustine Warner, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, his headquarters.
+From there he sent out a notice to all the people of the county to meet
+him at the court-house for the purpose of taking his oath.</p>
+
+<p>His plans were now suddenly interrupted by a report from Rappahannock
+County that Colonel Brent, who, it seems, had gone over to the
+Governor's side, was advancing upon him at the head of eleven hundred
+militia. No sooner had he heard this news than he ordered the drums to
+beat up his soldiers, under their colors, and told them of the strength
+of the approaching army, and of Brent's "resolution" to fight him, and
+"demanded theirs."</p>
+
+<p>With their wonted heartiness, his men made answer in "shouts and
+acclamations, while the drums thunder a march to meet the promised
+conflict."</p>
+
+<p>Thus encouraged, Bacon set out without delay to give the enemy even an
+earlier chance to unload his guns than he had bargained for. He had been
+on the march for several days when, instead of meeting a <!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a>[<a href="./images/136.png">136</a>]</span>hostile army,
+he was greeted with the cheerful tidings that Brent's followers, who
+were described as "men, not soldiers," had left their commander to
+"shift for himself." They had heard how the Rebel had beat the Governor
+out of town, and lest he should "beat them out of their lives," some of
+them determined to keep a safe distance from him, while most of them
+unblushingly deserted to him, deeming it the part of wisdom "with the
+Persians, to go and worship the rising sun."</p>
+
+<p>Bacon now hastened back to Gloucester Court House to meet the county
+folk there, in accordance with his appointment. The cautious denizens of
+Gloucester, reckoning that in such uncertain times there might be danger
+in declaring too warmly for either the one side or the other, petitioned
+through Councillor Cole, who acted as spokesman, that they might be
+excused from taking the oath of fidelity, and "indulged in the benefit
+of neutrality." Lukewarmness in his service was a thing wholly new to
+Bacon, and utterly contemptible in his eyes. He haughtily refused to
+grant so unworthy a <!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a>[<a href="./images/137.png">137</a>]</span>request, telling those who made it that they put
+him in mind of the worst of sinners, who desired to be saved with the
+righteous, "yet would do nothing whereby they might obtain their
+salvation."</p>
+
+<p>He was about to leave the place in disgust when one of the neutrals
+stopped him and told him that he had only spoken "to the horse"&mdash;meaning
+the troopers&mdash;and had said nothing to the "foot."</p>
+
+<p>Bacon cuttingly made answer that he had "spoken to the men, and not to
+the horse, having left that service for him to do, because one beast
+would best understand the meaning of another."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wading, a parson, not only refused to take the oath himself, but
+tried to persuade others against it, whereupon Bacon had him arrested,
+telling him that "it was his place to preach in the church&mdash;not in the
+camp," and that in the one place he might say what he pleased, in the
+other only what Bacon pleased, "unless he could fight better than he
+could preach."</p>
+
+<p>It was clearly the clause regarding resistance of the English forces
+that made the <!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a>[<a href="./images/138.png">138</a>]</span>people suspicious and afraid of the oath. John Goode, a
+Virginia planter, and a near neighbor of Bacon's, had been one of the
+first among the volunteers to enlist under him, but afterward went over
+to Governor Berkeley. He wrote the Governor a letter reporting a
+conversation between himself and Bacon which he said they had had upon
+the second of September. This must have been during Bacon's last Indian
+march, and about ten days before the siege of Jamestown.</p>
+
+<p>According to Goode, Bacon had spoken to him of a rumor that the King had
+sent two thousand "red-coats" to put down the insurgents, saying that if
+it were true he believed that the Virginians could beat them&mdash;having the
+advantages of knowing the country, understanding how to make ambuscades,
+etc., and being accustomed to the climate&mdash;which last would doubtless
+play havoc in the King's army.</p>
+
+<p>Goode writes that he discouraged resistance of the "red-coats," and
+charged Bacon with designing a total overthrow of the Mother Country's
+government in Virginia&mdash;to <!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a>[<a href="./images/139.png">139</a>]</span>which Bacon coolly made answer, "Have not
+many princes lost their dominions in like manner?" and frankly expressed
+the opinion that not only Virginia, but Maryland and Carolina would cast
+off his Majesty's yoke as soon as they should become strong enough.</p>
+
+<p>The writer adds that Bacon furthermore suggested that if the people
+could not obtain redress for their grievances from the Crown, and have
+the privilege of electing their own governors, they might "retire to
+Roanoke," and that he then "fell into a discourse of seating a
+plantation in a great island in the river as a fit place to retire to
+for a refuge."</p>
+
+<p>Goode describes his horror at such a daring suggestion, and says he
+assured Bacon that he would get no aid from him in carrying it out, and
+that the Rebel replied that he was glad to know his mind, but charged
+that "this dread of putting his hand to the promoting" of such a design
+was prompted by cowardice, and that Goode's attitude would seem to hint
+that a gentleman <!-- Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a>[<a href="./images/140.png">140</a>]</span>engaged as he (Bacon) was, must either "fly or hang
+for it."</p>
+
+<p>The writer says that he suggested to the Rebel that "a seasonable
+submission to authority and acknowledgment of errors past" would be the
+wisest course for one in his ticklish position, and, after giving this
+prudent advice, Mr. Goode, fearing that alliance with Bacon was growing
+to be a risky business, asked leave to go home for a few days, which was
+granted, and he never saw the Rebel again&mdash;for which, he piously adds,
+he was very thankful.</p>
+
+<p>Gloucester folk, who evidently did not realize as fully as Mr. Goode
+that discretion is the better part of valor, finally came to terms, and
+took the dangerous oath. Six hundred men are said to have subscribed to
+it in one place, besides others in other parts of the county.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon next turned his attention to making plans for the regulation of
+affairs in the colony. One of his schemes was to visit all "the northern
+parts of Virginia," and inquire personally into their needs, so as to
+meet them as seemed most fit. He appointed <!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a>[<a href="./images/141.png">141</a>]</span>a committee to look after
+the south side of James River, and inquire into the plundering reported
+to have been done there by his army; another committee was to be always
+with the army, with authority to restrain rudeness, disorder, and
+depredations, while still another was to have the management of the
+Indian war.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a>[<a href="./images/142.png">142</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>DEATH OF BACON AND END OF THE REBELLION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Full many "knots" the busy brain of Bacon was "knitting" indeed, among
+them a design to go over to the Eastern Shore, where Sir William
+Berkeley was still in retreat, and return the "kind-hearted visit" which
+Sir William and his Accomac eight hundred had made Hansford and the
+other Baconians at Jamestown, during his absence, and that the
+Accomackians might be ready to give him a warm reception, he had his
+coming heralded with meet ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The "prosperous Rebel" was never to see the fulfilment of his hopes and
+purposes, however. The week of exposure to the damps and vapors of the
+Jamestown swamps, during the siege, added to the physical and mental
+strain he had been <!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a>[<a href="./images/143.png">143</a>]</span>under since the beginning of the Rebellion, had done
+its deadly work. The dauntless and brilliant young General met an
+unexpected and, for the first time during his career, an unprepared-for
+enemy in the deadly fever, against which he had no weapon of defense.</p>
+
+<p>It is written that he was "besieged by sickness" at the house of Mr.
+Pate, in Gloucester. He made the brave struggle that was to be expected
+from one of his fibre, but at length, upon the first day of October, he
+who had seemed invincible to human foes "surrendered up that fort he was
+no longer able to keep into the hands of that grim and all-conquering
+captain, Death."</p>
+
+<p>He died much dissatisfied in mind at leaving his work unfinished, and
+"inquiring ever and anon after the arrival of the frigates and forces
+from England."</p>
+
+<p>Sir William Berkeley, writing of his enemy's illness and death in a tone
+of great satisfaction, says that Bacon swore his "usual oath"&mdash;"God damn
+my blood!"&mdash;at least "a thousand times a day," and that <!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a>[<a href="./images/144.png">144</a>]</span>"God so
+infected his blood" that it bred vermin in "an incredible number," to
+which "God added" his sickness. Sir William adds that "an honest
+minister"&mdash;evidently one of the Governor's own adherents&mdash;wrote an
+epitaph upon Bacon declaring that he was "sorry" at his "heart" that
+vermin and disease "should act the hangman's part."</p>
+
+<p>Was this "honest minister" the Reverend Mr. Wading&mdash;the same whom Bacon
+had arrested and debarred from "preaching in camp"? Perhaps, but the
+deponent saith not.</p>
+
+<p>Those who had loved the Rebel in life were faithful to him in death, and
+tenderly laid his body away beyond the reach of the insults of his
+enemies. So closely guarded was the secret of the place and manner of
+his burial that it is unto this day a mystery; but tradition has it that
+stones were placed in his coffin and he was put to bed beneath the deep
+waters of the majestic York River, whose waves chant him a perpetual
+"<i>requiescat in pace</i>."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a>[<a href="./images/145.png">145</a>]</span>A feeble attempt was made by Bacon's followers, under Ingram as
+commander-in-chief, to carry on the rebellion, but in their leader the
+people of Virginia had not only lost their "hope and darling" but the
+organizer, the inspiration of their party. Their "arms, though ne'er so
+strong," wanted the "aid of his commanding tongue." Without Bacon the
+movement was as a ship without captain, pilot, or even guiding star. As
+soon as the news of his death was carried across the Chesapeake, to
+Berkeley, the Governor sent a party of men, under command of Maj. Robert
+Beverley, in a sloop over to York to reconnoiter. These "snapped up,"
+young Colonel Hansford and about twenty soldiers who kept guard under
+his command at Colonel Reade's house, and sailed away with them to
+Accomac. Upon his arrival there Hansford was accorded the unenviable
+"honor to be the first Virginian that ever was hanged" (which probably
+means the first Englishman born in Virginia), while the soldiers under
+him were cast into prison. The young officer met <!-- Page 146 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a>[<a href="./images/146.png">146</a>]</span>his death, heroically,
+asking of men no other favor than that he might be "shot, like a
+soldier, and not hanged, like a dog" (which was heartlessly denied him),
+and praying Heaven to forgive his sins.</p>
+
+<p>With his last breath Colonel Hansford protested that he "died a loyal
+subject and a lover of his country, and that he had never taken up arms
+but for the destruction of the Indians, who had murdered so many
+Christians."</p>
+
+<p>Major Cheesman and Captain Wilford, who was the son of a knight, and was
+but "a little man, yet had a great heart, and was known to be no
+coward," were taken by the same party that captured Hansford, and
+Wilford was hanged, while Cheesman only escaped a like fate by dying in
+prison, of hard usage.</p>
+
+<p>When Major Cheesman was brought into the Governor's presence and asked
+why he had taken up arms with Bacon, his devoted and heroic wife stepped
+forward and declared that she had persuaded him to do so, and upon her
+knees pleaded that she might be executed in his stead.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a>[<a href="./images/147.png">147</a>]</span>Berkeley answered her with insult, and ordered that her husband be taken
+to prison.</p>
+
+<p>Encouraged by Major Beverley's "nimble and timely service" in ridding
+him of so many Baconians, Berkeley, with an armed force, took ship and
+sailed in person to York River. A party of his soldiers under one
+Farrill, and accompanied by Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, President of the
+Council, and Colonel Ludwell, who went along to see the thing well done,
+made an unsuccessful attack upon a garrison of Baconians under Major
+Whaly, at President Bacon's own house. During the fray Farrill was
+killed and some of his men were taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Another party of the Governor's troops which, under command of Maj.
+Lawrence Smith, had taken possession of Mr. Pate's house, where the
+Rebel died, was besieged by the Baconians, under Ingram. Although Major
+Smith was said to have been "a gentleman that in his time had hewed out
+many a knotty piece of work," and so the better knew how to handle such
+rugged fellows as the Baconians were famed to be, "he <!-- Page 148 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a>[<a href="./images/148.png">148</a>]</span>only saved
+himself by leaving his men in the lurch."</p>
+
+<p>The whole party tamely surrendered to Ingram, who dismissed them all to
+their homes, unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of these little victories, however, the Rebellion was doomed.
+Only a few days after his raid upon Pate's house, Ingram decided to give
+up the struggle, and made terms with Captain Grantham, of Governor
+Berkeley's following.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor's own home, "Green Spring," which Bacon had left in charge
+of about a hundred men and boys, under command of Captain Drew, now
+stood ready to throw open its doors once more to its master.</p>
+
+<p>It was said that the "main service that was done for the reducing the
+rebels to their obedience, was done by the seamen and commanders of
+ships then riding in the rivers." In the lower part of Surry County,
+upon the banks of James River, stands an ancient brick mansion, still
+known as "Bacon's Castle," which tradition says was fortified by the
+Rebel. This relic of <!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a>[<a href="./images/149.png">149</a>]</span>the famous rebellion is mentioned in the records
+as "Allen's Brick House," where Bacon had a guard under Major Rookins.
+The place was captured by a force from the Governor's ship <i>Young
+Prince</i>, Robert Morris, commander. Major Rookins, being "taken in open
+rebellion," was one of those afterward sentenced to death by court
+martial, at "Green Spring," but was so happy as to die in prison and
+thus, like Major Cheesman, cheat the gallows.</p>
+
+<p>Drummond and Lawrence alone remained inflexible, in command of a brick
+house in New Kent County, on the opposite side of the river from where
+Grantham and the Governor's forces were quartered. Seeing that they
+could not long hold out against such odds, but determined not to
+surrender to Berkeley, or to become his prisoners, they at length fled
+from their stronghold.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Mr. Drummond was overtaken by some of the Governor's soldiers in
+Chickahominy Swamp, half starved. He had been from the very beginning
+one of the staunchest adherents of Bacon and the people's party. A
+friend had advised him to be <!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a>[<a href="./images/150.png">150</a>]</span>cautious in his opposition to the
+Governor, but the only answer he deigned to make was, "I am in over
+shoes, I will be in over boots."</p>
+
+<p>And he was as good as his word. When he was brought under arrest, before
+Berkeley, Sir William greeted him with a low bow, saying, in mock
+hospitality:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Drummond, you are very welcome. I am more glad to see you than any
+man in Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half an hour."</p>
+
+<p>The sturdy Scotchman replied, with perfect equanimity, and like show of
+courtesy:</p>
+
+<p>"What your Honor pleases."</p>
+
+<p>Sir William, too, was for once as good as his word, and the sentence was
+executed without delay.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Berkeley was evidently bent upon enjoying whatever satisfaction
+was to be found in the humiliation and death of his enemies. Those who
+shared Mr. Drummond's fate numbered no less than twenty, among them
+Bacon's friend and neighbor, Captain James Crews.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a>[<a href="./images/151.png">151</a>]</span>The end of "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence" is not known. When last seen he, in
+company with four other Baconians, mounted and armed, was making good
+his escape through a snow ankle deep. They were supposed to have cast
+themselves into some river rather than die by Sir William Berkeley's
+rope.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lawrence was thought by many to have been the chief instigator of
+the Rebellion, and it was rumored that it was he that laid the stones in
+Bacon's coffin.</p>
+
+<p>By the middle of January of the new year the whole colony had been
+reduced to submission, and upon January 22 Governor Berkeley went home
+to "Green Spring," and issued a summons for an Assembly to meet at his
+own house&mdash;for since the destruction of Jamestown the colony was without
+a legislative hall.</p>
+
+<p>Sir William sent a message to the Assembly directing that some mark of
+distinction be set upon his loyal friends of Accomac, who had twice
+given him shelter during the uprising. It fell to the lot of a Baconian,
+Col. Augustine Warner, as Speaker of the <!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a>[<a href="./images/152.png">152</a>]</span>House, to read the Governor's
+message, but that fiery gentleman consoled himself by adding, upon his
+own account, that he did not know what the "distinction" should be
+unless to give them "earmarks or burnt marks"&mdash;which was the common
+manner of branding criminals and hogs.</p>
+
+<p>So many persons had been put to death by Governor Berkeley, "divers
+whereof were persons of honest reputations and handsome estates," and
+among them some of the members of the last Assembly, that the new
+Assembly petitioned him to spill no more blood. A member from
+Northumberland, Mr. William Presley by name, said that he "believed the
+Governor would have hanged half the country if they had let him alone."</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty King Charles II is said to have declared when accounts of
+Berkeley's punishment of the rebels reached his ears, that the "old fool
+had hanged more men in that naked country than he [Charles] had done for
+the murder of his father."</p>
+
+<p>With the completion of Sir William Berkeley's wholesale and pitiless
+revenge <!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a>[<a href="./images/153.png">153</a>]</span>fell the curtain upon the final act in the tragedy of Bacon's
+Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the country was quiet many suits were brought by members of
+the Governor's party for damages to their property during the commotion.
+These suits serve to show how widespread throughout the colony was the
+uprising.</p>
+
+<p>The records of Henrico County contain sundry charges of depredations
+committed by Bacon's soldiers, showing that the people's cause was
+strong in that section. Major John Lewis, of Middlesex, laid claim of
+damages at the hands of "one Matt Bentley," with "forty or fifty
+men-of-arms," in the "time of the late rebellion." Major Lewis's
+inventory of his losses includes "400 meals" (which he declares were
+eaten at his house by Bacon's men during their two days encampment on
+his plantation), the killing of some of his stock, and carrying off of
+meal "for the whole rebel army," at Major Pate's house.</p>
+
+<p>The records of Westmoreland County show that the Baconians, under
+"General" Thomas Goodrich, had control in the Northern <!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a>[<a href="./images/154.png">154</a>]</span>Neck of Virginia
+as late as November, 1676. Major Isaac Allerton, of Westmoreland,
+brought suit for thirteen thousand pounds of tobacco for damages his
+estate had suffered at the hands of a rebel garrison which had seized
+and fortified the house of his neighbor, Colonel John Washington. The
+jury gave him sixty-four hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Many illustrations of the unbroken spirit of Bacon's followers are
+preserved in the old records.</p>
+
+<p>When Stephen Mannering, the rebel officer who had given the order for
+the seizure of Colonel Washington's house, inquired how many prisoners
+had been taken there, and how they were armed, he was told fourteen,
+with "guns loaden." Whereupon he exclaimed that if he had been there
+with fourteen men, he would "uphold the house from five hundred men, or
+else die at their feet."</p>
+
+<p>Mannering furthermore expressed the opinion that "General Ingram was a
+cowardly, treacherous dog for laying down his arms, or otherwise he
+would die himself at the face of his enemies."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a>[<a href="./images/155.png">155</a>]</span>John Pygott, of Henrico, showed how far from recantation he was by
+uttering a curse against all men who would not "pledge the juice and
+quintessence of Bacon."</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a>[<a href="./images/156.png">156</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XV.</h2>
+
+<h3>PEACE RESTORED.</h3>
+
+
+<p>About the time of meeting of the "Green Spring" Assembly, a small fleet
+arrived from England, bringing the long-looked-for "red-coats" and also
+three gentlemen&mdash;Sir John Berry, Colonel Herbert Jeffreys, and Colonel
+Francis Moryson&mdash;commissioned by the King to inquire into and report
+upon the state of affairs in the colony. His Majesty's "red-coats" found
+that their services were not needed, but the conciliatory attitude of
+the "Commissioners" doubtless aided in restoring peace, and their
+official report makes interesting reading. In a tactful address to the
+Assembly they expressed the hope that the "debates and consultations" of
+that body might be for the "glory of God, the honor of his most sacred
+Majesty, and the happy restoration, <!-- Page 157 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a>[<a href="./images/157.png">157</a>]</span>public good, and long lasting
+welfare and resettlement of this so miserable, shattered, and lacerated
+colony," and that the Assembly might gain for itself the "name and
+memorable reputation of the <i>healing</i> Assembly," and in order that it
+might be the "more truly styled so," the Commissioners advised that it
+would thoroughly "inspect and search into the depth and yet hidden root
+and course of these late rebellious distempers that have broke out and
+been so contagious and spreading over the whole country," that it might
+thus decide "what apt and wholesome laws" might be "most properly
+applied, not only to prevent the like evil consequences for the future
+but also effectually to staunch and heal the fresh and bleeding wounds
+these unnatural wars have caused among you, that there may as few and
+small scars and marks remain, as you in your prudent care and tenderness
+can possibly bring them to."</p>
+
+<p>They "most heartily" assured the Assembly that in accordance with "his
+Majesty's royal commission," granted to them, <!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a>[<a href="./images/158.png">158</a>]</span>"under the great seal of
+England," and his "instructions therewith given," they would "most
+readily assist, promote and advise" it, and would be "happy" to bear
+home to his Majesty the "burthens" which had disturbed "that peace and
+tranquillity which his good subjects had so long enjoyed under his
+Majesty's happy government," and which "by reason of the great and
+remote distance" of Virginia from "the usual place of his royal
+residence," could not be "so easily made known to him" as the troubles
+of "other his subjects who live at a nearer distance." They promised
+that the people's grievances, "be they few or many, great or less,"
+should be received and "most sincerely reported" to the King, who, they
+declared, "out of his royal favor and compassion" had been pleased to
+promise a "speedy redress thereof, as to his royal wisdom shall seem
+meet."</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners furthermore promised to aid in bringing about a "truly
+good and just peace" with the Indians, and exhorted the Virginians to
+keep peace among themselves, that the Indians might not <!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a>[<a href="./images/159.png">159</a>]</span>again "look on"
+while they were "murdering, burning, plundering and ruining one another,
+without remorse or consideration." They recommended to the Assembly
+various measures for the relief of the people's grievances&mdash;among them
+reduction of salaries of the Burgesses to "such moderate rates as may
+render them less grievous and burdensome to the country," a new election
+of representatives every two years, cutting off the allowance for
+"liquors drank by any members of committees," and other perquisites for
+which the "tithable polls" had to pay so dearly.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners refused to consider anonymous complaints, but
+appointed Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays as days to receive and examine
+"grievances" that were duly signed and sworn to.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners' address to the Assembly is dated, "Swann's Point,
+Feb. 27th, 1676-7," and is signed, "Your friends to serve you, Herbert
+Jeffreys, John Berry, Francis Moryson."</p>
+
+<p>In a proclamation dated "Whitehall, October 27, 1676," the King declared
+that <!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a>[<a href="./images/160.png">160</a>]</span>every man engaged in the Rebellion who would submit to the
+government and take the oath of obedience within twenty days after the
+royal proclamation should be published, would be "pardoned and forgiven
+the rebellion and treason by him committed," and "be free from all
+punishments for or by reason of the same."</p>
+
+<p>Upon February 10 of the following year Sir William Berkeley published at
+"Green Spring" a proclamation, similar to that of his Majesty, save that
+it announced the "exception and expulsion of divers and sundry persons"
+from the offer of pardon.</p>
+
+<p>Upon May 15 still another proclamation was issued from Whitehall,
+wherein his Majesty condemned Governor Berkeley's proclamation as "so
+different from ours and so derogatory to our princely clemency toward
+all our subjects," that it was declared to be of "no validity," and his
+Majesty's own directions were ordered to be "punctually obeyed in all
+points."</p>
+
