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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2,
+September, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2, September, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2011 [EBook #36405]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, SEPT. 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+Of Literature, Art, and Science.
+
+Vol. IV. NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 1, 1851. No. II.
+
+
+
+
+INSTITUTIONS FOR SAILORS, IN NEW-YORK.
+
+
+[Illustration: HEALTH-OFFICER BOARDING AN IMMIGRANT SHIP, QUARANTINE,
+STATEN ISLAND.]
+
+The maritime commerce of New-York has increased so rapidly that it has
+continually outgrown the space appropriated for its accommodation, so
+that the docks, wharves, warehouses, and landings, have been found
+wholly inadequate to the reception of the business which has poured in
+upon them. But the benevolent institutions of the "Empire City,"
+designed to meliorate the condition of sea-faring men, have been fully
+equal to the exigencies of this improvident class of laborers, and are
+among the noblest and best conducted of the many charitable
+institutions in this great and growing metropolis of the New World.
+Commerce is the life and soul of New-York, and the most selfish
+motives should lead to the establishment of suitable retreats and
+hospitals for the benefit of the class of men without whose labors its
+wheels could not revolve; but it is not to those who are most
+benefited by the labors of seamen that they are indebted for the
+existence of safe havens of retreat, where they may cast anchor in
+repose, where they can no longer follow their dangerous and
+storm-tost business. Seamen are the only class who have asylums
+provided expressly for their use, either in sickness or old age. The
+nation provides no hospital like that of Greenwich, where the tars who
+are disabled in the public service find a home and an honorable
+support, but it lays a capitation tax on all the seamen in the navy
+for the creation of a fund, out of which the Naval Asylum, the
+Wallabout Hospital, &c., for the disabled, invalid, and superannuated
+of the navy have, at their own cost, not altogether disagreeable
+homes. New-York, however, from the munificence of private individuals
+and the creation of a fund from a tax on seamen, can boast of
+excellent institutions for the ample and comfortable accommodation of
+all the sick and infirm sailors who have earned a right of admission
+by sailing from this port. In this respect there is no other city in
+the world that can equal New-York.
+
+The quarantine ground of the port of New-York, which is on the
+north-eastern point of Staten Island, five and a half miles from the
+Battery, is admirably located for the purposes of purification, and
+liberally endowed with all the necessary means for the cure of the
+sick and the prevention of the spread of disease. The ground
+appropriated for the purposes of a lazaretto has a frontage on the bay
+of about fourteen hundred feet, and extends back twelve hundred feet.
+It is inclosed by a high brick wall, and includes suitable hospitals
+for the accommodation of the sick, houses for the resident physician,
+and offices for the numerous persons employed about the grounds. The
+largest hospital, appropriated for fever patients, is that nearest the
+water. It is constructed of brick, is three stories high, and one
+hundred and thirty-six feet long by twenty-eight feet wide. The
+building on the rising ground next above this is intended for
+convalescents. It is built of brick, three stories high, fifty feet
+long, and forty-five feet high, with two wings sixty-six by twenty-six
+feet each. Higher up, beyond this, is the small-pox hospital, which
+generally has the largest number of patients. It is but two stories,
+eighty feet long and twenty-eight feet wide; like the other hospitals,
+it is built of brick, and has open galleries on the outside, in front,
+and rear. The quarantine hospitals, although forming no unimportant
+part of the maritime institutions of New-York, do not properly come
+under the head of those denominated benevolent, as they are merely
+sanitary and for the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
+diseases.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEAMEN'S RETREAT.]
+
+The Seamen's Retreat is also on Staten Island, a mile below the
+quarantine ground, built upon a natural terrace, about one hundred
+feet above the water, and fronting the Narrows. The location is one of
+exceeding beauty, being surrounded by sylvan scenery of unsurpassed
+loveliness, and commanding a prospect of great extent, which embraces
+the city, the shore of New Jersey, the Palisades, Long Island, and the
+highlands of Neversink and Sandy Hook. The Hospital is a noble
+building, constructed of rough granite, three stories high, and
+surrounded by piazzas, upon which the patients may inhale the pure
+air, and beguile their confinement by watching the ever-changing
+panorama presented by the bay, with its countless ships and steamers.
+The Retreat is intended solely for sick but not disabled seamen. It is
+supported by a fund derived from a state capitation tax, levied upon
+all seamen sailing from this port, and is the only establishment of
+the kind in the United States, or, we believe, in the world. Seamen
+are the only class who are compelled by the law of the state to
+contribute to a fund to form a provision for them in case of sickness.
+The income for the support of the Retreat is ample, and the most
+liberal provision is allowed for all whose necessities compel them to
+seek admission. On the grounds are houses for the residence of the
+physician and keeper.
+
+[Illustration: SAILOR'S SNUG HARBOR.]
+
+This noble Charity is situated on the north side of Staten Island,
+about three miles from the Quarantine, and commands a magnificent
+view, with the city in the distance. It is surrounded with elegant
+villas, pretty cottages, and well cultivated farms, and is in the
+midst of the loveliest rural scenery that the neighborhood of New-York
+can boast of. The grounds belonging to the institution comprise about
+one hundred and sixty acres of land, which is inclosed by a handsome
+iron fence that cost, a few years since, thirty-five thousand dollars.
+The principal building is constructed of brick and faced with white
+marble, with a marble portico. The corner-stone was laid in 1831, and
+the institution opened for the reception of its inmates in 1833. The
+centre building is sixty-five by one hundred feet, with two wings
+fifty-one by one hundred feet, connected with the main building by
+corridors. There are two handsome houses for the residences of the
+governor of the institution, and the physician, and numerous offices
+and outhouses.
+
+This noble institution owes its existence to Captain James Randall,
+who, in the year 1801, bequeathed a piece of land in the upper part of
+the city, for the foundation of a retreat for worn-out seamen, who had
+sailed from the port of New-York; it was called most appropriately the
+SNUG HARBOR, and many a poor mariner has since found safe moorings
+there, when no longer able to follow his perilous calling. The
+benevolent-hearted sailor who founded this noble charity could hardly
+have dreamed that the small property which he bequeathed for that
+purpose, could ever increase to the magnificent sum which it is now
+valued at. The income from the estate in the year 1806 was but a
+little more than four thousand dollars; it is now thirty-seven
+thousand dollars, and will be, next year, when the leases of the
+property have to be renewed, at least sixty thousand dollars a year,
+an income abundantly large to support even in luxurious comfort the
+worn-out tars who may be compelled by misfortune to seek this
+magnificent asylum. The trustees of the Snug Harbor are about to build
+extensive additions to the present accommodations for it inmates, and
+among the new buildings will be a hospital for the insane. There is no
+chapel attached to the Snug Harbor, but there is a regular chaplain
+who performs religious services every Sunday in the large hall in the
+centre building.
+
+In front of the principal edifice a plain monument of white marble has
+been erected by the trustees in memory of Captain Randall, the founder
+of the institution, which is chiefly remarkable for the omission, in
+the inscription, of any information respecting the birth or death of
+the person in whose honor it was erected.
+
+[Illustration: THE SAILOR'S HOME.]
+
+It is somewhat remarkable that New-York has originated every system
+for bettering the temporal and spiritual condition of seamen, that now
+exists, and furnished the models of the various institutions for the
+benefit of sea-faring men which have been successfully copied in other
+maritime cities of the new and the old world. It was here that the
+first chapel was built for the exclusive use of sailors and their
+families, the Mariner's chapel in Roosevelt-street; and it was here,
+too, that the first Home was erected for the residence, while on
+shore, of homeless sailors. The corner-stone of the Home in
+Cherry-street was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 14th of
+October, 1841, just twenty-two years from the day on which the
+corner-stone of the Mariner's chapel was laid in Roosevelt-street. The
+building is a well constructed house of brick with a granite basement,
+plain and substantial, without any pretensions to architectural
+ornamentation. It is six stories high, fifty feet front, and one
+hundred and sixty feet deep. It contains one hundred and thirty
+sleeping-rooms, a dining-room one hundred by twenty-five feet, and a
+spacious reading-room, in which are a well selected library, and a
+museum of natural curiosities; there are also suitable apartments for
+the overseer and officers. About five hundred boarders can be
+accommodated in the Home, but it is not often filled. The Sailor's
+Home was built by the Seaman's Friend Society, and is intended to
+furnish sailors with a comfortable and orderly home, where they will
+not be subject to the rapacities of unprincipled landlords, nor the
+temptations which usually beset this useful but improvident class of
+men when they are on shore.
+
+[Illustration: U.S. MARINE HOSPITAL, BROOKLYN.]
+
+The Marine Hospital at the Wallabout, Brooklyn, near the Navy Yard,
+belongs to the government of the United States, and is intended for
+the use of the sailors and officers of the navy, and none others. It
+was built from a fund called the hospital fund, which is created by a
+payment of twenty cents a month by all the officers and seamen of the
+navy. The Hospital stands on high ground, on one of the healthiest and
+pleasantest spots in the vicinity of New-York, commands a superb view
+of the East River as it sweeps toward the Sound, and overlooks both
+Brooklyn and New-York. The buildings constituting the Hospital are two
+fine large airy edifices constructed of white marble, with galleries
+and piazzas, and surrounded by well-kept grounds which abound with
+choice fruit trees, and every requisite for the health and comfort of
+the invalids. The patients remain there only while under treatment for
+disease. Our government has no asylum for the support of the sailors
+or soldiers who lose their health or limbs in its service, like the
+hospitals of Greenwich and Chelsea, and, in this respect at least, we
+are behind the government of Great Britain, which makes ample and
+generous provision for all classes and grades of public servants.
+
+As New-York was the first maritime city that built a chapel expressly
+for seamen, so it was the first to build a floating church, for
+although there had been previously in London and Liverpool old hulks
+fitted up as chapels, and moored in the docks for the use of sailors,
+there had never been an actual church edifice put afloat before the
+FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR, which now lies moored at the foot of
+Pike-street, in the East River. This novel edifice was finished and
+consecrated in February, 1844. It is under the charge of the Young
+Men's Church Missionary Society of the City of New-York, by whom it
+was built, and has been under the pastoral care of the Rev. B. C. C.
+Parker, of the Episcopal church, from its consecration to the present
+time. It is seventy feet long, and thirty feet wide, and will
+comfortably seat five hundred persons. It has an end gallery, in which
+is an organ. A beautiful baptismal font of white marble, in the shape
+of a capstan, surmounted by a seashell, chiselled from the same block
+with the shaft--the gift of St. Mark's church in the Bowery,
+New-York--stands in front of the chancel rail. The top of the
+communion-table is a marble slab, and the Ten Commandments are placed
+on the panels on each side in the recess over it. An anchor in gold,
+painted on the back-ground between these panels, rests upon the Bible
+and prayer-book. The roof, at the apex, is twenty-six feet high, and
+eleven feet at the eaves. The edifice is built on a broad deck,
+seventy-six by thirty-six feet, covering two boats of eighty tons
+each, placed ten feet apart. The spire contains a bell, and the top of
+the flag-staff is about seventy feet from the deck. Divine service is
+regularly performed on Sundays, commencing in the morning at half-past
+ten, and in the afternoon at three o'clock. Both the boats on which
+the edifice rests are well coppered, and protected from injury by
+booms placed around them.
+
+[Illustration: THE FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR.]
+
+A similar floating church has been built and moored near
+Rector-street, in the North River, near which is another floating
+chapel, formed of an old hulk, after the manner of the first floating
+chapels in London. In addition to these houses of worship for seamen,
+there is a large and handsome church for sailors near the "Home," in
+Cherry-street, under the charge of the Baptists, and a small seamen's
+chapel in Brooklyn, near the Catharine Ferry. To complete this system
+of benevolent enterprises for the benefit of sailors, there is a
+Seaman's Savings Bank in Wall-street, a very handsome structure of
+brown free-stone, in the third story of which are the offices of the
+Seaman's Friend Society.
+
+In Franklin Square, which, at the time of Washington's last visit to
+New-York, bore about the same relation to the heart of the city that
+Union Square and Grammercy Park now do, being the Ultima Thule of
+fashion, and the very focus of gentility and aristocracy, there is the
+Sailor's Home for colored seamen, which has been most respectably
+conducted on the principle of the "Home" in Cherry-street, and under
+the supervision of, although not belonging to, the Seaman's Friend
+Society. The Colored Home consists of two respectable three-story
+brick buildings, and is next door to the old Walton House, which is
+the last remnant of ante-revolutionary splendor remaining in the
+commercial metropolis of the Union, which once abounded in stately old
+mansions full of historical mementoes of the days when we acknowledged
+to kingly authority.
+
+The principle of compelling men, when they have means, to lay up a
+trifle against the exigencies of a rainy day, has worked well, as we
+have seen, when applied to the most improvident of all the laboring
+classes, and we are not sure but the same principle applied to other
+classes would not prove equally beneficial. If the law should require
+every author, or merchant, or broker, or editor, to pay a monthly
+stipend to provide houses of refuge for the needy of their class, it
+would be only carrying out the principle of government which has been
+applied to seamen, and might save many a poor wretch from committing
+suicide to avoid the fate of a pauper.
+
+[Illustration: A CUB OF THE BARN-YARD]
+
+
+
+
+RURAL LIFE IN VIRGINIA: THE "SWALLOW BARN."
+
+
+We remember no book of its class altogether more delightful than the
+"Swallow Barn" of JOHN P. KENNEDY. In Irving's "Bracebridge Hall" we
+have exquisite sketches of English homes, such sketches as could be
+drawn only by that graceful and genial humorist, but Bracebridge Hall
+is not in our own country, and we scarcely feel "at our own" in it, as
+we do in every scene to which we are introduced by the author of
+"Swallow Barn," the best painter of manners who has ever tried his
+hand at their delineation in America. The love of nature, the fine
+appreciation of a country life, the delicate and quiet humor, and
+hearty joy in every one's enjoyment, which those who know Mr. Kennedy
+personally will recognize as principal elements of his own character,
+are reflected in the pages of the book, and with its other good
+qualities make it one of the most charming compositions in the
+literature of the present time.
+
+Mr. Putnam in a few days will publish a new edition of "Swallow Barn,"
+profusely illustrated by Mr. Strother, an artist who seems perfectly
+at home in the Old Dominion, as if--which may be the case--all his
+life had been spent there. Some of these we shall transfer to our own
+pages, but first we copy in full Mr. Kennedy's "Word in Advance to the
+Reader":
+
+     "Swallow Barn was written twenty years ago, and was
+     published in a small edition, which was soon exhausted. From
+     that date it has disappeared from the bookstores, being
+     carelessly consigned by the author to that oblivion which is
+     common to books and men--out of sight, out of mind. Upon a
+     recent reviewal of it, after an interval sufficiently long
+     to obliterate the partialities with which one is apt to
+     regard his own productions, I have thought it was worthy of
+     more attention than I had bestowed upon it, and was, at
+     least, entitled to the benefit of a second edition. In
+     truth, its republication has been so often advised by
+     friends, and its original reception was so prosperous, that
+     I have almost felt it to be a duty once more to set it
+     afloat upon the waters, for the behoof of that good-natured
+     company of idle readers who are always ready to embark on a
+     pleasure excursion in any light craft that offers. I have,
+     therefore, taken these volumes in hand, and given them a
+     somewhat critical revisal. Twenty years work sufficient
+     change upon the mind of an author to render him, perhaps
+     more than others, a fastidious critic of his own book. If
+     the physiologists are right, he is not the same person after
+     that lapse of time; and all that his present and former self
+     may claim in common, are those properties which belong to
+     his mental consciousness, of which his aspiration after fame
+     is one. The present self may, therefore, be expected to
+     examine more rigorously the work of that former and younger
+     person, for whom he is held responsible. This weighty
+     consideration will be sufficient to account for the few
+     differences which may be found between this and the first
+     edition. Some quaintness of the vocabulary has been got rid
+     of--some dialogue has been stript of its redundancy--some
+     few thoughts have been added--and others retrenched. I shall
+     be happy to think that the reader will agree with me that
+     these are improvements:--I mean the reader who may happen to
+     belong to that small and choice corps who read these volumes
+     long ago--a little troop of friends of both sexes, to whom I
+     have reason to be grateful for that modicum of good opinion
+     which cheered my first authorship. Health and joy to them
+     all--as many as are now alive! I owe them a thanksgiving for
+     their early benevolence.
+
+     "Swallow Barn exhibits a picture of country life in
+     Virginia, as it existed in the first quarter of the present
+     century. Between that period and the present day, time and
+     what is called "the progress," have made many innovations
+     there, as they have done every where else. The Old Dominion
+     is losing somewhat of the raciness of her once peculiar,
+     and--speaking in reference to the locality described in
+     these volumes--insulated cast of manners. The mellow, bland,
+     and sunny luxuriance of her home society--its good
+     fellowship, its hearty and constitutional
+     _companionableness_, the thriftless gayety of the people,
+     their dogged but amiable invincibility of opinion, and that
+     overflowing hospitality which knew no ebb--these traits,
+     though far from being impaired, are modified at the present
+     day by circumstances which have been gradually attaining a
+     marked influence over social life as well as political
+     relation. An observer cannot fail to note that the manners
+     of our country have been tending towards a uniformity which
+     is visibly effacing all local differences. The old states,
+     especially, are losing their original distinctive habits and
+     modes of life, and in the same degree, I fear, are losing
+     their exclusive American character. A traveller may detect
+     but few sectional or provincial varieties in the general
+     observances and customs of society, in comparison with what
+     were observable in the past generations, and the pride, or
+     rather the vanity, of the present day is leading us into a
+     very notable assimilation with foreign usages. The country
+     now apes the city in what is supposed to be the elegancies
+     of life, and the city is inclined to value and adopt the
+     fashions it is able to import across the Atlantic, and thus
+     the whole surface of society is exhibiting the traces of a
+     process by which it is likely to be rubbed down, in time, to
+     one level, and varnished with the same gloss. It may thus
+     finally arrive at a comfortable insipidity of character
+     which may not be willingly reckoned as altogether a due
+     compensation for the loss of that rough but pleasant flavor
+     which belonged to it in its earlier era. There is much good
+     sense in that opinion which ascribes a wholesome influence
+     to those homebred customs, which are said to strengthen
+     local attachments and expand them into love of country. What
+     belonged to us as characteristically American, seems already
+     to be dissolving into a mixture which affects us
+     unpleasantly as a plain and cosmopolitan substitute for the
+     old warmth and salient vivacity of our ancestors. We no
+     longer present in our pictures of domestic life so much as
+     an earnest lover of our nationality might desire of what
+     abroad is called the "red bird's wing"--something which
+     belongs to us and to no one else. The fruitfulness of modern
+     invention in the arts of life, the general fusion of thought
+     through the medium of an extra-territorial literature, which
+     from its easy domestication among us is scarcely regarded as
+     foreign, the convenience and comfort of European customs
+     which have been incorporated into our scheme of living,--all
+     these, aided and diffused by our extraordinary facilities of
+     travel and circulation, have made sad work, even in the
+     present generation, with those old _nationalisms_ that were
+     so agreeable to the contemplation of an admirer of the
+     picturesque in character and manners.
+
+[Illustration: THE "SWALLOW BARN."]
+
+     "Looking myself somewhat hopelessly upon this onward gliding
+     of the stream, I am not willing to allow these sketches of
+     mine entirely to pass away. They have already begun to
+     assume the tints of a relic of the past, and may, in another
+     generation, become archæological, and sink into the chapter
+     of antiquities. Presenting, as I make bold to say, a
+     faithful picture of the people, the modes of life, and the
+     scenery of a region full of attraction, and exhibiting the
+     lights and shades of its society with the truthfulness of a
+     painter who has studied his subject on the spot, they may
+     reasonably claim their accuracy of delineation to be set off
+     as an extenuation for any want of skill or defect of finish
+     which a fair criticism may charge against the artist. Like
+     some sign-post painters, I profess to make a strong
+     likeness, even if it should be thought to be _hard_,--and
+     what better workmen might call a daub,--as to which I must
+     leave my reader to judge for himself when he has read this
+     book. The outward public award on this point was kind, and
+     bestowed quite as much praise as I could have desired--much
+     more than I expected--when the former edition appeared. But
+     "the progress" has brought out many competitors since that
+     day, and has, perhaps, rendered the public taste more
+     scrupulous. A book then was not so perilous an offering as
+     it is now in the great swarm of authorships. We run more
+     risk, just now, of being left alone--unread--untalked
+     of--though not, happily, unpuffed by newspapers, who are
+     favorites with the publisher, and owe him courtesies.
+
+     "I wish it to be noted that Swallow Barn is not a novel. I
+     confess this in advance, although I may lose by it. It was
+     begun on the plan of a series of detached sketches linked
+     together by the hooks and eyes of a traveller's notes; and
+     although the narrative does run into some by-paths of
+     personal adventure, it has still preserved its desultory,
+     sketchy character to the last. It is, therefore, utterly
+     unartistic in plot and structure, and may be described as
+     variously and interchangeably partaking of the complexion of
+     a book of travels, a diary, a collection of letters, a
+     drama, and a history,--and this, serial or compact, as the
+     reader may choose to compute it. Our old friend Polonius had
+     nearly hit it in his rigmarole of 'pastoral-comical,
+     tragical-comical-historical-pastoral'--which, saving 'the
+     tragical,' may well make up my schedule: and so I leave it
+     to the 'censure' of my new reader."
+
+[Illustration: VIRGINIA MILL-BOYS RACING.]
+
+Here the history of the book is admirably told. The work itself, so
+full of truthful and effective pictures, offers numerous passages for
+quotation, but though we have nothing better to give our readers, we
+shall limit our extracts to a few scenes illustrated by Mr. Strother's
+pencil. We present first the old barn itself.
+
+     "Beyond the bridge, at some distance, stands a prominent
+     object in the perspective of this picture,--the most
+     venerable appendage to the establishment--a huge barn with
+     an immense roof hanging almost to the ground, and thatched a
+     foot thick with sunburnt straw, which reaches below the
+     eaves in ragged flakes. It has a singularly drowsy and
+     decrepit aspect. The yard around it is strewed knee-deep
+     with litter, from the midst of which arises a long rack
+     resembling a chevaux de frise, which is ordinarily filled
+     with fodder. This is the customary lounge of half a score of
+     oxen and as many cows, who sustain an imperturbable
+     companionship with a sickly wagon, whose parched tongue and
+     drooping swingle-trees, as it stands in the sun, give it a
+     most forlorn and invalid character; whilst some sociable
+     carts under the sheds, with their shafts perched against the
+     walls, suggest the idea of a set of gossiping cronies taking
+     their ease in a tavern porch. Now and then a clownish
+     hobble-de-hoy colt, with long fetlocks and disordered mane,
+     and a thousand burs in his tail, stalks through this
+     company. But as it is forbidden ground to all his tribe, he
+     is likely very soon to encounter a shower of corn-cobs from
+     some of the negro men; upon which contingency he makes a
+     rapid retreat across the bars which imperfectly guard the
+     entrance to the yard, and with an uncouth display of his
+     heels bounds towards the brook, where he stops and looks
+     back with a saucy defiance; and after affecting to drink for
+     a moment, gallops away with a braggart whinny to the
+     fields."