+<p>When the fleet of the Royal Commissioners sailed again for England, Sir
+William Berkeley sailed with it to plead his own <!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a>[<a href="./images/161.png">161</a>]</span>side of the question
+before King Charles. Happily for himself, perhaps, he died not long
+after he reached his native land, and without having seen the King. In a
+letter written "on board Sir John Berry's ship," however (which has
+already been quoted), he expressed some very energetic opinions
+concerning Bacon and the Rebellion, which still live to bear witness to
+the bitter old man's views.</p>
+
+<p>In an address to the Assembly in June, 1680, Governor Berkeley's
+successor, Governor Jeffreys&mdash;the same Jeffreys that had been a Royal
+Commissioner&mdash;reminded the Virginians how the King had pardoned "all
+persons whatever" that had engaged in the uprising, "except Bacon that
+died and Lawrence that fled away," and added, "as his Majesty hath
+forgot it himself, he doth expect this to be the last time of your
+remembering the late Rebellion, and shall look upon them to be ill men
+that rub the sore by using any future reproaches or terms of distinction
+whatever."</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a>[<a href="./images/162.png">162</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>XVI.</h2>
+
+<h3>CONCLUSION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>And was Bacon's Rebellion, then, a failure? Far from it. Judged by its
+results, it was indeed a signal success, for though the gallant leader
+himself was cut down by disease at a moment when he himself felt that he
+had but begun his work, though many of the bravest of his men paid for
+their allegiance to the popular cause upon the scaffold, that cause was
+won&mdash;not lost. Most of the people's grievances were relieved by the
+reforms in the administration of the government, and the re-enactment of
+Bacon's Laws made the relief permanent. The worst of all the
+grievances&mdash;the Indian atrocities&mdash;was removed once and forever, for
+Bacon had inspired the savages with a wholesome fear of the pale faces,
+so that many of them removed their settlements to <!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a>[<a href="./images/163.png">163</a>]</span>a safe distance from
+their English neighbors, and a general treaty of peace, which seems to
+have been faithfully kept, was effected with the others. And so the
+colonists never had any more trouble with the red men until they began
+to make settlements beyond the Blue Ridge.</p>
+
+<p>According to a deposition made by "Great Peter, the great man of the
+Nansemond Indians," the Weyanoke tribe, "when Bacon disturbed the
+Indians," fled to their former settlements upon Roanoke River, in North
+Carolina. In 1711 some "old men of the Nottaway Indians" upon being
+asked if they knew anything of the return of the Weyanokes to Carolina
+replied, "They did go thither for they were afraid of Squire Bacon, and
+therefore were resolved to go to their own land."</p>
+
+<p>Lovely woman flits in and out through the whole story of Bacon's
+Rebellion, touching up the narrative here and there with the interest
+her presence always creates. First there is the fair and fascinating
+young wife of Sir William Berkeley, said to have turned his head in his
+old age. A beautiful <!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a>[<a href="./images/164.png">164</a>]</span>portrait of her remains to make excuses for the
+bewitched husband's weakness. She seems to have been capable of
+excessive irony upon occasion. The Royal Commissioners indignantly
+complained that when they went ashore and called upon Lady Frances
+Berkeley she received them courteously and sent them back to the wharf,
+in state, in the Governor's coach, but they afterward found that the
+coachman she chose to drive them was the "common hangman."</p>
+
+<p>Then there is the brave-hearted young bride of the Rebel, trembling with
+fears for his safety, no doubt, but exulting in his popularity, and
+writing home to tell about it.</p>
+
+<p>We have a series of characteristic pictures in the dusky "Queen of
+Pamunkey" upbraiding the Virginians for the death of her consort, the
+"mighty Totapotamoy"; the house-wives running out of their homes to see
+the victorious Rebel pass and heap him with blessings and gifts of food;
+the white-aproned ladies guarding the Rebel fort from the guns of their
+own husbands, <!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a>[<a href="./images/165.png">165</a>]</span>and, at the end of all, the wife of Major Cheesman upon
+her knees before the Governor, praying to be hanged in her husband's
+place. Madam Sarah Drummond seems to have been as ardent an admirer of
+Bacon as her husband. When others were hesitating for fear of what his
+Majesty's "red-coats" might do, she picked up a stick and broke it in
+two, saying, "I fear the power of England no more than a broken straw."</p>
+
+<p>The only child left by Nathaniel Bacon was a daughter, Mary, born a
+short time before or after his death, and through her many can claim
+descent from the Rebel, though none of them bear his name. She grew, in
+due time, to womanhood, and married, in England, Hugh Chamberlain, a
+famous doctor of medicine and physician to Queen Anne, and became the
+mother of three daughters. The eldest of these, Mary, died a spinster,
+the second, Anna Maria, became the wife of the Right Honorable Edward
+Hopkins, who was a Member of Parliament for Coventry in the time of
+<!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a>[<a href="./images/166.png">166</a>]</span>William III and Anne, and Secretary of State for Ireland. The third
+daughter, Charlotte, married Richard Luther, Esq., of Essex, England.</p>
+
+<p>Young Madam Bacon, so early and tragically widowed, was married twice
+afterward&mdash;first becoming Madam Jarvis and later Madam Mole. Devoid of
+romance as this record sounds, her first love affair and marriage had
+not been without a strong flavor of that captivating element. The young
+woman's father, Sir Edward Duke, for reasons unknown, opposed the match
+with "Nat" Bacon and provided in his will that his bequest to her of
+£2,000 should be forfeited if she should persist in marrying "one
+Bacon." That Mistress Elizabeth gave up her fortune for him, is but
+another proof of the Rebel's charm.</p>
+
+<p>Later, as Madam Jarvis, she and her husband brought suit for a share in
+her father's estate, but the Lord Chancellor decided against her, and
+gave as his opinion that her father had been right&mdash;"such an example of
+presumptuous disobedience highly meriting such punishment; she being
+<!-- Page 167 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a>[<a href="./images/167.png">167</a>]</span>only prohibited to marry with one man by name, and nothing in the whole
+fair garden of Eden would serve her but this forbidden fruit."</p>
+
+<p>Had Nathaniel Bacon's life been spared, who can say what its
+possibilities might or might not have been? His brief career was that of
+a meteor&mdash;springing in the twinkling of an eye into a dazzling being,
+dashing headlong upon its brilliant way, then going out in mystery,
+leaving only the memory of an existence that was all fire and motion. If
+he had lived a hundred years later the number of heroes of the American
+Revolution would doubtless have been increased by one&mdash;and his name
+would have been at the top of the list, or near it.</p>
+
+<p>For about two hundred years after the episode of Bacon's Rebellion, in
+the history of Virginia, there was no light by which to view it other
+than such as was afforded by a few meagre accounts of persons opposed to
+it. It is only by the most painstaking and judicious sifting of these
+contemporary and sometimes vexingly conflicting statements, <!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a>[<a href="./images/168.png">168</a>]</span>diligent
+study of the period, and research into official colonial records, of
+late years unearthed, that the truth of the matter can be arrived at.</p>
+
+<p>Unveiled by such investigation, the character of Bacon seems to have
+been (while of course he had his faults like other mortals)
+self-sacrificing to a heroic degree, sincere, unmercenary, and
+high-minded. If otherwise, it nowhere is revealed, even by the
+chronicles of his enemies, who while they frown upon his course cannot
+hide their admiration of the man. Such of his followers as lived to tell
+the story of the struggle from their own point of view doubtless dared
+not commit it to paper. If his intrepid and accomplished friends,
+Drummond and Lawrence, had lived, they might have left some testimony
+which would have prevented the world from misjudging him as it did
+through so many generations, though, after all, no musty document could
+speak so clearly in his behalf as does the fact that they like so many
+others, were ready to give their lives for him. A fire-brand! Perhaps
+so; for some <!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a>[<a href="./images/169.png">169</a>]</span>sores caustic is a necessary remedy. Profane? That he
+undoubtedly was, but plain speech was a part of the time he lived in,
+and a people settled in a wilderness and driven to desperation by hard
+times and the constant fear of violent death would hardly have chosen
+for their leader in a movement to redress their wrongs a man of mincing
+manners or methods. The only memorial of him left by a friendly hand,
+now remaining, is a bit of rhyme entitled, "Bacon's Epitaph made by his
+man," which truly prophesied,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"None shall dare his obsequies to sing<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In deserv'd measures, until time shall bring<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Truth crown'd with freedom, and from danger free<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To sound his praise to all posterity."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a>[<a href="./images/170.png">170</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a>[<a href="./images/171.png">171</a>]</span></p>
+<h2><i>APPENDIX.</i></h2>
+
+<p class="p3"><i>Original Sources of Information for "The Story of Bacon's Rebellion."</i></p>
+
+
+<p>Most of the official records and other contemporary manuscript
+documents&mdash;including private letters&mdash;which supply material for a
+history of Bacon's Rebellion have been printed and copies of them may be
+found in collections of <i>Virginiana</i> owned by historical societies and
+libraries.</p>
+
+<p>No one of these documents, however, sheds more than an imperfect
+side-light upon this interesting subject. To understand the man Bacon,
+and the merits of the rebellion led by him, familiarity with all
+contemporary evidences, and a painstaking sifting of them, is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>From the aforesaid evidences the author of this modest work has made a
+sincere attempt to draw the real facts, bit by bit, and to patch them
+together into a true story.</p>
+
+<p>The items of the list which here follows <!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a>[<a href="./images/172.png">172</a>]</span>have not been arranged in
+chronological order&mdash;indeed, a number of the most important papers bear
+no date. The collections where the original manuscripts may be or once
+could have been found are indicated by italics. In some instances it has
+been impossible to locate the original.</p>
+
+<p>The British Public Record Office is referred to as P. R. O. and Colonial
+Papers and Colonial Entry Books mentioned are classes of records in that
+great depository.</p>
+
+<p>The list does not include the abstracts in the English Calendar of State
+Papers, and the acts in Hening's Statutes at Large of Virginia. All the
+papers referred to are full copies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="sectctr"><i>THE LIST.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Beginning, Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia
+in the year 1675 and 1676. Known as "T. M's" account&mdash;printed in the
+<i>Richmond (Va.) Enquirer</i>, Sept., 1804, from the original, formerly in
+the <i>Harleian Collection</i>, subsequently included in <i>Force's Tracts</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 173 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a>[<a href="./images/173.png">173</a>]</span>An account of our late troubles in Virginia written in 1676 by Mrs. An.
+Cotton of Q. Creeke. Published from the original manuscript in the
+<i>Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 1804, and afterward in Force's Tracts</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Virginia in the year 1675
+and 1676. A manuscript found among the papers of Captain Nathaniel
+Burwell of King William County, Virginia, first printed in Vol. 1, 2nd
+Series, <i>Massachusetts Historical Society Collection</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A List of those that have been Executed for the Late Rebellion in
+Virginia by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of that Colony. Printed in
+<i>Force's Tracts</i> from the original manuscript in the <i>British Museum</i>
+(<i>Harleian Collection</i>, Codex 6845, page 54) copied by <i>Robert Greenhow,
+Esq., of Virginia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strange Newse from Virginia, &amp;c. (Printed) London, 1677.</p>
+
+<p>Nathaniel Bacon's acknowledgement of offences, and request for pardon,
+June 9, 1676. <i>General Court "Deeds and Wills, 1670-1677."</i> <i>Hening's
+Statutes at Large of Virginia</i>, II, 543.</p>
+
+<p>A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late
+Rebellion in <!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a>[<a href="./images/174.png">174</a>]</span>Virginia. * * * By His Majesty's Commissioners. <i>P. R. O.
+Col. Papers</i>, XLI, 79. Va. Mag. Hist. &amp; Biog., IV., 117-154.</p>
+
+<p>Defence of Colonel Edward Hill. <i>P. R. O.</i> Va. Mag. Hist. &amp; Biog., III,
+239-252, 341-349; IV, 1-15.</p>
+
+<p>Charles City County Grievances, May 10, 1677. <i>P. R. O.</i> Va. Mag. Hist.
+&amp; Biog., III, 132-160.</p>
+
+<p>William Byrd's Relation of Bacon's Rebellion. Century Magazine (Edward
+Eggleston), Va. Mag. Hist. &amp; Biog., V, 220.</p>
+
+<p>Council and General Court Records. <i>Robinson Notes.</i> Va. Mag., VIII,
+411, 412; IX, 47, 306.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's Rebellion in Surry, County Court proceedings, July 4, 1677.
+<i>Surry Records.</i> Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, 125-126.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's Rebellion in Westmoreland County, depositions, &amp;c., in regard
+to, Oct. 21, Nov. 25, 1676, &amp;c. <i>Westmoreland Records.</i> Wm. &amp; Mary
+Quarterly, II, 43-49.</p>
+
+<p>Extracts from the records of Lower Norfolk County in regard to Capt.
+William Carver, June 15, 1675, Jan. 15, 1676. <i>Lower Norfolk Records.</i>
+Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, III, 163-164.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's Rebellion in Isle of Wight <!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a>[<a href="./images/175.png">175</a>]</span>County, entries in county records
+relating to, May 22, and July 14, 1677. <i>Isle of Wight Records.</i> Wm. &amp;
+Mary Quarterly, IV, 111-115.</p>
+
+<p>Indian War, Orders of Northumberland County Court in regard to, July 4th
+and 19th, and Sept. 20, 1676. <i>Northumberland Records.</i> Wm. &amp; Mary
+Quarterly, VIII, 24-27.</p>
+
+<p>Grievances of Cittenborne Parish, Rappahannock County, March, 1677. <i>P.
+R. O. Col. Papers</i>, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 62-63, also <i>Col. Entry Book</i>,
+LXXXI, pp. 300-302. Va. Mag., III, 35-42.</p>
+
+<p>Isle of Wight County Grievances, March, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Papers</i>,
+Vol. XXIX, Nos. 82-83, and <i>Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. LXXXI, pp. 316-319.
+Va. Mag., II, 390-392.</p>
+
+<p>Gloucester County Grievances, March, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 94, and <i>Col. Entry Bk.</i> No. 81, pp. 325-327. Va. Mag. II,
+166-169.</p>
+
+<p>Lower Norfolk County Grievances, March, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 95, and <i>Col. Entry Bk.</i> No. 81, pp. 327-328. Va. Mag., II,
+169-170.</p>
+
+<p>Surry County Grievances, March, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol. XXIX,
+Nos. 69-70, and <i>Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. 81, pp. 304-307. Va. Mag., II,
+170-173.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a>[<a href="./images/176.png">176</a>]</span>Northampton County Grievances, March, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 74, 75, and <i>Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. 81, pp. 309-312. Va. Mag.
+289-292.</p>
+
+<p>A Description of the fight between the English and the Indians in May,
+1676. <i>Egerton MSS.</i>, 2395. Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Philip Ludwell, Va., June 28, 1676, to Sir Joseph Williamson.
+<i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol. XXXVII, No. 16. Va. Mag. I, 174-186.</p>
+
+<p>Letters, William Sherwood, James City, June 1 and 28, 1676, to Sir
+Joseph Williamson. <i>P. R. O. Col. Papers</i>, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1 and No.
+17. Va. Mag. I, 167-174.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Virginia, June 29, 1676, from the wife of Nathaniel Bacon to her
+sister. <i>Egerton MSS.</i>, 2325. Va. Mag., V, 219-220. Wm. &amp; Mary
+Quarterly, IX, 4-5.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bacon's Account of the Troubles in Virginia, June 18, 1676. <i>Egerton
+MSS.</i>, 2395. Wm &amp; Mary Quarterly, IX, 6-10.</p>
+
+<p>Charter of Virginia, dated Oct. 10, 1676 (but never granted). <i>Bland
+MSS., Library of Congress and contemporary copy, Va. Historical
+Society.</i> Hening II, 532, 533; Burk's Virginia, II, lxii.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 177 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a>[<a href="./images/177.png">177</a>]</span>Proclamation by Charles II, Westminster, Oct. 10, 1676, granting pardon
+to the Governor and Assembly and other subjects in Virginia. <i>Pat. Roll,
+28 Car.</i> II, No. 11. Hening II, 423-424.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Governor Berkeley, Nov. 29, 1676, to Major Robert Beverley,
+<i>Beverley MSS.</i> Hening III, 568.</p>
+
+<p>General Court Proceedings, Sept. 28, 1677 (in regard to the Rebellion).
+<i>General Court Records.</i> Hening II, 557.</p>
+
+<p>General Court Proceedings, Oct. 26, 1677. <i>General Court Records.</i>
+Hening II, 557-558.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's Rebellion, Depositions, Nov. 15, 1677, in regard to Col. Thomas
+Swann's Conduct in. <i>Surry Records.</i> Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, XI, 80-81.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bird's Relation, who lived Nigh Mr. Bacon in Virginia * * *
+<i>Egerton MSS.</i>, 2395. Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, IX, 10.</p>
+
+<p>Proposals of Thos. Ludwell and Robert Smith, to the king, for reducing
+the rebels in Virginia [1676]. <i>P. R. O.</i> Va. Mag. I, 432-435.</p>
+
+<p>Petition of Thomas Bacon (father of Nathaniel) to the King, June (?)
+1676. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol. XXXVII, No. 15. Va. Mag., I, 430-431.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a>[<a href="./images/178.png">178</a>]</span>Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 11,
+1676-77. <i>General Court Records.</i> Hening II, 545-546.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 12,
+1676-77. <i>General Court Records.</i> Hening II, 546.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. <i>General
+Court Records.</i> Hening II, 547-548.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of Court Martial at Bray's House, Jan. 20, 1676-77. <i>General
+Court Records.</i> Hening II, 546-547.</p>
+
+<p>A True and faithful account in what condition we found your Majesty's
+Colony of Virginia, of our transactions, &amp;c., signed by the
+Commissioners Berry and Moryson. <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol. XXXVII, No.
+51. 427. Burk's Virginia II, 253-259.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. <i>General
+Court Records.</i> Hening II, 547-548.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 1, 1676-77. <i>General
+Court Records.</i> Hening II, 548.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 8, 1676-77. <i>General
+Court Records.</i> Hening II, 549-550.</p>
+
+<p>Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 9, 10, 15, 16, 17,
+22, 1676-77. <i>General Court Records.</i> Hening II, 550-556.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>[<a href="./images/179.png">179</a>]</span>Nathaniel Bacon's Manifesto Concerning the present troubles in Virginia
+(<i>n. d.</i>) <i>P. R. O. Col. Pap.</i>, Vol. XXXVII, No. 51. Va. Mag. I, 55-58.</p>
+
+<p>The Declaration of the People, By Bacon. Aug. 3, 1676. <i>P. R. O.</i>, Vol.
+XXXVII, No. 41. Va. Mag., I, 59-61. Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 184-186.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon's Appeal to the People of Accomac (<i>n. d.</i>). <i>P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk.</i>, Vol. 81, pp. 254-263. Va. Mag., I, 61-63.</p>
+
+<p>Orders of the General Assembly at Session begun Feb. 26, 1676-77.
+<i>Northumberland Co. MS.</i> Hening II, 401-406.</p>
+
+<p>Additional instructions from the King to Governor Berkeley, Whitehall,
+Nov. 13, 1676. <i>P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. 80, pp. 111-114. (In the
+English Cal. Col. State Papers, these instructions are dated Oct. 13; in
+Hening, Nov. 13.) Hening II, 424-426.</p>
+
+<p>Surry County, submission of Bacon's followers in, Feb. 6, 1677. <i>Surry
+Records.</i> Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly, XI, 79-80.</p>
+
+<p>Testimony of Governor Berkeley in regard to Robert Beverley's services
+during the Rebellion, Northampton Co., Nov. 13, 1676. <i>Beverley MS.</i>
+Hening III, 567.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 18, 1676 <!-- Page 180 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a>[<a href="./images/180.png">180</a>]</span>(7), to Robert Beverley.
+<i>Beverley MS.</i> Hening III, 569.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 21, 1676-77, to Robert Beverley.
+<i>Beverley MS.</i> Hening III, 569.</p>
+
+<p>The Petition of the County of Gloucester, July, 1676, to Sir William
+Berkeley, and his answer. <i>Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers.</i> Mass. Hist.
+Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX, 181-184.</p>
+
+<p>The Declaration and Remonstrance of Sir William Berkeley, May 29, 1676.
+<i>Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers.</i> Mass. Hist. Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX,
+178-181.</p>
+
+<p>The Opinion of Council of Virginia Concerning Mr. Bacon's Proceedings,
+May 29, 1676. <i>Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers.</i> Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, pp. 177-178.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia's Deploured Condition. Or an Impartial Narrative of the Murders
+Committed by the Indians there, and the sufferings * * * under the
+Rebellious outrages of Mr. Nath. Bacon, Jr. * * * to the tenth day of
+August, 1676. <i>Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers.</i> Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 162-176.</p>
+
+<p>A dialogue between the Rebel Bacon and one Goode as it was presented to
+* * * <!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[<a href="./images/181.png">181</a>]</span>Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia. <i>P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk.</i>, lxxi. pp. 232-240. Goode's "Our Virginia Cousins."</p>
+
+<p>A Review, Breviarie and Conclusion, being a Summarie account of the late
+rebellion in Virginia. <i>P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. 81, pp. 411-419.
+Burk's Virginia, II, 250-253.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Giles Bland, James Town, April 20, 1676, to Charles Berne
+(England). Burk's Virginia II, 245-249.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Francis Moryson, London, Nov. 28, 1677, to Thomas Ludwell.
+Burk's Virginia II, 265-270.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, Charles II, Oct. 22, 1677, to Governor Jeffreys. Burk's Virginia
+II, 264-265.</p>
+
+<p>Vindications of Sir William Berkeley (1676). <i>Randolph MS.</i>, Va. Hist.
+Soc. Va. Mag. VI, 139-144. Burk's Virginia, II, 259-264.</p>
+
+<p>List of persons who suffered in Bacon's Rebellion, report by the
+Commissioners, Oct. 15, 1677. <i>P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk.</i>, Vol. 81, pp.
+353-357. Va. Mag. Hist. &amp; Biog. V, 64-70.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="notebox">
+<h2><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2>
+
+
+<p>On page 42, the name "Skipton" is used while page 43 has "Skippon". If
+this is the same person, the name on page 42 is spelled incorrectly.
+Skippon is listed as the name of the author of an article in
+"Churchill's Voyages".</p>
+
+<p>Pages 2, 6, 8, 12, and 170 are blank in the original.</p>
+
+<p>The following corrections have been made to the text:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Page 21: Assembly chosen in 1662[original has 1862]</p>
+
+<p>Page 109: GOVERNOR BERKELEY[original has BERKELY] IN ACCOMAC.</p>
+
+<p>Page 120: neck of land, thus cutting[original has cuting] off
+all communication</p>
+
+<p>Page 133: triumph was marked by dignity[original has diginity]</p>
+
+<p>Page 146: upon her knees pleaded[original has plead] that she</p>
+
+<p>Page 159: grievous and burdensome to the country,"[quotation
+mark missing in the original]</p>
+
+<p>Page 171: <i>Original Sources of Information for "The Story of
+Bacon's Rebellion.</i>"[quotation mark missing in original]</p>
+
+<p>Page 176: <i>Egerton MSS.</i>, 2395. Wm.[period missing in
+original] &amp; Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.</p>
+
+<p>Page 177: <i>Egerton MSS.</i>, 2395. Wm. &amp; Mary Quarterly,[comma
+missing in original] IX, 10.</p>
+
+<p>Page 179: Vol. 81, pp.[period missing in original] 254-263</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by Mary Newton Stanard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion
+
+Author: Mary Newton Stanard
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2011 [EBook #36410]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Lisa Reigel, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes: Words in italics in the original are surrounded by
+_underscores_. Ellipses match the original.
+
+Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the
+original.
+
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. A complete list follows
+the text. Other notes also follow the text.
+
+
+
+
+                              The Story
+                        of Bacon's Rebellion.
+
+
+
+
+                              The Story
+                                  of
+                          Bacon's Rebellion
+
+
+                        By MARY NEWTON STANARD
+
+
+                       New York and Washington
+                     THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY
+                                1907.
+
+
+
+
+                          _Copyright, 1907,
+                  By The Neale Publishing Company._
+
+
+
+
+     TO MY HUSBAND
+
+     WILLIAM GLOVER STANARD,
+
+     MY COMPANION AND GUIDE
+
+     IN ALL MY PILGRIMAGES
+
+     INTO THAT CHARMED REGION,
+
+     VIRGINIA'S PAST.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+     CHAPTER.                                         PAGE.