+
+The life led by the young negroes on the plantations of Virginia is
+generally easy, and of course utterly free from the cares which beset
+their youthful masters, compelled to pore over "miserable books."
+
+     "There is a numerous herd of little negroes about the
+     estate; and these sometimes afford us a new diversion. A few
+     mornings since we encountered a horde of them, who were
+     darting about the bushes like untamed monkeys. They are
+     afraid of me because I am a stranger, and take to their
+     heels as soon as they see me. If I ever chance to get near
+     enough to speak to one of them, he stares at me with a
+     suspicious gaze, and, after a moment, makes off at full
+     speed, very much frightened, towards the cabins at some
+     distance from the house. They are almost all clad in a long
+     coarse shirt which reaches below the knee, without any other
+     garment. But one of the group we met on the morning I speak
+     of, was oddly decked in a pair of ragged trowsers,
+     conspicuous for their ample dimensions in the seat. These
+     had evidently belonged to some grown-up person, but were cut
+     short in the legs to make them fit the wearer. A piece of
+     twine across the shoulder of this grotesque imp, served for
+     suspenders, and kept his habiliments from falling about his
+     feet. Ned ordered this crew to prepare for a foot-race, and
+     proposed a reward of a piece of money to the winner. They
+     were to run from a given point, about a hundred paces
+     distant, to the margin of the brook. Our whole suite of dogs
+     were in attendance, and seemed to understand our pastime. At
+     the word, away went the bevy, accompanied by every dog of
+     the pack, the negroes shouting and the dogs yelling in
+     unison. The shirts ran with prodigious speed, their speed
+     exposing their bare, black, and meager shanks to the scandal
+     of all beholders; and the strange baboon in trowsers
+     struggled close in their rear, with ludicrous earnestness,
+     holding up his redundant and troublesome apparel with his
+     hand. In a moment they reached the brook with unchecked
+     speed, and, as the banks were muddy, and the dogs had become
+     entangled with the racers in their path, two or three were
+     precipitated into the water. This only increased the
+     merriment, and they continued the contest in this new
+     element by floundering, kicking, and splashing about, like a
+     brood of ducks in their first descent upon a pool. These
+     young negroes have wonderfully flat noses, and the most
+     oddly disproportioned mouths, which were now opened to their
+     full dimensions, so as to display their white teeth in
+     striking contrast with their complexions. They are a strange
+     pack of antic and careless animals, and furnish the
+     liveliest picture that is to be found in nature of that race
+     of swart fairies, which, in the old time, were supposed to
+     play their pranks in the forest at moonlight. Ned stood by,
+     enjoying this scene like an amateur--encouraging the negroes
+     in their gambols, and hallooing to the dogs, that by a
+     kindred instinct entered tumultuously into the sport and
+     kept up the confusion. It was difficult to decide the
+     contest. So the money was thrown into the air, and as it
+     fell to ground, there was another rush, in which the hero of
+     the trowsers succeeded in getting the small coin from the
+     ground in his teeth, somewhat to the prejudice of his
+     finery.
+
+[Illustration: DRILLING THE NEGRO BOYS.]
+
+     "Rip asserts a special pre-eminence over these young serfs,
+     and has drilled them into a kind of local militia. He
+     sometimes has them all marshalled in the yard, and
+     entertains us with a review. They have an old watering-pot
+     for a drum, and a dingy pocket handkerchief for a standard,
+     under which they are arrayed in military order, and parade
+     over the grounds with a riotous clamor."
+
+[Illustration: TREADING OUT WHEAT.]
+
+The farmers of Virginia are scarcely as far advanced in the
+application of science as the more active-minded Yankees, and among
+the ancient customs which still obtain among them is that of treading
+out grain with cattle. At Swallow Barn the operation is described:
+
+     "Within the farm-yard a party of negroes were engaged in
+     treading out grain. About a dozen horses were kept at full
+     trot around a circle of some ten or fifteen paces diameter,
+     which was strewed with wheat in the sheaf. These were
+     managed by some five or six little blacks, who rode like
+     monkey caricaturists of the games of the circus, and who
+     mingled with the labors of the place that comic air of
+     deviltry which communicated to the whole employment
+     something of the complexion of a pastime."
+
+We hope this edition of _Swallow Barn_ will be so well received that
+the author will give us all his other works in the same attractive
+style. _Horse-shoe Robinson_, _Rob of the Bowl_, _Quodlibet_, and all
+the rest, except the _Life of Wirt_, are now out of print, and all
+have been greeted on their first appearance with an approval that
+should satisfy a more ambitious writer than Mr. Kennedy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE H. BOKER.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Mr. Boker is one of the youngest of American authors. He is a native
+of Philadelphia, and was born, we believe, in the year 1824. After the
+usual preparatory studies in the city of his birth, he entered the
+college at Princeton, New Jersey, of which he is a graduate. In
+addition to the collegiate course, however, he devoted much time to
+the study of Anglo-Saxon, and to the perusal of the early masters of
+English literature, whose influence is discernible in all his earlier
+poems. Soon after leaving college he made a visit to France and
+England, but was obliged to return after having been but a short time
+abroad, owing to the critical state of his health. He was at that time
+suffering under a pulmonary disease which threatened to be fatal, but
+all symptoms of which, fortunately, have since disappeared. On his
+return he took up his residence in Philadelphia, which continues to be
+his home. Three or four years since he was married to an accomplished
+lady of that city.
+
+Mr. Boker first appeared as an author at the commencement of the year
+1848, when a volume of his poems, under the title of _The Lesson of
+Life_, was published in Philadelphia. The publication of a volume was
+no light ordeal to a young poet whose name was unknown, and who, we
+believe, had never before seen himself in print. The lack of
+self-observation and self-criticism, which can only be acquired when
+the author's thoughts have taken the matter-of-fact garb of type,
+would of itself be sufficient to obscure much real promise. In spite
+of these disadvantages, the book contained much that gave the reader
+the impression of a mind of genuine and original power. We remember
+being puzzled at its seeming incongruity, the bold, mature, and
+masculine character of its thought being so strikingly at variance
+with its frequent crudities of expression. It seemed to us the work of
+a man in the prime of life, whose poetic feeling had taken a sudden
+growth, and moved somewhat unskilfully in the unaccustomed trammels of
+words, rather than the first essay of a brain glowing with the fresh
+inspiration of youth.
+
+No one saw the author's imperfections sooner than himself; and before
+the year had closed, his tragedy of _Calaynos_ was published--a work
+so far in advance of what he had hitherto accomplished, so full, not
+only of promise for the future, but of actual performance, that it
+took his most confident friends by surprise. To write a five act
+tragedy is also a bold undertaking; but there is an old French proverb
+which, says, "if you would shoot lions, don't begin by aiming at
+hares," and we believe there are fewer failures from attempting too
+much than from being content with too little. The success of
+_Calaynos_ showed that the author had not aimed beyond his reach. The
+book attracted considerable attention, and its merits as a vigorous
+and original play, were very generally recognized. Although written
+with no view to its representation on the stage, it did not escape the
+notice of actors and managers, and a copy happening to fall into the
+hands of Mr. Phelps, a distinguished English tragedian, it was first
+performed under his direction at the Theatre Royal, Saddler's Wells,
+Mr. Phelps himself taking the part of Calaynos. Its success as an
+acting play was most decided, and after keeping the stage at Saddler's
+Wells twenty or thirty nights, it went the round of the provinces. It
+has already been performed more than a hundred times in different
+parts of Great Britain.
+
+_Calaynos_ gives evidence of true dramatic genius. The characters are
+distinct and clearly drawn, and their individualities carefully
+preserved through all the movements of the plot, which is natural and
+naturally developed. The passion on which the action hinges, is the
+prejudice of blood between the Spanish and Moorish families of Spain.
+The interest of the plot, while it never loses sight of the hero, is
+shared in the first three acts by the other personages of the story,
+but concentrates at the close on Calaynos, whose outbursts of love and
+grief and revenge are drawn with striking power and eloquence. The
+play is enlivened with many humorous passages, wherein the author
+shows his mastery of this element, so necessary to the complete
+dramatist.
+
+Mr. Boker's next publication was the tragedy of _Anne Boleyn_, which
+appeared in February, 1850. In this work he touched on more familiar
+ground, and in some instances, in his treatment of historical
+characters, came in conflict with the opinions or prejudices of the
+critics. The necessity of adhering to history in the arrangement of
+the plot and selection of the dramatis personæ, imposed some restraint
+on the author's mind, and hence, while _Anne Boleyn_ exhibits a calmer
+and more secure strength, and a riper artistic knowledge than
+_Calaynos_, it lacks the fire and passionate fervor of some passages
+of the latter. We should not forget, however, that the Thames has a
+colder and sadder sun than the Guadalquiver. Objections have been made
+to Mr. Boker's King Henry, especially to his complaint of the torments
+of his conscience, and his moralizing over Norris's ingratitude. But
+those who cavil at these points seem to forget that however vile and
+heartless King Henry appears to them, he is a very different man to
+himself. The author's idea--and it is true to human nature--evidently
+is, that a criminal is not always guilty to his own mind. This marked
+insensibility of King Henry to his own false and corrupt nature is a
+subtle stroke of art.
+
+The language of the tragedy is strong, terse, and full of point,
+approaching the sturdy Saxon idiom of the early English dramatists. We
+might quote many passages in support of our opinion, as, for instance,
+the scene between the Queen and her brother, Lord Rochford; between
+the Queen and King Henry; Wyatt and Rochford, and King Henry and Jane
+Seymour. Two or three brief extracts we cannot avoid giving. Wyatt and
+Rochford are in "The Safety," the thieves' quarter of London--the St.
+Giles of that day. Wyatt speaks:
+
+    "I oft have thought the watchful eye of God
+    Upon this place ne'er rested; or that hell
+    Had raised so black a smoke of densest sin
+    That the All-Beautiful, appalled, shrunk back
+    From its fierce ugliness. I tell you, friend,
+    When the great treason, which shall surely come
+    To burst in shards law-bound society,
+    Gives the first shudder, ere it grinds to dust
+    Thrones, ranks, and fortunes, and most cunning law--
+    When the great temple of our social state
+    Staggers and throbs, and totters back to chaos--
+    Let men look here, here in this fiery mass
+    Of aged crime and primal ignorance,
+    For the hot heart of all the mystery!--
+    Here, on this howling sea, let fall the scourge,
+    Or pour the oil of mercy!
+
+    _Rochford._                    Pour the oil--
+    In God's name, pour the blessed oil! The scourge,
+    Bloody and fierce, has fallen for ages past
+    Upon the foreward crests within its reach;
+    Yet made no more impression on the mass
+    Than Persia's whips upon the Hellespont!"
+
+Wyatt's soliloquy on beholding Queen Anne led forth to execution is
+full of a rare and subtle beauty, both of thought and expression:
+
+                       "O Anne, Anne!
+    The world may banish all regard for thee,
+    Mewing thy fame in frigid chronicles,
+    But every memory that haunts my mind
+    Shall cluster round thee still. _I'll hide thy name
+    Under the coverture of even lines,
+    I'll hint it darkly in familiar songs_,
+    I'll mix each melancholy thought of thee
+    Through all my numbers: _so that heedless men
+    Shall hold my love for thee within their hearts,
+    Not knowing of the treasure_."
+
+The last scene, preceding the death of Anne Boleyn, is simple and
+almost homely in its entire want of poetic imagery; yet nothing could
+be more profoundly touching, and--in the highest sense of the
+word--tragic. The same tears which blur for us the lines of Browning's
+_Blot on the 'Scutcheon_, and the last words of Shelley's _Beatrice
+Cenci_, suffuse our eyes at this parting address of Anne Boleyn to her
+maidens, beside her on the scaffold:
+
+                  "And ye, my damsels,
+    Who whilst I lived did ever show yourselves
+    So diligent in service, and are now
+    To be here present in my latest hour
+    Of mortal agony--as in good times
+    Ye were most trustworthy, even so in this,
+    My miserable death, ye leave me not.
+    As a poor recompense for your rich love,
+    I pray you to take comfort for my loss--
+    And yet forget me not. To the king's grace,
+    And to the happier one whom you may serve
+    In place of me, be faithful as to me.
+    Learn from this scene, the triumph of my fate,
+    To hold your honors far above your lives.
+    When you are praying to the martyred Christ,
+    Remember me who, as my weakness could,
+    Faltered afar behind His shining steps,
+    And died for truth, forgiving all mankind.
+    The Lord have pity on my helpless soul!"
+
+Since the publication of _Anne Boleyn_, Mr. Boker has written two
+plays, _The Betrothal_, and _All the World a Mask_, both of which have
+been produced on the stage in Philadelphia with the most entire
+success. _Calaynos_ was also played for a number of nights, Mr.
+Murdoch taking the principal part. _The Betrothal_ was performed in
+New-York and Baltimore, with equal success. It is admirably adapted
+for an acting play. The plot is not tragic, though the closing scenes
+have a tragic air. The dialogue is more varied than in _Anne Boleyn_
+or _Calaynos_--now sparkling and full of point, now pithy, shrewd, and
+pregnant with worldly wisdom, and now tender, graceful, and poetic.
+_All the World a Mask_ is a comedy of modern life. We have not seen it
+represented, and it has not yet been published; yet no one familiar
+with the fine healthy humor displayed in portions of _Calaynos_ and
+_The Betrothal_ can doubt the author's ability to sustain himself
+through a five-act comedy.
+
+In addition to these plays, Mr. Boker has published from time to time,
+in the literary magazines, lyrics and ballads that would of themselves
+entitle him to rank among our most worthy poets. It is rare that a
+dramatic author possesses lyric genius, and _vice versa_, yet the true
+lyric inspiration is no less perceptible in Mr. Boker's _Song of the
+Earth_ and _Vision of the Goblet_, than the true dramatic faculty in
+his _Anne Boleyn_.
+
+There is a fresh, manly strength in his poetry, which may sometimes
+jar the melody a little, but never allows his verse to flag. The life
+which informs it was inhaled in the open air; it is sincere and
+earnest, and touched with that fine enthusiasm which is the
+heart's-blood of lyric poetry. Take, for instance, this glorious
+Bacchic, from the _Vision of the Goblet_:
+
+    "Joy! joy! with Bacchus and his satyr train,
+      In triumph throbs our merry Grecian earth;
+    Joy! joy! the golden time has come again,
+      A god shall bless the vine's illustrious birth!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "O breezes, speed across the mellow lands,
+      And breathe his coming to the joyous vine;
+    Let all the vineyards wave their leafy hands
+      Upon the hills to greet this pomp divine!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "O peaceful triumph, victory without tear,
+      Or human cry, or drop of conquered blood!
+    Save dew-beads bright, that on the vine appear,
+      The choral shouts, the trampled grape's red flood!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "Shout, Hellas, shout! the lord of joy is come,
+      Bearing the mortal Lethe in his hands,
+    To wake the wailing lips of Sorrow dumb,
+      To bind sad Memory's eyes with rosy bands:
+                               Io, io, Bacche!"
+
+In the _Song of the Earth_, which shows a higher exercise of the
+poetic faculty than any thing else Mr. Boker has written, he has
+enriched the language with a new form of versification. Except in this
+poem, we do not remember ever to have seen _dactylic_ blank verse
+attempted in the English language. The majestic and resonant harmonies
+of the measure are strikingly adapted to the poet's theme. The
+concluding _Chorus of Stars_, rebuking the Earth for her pride as the
+dwelling-place of the human soul, is a splendid effort of the
+imagination. We know not where to find surpassed the sounding sweep of
+the rhythm in the final lines:
+
+    "Heir of eternity, Mother of Souls,
+    Let not thy knowledge betray thee to folly!
+    Knowledge is proud, self-sufficient, and lone,
+    Trusting, unguided, its steps in the darkness.
+    Thine is the wisdom that mankind may win,
+    Gleaned in the pathway between joy and sorrow;
+    Ours is the wisdom that hallows the child
+    Fresh from the touch of his awful Creator,
+    Dropped like a star on thy shadowy realm,
+    Falling in splendor, but falling to darken.
+    Ours is the simple religion of Faith,
+    Trusting alone in the God who o'errules us;
+    Thine are the complex misgivings of Doubt,
+    Wrested to form by imperious Reason.
+    _Knowledge is restless, imperfect, and sad;
+    Faith is serene, and completed, and joyful._
+    Bow in humility, bow thy proud forehead,
+    Circle thy form with a mantle of clouds,
+    _Hide from the glittering cohorts of evening,
+    Wheeling in purity, singing in chorus:
+    Howl in the depths of thy lone, barren mountains,
+    Restlessly moan on the deserts of ocean,
+    Wail o'er thy fall in the desolate forests,
+    Lost star of Paradise, straying alone!_"
+
+In the flush of youth, fortunate in all the relations of life, and
+with a fame already secured, there is perhaps no American author to
+whom the future promises more than to Mr. Boker. He has that faithful
+reverence for his art which makes harmless the breath of praise, more
+dangerous to the poet than that of censure, and there are yet many
+years before him ere his mind attains its full scope and stature. That
+all these promises may be fulfilled, to his own honor and that of
+American literature, is the earnest hope of
+
+                                      BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+
+HERR FLEISCHMANN
+
+ON THE INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE AMERICANS.
+
+
+In the careful watch we keep of French, German, and other foreign
+literatures, for what will instruct or entertain the readers of the
+_International_, we are always sharp-sighted for any thing said of us
+or our institutions, whether it be in sympathy or in antipathy. So,
+for a recent number, we translated from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ a
+very clever paper on our American Female Poets, and on other occasions
+have reviewed or done into English a great many compositions which
+evinced the feeling of continental Europe in regard to our character
+and movements. We shall continue in this habit, as there is scarcely
+any thing ever more amusing than "what the world says" of our
+concerns, even when it is in the least amiable temper.
+
+Among the most interesting works published of late months in Germany,
+is FLEISCHMANN'S _Erwerbszweige der Vereinigten Staaten
+Nord-America's_, (or Branches of Industry in the United States.) The
+reader who anticipates from this title a mere mass of statistics
+relative to the industrial condition of our own country will find
+himself agreeably disappointed. Statistics are indeed there--lists of
+figures and relative annual arrays of products, sufficient to satisfy
+any one that Mr. Fleischmann has turned the several years during which
+he was connected with the Patent Office at Washington to good account.
+But in addition to this there is a mass of information and
+observation, which, though nearly connected with the subject, was yet
+hardly to be expected. It is doubtful whether the social and domestic
+peculiarities of others or of ourselves be most attractive, but to
+those who prefer the latter, and who have lived as many do under the
+impression that our own habits and ways of life present little that is
+marked or distinctive, this work will be found not only interesting,
+but even amusing. For among those practising branches of industry, he
+not only includes blacksmiths, coopers, architects, planters, and
+pin-makers, but also clergymen, actors, circus-riders, model-artists,
+midwives, and boarding-house keepers! The main object of the work
+being to inform his countrymen who propose emigration, of the true
+state of the most available branches of industry in this country, and
+prevent on their part undue anticipation or disappointment, even these
+items cannot be deemed out of place. Cherishing an enthusiastic
+admiration of our country, and better informed in all probability in
+the branches of which he treats than any foreigner who has before
+ventured upon the subject, it is not astonishing that he should have
+produced a work which not only fully answers the object intended, but
+in a faithful translation would doubtless be extensively read by our
+own countrymen.
+
+The reader will find in this book many _little_ traits of our domestic
+life, which, commonplace though they be, are not unattractive when
+thus reflected back on us, mirror-like, from another land. Take for
+example the following account of confectioners:
+
+     "All men are more or less fond of sweet food and dainties,
+     and the wealthier a people may be, and consequently in more
+     fit condition to add such luxuries to the necessaries of
+     life, the greater will be its consumption of sugar. If we
+     compare the sugar consumption of England with that of
+     Germany, we find the first consumes a far greater quantity
+     per head than the latter.
+
+     "And in this respect the Americans are in no wise behind the
+     English, since they not only at least twice a day drink
+     either tea or coffee, which they abundantly sweeten,
+     enjoying therewith vast quantities of preserved fruits, and
+     every variety of cakes, but they have universally a
+     remarkable appetite for sweets, which from childhood up is
+     nourished with all sorts of confectionery. And this appetite
+     is very generally retained even to an advanced age, so that
+     all the _cents_ of the children, and many of the dollars of
+     those more advanced in life, go to the _candy-shops_ and
+     _confectioneries_. Add to this the numerous balls,
+     marriages, and other festive occasions, particularly the
+     parties in private houses, at which pyramids, temples, and
+     other architectural and artistic works, founded on rocks of
+     candied sugar, and bonsbons, are never wanting, we can
+     readily imagine that in this country the confectioner's
+     trade is a flourishing and brilliant business.
+
+     "The Americans are, as is well known, universally a
+     remarkably hospitable people, not only frequently
+     entertaining guests in their homes, but also holding it as
+     an established point of _bon ton_, to give one or two
+     parties annually, to which _all_ their friends are invited.
+     The evening is then spent with music and dancing, concluded
+     with an extremely elegant (_hochst elegant_) supper, at
+     which the gentlemen wisely stick to the more substantial
+     viands and champagne, but where abundance of sugar-work for
+     the ladies is never wanting.
+
+     "And since no family will be surpassed by another, the most
+     incredible extravagance not infrequently results from this
+     unfortunate spirit of rivalry. Confectionery is often
+     brought for a certain party expressly from France, fresh
+     fruits from the West Indies, and the stairways and rooms are
+     adorned with the most exquisite flowers which Europe can
+     yield, while the guests are served on costly porcelain and
+     massive plate. In a word, the greatest imaginable expense is
+     lavished on these festive occasions, which prevail in every
+     class of society, and in none--be their degree what it
+     may--are sugared sweets wanting: the poorer confining
+     themselves, it is true, to such dainties as are the
+     production of the country, excepting indeed a few bottles of
+     champagne, which latter is absolutely indispensable.
+
+     "I have deemed it necessary to touch upon these
+     extravagances of American life, that I might show that while
+     on the one hand an expert confectioner may readily find
+     employment during the season, on the other that mere skill
+     and industry are by no means sufficient of themselves to
+     support an establishment grounded on credit.
+
+     "Nearly all the small shopkeepers, fruit-dealers, and
+     bar-keepers, sell candy and sugar-cakes, which they either
+     prepare themselves or obtain from confectioners who not only
+     carry on a wholesale business, _but even send large
+     quantities of their products to the country dealers_. In
+     Philadelphia, warm cakes are carried about for sale in the
+     streets,[1] the bearers thereof announcing their presence by
+     the sound of a bell. French confectioners have already done
+     much in this country toward improving the public taste, and
+     excellent _bonsbons à la francaise_ are now actually
+     manufactured here, though we must admit that in the country
+     there is a great consumption of confectionery and cakes by
+     no means of a very good quality. In these regions a taste
+     for '_horses_' (which are of cake greatly resembling
+     gingerbread and made in the form of a horse) universally
+     predominates, and not only children but even adults select
+     these as a favorite dainty. It is no unusual spectacle to
+     behold in the northern states an entire court--judge, jury,
+     and lawyers--regaling themselves during an important trial
+     on horse-cakes!"
+
+Whether Herr Fleischmann received this legal anecdote on hearsay, or
+whether his German soul was actually startled by stumbling upon such
+an extraordinary legal spectacle, we will not here inquire. In Germany
+the favorite dainty in this line is a _pretzel_, or carnival cake, in
+the form of a two-headed serpent, which antiquaries declare to be of
+oriental origin, and to conceal divers horrific mysteries of deeply
+metaphysical import. From the solemnity of tone with which Herr
+Fleischmann imparts this horse-cake story, we are half inclined to
+suspect that he inferred that a great ethical mystery, in some way
+connected with the administration of justice in America, might thus be
+conveyed.
+
+Under the head of spirit distilleries our author enters into a _naïf_
+and enthusiastic defence of good brandy, but still highly approves of
+the American custom of substituting coffee for grog in merchant
+vessels, on which he remarks that it is not allowed to soldiers or
+sailors to bring spirits into the forts or ships. "But they are so
+extravagantly fond of liquor as to invent every imaginable method of
+evading the regulation. I have been told," he says, "by persons of the
+highest credibility that during the night whisky is not unfrequently
+brought to the vicinity of military stations, and that the sentinels,
+after filling the barrels of their muskets therewith, bring it into
+the 'watch-room,' and divide the _loading_ with their comrades."
+
+After remarking the melancholy fact, which the strictest examination
+would, we fear confirm, in a still higher degree, that the
+sewing-girls employed in our umbrella factories, tailor
+establishments, &c., are very inadequately paid, he makes a statement
+which is, however, glaringly false, that among these poor girls
+corruption of manners prevails to a degree unknown in any country of
+Europe, save indeed "merry England." Without being familiar with such
+statistics, we are on the contrary firmly convinced that though
+females in these employments are _not_ so well paid even as in
+Germany, there is no country on the face of the earth--most certainly
+not in Bavaria, Austria, or Prussia, where the standard of morals is
+in this respect so high as in our own. There are a thousand
+correlative facts in the state of society in our country which confirm
+our assertion. This opinion of our author's is, however, slightly at
+variance, as far as appearance is concerned, with a part of the
+following good advice to the more beautiful portion of his fair young
+countrywomen, who propose repairing to this country for the sake of
+catching husbands:
+
+     "And I deem this a fit place to give them a warning, which I
+     have before often repeated, namely, that these lovely
+     beings, when they forsake their homes, also leave behind
+     them their fantastic national dress. In this country long
+     dresses are worn--and not merely frocks which barely reach
+     the knee, as is usual in several parts of Germany. The same
+     may be applied to their head-dresses, which are not
+     unfrequently so eccentric as to give their wearers the
+     appearance of having escaped from a lunatic asylum. On which
+     account, I beg my _ladies_, or any women who design
+     emigrating to this land of equality, to buy themselves
+     French bonnets,[2] or a similar style of head covering, but
+     in no instance to run bareheaded about the streets, which is
+     here remarkably unpopular, since neither widow, wife, nor
+     maiden, ever appears in the public way without hat or
+     bonnet. And I moreover beg of them, on their first arrival
+     in the populous cities, to restrain their manifestations of
+     affection to the house, where walls are the only witnesses,
+     _and not to permit their lovers, fiancées, or husbands, to
+     clasp them about the waist, and lead them in this close
+     embrace about the streets_, since this would be for
+     Americans a scandalous spectacle. I will not assert that the
+     American is incapable of tender feeling, but he at least
+     observes decency in the public streets, and _apropos_ of
+     this, I would further remark, that in this country the wife
+     or maiden invariably walks by the side of her male
+     companion, and never follows after him in _Indian
+     file_--that is, like geese returning from pasture."
+
+In his chapter on hat-makers, we are informed that neither French,
+Germans, nor English, can in this country compete with the Americans
+in the manufacture of hats; and that he was informed by a very
+intelligent manufacturer that the work of Germans by no means suited
+our market, and further, that within a few years past the use of caps
+has increased at least two thirds, though these are by no means so
+well adapted to carry papers, &c., as hats, in which Americans are
+accustomed to convey their archives.
+
+Of boarding-houses:
+
+     "These extremely convenient establishments, in which
+     lodging, food, and all things requisite, are provided, may
+     be found in all the cities in the United States; but we
+     first learn to duly appreciate their value, when, on
+     returning to Germany, we find ourselves obliged either to
+     lodge in a hotel, or for a short stay in a place hire and
+     perhaps furnish rooms for ourselves.
+
+     "These communistic institutions, where one person or family
+     takes care of several, give the _boarder_ all the
+     conveniences of a hotel, united to the advantages of
+     dwelling in a private family. He has opportunities of
+     entering such society as is adapted to his habits and
+     tastes, in addition to which he has what may be termed a
+     _chez soi_--he feels that he is 'in house.'[3]
+
+     "Such boarding-houses are generally kept by widows or old
+     maids, and even ladies of the highest families take refuge
+     in this branch of industry, to maintain respectably
+     themselves and families.
+
+     "Fashionable houses of this sort are splendidly furnished,
+     and supplied with excellent dishes and attendance. In these
+     the price is naturally high, since for a room, without fuel,
+     from six to twelve dollars a week is generally paid. Rooms
+     in the upper part of the house are of course cheaper. The
+     parlor is common to all the persons in the house--they meet
+     there, before and after meals, pass the evening with
+     reading, music, &c., receive visits, and live in all
+     respects as if at home.
+
+     "The Americans are of a very accommodating
+     disposition--particularly the men, who, from a regard for
+     the lady of the house, are easily contented. The ladies, on
+     the contrary, very frequently indulge in little feuds,
+     produced by the _ennui_ resulting from a want of domestic
+     employment, and living in common; but all are on the whole
+     very circumspect, are careful to live _in Christian love and
+     unity_ with one another, and never offend external
+     propriety.
+
+     "It is not requisite in America to take a license from the
+     police to establish a boarding-house, unless a bar-room be
+     therewith connected. The person undertaking such an
+     enterprise rents a house, makes it known in newspapers or
+     among friends, or simply placards on the door
+     'Boarding'--and the establishment is opened without further
+     ceremony. Particular introductions and recommendations are
+     requisite to be received in a boarding-house of higher
+     rank."
+
+There is even yet a lingering prejudice prevailing in this country in
+favor of certain musical instruments of European manufacture, which
+this work is well adapted to dissipate, since the author appears to be
+in this particular an excellent judge. Take for example his chapter on
+pianos:
+
+     "The favorite musical instrument of the American ladies is
+     the piano, and in every family with the slightest
+     pretensions to education or refinement a piano may certainly
+     be found, upon which, of an evening, the young 'Miss' plays
+     to her parents the pieces which she has learned, or
+     accompanies them with her voice. If the stranger will walk
+     of an evening through the streets of an American city, he
+     can hear in almost every house a piano and the song of
+     youthful voices, often very agreeable, though the latter are
+     not unfrequently wanting in proper culture. Many of these
+     amateurs have beyond doubt remarkable talent, and would in
+     their art attain to a high degree of perfection if they had
+     better opportunities to hear the best music, to study more
+     industriously, and practice more than they do, but their
+     domestic audiences are unfortunately easily pleased, in
+     consequence of which their knowledge seldom extends beyond
+     well known opera pieces and favorite popular airs.
+
+     "A few years since, pianos were generally imported from
+     Germany, England, and France, but it was soon found that
+     their construction and material were by no means adapted to
+     withstand the changes of the American climate; and it was
+     also found that the enormous profit cleared by the
+     importers, might quite as well be retained in this country,
+     and there are consequently, at present, in Boston, New-York,
+     Philadelphia, and even Baltimore, excellent and extensive
+     'piano forte manufactories,' in which every portion of these
+     instruments is constructed. For this purpose the best
+     varieties of wood known are used, such as mahogany and
+     rosewood, which, however, in America are obtainable at cheap
+     rates. The cases are of the most solid construction
+     possible, and the legs massive, (by which especially the
+     firmest duration is insured) all constructed of the
+     above-mentioned material, which is quickly and accurately
+     cut into the requisite form by a machine.... By means of
+     these and other improvements, but particularly by means of
+     the material, are the American pianos not only far more
+     durable than the imported, but also infinitely less subject
+     to loss of tone.
+
+     "The American pianos are invariably of a table form, in
+     order to adapt them to small rooms. Their tone is sweet and
+     rich, and has been pronounced clear, full and pleasing, by
+     the best European performers. The pianos of Stottart
+     (Stoddard) and Nunns, in New-York, of Laud and Mayer, in
+     Philadelphia, and especially of Chickering, in Boston, enjoy
+     a high reputation. This latter enterprising individual
+     spares no expense to secure the best improvements, and apply
+     them to his instruments. Other excellent manufactories also
+     abound, among which are many German proprietors, who,
+     however, all follow the American style of construction.
+
+     "Previous to the year 1847, about sixty-four patents for
+     improvements in pianos were taken out.... The average price
+     of a splendid 'Chickering,' of 7-1/2 octaves, is from $350
+     to $400. I have purchased of Stoddard in New-York an
+     excellent and handsome instrument for $250; since which time
+     (A. D. 1848) the price for the same has sunk fifty dollars.
+     Instruments of a lighter construction may be bought for one
+     hundred and fifty dollars; nor will it be long ere the best
+     pianos may be had for a price ranging from $180 to $200.
+     There are in America men whose exclusive business it is to
+     tune pianos, for which they generally receive one dollar....
+
+     "While on the subject of music, I may be permitted to speak
+     of an outcast class of minstrels, namely, the harp girls;
+     who, after having wandered through Germany, or even England,
+     or having been turned out of the same, find their way to the
+     United States. Especially in New Orleans are they at home,
+     and there sing, in the coffee-houses and bar-rooms, most
+     blackguard (_zotenhaften lieder_) songs, in the English
+     language, learned either _at home or in England_--partly to
+     the delight and partly to the disgust of the mixed companies
+     there assembled. Germany can in truth take but little pride
+     in such representatives of her nationality. She is already
+     too little appreciated in America to render it necessary
+     that such females should still further degrade her--females,
+     for whom the American (who invariably holds in high respect
+     the sex) entertains an unconquerable disgust. Apropos of
+     those, I may mention the so-called 'broom girls,' who sell a
+     sort of little brooms or fly-brushes, singing therewith
+     fearful songs; and finally, the innumerable organ and
+     tambourine players, who frequently have with them a child
+     which dances like an ape to the sound of their horrible
+     music."
+
+From the practical and common-sense-like manner in which the subject
+is treated, the following chapter on boarding-schools will probably
+prove interesting to every American reader:
+
+     "Would not any one imagine that a nation like the German,
+     which is universally recognized as the best educated and
+     most erudite, which has written and effected so much for the
+     cause of education, would naturally be the one to supply the
+     world with accomplished teachers? Is there in the civilized
+     world another nation where so many men have made it the
+     entire business of a life, passed in the most zealous and
+     deeply grounded studies of all languages, living and dead,
+     or who have so fully succeeded in teaching even foreigners
+     their own language? Certainly not. 'Whence comes it then,'
+     any one may reasonably inquire, 'that these learned men, who
+     appear to be, in every respect, so peculiarly adapted to
+     teach, have not long since conducted the education of the
+     whole world? Or why is it, that in North America at least,
+     where a widely spread German element throws open so vast a
+     field to their exertions, they have not the direction of
+     every private school?'
+
+     "Incomprehensible as this may appear at a first glance, it
+     is still explicable in a few words. The American seeks, for
+     the education of his children, _practical men, who are not
+     only adapted to and skilled in their vocation, but also
+     familiar with the world--its progress and requirements_--men
+     not only capable of teaching their pupils the rules of
+     grammar and syntax, but who are also qualified to impart the
+     peculiarities and precepts of life in the world at
+     large--men of prepossessing manner and appearance, and whose
+     habits are adapted to the requirements of refined society.
+     This it is, in a few words, that the American requires. And
+     now, I ask--how many old and young teachers are there in
+     Germany thus qualified?
+
+     "I here speak, of course, in a general way; for I well know
+     that there are in Germany many teachers and learned men, who
+     could more than fulfil all of these requirements of the
+     American parent, but their number is unfortunately limited;
+     and I deem it important that I speak freely and fully on
+     this subject, since many a learned German, whose
+     acquirements and scientific knowledge would insure him an
+     independent and respectable station at home, nevertheless
+     frequently finds himself compelled by the pressure of
+     circumstances to seek America, in the hope of there opening
+     a school, or at least finding employment as teacher, and
+     there too frequently, in addition to the bitterest
+     disappointment, discovers too late that he is fit for no
+     other practical employment which will yield him his daily
+     bread.
+
+     "As a proof, however, that most of these so called
+     pedagogues must in America be necessarily deceived in their
+     expectations, I take the liberty of adding yet a few words.
+
+     "The American requires before all, as far as the moral
+     qualifications of the teacher are concerned, a firm
+     religious tendency--a requirement for which the scion of
+     'Young Germany,' fresh from his university career, has but
+     little taste; since his recollections of that life are yet
+     too fresh upon him to admit of a willing submission to such
+     rules,--and I advise any one who proposes to follow such a
+     course to become a farmer's man, rather than a hypocrite or
+     sham-saint....
+
+     "If we proceed in our examination of private schools in
+     America, we find that the majority are for the education of
+     girls. Upon which the question arises--Are German ladies
+     generally adapted to the superintendence of such
+     establishments?--a question which I must either answer with
+     No, or modify with the admission that if there be any
+     schools managed by German ladies, I am ignorant of their
+     existence. The cause for the negative being essentially the
+     same as with the male scholars.
+
+     "No man can better appreciate the worth of German women than
+     myself. I acknowledge perfectly their virtues and
+     excellencies--their domestic sphere is their world,
+     inhabited by their children and ruled by their husbands,
+     whose faithful, true-hearted, modest, obedient companions
+     they are. To be independent and free is not in their nature;
+     they are not so adapted either by origin or manner of life;
+     nor does their education embrace any thing cosmopolitan.
+     Born and brought up in a province, or court city, they have
+     never cast a glance beyond its limits or boundaries, or
+     those of the nearest town, and all that lies beyond is to
+     them unknown and uninteresting. Thus they generally lead,
+     according to ancient custom, (_nach altem brauch_) an
+     almost vegetable life; and nothing save the dictates of
+     fashion can ever disturb in the slightest degree the
+     equanimity of their quiet souls. They do not in the least
+     interest themselves in the progress of industry, literature,
+     science, or politics, even in Germany--much less for that of
+     foreign countries; but are content with learning in which
+     section of the place they inhabit this or that necessary
+     article may be best or most cheaply purchased; what late
+     foreign romance is current in the circulating library; and
+     what are the latest changes in bonnets, caps, chemisettes,
+     or dresses, in the kingdom of fashion--whose sovereign they
+     all obey. In politics they rest under the perpetual
+     conviction that all goes on in the old way, and pass their
+     leisure hours in coteries and parties, where knittings
+     exclude all _spirituelle_ entertainment. In the lower grades
+     of the middle class, they grow up with an unchangeable
+     feeling of social inferiority, and shudder at every free
+     glance into life, as if guilty of unheard of arrogance and
+     presumption.
+
+     "And how is it possible that a woman who has grown up in
+     such social relations should, despite the fullest possession
+     of all imaginable virtues and acquirements, be capable of
+     teaching high-minded and independent girls? The American
+     maiden regards most household employments as work requiring
+     but little intelligence, and for which even negroes are as
+     well qualified. She believes that she can better occupy the
+     time necessary to the acquisition of subordinate
+     acquirements, and prefers reading, music, and art, to
+     knitting stockings, and similar soul-killing business. She
+     recognizes, moreover, no distinction in rank, but strives to
+     acquire as many accomplishments and as refined manners as
+     any other person. In short, she strives to become _a lady_,
+     and regards it as no extraordinary assumption, particularly
+     when education or natural advantages adapt her thereto, to
+     consider herself quite as good as any other woman in the
+     republic. Nor does she forget that the time will come when,
+     as mother, the first development of her child's mind will
+     become a duty, and she remembers also that he will be a
+     republican whose sphere of action is without limit, if his
+     ability correspond only to the effort. Moreover, the
+     American maidens are materially very _wide awake_, (_sehr
+     auf gewecht_,) particularly in the large cities, where they
+     enjoy excellent opportunities for instruction, and are
+     proportionally highly educated.
+
+     "The American woman or girl highly esteems the _elegant_ and
+     _noble_, striving ever to form herself after this pattern,
+     on which account French female teachers are universally
+     preferred, even when very imperfectly qualified. The
+     revolutions in France have driven forth many well educated
+     persons to America, who have been compelled to seek by
+     teaching a livelihood. Louis Philippe himself was once among
+     the number. In addition to the fact that no nation surpasses
+     the French in personal accomplishments, they have for
+     Americans the further recommendation that their nation has
+     played an important part in modern history. The American is
+     impressed in favor of France, because she aided him in
+     freeing his country from the yoke of England; and this
+     inclination manifests itself continually in language.
+
+     "And when the American boy glances over his school-books, he
+     sees France represented in pictures as the _polite_ nation,
+     and reads in history that she aided his country in the war
+     of freedom, and that Lafayette was the _friend_ of
+     Washington; while the same work represents the German as a
+     merely agricultural race, portrayed in the caricature of an
+     Altenburger peasant and his wife, in their fantastic
+     national dress. From the same book he also learns that a
+     German prince sold his subjects for so many pounds per head
+     to aid England to subdue his country. Such contrasts cannot
+     but awake in the child's mind deeply-rooted prejudices, far
+     from favorable to the German race.
+
+     "And since there has been for years an emigration to America
+     of Germans who were very generally poor and
+     uneducated--people speaking a revolting dialect, employed in
+     the lowest offices, and not unfrequently much resembling the
+     pictures in the geographies, the prejudice formed in early
+     youth has been thus strengthened, that the Germans are a
+     rough, uncultivated race, industrious and domestic, it is
+     true, but yet very little improved by civilization--of all
+     which the native Pennsylvania Germans afford unfortunately
+     striking examples. The well-educated American, of course,
+     knows better how to appreciate the true value of the
+     Germans; he is aware of the value of their contributions to
+     literature, science, art, and music; only in politics, and
+     in the practical application of knowledge, he places (and
+     not without justice) but little confidence in them.
+
+     "But the personal appearance and bearing of many Germans,
+     who are in themselves truly worthy of respect, often induce
+     the well-educated and refined American to place in the back
+     ground their otherwise estimable qualities. There is often
+     something rough and harsh about the German, and his domestic
+     habits are not invariably in unison with his erudition and
+     excellent education, but frequently destroy the good
+     impression which the latter might produce; moreover, their
+     '_geselliges Leben_,' (social jovial life) as Germans term
+     it, with its accompaniments of pipe and mug, are in the
+     highest degree revolting to an American. And further, it is
+     taken ill of the German that he considers that regard for
+     the sex, entertained by the American, as carried somewhat
+     too far, and allows himself to form on this point a too
+     hasty, and not seldom unfavorable judgment, without seeking
+     to examine more accurately this domestic characteristic.
+     Many Germans find it impossible to enter into the spirit of
+     American life, customs, and manners, while on religious
+     subjects it appears impossible for either to adopt the same
+     views: so that there is apparently almost no point in common
+     between them."
+
+After stating that many educated Germans might succeed as teachers in
+this country, could they dispense with national peculiarities, and a
+description of the manner of establishing schools, in which he pays a
+high compliment to the general appearance of such institutions in our
+country, he adds:
+
+     "The superintendent of such an establishment must entirely
+     renounce all visits to bar-rooms and coffee-houses. He must
+     learn to impart to his system of instruction the elements of
+     novelty and attractiveness, and especially learn to make
+     friends of the children. It is utterly impossible in this
+     country to manage a school by the mere force of power and
+     authority, and the teacher attempting this, soon experiences
+     a revolution by which indeed he is not exactly _driven
+     forth_, but left _alone_ on his _cathedra_."
+
+With this extract we close, regretting that we have been obliged to
+leave untranslated many more practical and not less interesting items.
+We consider the entire work as the best possible answer which can be
+given to the question, '_Why has America done so little for England's
+fair?_' No one who contemplates in it the immense range of our
+manufactories--our incredible combinations of excellence and
+cheapness, and the almost superhuman rapidity of our progress in every
+branch of industrial and social life, will entertain for an instant
+the slightest regret that we have not done more to increase the
+profits of John Bull's raree-show.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Muffins?--_International._
+
+[2] _Pariser-tracht_--French dress--is the epithet usually applied in
+Germany to our ordinary style of costume, in contradistinction to the
+_Bauern-tracht_, or peasant's costume, which is so frequently seen among
+German immigrants.
+
+[3] _Zu hause_--at house, at home. In this sentence the reader finds a
+striking exemplification of the saying, that neither in French nor German
+is there a word for _home_.
+
+
+
+
+IN THE HAREM.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+
+    The scent of burning sandal-wood
+      Perfumes the air in vain;
+    A sweeter odor fills my sense,
+      A fiercer fire my brain!
+
+    O press your burning lips to mine!--
+      For mine will never part,
+    Until my heart has rifled all
+      The sweetness of your heart!
+
+    The lutes are playing on the lawn,
+      The moon is shining bright,
+    But we like stars are melting now
+      In clouds of soft delight!
+
+
+
+
+TO THE CICADA.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY H. J. CRATE.
+
+
+    Cicada sits upon a sprig,
+      And makes his song resound;
+    For he is happy when a twig
+      Lifts him above the ground.