+
+        I. Sir William Berkeley                          13
+
+       II. The People's Grievances                       18
+
+      III. The Reign of Terror                           29
+
+       IV. Enter, Mr. Bacon                              40
+
+        V. The Indian War-Path                           50
+
+       VI. The June Assembly                             58
+
+      VII. The Commission                                74
+
+     VIII. Civil War                                     86
+
+       IX. The Indian War-Path Again                     96
+
+        X. Governor Berkeley in Accomac                 109
+
+       XI. Bacon Returns to Jamestown                   114
+
+      XII. Jamestown Besieged and Burned                122
+
+     XIII. "The Prosperous Rebel"                       132
+
+      XIV. Death of Bacon and End of the Rebellion      142
+
+       XV. Peace Restored                               156
+
+      XVI. Conclusion                                   162
+
+           Appendix                                     171
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+After the thrilling scenes through which the Colony of Virginia passed
+during its earliest days, the most portentous, the most dramatic, the
+most picturesque event of its seventeenth century history was the
+insurrection known as "Bacon's Rebellion." All writers upon the history
+of Virginia refer to it, and a few have treated it at some length, but
+it is only in quite late years that facts unearthed in the English
+public records have enabled students to reach a proper understanding of
+the causes and the results of this famous uprising, and given them
+accurate and detailed information concerning it. The subject has long
+been one of popular interest, in spite of the imperfect knowledge
+touching it, and it is believed that a clear and simple presentation of
+the information now available will be welcomed by those whose attention
+has been attracted to a man of most striking personality and to a
+stirring period of Colonial history.
+
+During the year 1907 thousands of persons from all parts of the world
+will visit the scenes of Nathaniel Bacon's brief career, will see--while
+passing on James River--the site of his home at "Curles Neck," will
+visit Richmond, where "Bacon's Quarter" is still a name, will linger in
+the historic city of Williamsburg, once the "Middle Plantation," will
+stand within the ancient tower of the church which the rebels burned at
+Jamestown, and from, possibly, the very spot where Bacon and Sir William
+Berkeley had their famous quarrel, will see the foundations of the old
+State House--but lately excavated--before which the antagonists stood.
+
+While the writer of this monograph has made a careful and thorough study
+of all records of the period, remaining in England or America, and has
+earnestly endeavored to give an exact and unbiased account, and while
+she has made no statement not based upon original sources, her story is
+addressed especially to the general reader. She has therefore not
+burdened her pages with references to the authorities she has used, a
+list of which will be found in the appendix.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF BACON'S REBELLION--VIRGINIA, 1676.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY.
+
+
+The year 1676 dawned upon troublous scenes in Virginia. Being a time
+when men were wont to see in every unusual manifestation of Nature the
+warning shadow cast ahead by some coming event, the colonists darkly
+reminded each other how the year past had been marked by three
+"Prodigies." The first of these was "a large comet every evening for a
+week or more, at southwest, thirty-five degrees high, streaming like a
+horse's tail westwards, until it reached (almost) the horizon, and
+setting towards the northwest." The second consisted of "flights of
+pigeons, in breadth nigh a quarter of the mid-hemisphere, and of their
+length was no visible end, whose weight break down the limbs of large
+trees whereon they rested at nights, of which the fowlers shot abundance
+and ate 'em," and the third, of "swarms of flies about an inch long, and
+big as the top of a man's little finger, rising out of spigot holes in
+the earth, which ate the new sprouted leaves from the tops of the trees,
+without other harm, and in a month left us."
+
+Looking backward from the practical point of view of our day, and
+beholding that memorable year under the cold light of fact, it does not
+seem that any evil omen should have been needed to make clear that a
+veritable witch's caldron of dangers was brewing in Colonial Virginia,
+and that some radical change in the administration of the government
+alone could have prevented it from reaching boiling point.
+
+Sir William Berkeley had served two long terms as Governor, during which
+his attractive personality and intellectual gifts had brought him wide
+popularity, and his home, "Green Spring," some four miles from
+Jamestown, had become famous for its atmosphere of refinement and good
+cheer, and as a resort for wandering Cavaliers. He was now--grown old in
+years and sadly changed in character--serving a third term; reigning,
+one might almost say. Stern and selfish as he had become, bending his
+will only to the wishes of the young wife of whom he was childishly fond
+and who was, by many, blamed for the change in him, he makes an
+unlovely, but withal a pathetic figure in the history of Virginia.
+
+Every inch a gallant soldier, every inch a gentleman, yet haughty,
+unsympathetic and unlovable; narrow in mind and in heart; clinging
+desperately to Old World traditions in a new country eager to form
+traditions of its own; struggling blindly to train the people under him
+to a habit of unquestioning obedience and submission to the powers that
+be, however arbitrary and oppressive those powers might become--a habit
+which, however deep-rooted it might have been in its native soil, could
+hardly be expected to bear transplanting to a land so wide and free as
+America, and so far distant from its parent stem.
+
+To Sir William Berkeley his sovereign was literally "his most sacred
+Majesty." Whatever that sovereign's human frailties might be, the kingly
+purple covered them all. His slightest whim was holy; to question his
+motives or the rightness and wisdom of his commands was little short of
+blasphemy. Furthermore, as the King's agent and representative in
+Virginia, Governor Berkeley expected like homage toward himself. In
+short, he was a bigoted royalist and egotist, believing first in the
+King and second in himself, or rather, perhaps, first in himself, and
+then in the King, and the confession of faith which he lived up to with
+unswerving consistency was the aggrandizement of those already great and
+the keeping in subjection of those already lowly.
+
+Yet, high-spirited old Cavalier though he was, knowing nothing of
+personal cowardice nor fearing to match his good sword against any in
+the land, The People, whom his aristocratic soul despised, inspired him
+with continual dread.
+
+It most naturally follows that to such a mind the unpardonable sin was
+rebellion. No matter what the provocation to rebellion might be, the
+crime of presuming to resist the King's government was one that could
+not be justified, and the chief policy of Sir William's administration
+was to keep the people where they were as little as possible likely to
+commit it. Recognizing that ideas might become dangerous weapons in
+their possession, he took pains lest they should develop them, and
+thanked God that there were no public schools or printing-presses in
+Virginia. He even discouraged the parsons from preaching for fear that
+the masses might gain too much of the poison of knowledge through
+sermons. He declared that "learning had brought disobedience into the
+world," and his every act showed that he was determined to give it no
+chance to bring disobedience to the English government or to himself
+into Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+THE PEOPLE'S GRIEVANCES.
+
+
+Around the Governor had gathered a ring of favorites, called by the
+people "grandees," who formed an inner circle which grew daily richer
+and more important as those outside of its magic bounds sunk into
+greater obscurity and wretchedness. The result was, under an outward
+show of unity, two distinct parties, deeply antagonistic in feeling, the
+one made up of the Governor and the Governor's friends--small in numbers
+but powerful in wealth and influence--and the other of the people,
+strong only in numbers and in hatred of their oppressors. The one party
+making merry upon the fat of that goodly land, the other feeding upon
+the husks and smarting under a scourge each several lash of which was an
+intolerable "grievance."
+
+It would be impossible to gain a faithful picture of the time without a
+knowledge of the nature of some of these grievances. Most of them were
+summed up in the melancholy and inharmonious cry of "hard times," which
+made itself heard throughout the broad land--a cry which in whatsoever
+country or time it be raised invariably gives rise to discontent with
+the existing government, and, in extreme cases, brings with it a
+readiness on the part of the distressed ones to catch at any measure,
+try any experiment that seems to hold out promise of relief. One cause
+of the poverty of the people of Virginia in 1676 was to be found in the
+low price of tobacco--the sole money product of the colony--through a
+long series of years. For this and the consequent suffering the
+government was, of course, not responsible. Indeed, it sought to find a
+remedy by attempting to bring about, for a time, a general cessation of
+tobacco culture in the colonies. A scheme to better the condition of the
+people by introducing diversified industries was also started, and with
+this end in view tanneries were established in each county, and an
+effort was made to build new towns in several places, but it soon became
+plain that they could not be maintained. These unhappy attempts became,
+by increasing the taxes, merely fresh causes of discontent. Yet, while
+they were blunders, they were well meant, and in accordance with the
+spirit of the times.
+
+Giving the government all honor due for taking even these misguided
+steps in behalf of the people, it must be confessed that there were
+other troubles greatly to its discredit.
+
+The heaviest of these were the long continued Assembly,--while the
+people clamored, justly, for a new election,--the oppressive taxes, and
+the Indian troubles.
+
+As early as 1624 the Virginia Assembly had declared that the Governor
+(for all he was his Majesty's representative) could not levy taxes
+against the will of the Burgesses, which, since the Burgesses were
+supposed to represent the people, was as much as to say against the will
+of the people. Governor Berkeley's Burgesses, however, did not
+represent the people. The Assembly chosen in 1862, and composed almost
+entirely of sympathizers with the Governor, was so much to the old man's
+mind that, saying that "men were more valuable in any calling, in
+proportion to their experience," he refused to permit a new election,
+and the consequence was that in the thirteen years before our story
+opens, during which this Assembly sat under Sir William's influence, he
+had brought it up to his hand, as it were, and it had ceased to
+represent anything but its own and the Governor's interests.
+
+With such a legislature to support him, Sir William could bid defiance
+to the restrictions upon the Governor's power to lay taxes, and the poor
+"tithable polls" (all males above sixteen years of age) were called upon
+to pay the expenses of any measures which were deemed proper in carrying
+on the government; for the unrighteous taxes were imposed always _per
+capita_--never upon property, though by act passed in 1670 only
+landholders could vote.
+
+It was by this system of poll-tax that the ample salaries of the
+Burgesses were paid and also that the sundry perquisites attached to the
+office of a Burgess were provided--such as the maintenance of a
+manservant and two horses apiece, and fees for clerks to serve
+committees, and liquors for the committees to drink their own and each
+other's good health. Doubtless many stately compliments were exchanged
+when the Burgesses, in an outburst of generosity, were pleased to
+present the Governor and others of high degree with "great gifts," but
+the grace and charm of the act were not perceptible to the eyes of the
+people who, enjoying neither the gifts nor the applause of presenting
+them, were taxed to pay the piper.
+
+The "poorer sort" complained that they were "in the hardest
+condition--who having nothing but their labor to maintain themselves,
+wives and children, pay as deeply to the public as he that hath 20,000
+acres." Their complaints were just, but not likely to find a hearing,
+for the spirit of the age demanded that, in order that the wealthy
+might keep up the appearance of wealth and maintain the dignity of their
+position, those who had no wealth to be retained and no dignity to be
+maintained must keep the wolf from the door as best they might while the
+fruits of their daily toil were "engrossed" by their so-called
+representatives. In the mean time, these representatives, their pockets
+thus swelled, found public life too comfortable to feel any desire to
+return to agricultural pursuits, or to be content with the uncertain
+income afforded by the capricious crop.
+
+But this was not the worst.
+
+While Charles II was yet in exile, some of his courtiers who, for all
+their boasted sympathy in the sorrows of their "dear sovereign," were
+not unmindful of their own interests, prayed of his Majesty a grant of
+the Northern Neck of Virginia, and Charles, forgetful of the loyalty of
+the little colony beyond the seas which had been faithful to him through
+all of his troubles, and utterly ignoring the right and title of those
+then in possession of the coveted lands, yielded them their wish. After
+the Restoration this grant was renewed, and in 1672 his Majesty went
+further still and was pleased to grant away the whole colony, with very
+few restrictions, to Lords Arlington and Culpeper. Not only were their
+Lordships to be enriched by the royal quit-rents and escheats, and to
+enjoy the sole right of granting lands, but through the privilege
+likewise given them of appointment of sheriffs, surveyors, and other
+officers, the power of executing the laws and collecting the taxes, and
+of dividing the colony into counties and parishes and setting boundary
+lines was to be practically in their hands.
+
+Thus upon the fair bosom of Virginia, already torn and fretted by a host
+of distresses, was it purposed that these two "Lords Proprietors" should
+be let loose--their greed for gain to be held in check only by the
+limitations of the colony's resources--through a dreary waste of
+thirty-one years.
+
+The colonists, foreseeing that all manner of dishonesty and corruption
+in public affairs would be the certain and swift result of such large
+powers, cast about for a remedy, and at length determined to send a
+commission to England to raise a voice against the ruinous grant and to
+bribe the hawks away from their prey. So far so good; but to meet the
+expenses of the commission the poll-tax was greatly increased, so that
+while the landholders were to be relieved by having their rights
+restored, the "poorer sort" were made poorer than ever by being required
+to pay sixty pounds of tobacco per head for that relief. This unjust tax
+was a crowning point to all that the people had suffered, and a
+suppressed groan, like the threatenings of a distant but surely and
+steadily approaching storm, arose, not in one settlement, not in one
+county, but from one end of Virginia to another, even to the remotest
+borders of the colony.
+
+While this black enough tempest was brewing about the path of the
+Governor and the "grandees," another and a still darker cloud suddenly
+arose in an unexpected quarter and burst with frightful fury upon the
+heads of the unhappy people, the chiefest among whose "grievances" now
+became their daily and hourly terror of the Indians, made worse by the
+fact that their Governor was deaf to all their cries for protection.
+
+Indeed, the savages, not the colonists, were the protected ones, for the
+gain from the Indian beaver and otter fur trade, which the Governor and
+his friends monopolized, was believed to be a stronger argument with Sir
+William Berkeley for keeping in league with the red men than the
+massacre of the King's subjects was for making war upon them. The
+helpless people could only shake their heads despairingly and whisper
+under their breath, "Bullets cannot pierce beaver skins."
+
+In a "Complaint from Heaven, with a Huy and Crye and a Petition out of
+Virginia and Maryland. To Owr great Gratious Kinge and souveraigne
+Charles ye ii King of Engel'd etc. with his parliament," it is charged
+that "Old Governr. Barkly, altered by marrying a young Wyff, from his
+wonted publicq good, to a covetous Fole-age, relished Indians presents
+with some that hath a like feelinge, so wel, that many Christians Blood
+is Pokketed up wth other mischievs, in so mutch that his lady tould,
+that it would bee the overthrow of ye Country."
+
+The most ghastly accounts of the sly and savage incursions of the
+Indians, and of the way in which they served their victims, such as
+flaying them alive, knocking out their teeth with clubs and tearing out
+their finger-nails and toe-nails, flew from lip to lip. The
+terror-stricken planters upon the frontiers and more exposed places
+deserted their homes, left the crops upon which they depended for
+existence to waste and ruin, and huddled together in the more sheltered
+places, still not knowing "upon whom the storm would light."
+
+Truly was the colony under the "greatest distractions" it had known
+since the frightful Indian massacre of the year 1622.
+
+In such a state of horror and demoralization, and remembering all that
+those of earlier times had suffered, no wonder the colonists did not
+question whether the natives had any rights to be considered, and came
+to scarcely regard them as human beings, or that the sentiment "the only
+good Indian is a dead Indian" should have prevailed. Indeed, the one
+chance for the divine law of the survival of the fittest to be carried
+out in Virginia seemed to be in the prompt and total extermination of
+the red race.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+THE REIGN OF TERROR.
+
+
+The beginning of serious war with the Indians happened in this wise. One
+Sunday morning in the summer of 1675, as some of the settlers of
+Stafford County took their way peacefully to church, with no thought of
+immediate danger in their minds, they were greeted, as they passed the
+house of one Robert Hen, a herdsman, by the ghastly spectacle of the
+bloodstained bodies of Hen himself, and an Indian, lying across Hen's
+doorstep. Though scarred with the gashes of the deadly tomahawk, life
+was not quite gone out of the body of the white man, and with his last
+breath he gasped, "Doegs--Doegs," the name of a most hostile tribe of
+Indians.
+
+At once the alarm was given and the neighborhood was in an uproar.
+Experience had taught the Virginians that such a deed as had been
+committed was but a beginning of horrors and that there was no telling
+who the next victim might be. Colonel Giles Brent, commander of the
+horse, and Colonel George Mason, commander of the foot soldiers of
+Stafford County,--both of them living about six or eight miles from the
+scene of the tragedy,--with all speed gathered a force of some thirty
+men and gave chase to the murderers. They followed them for twenty miles
+up the Potomac River and then across into Maryland (which colony was
+then at peace with the Indians), firing upon all the red men they saw
+without taking time to find out whether or not they were of the
+offending tribe. In Maryland, Colonels Brent and Mason divided the men
+under them into two parties and continued their chase, taking different
+directions. Soon each party came upon, and surrounded, an Indian cabin.
+Colonel Brent shot the king of the Doegs who was in the cabin found by
+him, and took his son, a boy eight years old, prisoner. The Indians
+fired a few shots from within the cabin and were fired upon by the white
+men without. Finally the Indians rushed from the doors and fled. The
+noise of the guns aroused the Indians in the cabin--a short distance
+away--surrounded by Colonel Mason's men, and they fled with Mason's men
+following and firing upon them, until one of them turning back rushed up
+to Mason and shaking him by both hands said, "Susquehannocks--friends!"
+and turned and fled. Whereupon Colonel Mason ran among his men, crying
+out,
+
+"For the Lord's sake, shoot no more! These are our friends the
+Susquehannocks!"
+
+The Susquehannocks were an exceedingly fierce tribe of Indians but were,
+just then, at peace with the English settlers.
+
+Colonels Mason and Brent returned to Virginia, taking with them the
+little son of the chief of the Doegs; but as murders continued to be
+committed upon both sides of the Potomac, Maryland (which was now drawn
+into the embroglio) and Virginia soon afterward raised between them a
+thousand men in the hope of putting a stop to the trouble. The
+Virginians were commanded by Col. John Washington (great-grandfather of
+General Washington) and Col. Isaac Allerton. These troops laid siege to
+a stronghold of the Susquehannocks, in Maryland. The siege lasted seven
+weeks. During it the besiegers brought down upon themselves bitter
+hatred by putting to death five out of six of the Susquehannocks' "great
+men" who were sent out to treat of peace. They alleged, by way of
+excuse, that they recognized in the "great men" some of the murderers of
+their fellow-countrymen. At the end of the seven weeks, during which
+fifty of the besiegers were killed, the Susquehannocks silently escaped
+from their fort in the middle of the night, "knocking on the head" ten
+of their sleeping foes, by way of a characteristic leave-taking, as they
+passed them upon the way out. Leaving the rest to guard the cage in
+blissful ignorance that the birds were flown, the Indians crossed over
+into Virginia as far as the head of James River. Instead of the notched
+trees that were wont to serve as landmarks in the pioneer days, these
+infuriated Indians left behind them a pathway marked by gaping wounds
+upon the bodies of white men, women, and children. They swore to have
+still further revenge for the loss of their "great men," each of whose
+lives, they said, was worth the lives of ten of the Englishmen, who were
+of inferior rank, while their ambassadors were "men of quality."
+
+Sir William Berkeley afterward rebuked the besiegers before the Grand
+Assembly for their breach of faith, saying,
+
+"If they had killed my grandfather and grandmother, my father and mother
+and all of my friends, yet if they had come to treat of peace they ought
+to have gone in peace."
+
+The English held that the savages were utterly treacherous, their
+treaties of peace were dishonored by themselves and were therefore
+unworthy of being kept by others.
+
+An investigation made by Governor Berkeley showed that neither of the
+Virginia officers was responsible for the shabby piece of work.
+
+However faithless the Indians may have been in most matters, they were
+as good as their word touching their vengeance for the loss of their
+"men of quality." About the first of the new year a party of them made a
+sudden raid upon the upper plantations of the Potomac and Rappahannock
+rivers, massacred thirty-six persons, and fled to the woods. News of
+this disaster was quickly carried to the Governor, who for once seemed
+to respond to the need of his people. He called a court and placed a
+competent force to march against the Indians under command of Sir Henry
+Chicheley and some other gentlemen of Rappahannock County, giving them
+full power, by commission, to make peace or war. When all things had
+been made ready for the party to set out, however, Governor Berkeley,
+with exasperating fickleness, changed his mind, withdrew the commission,
+and ordered the men to be disbanded, and so no steps were taken for the
+defense of the colony against the daily and hourly dangers that lurked
+in the forests, threatened the homes and haunted the steps of the
+planters--robbing life in Virginia of the freedom and peace which had
+been its chief charm.
+
+The poor Virginians were not "under continual and deadly fears and
+terrors of their lives" without reason. As a result of their Governor's
+unpardonable tardiness in giving them protection, the number of
+plantations in the neighborhood of the massacre was in about a
+fortnight's brief space reduced from seventy-one to eleven. Some of the
+settlers had deserted their firesides and taken refuge in the heart of
+the country, and others had been destroyed by the savages.
+
+Not until March did the Assembly meet to take steps for the safety and
+defense of the colonists, three hundred of whom had by that time been
+cut off, and then, under Governor Berkeley's influence, the only action
+taken was the establishment of forts at the heads of the rivers and on
+the frontiers, and of course heavy taxes were laid upon the people to
+build and maintain them. These fortifications afforded no real defense,
+as the garrisons within them were prohibited from firing upon Indians
+without special permission from the Governor, and were only a new burden
+upon the people. The building of the forts may have been an honest
+(though unwise and insufficient) attempt at protection of the colony,
+but the people would not believe it. They saw in them only expensive
+"mousetraps," for whose bait they were to pay, while they were sure that
+the shrewd Indians would continue their outrages without coming
+dangerously near such easily avoided snares. They declared that,
+scattered about as the forts were, they gave no more protection than so
+many extra plantations with men in them; that their erection was "a
+great grievance, juggle and cheat," and only "a design of the grandees
+to engross all of the tobacco into their own hands." In their
+indignation the planters vowed that rather than pay taxes to support the
+forts they would plant no more tobacco.
+
+So often had the Governor of Virginia mocked them with fair but
+unfulfilled promises, so often temporized and parried words with them
+while their lives were in jeopardy and the terror-stricken cries of
+their wives and children were sounding "grievous and intolerable" in
+their ears, that those whom he was in honor bound to protect had lost
+all faith in him and all hope of obtaining any relief from him or his
+Assembly. Finally, as Sir William Berkeley would not send his forces
+against the murderers, the suffering planters resolved to take matters
+into their own hands and to raise forces amongst themselves, only they
+first humbly craved of him the sanction of his commission for any
+commanders whom he should choose to lead them in defense of their "lives
+and estates, which without speedy prevention, lie liable to the injury
+of such insulting enemies." The petitioners assured Sir William that
+they had no desire to "make any disturbance or put the country to any
+charge," but with characteristic lack of sympathy he bluntly refused to
+grant their request and forbade a repetition of it, "under great
+penalty."
+
+The people's fears and discontent steadily increased. It seemed more
+and more evident that Governor Berkeley was protecting their murderous
+enemies for his own gain, for (they charged) after having prohibited all
+traffic with the Indians, he had, privately, given commission to some of
+his friends to truck with them, and these favorites had supplied them
+with the very arms and ammunition that were intended for the protection
+of the colonists against their savagery. The red men were thus better
+provided with arms than his Majesty's subjects, who had "no other
+ingredients" from which to manufacture munitions of war but "prayers and
+misspent intreaties, which having vented to no purpose, and finding
+their condition every whit as bad, if not worse, than before the forts
+were made," they resolved to cease looking to the Governor for aid and
+to take the steps that seemed to them necessary for defense and
+preservation of themselves and those dear to them. In other words, since
+their petition for a commission to march against the Indians was denied
+them, they would march without a commission, thus venturing not only
+their lives, but the tyrannical old Governor's displeasure for the sake
+of their firesides.
+
+With this end in view, the dwellers in the neighborhood of Merchant's
+Hope Plantation, in Charles City County, on James River, began to "beat
+up drums for Volunteers to go out against the Indians, and soe continued
+Sundry dayes drawing into Armes." The magistrates, either for fear or
+favor, made no attempt to prevent "soe dangerous a beginning & going
+on," and a commander and head seemed all that was needed to perfect the
+design and lead it on to success.
+
+Such, then, was the condition of the little colony which had struggled
+and hoped and hoped and struggled again, until now hope seemed to have
+withdrawn her light altogether, and a despairing struggle to be all that
+was left.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+ENTER, MR. BACON.
+
+
+Throughout all history of all lands, at the supreme moment when any
+country whatsoever has seemed to stand in suspense debating whether to
+give itself over to despair or to gather its energies for one last blow
+at oppression, the mysterious star of destiny has seemed to plant
+itself--a fixed star--above the head of some one man who has been (it
+may be) raised up for the time and the need, and who has appeared, under
+that star's light, to have more of the divine in him than his brother
+mortals. To him other men turn as to a savior, vowing to follow his
+guidance to the death; upon his head women call down Heaven's blessings,
+while in their hearts they enshrine him as something akin to a god.
+Oftentimes such men fall far short of their aims, yet their failures
+are like to be more glorious than common victories. The star that led
+them on in life does not desert them in death--it casts a tender glow
+upon their memory, and through the tears of those who would have laid
+down their lives for them it takes on the softened radiance of the
+martyr's crown.
+
+Other times and other countries have had their leaders, their heroes,
+their martyrs--Virginia, in 1676, had her Nathaniel Bacon.
+
+This young man was said to be a "gentleman of no obscure family." He
+was, indeed, a cousin of Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., the highly esteemed
+president of the Virginia Council of State, who remained loyal to the
+government during the rebellion against Sir William Berkeley's rule, and
+is said to have offered to make his belligerent relative his heir if he
+would remain loyal, too. The first of the family of whom anything is
+known was Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, who married Isabella Cage and had
+two sons, one of whom was Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, and father of
+the great Lord Bacon; and the other James Bacon, Alderman of London,
+who died in 1573. Alderman Bacon's son, Sir James Bacon, of Friston
+Hall, married his cousin Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Francis
+Bacon, of Hessett, and had two sons, James Bacon, Rector of Burgate
+(father of President Nathaniel, of Virginia), and Nathaniel Bacon, of
+Friston Hall, who married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas De Grasse, of
+Norfolk, England, and died in 1644. Nathaniel and Elizabeth Bacon were
+the parents of Thomas Bacon, of Friston, who married Elizabeth, daughter
+of Sir Robert Brooke, of Yexford. Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., styled "the
+Rebel," was their son.
+
+This Nathaniel Bacon was born on January 2, 1647, at Friston Hall, and
+was educated at Cambridge University--entering St. Catherine's College
+there in his fourteenth year and taking his A.M. degree in his
+twenty-first. In the mean time he had seen "many Forraigne Parts,"
+having set out with Ray, the naturalist; Skipton, and a party of
+gentlemen, in April, 1663, upon "a journey made through part of the Low
+Countries, Germany, Italy, France." A quaint account of all they saw,
+written by Skippon, may be found in "Churchill's Voyages." In 1664 young
+Bacon entered Grey's Inn. In 1674 he was married to Mistress Elizabeth
+Duke, daughter of Sir Edward Duke, and in that year his history becomes
+a subject of interest to Virginians, for in the autumn or winter he set
+sail with his bride, in a ship bound for Jamestown, to make or mar his
+fortune in a new world. The young couple soon made a home for themselves
+at "Curles Neck," some twenty miles below the site afterward chosen by
+Colonel William Byrd for the city of Richmond, and about forty miles
+above Jamestown. This plantation afterward became famous in Virginia as
+one of the seats of the Randolph family. Bacon had a second plantation,
+which he called "Bacon's Quarter," within the present limits of
+Richmond, but his residence was at "Curles."
+
+The newcomer's high connections, natural talents--improved as they had
+been by cultivation and travel--and magnetic personality evidently
+brought him speedy distinction in Virginia, for he at once began to
+take a prominent part in public affairs, was made a member of his
+Majesty's Council, and soon enjoyed the reputation of being the "most
+accomplished man in the colony."
+
+Ere long, too, it became apparent that the heart of this marked man was
+with the people. Encouraged by his sympathy they poured their
+lamentations into his ears, and along with his pity for their helpless
+and hopeless condition a mighty wrath against Governor Berkeley took
+possession of his impetuous soul. "If the redskins meddle with me, damn
+my blood," he cried--with what Governor Berkeley called his "usual"
+oath--"but I'll harry them, commission or no commission!" Soon enough
+the "redskins" did "meddle" with him, murdering his overseer, to whom he
+was warmly attached, at "Bacon's Quarter," and, as will be seen, he
+proved himself to be a man as good as his word.
+
+And so it happened that upon this newcomer the whole country, ripe for
+rebellion, casting about for a leading spirit to give the signal for
+the uprising, set its hope and its love. In him choice had fallen upon
+one who had the courage to plan and the ability to put into execution,
+and who, for want of a commission from the Governor to lead a campaign
+against the Indians accepted one "from the people's affections, signed
+by the emergencies of affairs and the country's danger."
+
+Though only twenty-nine years of age when he was called, of a sudden, to
+take so large a part in the history of Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon looked
+to be "about four or five and thirty." No friendly brush or pen has left
+us a portrait of him, but the Royal Commissioners, sent over after the
+Rebellion to "enquire into the affairs of the colony," give us the
+impression which they gathered from all they heard of him. In their
+words he was "Indifferent tall but slender, black-haired, and of an
+ominous, pensive, melancholy aspect, of a pestilent and prevalent
+logical discourse tending to atheism in most companies, not given to
+much talk, or to make sudden replies; of a most imperious and dangerous
+hidden pride of heart, despising the wisest of his neighbors for their
+ignorance and very ambitious and arrogant."
+
+Verily, a lively and interesting picture, for even an enemy to paint.
+
+His temperament and personality were as striking as his appearance and
+manner. He was nervous and full of energy; determined, self-reliant and
+fearless; quick and clear of thought and prompt to act. In speaking, he
+was enthusiastic and impassioned, and full of eloquence and spirit, and
+if he had been born a hundred years or so later would doubtless have
+been dubbed a "silver-tongued orator." He was a man born to sway the
+hearts of his fellows, which he understood and drew after him with
+magnetic power, and upon which he could play with the sureness of a
+master of music touching the keys of a delicate musical instrument.
+
+Such was the man toward whom in the hour of despair the hopes of the
+Virginians turned--such the man who declared his willingness to "stand
+in the gap" between the commonalty and the "grandees," and with true
+Patrick Henry-like devotion, to risk home, fortune, life itself, in the
+cause of freedom from tyranny.
+
+One day a group of four prominent Virginia planters were talking
+together and, naturally, made the "sadness of the times and the fear
+they all lived in" the subject of their conversation. These gentlemen
+were Captain James Crews, of "Turkey Island,"[47:A] Henrico County;
+Henry Isham, Colonel William Byrd (first of the name), and Nathaniel
+Bacon. They were all near neighbors, and lived in the region most
+exposed and subject to the Indian horrors--Squire Bacon's overseer
+having been among the latest victims. Their talk also turned upon the
+little army of volunteers that was collecting in Charles City County, on
+the other side of the river, to march against the Indians. Captain Crews
+told them that he had suggested Bacon to lead the campaign, and the two
+other gentlemen at once joined him in urging Squire Bacon to go over
+and see the troops, and finally persuaded him to do so. No sooner did
+the soldiers see him approaching than from every throat arose a great
+shout of, "A Bacon! A Bacon! A Bacon!"
+
+The young man's companions urged him to accept the proffered leadership
+and promised to serve under him; his own ambition and enthusiasm caught
+fire from the warmth of such an ardent greeting, and without more ado he
+became "General Bacon, by consent of the people."
+
+In a letter to England, describing the state of affairs in the colony,
+and his connection with them, he wrote how, "Finding that the country
+was basely, for a small, sordid gain, betrayed, and the lives of the
+poor inhabitants wretchedly sacrificed," he "resolved to stand in this
+ruinous gap" and to expose his "life and fortune to all hazards." His
+quick and sympathetic response to their call "greatly cheered and
+animated the populace," who saw in him the "only patron of the country
+and preserver of their lives and fortunes, so that their whole hearts
+and hopes were set upon him."
+
+To a man like Nathaniel Bacon it would have been impossible to do
+anything by halves. Having once for all committed himself to the
+people's cause, he threw his whole heart and soul into the work before
+him, and recognizing the danger of delay and the importance of letting
+stroke follow stroke while the iron of enthusiasm was still aglow, he
+began at once to gather his forces and to plan the Indian campaign.
+
+The excited volunteers crowded around him and he "listed" them as fast
+as they offered themselves, "upon a large paper, writing their names
+circular-wise, that their ring leaders might not be found out." Having
+"conjured them into this circle," he "gave them brandy to wind up the
+charm," and drink success to the undertaking, and had them to take an
+oath to "stick fast" to each other and to him, and then went on to New
+Kent County to enlist the people thereabouts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47:A] Afterward the seat of William Randolph, first of the Randolph
+family in Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+THE INDIAN WAR-PATH.
+
+
+It was about the end of April, when the glad sight of the countryside
+bursting into life and blossom and throbbing with the fair promise of
+spring doubtless added buoyancy to hearts already cheered by the hope of
+brighter days, that Nathaniel Bacon at the head of three hundred
+men-in-arms, set out upon the Indian warpath. Sir William Berkeley, in a
+rage at their daring to take steps for their own defense without a
+commission from him, but powerless to put a stop to such unheard-of
+proceedings, promptly proclaimed leader and followers "rebels and
+mutineers," and getting a troop of soldiers together, set out toward the
+falls of James River, in hot pursuit, resolved either to overtake and
+capture "General" Bacon, or to seize him on his return. This proved to
+be a wild-goose chase, however, for the little army of "rebels" had
+already crossed to the south side of James River and was marching
+"through boush, through briar," toward the haunts of the savages,
+whither the Governor's train-bands had little appetite to follow.
+
+The enraged Berkeley, finding his will thwarted, waited patiently for
+the return of the doughty three hundred, taking what grim satisfaction
+he could find in telling young Mistress Elizabeth Bacon that her husband
+would hang as soon as he came back, in issuing, upon May 10, another
+proclamation against the "young, inexperienced, rash and inconsiderate,"
+general and his "rude, dissolute and tumultuous" followers, and in
+deposing Bacon from his seat in the "honorable Council" and from his
+office as a magistrate.
+
+Meanwhile, Nathaniel Bacon and his men, regardless of the anxiety with
+which Governor Berkeley watched for their return, were pressing on
+through the wilderness. When they had marched "a great way to the
+south"--had crossed into Carolina, indeed--and their supplies were
+nearly spent, they came upon a little island (probably in Roanoke River)
+seated by the Ockinagee Indians, one of the tribes said to have been
+protected by Berkeley for sake of the fur trade, and doubtless the same
+as the Mangoaks, rumors of whose great trade with the Indians of the
+northwest, for copper, had been brought to Sir Walter Raleigh's colony.
+These Ockinagees, who were very likely a branch of the great Dakota
+family of Indians, were evidently a most enterprising people, and their
+isle was a veritable center of commerce among the red-skin inhabitants
+of that region. It was described as "commodious for trade, and the mart
+for all the Indians for at least five hundred miles" around. Its
+residents had at that time on hand no less than a thousand beaver skins
+of which Sir William Berkeley and his partners would in due time,
+doubtless, have become possessed, and it was supposed to have been
+through trade with these Islanders that arms and ammunition were passed
+on to the fierce Susquehannock braves.
+
+When Bacon reached the island he saw at once that it would be nothing
+short of madness to pit his handful of foot-sore and half-starved men
+against the combined strength of the Ockinagees and the Susquehannocks,
+so, adopting a policy patterned after the savages' own crafty methods of
+warfare, he made friends with one tribe and persuaded them to fall upon
+the other. The result was a furious battle between the two tribes in
+which thirty Susquehannock warriors and all of their women and children
+were killed. By this time Bacon's men were in a sorry plight for the
+want of provisions. They offered to buy food from their new-made
+friends, the Ockinagees, who promised them relief on the morrow, but
+when the next day came put them off again with talk of still another
+"morrow." In the mean time, they were evidently making preparations for
+battle. They had reinforced their three forts upon the island, and were
+seen to grow more and more warlike in their attitude as the pale faces
+grew weaker in numbers and in physical strength. To add to the
+desperate situation, there came a report that the Indians had received
+private messages from Governor Berkeley.
+
+Bacon's men had, in their eagerness to procure food, "waded shoulder
+deep through the river," to one of the island forts, "still entreating
+and tendering pay for the victuals," but all to no avail. While the
+half-starved creatures stood in the water, with hands stretched out,
+still begging for bread, one of them was struck by a shot fired from the
+mainland, by an Indian. The luckless shot proved to be the signal for a
+hideous battle. Bacon, knowing full well that retreat meant starvation
+for himself and his devoted little band of followers, believing that the
+savages within the fort had sent for others to cut them off in their
+rear, but not losing the presence of mind that armed him for every
+emergency, quickly drew his men close against the fort where their
+enemies could get no range upon them, and ordering them to poke their
+guns between the stakes of the palisades, fired without
+discrimination--without mercy. All through the night and until late
+into the next day the wilderness echoed with the yells of the wounded
+and dying savages and with the gun-shots of the hunger-crazed palefaces.
+
+Let us not forget that this battle was the last resort of an army which
+championed the cause of the people of Virginia, and upon whose steps the
+horrors of murder, torture, and starvation waited momently. Let us also
+not forget that the time was the seventeenth century, the place a
+wilderness, the provocation an attempt not merely to shut the
+Anglo-Saxon race from the shores of the New World, but to wipe out with
+hatchet and torch the Anglo-Saxon homes which were already planted
+there.
+
+When at last, after a loss of eleven of their own hardy comrades, the
+exhausted Baconians withdrew from the fray, the island fort had been
+entirely demolished and vast numbers of the Indians slain.
+
+While Sir William Berkeley possessed his soul in as much patience as he
+could command at the Falls of the James, lying in wait for Bacon's
+return, the inhabitants farther down toward Jamestown began to "draw
+into arms," and to proclaim against the useless and costly forts. Open
+war with the Indians was the one thing that would content them, and war
+they were bent upon having. They vowed that they would make war upon all
+Indians who would not "come in with their arms" and give hostages for
+their fidelity and pledge themselves to join with the English against
+all others. "If we must be hanged for rebels for killing those that will
+destroy us," said they, "let them hang us; we will venture that rather
+than lie at the mercy of a barbarous enemy and be murdered as we are."
+
+In a "Manifesto," defending the rights of the people, issued soon after
+his return, Bacon made a scornful and spirited reply to Governor
+Berkeley's charges of rebellion and treason. "If virtue be a sin," said
+he, "if piety be 'gainst all the principles of morality, goodness and
+justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are now called
+rebels may be in danger of those high imputations, those loud and
+several bulls would affright innocents and render the defence of our
+brethren and the inquiry into our sad and heavy oppressions treason. But
+if here be, as sure is, a just God to appeal to, if religion and justice
+be a sanctuary here, if to plead the cause of the oppressed, if
+sincerely to aim at his Majesty's honor and the public good without any
+reservation or by-interest, if to stand in the gap after so much blood
+of our dear brethren bought and sold, if after the loss of a great part
+of his Majesty's colony, deserted and dispeopled, freely with our lives
+and estates to endeavor to save the remainders, be treason, Lord
+Almighty judge and let the guilty die." Can it be that these words were
+in the mind of Patrick Henry, when, nearly a hundred years later, he
+cried, "If this be treason, make the most of it"?
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+THE JUNE ASSEMBLY.
+
+
+Governor Berkeley, finding the wrath of the people past his control,
+gave up for the time the chase after Bacon, returned home, and to
+appease the people, not only had the offensive forts dismantled, but
+even, upon the 18th of May, dissolved the legislature that had
+established them, and for the first time for fourteen years gave orders
+for the election of a new free Assembly. This Assembly, whose immediate
+work, the Governor declared, should be to settle the "distracted"
+condition of Virginia, was "new" in more senses than one, for, departing
+from the usual custom of electing only freeholders to represent them,
+some of the counties chose men "that had but lately crept out of the
+condition of servants," for their Burgesses. Thus showing the strong
+democratic feeling that had arisen, to the exasperation of the
+aristocratic Berkeley.
+
+Bacon had by this time returned from his march into the wilderness and
+the countryside was ringing with glowing reports of his success against
+the Indians. The people welcomed him with wild enthusiasm, for they not
+only regarded him as their champion against the brutalities of savages,
+but attributed to him the calling of the new Assembly, to which they
+looked for relief from the "hard times." Their hopes, as will be seen,
+were not doomed to disappointment.
+
+A short time before the meeting of this "June Assembly," as it was
+commonly called, Bacon made his friend and neighbor, Captain Crews, the
+bearer of a letter from him to Sir William Berkeley, in which he said:
+
+"Sir: Loyalty to our King and obedience to your Honor as his Majesty's
+servant or chief commander here, under him, this was generally the
+preface in all my proceedings to all men, declaring that I abhorred
+rebellion or the opposing of laws or government, and if that your Honor
+were in person to lead or command, I would follow and obey, and that if
+nobody were present, though I had no order, I would still adventure to
+go in defence of the country against all Indians in general, for that
+they were all our enemies; this I have always said and do maintain, but
+as to the injury or violation of your power, interest, or personal
+safety, I always accounted magistracy sacred and the justness of your
+authority a sanctuary; I have never otherwise said, nor ever will have
+any other thoughts."
+
+Continuing, he says that he does not believe the rumors of the
+Governor's threats against his (Bacon's) life, which are "daily and
+hourly brought to my ears," and wishes that "his Honor" were as willing
+to distrust the various reports of him. He says his conscience is too
+clear to fear and his resolution too well grounded to let him
+discontinue his course, and closes his letter with these words:
+
+"I dare be as brave as I am innocent, who am, in spite of all your high
+resentment, unfeignedly, your Honor's humble and obedient servant."
+
+Madam Byrd, who had been driven from her home by fear of the Indians,
+said in a letter to a friend in England that neither Mr. Bacon nor any
+with him had injured any Englishman in their persons or estates, that
+the country was well pleased with what he had done, and she believed the
+council was too, "so far as they durst show it." "Most of those with Mr.
+Bacon," she wrote, "were substantial householders who bore their own
+charges in this war against the Indians." She added that she had heard
+that Bacon had told his men that he "would punish any man severely that
+should dare to speak a word against the Governor or government."
+
+Henrico County chose Nathaniel Bacon to represent it in the new House of
+Burgesses, and Captain Crewes was also sent from that county. Although
+the voters were resolved to give their darling a voice in the Assembly,
+however, they were loth to trust his person in the midst of so many
+dangers as they knew lurked about Jamestown for him. Madam Elizabeth
+Bacon, proudly writing of her young husband, to her sister in England,
+under date June 29, says, "The country does so really love him that they
+would not leave him alone anywhere."
+
+And so, accompanied by a body-guard of forty armed men, the newly
+elected Burgess of Henrico set sail in a sloop for Jamestown. When he
+had passed Swan's Point, a mile or two above the town, he dropped anchor
+and sent a messenger ashore to inquire of the Governor whether or not he
+might land in safety and take his seat as a member of the Assembly.
+Governor Berkeley's only answer was delivered promptly, and with no
+uncertain sound, from the savage mouths of the "great guns" on the
+ramparts of the town fort--whereupon Bacon moved his sloop higher up the
+river. After nightfall, accompanied by a party of his men, he ventured
+on shore and went to "Mr. Lawrence's house" in the town, where he had an
+interview with his good friends Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Drummond, and then
+returned to the sloop without having been seen. These two friends of
+Bacon's were gentlemen of prominence and wealth in the colony. Their
+houses were the best built and the best furnished in Jamestown, and
+Richard Lawrence was a scholar as well as a "gentleman and a man of
+property," for he was a graduate of Oxford, and was known to his
+contemporaries as "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence." His accomplishments, added
+to a genial and gracious temper, made him a favorite with both the
+humble and the great, and he had the honor to represent Jamestown in the
+House of Burgesses. He had married a rich widow who kept a fashionable
+inn at Jamestown, and their house was a rendezvous for persons of the
+best quality. Mr. Lawrence was cordially hated by Governor Berkeley and
+his friends, one of whom dubbed him "that atheistical and scandalous
+person."
+
+Mr. Drummond, "a sober Scotch Gentleman of good repute," had at one time
+been Governor of North Carolina. He was noted for wisdom and honesty,
+and an admirer said of him, "His dimensions are not to be taken by the
+line of an ordinary capacity"; but the Governor's caustic friend,
+already quoted, has placed him on record as "that perfidious Scot."
+
+We shall hear more of these two gentlemen hereafter.
+
+At length, finding no hope of meeting with a more hospitable greeting
+from the Governor of Virginia than that which he had already received,
+the "Rebel" set his sails homeward; but, in obedience to Governor
+Berkeley's orders, Captain Gardner, master of the ship _Adam and Eve_,
+which lay a little way up the river, headed him off, and "commanded his
+sloop in" by firing upon him from aboard ship, arrested him and his
+guard, and delivered them up to the Governor, in Jamestown. Within the
+State House there a bit of drama was then acted in the presence of the
+amazed Assembly--Governor Berkeley and Mr. Bacon playing the principal
+parts. In this scene the fair-spoken Governor's feigned clemency was
+well-matched by the prisoner's feigned repentance, for Berkeley found it
+prudent to be careful of the person of a man in whose defense the
+excited people were ready to lay down their lives, and Bacon found it
+equally prudent to seem to believe in the friendship of one who he knew
+hated him with all the venom of his bitter heart, and doubtless also
+realized that to accept the proffered clemency, however insincere he
+might know it to be, was the likeliest way of obtaining the coveted
+commission to continue his Indian campaign, and to gain admission to his
+seat in the Assembly, by which he hoped to raise his voice in behalf of
+the oppressed commonalty of Virginia.
+
+The Governor, looking at Bacon, but addressing himself to the Assembly,
+said:
+
+"Now I behold the greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia." Then,
+addressing himself to the prisoner, he questioned, "Sir, do you continue
+to be a gentleman, and may I take your word? If so you are at liberty
+upon your own parole."
+
+Upon which Mr. Bacon expressed deep gratitude for so much favor.
+
+On the next day the Governor stood up during the session of the Council,
+sitting as upper house of the Assembly, and said:
+
+"If there be joy in the presence of angels over one sinner that
+repenteth, there is joy now, for we have a penitent come before us. Call
+Mr. Bacon."
+
+Mr. Bacon came forward, and dropping upon his knee, in mock humility,
+presented his Honor with a paper which he had drawn up, pleading guilty
+of the crime of rebellion and disobedience and throwing himself upon the
+mercy of the court.
+
+Governor Berkeley forthwith declared him restored to favor, saying three
+times over, "God forgive you, I forgive you!"
+
+Colonel Cole, of the Council, put in, "And all that were with him."
+
+"Yea," quoth Sir William Berkeley, "and all that were with him"--meaning
+the Rebel's body-guard who had been captured in the sloop with him, and
+were then lying in irons.
+
+Governor Berkeley furthermore extended his clemency to the culprit by
+restoring him to his former place in the Council of State,--"his
+Majesty's Council," as the Virginians loved to call it,--made him a
+positive promise of the much-desired commission to march against the
+Indians, and even suffered Captain Gardner, of the ship _Adam and Eve_,
+to be fined the sum of seventy pounds damage and in default of payment
+to be thrown into jail, for seizing Bacon and his sloop, according to
+his own express orders.
+
+Bacon's friends had been thrown into an uproar at the news of his
+arrest, and some of them made "dreadful threatenings to double revenge
+all wrongs" to their champion and his guard; but all were now so pleased
+at the happy turn of affairs that "every man with great gladness
+returned to his own home."
+
+And so it happened that Mr. Nathaniel Bacon, so lately dubbed a "rebel"
+and a "mutineer," took his seat, not merely in the House of Burgesses,
+but in the more distinguished body, "his Majesty's Council." The Council
+chamber was upon the first floor of the State House, that occupied by
+the Burgesses' upon the second. The Burgesses, as they filed upstairs to
+take their places, that afternoon, saw, through the open door of the
+Council chamber, a surprising sight,--"Mr. Bacon on his quondam
+seat,"--and to at least one of them it seemed "a marvelous indulgence"
+after all that had happened.