+
+    And so am I, when lifted up
+      On hopes delusive wing;
+    I laugh, and quaff the flowing cup,
+      I love, I write, I sing!
+
+    Should clouds or cares obscure our sky,
+      And all be gloom around,
+    My merry little friend and I
+      Soon tumble to the ground.
+
+
+
+
+TRICKS ON TRAVELLERS AT WATERLOO.
+
+
+M. Leon Gozlan, one of the most esteemed magazinists in France, has
+lately paid a flying visit to the scene of his country's most glorious
+disasters, Waterloo, and has given a characteristic account of what he
+saw and heard there. We quote a part of it, in which he describes a
+knavish practice of which great numbers are every year made victims.
+M. Gozlan has just passed through the Brussels _faubourg_ Louisa, and
+is oppressed with most melancholy reflections, when his coachman
+addresses him--
+
+     "Sir," exclaimed my conductor, suddenly interrupting my
+     meditations, "excuse me if I am troublesome, but before
+     arriving at Mont-Saint-Jean I wish to warn you of a knavish
+     trade you have probably never heard of at Paris."
+
+     "A knavish trade unknown at Paris?" I replied,
+     incredulously; "that is rather surprising. But come, tell me
+     what is this new species of industry."
+
+     "You can easily suppose," pursued my loquacious coachman,
+     "that after the battle of Waterloo there remained on the
+     field a large quantity of cannon-balls, buttons, small brass
+     eagles, and broken weapons. Well, for the last thirty-four
+     years, the country people have been carrying on a famous
+     business in these articles."
+
+     "It seems to me, however, my friend," I observed, "that a
+     sale continued for so long a period, must have left very
+     little to be disposed of at present."
+
+     "True, sir; and this is precisely what I would guard you
+     against. Those who obtain a subsistence by such means,
+     purchase the goods new at a manufactory, in shares, and then
+     bury in different parts of the field, and for a wide space
+     around, pieces of imperial brass eagles, thousands of metal
+     buttons, and heaps of iron balls. This crop is allowed to
+     rest in the earth until summer, for few strangers visit
+     Waterloo in winter; and when the fine weather arrives, they
+     dig up their relics, to which a sojourn of eight months in a
+     damp soil gives an appearance of age, deceiving the keenest
+     observer, and awakening the admiration of pilgrims."
+
+     "But this is a shameful deceit."
+
+     "True again, sir; but the country is very poor about here;
+     and after all, perhaps," added the philosophic driver, "no
+     great harm is done. This year the harvest of brass eagles
+     has been very fair."
+
+     We entered the forest of Soignies by a narrow and naturally
+     covered alley, the two sides crowned with the most luxuriant
+     foliage. Poplars, elms, and plane-trees appeared to be
+     striving which should attain the highest elevation. One
+     peculiarity I could not avoid remarking in the midst of this
+     solemn and beautiful abode of nature, and that was the
+     perfect stillness prevailing around. The air itself seemed
+     without palpitation, and during a ride of nearly two hours
+     through this sylvan gallery, not even the note of a bird
+     broke on the solitude. A forest without feathered songsters
+     appeared unnatural, and the only possible reason that could
+     be imagined for such a circumstance might be, that since the
+     formidable day of Waterloo, they had quitted these shades,
+     never to return, frightened away by the roar of the cannon
+     and the dismal noise of war. What melancholy is impressed
+     upon the beautiful forest of Soignies! I cannot overcome the
+     idea, that since Providence destined it should become the
+     mute spectator of the great event in its vicinity, it has
+     retained the mysterious memory in the folding of its leaves
+     and the depths of its shades. Destiny designs the theatre
+     for grand actions. An army of one hundred thousand men
+     perished there. Such was the irrevocable decree.
+
+     "Do you think," I inquired of the coachman, wishing to
+     change the current of my thoughts, "there are persons so
+     unscrupulous as to speculate on the curiosity of tourists to
+     Waterloo in the manner you have described?"
+
+     "Ah, sir," he replied, "I have not told you half the tricks
+     they practice on the credulous. It would indeed fatigue you
+     if I mentioned all of them, but if you will permit me, I
+     will relate an instance I witnessed myself one day. I was
+     conducting from Waterloo to Brussels a French artist and a
+     Prussian tourist. The Prussian supported on his knee some
+     object very carefully enveloped in a handkerchief, and which
+     he seemed to value greatly. When we had arrived about midway
+     on the road, he inquired of the Frenchman whether he had
+     brought away with him any souvenir of his pilgrimage to
+     Waterloo.
+
+     "'In good faith no,' replied the other; and yet I was on the
+     point of making a certain acquisition, but the exorbitant
+     price demanded prevented me: one hundred francs, besides the
+     trouble of carrying off such an article.'
+
+     "'What could it have been?' demanded the Prussian,
+     curiously.
+
+     "'You must not feel offended if I tell you,' returned the
+     artist; 'it was the skull of a Prussian colonel, a
+     magnificent one! And what rendered it more valuable, it was
+     pierced by three holes, made by the balls of Waterloo. One
+     was in the forehead, the others were through the temples. I
+     should have had no objection to secure this, if I could have
+     afforded it, and have had a lamp made of the skull of a
+     Prussian officer killed by the French. And you, sir?' he
+     continued, looking at the packet carried by his
+     fellow-traveller, 'pray what luck have you had?'
+
+     "'I,' replied the Prussian, with an uneasy movement, and
+     looking greatly confused, 'I am astonished at the wonderful
+     resemblance of what has happened to both of us, for I
+     purchased this morning the skull of a French colonel killed
+     by a Prussian at Waterloo.'
+
+     "'You, sir?'
+
+     "'Y--e--s,' stammered the Prussian, 'and I thought of having
+     it made into a cup to drink the health of Blucher at each
+     anniversary of our victory.'
+
+     "'And is the skull pierced by three bullets?' demanded the
+     Frenchman, his suspicions becoming awakened.
+
+     "With a look of consternation the Prussian hastily unrolled
+     the handkerchief, and examined the contents. The skull bore
+     the same marks indicated by his travelling companion! It was
+     the identical relic that was French when offered to an
+     Englishman or Prussian, and had become Prussian or English
+     when offered to a Frenchman.
+
+     "This, sir," added Jehu, smacking his whip, "you will admit,
+     is worse than selling false brass buttons and the Emperor's
+     eagles."
+
+
+
+
+STUDIES OF AMERICAN LITERATURE,
+
+BY PHILARÈTE CHASLES.
+
+
+We have frequently been interested by the clever contributions of M.
+PHILARÈTE CHASLES to the _Revue des Deux Mondes_. They are chiefly on
+English and American literature, and among them are specimens of acute
+and genial criticism. M. Chasles has just published in Paris a
+collection of these papers, and we translate for _The International_ a
+reviewal of it which appears in a late number of the French journal,
+the _Illustration_. Says the writer, M. Hipolyte Babou:
+
+Books are becoming scarce. To be sure, volume upon volume is published
+every day, but a book that is a book is a _rara avis_, and if any one
+should inquire whose fault it is, we reply that it is the fault of the
+press, constantly requiring the first-fruits of a writer's
+meditations. The journalist has displaced the author. The fugitive
+page rules the great world of literature. Wit, talent, genius,
+science, have not time to consolidate their thoughts, before they are
+disseminated. They are like the folds of the birchen bark, thrown off
+as soon as formed, to give place to new ones. And these in their turn
+fall, and are scattered. But, when we wish it, we can collect our
+literary leaves. How many handsome volumes are made up of weekly and
+monthly pages! The binder runs his needle through a collection, and
+the book is made.
+
+What kind of book? Ah, truly, it is not the venerable work of past
+days, which took ten years to print and bring to perfection,
+establishing at once a literary fame. It is simply a series of
+articles written by steam, printed by steam, and some bright morning
+bound up under a common title. But what is the story and the
+attraction of such works? Bless you! there is no story. The attraction
+is in the style (when there is any) and in the variety of subjects,
+which generally produces a variety of impressions.
+
+For an ordinary reader, to whom continued attention produces headache,
+there is nothing more agreeable than those album-pages, or fragments
+of mosaic. Thinking and serious minds turn rather towards works of
+consecutive reflection, or whose details contribute to the beauty of
+some whole. Variety is the wind to the weather-cock; and unity is the
+inflexible pivot which every weather-cock requires to keep it from
+being blown away. Thoughtful minds prefer unity above every thing. And
+yet they are only heavier weather-cocks, which turn round with a
+grating.
+
+Nervous and discursive reader! logical and phlegmatic reader! here is
+a book which will suit you both. M. Philarète Chasles has just
+published expressly for you his _Studies upon the Literature and
+Manners of the Anglo-Americans in the Nineteenth Century_. It is a
+work by compartments, any of them interesting to the superficial
+reader, and forming at the same time a perfect whole.
+
+Under the influence of a spirit of order, which professors by their
+vocation are very apt to possess in an eminent degree, the author has
+composed his work, not of articles written for journals, but by
+detailing articles a work whose plan he had before considered. The
+general design, to which he is obedient, is clearly developed, page by
+page, in his curious studies upon the Anglo-Americans.
+
+It is a vile term--that of Anglo-American--a pedantic term--and rather
+surprising from the pen of Chasles. For, professor as he is, he
+despises pedantry as the plague. There is nothing doctoral in his
+literary costume; and if he has any pretension, it resembles in no
+particular the grave assumptions of the cathedrants of the university.
+It would be a mortification to him to belong to the school of the
+Sorbonne. He is a member of the free family of the College of France,
+where individual genius has triumphed more than once over the sterile
+routine of tradition.
+
+Before filling the chair of professor, the author of _Etudes_ had
+written much in journals and reviews. He writes still, and is always
+welcome to the public. For, it may be remarked without malice, he has
+always had a larger audience of readers than of listeners. And that it
+is so is rather complimentary than otherwise. How is it, indeed, that
+the intellectual humorist succeeds better as an author than as a
+teacher? What does he need to insure, if he wishes it, the
+enthusiastic admiration of the young public whom he instructs? Has he
+not at command those vivid flashings of the imagination which, by an
+electric sympathy, might bring down about him thunders of applause? Is
+he fearful that his gesture and his voice would not become his
+thought? Does he disdain to have recourse, hap-hazard, to the little
+artifices of eloquence? It is very easy to gain popularity by a
+juggle, when it cannot be done by the force of true oratory. Be
+enthusiastic of your merits. Mingle with the swellings of poetry a
+certain dogmatism of opinion--call to your aid assurance, impudence,
+and all the insipidities of the _style printanier_--fire, as it were,
+pistol-shots into the audience, and continue the fire by a brilliant
+musketry of little fulminating phrases--the victory is yours, unless
+you are essentially an ass. For youth--verdant youth--will always be
+carried away by the expression, true or false, of feeling.
+
+M. Philarète Chasles is said to want in some degree that great
+constituent of humanity--passion. He is one of those refined and
+delicate writers who employ all their genius to ridicule the mind, and
+all their reason to drive to shipwreck upon the beautiful waters of
+poesie the most charming flotillas of the imagination. He belongs to
+the breed of sharp raillers, whose skepticism points an epigram. In a
+word, there is no reverse side for his admiration on any question--a
+habit of judging quite common among many writers, genuine and
+charlatan.
+
+But this is not saying that the author of _Etudes_ does not feel
+deeply the irresistible attraction of the beau ideal; or that we are
+treating of one of those representatives of pompous and stupid
+criticism, who are so justly despised by the poets. Certainly not. On
+the contrary, M. Chasles combines a vigorous hate of ornate folly and
+vulgarity with a profound disgust towards tame or extravagant
+conventionalism. The academic style has no fascination for him. He
+likes elbow-room in the discussion of art, and if he finds himself
+confined by the close-fitting coat of the professor, he rips it
+asunder, stretching out his arms in a fit of restlessness. A
+protective literature regards him among its most resolute adversaries.
+No custom-houses in literature for him, and particularly no excisemen,
+who, under pretext of contraband, drive their brutal gauge-rods into
+the free productions of human intelligence.
+
+M. Philarète Chasles is a literary disciple of Cobden. He would not
+only lower the barriers between province and province, but wholly
+abolish them between nation and nation. His imagination carries him as
+a balloon beyond the tops of custom-houses; and after visiting the
+shores of England and America, he returns to France with some curious
+samples of foreign literature. By this come-and-go policy of
+importation and exportation, he has created, or at least developed, a
+noble spirit of commerce, which may be termed international criticism.
+
+This commerce is particularly useful for us who are always ready to
+proclaim ourselves in every thing and to every one the first nation of
+the globe. It is an auspicious time therefore to become acquainted
+with the weaknesses of our character without losing its force. The
+glory of the past obliges us to think of the glory of the future,
+which can be easily lost to us if ambition does not come in time to
+animate our courage. To deny that there are rivals is no way to
+conquer them. It is a great deal better to study them attentively, and
+to consider beforehand the perils of the combat. We are indeed the
+heroes of genius, but if we misapprehend the tactics, we say it
+frankly, we shall be beaten.
+
+The author of the _Etudes_ wishes to spare us such a humiliation, by
+telling us of the enemy as he is; and in this sense his work is truly
+patriotic, and cannot be unacceptable to any.
+
+Many writers have instituted a relation between us and the Latins and
+Greeks. M. Chasles thinks that to remember the glorious dead of the
+south is to engender contempt for the living. It is not then towards
+the south that he directs his attention. The Saxon race, beyond the
+British Sea and the Atlantic, preoccupies him. The nations in
+progress are those most hopeful for new and immortal productions of
+the muse. The rest of the world is given to an incurable imitation.
+And M. Chasles is right in bringing us into the presence of the
+English and the Americans. He is sufficiently conversant with their
+language to fulfil the delicate functions of interpreter.
+
+I know writers who, on account of studying foreign literature, so bear
+the imprints of it in their works, that one would say in reading them,
+that he had before him French translations of Italian or German, or
+English, or Spanish. The literary temperament of M. Chasles, however,
+is not changed, notwithstanding his migrations. The author of _Etudes_
+thinks in French, writes in French, and what is more, in French
+inherited from a Gaul. He preserves in his mind the brightness of his
+native sky, whether he wanders in the fogs of London, or is becoming a
+victim of ennui among the vapors of New-York. His pen seems to strike
+out sparks as he writes. He is active and bold, strong and light,
+independent and courteous. Nothing stops him. He runs oftener than he
+walks, and leaps over an obstacle that he may not lose time in going
+round it. Indeed, every thing is accomplished well by the intelligence
+that judges as it travels. Reflection itself is rapid, and logic
+hastens the step and smooths the way. A light and tripping foot
+belongs especially to criticism. If it raises a little brilliant dust
+in the road, it is no matter, it soon falls again. M. Chasles has no
+taste for old truths; he prefers much some kind of paradox which is
+now a truth and now a lie. It is for this reason that foreigners
+reproach him with being superficial. Very well! let him be so. He is a
+true Frenchman, for he touches only the flower of ideas, and, for a
+Frenchman, the flower and the surface are all one.
+
+It is not just, however, to regard this reproach as wholly merited,
+although (originating beyond the British Sea) it is reproduced among
+us by those would-be grave men who are dull writers. M. Chasles often
+allies lightness of expression with great profundity of thought. His
+style cuts as a blade of steel. He has eloquence, gayety, irony,
+caprice, and all in a perfect measure. No style resembles less the
+childish dashes of persons of wit, and who possess nothing else--who
+play the mountebank by a hundred tricks to astonish the gaping
+crowd--a light style, if you please, but empty as it is light.
+
+The _Etudes_ of M. Chasles are not of that superficial character
+adopted by many. The admiration of ninnies is not his desire. The
+object that he pursues continues ever a serious one, although a
+thousand graces ornament the way. He has vivacity without losing
+precision--two characteristics of good writing seldom found together.
+If he indulges in digressions, they are not perceptible until the
+reappearance of his subject shows us how gracefully he has departed
+from it. He passes rapidly over what is known, while with an especial
+care he dwells on what is unknown. Thus, in the history of American
+literature he does not amuse himself long with the popular names of
+Fenimore Cooper and Franklin. What could he say new respecting these
+two great ornaments of American science and literature? His instinct
+of observation and criticism suggested to him the works less known of
+Gouverneur Morris and Hermann Melville. Between these two writers, of
+whom one was the contemporary of Washington, and the other still
+living in some corner of Massachusetts, are ranged according to their
+date the productions of the writers of the great American nation.
+
+Gouverneur Morris was of a noble spirit. His _Mémoires_ represent to
+us, with a full and attractive fidelity, the opinion which the young
+and tranquil republic of the United States entertained at the close of
+the eighteenth century, of the men and the events of our French
+Revolution. He was far from misunderstanding the abuses of our ancient
+society, but he deplored that it was necessary for violence to abolish
+them. A sensible and polished observer, he criticised them without
+passion, and with a benevolent irony. Let us hear him tell of a
+conversation he had, at Madame de la Suze's, with one of the most
+brilliant leaders of the gay world that had just perished. In a few
+lines, he presents an admirable sketch of the personage:
+
+     'The rest of our party were playing at cards, and quite
+     absorbed in the game, when M. de Boufflers, in want of
+     something better to do, spoke to me of America. The
+     carelessness with which he heard me proved that he did not
+     pay the least attention to what he had asked me.
+
+     --"But how could you defend your country from invasion
+     without fleets and armies?"
+
+     "Nothing could be more difficult," replied Morris, "than to
+     subjugate a nation composed of kings, and who, if looked
+     upon contemptuously, would respond: '_I am a man; are you
+     any thing more?_'"
+
+     "Very well," said M. de Boufflers. "But how would you like
+     it, if I should say to one of those citizen-kings: Monsieur,
+     the king, make me a pair of boots!"
+
+     "My compatriot," said Morris, "would not hesitate to reply:
+     'With great pleasure, sir. It is my duty and my vocation to
+     make boots, and I could wish that every one would do his
+     duty in this world."'
+
+M. de Boufflers looked up to the ceiling as if in search of a solution
+of this enigma, and Morris contemplated him, as much surprised as if,
+in the forests of the New World, he had heard a humming-bird reason of
+the affairs of the Republic. And it was thus with all that class of
+men--the same elegance--the same luxury--the same prattle--the same
+heedlessness. All these courtiers of the last hour resembled precisely
+M. de Boufflers. The same day, indeed, of the taking of the Bastile,
+Morris traced two lines upon the tablettes:
+
+     "It is very well that the court should appear to believe
+     that all is tranquil; but to-morrow, perhaps, when the
+     citadelle is in flames, they will agree that there has been
+     some noise in Paris."
+
+Some time before, the grave and gentle American had met Madame de
+Staël at Madame de Tesse's; the daughter of Necker conversed with him
+in another style than that of M. de Boufflers. However, quite serious
+as Corinne certainly was, the dignity of the compatriot of Washington
+surprised and diverted her.
+
+     "Monsieur," she said, after a moment's conversation, "you
+     have a very imposing air."
+
+     "I know it, Madame," replied Morris.
+
+The English literature constantly serves M. Chasles, to bring into
+relief the character of American literature. And thus, he opposes the
+peaceful inspirations of the work-girls of Lowell with the passionate
+dithyrambics of Ebenezer Elliott, the blacksmith of Sheffield--a
+chapter full of just remarks upon what Chasles calls the poetry of
+vengeance.
+
+The girls of Lowell--the Lucindas, the Alleghanias, the Tancredas, the
+Velledas--who, after a day's labor, pass into the street in silken
+dresses, with gold watches shining at their zone, and their beautiful
+faces shaded by parasols--those Massachusetts weavers, who have even
+instituted an academy among themselves--do not in their innocent
+verses, invoke the vengeful muses. They know nothing of that terrible
+Nemesis, with cheeks hollow and ghastly, armed hands, and eyes red
+with poverty and weeping, to whom the poor workers of British
+factories send up the cry of famine and despair. If the female
+operatives of Lowell read the work of M. Philarète Chasles, they will
+find there an encouragement to cultivate the smiling thoughts of
+poetry. He, no more than George Sand, notwithstanding her sympathies
+for the working classes, either loves or encourages the irritable
+singers of social sufferings.
+
+     "What," he exclaims, "has become of the glorious Apollo of
+     the Greek? Where is the sunny ideal of the hellenistic
+     heavens? Where the sacred sorrows of Christian perfection?
+     Poetry is no more a garden of roses; it is a wild field of
+     thorns, wherein he who walks leaves tracks of blood. At the
+     entrance of this Parnassus stands Poverty, whom Virgil
+     places _in faucibus orci_. Her complaints are in the midst
+     of curses. She holds in her hand a skull, with strings of
+     iron, and she sweeps them as a lyre with golden chords.
+     Behind her are Crabbe, the Juvenal of the hospitals;
+     Ebenezer Elliott, the singer of hunger; Cooper, the poet of
+     suicide, and the author of _Ernest_, followed by a miserable
+     train of children, whom manufacturers have famished, and
+     young women whom excessive labor has demoralized and
+     prostituted in the morning of their life. Mournful choir, to
+     which these poets worthily respond."
+
+It is not very pleasant, to be sure, for a reader to pass from some
+agreeable representation to a frightful array of evils. The spectacle
+but too true of social infirmities troubles the sleep of the happy,
+and awakes with a start the drowsy hate of the unhappy. But there is
+no reason why he who suffers, should not utter his complaint. The
+Bible itself is not a stranger to vehement protestations against the
+apparent injustice of destiny. When Job arose from the ashes, surely
+it was not to sing to the passers-by some touching idylle in the style
+of Ruth and Naomi. He accused heaven and life, he cursed his friends,
+and his mother, without troubling himself to know whether his sorrows
+reached the lovers' palm-groves, or disturbed the wooings of the
+daughters of Idumea. The Sheffield blacksmith, among flaming furnaces,
+cannot sing the voluptuous sweets of existence. He strikes the anvil
+with a ring, and exclaims in a rough voice, amid smoke and fire:
+
+     "Accursed be the muse of necessity and suffering! Who wishes
+     her acquaintance? The poor, so despised! Write not their
+     frightful history. Pride and vanity despise your labors. Who
+     is he, I pray you, that artizan who uses the pen? What right
+     has he to do so? Absurd rhymer, let him retire and pare his
+     nails--and renounce a species of industry for which he was
+     never made. You are accustomed only to oaths, and you are
+     only a rough worker in poetry."
+
+M. Chasles does not deny the right of artizans to employ the pen.
+Ignoble or noble--a serf or a lord--whether he is called Burns, or
+Chasles of Orleans--whether he is a porter, a laborer, or even a
+drunkard, from the moment that there is seen upon his brow the radiant
+sign of genius, he is known. To wonder that an artizan is a poet, is
+to think it marvellous that beauty should bloom upon the cheek of a
+village maid. The gift is natural, and not acquired; and the mechanic
+who writes either prose or poetry must be judged with as much severity
+as if he were a king. It is not astonishing, therefore, that the
+author of the _Etudes_ judges severely the blacksmith of Sheffield.
+But the latter seems to have anticipated the severity of the critic,
+when he says with an accent of the most mournful bitterness:
+
+     "Do not read me, ye who love elegance and grace. Alight not,
+     ye butterflies, among thorns--nor upon rocks burning in the
+     sun and beaten by the rains--you may tarnish the gauze of
+     your beautiful wings. But you who honor truth, follow me. I
+     will bring you wild flowers, gathered from the precipice,
+     amid howling tempests."
+
+While we inhale the perfume of the _flowers of the heath_, we can
+honor truth, without being _foolish flies_, and without renouncing the
+love of the _elegant and graceful_. Not less did M. Chasles write to
+the _Journal des Débats_, a little before the revolution, in those
+generous words which we are happy to see again in his book:
+
+     "It is for you, politicians, to find a remedy for the evils
+     of society. The interests of the masses are in your
+     hands--those who have not enough to eat, and too much work.
+     The verses of famished workmen, which we cannot sing, we
+     weep over. The muse of Cooper, of Elliott, and of Crabbe,
+     is not a muse, but a fury. You are reminded, that in
+     accumulating wealth in one direction, you are increasing
+     poverty in another; and that the poverty which complains at
+     first avenges itself afterward."
+
+I do not know whether these words were prophetic, but I see in them a
+noble sentiment, unfortunately too rare among those who love elegance
+and grace. Let us be elegant, if we can; gracious, if we know how.
+But, besides those desirable qualities of the old French society, let
+us show in the light of heaven that living active charity which only
+can strengthen by purifying the existence of the new order of society.
+The grandchildren of Boufflers, we expose ourselves no more to
+ridicule in saying: "Monsieur le roi, faite-moi une paire de
+souliers." The king will make the shoes if it is his vocation. The
+grandchildren of Boufflers should do their duty--that is to say:
+contribute with all their mind to find out, according to the
+expression of Chasles, efficacious remedies for social evils. When
+workmen are more happy, they will write less poetry, or at least they
+will write more calmly. See the American spinners of Lowell. Ah!
+Lucinda or Tancreda has never lifted up her voice to heaven with the
+despair of Elliott. An amorous complaint suffices her; a sonnet, or a
+love-sigh, breathed by the light of the stars, consoles her for the
+labors of the day. American society works first; when it has conquered
+an independence, it sings. All Americans do not accept the saying of
+one of their journalists: "Political and practical life is sufficient
+for man. Imagination is a peril--arts a misfortune." So far from
+proscribing the arts and imagination, Cooper, Irving, Audubon, and
+many others are among those who have magnified the literature of their
+country. But the greater part, with that fruitful wisdom which
+characterizes them, applaud the advice of Channing:
+
+     "I made a resolution of presenting a gift to my country in
+     the form of an epic. But I had prudence enough to postpone
+     it until I should have a fortune. I then commenced to make
+     my business known, after which I retired into solitude with
+     my imagination."
+
+In Europe it is just the contrary. We ask the imagination to make our
+business known, and we retire into solitude with our fortune or our
+poverty. Which course avails the more for our glory? Which for our
+repose?
+
+The conclusion of the work of M. Chasles is, that our literature, our
+manners, our nationality even, will some day disappear before the
+rising glory of the great Western Republic, but I can declare without
+emotion that I have no fear of my country. America offers us examples;
+we also have some to offer her. The future of the United States is
+developed day by day in a manner that astonishes Europe. But
+notwithstanding the _patriotes de clocher_, and French _humanitaires_
+who suppress the very word native country, I believe in the higher
+destinies of France.
+
+
+
+
+A PHANTASY.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+    "Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean."
+
+
+    The light of the summer noon
+      Bursts in a flood through the blind;
+    But few are the rays of joy
+      That shine in my darkened mind.
+
+    My heart is stirred to a storm,
+      And its passions intense and proud
+    Feed on themselves, like fires
+      Pent in a thunder-cloud!
+
+    I think of the days of youth,
+      And the fountains of love defiled,
+    Till I hide my face in my hands,
+      And weep like a little child!
+
+
+
+
+THE TIMES OF CHARLEMAGNE.
+
+
+Sir Francis Palgrave's _History of Normandy and of England_, of which
+the first volume has just appeared in London, is unquestionably a very
+important work, illustrating a period of which comparatively little
+has been known, and of which a knowledge is eminently necessary to the
+student of British institutions and manners. The subject has been
+partially handled by French authors--by Thierry, Guizot, Michelet, and
+in a desultory manner by M. Barante--but not one of these has shown
+the very intimate relation that exists between the history of Normandy
+and of England. That intermixture of the histories of the countries
+may indeed be inferred from old English works, such as Camden,
+Fortescue, Hale, Britton, Bracton, Fleta, Spelman, Somner, Chief Baron
+Gilbert, Daines Barrington, and others, and from labors of Bede,
+William of Malmesbury, Geoffry of Monmouth, and all the older
+chroniclers. But not one of these writers, in all their varied labors,
+has undertaken to show how the histories of the two countries act and
+re-act on each other, or how, represented in the popular mind by the
+epithets Norman and Saxon, French and English, they have been for a
+thousand years or more running against each other a perpetual race of
+rivalry and emulation. A worthy Picard lawyer indeed, of the name of
+Gaillard, who abandoned the law for literature about a century ago,
+wrote a work called _The Rivalry between France and England_, in
+eleven volumes; but who, in 1851, unless specially dedicated to
+historical studies, would read a French history on the subject of the
+rivalry between the two nations, written between 1771 and 1777,
+especially when it extends to eleven volumes? Independently of this,
+any French history on such subject is sure to be tinged with
+prejudice, passion, and vanity. It is true that the judicious Sharon
+Turner, in his _History of the Anglo-Saxons_, Henry Wheaton, in his
+_History of the Northmen_, and M. Capefigue, give us more or less
+insight into Norman history; but none of these authors attempt to show
+the general relations of mediæval history, or that absolute need of
+uniting Norman to English history, which it is the chief aim of Sir
+Francis Palgrave to demonstrate. As deputy keeper of the public
+records of England, this learned historian has had the best possible
+opportunities of investigation, and he tells us in his preface that
+he has devoted to the work a full quarter of a century.
+
+The style of Sir Francis Palgrave is generally heavy, and his work
+will therefore be more prized by students than by the mere lovers of
+literature. His manner and spirit and the character of his performance
+may be most satisfactorily exhibited in a few specimen paragraphs,
+however, and we proceed to quote, first, from an introductory
+dissertation, some remarks on the arts, architecture, and civilization
+of Rome. He says:
+
+     "Roman taste gave the fashion to the garment, Roman skill
+     the models for the instruments of war. We have been told to
+     seek in the forests of Germany the origin of the feudal
+     system and the conception of the Gothic aisle. We shall
+     discover neither there. Architecture is the costume of
+     society, and throughout European Christendom that costume
+     was patterned from Rome. Unapt and unskilful pupils, she
+     taught the Ostrogothic workman to plan the palace of
+     Theodoric; the Frank, to decorate the hall of Charlemagne;
+     the Lombard, to vault the duomo; the Norman, to design the
+     cathedral. Above all, Rome imparted to our European
+     civilization her luxury, her grandeur, her richness, her
+     splendor, her exaltation of human reason, her spirit of free
+     inquiry, her ready mutability, her unwearied activity, her
+     expansive and devouring energy, her hardness of heart, her
+     intellectual pride, her fierceness, her insatiate cruelty,
+     that unrelenting cruelty which expels all other races out of
+     the very pale of humanity; whilst our direction of thought,
+     our literature, our languages, concur in uniting the
+     dominions, kingdoms, states, principalities, and powers,
+     composing our civilized commonwealth in the Old Continent
+     and the New, with the terrible people through whom that
+     civilized commonwealth wields the thunderbolts of the
+     dreadful monarchy, diverse from all others which preceded
+     amongst mankind."
+
+The following is our author's view of the real and the ideal
+Charlemagne:--
+
+     "It seems Charlemagne's fate that he should always be in
+     danger of shading into a mythic monarch--not a man of flesh
+     and blood, but a personified theory. Turpin's Carolus
+     Magnus, the Charlemagne of Roncesvalles; Ariosto's _Sacra
+     Corona_, surrounded by Palatines and Doze-Piers, are
+     scarcely more unlike the real rough, tough, shaggy, old
+     monarch, than the conventional portraitures by which his
+     real features have been supplanted.
+
+     "It is an insuperable source of fallacy in human observation
+     as well as in human judgment, that we never can sufficiently
+     disjoin our own individuality from our estimates of moral
+     nature. Admiring ourselves in others, we ascribe to those
+     whom we love or admire the qualities we value in ourselves.
+     We each see the landscape through our own stripe of the
+     rainbow. A favorite hero by long-established prescription,
+     few historical characters have been more disguised by fond
+     adornment than Charlemagne. Each generation or school has
+     endeavored to exhibit him as a normal model of excellence:
+     Courtly Mezeray invests the son of Pepin with the taste of
+     Louis Quatorze; the polished Abbé Velly bestows upon the
+     Frankish emperor the abstract perfection of a dramatic hero;
+     Boulainvilliers, the champion of the noblesse, worships the
+     founder of hereditary feudality; Mably discovers in the
+     capitulars the maxims of popular liberty; Montesquieu, the
+     perfect philosophy of legislation. But, generally speaking,
+     Charlemagne's historical aspect is derived from his
+     patronage of literature. This notion of his literary
+     character colors his political character, so that in the
+     assumption of the imperial authority, we are fain to
+     consider him as a true romanticist--such as in our own days
+     we have seen upon the throne--seeking to appease hungry
+     desires by playing with poetic fancies, to satisfy hard
+     nature with pleasant words, to give substance and body to a
+     dream.
+
+     "All these prestiges will vanish if we render to Charlemagne
+     his well deserved encomium:--he was a great warrior, a great
+     statesman, fitted for his own age. It is a very ambiguous
+     praise to say that a man is in advance of his age; if so, he
+     is out of his place; he lives in a foreign country. Equally
+     so, if he lives in the past. No innovator so bold, so
+     reckless, and so crude, as he who makes the attempt (which
+     never succeeds) to effect a resurrection of antiquity."
+
+The practical character of Charlemagne is thus sketched:--
+
+     "We may put by the book, and study Charlemagne's
+     achievements on the borders of the Rhine; better than in the
+     book may the traveller see Charlemagne's genuine character
+     pictured upon the lovely unfolding landscape: the huge
+     domminsters, the fortresses of religion; the yellow sunny
+     rocks studded with the vine; the mulberry and the peach,
+     ripening in the ruddy orchards; the succulent potherbs and
+     worts which stock the Bauer's garden,--these are the
+     monuments and memorials of Charlemagne's mind. The first
+     health pledged when the flask is opened at Johannisberg
+     should be the monarchs name who gave the song-inspiring
+     vintage. Charlemagne's superiority and ability consisted
+     chiefly in seeking and seizing the immediate advantages,
+     whatever they might be which he could confer upon others or
+     obtain for himself. He was a man of forethought, ready
+     contrivance, and useful talent. He would employ every
+     expedient, grasp every opportunity, and provide for each day
+     as it was passing by.
+
+     "The educational movement resulting from Charlemagne's
+     genius was practical. Two main objects had he therein upon
+     his conscience and his mind. The first, was the support of
+     the Christian Faith; his seven liberal sciences circled
+     round theology, the centre of the intellectual system. No
+     argument was needed as to the obligation of uniting sacred
+     and secular learning, because the idea of disuniting them
+     never was entertained. His other object in patronizing
+     learning and instruction was the benefit of the State. He
+     sought to train good men of business; judges well qualified,
+     ready penmen in his chancery; and this sage desire expanded
+     into a wide instructional field. Charlemagne's exertions for
+     promoting the study of the Greek language--his Greek
+     professorships at Osnaburgh or Saltzburgh--have been
+     praised, doubted, discussed, as something very paradoxical;
+     whereas, his motives were plain, and his machinery simple.
+     Greek was, to all intents and purposes, the current language
+     of an opulent and powerful nation, required for the
+     transaction of public affairs. A close parallel,
+     necessitated by the same causes, exists in the capital of
+     Charlemagne's successors. The Oriental Academy at Vienna is
+     constituted to afford a supply of individuals qualified for
+     the diplomatic intercourse, arising out of the vicinity and
+     relations of the Austrian and Ottoman dominions, without any
+     reference to the promotion of philology. We find the same at
+     home. If the Persian language be taught at Haileybury, it is
+     to fit the future Writer of his Indian office. He may study
+     Ferduzi or Hafiz, if he pleases, but the cultivation of
+     literature is not the intent with which the learning is
+     bestowed."
+
+Here is the manner in which Sir Francis Palgrave contrasts and
+compares the two emperors, Charlemagne and Napoleon:--
+
+     "Napoleon sought the creation of an anti-christian imperial
+     pontificate--the caliphate of positive civilization; his
+     aspiration was the establishment of absolute dominion,
+     corporeal and intellectual; mastery over body and soul;
+     faith respected only as an influential and venerable
+     delusion; the aiding powers of religion accepted until she
+     should be chilled out, and the unfed flame expire, and
+     positive philosophy complete her task of emancipating the
+     matured intellect from the remaining swathing bands which
+     had been needful during the infancy of human society. And
+     the theories of Charlemagne and Napoleon, though
+     irreconcileably antagonistic, in their conception, would,
+     were either fully developed, become identical in their
+     result, notwithstanding their contrarieties. They start in
+     opposite directions, but, circling round their courses,
+     would--were it permitted that they should persevere
+     continuously and consistently--meet at the same point of
+     convergence, and attain the same end.
+
+     "Moreover, the territorial empires of Napoleon and
+     Charlemagne had their organically fatal characteristics in
+     common. Each founder attempted to accomplish political
+     impossibilities--to conjoin communities unsusceptible of
+     amalgamation; to harmonize the discordant elements which
+     could only be kept together by external force, whilst their
+     internal forces sprung them asunder--a unity without
+     internal union. But even as the wonderful agencies revealed
+     to modern chemistry effect, in a short hour, the progresses
+     which nature silently elaborates during a long growth of
+     time, so in like manner did the energies of civilization
+     effect in three years that dissolution for which, in the
+     analogous precedent, seven generations were required."
+
+
+
+
+THE DECORATIVE ARTS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The growth of the fine arts, commonly so called, in this country, has
+been a fruitful subject of congratulatory observation in the last
+dozen years. The opera in that time has gained a permanent home here,
+and our sculptors and painters have gone out into the old fields of
+art, and claimed equality with their masters--an equality which Italy,
+Germany, France, and even England, slowly and reluctantly in some
+cases, but in the presence of the works of Powers, Crawford,
+Greenough, Leutze, and others, have, at length, confessed. In
+painting, as everybody knows, with few exceptions our best works have
+never been seen abroad, and the advance of design here is therefore to
+be studied only in our own exhibitions, hung with the productions of
+Durand, Huntington, Eliott, and the crowd of young painters coming
+forward every season to claim the approval of the people. The general
+taste keeps pace with every achievement. We hear that the Art-Union
+was never visited so much as this year; and private galleries, and
+those of every dealer in works of art, are thronged. The existence in
+our principal cities, under the control of men of cultivation, of
+stores for the sale of works in the fine arts, is a fact eminently
+significant. That of Williams & Stevens, in Broadway, for example,
+could be sustained only by a community in which there is a refinement
+of taste such as a few years ago could be found only in limited
+circles in this country. Beginning with efforts to introduce the
+finest forms and combinations in looking-glass and picture frames, the
+proprietors of this establishment have made it a great market-house
+for artists, and the display upon its walls and in its windows is
+frequently more attractive to the connoisseur than the exhibitions of
+the Academies or the Art-Unions. And it is astonishing how many of the
+best works of the European engravers--works which may justly be called
+copies of the master-pieces of contemporary foreign art--are sold
+here, to adorn houses from which the tawdry ornaments in vogue a few
+years ago have been discarded. The same observations may be made in
+regard to furniture. The graceful styles and high finish to be seen at
+many of our stores, and in our recently furnished houses, illustrate a
+progress in elegance, luxury, and taste, not dreamed of by the last
+generation. And in all these things it is observable that the advance
+is in cheapness as well as in beauty. In this respect indeed we have
+scarcely kept pace with the French and English, but the cost at which
+a man of taste and a little tact can now furnish a house, so that it
+shall illustrate not only his own refinement but the condition of the
+best civilization of the time, is astonishingly small, compared with
+what it was a few years ago. The fine engraving, with its appropriate
+frame, to be bought for thirty dollars, is to be much preferred before
+the portrait or indeed before any painting whatever that is
+purchasable for a hundred dollars; and though silver is unquestionably
+silver, the imitation table furniture, of the most classical shapes,
+that is sold now for a fifth of the cost of the coinable metal, looks
+quite as well upon a salver. The arts by which beauty is made familiar
+in the homes of all classes of people are of all arts most deserving
+of encouragement, and it is among the happiest of omens that they are
+receiving so much attention--far more attention now than they have
+ever before received in America. We shall hereafter attempt a more
+particular exhibition of this subject.
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE LATE DR. JOHN LINGARD.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY REV. J. C. RICHMOND.
+
+
+Noticing in the journals some brief but very just remarks upon the
+character of the eminent Roman Catholic historian of England, who died
+July 17th, at the good old age of more than four-score years, I am
+induced to think that an account of a visit which I had the honor to
+make this celebrated scholar, may not be altogether without interest
+for your readers.
+
+March 12, 1850, having a leisure day at Lancaster, and having already
+visited John of Gaunt's castle, in company with several of those
+genial spirits who afford me an unusually delightful social
+remembrance of the dingy buildings and narrow crooked streets of that
+famous old town, one of them happened to mention the name of Dr.
+Lingard. I instantly inquired after him with interest, and, observing
+my enthusiasm, Mr. T. J---- proposed a drive to his residence at
+Hornby, a village some twelve or thirteen miles distant. I of course
+gladly acceded to the proposal, and we were soon on our way, with a
+fleet horse, over the absolutely perfect English turnpike road--for
+the roads in England are always passable, and not "_improved_," like
+some of those around New-York, in so continued a manner as to be
+useless.
+
+After a fine rural drive, crossing the river Loon, and through
+Lonsdale, we came within sight of an old church and castle. I took the
+church to be that of the historian, but found, to my surprise, that
+the famous old sage was placed in entire seclusion, and ministered to
+a very few, and those very poor, sheep, in a little chapel, or room,
+under his own roof. In this remote and by no means picturesque
+village, at an antiquated house, we knocked, and were told by the aged
+domestic that the venerable historian had been very feeble of late,
+and had gone out, on this fine day in the spring, for a walk. After
+many inquiries among the villagers, by whom he was as well known as
+beloved, I proposed to take the line of the new railway, and, after
+quite a walk, met a feeble old man, with a scholar's face, a bright
+twinkling black eye, supporting his steps on a staff, and wrapped up
+with all the care which an aged and faithful housekeeper could bestow
+upon a long-tried and most indulgent master. I pronounced his name,
+and gave him my own; stated that I was a presbyter in the holy (though
+not Roman) Catholic church, that I had long admired his integrity and
+faithfulness as an historian, and that it was by no means the least of
+my happy days in England that I was now permitted to speak to him face
+to face. The kind and gentle old man seemed truly astonished that any
+one who had come so far, and seen so much, should care for seeing
+_him_, and rewarded my enthusiasm with a hearty grasp of the hand that
+had wielded so admired a pen. We then walked on together towards his
+house, and you will not blame me for saying, that I was proud to offer
+the support of my arm to this fine octogenarian, who had not suffered
+the spirit of the priest to becloud the candor of the historian. We
+conversed with the greatest freedom upon our points of difference, and
+he repeated to me, personally, _his entire disbelief in the fable of
+the nag's head ordination_. He seemed to be only _historically_ aware
+of a disruption between us, for the benevolence of his heart would
+acknowledge no actual difference.
+
+I cannot refrain from quoting a somewhat amusing illustration of his
+infinite and childlike simplicity of character, combined with an utter
+ignorance of those rudiments of modern science which would be much
+more familiar to our district school-boys than to many men educated in
+those classic homes of ancient learning, the English universities.
+Some posts had been set in the ground, and were bound together, for
+strength, by iron wires; and the venerable sage said, "I suppose this
+is the Electric Telegraph." I was obliged to insist with a kind of
+explanatory and playful pertinacity, that this supposition must be
+incorrect, because electricity could not be conducted, unless the
+wires were at least continued _through_ the thick posts, instead of
+being wound _around_ them. At his house, we found the study not very
+well supplied with books, for the aged scholar had now almost ceased
+to peruse these. At my request he wrote out very slowly, but in a
+wonderfully distinct hand for eighty, his own name and the date, "John
+Lingard, Hornby, March 12, 1850;" and voluntarily added a Latin
+punning inscription, which he had made the evening before, which he
+humorously proposed to have engraved upon the new Menai bridge. In
+this he had spoken of the _builder of the bridge_, the celebrated
+Stephens, as _Pontifex Maximus_. I need not say that I shall preserve
+these papers among the most precious of my English mementos. I was
+sorry I could have no hopes that the branch which he gave me from the
+tree that he had transplanted with his own hands from the battle-field
+of Cannæ to the quiet of his garden at Hornby, would ever flourish in
+America. After many hospitable invitations, which other engagements
+obliged us to decline, and many modest expressions of the gratitude
+which he seemed deeply to feel for the pains that I had taken to come
+so far to visit him, we bade farewell to the candid priest, who began,
+as he told me, an essay to defend his Church against the aspersions of
+Hume, and had ended by producing a voluminous as well as luminous
+history.
+
+[For another part of this magazine we have compiled a more full and
+accurate account of the life of the deceased scholar than has hitherto
+appeared in this country. See _Recent Deaths_, _post_, 285-6.]
+
+
+
+
+PRIVATE LIFE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN.
+
+ADDRESSED TO HER BROTHER, AND COMMUNICATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL
+MAGAZINE,
+
+BY MISS M. BATES.
+
+
+The funeral rites of the lamented Calhoun have been performed. So
+deeply has the mournful pageant impressed me, so vividly have memories
+of the past been recalled, that I am incapable of thinking or writing
+on any other theme. My heart prompts me to garner up my recollections
+of this illustrious statesman. I can better preserve these invaluable
+memories by committing them to paper, and as you enjoyed but one brief
+interview with Mr. Calhoun, these pages shall be addressed to you.