+
+The session was distinctly one of reform. Nathaniel Bacon was determined
+to make the best of his hard-earned advantage while he had it, and he at
+once made his influence felt in the Assembly. He was now strong with
+both Burgesses and Council, who were won, in spite of any prejudices
+they may have had, to acknowledge the personal charm and the executive
+genius of the daring youth. He promptly set about revising and improving
+the laws. Universal suffrage was restored, a general inspection of
+public expenses and auditing of public accounts was ordered, and laws
+were enacted requiring frequent election of vestries by the people, and
+prohibiting all trade with the Indians, long terms of office, excessive
+fees, and the sale of spirituous liquors. Some of the most unpopular
+leaders of the Governor's party were debarred from holding any public
+office.
+
+The wisdom of the Rebel's legislation was to be later set forth by the
+fact that after his death, when the fascination of a personality which
+had bent men's wills to its own was no longer felt, and when his name
+was held in contempt by many who failed to understand him or his
+motives, the people of Virginia clamored for the reestablishment of
+"Bacon's Laws," which upon his downfall had been repealed; and in
+February, 1676-7, many of them were actually re-enacted--with only their
+titles changed.
+
+Governor Berkeley, finding it beyond his power to stem the tide of
+reformation which tossed the old man about like a leaf whose little
+summer is past,--a tide by which his former glory seemed to be utterly
+submerged and blotted out,--pleaded sickness as an excuse to get away
+from it all, and take refuge within his own home, but in vain. Not until
+he had placed his signature to each one of the acts passed for the
+relief of the people and correction of the existing abuses would Bacon
+permit him to stir a step.
+
+But the Assembly was not wholly taken up with revising the laws. It
+devoted much attention to planning the Indian campaign to be carried on
+under "General Bacon," for which 1,000 men and provisions were provided.
+For this little army we are told that some volunteered to enlist and
+others were talked into doing so by members of the Council--Councillor
+Ballard being especially zealous in the work. It was also decided to
+enlist the aid of the Pamunkey Indians, who were descendants of
+Powhatan's braves, and had been allies of the English against other
+tribes. Accordingly, the "Queen of Pamunkey" was invited to appear
+before the House of Burgesses and say what she would do. The "Queen" at
+this time commanded a hundred and fifty warriors. She was the widow of
+the "mighty Totapotamoy" who had led a hundred warriors, in aid of the
+English, at the battle of "Bloody Run," and was slain with most of his
+men. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities
+possesses an interesting relic in what is known as the "Indian
+Crown,"--a silver frontlet presented to the "Queen of Pamunkey" by the
+English Government, as a testimonial of friendship.
+
+This forest queen is said to have "entered the chamber with a
+comportment graceful to admiration, bringing on her right hand an
+Englishman interpreter, and on her left her son, a stripling twenty
+years of age, she having round her head a plait of black and white
+wampumpeag, three inches broad, in imitation of a crown, and was clothed
+in a mantle of dressed deerskins with the hair outwards and the edge cut
+round six inches deep, which made strings resembling twisted fringe from
+the shoulders to the feet; thus with grave courtlike gestures and a
+majestic air in her face, she walked up our long room to the lower end
+of the table, where after a few entreaties, she sat down; the
+interpreter and her son standing by her on either side, as they had
+walked up."
+
+When the chairman of the House addressed her she refused to answer
+except through the interpreter, though it was believed that she
+understood all that was said. Finally, when the interpreter had made
+known to her that the House desired to know how many men she would lend
+her English friends for guides in the wilderness against her own and
+their "enemy Indians," she uttered, "with an earnest, passionate
+countenance, as if tears were ready to gush out," and a "high, shrill
+voice," a "harangue," in which the only intelligible words were,
+"Totapotamoy dead! Totapotamoy dead!" Colonel Edward Hill, whose father
+had commanded the English at the battle of "Bloody Run," and who was
+present, it is written, "shook his head."
+
+In spite of this tragic "harangue," the House pressed her to say how
+many Indians she would spare for the campaign. She "sat mute till that
+same question being pressed a third time, she, not returning her face to
+the board, answered, with a low, slighting voice, in her own language,
+_Six_. But being further importuned, she, sitting a little while sullen,
+without uttering a word between, said _Twelve_. . . . and so rose up and
+walked gravely away, as not pleased with her treatment."
+
+While Bacon was dictating laws in Virginia, making ready for the march
+against the Indians and at the same time preparing a defense of himself
+for the King, his father, Thomas Bacon, of Friston Hall, England, was on
+bended knee before his Majesty pleading with him to withhold judgment
+against the rash young man until he could obtain a full account of his
+part in the troubles in the colony, concerning which startling tales had
+already been carried across the water.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+THE COMMISSION.
+
+
+At last the Grand Assembly's work was done and everything but one was
+ready for the march against the Indians--the commission which Sir
+William Berkeley had publicly promised Bacon, and for which alone Bacon
+and his army tarried at Jamestown, was not yet forthcoming. The
+perfidious old man, crazed with jealousy of his prosperous young rival
+in the affections of the people, postponed granting it from day to day,
+while he secretly plotted Bacon's ruin. His plots were discovered,
+however, by some of the friends of Bacon, who was "whispered to," not a
+moment too soon, and informed that the Governor had given orders for him
+to be arrested again, and that road and river were beset with men lying
+in wait to assassinate him if he attempted to leave Jamestown. Thus
+warned, he took horse and made his escape through the dark streets and
+past the scattered homes of the sleeping town before the sun was up to
+show which course he had taken. In the morning the party sent out to
+capture him made a diligent search throughout the town, actually
+thrusting their swords through the beds in the house of his "thoughtful"
+friend, Mr. Lawrence, to make sure that he was not hidden in them.
+
+No sooner had the fugitive Bacon reached the "up country" than the
+inhabitants crowded around him, clamoring for news of the Assembly and
+eager to know the fate of his request for a commission to fight the
+Indians. When they learned the truth they "began to set up their throats
+in one common cry of oaths and curses." Toward evening of the same day a
+rumor reached Jamestown that Bacon was coming back at the head of a
+"raging tumult," who threatened to pull down the town if the Governor's
+promises to their leader were not kept. Governor Berkeley immediately
+ordered four "great guns" to be set up at Sandy Beach--the only
+approach, by land, to Jamestown--to welcome the invaders, and all the
+men who could be mustered--only thirty in all--were called out and other
+preparations made to defend the town.
+
+Next morning the little capital rang with the call to arms, but the
+despised Governor, finding it impossible to get together enough soldiers
+to resist the people's favorite, resorted to the stratagem of seeking to
+disarm the foe by the appearance of peace. The unfriendly cannon were
+taken from their carriages, the small arms put out of sight, and the
+whole town was made to present a picture of harmlessness and serenity.
+
+The Assembly was calmly sitting on that June day when, without meeting
+with the slightest attempt at resistance, Nathaniel Bacon marched into
+Jamestown at the head of four hundred foot soldiers and a hundred and
+twenty horse. He at once stationed guards at all the "principal places
+and avenues," so that "no place could be more securely guarded," and
+then drew his men up in front of the State House where the Councillors
+and Burgesses were in session, and defiantly demanded the promised
+commission. Some parleying through a committee sent out by the Council
+followed, but nothing was effected. Throughout the town panic reigned.
+The white head of the aged and almost friendless Governor alone kept
+cool. At length, his Cavalier blood at boiling point, he arose from the
+executive chair, and stalking out to where Bacon stood, while the
+gentlemen of the Council followed in a body, denounced him to his face
+as a "rebel" and a "traitor." Then, baring his bosom, he shouted, "Here!
+Shoot me! 'Fore God, a fair mark, shoot!" repeating the words several
+times. Drawing his sword, he next proposed to settle the matter with
+Bacon, then and there, in single combat.
+
+"Sir," said Bacon, "I came not, nor intend, to hurt a hair of your
+Honor's head, and as for your sword, your Honor may please to put it up;
+it shall rust in the scabbard before ever I shall desire you to draw it.
+I come for a commission against the heathen who daily inhumanly murder
+us and spill our brethren's blood, and no care is taken to prevent it,"
+adding, "God damn my blood, I came for a commission, and a commission I
+will have before I go!"
+
+During this dramatic interview, Bacon, his dark eyes burning, his black
+locks tossing, strode back and forth betwixt his two lines of
+men-at-arms, resting his left hand upon his hip, and flinging his right
+from his hat to his sword-hilt, and back again, while the Burgesses
+looked on breathless from the second-story windows of the State House.
+
+At length the baffled Governor wheeled about and, with haughty mien,
+walked toward his private apartment at the other end of the State House,
+the gentlemen of the Council still close following him, while Bacon, in
+turn, surrounded by his body-guard, followed them, continuing to
+gesticulate in the wild fashion that has been described.
+
+Finding Sir William deaf to every appeal, the determined young leader
+swore another great oath, and exclaiming, "I'll kill Governor, Council,
+Assembly and all, and then I'll sheathe my sword in my own heart's
+blood!" he turned to his guard and ordered them to "Make ready, and
+present!"
+
+In a flash the loaded muskets of the "fusileers" pointed with steady aim
+and true toward the white faces in the State House windows, while from
+the throats of the little army below arose a chorus of "We _will_ have
+it! We _will_ have it!" meaning the promised commission.
+
+A quick-witted Burgess waved his handkerchief from the window, shouting,
+as he did so, "You _shall_ have it! You _shall_ have it!" and the day
+was saved. The tiny flag of truce worked a magic spell. The soldiers
+withdrew their guns, uncocked the matchlocks, and quietly followed Bacon
+back to the main body of his men. One witness says that Bacon's men also
+shouted a chorus of, "No levies! No levies!"
+
+After a long and heated argument with Council and Burgesses (though not
+until the next day) Governor Berkeley grudgingly drew up a commission
+and sent it out. Bacon, who was bent upon making the most of his
+hard-won position, was not content with it, however, and scorning to
+accept it, dictated one to his own mind and required the Governor to
+sign it, as well as thirty blank ones for officers to serve under him,
+to be filled with such names as he himself should see fit. Afterward,
+finding need of still more officers, he sent to Berkeley for another
+supply of blank commissions, but the beaten old man, deserted, for the
+time, by his resources and his nerve, sent back the answer that he had
+signed enough already, and bade General Bacon sign the rest for himself.
+
+One more paper, however, the old man was made to sign--a letter to King
+Charles explaining and excusing Bacon's course, and an act of indemnity
+for Bacon and his followers.
+
+Most of the commissions Bacon filled with the regular officers of the
+militia, as the "most fit to bear commands," and likely to be the "most
+satisfactory to both Governor and people."
+
+The young General sat up all night long making his appointments and
+preparing the commissions, keeping the Burgess from Stafford County,
+Mr. Mathew, whom he had pressed into service as secretary, up with him.
+This gentleman made bold to express the fear that as the people he
+represented dwelt upon the most northern frontier of the colony, their
+interests might not be so much regarded as those in General Bacon's own
+neighborhood, on the far southern frontier; but his fears were set to
+rest by Bacon's assurance that "the like care should be taken of the
+remotest corners in the land as in his own dwelling house."
+
+In the very midst of Nathaniel Bacon's little reign at Jamestown came
+the news that the Indians, with a boldness exceeding any they had
+hitherto shown, had swooped down upon two settlements on York River,
+only twenty-three miles distant from the little capital, and more than
+forty miles within the bounds of the frontier plantations, and had
+massacred eight persons. This was upon the morning of the twenty-fifth
+of June--a Sunday--when the pious Virginians were doubtless rejoicing in
+a welcome rest from law-making, and, resplendent in apparel fashioned
+after the latest mode in England at the time when the ships that
+brought it over sailed thence, were offering thanks in the church for
+the promise of brighter days which filled their hearts with good hope.
+
+The town was again thrown into an uproar. Bacon ordered supplies to be
+taken to the Falls of James River, and upon Monday morning, bright and
+early, flags were unfurled, drums and trumpets sounded, and with the
+authority of the cherished commission as "General of all the forces in
+Virginia against the Indians," and the God-speed of men, women and
+children, he marched away at the head of his thousand troops.
+
+From the chorus of cheers and prayers for his safety and success that
+followed him, however, one voice was missing. There was among those that
+witnessed the departure one who was silver-haired and full of years, but
+who had grown old ungracefully, for his brilliant and picturesque prime
+had been eclipsed by a narrow and crabbed old age. While every heart but
+his was stirred to its depths, every eye but his dimmed by the gentle
+moisture of emotion, every tongue but his attuned to blessings, Sir
+William Berkeley was possessed by wrathful silence, resolved to submit
+as best he could to what he could not help, and to bide his time till
+the aid from England, which he confidently expected, should arrive. He
+was in the mean time upon the lookout for any straw that could be caught
+at to stem the tide of his rival's popularity, and such a straw he soon
+found.
+
+The people of Gloucester County had been irritated by the rigorous
+manner in which Bacon's officers impressed men and horses for the Indian
+campaign. One account even states (most likely without truth) that Bacon
+himself had been in Gloucester upon this business. Berkeley was informed
+of the feeling in that county and told that the settlers there were
+loyal to him and would support him against Bacon. The old man hastened
+to Gloucester, where he was presented with a petition complaining
+bitterly of the loss of men and horses impressed for the Indian war, and
+especially of the rowdy methods of "one Matthew Gale, one of Mr.
+Bacon's chief commanders," and begging for protection "against any more
+of these outrages." Sir William answered that the petition would be
+"most willingly granted," for that he "felt bound" to preserve his
+Majesty's subjects from the "outrages and oppressions to which they have
+lately too much submitted by the tyranny and usurpation of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jun., who never had any commission from me but what, with armed
+men, he extracted from the Assembly, which in effect is no more than if
+a thief should take my purse and make me own I gave it him freely, so
+that in effect his commission, whatever it is, is void in law and
+nature, and to be looked upon as no value."
+
+Encouraged by the attitude of the people of Gloucester, Governor
+Berkeley at once began raising troops, ostensibly to go himself to fight
+the Indians, but really to attack Bacon.
+
+In the mean time, Bacon, in blissful ignorance of the fresh trouble
+brewing for him, was marching on toward the Falls. They were reached
+ere long, and all was now ready for the plunge into the wilderness where
+the red horror lurked. He gathered his men about him and made them a
+speech. He assured them of his loyalty to England and that his only
+design was to serve his King and his country. Lest any should question
+the means by which he had gotten his commission, he reminded them of the
+urgency of the time and the "cries of his brethren's blood that alarmed
+and wakened him to his public revenge." When he had finished speaking he
+took the oath of "allegiance and supremacy," in the presence of all his
+soldiers, had them to take it, and then gave them an oath of fidelity to
+himself. By this oath they bound themselves to make known to him any
+plot against the persons of himself or any of his men, of which they
+might happen to hear; also, to have no communication with the Indians,
+to send no news out of camp, and to discover all councils, plots, and
+conspiracies of the Indians against the army.
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+CIVIL WAR.
+
+
+The cheers of assent which answered the commander's words died upon the
+air, and the order to march was about to be given, when a messenger
+posted into camp with the news that Governor Berkeley was in Gloucester
+County raising forces to surprise Bacon and take his commission from him
+by force. The doughty young General, unfailing of resources, and nothing
+daunted even by this "amusing" message, promptly decided what he should
+do. In obedience to his command, trumpet and drum again called his men
+together that he might inform them that ere they could further pursue
+the chase after their "dearest foe" they must turn backward again once
+more to meet the even greater horrors of civil warfare--how instead of
+leading them as he had supposed, only against the hated redskins, he
+must now command that the sword of friend should be turned against
+friend, brother against brother.
+
+"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he said, "the news just now brought me
+may not a little startle you as well as myself. But seeing it is not
+altogether unexpected, we may the better hear it and provide our
+remedies. The Governor is now in Gloucester County endeavoring to raise
+forces against us, having declared us rebels and traitors; if true,
+crimes indeed too great for pardon. Our consciences herein are best
+witnesses, and theirs so conscious as like cowards therefore they will
+not have the courage to face us. It is revenge that hurries them on
+without regard to the people's safety, and had rather we should be
+murdered and our ghosts sent to our slaughtered countrymen by their
+actings than we live to hinder them of their interest[87:A] with the
+heathen, and preserve the remaining part of our fellow-subjects from
+their cruelties. Now then, we must be forced to turn our swords to our
+own defence, or expose ourselves to their mercies, or fortune of the
+woods, whilst his Majesty's country lies here in blood and wasting (like
+a candle) at both ends. How incapable we may be made (if we should
+proceed) through sickness, want of provisions, slaughter, wounds, less
+or more, none of us is void of the sense hereof.
+
+"Therefore, while we are sound at heart, unwearied, and not receiving
+damage by the fate of war, let us descend to know the reasons why such
+proceedings are used against us. That those whom they have raised for
+their defense, to preserve them against the fury of the heathen, they
+should thus seek to destroy, and to betray our lives whom they raised to
+preserve theirs. If ever such treachery was heard of, such wickedness
+and inhumanity (and call all the ages to witness) and if any, that they
+suffered it in like manner as we are like by the sword and ruins of war.
+
+"But they are all damned cowards, and you shall see they will not dare
+to meet us in the field to try the justness of our cause, and so we
+will down to them."
+
+As the ringing notes of their commander's voice died away, a great shout
+arose from the soldiers. "Amen! Amen!" they cried. "We are all ready to
+die in the field rather than be hanged like rogues, or perish in the
+woods exposed to the favors of the merciless Indians!" And without more
+ado, they wheeled about and marched, a thousand strong, to meet their
+pursuers.
+
+There was, however, to be no battle that day. It is true, as has been
+shown, that the Governor had raised forces under the pretense of going
+himself to aid in the Indian warfare, but really for the purpose of
+pursuing and surprising Bacon and (in true Indian-gift fashion) taking
+the commission away from him. But as soon as the Governor's army
+discovered for what service they were called out they bluntly, and with
+one accord, refused to obey marching orders, and setting up a cheer of
+"Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!" walked off the field--still (it is written)
+muttering in time to their step, "Bacon, Bacon, Bacon!"
+
+The poor old Governor, finding himself thus abandoned, his friends so
+few, his cause so weak, his authority despised and his will thwarted at
+every turn, "for very grief and sadness of spirit," fainted away in his
+saddle. Soon enough he heard that Bacon was on the march toward
+Gloucester to meet him, and finding himself utterly unprepared for the
+encounter, he fled, in desperation, to Accomac County, upon the Eastern
+Shore of Virginia, which, cut off as it is by the broad waters of the
+Chesapeake, had not suffered from the Indian horrors that had fallen
+upon the rest of the colony, and had remained loyal to the government.
+Here Sir William found a welcome shelter, though, even while giving him
+the balm of a hospitable greeting and according him the honor they
+conceived to be due him as the King's representative, the people of
+Accomac did not forbear to complain to him of the public abuses from
+which they had suffered in common with the folk across the Bay.
+
+As unsuccessful as was Berkeley's attempt to muster an army to oppose
+Bacon, its consequences were dire. The "Royal Commissioners" appointed
+to investigate and report upon the merits of Bacon's Rebellion condemned
+it, declaring that nothing could have called back Bacon, "then the hopes
+of the people," from his march against the Indians, or "turned the sword
+of a civil war into the heart and bowels of the country, but so
+ill-timed a project as this proved."
+
+"Now in vain," say the Commissioners, "the Governor attempts raising a
+force against Bacon, and although the industry and endeavors he used was
+great, yet at this juncture it was impossible, for Bacon at this time
+was so much the hopes and darling of the people that the Governor's
+interest proved but weak." And so he "was fain to fly" to Accomac.
+
+When at length Bacon reached Gloucester he found "the Governor fled and
+the field his own," so he marched boldly, and without resistance, to the
+"Middle Plantation," the very "heart and center" of the colony, and soon
+to be chosen as the site for its new capital--storied Williamsburg.
+Here the young "rebel" found himself lord of all he surveyed--the
+Governor gone, and all Virginia, save the two counties on the Eastern
+Shore, in his power. After quartering his soldiers he issued a
+proclamation inviting all the gentlemen of Virginia to meet him at the
+"Middle Plantation," and "consult with him for the present settlement of
+that, his Majesty's distressed Colony, to preserve its future peace, and
+advance the effectual prosecution of the Indian war."
+
+In response to the summons a great company of people gathered, on the
+third day of August, at the house of Mr. Otho Thorpe. From this
+convention the real Rebellion is dated. An oath was drawn up, by Bacon,
+to be taken by the people of Virginia, "of what quality soever,
+excepting servants." By it the people were bound to aid their General
+with their lives and estates in the Indian war; to oppose and hinder the
+Governor's designs, "if he had any," and to resist any forces that might
+be sent over from England to suppress Bacon until time was allowed to
+acquaint his Majesty with the "grievances" of the colony, and to
+receive a reply.
+
+The oath was put into due form and read to the convention by the clerk
+of the Assembly. A stormy debate, which lasted from midday until
+midnight, followed. Some feared the oath (especially the clause
+regarding resistance of the King's soldiers) to be a dangerous one.
+Bacon, supported by many others, protested its innocency.
+
+"The tenor of the oath" was declared in the report of the "Royal
+Commissioners" to be as follows:
+
+"1. You are to oppose what forces shall be sent out of England by his
+Majesty against me, till such time I have acquainted the King with the
+state of this country, and have had an answer.
+
+"2. You shall swear that what the Governor and Council have acted is
+illegal and destructive to the country, and what I have done is
+according to the laws of England.
+
+"3. You shall swear from your hearts that my commission is legal and
+lawfully obtained.
+
+"4. You shall swear to divulge what you have heard at any time spoken
+against me.
+
+"5. You shall keep my secrets and not discover them to any person."
+
+The men foremost in urging the oath were Colonel Swann, Colonel Beale,
+Colonel Ballard, and Squire Bray, of the Council, and Colonel Jordan,
+Colonel Smith, Colonel Scarsbrook, Colonel Milner, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr.
+Drummond--all of them gentlemen of standing in the colony.
+
+Bacon himself pleaded hotly for the oath, and at last vowed that unless
+it were taken he would surrender up his commission to the Assembly, and
+"let them find other servants to do the country's work."
+
+This threat decided the question. The oath was agreed to and was
+administered by the regular magistrates in almost all of the counties,
+"none or very few" dodging it.
+
+Bacon's position, already so secure, was now made all the stronger by
+the arrival of the "gunner of York fort," breathless with the tidings
+that this, the "most considerablest fortress in the country," was in
+danger of being surprised and attacked by the Indians, and imploring
+help to prevent it. The savages had made a bold raid into Gloucester,
+massacring some of the settlers of the Carter's Creek neighborhood, and
+a number of the terror-stricken county folk had fled to York for refuge.
+The fort could offer them little protection, however, for Governor
+Berkeley had robbed it of its arms and ammunition, which he had stowed
+away in his own vessel and sailed away with them in his flight to the
+Eastern Shore.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[87:A] The fur trade.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+THE INDIAN WAR-PATH AGAIN.
+
+
+Bacon at once began making ready to continue his oft-interrupted Indian
+campaign, but first, to be sure of leaving the country safe from
+Berkeley's ire,--for he feared lest "while he went abroad to destroy the
+wolves, the foxes, in the mean time, should come and devour the
+sheep,"--he seized Captain Larrimore's ship, then lying in the James,
+and manned her with two hundred men and guns. This ship he sent under
+command of Captain Carver, "a person acquainted with navigation," and
+Squire Bland, "a gentleman of an active and stirring disposition, and no
+great admirer of Sir William's goodness," to arrest Sir William Berkeley
+for the purpose of sending him--as those of earlier times had sent
+Governor Harvey--home to England, to stand trial for his "demerits
+toward his Majesty's subjects of Virginia," and for the "likely loss of
+that colony," for lack of defence against the "native savages."