+
+An eloquent member of the House of Representatives, from your state,
+has compared this southern luminary to that remarkable constellation
+the Southern Cross. A few years since, in sailing to a West Indian
+island, I had a perilous voyage, but have ever felt that the sight of
+that Southern Cross, which had long haunted my imagination, almost
+repaid me for its excitement and suffering. And thus do I regard an
+acquaintance with this intellectual star as one great compensation for
+a separation from my early home. It would have been a loss not to have
+seen that poetic group, which greets the traveller as he sails
+southward, but how much greater the loss, never to have beheld that
+unique luminary which has set to rise no more upon our visible
+horizon.
+
+Mr. Calhoun's public character is so well known to you that I shall
+speak of him principally in his private relations, and shall refer to
+his opinions only as expressed in conversation--for it was in the
+repose of his happy home, in the tranquillity of domestic life, and in
+the freedom of social intercourse, that I knew him.
+
+While the clarion-notes of his fame resound among the distant hills
+and valleys of our land, while those who in political strife crossed
+lances with this champion of the south nobly acknowledge his valor and
+his honor, while Carolina chants a requiem for her departed dead, may
+not one who knows his moral elevation, and who has witnessed his
+domestic virtues, have the consolation of adding an unaffected tribute
+to his memory? While his devoted constituents, with impressive symbols
+and mournful pageants, perform funereal rites, erect for him the
+costly marble, weave for him the brilliant chaplet, be it mine to
+scatter over his honored tomb simple but ever green leaflets. While in
+glowing colors the orator portrays him on his peerless career in the
+political arena, be it mine to delineate the daily beauty of his life.
+
+In Mr. Calhoun were united the simple habits of the Spartan lawgiver,
+the inflexible principles of the Roman senator, the courteous bearing
+and indulgent kindness of the American host, husband, and father. This
+was indeed a rare union. Life with him was solemn and earnest, and yet
+all about him was cheerful. I never heard him utter a jest; there was
+an unvarying dignity and gravity in his manner; and yet the playful
+child regarded him fearlessly and lovingly. Few men indulge their
+families in as free, confidential, and familiar intercourse as did
+this great statesman. Indeed, to those who had an opportunity of
+observing him in his own house, it was evident that his cheerful and
+happy home had attractions for him superior to those which any other
+place could offer. Here was a retreat from the cares, the observation,
+and the homage of the world. In few homes could the transient visitor
+feel more at ease than did the guest at Fort Hill. Those who knew Mr.
+Calhoun only by his senatorial speeches may suppose that his heart and
+mind were all engrossed in the nation's councils, but there were
+moments when his courtesy, his minute kindnesses, made you forget the
+statesman. The choicest fruits were selected for his guest; and I
+remember seeing him at his daughter's wedding take the ornaments from
+a cake and send them to a little child. Many such graceful attentions,
+offered in an unostentatious manner to all about him, illustrated the
+kindness and noble simplicity of his nature. His family could not but
+exult in his intellectual greatness, his rare endowments, and his
+lofty career, yet they seemed to lose sight of all these in their love
+for him. I had once the pleasure of travelling with his eldest son,
+who related to me many interesting facts and traits of his life. He
+said he had never heard him speak impatiently to any member of his
+family. He mentioned that as he was leaving that morning for his home
+in Alabama, a younger brother said, "Come soon again, and see us,
+brother A----, for do you not see that father is growing old, and is
+not father the dearest, best old man in the world!"
+
+Like Cincinnatus, he enjoyed rural life and occupation. It was his
+habit, when at home, to go over his grounds every day. I remember his
+returning one morning from a walk about his plantation, delighted with
+the fine specimens of corn and rice which he brought in for us to
+admire. That morning--the trifling incident shows his consideration
+and kindness of feeling, as well as his tact and power of
+adaptation--seeing an article of needlework in the hands of sister
+A----, who was then a stranger there, he examined it, spoke of the
+beauty of the coloring, the variety of the shade, and by thus showing
+an interest in her, at once made her at ease in his presence.
+
+His eldest daughter always accompanied him to Washington, and in the
+absence of his wife, who was often detained by family cares at Fort
+Hill, this daughter was his solace amid arduous duties, and his
+confidant in perplexing cases. Like the gifted De Staël, she loved her
+father with enthusiastic devotion. Richly endowed by nature, improved
+by constant companionship with the great man, her mind was in harmony
+with his, and he took pleasure in counselling with her. She said, "Of
+course, I do not understand as he does, for I am comparatively a
+stranger to the world, yet he likes my unsophisticated opinion, and I
+frankly tell him my views on any subject about which he inquires of
+me."
+
+Between himself and his younger daughter there was a peculiar and most
+tender union. As by the state of her health she was deprived of many
+enjoyments, her indulgent parents endeavored to compensate for every
+loss by their affection and devotion. As reading was her favorite
+occupation, she was allowed to go to the letter-bag when it came from
+the office, and select the papers she preferred. On one occasion, she
+had taken two papers, containing news of importance, which her father
+was anxious to see, but he would allow no one to disturb her until she
+had finished their perusal.
+
+In his social as well as in his domestic relations he was
+irreproachable. No shadow rested on his pure fame, no blot on his
+escutcheon. In his business transactions he was punctual and
+scrupulously exact. He was honorable as well as honest. Young men who
+were reared in his vicinity, with their eyes ever on him, say that in
+all respects, in small as well as in great things, his conduct was so
+exemplary that he might well be esteemed a model.
+
+His profound love for his own family, his cordial interest in his
+friends, his kindness and justice in every transaction, were not small
+virtues in such a personage.
+
+He was anti-Byronic. I never heard him ridicule or satirize a human
+being. Indeed, he might have been thought deficient in a sense of the
+ludicrous, had he not by the unvarying propriety of his own conduct
+proved his exquisite perception of its opposites. When he differed in
+opinion from those with whom he conversed, he seemed to endeavor by a
+respectful manner, to compensate for the disagreement. He employed
+reason rather than contradiction, and so earnestly would he urge an
+opinion and so fully present an argument, that his opponent could not
+avoid feeling complimented rather than mortified. He paid a tribute to
+the understandings of others by the force of his own reasoning, and by
+his readiness to admit every argument which he could, although
+advanced in opposition to one he himself had just expressed.
+
+On one occasion I declined taking a glass of wine at his table. He
+kindly said, "I think you carry that a little too far. It is well to
+give up every thing intoxicating, but not these light wines." I
+replied that wine was renounced by many, for the sake of consistency,
+and for the benefit of those who could not afford wine. He
+acknowledged the correctness of the principle, adding, "I do not know
+how temperance societies can take any other ground," and then defined
+his views of temperance, entered on a course of interesting argument,
+and stated facts and statistics. Of course, were all men like Mr.
+Calhoun temperance societies would be superfluous. Perhaps he could
+not be aware of the temptations which assail many men--he was so
+purely intellectual, so free from self-indulgence. Materiality with
+him was held subject to his higher nature. He did not even indulge
+himself in a cigar. Few spent as little time and exhausted as little
+energy in mere amusements. Domestic and social enjoyments were his
+pleasures--kind and benevolent acts were his recreations.
+
+He always seemed willing to converse on any subject which was
+interesting to those about him. Returning one evening from Fort Hill,
+I remarked to a friend, "I have never been more convinced of Mr.
+Calhoun's genius than to-day, while he talked to us of a flower." His
+versatile conversation evinced his universal knowledge, his quick
+perception, and his faculty of adaptation. A shower one day compelled
+him to take shelter in the shed of a blacksmith, who was charmed by
+his familiar conversation and the knowledge he exhibited of the
+mechanic arts. A naval officer was once asked, after a visit to Fort
+Hill, how he liked Mr. Calhoun. "Not at all," says he--"I never like a
+man who knows more about my profession than I do myself." A clergyman
+wished to converse with him on subjects of a religious nature, and
+after the interview remarked that he was astonished to find him better
+informed than himself on those very points wherein he had expected to
+give him information. I have understood that Mr. Calhoun avoided an
+expression of opinion with regard to different sects and creeds, or
+what is called religious controversy; and once, when urged to give his
+views in relation to a disputed point, he replied, "That is a subject
+to which I have never given my attention."
+
+Mr. Calhoun was unostentatious and ever averse to display. He did not
+appear to talk for the sake of exhibition, but from the overflowing of
+his earnest nature. Whether in the Senate or in conversation with a
+single listener, his language was choice, his style fervid, his manner
+impressive. Never can I forget his gentle earnestness when endeavoring
+to explain his views on some controverted subject, and observing that
+my mind could hardly keep pace with his rapid reasoning, he would
+occasionally pause and say, in his kind manner, "Do you see?"
+
+He did not seek to know the opinion of others with regard to himself.
+Anonymous letters he never read, and his daughters and nieces often
+snatched from the flames letters of adulation as well as censure which
+he had not read. Although he respected the opinions of his
+fellow-men, he did not seek office or worldly honor. A few years
+since, one to whom he ever spoke freely, remarked to him that some
+believed that he was making efforts to obtain the presidency. At that
+moment he had taken off his glasses, and was wiping them, and thus he
+replied: "M----, I think when a man is too old to see clearly through
+his glasses, he is too old to think of the presidency." And recently
+he said to her, "They may impute what motives they please to me, but I
+do not seek office." So much did he respect his country, that he might
+have been gratified by the free gift of the people; so much did he
+love his country, that he might have rejoiced at an opportunity to
+serve it, but would he have swerved one iota from his convictions to
+secure a kingdom? Who that knew him believes it?
+
+It has been said by that brilliant satirist Horace Walpole, that every
+man has his price. I never did believe so evil a thing; I have been
+too conversant with the great and good to believe this libel; and I
+doubt not there are others beside Mr. Calhoun who value truth and
+honor above all price or office.
+
+Highly as our great statesman regarded appreciation, yet he could
+endure to be misrepresented. While his glorious eye would light with
+more brilliant lustre at the greeting of friendship or the earnest
+expression of confidence, he rose superior to abuse or censure. I
+believe it was ever thus while in health. The last winter, dying in
+the Senate chamber, his feeble frame could ill repel the piercing
+shafts of his antagonists. The ebbing currents in his pulses were
+accelerated. He could not desert his post, though the contest raged
+fiercely, but his great soul was wounded. He loved his country, he
+loved the Union, and it was a great grief to him in his last hours to
+be misunderstood and misrepresented. Still, he was consoled by the
+thought that in the end he would be appreciated. Some one remarked to
+him that he was a very unpopular man. He replied, "I am, among
+politicians, but not among the people, and you will know this when I
+am dead."
+
+Though Mr. Calhoun acknowledged, in his own winning way, the
+involuntary tributes of friendship and admiration, he courteously
+declined, whenever he could with propriety, public testimonies of
+homage which were offered to him. His wife shared with him this
+unostentatious spirit, preferring the voice of friendship to the
+acclamations of the multitude. I have heard some of his family say
+that they coveted nothing, not even the presidency, for him. They,
+with many of us who knew him, felt that even the first gift of a great
+nation could not add one gem to his crown--that crown of genius and
+virtue, whose glorious beauty no mortal power could illumine with new
+effulgence.
+
+His sincerity was perfect. What he thought he said. He was no
+diplomatist. Some of his theories might seem paradoxical, but a
+paradox is not necessarily a contradiction. He has been accused of
+inconsistency. Those who thus accuse him do him grievous wrong.
+
+Nothing is more inconsistent than to persist in a uniform belief when
+changing circumstances demand its modification. How absurd to preserve
+a law which in the progress of society has become null and obsolete!
+for instance, granting to a criminal "the benefit of clergy."
+"Nothing," says a distinguished English writer, "is so revolutionary
+as to attempt to keep all things fixed, when, by the very laws of
+nature, all things are perpetually changing. Nothing is more arrogant
+than for a fallible being to refuse to open his mind to conviction."
+When Mr. Calhoun altered his opinion, consistency itself required the
+change.
+
+However some of his political sentiments might have differed from
+those of many of the great and good of the age, he was sincere in
+them, and believed what he asserted with all the earnestness of an
+enthusiastic nature, with all the faith of a close and independent
+thinker, and with all the confidence of one who draws his conclusions
+from general principles and not from individual facts. Time will test
+the truth of his convictions. It has been said that he was sectional
+in his feelings, but surely his heart was large enough to embrace the
+whole country. It has often been said that he wished to sever the
+Union, but he loved the Union, nor could he brook the thought of
+disunion if by any means unity could be preserved. Because he foresaw
+and frankly said that certain effects must result from certain causes,
+does this prove that he desired these effects? In his very last speech
+he speaks of disunion as a "great disaster." But he was not a man to
+cry "peace, peace, when there was no peace." Although like Cassandra
+he might not be believed, he would raise his warning voice; he was not
+a man to hide himself when a hydra had sprung up which threatened to
+devastate our fair and fertile land from its northern borders to its
+southern shores. And while he called on the south for union, did he
+not warn the conservative party at the north that this monster was not
+to be tampered with? And did he not call on them to unite, and arise
+in their strength, and destroy it?
+
+And how could he, with his wise philosophy, his knowledge of human
+nature, and universal benevolence, view with indifference that
+unreflecting and wild (or should I not say _savage_) philanthropy,
+which in order to sustain abstract principles loses sight of the
+happiness and welfare of every class of human beings? How often did he
+entreat that discussion on those subjects, beyond the right of
+legislation, should be prevented, that angry words and ungenerous
+recrimination should cease! Did he not foresee that such discussions
+would serve to develop every element of evil in all the sections of
+the country--a country with such capacities for good? Did he unwisely
+fear that the ancient fable of Cadmus would be realized--that
+dragon-teeth, recklessly scattered, would spring up armed? And did he
+not know that the southern heart could not remain insensible to
+reproach and aggression?
+
+    "Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni:
+    Nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit, ab urbe."
+
+And, ah, how earnestly did he plead for peace, and truth, and justice!
+As far as I understood him, he wished to benefit by his policy in
+affairs both the south and the north. I remember, in speaking to me of
+free trade, he expressed the opinion that the course he recommended
+would benefit the north as well as the south. This he did not merely
+assert, but sustained with frequent argument. In his conversation
+there was a remarkable blending of fact and theory, of a knowledge of
+the past and an insight into the future.
+
+Mr. Calhoun was a philanthropist in the most liberal sense of the
+word. He desired for man the utmost happiness, the greatest good, and
+the highest elevation. If he differed from lovers of the race in other
+parts of the world, with regard to the means of obtaining these
+results, it was not because he failed to study the subject; not
+because he lacked opportunities of observation and of obtaining facts;
+nor because he indulged in selfish prejudices. From every quarter he
+gleaned accessible information, and with conscientious earnestness he
+brought his wonderful powers of generalization to bear on the subject
+of human happiness and advancement--his pure unselfish heart aiding
+his powerful mind.
+
+The good of the least of God's creatures was not beneath his regard;
+but he did not believe that the least was equal to the greatest; he
+did not think the happiness or elevation of any class could be secured
+by a sentiment so unphilosophical. The attempt to reduce all to a
+level, to put all minds in uniform, to give all the same employment,
+he viewed as chimerical. He said that in every civilized society there
+must be division of labor, and he believed the slaves at the south
+more happy, more free from suffering and crime, than any corresponding
+class in any country. He had no aristocratic pride, but he desired for
+himself and others the highest possible elevation. He respected the
+artisan, the mechanic, and agriculturist, and considered each of these
+occupations as affording scope for native talent. He believed the
+African to be most happy and useful under the guidance of an
+Anglo-Saxon; he is averse to hard labor and responsible effort; he
+likes personal service, and identifies himself with those he serves.
+
+Mr. Calhoun spoke of the great inconsistency of English denunciations
+of American slavery, and said that to every man, woman, and child in
+England, two hundred and fifty persons were tributary. Although
+colonial possessions and individual possessions are by many regarded
+as different, he considered them involved in the same general
+principle. In considering the rights of man the great question is not,
+Has a master a right to hold a slave? but, Has one human being a right
+to hold another subordinate? The rights of man may be invaded, and the
+idol Liberty cast down, by those who are loudest in their
+philanthropic denunciations respecting slavery. Is there as much
+cruelty in holding slaves, even under the most unfavorable
+circumstances, as in selling into bondage a whole nation?[4] Let the
+brave chiefs of the Rohillas answer from the battle-field. Let cries
+reply from the burning cities of Rohilcund. Let the princesses of Oude
+speak from their prisons.
+
+Close observation, prompted by a kindly heart, had brought Mr. Calhoun
+to the opinion that the Africans in this country were happier in
+existing circumstances than they would be in any other; that they were
+improving in their condition, and that any attempt to change it, at
+least at present, would not only be an evil to the country but fraught
+with suffering to them. A state of freedom, so called, would be to
+them a state of care and disaster. To abolish slavery now would be to
+abolish the slave. The race would share the doom of the Indians.
+Although here nominally slaves, as a general thing they enjoy more
+freedom than any where else; for is not that freedom, where one is
+happiest and best, and where there is a correspondence between the
+situation and the desires, the condition and the capacities? May we
+not say with the angel Abdiel:
+
+    "Unjustly thou depravest it with the name
+    Of servitude, to serve whom God ordains,
+    Or Nature. God and Nature bid the same,
+    When he who rules is worthiest, and excels
+    Them whom he governs. This is servitude,
+    To serve the unwise."
+
+Mr. Calhoun found the local attachment of the slaves so strong, their
+relation to their owners so satisfying to their natures, and the
+southern climate so congenial to them, that he did not believe any
+change of place or state would benefit them.
+
+These, as nearly as I can recollect, were his opinions on the subject
+of slavery, and were expressed to me in several conversations.
+Sentiments similar to these are entertained by many high-minded and
+benevolent slave-holders. That this institution, like every other, is
+liable to abuse, is admitted, but every planter must answer, not for
+the institution--for which he is no more accountable than for the fall
+of Adam--but for his individual discharge of duty. If, through his
+selfishness, or indolence, or false indulgence, or severity, his
+servants suffer, then to his Master in heaven he must give account.
+But those who obey the divine mandate, "Give unto your servants that
+which is just and equal," need not fear. In the endeavor to perform
+their duty in the responsible sphere in which they were placed by no
+act of their own, they can repose even in the midst of the wild storm
+which threatens devastation to our fertile land; they can look away
+from the judgment of the world, nor will they, even if all the powers
+of earth bid them, adopt a policy which will ruin themselves, their
+children, and the dependent race in their midst; they will not cast a
+people they are bound to protect on the tender mercies of the cruel.
+In their conservative measures they are, and must be, supported at the
+north, by men of liberal and philosophical minds, of extended views,
+and benevolent hearts. But I have said far more on this subject than I
+intended, and will add only that those who do not, from personal
+observation, know this institution in its best estate, cannot easily
+understand the softened features it often wears, nor the high virtues
+exhibited by the master, and the confiding, dependent attachment of
+the servant. Often is the southern planter as a patriarch in olden
+times. Those who are striving to sever his household know not what
+they do.
+
+Well may we who live in these troubled times exclaim with Madame
+Roland, the martyr of the false principles of her murderers, "O
+Liberté! O Liberté! que de crimes on commet en ton nom!" This she
+said, turning to the statue of liberty beside the scaffold. Liberty
+unrestrained degenerates into license. There may be political freedom
+without social liberty. Says Lamartine, speaking of the inhabitants of
+Malta, "Ils sont esclaves de la loi immuable de la force que Dieu leur
+fait; nous sommes esclaves des lois variables et capricieuses que nous
+nous faisons."
+
+A few years' residence on this soil might teach even a Wilberforce to
+turn in his philanthropy to other and wider fields of action.
+
+Of Mr. Calhoun's character as a master much might be said, for all who
+knew him admit that it was exemplary. But we need not multiply
+examples to prove his unaffected goodness, and I will repeat only a
+circumstance or two, which, by way of illustrating some subjects
+discussed, he incidentally mentioned to me. One related to a free
+negro, formerly a slave in Carolina, but then living in one of our
+northern cities, who came to him in Washington, begging him to
+intercede for his return to Carolina. He represented his condition as
+deplorable, said that he could not support himself and family by his
+trade, (he was a shoemaker,) and that not being able to obtain
+sufficient food or fuel in that cold climate, they were almost frozen.
+"When I told him," said Mr. Calhoun, "that I would do all I could for
+him, he seized both my hands in his and expressed fervent gratitude."
+At another time, speaking of a family whom his son designed to take to
+Alabama, he told me that the mother of the family came to him and said
+she would prefer to stay with her master and mistress on the
+plantation, even if all her children went with master A. Mr. Calhoun
+added, "I could not think of her remaining without either of her
+children; and as she chose to stay, we retained her youngest son, a
+boy of twelve years."
+
+Mr. Calhoun required very little of any one, doing more for others
+than he asked of them. He seemed to act upon the principle that the
+strong should bear the burthens of the weak. In sickness he feared to
+give trouble, and unless his friends insisted, would have little done
+for him. "Energetic as he was," said a near relative, "he would lie
+patiently all day, asking for nothing." His sensibility was of the
+most unselfish nature. Some months before his death, and after he left
+Fort Hill the last time, he said he felt that death was near, much
+nearer than he was willing to have his family know, and added that he
+wished to give all the time he could spare from public duty to
+preparation for death. While suffering from increasing illness at
+Washington, still, as he hoped to return again to his family, he was
+unwilling, though they anxiously awaited his summons, that they should
+be alarmed, saying he could not bear to see their grief. No doubt his
+conscientious spirit felt that his country at that critical moment
+demanded his best energies, and that he should be unnerved by the
+presence of his nearest friends; and loving his own family as he did,
+and so beloved as he was by them, he serenely awaited the approach of
+the king of Terrors, and suffered his last sorrow far from his home,
+cheered only by one watcher from his household.
+
+There was a beautiful adaptation in his bearing--a just appreciation
+of what was due to others, and a nice sense of propriety. I have had
+opportunities to compare his manners with those of other great men.
+His kind and unaffected interest was expressed in a way peculiarly
+dignified and refined. Some men appear to think they atone for a low
+estimate of our sex by flattery. Not so with Mr. Calhoun. He paid the
+highest compliment which could be paid to woman, by recognizing in her
+a soul--a soul capable of understanding and appreciating. Of his
+desire for her improvement and elevation he gave substantial proofs.
+Although Fort Hill was five miles from the female academy he never
+suffered an examination to pass without honoring it with his presence.
+He came not for the sake of form, but he exhibited an interest in the
+exercises, and was heard to comment upon them afterwards in a manner
+which showed that he had given them attention. He never reminded you
+that his hours were more precious than yours. The question may be
+asked how could he, amid his great and stern duties, find time for
+attention to those things from which so many men excuse themselves on
+the plea of business. But he wasted no time, and by gathering up its
+fragments, he had enough and to spare. I have before said that his
+kind acts were his recreations.
+
+Were I asked wherein lay the charm which won the hearts of all who
+came within his circle, I could not at once reply. It was perhaps his
+perfect _abandon_, his sincerity, his confidential manner, his
+childlike simplicity, in union with his majestic intelligence, and his
+self-renunciation--the crowning virtue of his life: these imparted the
+vivid enjoyment and the delightful repose which his friends felt in
+his presence. It was often not so much what he said as his manner of
+saying it, that was so impressive. Never can I forget an incident
+which occurred at the time when a war with England, on account of
+Oregon, seemed impending. He arrived in Charleston during the
+excitement on that subject. He was asked in the drawing-room if he
+thought there would be a war. He waived an answer, saying that for
+some time he had been absent from home and had received no official
+documents; but as he passed with us from the drawing-room to the
+street door, he said to me in his rapid, earnest manner, "I anticipate
+a severe seven months' campaign. I have never known our country in
+such a state." War has a terror for me, and I said, "Oh, Mr. Calhoun,
+do not let a war arise. Do all you can to prevent it." He replied, "I
+will do all, in honor, I can do," and paused. A thousand thoughts
+seemed to pass over his face, his soul was in his eyes, and bending a
+little forward, as if bowed by a sense of his responsibility and
+insufficiency, he added, speaking slowly and with emphasis and with
+the deepest solemnity, as if questioning with himself, "_But what can
+one man do?_" I see him now. No painting or sculpture could remind me
+so truly of him as does my faithful memory. But I will not dwell on
+the subject, for I fear I can never by words convey to the mind of
+another the impression which I received of his sincerity, and of his
+devotion to his country and to the cause of humanity. How he redeemed
+his pledge to do all that he, in honor, could do, his efforts in the
+settlement of the Oregon question truly show. When next I saw him I
+told him how much I was delighted with his Oregon speech. In his
+kindest manner he replied, "I am glad I can say any thing to please
+you."
+
+The last time I saw Mr. Calhoun, you, my brother, were with me. You
+remember that his kind wife took us to his room, and that you remarked
+the cheerfulness and affability with which he received us, although
+his feeble health had obliged him to refuse almost every one that day.
+We shall see him no more, but his memory will linger with us.
+
+To you I would commend him as an example. Read his letter to a young
+law-student. As you are so soon to enter the profession of law, such a
+model as Mr. Calhoun may be studied with advantage. While I would
+never wish any one to lose his own individuality, or to descend to
+imitation, I believe that one gifted mind leaves its impress on
+another; while I would not deify or canonize a mortal, I would render
+homage to one who united such moral attainments to so rare a
+combination of intellectual gifts; while it is degrading to ourselves
+and injurious to others to lavish unmerited and extravagant praise, it
+is a loss not to appreciate a character like his, for it ennobles our
+own nature to contemplate the true and the beautiful.
+
+Although it is said that our country is in danger from its ideas of
+equality, and its want of reverence and esteem for age, and wisdom,
+and office, and talents, and attainments, and virtues--and this
+feature of the American character is so strongly impressed that Mar
+Yohannah, the Nestorian bishop, said in my presence, in his peculiar
+English, "Yes, I know this nation glory in its republicanism, but I am
+afraid it will become republican to God"--yet it is a cheering omen
+when a man like Mr. Calhoun is so beloved and reverenced. I think
+every one who was favored with a personal acquaintance with him will
+admit that I have not been guilty of exaggeration, and "will delight
+to do him honor."
+
+The question naturally arises, to what are we to ascribe the formation
+of such a character? There must have been causes for such effects.
+Whence came his temperance, his self-denial, his incorruptible
+integrity, his fidelity in every duty, his love for mankind, his
+indefatigable efforts for the good of others, and his superiority to
+those things which the natural heart most craves? Mr. Calhoun's
+childhood was spent among the glorious works of nature, and was
+sheltered from the temptations which abound in promiscuous society. He
+was the son of pious parents, and by them he was taught the Bible, and
+from that source undoubtedly his native gifts were perfected. I have
+understood that from early life he was an advocate for the doctrines
+of the Bible, as understood by orthodox Christians. I have been told
+by relatives of his who were on the most intimate terms with him, that
+for some time before his death his mind had seemed to be much occupied
+with religious subjects, and that he too often expressed confidence in
+the providence of God to leave any doubt as to his trust in Him. An
+eminent clergyman, now deceased, said in conversation with another,
+that he had often conversed with Mr. Calhoun on the subject of
+religion, and had no doubt as to his piety. I have remarked his
+reverential air in church, and have known him apparently much
+disturbed by any inattention in others. He never united with any
+church, and it is my opinion, formed not without some reason, that he
+was prevented, not by disregard to any Christian ordinances, but from
+personal and conscientious scruples with respect to his
+qualifications. He was a man who weighed every thing with mathematical
+precision.
+
+Although open as day on topics of general interest, he was reserved in
+respect to himself. I do not recollect ever to have heard him speak
+egotistically, for his mind seemed always engrossed by some great
+thought, and he appears, even at the close of life, to lose all
+personal solicitudes in his anxiety for his country. In one of his
+last letters he says, "But I must close. This may be my last
+communication to you. My end is probably near, perhaps very near.
+Before I reach it, I have but one serious wish to gratify--it is to
+see my country quieted under some arrangement (alas, I know not what!)
+that will be satisfactory to all and safe to the south." His country's
+peace, and quietness, and safety, he did not see; he perished in the
+storm; and there are many who knew and loved him who cherish the hope
+that he is removed to a higher sphere of action--that his noble spirit
+has meekly entered into the presence of its author, and that in the
+starry courts above he will receive an inheritance "incorruptible,
+undefiled, and that fadeth not away."
+
+When I saw the elaborate preparations which were made here in
+Charleston for his funeral, knowing his simple tastes and habits, and
+his benevolence, I was at first pained, and I thought he would not
+have sanctioned so much display. I feared too that solemnity would be
+lost in pageantry. But it was not so. There was nothing to jar upon
+the feelings of the most sensitive. All was in perfect and mournful
+harmony. Silently and reverently his sorrowing countrymen bore his
+remains from the steamer where they had reposed, under a canopy
+wearing its thirty stars, and when the hearse, so funereal with
+mournful drapery and sable plumes, entered the grounds of the citadel,
+deep silence brooded over the vast multitude; noiselessly were heads
+uncovered, banners dropped--not a sound but that of the tramp of
+horses was heard; statue-like was that phalanx, with every eye
+uplifted, to the sacred sarcophagus. If there was too much of show, it
+was redeemed by the spirit that prompted it: the symbols, significant
+and expressive, as they were, faintly shadowed forth the deep and
+universal grief; the mournful pageantry, the tolling bell, the muffled
+drum, the closed and shrouded stores and houses, gave external signs
+of wo, but more impressive and affecting was the peaceful sadness
+which brooded over the metropolis while it awaited the relics of the
+patriot, and the deep silence which pervaded the vast procession that
+followed to the City Hall, the subdued bearing of the crowd who
+resorted thither, and the solemnity expressed on every face--for these
+told that the great heart of the city and commonwealth wept in hushed
+and sincere sorrow over "the mighty fallen in the midst of the
+battle."
+
+One day and night the illustrious dead reposed in state in the draped
+and darkened Hall. An entrance was formed by the arching palmetto,
+that classic tree, under whose branches Dudon the crusader was placed,
+when slain in Palestine. On that tree--"altissima palma"--his comrades
+placed his trophies. With a spirit as sad as that of the crusaders
+when under the verdant foliage of the palm they mourned the noble
+Dudon, did those who loved our champion pass beneath that arch, dark
+with funereal gloom. The sarcophagus was within a magnificent
+catafalque; the canopy rested on Corinthian columns; the bier was
+apparently supported by six urns, while three pearl-colored eagles
+surmounted the canopy, holding in their beaks the swinging crape.
+Invisible lamps cast moonlight beams over the radiated upper surface
+of the canopy. Through the day numbers resorted to this hallowed spot,
+and at night vigils were held where the dead reposed. When morning
+came the chosen guards carried the remains of the great leader to the
+church. The funeral car was not allowed to bear these sacred remains
+to the tomb, but they were borne by sons of the state, with uncovered
+heads. Well might those who saw all these things feel that Carolina
+would never be wanting to herself. The body was placed upon the bier,
+surrounded by significant offerings, pure flowers and laurel-wreaths.
+A velvet pall, revealing in silver lines the arms of the state, the
+palmetto, covered the sarcophagus. Above it was a coronet woven of
+laurel-leaves, like that which crowned Tasso. Then, in that church,
+where columns, arches, and galleries were shrouded in the drapery of
+wo, the funeral rites were performed--the mighty dead was placed in
+his narrow tomb.
+
+Peerless statesman, illustrious counsellor, devoted patriot, generous
+friend, indulgent husband and father, thy humble, noble heart is still
+in death; thy life was yielded up at the post of duty; thou hast
+perished like a sentinel on guard, a watchman in his tower. "Thou wast
+slain in thy high places." Clouds gathered thick and fast about thy
+country's horizon, and even thy eagle eye failed in its mournful gaze
+to penetrate the gloom which hides its future from mortal eye. Thy
+work is finished--peacefully rest with thine own! Thy memory is
+enshrined in the hearts of those for whom thy heart ceased its
+beating. Thy grave is with us--
+
+    "Yet spirit immortal, the tomb cannot bind thee,
+      For like thine own eagle that soared to the sun,
+    Thou springest from bondage, and leavest behind thee
+      A name which before thee few mortals have won."
+
+In reviewing the character of Mr. Calhoun, we find a rare combination
+of mental and moral qualities--a union of contrasts. He had genius
+with common sense, the power of generalization with the habit of
+abstraction, rapidity of thought with application and industry. His
+mind was suggestive and logical, imaginative and practical. His noble
+ideal was embodied in his daily life. He was at once discursive and
+profound; he could soar like the eagle, or hover on unwearied wings
+around a minute circle. He meekly bore his lofty endowments; his
+childlike simplicity imparted a charm to his transcendent intellect;
+he united dignity with humility, sincerity with courtesy, decision
+with gentleness, stern inflexibility with winning urbanity, and keen
+sensibility with perfect self-command. He was indulgent to others,
+denying to himself; he was energetic in health, and patient in
+sickness; he combined strict temperance with social habits; he was
+reserved in communicating his personal feelings, but his heart was
+open on subjects of general interest; he prized the regard of his
+fellow-beings, but was superior to worldly pomps and flatteries; he
+honored his peers, but was not swayed by their opinions. Equal to the
+greatest, he did not despise the least of men. He did not neglect one
+duty to perform another. In the Senate he was altogether a senator, in
+private and domestic life he was as though he had never entered the
+halls of the nation, and had never borne an illustrious part in the
+councils of his country.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _Vide_ Macaulay's article on Warren Hastings, in the Edinburgh Review.
+
+
+
+
+STYLES OF PHILOSOPHIES.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY REV. J. R. MORELL,
+
+Translator of Fourier "On the Passions," &c.
+
+
+The history of literatures, like that of nations, has presented its
+varieties as well as its curiosities, and both alike furnish similar
+though not identical features.
+
+1st. Families and clans are traceable equally in each development, and
+the movements both of literatures and races have displayed a
+corresponding monotony and eccentricity, convergence and divergence,
+in proportion as they have progressed along the beaten track of
+opinion or performed outpost duty as the corps of guides.
+
+2d. Not only is this family likeness obvious in the general
+characteristics of ethnography and authorship, but the laws of lineage
+and the hereditary transmission of qualities are as strongly marked in
+one case as in the other. Letters as well as races have their
+hereditary sceptres and coronets; but whereas, in the latter case the
+fleshly heir of the great of other days may chance to be unworthy of
+his sires, the spiritual sonship of the patrician writer is
+stereotyped upon each line and lineament of his nature.
+
+3d. Nor is the connection between words and peoples confined to a law
+of analogy running through them both, but they have reacted upon and
+moulded each other in a manner curious to relate, and races and
+letters have mutually made and unmade each other.
+
+4th. The Indo-Germanic people have left monuments of their sinewy
+energy in the psycho-physical characteristics of affiliated races and
+tongues, and individual family likenesses may be readily traced
+between groups of thinkers and dreamers on the banks of the Ganges, in
+the Academy, and at Weimar. Again the mystical semitic world, groaning
+beneath the weight of an overwrought ideal, and lacking the ballast of
+science and patient thought, has ever and anon given birth to
+prodigies and monsters of cabalistic or Gnostic extravagance.
+
+5th. To follow the currents of peoples and tongues, the great
+subdivisions of the Teutonic and Romance tribes and literatures, their
+virtues and vices have stamped its present physical and moral
+character on the face of modern Europe. The Teutonic, representing
+strength and depth in word and work, has been the stronghold of
+emancipation in life and thought, yet tinctured with the savageness
+and chaos of unpolished and disordered nature. The Romance, fettered
+by the rhythm of Latinity, has yet possessed that voluptuous wealth of
+the ideal and that graceful tracery of thought and wit which have been
+denied to the other. The antagonism of the Catholic and Protestant
+mind is the result of this contrast, which has, moreover, been
+pictured in the tertian fevers of French revolution and in the
+mystical skepticism of modern Germany.
+
+As certain races, so also certain families of writers, have in thought
+transcended the bounds of the existing and actual, and thrown out from
+their brain an ideal past, present, or future, beyond the horizon, and
+free from the flaws of their experience. Thus, whilst the followers of
+Tao-tse were in China seeking for the drug of immortality, the Greek
+and Roman poets and historians were dreaming of a golden age that cast
+its radiance over the past, or of that fabled Atlantis and those sweet
+Islands of the Blest in the far west--dreams and fables that have been
+somewhat justified by modern discovery. Again sacred voices mingled
+with these aspirations, and the semitic bards and seers pronounced in
+their oracles an Eden for the past and a millenium for the future of
+man.
+
+Nor were these views confined to the old world, for the followers of
+Columbus found, among the cannibals of the gulf, the traditions of a
+fountain of eternal youth, and later travellers were regaled with
+gorgeous stories of El Dorado and his empire--traditions and stories
+that seemed to point, however obscurely, to the Sitzbath and
+Californian riches.
+
+There has likewise been a class of writers broad-cast through the
+nations who have sought to mend the present and make the future by
+holding the mirror to contemporaneous deformity, or painting the
+perspective of an earthly elysium with the rainbow tints of hope.
+Negatively or positively, directly or indirectly, these men had, in
+common, faith in the regeneration of humanity. Utopias are the
+familiar homes of such minds, either because they have a cast in their
+eyes, or because they are more clairvoyants than the vulgar herd. In
+the spring-time of our race, a Plato reflected on the poetical
+extravagancies of his day, and refracted the rays of golden fancy in
+the enchanted land of his Republic. The Hebrew seers in like manner,
+whilst they apply no measured castigations to the money-changers who
+converted the temple of God into a den of thieves, love to soar in
+sublimest rhapsody above the valley of dry bones and the shadow of
+death cast around them, and to indulge in visions of a vernal future,
+when earth should smile in the sunshine of infinite love, when the
+wolf should dwell with the lamb and the leopard lie down with the kid,
+and a little child should lead them. Affiliated members of this
+extensive and venerable company of cynics and seers have ever and anon
+in the current of ages lifted a frowning brow above the troubled
+waters round about them, and with the same breath that swept like a
+tempest over the wintry waste, their cradle and their home, have given
+utterance to strains of harmony that told of summer skies to come.
+Tracing the tides of the children of men in their eccentric ebbings
+and floodings, a little crew of rovers may be ever seen ploughing the
+world of waters, true to their principle of keeping aloof from the
+gulf-stream. Europe has been the chief nursery of these rovers, whose
+voices, though few and far between, have risen above the storms of
+evil passions howling about them, and have echoed through the ages.
+Thus a Rabelais could laugh the knell of monkery, and with his stentor
+voice, rich booming from the classic world of Nature, that had slept
+during the dark ages, could crack the babel of spiritual usurpation,
+and restore the balance of power between the seen and the unseen. A
+Cervantes in like manner could, in the fulness of time, inflict
+death-wounds with a stroke of his pen on a superannuated chivalry, and
+thus, by negatively giving a _coup de grâce_ to the past, pave the way
+for an age of prose. Later in the day a Swift appears, in the heart of
+a rotten age, himself infected with the leprosy, yet he smites the
+idols of his time, of Stuart progeny, Lust and Lucre, and converts his
+fables into a house of correction for a nation's vices. The Tale of a
+Tub contains a stream of lustral water, and Gulliver is no mean adept
+at the photographic art. The Dean hath taught us how the "positive"
+fictions of a madman's brain may indirectly be a school to the nations
+at all times and in all seasons.
+
+Poesy has mixed its plaintive strains in the lamentations and oracles
+of insane or inspired reformers, and the aberration or illumination of
+a kindred spirit breaks forth in the wizard words of a prophet or a
+bard. Some favored scions of the royal priesthood and chosen
+generation of whom we speak seem to mingle these various and
+heterogeneous ingredients, the cynic's lash with the seer's lamp,
+mathematical squares and compasses with the conjurations of the
+diviner. Their proportions, both harmonious and deformed, bespeak
+their consanguinity with an extensive family, whose branches are
+scattered through broad lands, and are not confined to a single
+variety of the human race, though the quality and quantity of their
+_esprit de corps_ may be especially predicated of the Caucasian race.
+
+There are sovereign natures that bespeak the choice blood of rival and
+remote races mingling in their veins, and which may claim kinsmanship
+in opposite and conflicting clans of teachers. We have Indo-Germanic
+minds, whose massive substance is relieved by the arabesque of the
+Semitic style of thought, and which, though stamped with the
+characteristic mould of their parentage, fling aside much of its
+speciality, and stand forth as magnates in the universal aristocracy
+of humanity.
+
+An example of a rich nature cast in this mould has been presented of
+late years in France, in the person of Charles Fourier. Though
+indelibly French, he is still more human, and though Teutonic elements
+enter largely as component parts of his frame, and the Romance genius
+has cast its sunshine tints over his canvas, yet has he bravely shaken
+off the chains of generic and specific modes of thought and sight, and
+the priestly hieroglyphs and geometry of Egypt are seen to blend with
+Persian dualism and the prophetic wand of Hebrew seers in his pages.
+Nay, the mantle of Mohammed might seem to have fallen on his capacious
+shoulders, to judge from the strangely glorious flights of his fancy,
+and the tangible solids of his elysium. Thus the nations would appear
+to have converged towards and centred in this brain, and to have
+dropped in their pearls or their paste, as the case might be.
+Exaggerating the mathematical precision of French thought, it is yet
+tempered in a manner somewhat uncommon, by the most wholesale
+picture-writing on which man ever yet ventured. The flaming
+double-edged critic's sword is sometimes changed in his hands, after a
+manner wonderful to relate, into an Esculapian staff, which farther
+suffers a frequent conversion into Mercurian caduceus and Bacchanile
+Thyrsus, and at another time assumes the proportions of Midas's wand.
+Never was such a many-faced Janus seen in the flesh as this man, who
+exceeds Proteus and Hindoo avatars in multiplicity combined with
+unity.
+
+The bitter laugh still curls our lips, elicited by his merciless
+satire, when the tears of pity come coursing down our cheeks, as he
+touches with magic finger the most godlike fibres of the soul.
+Luxuriance, bordering on levity, follows fast a sense of justice and
+of truth, that might have put a Brutus and an Aristides to the blush.
+National contrasts, harmonies, and deformities, all seem reflected in
+this representative man.
+
+Yet it would be a very partial view that represented Fourier as
+nothing better than an expletive particle added to the genealogical
+list of idea-mongers, or a mosaic of valuable relics in earth's
+cabinet of curiosities. Though his pen inflicts wounds both broad and
+deep, yet a balm is ever at hand. Not satisfied with performing
+amputations for the good of the body corporate, he is a professor of
+the healing art, and affects to have discovered an elixir that shall
+wipe away all tears, by causing pain and sorrow to flee away. I do not
+profess to judge of the merits of the case, but one feature
+distinguishes Fourier from critics, reformers, and prophets, who are
+gathered to their fathers. He is a _scientific_ explorer, and the
+plans that he has designed for the future structure of humanity, from
+the high order of architecture and mechanics which they exhibit,
+discriminate him from the vulgar herd as an originator, and place him
+in the category either of eminent scientific adventurers or inventors.
+Daring and caution shake hands at every page, and seem exhausted by
+his pen. The Archimedian lever found a resting-place in his brain, and
+sundry of his thoughts seem not inapt to upheave the world.
+
+If Laplace deserves credit as the creator of a Mechanique Celeste,
+Fourier has equal claims to gratitude as the first and only propounder
+of a rigidly scientific system of mental mechanics. Though Pythagoras
+might smile complacently at his harmonies and sacred numbers, and
+Plato clap his hands on seeing so worthy a disciple of his Republic,
+yet the fiery Frenchman is but too apt to run counter to the past, and
+give a slap in the face to the wisdom of the fore-world. Though hope
+and faith ever brighten his pages, we could wish at times for a larger
+infusion of charity, to neutralize the gall in which his pen was
+dipped. Yet he nobly vindicates his claim as a reformer by the lash he
+applies with no measured hand to injustice, falseness, and hypocrisy,
+under whatever guise they may appear.
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PARIS, FROM 1817 TO 1848.
+
+
+On the original publication of this work, in German, at Berlin, we
+gave in the _International_ some account of it; and we avail ourselves
+of the notice in the _Athenæum_ of an English translation of it which
+has just appeared in London, to give some of its best passages. In the
+capital of a nation which, above all others, has been wont to project
+its gravest interests into the circles of fashion and gayety, the
+period included between 1817 and 1848 must have been rich indeed in
+matter for observation of all kinds, by the foreigner admitted to its
+saloons. With Waterloo at one end of the line, and the overthrow of
+Louis Philippe at the other, what a world of change lies
+between!--what unexpected turns of fortune, each throwing some new
+tint on the chameleon-play of social existence! We may not expect a
+lady's eye to see more than its outward features. But these alone, in
+such a scene and period, are themselves enough to give some permanent
+historical value, as well as a present attraction to the survey, if
+only taken with common feminine intelligence.