+
+Before leaving "Middle Plantation" the Rebel issued a summons, in the
+name of the King, and signed by four members of his Majesty's Council,
+for a meeting of the Grand Assembly, to be held upon September 4, to
+manage the affairs of the colony in his absence.
+
+Jamestown he left under the command of Colonel Hansford, whom he
+commissioned to raise forces for the safety of the country, if any
+should be needed. He then set out, with a mind at rest, upon his Indian
+warfare. The few who had had the hardihood to openly oppose his plans he
+left behind him safe within prison bars; others, who were at first
+unfriendly to him, he had won over to his way of thinking by argument;
+while any that he suspected might raise any party against him in his
+absence, he took along with him.
+
+For the third time, then, he marched to the "Falls of James River,"
+where it is written that he "bestirred himself lustily," to speedily
+make up for lost time in carrying on the war against the Ockinagees and
+Susquehannocks; but seems to have been unsuccessful in his search for
+these tribes, which had probably fled far into the depths of the
+wilderness to escape Bacon's fury, for he soon abandoned the chase after
+them and marched over to the "freshes of York," in pursuit of the
+Pamunkeys, whose "propinquity and neighborhood to the English, and
+courses among them" was said to "render the rebels suspicious of them,
+as being acquainted and knowing both the manners, customs and nature of
+our people, and the strength, situation and advantages of the country,
+and so, capable of doing hurt and damage to the English."
+
+The "Royal Commissioners" condemn the pursuit of the Pamunkeys, saying
+that "it was well known that the Queen of Pamunkey and her people had
+ne'er at any time betrayed or injured the English," and adding, "but
+among the vulgar it matters not whether they be friends or foes, so
+they be Indians."
+
+It is indeed evident that the war with the Indians was intended to be a
+war of extermination, for by such war only did the Virginians believe
+they would ever secure safety for themselves, their homes, and their
+families.
+
+Governor Berkeley himself had no faith in the friendship of the Indians,
+however. While Bacon was gone upon his expedition against the
+Ockinagees, the Governor sent forces under Colonel Claiborne and others
+to the headwaters of Pamunkey River. They found there the Pamunkey
+Indians established in a fort in the Dragon Swamp--probably somewhere
+between the present Essex and King and Queen Counties. The red men said
+that they had fled to this stronghold for fear of Bacon, but their
+explanation did not satisfy the Governor, who declared that as soon as
+his difficulty with Bacon was settled he would advance upon the fort
+himself. The Queen of Pamunkey herself was in the fort, and when
+requested by Berkeley to return to her usual place of residence said
+"she most willingly would return to be under the Governor's protection,
+but that she did understand the Governor and those gentlemen could not
+protect themselves from Mr. Bacon's violence."
+
+At the "freshes of York" Bacon was met and joined by "all the northern
+forces from Potomac, Rappahannock, and those parts," under the command
+of Colonel Giles Brent, and the two armies marched together to the
+plantations farthest up York River, where they were brought to an
+enforced rest by rainy weather, which continued for several days. Even
+this dismal interruption could not chill Bacon's ardor, but it filled
+him with anxiety lest the delay should cause his provisions to run
+short.
+
+Calling his men together he told them frankly of his fears, and gave all
+leave to return to their homes whose regard for food was stronger than
+their courage and resolution to put down the savages, and revenge the
+blood of their friends and neighbors shed by them. He bade them (if
+there were any such) with all speed begone, for, said he, he knew he
+would find them the "worst of cowards, serving for number and not for
+service," starving his best men, who were willing to "bear the brunt of
+it all," and disheartening others of "half mettle."
+
+In response to this speech, only three of the soldiers withdrew, and
+these were disarmed and sent home.
+
+The sullen clouds at length lifted, and the army tramped joyfully
+onward. Ere long they struck into an Indian trail, leading to a wider
+one, and supposed from this that they must be near the main camp of some
+tribe. Some scouts were sent out, but reported only a continuation of
+the wide path through the woods. The army broke ranks and, to save time,
+and make the rough march under the sultry August sun as little
+uncomfortable as possible, followed the trail at random. They soon came
+in sight of a settlement of the Pamunkey tribe, standing upon a point of
+high land, surrounded upon three sides by a swamp.
+
+Some ten Indian scouts who served Bacon's army were sent ahead to
+reconnoiter. The Pamunkeys, seeing the scouts, suffered them to come
+within range of their guns, and then opened fire upon them. The report
+of the guns gave the alarm to Bacon and his troops, who were about half
+a mile distant, and who marched in great haste and confusion to the
+settlement. The Indians took refuge in the edge of the swamp, which was
+so miry that their pursuers could not follow, and the only result of the
+chase, to the Englishmen, was the not over-glorious feat of killing a
+woman and capturing a child.
+
+It so happened that the "good Queen of Pamunkey," as the "Royal
+Commissioners" styled her, with some of her chiefs and friends, was in
+the neighborhood of the settlement. Being warned that Bacon and his men
+were coming, she took fright and fled, leaving behind her provisions and
+Indian wares, as a peace offering, and charging her subjects that if
+they saw any "pale faces" coming they must "neither fire a gun nor draw
+an arrow upon them." The "pale faces," in their chase, overtook an aged
+squaw who had been the "good queen's" nurse, and took her prisoner,
+hoping to make her their guide to the hiding-places of the Indians. She
+led them in quite the opposite way, through the rest of that day and the
+greater part of the next, however, until, in a rage at finding
+themselves fooled, they brutally knocked her upon the head and left her
+dead in the wilderness. They soon afterward came upon another trail
+which led to a large swamp, where several tribes of Indians were
+encamped, and made an attack upon them, but with small fruits, as the
+red men took to their heels, and most of them made good their escape.
+
+Bacon now found himself at the head of an army wearied by the rough
+march through swamp and forest, weak for want of food, and out of heart
+at the contemplation of their thus far bootless errand.
+
+Moreover, the time appointed for the meeting of the Assembly was drawing
+nigh, and he knew that the people at home were looking anxiously for the
+return of their champion, and expecting glorious tidings of his
+campaign. In this strait he gave the troops commanded by Colonel Brent
+provisions sufficient for two days, and sent them, with any others who
+were pleased to accompany them, home ahead of him, to make report of the
+expedition and to carry the news that he would follow soon.
+
+With the four hundred of his own soldiers that were left the
+indefatigable Bacon now continued to diligently hunt the swamps for the
+savages, for he was determined not to show his face in Jamestown again
+without a story to tell of battles won and foes put to confusion. At
+length he struck a trail on hard ground, which he followed for a great
+distance without finding the "Indian enemy." What he did find was that
+his provisions were almost entirely spent, which melancholy discovery
+forced him to reduce rations to "quarter allowances." His pluck did not
+desert him, however. In the depths of the wilderness, miles away from
+white man's habitation, hungry and worn, and with four hundred wearied
+and half-starved men looking entirely to him, his fortitude was still
+unbroken, his faith in his mission undimmed, his heart stout.
+
+Finally, he saw that the only hope of escape from death by starvation
+was to reduce his numbers by still another division of his army. Drawing
+the forlorn little band up before him he made the dark forest ring with
+the eloquence that had never failed to quicken the hearts of his
+followers and which made them eager to endure hardship under his
+leadership.
+
+"Gentlemen," he said, "the indefatigable pains which hitherto we have
+taken doth require abundantly better success than as yet we have met
+with. But there is nothing so hard but by labor and industry it may be
+overcome, which makes me not without hope of obtaining my desires
+against the heathen, in meeting with them to quit scores for all their
+barbarous cruelties done us.
+
+"I had rather my carcass should lie rotting in the woods, and never see
+Englishman's face in Virginia, than miss of doing that service the
+country expects of me, and I vowed to perform against these heathen,
+which should I not return successful in some manner to damnify and
+affright them, we should have them as much animated as the English
+discouraged, and my adversaries to insult and reflect on me, that my
+defense of the country is but pretended and not real, and (as they
+already say) I have other designs, and make this but my pretense and
+cloak. But that all shall see how devoted I am to it, considering the
+great charge the country is at in fitting me forth, and the hopes and
+expectation they have in me, all you gentlemen that intend to abide with
+me must resolve to undergo all the hardships this wild can afford,
+dangers and successes, and if need be to eat chinquapins and horseflesh
+before he returns. Which resolve I have taken, therefore desire none but
+those which will so freely adventure; the other to return in, and for
+the better knowledge of them, I will separate my camp some distance from
+them bound home."
+
+Next morning, as the sun arose above the tree-tops it looked down upon
+the divided forces--one body moving with heavy step, but doubtless
+lightened hearts, toward Jamestown, the other pressing deeper into the
+wilds.
+
+A few hours after the parting Bacon's remnant fell upon a party of the
+Pamunkey tribe, whom they found encamped--after the wonted Indian
+fashion--upon a piece of wooded land bounded by swamps. The savages made
+little show of resistance, but fled, the English giving close chase.
+Forty-five Indian captives were taken, besides three horse-loads of
+plunder, consisting of mats, baskets, shell-money, furs, and pieces of
+English linen and cloth.
+
+A trumpet blast was the signal for the prisoners to be brought together
+and delivered up to Bacon, by whom some of them were afterward sold for
+slaves while the rest were disposed of by Sir William Berkeley, saving
+five of them, whom Ingram, Bacon's successor, presented to the Queen of
+Pamunkey.
+
+As for the poor queen, the story goes that she fled during the skirmish
+between Bacon's men and her subjects, and, with only a little Indian boy
+to bear her company, was lost in the woods for fourteen days, during
+which she was kept alive by gnawing upon the "leg of a terrapin," which
+the little boy found for her when she was "ready to die for want of
+food."
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+GOVERNOR BERKELEY IN ACCOMAC.
+
+
+While Bacon was scouring the wilderness in his pursuit of the Indians,
+the colony, which he was pleased to think he had left safe from serious
+harms, was in a state of wildest panic.
+
+A plot had been formed by Governor Berkeley and Captain Larrimore to
+recapture the ship which, it will be remembered, Bacon had sent to the
+Eastern Shore after the Governor. When the ship cast anchor before
+Accomac, Berkeley sent for her commander, Captain Carver, to come ashore
+and hold a parley with him, promising him a safe return. Unfortunately
+for himself, the Captain seems to have forgotten for the moment how
+little Governor Berkeley's promises were worth. Leaving his ship in
+charge of Bland, he went well armed, and accompanied by his most trusty
+men, to obey the summons. While Sir William was closeted with Captain
+Carver, trying to persuade him to desert the rebel party, Captain
+Larrimore, who had a boat in readiness for the purpose, rowed a party of
+men, under command of Colonel Philip Ludwell, of the Council, out to the
+ship. The Baconians, supposing that the approaching boat came in peace,
+were taken entirely by surprise, and all on board were made prisoners.
+Soon afterward, Captain Carver, his conference with Sir William over,
+set out for the ship, in blissful ignorance of what had happened in his
+absence until he came within gun-shot, when he, too, fell an easy prey
+into the trap, and soon found himself in irons with Bland and the
+others.
+
+A few days later Sir William Berkeley rewarded the unfortunate Captain
+Carver for his thus thwarted designs against the liberty of his
+Majesty's representative, with the ungracious "gift of the halter."
+
+Governor Berkeley was now having his turn in sweeping things before him.
+At the time of the seizure by Carver and Bland of Captain Larrimore's
+ship, another ship, lying hard by, in the James, commanded by Captain
+Christopher Evelyn, eluded the efforts of the Baconians to seize her
+also, and some days later slipped away to England, carrying aboard her a
+paper setting forth the Governor's own story of the doings of Nathaniel
+Bacon, Jr., in Virginia.
+
+It was upon the first day of August that the Baconians had seized
+Captain Larrimore's ship and made her ready to go to Accomac after
+Berkeley. Upon the seventh of September Berkeley set sail for Jamestown,
+not as a prisoner, but with a fleet consisting of the recaptured ship
+and some sixteen or seventeen sloops manned by six hundred sturdy
+denizens of Accomac, whom he is said to have bribed to his service with
+promises of plunder of all who had taken Bacon's oath,--"catch that
+catch could,"--twenty-one years' exemption from all taxes except church
+dues, and regular pay of twelvepence per day so long as they should
+serve under his colors. He was, moreover, said to have offered like
+benefits, and their freedom besides, to all servants of Bacon's
+adherents who would take up arms against the Rebel.
+
+The direful news of Sir William's approach, and of the strength with
+which he came, "outstripping the canvas wings," reached Jamestown before
+any signs of his fleet were spied from the landing. The handful of
+Baconians who had been left on guard there to "see the King's peace kept
+by resisting the King's vice-gerent," as their enemies sarcastically put
+it, were filled with dismay, for they realized themselves to be "a
+people utterly undone, being equally exposed to the Governor's
+displeasure and the Indians' bloody cruelties."
+
+To prove the too great truth of the report, the Governor's ships were
+before long seen sailing up the river, and the Governor's messenger soon
+afterward landed, bearing commands for the immediate surrender of the
+town, with promise of pardon to all who would desert to the Governor's
+cause, excepting only Bacon's two strongest friends, Mr. Drummond and
+"thoughtful Mr. Lawrence."
+
+The Baconians had caught too much of the spirit of their leader to
+consider such terms as were offered them, and scornfully spurned them;
+but seeing that it would be madness to attempt to hold the town against
+such numbers, made their escape, leaving abundant reward in the way of
+plunder for the Governor and his six hundred men of Accomac. Mr.
+Lawrence, whose leave-taking was perhaps the more speedy by reason of
+the compliment Sir William had paid him in making him one of the
+honorable exceptions in his offer of mercy, left "all his wealth and a
+fair cupboard of plate entire standing, which fell into the Governor's
+hands the next morning."
+
+About noonday, on September 8, the day following the evacuation, Sir
+William entered the little capital. He immediately fortified it as
+strongly as possible, and then once more proclaimed Nathaniel Bacon and
+his followers rebels and traitors, threatening them with the utmost
+extremity of the law.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+BACON RETURNS TO JAMESTOWN.
+
+
+Let us now return to the venturesome young man who was voluntarily
+placing himself under this oft-repeated and portentous ban. We will find
+him and his ragged and foot-sore remnant on their way back to Jamestown,
+for after the successful meeting with the Pamunkeys he withdrew his
+forces from the wilderness and turned his face homewards to gather
+strength for the next march. He had already been met by the news of the
+reception that awaited him at Jamestown from Sir William. His army
+consisted now of only one hundred and thirty-six tired-out, soiled,
+tattered and hungry men--not a very formidable array with which to
+attack the fortified town, held by his wrathful enemy and the six
+hundred fresh men-at-arms from Accomac. Pathetic a show as the little
+band presented, however, the gallant young General called them about
+him, and with the frankness with which he always opened the eyes of his
+soldiers to every possible danger to which they might be exposed in his
+service, laid before them Governor Berkeley's schemes for their undoing.
+Verily must this impetuous youth have had magic in his tongue. Perhaps
+it was because he was able to throw into his tones his passion for the
+people's cause and earnest belief in the righteousness of the Rebellion,
+that his voice had ever the effect of martial music upon the spirits of
+his followers. Their hearts were never so faint but the sound of it
+could make them stout, their bodies never so weary but they were ready
+to greet a word from him with a hurrah.
+
+Nothing daunted by the appalling news he told them, the brave men
+shouted that they would stand by their General to the end. Deeply
+touched by their faithfulness, Bacon was quick to express his
+appreciation.
+
+"Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers," he cried: "How am I transported with
+gladness to find you thus unanimous, bold and daring, brave and gallant.
+You have the victory before you fight, the conquest before battle. I
+know you can and dare fight, while they will lie in their place of
+refuge and dare not so much as appear in the field before you. Your
+hardiness shall invite all the country along, as we march, to come in
+and second you.
+
+"The Indians we bear along with us shall be as so many motives to cause
+relief from every hand to be brought to you. The ignominy of their
+actions cannot but so reflect upon their spirits as they will have no
+courage left to fight you. I know you have the prayers and well wishes
+of all the people of Virginia, while the others are loaded with their
+curses."
+
+As if "animated with new courage," the bit of an army marched onward
+toward Jamestown, with speed "out-stripping the swift wings of fame,"
+for love and faith lightened their steps. The only stop was in New Kent
+County, where, halting long enough to gain some new troops, their
+number was increased to three hundred. Weak and weary, ragged and soiled
+as was the little army, the home-coming was a veritable triumphal
+progress. The dwellers along the way came out of their houses praying
+aloud for the happiness of the people's champion, and railing against
+the Governor and his party. Seeing the Indian captives whom Bacon's men
+led along, they shouted their thanks for his care and his pains for
+their preservation, and brought forth fruits and bread for the
+refreshment of himself and his soldiers. Women cried out that if need be
+they would come and serve under him. His young wife proudly wrote a
+friend in England: "You never knew any better beloved than he is. I do
+verily believe that rather than he should come to any hurt by the
+Governor or anybody else, they would most of them lose their lives."
+
+Rumors of the Governor's warlike preparations for his coming were
+received by Bacon with a coolness bound to inspire those under him with
+confidence in his and their own strength. Hearing that Sir William had
+with him in Jamestown a thousand men, "well armed and resolute," he
+nonchalantly made answer that he would soon see how resolute they were,
+for he was going to try them. When told that the Governor had sent out a
+party of sixty mounted scouts to watch his movements, he said, with a
+smile, that they were welcome to come near enough to say "How d'ye," for
+he feared them not.
+
+Toward evening upon September 13, after a march of between thirty and
+forty miles since daybreak, the army reached "Green Spring," Sir William
+Berkeley's own fair estate near Jamestown--the home which had been the
+centre of so much that was distinguished and charming in the social life
+of the colony during the Cavalier days. In a green field here Bacon
+again gathered his men around him for a final word to them before
+marching upon the capital. In a ringing appeal he told them that if they
+would ever fight they would do so now, against all the odds that
+confronted them--the enemy having every advantage of position, places of
+retreat, and men fresh and unwearied, while they were "so few, weak,
+and tired."
+
+"But I speak not this to discourage you," he added, "but to acquaint you
+with what advantages they will neglect and lose." He assured them that
+their enemies had not the courage to maintain the charges so boldly made
+that they were rebels and traitors.
+
+"Come on, my hearts of gold!" he cried. "He that dies in the field, lies
+in the bed of honor!"
+
+With these words the Rebel once more moved onward, and drew up his
+"small tired body of men" in an old Indian field just outside of
+Jamestown. He promptly announced his presence there in the dramatic and
+picturesque fashion that belonged to the time. Riding forward upon the
+"Sandy Beach"--a narrow neck of land which then connected the town with
+the mainland, but has since been washed away, making Jamestown an
+island--he commanded a trumpet-blast to be sounded, and fired off his
+carbine. From out the stillness of the night the salute was heard, and
+immediately, and with all due ceremony, answered by a trumpeter within
+the town. These martial greetings exchanged, Bacon dismounted from his
+horse, surveyed the situation and ordered an earthwork to be cast up
+across the neck of land, thus cutting off all communication between the
+capital and the rest of the colony except by water. Two axes and two
+spades were all the tools at the Rebel's command, but all night long his
+faithful men worked like beavers beneath the bright September moon.
+Trees came crashing down, bushes were cut and earth heaped up, and
+before daybreak the fortification was complete and the besiegers were
+ready for battle.
+
+When Sir William Berkeley looked abroad next morning and found the
+gateway between town and country so hostilely barred he did not suffer
+his complacency to forsake him for a moment, for he at once resolved to
+try his old trick, in which he had perfect confidence, of seeking to
+disarm the enemy by an affectation of friendship. He could not believe
+that Bacon would have the hardihood to open war with such a pitiful
+force against his Majesty's representative, and pretending to desire a
+reconciliation with the Rebel on account of his service against the
+Indians, he ordered his men not to make attack.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+JAMESTOWN BESIEGED AND BURNED.
+
+
+But Sir William Berkeley had played his favorite trick at least twice
+too often. Moreover, he little knew of what stern stuff Bacon and his
+handful of ragamuffins were made, though they were far too well
+acquainted with the silver-haired old Cavalier's ways and wiles to pin
+any faith to the fair words that could so glibly slip off of his tongue
+and out of his memory.
+
+Early that morning the beginning of the siege was formally announced by
+six of Bacon's soldiers, who ran up to the palisades of the town fort,
+"fired briskly upon the guard," and retreated safely within their own
+earthwork. The fight now began in earnest. Upon a signal from within the
+town the Governor's fleet in the river shot off their "great guns,"
+while at the same time the guard in the palisades let fly their small
+shot. Though thus assailed from two sides at once, the rebels lying
+under their earthwork were entirely protected from both, and safe in
+their little fortress, returned the fire as fast as it was given. Even
+under fire, Bacon, the resourceful, strengthened and enlarged his fort
+by having a party of his soldiers to bind fagots into bundles, which
+they held before themselves for protection while they made them fast
+along the top and at the ends of the earthwork.
+
+A sentinel from the top of a chimney upon Colonel Moryson's plantation,
+hard by Jamestown, watched Berkeley's maneuvers all day, and constantly
+reported to Bacon how the men in town "posted and reposted, drew on and
+off, what number they were and how they moved."
+
+For three days the cross-firing continued, during which the besiegers
+were so well shielded that they do not seem to have lost a single man.
+
+Upon the third day the Governor decided to make a sally upon the rebels.
+It is written that when he gave the order for the attack some of his
+officers made such "crabbed faces" that the "gunner of York Fort," who,
+it seems, was humorously inclined, offered too buy a colonel's or a
+captain's commission for whomsoever would have one for "a chunk of a
+pipe."
+
+It is also written that the Governor's Accomac soldiers "went out with
+heavy hearts, but returned with light heels," for the Baconians received
+them so warmly that they retired in great disorder, throwing down their
+arms and leaving them and their drum on the field behind them, with the
+dead bodies of two of their comrades, which the rebels took into their
+trenches and buried with their arms.
+
+This taste of success made the besiegers so bold and daring that Bacon
+could hardly keep them from attempting to storm and capture Jamestown
+forthwith; but he warned them against being over rash, saying that he
+expected to take the town without loss of a man, in due season, and that
+one of their lives was worth more to him than the whole world.
+
+Upon the day after the sally some of Bacon's Indian captives were
+exhibited on top of the earthworks, and this primitive bit of bravado
+served as an object-lesson to quicken the enthusiasm of the neighborhood
+folk, who were coming over to the Rebel in great numbers.
+
+News was brought that "great multitudes" were also declaring for the
+popular cause in Nansemond and Isle of Wight Counties, "as also all the
+south side of the river."
+
+Bacon sent a letter from camp to two of his sea-faring friends, Captain
+William Cookson and Captain Edward Skewon, describing the progress of
+the siege and urging them to protect the "Upper parts of the country"
+against pirates, and to bid his friends in those parts "be courageous,
+for that all the country is bravely resolute."
+
+In the midst of the siege Bacon resorted to one measure which for pure
+originality has not been surpassed in the history of military tactics,
+and which, though up to the present writing no other general
+sufficiently picturesque in his methods to imitate it has arisen, has
+furnished much "copy" for writers of historical romances.
+
+The Rebel had the good fortune to capture two pieces of artillery, but a
+dilemma arose as to how he should mount them without endangering the
+lives of some of his men. His ingenious brain was quick to solve the
+riddle. Dispatching some of his officers to the plantations near
+Jamestown, he had them to bring into his camp Madam Bacon (the wife of
+his cousin Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., President of the Council), Madam Bray,
+Madam Page, Madam Ballard, and other ladies of the households of members
+of his Majesty's Council who had remained loyal to the Governor. He then
+sent one of these fair ones, under escort, into Jamestown, to let her
+husband and the husbands of her companions know with what delicate and
+precious material their audacious foe was strengthening his fort, and to
+give them fair warning not to shoot. The remaining ladies (alas for the
+age of chivalry!) he stationed in front of his breastworks and kept them
+there until the captured "great guns" had been duly mounted; after
+which he sent them all safely home.
+
+Most truly was it said that Bacon "knit more knots by his own head in
+one day than all the hands in town were able to untie in a whole week!"
+
+So effectual a fortification did the glimmer of a few fluttering white
+aprons upon his breastworks prove to be, that, as though confronted by a
+line of warriors from Ghostland, the Governor's soldiers stood aghast,
+and powerless to level a gun, while to add still further to their
+discomfiture they had to bear with what grace they could command having
+their ladies dubbed the "guardian angels" of the rebel camp.
+
+The cannon mounted under such gentle protection were never given a
+chance to prove their service.
+
+Jamestown stood upon low ground, full of marshes and swamps. The
+climate, at all times malarious and unhealthy, was at this season made
+more so than usual by the hot September suns. There were no fresh water
+springs, and the water from the wells was brackish and unwholesome,
+making the place especially "improper for the commencement of a siege."
+While the Governor had the advantage of numbers, and his men were fresh
+and unwearied, Bacon had the greater advantage of motive. Sir William
+Berkeley's soldiers were bent upon plunder, and when they found that the
+Rebel's determined "hearts of gold" meant to keep them blocked up in
+such comfortless quarters, and that the prospects were that there was
+nothing to be gained in Sir William's service, they began to fall away
+from him in such numbers that, upon the day after the placing of Bacon's
+great guns, the old man found that there was nothing left for him but a
+second flight. That night he, with the gentlemen who remained true to
+him--about twenty in all--stole out of their stronghold in great
+secrecy, and taking to the ships, "fell silently down the river." The
+fleet came to anchor a few miles away, perhaps that those on board might
+reoccupy the town again as soon as the siege should be raised, perhaps
+that they might, in turn, block up the rebels in it if they should
+quarter there.
+
+Bacon found a way to thwart either design.
+
+The first rays of morning light brought knowledge to the rebels that the
+Governor had fled, and that they were free to take possession of the
+deserted capital. That night, as Berkeley and his friends rocked on the
+river below, doubtless straining eyes and ears toward Jamestown, and
+eagerly awaiting news of Bacon's doings there, the sickening sight of
+jets of flame leaping skyward through the darkness told them in signals
+all too plain that the hospitable little city would shelter them
+nevermore.
+
+Filled with horror, they weighed anchor and sailed with as great speed
+as the winds would vouchsafe to bear them out of James River and across
+the Chesapeake's broad waters, where Governor Berkeley found, for a
+second time, a haven of refuge upon the shores of Accomac County.
+
+This great city of Jamestown, which though insignificant in number of
+inhabitants and in the area it covered, was a truly great city, for its
+achievements had been great, was thus laid low at the very height of
+its modest magnificence and power. Though but little more than a half
+century old, it was already historic Jamestown, for with its foundations
+had been laid, in the virgin soil of a new world, the foundations of the
+Anglo-Saxon home, the Anglo-Saxon religion, and Anglo-Saxon law. This
+town, so small in size, so great in import, could proudly boast of a
+brick church, "faire and large," twelve new brick houses and half a
+dozen frame ones, with brick chimneys. There was also a brick state
+house the foundations of which have lately been discovered.
+
+The inhabitants are facetiously described by a writer of the time as for
+the most part "getting their livings by keeping ordinaries at
+_extra_-ordinary rates."
+
+"Thoughtful Mr. Lawrence"--devoted Mr. Lawrence (whose silver plate the
+Governor had not forgotten to carry off with him, for all his
+leave-taking was so abrupt)--and Mr. Drummond heroically began the work
+of ruin by setting the torch to their own substantial dwellings. The
+soldiers were quick to follow this example, and soon all that remained
+of Jamestown was a memory, a heap of ashes, and a smoke-stained church
+tower, which still reaches heavenward and tells the wayfarer how the
+most enduring pile the builders of that first little capital of Virginia
+had heaped up was a Christian temple.
+
+Mr. Drummond (to his honor be it said) rushed into the burning State
+House and rescued the official records of the colony.
+
+In a letter written the following February Sir William Berkeley said
+that Bacon entered Jamestown and "burned five houses of mine and twenty
+of other gentlemen's, and a very commodious church. They say he set to
+with his own sacrilegious hand."
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+"THE PROSPEROUS REBEL."
+
+
+The firebrand's uncanny work complete, Bacon marched his men back to
+"Green Spring" and quartered them there. That commodious plantation,
+noted among other things for its variety of fruits and its delightful
+spring water, must have been a welcome change from the trenches before
+Jamestown, haunted by malaria and mosquitoes.
+
+Comfortably established in Sir William Berkeley's own house, the Rebel's
+next step was to draw up an oath of fidelity to the people's cause,
+denouncing Sir William as a traitor and an enemy to the public good, and
+again binding his followers to resist any forces that might be sent from
+England until such time as his Majesty should "fully understand the
+miserable case of the country, and the justice of our proceedings," and
+if they should find themselves no longer strong enough to defend their
+"lives and liberties," to quit the colony rather than submit to "any
+such miserable a slavery" as they had been undergoing.
+
+Though the "prosperous rebel," as the Royal Commissioners call Bacon,
+had now everything his own way, his hour of triumph was marked by
+dignity and moderation. Even those who opposed him bore witness that he
+"was not bloodily inclined in the whole progress of this rebellion." He
+had only one man--a deserter--executed, and even in that case he
+declared that he would spare the victim if any single one of his
+soldiers would speak a word to save him. The Royal Commissioners, who
+had made a careful study of Bacon's character, expressed the belief that
+he at last had the poor fellow's life taken, not from cruelty, but as a
+wholesome object-lesson for his army.
+
+He suggested an exchange of prisoners of war to Berkeley--offering the
+Reverend John Clough (minister at Jamestown), Captain Thomas Hawkins,
+and Major John West, in return for Captain Carver (of whose execution,
+it seems, he had not heard), Bland, and Farloe. Governor Berkeley
+scorned to consider the proposition, and instead of releasing the
+gentlemen asked for, afterward sent the remaining two after the luckless
+Captain Carver, although Bacon spared the lives of all those he had
+offered in exchange, and though Mr. Bland's friends in England had
+procured the King's pardon for him, which he pleaded at his trial was
+even then in the Governor's pocket.
+
+Though Bacon himself was never accused of putting any one to death in
+cold blood, or of plundering any house, he found that the people began
+to complain bitterly of the depredations, rudeness, and disorder of his
+men. He therefore set a strict discipline over his army and became more
+moderate than ever himself.
+
+After a few days' rest at "Green Spring" the Rebel marched on to
+Tindall's Point, Gloucester County, where he made the home of Colonel
+Augustine Warner, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, his headquarters.
+From there he sent out a notice to all the people of the county to meet
+him at the court-house for the purpose of taking his oath.
+
+His plans were now suddenly interrupted by a report from Rappahannock
+County that Colonel Brent, who, it seems, had gone over to the
+Governor's side, was advancing upon him at the head of eleven hundred
+militia. No sooner had he heard this news than he ordered the drums to
+beat up his soldiers, under their colors, and told them of the strength
+of the approaching army, and of Brent's "resolution" to fight him, and
+"demanded theirs."
+
+With their wonted heartiness, his men made answer in "shouts and
+acclamations, while the drums thunder a march to meet the promised
+conflict."
+
+Thus encouraged, Bacon set out without delay to give the enemy even an
+earlier chance to unload his guns than he had bargained for. He had been
+on the march for several days when, instead of meeting a hostile army,
+he was greeted with the cheerful tidings that Brent's followers, who
+were described as "men, not soldiers," had left their commander to
+"shift for himself." They had heard how the Rebel had beat the Governor
+out of town, and lest he should "beat them out of their lives," some of
+them determined to keep a safe distance from him, while most of them
+unblushingly deserted to him, deeming it the part of wisdom "with the
+Persians, to go and worship the rising sun."
+
+Bacon now hastened back to Gloucester Court House to meet the county
+folk there, in accordance with his appointment. The cautious denizens of
+Gloucester, reckoning that in such uncertain times there might be danger
+in declaring too warmly for either the one side or the other, petitioned
+through Councillor Cole, who acted as spokesman, that they might be
+excused from taking the oath of fidelity, and "indulged in the benefit
+of neutrality." Lukewarmness in his service was a thing wholly new to
+Bacon, and utterly contemptible in his eyes. He haughtily refused to
+grant so unworthy a request, telling those who made it that they put
+him in mind of the worst of sinners, who desired to be saved with the
+righteous, "yet would do nothing whereby they might obtain their
+salvation."
+
+He was about to leave the place in disgust when one of the neutrals
+stopped him and told him that he had only spoken "to the horse"--meaning
+the troopers--and had said nothing to the "foot."
+
+Bacon cuttingly made answer that he had "spoken to the men, and not to
+the horse, having left that service for him to do, because one beast
+would best understand the meaning of another."
+
+Mr. Wading, a parson, not only refused to take the oath himself, but
+tried to persuade others against it, whereupon Bacon had him arrested,
+telling him that "it was his place to preach in the church--not in the
+camp," and that in the one place he might say what he pleased, in the
+other only what Bacon pleased, "unless he could fight better than he
+could preach."
+
+It was clearly the clause regarding resistance of the English forces
+that made the people suspicious and afraid of the oath. John Goode, a
+Virginia planter, and a near neighbor of Bacon's, had been one of the
+first among the volunteers to enlist under him, but afterward went over
+to Governor Berkeley. He wrote the Governor a letter reporting a
+conversation between himself and Bacon which he said they had had upon
+the second of September. This must have been during Bacon's last Indian
+march, and about ten days before the siege of Jamestown.
+
+According to Goode, Bacon had spoken to him of a rumor that the King had
+sent two thousand "red-coats" to put down the insurgents, saying that if
+it were true he believed that the Virginians could beat them--having the
+advantages of knowing the country, understanding how to make ambuscades,
+etc., and being accustomed to the climate--which last would doubtless
+play havoc in the King's army.
+
+Goode writes that he discouraged resistance of the "red-coats," and
+charged Bacon with designing a total overthrow of the Mother Country's
+government in Virginia--to which Bacon coolly made answer, "Have not
+many princes lost their dominions in like manner?" and frankly expressed
+the opinion that not only Virginia, but Maryland and Carolina would cast
+off his Majesty's yoke as soon as they should become strong enough.
+
+The writer adds that Bacon furthermore suggested that if the people
+could not obtain redress for their grievances from the Crown, and have
+the privilege of electing their own governors, they might "retire to
+Roanoke," and that he then "fell into a discourse of seating a
+plantation in a great island in the river as a fit place to retire to
+for a refuge."
+
+Goode describes his horror at such a daring suggestion, and says he
+assured Bacon that he would get no aid from him in carrying it out, and
+that the Rebel replied that he was glad to know his mind, but charged
+that "this dread of putting his hand to the promoting" of such a design
+was prompted by cowardice, and that Goode's attitude would seem to hint
+that a gentleman engaged as he (Bacon) was, must either "fly or hang
+for it."
+
+The writer says that he suggested to the Rebel that "a seasonable
+submission to authority and acknowledgment of errors past" would be the
+wisest course for one in his ticklish position, and, after giving this
+prudent advice, Mr. Goode, fearing that alliance with Bacon was growing
+to be a risky business, asked leave to go home for a few days, which was
+granted, and he never saw the Rebel again--for which, he piously adds,
+he was very thankful.
+
+Gloucester folk, who evidently did not realize as fully as Mr. Goode
+that discretion is the better part of valor, finally came to terms, and
+took the dangerous oath. Six hundred men are said to have subscribed to
+it in one place, besides others in other parts of the county.
+
+Bacon next turned his attention to making plans for the regulation of
+affairs in the colony. One of his schemes was to visit all "the northern
+parts of Virginia," and inquire personally into their needs, so as to
+meet them as seemed most fit. He appointed a committee to look after
+the south side of James River, and inquire into the plundering reported
+to have been done there by his army; another committee was to be always
+with the army, with authority to restrain rudeness, disorder, and
+depredations, while still another was to have the management of the
+Indian war.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+DEATH OF BACON AND END OF THE REBELLION.
+
+
+Full many "knots" the busy brain of Bacon was "knitting" indeed, among
+them a design to go over to the Eastern Shore, where Sir William
+Berkeley was still in retreat, and return the "kind-hearted visit" which
+Sir William and his Accomac eight hundred had made Hansford and the
+other Baconians at Jamestown, during his absence, and that the
+Accomackians might be ready to give him a warm reception, he had his
+coming heralded with meet ceremony.
+
+The "prosperous Rebel" was never to see the fulfilment of his hopes and
+purposes, however. The week of exposure to the damps and vapors of the
+Jamestown swamps, during the siege, added to the physical and mental
+strain he had been under since the beginning of the Rebellion, had done
+its deadly work. The dauntless and brilliant young General met an
+unexpected and, for the first time during his career, an unprepared-for
+enemy in the deadly fever, against which he had no weapon of defense.
+
+It is written that he was "besieged by sickness" at the house of Mr.
+Pate, in Gloucester. He made the brave struggle that was to be expected
+from one of his fibre, but at length, upon the first day of October, he
+who had seemed invincible to human foes "surrendered up that fort he was
+no longer able to keep into the hands of that grim and all-conquering
+captain, Death."
+
+He died much dissatisfied in mind at leaving his work unfinished, and
+"inquiring ever and anon after the arrival of the frigates and forces
+from England."
+
+Sir William Berkeley, writing of his enemy's illness and death in a tone
+of great satisfaction, says that Bacon swore his "usual oath"--"God damn
+my blood!"--at least "a thousand times a day," and that "God so
+infected his blood" that it bred vermin in "an incredible number," to
+which "God added" his sickness. Sir William adds that "an honest
+minister"--evidently one of the Governor's own adherents--wrote an
+epitaph upon Bacon declaring that he was "sorry" at his "heart" that
+vermin and disease "should act the hangman's part."
+
+Was this "honest minister" the Reverend Mr. Wading--the same whom Bacon
+had arrested and debarred from "preaching in camp"? Perhaps, but the
+deponent saith not.
+
+Those who had loved the Rebel in life were faithful to him in death, and
+tenderly laid his body away beyond the reach of the insults of his
+enemies. So closely guarded was the secret of the place and manner of
+his burial that it is unto this day a mystery; but tradition has it that
+stones were placed in his coffin and he was put to bed beneath the deep
+waters of the majestic York River, whose waves chant him a perpetual
+"_requiescat in pace_."
+
+A feeble attempt was made by Bacon's followers, under Ingram as
+commander-in-chief, to carry on the rebellion, but in their leader the
+people of Virginia had not only lost their "hope and darling" but the
+organizer, the inspiration of their party. Their "arms, though ne'er so
+strong," wanted the "aid of his commanding tongue." Without Bacon the
+movement was as a ship without captain, pilot, or even guiding star. As
+soon as the news of his death was carried across the Chesapeake, to
+Berkeley, the Governor sent a party of men, under command of Maj. Robert
+Beverley, in a sloop over to York to reconnoiter. These "snapped up,"
+young Colonel Hansford and about twenty soldiers who kept guard under
+his command at Colonel Reade's house, and sailed away with them to
+Accomac. Upon his arrival there Hansford was accorded the unenviable
+"honor to be the first Virginian that ever was hanged" (which probably
+means the first Englishman born in Virginia), while the soldiers under
+him were cast into prison. The young officer met his death, heroically,
+asking of men no other favor than that he might be "shot, like a
+soldier, and not hanged, like a dog" (which was heartlessly denied him),
+and praying Heaven to forgive his sins.
+
+With his last breath Colonel Hansford protested that he "died a loyal
+subject and a lover of his country, and that he had never taken up arms
+but for the destruction of the Indians, who had murdered so many
+Christians."
+
+Major Cheesman and Captain Wilford, who was the son of a knight, and was
+but "a little man, yet had a great heart, and was known to be no
+coward," were taken by the same party that captured Hansford, and
+Wilford was hanged, while Cheesman only escaped a like fate by dying in
+prison, of hard usage.
+
+When Major Cheesman was brought into the Governor's presence and asked
+why he had taken up arms with Bacon, his devoted and heroic wife stepped
+forward and declared that she had persuaded him to do so, and upon her
+knees pleaded that she might be executed in his stead.
+
+Berkeley answered her with insult, and ordered that her husband be taken
+to prison.
+
+Encouraged by Major Beverley's "nimble and timely service" in ridding
+him of so many Baconians, Berkeley, with an armed force, took ship and
+sailed in person to York River. A party of his soldiers under one
+Farrill, and accompanied by Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, President of the
+Council, and Colonel Ludwell, who went along to see the thing well done,
+made an unsuccessful attack upon a garrison of Baconians under Major
+Whaly, at President Bacon's own house. During the fray Farrill was
+killed and some of his men were taken prisoners.
+
+Another party of the Governor's troops which, under command of Maj.
+Lawrence Smith, had taken possession of Mr. Pate's house, where the
+Rebel died, was besieged by the Baconians, under Ingram. Although Major
+Smith was said to have been "a gentleman that in his time had hewed out
+many a knotty piece of work," and so the better knew how to handle such
+rugged fellows as the Baconians were famed to be, "he only saved
+himself by leaving his men in the lurch."
+
+The whole party tamely surrendered to Ingram, who dismissed them all to
+their homes, unharmed.
+
+In spite of these little victories, however, the Rebellion was doomed.
+Only a few days after his raid upon Pate's house, Ingram decided to give
+up the struggle, and made terms with Captain Grantham, of Governor
+Berkeley's following.
+
+The Governor's own home, "Green Spring," which Bacon had left in charge
+of about a hundred men and boys, under command of Captain Drew, now
+stood ready to throw open its doors once more to its master.
+
+It was said that the "main service that was done for the reducing the
+rebels to their obedience, was done by the seamen and commanders of
+ships then riding in the rivers." In the lower part of Surry County,
+upon the banks of James River, stands an ancient brick mansion, still
+known as "Bacon's Castle," which tradition says was fortified by the
+Rebel. This relic of the famous rebellion is mentioned in the records
+as "Allen's Brick House," where Bacon had a guard under Major Rookins.
+The place was captured by a force from the Governor's ship _Young
+Prince_, Robert Morris, commander. Major Rookins, being "taken in open
+rebellion," was one of those afterward sentenced to death by court
+martial, at "Green Spring," but was so happy as to die in prison and
+thus, like Major Cheesman, cheat the gallows.
+
+Drummond and Lawrence alone remained inflexible, in command of a brick
+house in New Kent County, on the opposite side of the river from where
+Grantham and the Governor's forces were quartered. Seeing that they
+could not long hold out against such odds, but determined not to
+surrender to Berkeley, or to become his prisoners, they at length fled
+from their stronghold.
+
+Poor Mr. Drummond was overtaken by some of the Governor's soldiers in
+Chickahominy Swamp, half starved. He had been from the very beginning
+one of the staunchest adherents of Bacon and the people's party. A
+friend had advised him to be cautious in his opposition to the
+Governor, but the only answer he deigned to make was, "I am in over
+shoes, I will be in over boots."
+
+And he was as good as his word. When he was brought under arrest, before
+Berkeley, Sir William greeted him with a low bow, saying, in mock
+hospitality:
+
+"Mr. Drummond, you are very welcome. I am more glad to see you than any
+man in Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half an hour."
+
+The sturdy Scotchman replied, with perfect equanimity, and like show of
+courtesy:
+
+"What your Honor pleases."
+
+Sir William, too, was for once as good as his word, and the sentence was
+executed without delay.
+
+Governor Berkeley was evidently bent upon enjoying whatever satisfaction
+was to be found in the humiliation and death of his enemies. Those who
+shared Mr. Drummond's fate numbered no less than twenty, among them
+Bacon's friend and neighbor, Captain James Crews.
+
+The end of "thoughtful Mr. Lawrence" is not known. When last seen he, in
+company with four other Baconians, mounted and armed, was making good
+his escape through a snow ankle deep. They were supposed to have cast
+themselves into some river rather than die by Sir William Berkeley's
+rope.
+
+Mr. Lawrence was thought by many to have been the chief instigator of
+the Rebellion, and it was rumored that it was he that laid the stones in
+Bacon's coffin.
+
+By the middle of January of the new year the whole colony had been
+reduced to submission, and upon January 22 Governor Berkeley went home
+to "Green Spring," and issued a summons for an Assembly to meet at his
+own house--for since the destruction of Jamestown the colony was without
+a legislative hall.
+
+Sir William sent a message to the Assembly directing that some mark of
+distinction be set upon his loyal friends of Accomac, who had twice
+given him shelter during the uprising. It fell to the lot of a Baconian,
+Col. Augustine Warner, as Speaker of the House, to read the Governor's
+message, but that fiery gentleman consoled himself by adding, upon his
+own account, that he did not know what the "distinction" should be
+unless to give them "earmarks or burnt marks"--which was the common
+manner of branding criminals and hogs.
+
+So many persons had been put to death by Governor Berkeley, "divers
+whereof were persons of honest reputations and handsome estates," and
+among them some of the members of the last Assembly, that the new
+Assembly petitioned him to spill no more blood. A member from
+Northumberland, Mr. William Presley by name, said that he "believed the
+Governor would have hanged half the country if they had let him alone."
+
+His Majesty King Charles II is said to have declared when accounts of
+Berkeley's punishment of the rebels reached his ears, that the "old fool
+had hanged more men in that naked country than he [Charles] had done for
+the murder of his father."
+
+With the completion of Sir William Berkeley's wholesale and pitiless
+revenge fell the curtain upon the final act in the tragedy of Bacon's
+Rebellion.
+
+As soon as the country was quiet many suits were brought by members of
+the Governor's party for damages to their property during the commotion.
+These suits serve to show how widespread throughout the colony was the
+uprising.
+
+The records of Henrico County contain sundry charges of depredations
+committed by Bacon's soldiers, showing that the people's cause was
+strong in that section. Major John Lewis, of Middlesex, laid claim of
+damages at the hands of "one Matt Bentley," with "forty or fifty
+men-of-arms," in the "time of the late rebellion." Major Lewis's
+inventory of his losses includes "400 meals" (which he declares were
+eaten at his house by Bacon's men during their two days encampment on
+his plantation), the killing of some of his stock, and carrying off of
+meal "for the whole rebel army," at Major Pate's house.
+
+The records of Westmoreland County show that the Baconians, under
+"General" Thomas Goodrich, had control in the Northern Neck of Virginia
+as late as November, 1676. Major Isaac Allerton, of Westmoreland,
+brought suit for thirteen thousand pounds of tobacco for damages his
+estate had suffered at the hands of a rebel garrison which had seized
+and fortified the house of his neighbor, Colonel John Washington. The
+jury gave him sixty-four hundred pounds.
+
+Many illustrations of the unbroken spirit of Bacon's followers are
+preserved in the old records.
+
+When Stephen Mannering, the rebel officer who had given the order for
+the seizure of Colonel Washington's house, inquired how many prisoners
+had been taken there, and how they were armed, he was told fourteen,
+with "guns loaden." Whereupon he exclaimed that if he had been there
+with fourteen men, he would "uphold the house from five hundred men, or
+else die at their feet."
+
+Mannering furthermore expressed the opinion that "General Ingram was a
+cowardly, treacherous dog for laying down his arms, or otherwise he
+would die himself at the face of his enemies."
+
+John Pygott, of Henrico, showed how far from recantation he was by
+uttering a curse against all men who would not "pledge the juice and
+quintessence of Bacon."
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+PEACE RESTORED.
+
+
+About the time of meeting of the "Green Spring" Assembly, a small fleet
+arrived from England, bringing the long-looked-for "red-coats" and also
+three gentlemen--Sir John Berry, Colonel Herbert Jeffreys, and Colonel
+Francis Moryson--commissioned by the King to inquire into and report
+upon the state of affairs in the colony. His Majesty's "red-coats" found
+that their services were not needed, but the conciliatory attitude of
+the "Commissioners" doubtless aided in restoring peace, and their
+official report makes interesting reading. In a tactful address to the
+Assembly they expressed the hope that the "debates and consultations" of
+that body might be for the "glory of God, the honor of his most sacred
+Majesty, and the happy restoration, public good, and long lasting
+welfare and resettlement of this so miserable, shattered, and lacerated
+colony," and that the Assembly might gain for itself the "name and
+memorable reputation of the _healing_ Assembly," and in order that it
+might be the "more truly styled so," the Commissioners advised that it
+would thoroughly "inspect and search into the depth and yet hidden root
+and course of these late rebellious distempers that have broke out and
+been so contagious and spreading over the whole country," that it might
+thus decide "what apt and wholesome laws" might be "most properly
+applied, not only to prevent the like evil consequences for the future
+but also effectually to staunch and heal the fresh and bleeding wounds
+these unnatural wars have caused among you, that there may as few and
+small scars and marks remain, as you in your prudent care and tenderness
+can possibly bring them to."
+
+They "most heartily" assured the Assembly that in accordance with "his
+Majesty's royal commission," granted to them, "under the great seal of
+England," and his "instructions therewith given," they would "most
+readily assist, promote and advise" it, and would be "happy" to bear
+home to his Majesty the "burthens" which had disturbed "that peace and
+tranquillity which his good subjects had so long enjoyed under his
+Majesty's happy government," and which "by reason of the great and
+remote distance" of Virginia from "the usual place of his royal
+residence," could not be "so easily made known to him" as the troubles
+of "other his subjects who live at a nearer distance." They promised
+that the people's grievances, "be they few or many, great or less,"
+should be received and "most sincerely reported" to the King, who, they
+declared, "out of his royal favor and compassion" had been pleased to
+promise a "speedy redress thereof, as to his royal wisdom shall seem
+meet."
+
+The Commissioners furthermore promised to aid in bringing about a "truly
+good and just peace" with the Indians, and exhorted the Virginians to
+keep peace among themselves, that the Indians might not again "look on"
+while they were "murdering, burning, plundering and ruining one another,
+without remorse or consideration." They recommended to the Assembly
+various measures for the relief of the people's grievances--among them
+reduction of salaries of the Burgesses to "such moderate rates as may
+render them less grievous and burdensome to the country," a new election
+of representatives every two years, cutting off the allowance for
+"liquors drank by any members of committees," and other perquisites for
+which the "tithable polls" had to pay so dearly.
+
+The Commissioners refused to consider anonymous complaints, but
+appointed Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays as days to receive and examine
+"grievances" that were duly signed and sworn to.
+
+The Commissioners' address to the Assembly is dated, "Swann's Point,
+Feb. 27th, 1676-7," and is signed, "Your friends to serve you, Herbert
+Jeffreys, John Berry, Francis Moryson."
+
+In a proclamation dated "Whitehall, October 27, 1676," the King declared
+that every man engaged in the Rebellion who would submit to the
+government and take the oath of obedience within twenty days after the
+royal proclamation should be published, would be "pardoned and forgiven
+the rebellion and treason by him committed," and "be free from all
+punishments for or by reason of the same."
+
+Upon February 10 of the following year Sir William Berkeley published at
+"Green Spring" a proclamation, similar to that of his Majesty, save that
+it announced the "exception and expulsion of divers and sundry persons"
+from the offer of pardon.
+
+Upon May 15 still another proclamation was issued from Whitehall,
+wherein his Majesty condemned Governor Berkeley's proclamation as "so
+different from ours and so derogatory to our princely clemency toward
+all our subjects," that it was declared to be of "no validity," and his
+Majesty's own directions were ordered to be "punctually obeyed in all
+points."
+
+When the fleet of the Royal Commissioners sailed again for England, Sir
+William Berkeley sailed with it to plead his own side of the question
+before King Charles. Happily for himself, perhaps, he died not long
+after he reached his native land, and without having seen the King. In a
+letter written "on board Sir John Berry's ship," however (which has
+already been quoted), he expressed some very energetic opinions
+concerning Bacon and the Rebellion, which still live to bear witness to
+the bitter old man's views.
+
+In an address to the Assembly in June, 1680, Governor Berkeley's
+successor, Governor Jeffreys--the same Jeffreys that had been a Royal
+Commissioner--reminded the Virginians how the King had pardoned "all
+persons whatever" that had engaged in the uprising, "except Bacon that
+died and Lawrence that fled away," and added, "as his Majesty hath
+forgot it himself, he doth expect this to be the last time of your
+remembering the late Rebellion, and shall look upon them to be ill men
+that rub the sore by using any future reproaches or terms of distinction
+whatever."
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+And was Bacon's Rebellion, then, a failure? Far from it. Judged by its
+results, it was indeed a signal success, for though the gallant leader
+himself was cut down by disease at a moment when he himself felt that he
+had but begun his work, though many of the bravest of his men paid for
+their allegiance to the popular cause upon the scaffold, that cause was
+won--not lost. Most of the people's grievances were relieved by the
+reforms in the administration of the government, and the re-enactment of
+Bacon's Laws made the relief permanent. The worst of all the
+grievances--the Indian atrocities--was removed once and forever, for
+Bacon had inspired the savages with a wholesome fear of the pale faces,
+so that many of them removed their settlements to a safe distance from
+their English neighbors, and a general treaty of peace, which seems to
+have been faithfully kept, was effected with the others. And so the
+colonists never had any more trouble with the red men until they began
+to make settlements beyond the Blue Ridge.
+
+According to a deposition made by "Great Peter, the great man of the
+Nansemond Indians," the Weyanoke tribe, "when Bacon disturbed the
+Indians," fled to their former settlements upon Roanoke River, in North
+Carolina. In 1711 some "old men of the Nottaway Indians" upon being
+asked if they knew anything of the return of the Weyanokes to Carolina
+replied, "They did go thither for they were afraid of Squire Bacon, and
+therefore were resolved to go to their own land."
+
+Lovely woman flits in and out through the whole story of Bacon's
+Rebellion, touching up the narrative here and there with the interest
+her presence always creates. First there is the fair and fascinating
+young wife of Sir William Berkeley, said to have turned his head in his
+old age. A beautiful portrait of her remains to make excuses for the
+bewitched husband's weakness. She seems to have been capable of
+excessive irony upon occasion. The Royal Commissioners indignantly
+complained that when they went ashore and called upon Lady Frances
+Berkeley she received them courteously and sent them back to the wharf,
+in state, in the Governor's coach, but they afterward found that the
+coachman she chose to drive them was the "common hangman."
+
+Then there is the brave-hearted young bride of the Rebel, trembling with
+fears for his safety, no doubt, but exulting in his popularity, and
+writing home to tell about it.
+
+We have a series of characteristic pictures in the dusky "Queen of
+Pamunkey" upbraiding the Virginians for the death of her consort, the
+"mighty Totapotamoy"; the house-wives running out of their homes to see
+the victorious Rebel pass and heap him with blessings and gifts of food;
+the white-aproned ladies guarding the Rebel fort from the guns of their
+own husbands, and, at the end of all, the wife of Major Cheesman upon
+her knees before the Governor, praying to be hanged in her husband's
+place. Madam Sarah Drummond seems to have been as ardent an admirer of
+Bacon as her husband. When others were hesitating for fear of what his
+Majesty's "red-coats" might do, she picked up a stick and broke it in
+two, saying, "I fear the power of England no more than a broken straw."
+
+The only child left by Nathaniel Bacon was a daughter, Mary, born a
+short time before or after his death, and through her many can claim
+descent from the Rebel, though none of them bear his name. She grew, in
+due time, to womanhood, and married, in England, Hugh Chamberlain, a
+famous doctor of medicine and physician to Queen Anne, and became the
+mother of three daughters. The eldest of these, Mary, died a spinster,
+the second, Anna Maria, became the wife of the Right Honorable Edward
+Hopkins, who was a Member of Parliament for Coventry in the time of
+William III and Anne, and Secretary of State for Ireland. The third
+daughter, Charlotte, married Richard Luther, Esq., of Essex, England.
+
+Young Madam Bacon, so early and tragically widowed, was married twice
+afterward--first becoming Madam Jarvis and later Madam Mole. Devoid of
+romance as this record sounds, her first love affair and marriage had
+not been without a strong flavor of that captivating element. The young
+woman's father, Sir Edward Duke, for reasons unknown, opposed the match
+with "Nat" Bacon and provided in his will that his bequest to her of
+L2,000 should be forfeited if she should persist in marrying "one
+Bacon." That Mistress Elizabeth gave up her fortune for him, is but
+another proof of the Rebel's charm.
+
+Later, as Madam Jarvis, she and her husband brought suit for a share in
+her father's estate, but the Lord Chancellor decided against her, and
+gave as his opinion that her father had been right--"such an example of
+presumptuous disobedience highly meriting such punishment; she being
+only prohibited to marry with one man by name, and nothing in the whole
+fair garden of Eden would serve her but this forbidden fruit."
+
+Had Nathaniel Bacon's life been spared, who can say what its
+possibilities might or might not have been? His brief career was that of
+a meteor--springing in the twinkling of an eye into a dazzling being,
+dashing headlong upon its brilliant way, then going out in mystery,
+leaving only the memory of an existence that was all fire and motion. If
+he had lived a hundred years later the number of heroes of the American
+Revolution would doubtless have been increased by one--and his name
+would have been at the top of the list, or near it.
+
+For about two hundred years after the episode of Bacon's Rebellion, in
+the history of Virginia, there was no light by which to view it other
+than such as was afforded by a few meagre accounts of persons opposed to
+it. It is only by the most painstaking and judicious sifting of these
+contemporary and sometimes vexingly conflicting statements, diligent
+study of the period, and research into official colonial records, of
+late years unearthed, that the truth of the matter can be arrived at.
+
+Unveiled by such investigation, the character of Bacon seems to have
+been (while of course he had his faults like other mortals)
+self-sacrificing to a heroic degree, sincere, unmercenary, and
+high-minded. If otherwise, it nowhere is revealed, even by the
+chronicles of his enemies, who while they frown upon his course cannot
+hide their admiration of the man. Such of his followers as lived to tell
+the story of the struggle from their own point of view doubtless dared
+not commit it to paper. If his intrepid and accomplished friends,
+Drummond and Lawrence, had lived, they might have left some testimony
+which would have prevented the world from misjudging him as it did
+through so many generations, though, after all, no musty document could
+speak so clearly in his behalf as does the fact that they like so many
+others, were ready to give their lives for him. A fire-brand! Perhaps
+so; for some sores caustic is a necessary remedy. Profane? That he
+undoubtedly was, but plain speech was a part of the time he lived in,
+and a people settled in a wilderness and driven to desperation by hard
+times and the constant fear of violent death would hardly have chosen
+for their leader in a movement to redress their wrongs a man of mincing
+manners or methods. The only memorial of him left by a friendly hand,
+now remaining, is a bit of rhyme entitled, "Bacon's Epitaph made by his
+man," which truly prophesied,
+
+     "None shall dare his obsequies to sing
+     In deserv'd measures, until time shall bring
+     Truth crown'd with freedom, and from danger free
+     To sound his praise to all posterity."
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX._
+
+_Original Sources of Information for "The Story of Bacon's Rebellion."_
+
+
+Most of the official records and other contemporary manuscript
+documents--including private letters--which supply material for a
+history of Bacon's Rebellion have been printed and copies of them may be
+found in collections of _Virginiana_ owned by historical societies and
+libraries.
+
+No one of these documents, however, sheds more than an imperfect
+side-light upon this interesting subject. To understand the man Bacon,
+and the merits of the rebellion led by him, familiarity with all
+contemporary evidences, and a painstaking sifting of them, is necessary.
+
+From the aforesaid evidences the author of this modest work has made a
+sincere attempt to draw the real facts, bit by bit, and to patch them
+together into a true story.
+
+The items of the list which here follows have not been arranged in
+chronological order--indeed, a number of the most important papers bear
+no date. The collections where the original manuscripts may be or once
+could have been found are indicated by italics. In some instances it has
+been impossible to locate the original.
+
+The British Public Record Office is referred to as P. R. O. and Colonial
+Papers and Colonial Entry Books mentioned are classes of records in that
+great depository.
+
+The list does not include the abstracts in the English Calendar of State
+Papers, and the acts in Hening's Statutes at Large of Virginia. All the
+papers referred to are full copies.
+
+
+_THE LIST._
+
+The Beginning, Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia
+in the year 1675 and 1676. Known as "T. M's" account--printed in the
+_Richmond (Va.) Enquirer_, Sept., 1804, from the original, formerly in
+the _Harleian Collection_, subsequently included in _Force's Tracts_.
+
+An account of our late troubles in Virginia written in 1676 by Mrs. An.
+Cotton of Q. Creeke. Published from the original manuscript in the
+_Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 1804, and afterward in Force's Tracts_.
+
+A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Virginia in the year 1675
+and 1676. A manuscript found among the papers of Captain Nathaniel
+Burwell of King William County, Virginia, first printed in Vol. 1, 2nd
+Series, _Massachusetts Historical Society Collection_.
+
+A List of those that have been Executed for the Late Rebellion in
+Virginia by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of that Colony. Printed in
+_Force's Tracts_ from the original manuscript in the _British Museum_
+(_Harleian Collection_, Codex 6845, page 54) copied by _Robert Greenhow,
+Esq., of Virginia_.
+
+Strange Newse from Virginia, &c. (Printed) London, 1677.
+
+Nathaniel Bacon's acknowledgement of offences, and request for pardon,
+June 9, 1676. _General Court "Deeds and Wills, 1670-1677."_ _Hening's
+Statutes at Large of Virginia_, II, 543.
+
+A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late
+Rebellion in Virginia. * * * By His Majesty's Commissioners. _P. R. O.
+Col. Papers_, XLI, 79. Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., IV., 117-154.
+
+Defence of Colonel Edward Hill. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., III,
+239-252, 341-349; IV, 1-15.
+
+Charles City County Grievances, May 10, 1677. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. Hist.
+& Biog., III, 132-160.
+
+William Byrd's Relation of Bacon's Rebellion. Century Magazine (Edward
+Eggleston), Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog., V, 220.
+
+Council and General Court Records. _Robinson Notes._ Va. Mag., VIII,
+411, 412; IX, 47, 306.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Surry, County Court proceedings, July 4, 1677.
+_Surry Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, 125-126.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Westmoreland County, depositions, &c., in regard
+to, Oct. 21, Nov. 25, 1676, &c. _Westmoreland Records._ Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, II, 43-49.
+
+Extracts from the records of Lower Norfolk County in regard to Capt.
+William Carver, June 15, 1675, Jan. 15, 1676. _Lower Norfolk Records._
+Wm. & Mary Quarterly, III, 163-164.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion in Isle of Wight County, entries in county records
+relating to, May 22, and July 14, 1677. _Isle of Wight Records._ Wm. &
+Mary Quarterly, IV, 111-115.
+
+Indian War, Orders of Northumberland County Court in regard to, July 4th
+and 19th, and Sept. 20, 1676. _Northumberland Records._ Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, VIII, 24-27.
+
+Grievances of Cittenborne Parish, Rappahannock County, March, 1677. _P.
+R. O. Col. Papers_, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 62-63, also _Col. Entry Book_,
+LXXXI, pp. 300-302. Va. Mag., III, 35-42.
+
+Isle of Wight County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Papers_,
+Vol. XXIX, Nos. 82-83, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. LXXXI, pp. 316-319.
+Va. Mag., II, 390-392.
+
+Gloucester County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 94, and _Col. Entry Bk._ No. 81, pp. 325-327. Va. Mag. II,
+166-169.
+
+Lower Norfolk County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 95, and _Col. Entry Bk._ No. 81, pp. 327-328. Va. Mag., II,
+169-170.
+
+Surry County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXIX,
+Nos. 69-70, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 304-307. Va. Mag., II,
+170-173.
+
+Northampton County Grievances, March, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol.
+XXIX, No. 74, 75, and _Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 309-312. Va. Mag.
+289-292.
+
+A Description of the fight between the English and the Indians in May,
+1676. _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.
+
+Letter, Philip Ludwell, Va., June 28, 1676, to Sir Joseph Williamson.
+_P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 16. Va. Mag. I, 174-186.
+
+Letters, William Sherwood, James City, June 1 and 28, 1676, to Sir
+Joseph Williamson. _P. R. O. Col. Papers_, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1 and No.
+17. Va. Mag. I, 167-174.
+
+Letter, Virginia, June 29, 1676, from the wife of Nathaniel Bacon to her
+sister. _Egerton MSS._, 2325. Va. Mag., V, 219-220. Wm. & Mary
+Quarterly, IX, 4-5.
+
+Mr. Bacon's Account of the Troubles in Virginia, June 18, 1676. _Egerton
+MSS._, 2395. Wm & Mary Quarterly, IX, 6-10.
+
+Charter of Virginia, dated Oct. 10, 1676 (but never granted). _Bland
+MSS., Library of Congress and contemporary copy, Va. Historical
+Society._ Hening II, 532, 533; Burk's Virginia, II, lxii.
+
+Proclamation by Charles II, Westminster, Oct. 10, 1676, granting pardon
+to the Governor and Assembly and other subjects in Virginia. _Pat. Roll,
+28 Car._ II, No. 11. Hening II, 423-424.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Nov. 29, 1676, to Major Robert Beverley,
+_Beverley MSS._ Hening III, 568.
+
+General Court Proceedings, Sept. 28, 1677 (in regard to the Rebellion).
+_General Court Records._ Hening II, 557.
+
+General Court Proceedings, Oct. 26, 1677. _General Court Records._
+Hening II, 557-558.
+
+Bacon's Rebellion, Depositions, Nov. 15, 1677, in regard to Col. Thomas
+Swann's Conduct in. _Surry Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, XI, 80-81.
+
+Mrs. Bird's Relation, who lived Nigh Mr. Bacon in Virginia * * *
+_Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly, IX, 10.
+
+Proposals of Thos. Ludwell and Robert Smith, to the king, for reducing
+the rebels in Virginia [1676]. _P. R. O._ Va. Mag. I, 432-435.
+
+Petition of Thomas Bacon (father of Nathaniel) to the King, June (?)
+1676. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 15. Va. Mag., I, 430-431.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 11,
+1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 545-546.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial on board ship in York River, Jan. 12,
+1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 546.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 547-548.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Bray's House, Jan. 20, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 546-547.
+
+A True and faithful account in what condition we found your Majesty's
+Colony of Virginia, of our transactions, &c., signed by the
+Commissioners Berry and Moryson. _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No.
+51. 427. Burk's Virginia II, 253-259.
+
+Proceedings of Court Martial at Green Spring, Jan. 24, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 547-548.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 1, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 548.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 8, 1676-77. _General
+Court Records._ Hening II, 549-550.
+
+Proceedings of General Court at Green Spring, March 9, 10, 15, 16, 17,
+22, 1676-77. _General Court Records._ Hening II, 550-556.
+
+Nathaniel Bacon's Manifesto Concerning the present troubles in Virginia
+(_n. d._) _P. R. O. Col. Pap._, Vol. XXXVII, No. 51. Va. Mag. I, 55-58.
+
+The Declaration of the People, By Bacon. Aug. 3, 1676. _P. R. O._, Vol.
+XXXVII, No. 41. Va. Mag., I, 59-61. Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 184-186.
+
+Bacon's Appeal to the People of Accomac (_n. d._). _P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 254-263. Va. Mag., I, 61-63.
+
+Orders of the General Assembly at Session begun Feb. 26, 1676-77.
+_Northumberland Co. MS._ Hening II, 401-406.
+
+Additional instructions from the King to Governor Berkeley, Whitehall,
+Nov. 13, 1676. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 80, pp. 111-114. (In the
+English Cal. Col. State Papers, these instructions are dated Oct. 13; in
+Hening, Nov. 13.) Hening II, 424-426.
+
+Surry County, submission of Bacon's followers in, Feb. 6, 1677. _Surry
+Records._ Wm. & Mary Quarterly, XI, 79-80.
+
+Testimony of Governor Berkeley in regard to Robert Beverley's services
+during the Rebellion, Northampton Co., Nov. 13, 1676. _Beverley MS._
+Hening III, 567.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 18, 1676 (7), to Robert Beverley.
+_Beverley MS._ Hening III, 569.
+
+Letter, Governor Berkeley, Jan. 21, 1676-77, to Robert Beverley.
+_Beverley MS._ Hening III, 569.
+
+The Petition of the County of Gloucester, July, 1676, to Sir William
+Berkeley, and his answer. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist.
+Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX, 181-184.
+
+The Declaration and Remonstrance of Sir William Berkeley, May 29, 1676.
+_Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th Series, Vol. IX,
+178-181.
+
+The Opinion of Council of Virginia Concerning Mr. Bacon's Proceedings,
+May 29, 1676. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, pp. 177-178.
+
+Virginia's Deploured Condition. Or an Impartial Narrative of the Murders
+Committed by the Indians there, and the sufferings * * * under the
+Rebellious outrages of Mr. Nath. Bacon, Jr. * * * to the tenth day of
+August, 1676. _Chalmers (Aspinwall) Papers._ Mass. Hist. Col., 4th
+Series, Vol. IX, 162-176.
+
+A dialogue between the Rebel Bacon and one Goode as it was presented to
+* * * Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia. _P. R. O. Col. Entry
+Bk._, lxxi. pp. 232-240. Goode's "Our Virginia Cousins."
+
+A Review, Breviarie and Conclusion, being a Summarie account of the late
+rebellion in Virginia. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp. 411-419.
+Burk's Virginia, II, 250-253.
+
+Letter, Giles Bland, James Town, April 20, 1676, to Charles Berne
+(England). Burk's Virginia II, 245-249.
+
+Letter, Francis Moryson, London, Nov. 28, 1677, to Thomas Ludwell.
+Burk's Virginia II, 265-270.
+
+Letter, Charles II, Oct. 22, 1677, to Governor Jeffreys. Burk's Virginia
+II, 264-265.
+
+Vindications of Sir William Berkeley (1676). _Randolph MS._, Va. Hist.
+Soc. Va. Mag. VI, 139-144. Burk's Virginia, II, 259-264.
+
+List of persons who suffered in Bacon's Rebellion, report by the
+Commissioners, Oct. 15, 1677. _P. R. O. Col. Entry Bk._, Vol. 81, pp.
+353-357. Va. Mag. Hist. & Biog. V, 64-70.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+On page 42, the name "Skipton" is used while page 43 has "Skippon". If
+this is the same person, the name on page 42 is spelled incorrectly.
+Skippon is listed as the name of the author of an article in
+"Churchill's Voyages".
+
+The following corrections have been made to the text:
+
+     Page 21: Assembly chosen in 1662[original has 1862]
+
+     Page 109: GOVERNOR BERKELEY[original has BERKELY] IN ACCOMAC.
+
+     Page 120: neck of land, thus cutting[original has cuting] off
+     all communication
+
+     Page 133: triumph was marked by dignity[original has diginity]
+
+     Page 146: upon her knees pleaded[original has plead] that she
+
+     Page 159: grievous and burdensome to the country,"[quotation
+     mark missing in the original]
+
+     Page 171: _Original Sources of Information for "The Story of
+     Bacon's Rebellion._"[quotation mark missing in original]
+
+     Page 176: _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm.[period missing in
+     original] & Mary Quarterly, IX, 1-4.
+
+     Page 177: _Egerton MSS._, 2395. Wm. & Mary Quarterly,[comma
+     missing in original] IX, 10.
+
+     Page 179: Vol. 81, pp.[period missing in original] 254-263
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Bacon's Rebellion, by
+Mary Newton Stanard
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