+
+It is true that the retrospect is not actually so rich as the above
+dates would imply.--Connected notices of what might be seen in
+Parisian circles do not extend beyond the first seven years of the
+period in question. Afterwards, there is nearly a total hiatus, except
+in the two departments of music and painting--anecdotes of which are
+continued almost to the close of the Orleans dynasty. Of the persons
+and events which otherwise filled the scene from 1828 downwards, the
+_Reminiscences_ are wholly silent, or only introduce one or two
+figures by anticipation while dwelling on the period of the
+Restoration. The volume ends, indeed, with a story, in which some of
+the very latest exhibitions of somnambulism serve to introduce a
+Spanish romance, founded, it may be, on a basis of fact, but evidently
+dressed up for effect by one not well enough acquainted with the Spain
+of this century to give to the composition a probable air. But here
+the display in the Parisian saloon is merely an occasional overture to
+the melo-drama that follows; and we learn next to nothing of the new
+faces and new fashions which the writer may have seen during the
+second half of the term included in her title. What is now published,
+therefore, can only be taken as a fragment--destined, perhaps, to be
+further completed at some future time.
+
+The work appears anonymously; and it might be uncourteous to pry into
+the condition of the writer, beyond what it has pleased herself to
+reveal. This is to the effect that she came to Paris, unmarried, and
+hardly out of her teens, from some part of Germany, in the second year
+of the Restoration, and, at first, was chiefly conversant with the
+circles of the _haute finance_. We afterwards hear of her marriage, of
+journeyings and absences, and see her in contact with various circles,
+but, above all, with painters and musicians; intimate also with
+Henriette, the daughter of the celebrated Jewish philosopher,
+Mendelssohn. She left Paris, she further says, before the explosion of
+1848. More of her personal history she does not tell--and we shall not
+take the liberty of guessing.
+
+Her notes are penned without any attempt at order; and make no
+pretence to dive far beneath the surface of what she saw in the world.
+They contain such light, lady-like reflections as one may fancy taken
+down without effort from the kaleidoscope of Paris life, in its balls,
+_soirées_, and promenades; and such anecdotes of notable things and
+persons as were current in ordinary company--many of which are well
+known, having been already reported by others. Here and there a
+graphic trait, or a remark above the level of commonplace, gives token
+of more lively intelligence, but the general character of the
+reminiscence is merely gossipping--just on the ordinary level of such
+observations and ideas as prevail in the common talk of the saloons.
+It is only when she touches on the fine arts, especially on music,
+that the lady displays decidedly clever notions of her own. Gleanings
+of this easy kind, from any lesser field than Paris, might hardly have
+been worth preserving; here, the abundance of matter is so great, that
+even the most careless hand returns from that strange harvest with
+some gatherings of value.
+
+Among these we shall dip here and there, without attempting more order
+in selection than the author herself has observed in arranging her
+notes. Each may be read by and for itself without any disadvantage
+whatever.
+
+In no respect, perhaps, does the Paris of to-day differ more from that
+of thirty years since than in the article of domestic comfort. After
+praising Madame Thuret, one of the financial _lionnes_ of the
+Restoration, for her attention to neatness, the lady adds:--
+
+     In Paris generally there was a marked contrast to this; as
+     well as to the Parisian cleanliness of present times. In
+     those days, even the dwellings of people of competent means,
+     there was not a trace of comfort. I have a lively
+     recollection of what happened when one of the younger
+     partners of M. Thuret gave a ball soon after his marriage.
+     Although the youth was rich, and had married a wealthy young
+     lady, the young couple, according to the Parisian custom of
+     the time, lived with their parents; who, rich as they were,
+     desiring to be richer still, had let out their splendid
+     hotel up to the fourth story. In this fourth story the whole
+     family lived together. After the Parisian finery, I was not
+     less struck with the Parisian filth of those days; and, in
+     truth, I should vainly try to paint my amazement on finding
+     myself compelled, while ascending the staircase, which was
+     actually plastered with dirt, to hold up my dress as high as
+     possible in order to appear tolerably clean in the
+     ball-room.
+
+But if modern Paris has improved in this respect, it has, on the other
+hand, we are told, lost far more in the chapter of manners. The
+generation born during the first Revolution still preserved some of
+the older style of social bearing; but, in the present descendants, we
+may now vainly seek for any of the graces that once gave to France her
+European credit for politeness.
+
+The French, after lording it over the capitals of Europe for so many
+years, were impatient to the last degree of the retribution which the
+allied armies brought to their own doors in 1816. Even a returning
+_émigré_ could not restrain his rage on finding that--
+
+     foreigners held the fortresses, and that he had to submit
+     his passport for a _vise_ to Prussian, Russian, or English
+     authorities; and he lost all command of himself at the idea
+     of the prostration of the _grande gloire Française_.... The
+     same wrath at the occupation of France by foreign troops--an
+     occupation which lasted for hardly three years--whereas the
+     French had ravaged Germany for full twenty, from the siege
+     of Mentz to the battle of Leipsic, was then felt in Paris by
+     all classes. Every little theatre on the Boulevards played
+     some piece referring to it in all the _refrains_ urging the
+     foreigners to be off at once; all the print-shops were full
+     of caricatures of the English and Russians. The German
+     soldiers, by-the-by, were, without exception, called
+     Prussians. At that time there was less hatred expressed
+     towards the Russians; in the theatres even the people would
+     point with curiosity to Lostopchin, the author of the
+     conflagration at Moscow. The hatred of the Russians grew
+     much more decided under Nicholas. Alexander, on the
+     contrary, was personally popular. Strictly speaking, the
+     Prussians were detested; while the English, on the contrary,
+     served as a perpetual butt for ridicule and wit. Their
+     language, gestures, dress, afforded a complete series of
+     dramas and caricatures.
+
+This soreness of France under a very light application of her own
+Continental system, brings to mind an anecdote from the papers of the
+time, which is worth preserving:--
+
+     When the Prussian army entered Paris, one of its officers
+     made particular interest to be quartered in a certain hotel
+     in the Faubourg St Germain, the residence of a widow lady of
+     rank. On taking possession of his billet, the Colonel at
+     once haughtily refused the apartments offered him; and,
+     after a survey of the premises, insisted on having the best
+     suite on the first floor, then occupied by the lady of the
+     house herself. She protested and entreated in vain--the
+     Colonel was harsh and peremptory,--the lady had to abandon
+     her sitting-room, boudoir, and bed-room, and content herself
+     with the chambers intended for the officer. From these,
+     however, she was as rudely dislodged on the next day, the
+     Colonel demanding them for his orderly, and the lady had at
+     last to creep into a servant's garret. This was not all. On
+     first taking possession of his rooms the officer had
+     summoned the _maitre d'hotel_, and commanded a rich dinner
+     of twelve covers for the entertainment of a party of his
+     comrades. They came--the cellar had to yield its choicest
+     wines; the house was filled with bacchanalian uproar. The
+     orgy was repeated both on the next day and on the next
+     following. On the morning afterwards the officer presented
+     himself before the lady of the house. "You are perhaps
+     somewhat annoyed by my proceedings in your hotel?"
+     "Certainly," was the reply, "I think I have cause to
+     complain of the manner in which the law of the strongest has
+     been used here, in defiance of the commonest regard due to
+     my sex and age. I have been roughly expelled from every
+     habitable room in my own house, and thrust into a garret; my
+     servants have been maltreated; with my plate and provisions
+     and the best of my cellar, you have forced them to wait on
+     the riotous feasting of your comrades. I have appealed to
+     your generosity, to your courtesy, but in vain. I protest
+     against such conduct. It is unworthy of a soldier." "Madam,"
+     replied the Prussian, "what you say is perfectly true. Such
+     conduct is brutal and unbecoming. I have the honor to inform
+     you that what you have justly complained of for the last
+     three days is but a faint copy of the manner in which your
+     son daily behaved himself in my mother's house in Berlin
+     _for more than six months_ after the Battle of Jena. From me
+     you shall have no further annoyance. I shall now retire to
+     an inn. The hotel is entirely at your own disposal." The
+     lady blushed, and was silent.
+
+We can hardly choose amiss among the portrait sketches. Here is the
+Princess of Chimay, once celebrated as the fair Spanish Cabarus--or
+Madame Tallien of the "18th Brumaire." After giving up a name which
+she had no legal right to bear, she married the Count Caraman before
+he succeeded to a princely title. In 1818, this heroine--
+
+     was some forty years old. Her age was partly open to
+     positive proof, as in '94 she was known to have just reached
+     her twentieth year--it was partly shown by a fulness of
+     person, rather tending to corpulence, which betrayed the
+     retreat of her younger bloom; but still you would rarely
+     find another beauty so well preserved, or a general
+     appearance equally imposing. Tall, full, gorgeous, she
+     reminded you of the historical beauties of antiquity. Such a
+     figure you might imagine as an Ariadne, Dido, or Cleopatra.
+     With a perfect bust, arms, and shoulders; white as an
+     animated statue, regular features, beaming eyes, pearly
+     teeth, hair raven black--hearing, speech, motion, still
+     ravishingly perfect. Her costume, too, had a certain Grecian
+     character.
+
+Among the painters, Gérard was the lady's chosen intimate. When she
+first knew him, he had already been long famous and rich; but he seems
+to have taken pleasure in recalling the struggles of his early career.
+It was, in many respects, a strange one:--
+
+     His father was a Frenchman, who belonged to the domestic
+     establishment of the Cardinal de Bernis, then ambassador at
+     Rome. His mother, whose name was Tortoni, was the daughter
+     of a plain Roman citizen. In 1782, Gérard's parents, with
+     their three boys, of whom François, the eldest, was now
+     twelve, returned to France, where the father died in 1789. A
+     year afterwards the widow went back with her children to her
+     own country, but had to return to France once more, for the
+     preservation of a small income important in her narrow
+     circumstances. On this occasion, besides her sons, she came
+     back with her little brother Tortoni and his infant sister,
+     some years younger than her eldest son François. Thus there
+     was in the house an aunt younger than her nephew.
+
+The family found it hard enough to live at all in Paris: and when
+François's great talent for drawing revealed itself, the household
+means were further pinched to provide him with paper and pencils.
+Under all obstacles, however, his powers soon grew evident: he got at
+last an introduction to David, and became his pupil:--
+
+     Gérard was created the perfect opposite, both physically and
+     morally, of David. David was tall, with distorted features,
+     rough, furious, cruel. Gérard was small, with a pleasing,
+     regular physiognomy, delicate, soft, generous.... He would
+     often tell how he was forced in those days (during the reign
+     of terror) to deceive his master David, in order to preserve
+     his own life. David, who in his zeal for reforming the world
+     had become one of the most active members of the Committee
+     of Safety, was incessantly busied in providing that bloody
+     tribunal with familiars. Every one belonging to him, who
+     desired his own preservation, was forced either to adopt
+     republicanism in David's sense, or to evade it by some kind
+     of deception. Gérard, although in perfect health, escaped
+     the honor designed him by feigning sickness; and went about
+     in public on crutches, which, however, he threw down the
+     instant he knew himself safe from observation. Gérard's
+     mother had died in 1792. Her brother, the painter's uncle,
+     now a grown youth, took up the queer fancy of showing the
+     Parisians the excellent manner in which the Romans are
+     skilled in making confectioner's ices. The success of the
+     _Café Tortoni_, on the _Boulevard des Italiens_, has now
+     been for some fifty years known to all Europe. One of the
+     children (Gérard) was dead, the youngest provided for
+     elsewhere; and thus, after his mother's death, the young
+     painter of two-and-twenty was left alone with his aunt,
+     Mlle. Tortoni, who was but two years his junior. She became
+     his wife. When relating the above, she would add, with
+     _naïveté_, "At that time my nephew was in a manner forced to
+     marry me, unless he chose to turn me out into the street. We
+     were poor, but contented. Gérard's talent, as yet little
+     known, and destitute of suitable means for its exercise,
+     supported us, however, barely; and I continued to sew, darn,
+     cook, carry water, and cut wood for our little household, as
+     I had been wont to do before, when assisting his mother, my
+     sister. In those days there was no marrying in the church,
+     no priest, no banns. A few days after the death of my
+     sister, we appeared in our poor work-a-day clothes, before
+     the _maire_. He joined our hands, and then we became a
+     couple."
+
+Some months were passed in this obscure poverty, until calmer times
+prevailed in Paris. Isabey had somehow become aware of the young
+painter's talent, and now urged him to exhibit a picture at the first
+Exhibition. Gérard produced the sketch of his _Bélisaire_;[5] but
+declared he had no means to paint it on a grand scale. Isabey hereupon
+assisted him; and, after the picture was finished and exhibited with
+success, procured him a purchaser, at the price of 100 Louis d'or.
+
+     "On the receipt of this sum," Madame Gérard went on, "we
+     were nearly losing our wits for joy. We were ravished, like
+     mere children, by the glitter of the shining gold, which we
+     kept again and again rolling through our fingers. We, who
+     until now could not even afford to buy a common candlestick,
+     so that we had to cut a hole in our poor wooden table to
+     stick the rushlight in,--we now had a hundred louis!" By
+     degrees Gérard advanced to a high European name; but those
+     only who knew him personally could have any idea of his
+     amiable, refined nature, of his pleasant conversation, of
+     the various acquirements and highly intellectual
+     peculiarities of this eminent man, who took up with equal
+     clearness many of the most dissimilar sciences. You forgot
+     time with him, or gladly gave him up the whole night, as he
+     seldom made his appearance in company at his own house
+     before ten.
+
+Before leaving the grim figure of the old Revolution for more modern
+sketches, we must correct the lady's statement of its victims, in
+which she quite exceeds the utmost latitude of feminine gossip. "_Two
+millions of heads_" she assigns as the food of the devouring
+guillotine--a number transcendent, even for lady rhetoric. It is some
+_five hundred_ times more than the largest estimate of those even who
+have done their best to aggravate the tale of its horrors. The
+Convention, when grown Anti-Jacobin, and anxious, of course, to
+justify its destruction of Robespierre and his fellows, it published
+lists of the sufferers, could not bring the number of the guillotined
+up to a full _two_ thousand. Montgaillard, who complains that the
+returns were incomplete, may be taken as the author of the most
+extreme calculation on this subject: he does not get beyond a total of
+_four_ thousand victims, including those who perished by _fusillades_
+and _noyades_. Even an anonymous lady cannot be suffered to pass with
+such a terrific exaggeration unquestioned. In 1823, she was present at
+an opening of the Chambers by "Louis the Desired," now grown fatter,
+it seems, than was desirable for such an operation. Indeed--
+
+     he could no longer walk; on this account the session was
+     held in the Louvre; and the manner in which he suddenly
+     pushed out on his low rolling chair, from beneath a curtain,
+     which was quickly drawn back, as it is done on the stage,
+     and as rapidly closed again, had an effect at once painful
+     and ludicrous. Both these feelings were increased by the
+     shrill piping treble which came squeaking forth from this
+     unlucky corpulent body.... His brother, the Comte d'Artois,
+     afterwards Charles the Tenth, was tall and thin, and had
+     retained to his advanced age that habit of shuffling about
+     with his legs, which teachers and governors had vainly tried
+     to cure him of while young. He could not keep his body still
+     for a single instant. His protruded head, his mouth always
+     open, would of themselves have seemed to indicate mere
+     stupidity rather than cunning, had not this impression been
+     contradicted, partly by the vivacity of his eyes, and partly
+     by his too notorious habit of intriguing. This idiotic air
+     of poking forward the head, with the mouth always open--but
+     aggravated by quite lifeless and almost totally closed
+     eyes--was apparent in a still higher degree in his eldest
+     son, the Duke of Angoulême. In the face of his wife there
+     were still visible some traces, if not of a former beauty,
+     at least of something characteristic and noble. In spite of
+     her withered, lean figure, her gait was firm and majestic;
+     but the terrorists of the Revolution had heaped misery of
+     every kind in double and three-fold measure on this unhappy
+     daughter of Louis the Sixteenth, and their cannibal severity
+     had broken her heart for ever.... The Duchess of Berri, a
+     Neapolitan princess, wife of the youngest son of the Count
+     d'Artois, was young, but had been ill-treated by nature in
+     her outward appearance. She was short, thin, with hair
+     blonde almost to whiteness, and a kind of reddish fairness
+     of complexion. In her irregular features, in her eyes which
+     all but squinted, no kind of expression could be
+     detected--not even that of frivolity, which she was accused
+     of.... To both these ladies the rigorously-prescribed
+     court-dress, as worn in open day, without candlelight, was
+     very unbecoming. It consisted of a short white satin dress,
+     called _jupe_, which means a dress without a train; the
+     front breadth richly embroidered with gold, with a cut-out
+     body, and short sleeves, leaving the neck and arms
+     bare,--the effect of which was absolutely pitiable on the
+     superannuated, yellow, and withered Duchess of Angoulême.
+     Around the waist a golden ceinture held up a colored velvet
+     skirt, with an enormous train, but no body. In front, this
+     kind of outer dress, called _manteau de cour_, was open, and
+     trimmed all round with broad lace. The head was decorated,
+     or rather disfigured, by a thick upright plume of tall white
+     ostrich feathers, to which were attached behind two long
+     ends of blonde lace, called _barbes_, which hung down the
+     back. On the forehead a closely-fitting jewelled diadem was
+     worn, and diamond ornaments on the neck and arms, according
+     to the usual fashion.
+
+From such court scarecrows let us turn to keep a last corner for a
+figure of more modern and genial appearance--though this, too, was
+saddening, and is now, like the rest, grown a mere shadow. The lady
+saw much of the musician Chopin after 1832, and speaks of him with
+warm affection, and with a fine feeling of his genius:--
+
+     He was a delicate, graceful figure, in the highest degree
+     attractive--the whole man a mere breath--rather a spiritual
+     than a bodily substance,--all harmony, like his playing. His
+     way of speaking, too, was like the character of his
+     art--soft, fluctuating, murmuring. The son of a French
+     father and of a Polish mother, in him the Romance and
+     Sclavonic dialects were combined, as it were, in one perfect
+     harmony. He seemed, indeed, hardly to touch the piano; you
+     might have fancied he would do quite as well without as with
+     the instrument: you thought no more of the mechanism,--but
+     listened to flute-like murmurs, and dreamed of hearing
+     Æolian harps stirred by the ethereal breathings of the wind;
+     and with all this--in his whole wide sphere of talents given
+     to him alone--always obliging, modest, unexacting! He was no
+     pianoforte player of the modern sort: he had fashioned his
+     art quite alone in his own way, and it was something
+     indescribable. In private rooms as well as in concerts, he
+     would steal quietly, unaffectedly, to the piano; was content
+     with any kind of seat; showed at once, by his simple dress
+     and natural demeanor, that he abhorred every kind of grimace
+     and quackery; and began, without any prelude, his
+     performance. How feeling it was--how full of soul!... When I
+     first knew him, though far from strong, he still enjoyed
+     good health; he was very gay, even satirical, but always
+     with moderation and good taste. He possessed an
+     inconceivable comic gift of mimicry, and in private circles
+     of friends he diffused the utmost cheerfulness both by his
+     genius and his good spirits.... Hallé has now the best
+     tradition of his manner.
+
+We pause, not for want of matter, but for want of room. Besides its
+lively sketches, the book contains some materials of a tragic
+interest--to which we may return.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] It is now, or was not long since, at Munich, in the Leuchtenburg
+Gallery.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAST JOSEPH IN EGYPT.
+
+
+A writer in the July number of _Bentley's Miscellany_ describes some
+official experiences in Egypt during the reign of Mehemet Ali, and
+among various curious incidents has the following of Boghos Bey, the
+prime minister of the Pacha, who then played a no inconsiderable part
+on the stage of European diplomacy, more particularly as relating to
+the, at that period, all-engrossing "Eastern Question."
+
+"By birth an Armenian, in early life Boghos Bey was dragoman or
+interpreter to Mr. Wherry, then English consul at Smyrna; but he gave
+up that appointment, to accompany, in a similar capacity, the Turkish
+army, which, during the occupation of Egypt by the French, was sent to
+co-operate at Alexandria with Sir Ralph Abercrombie's British force.
+At the close of the war, on the expulsion of the French, he remained
+in Egypt, where he attached himself to the rising fortunes of Mehemet
+Ali, with whom he successively occupied the post of interpreter,
+secretary, and finally that of prime minister, when his master--from
+the Albanian adventurer--became the self-elected successor of the
+Pharaohs and Ptolomies.
+
+"On one occasion, Boghos having got into disgrace, Mehemet Ali ordered
+his prime minister to be placed in a sack and thrown into the Nile. It
+was supposed that this cruel sentence had been duly carried into
+effect. However, the British consul in Egypt at that time, managed to
+get something else smuggled into the sack, whilst he smuggled old
+Boghos into his own residence, where the latter long remained
+concealed, until, on one occasion, the financial accounts got so
+entangled, that Mehemet Ali expressed to the British consul his regret
+that Boghos Bey was no longer there to unravel the complicated web of
+difficulties in which he found himself entangled: whereupon old Boghos
+was produced, pardoned, reinstated in his office, acquired more
+influence than ever, and was, at the time referred to, the very
+'Joseph' of the land."
+
+
+
+
+THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA: BY THE AUTHOR OF "SAM SLICK."
+
+
+Mr. Justice Haliburton obtained some notoriety and a certain degree of
+popularity by his broad caricatures of common life in New England.
+These books did not display very eminent ability even for the rather
+low and mean field in which the author found congenial occupation, but
+the old jokes transplanted into our republican soil had a seeming
+freshness in the eyes of buyers of cheap books, and they were
+profitable to paper-makers and printers, until the patience of the
+public could tolerate no more of their monotonous vulgarity. Judge
+Haliburton has since essayed a more serious vein, and being wholly
+without originality, has fallen into the old track of depreciation,
+sneering, and vituperation, in the expectation that any form of attack
+upon the people of the United States would sell, at least in England.
+The unfortunate gentleman was mistaken, as the following very kind
+reviewal of his book, which we transfer to _The International_ from
+_The Athenæum_ of July 26, will show.
+
+     "THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA. _By the Author of 'Sam Slick,' &c._
+     This is a vulgar and violent political pamphlet, which will
+     fill no small part of the admirers of 'Sam Slick' with alarm
+     and astonishment. The 'English in America' are in these two
+     volumes set forth principally as a parcel of uncouth,
+     disingenuous, and repulsive Puritans, who emigrated to
+     America in the early part of the seventeenth century for the
+     sake of an easier indulgence in disloyalty and schism.
+     Confining himself almost wholly to the events which took
+     place in the colony of Massachusetts, Judge Haliburton has
+     thought it worth while to write a book, half declamation and
+     half treatise, against Democracy and Dissent,--which seem to
+     him to be the two giant evils that oppress mankind. It is no
+     part of our function to discuss the abstract merits of
+     either of these questions; but it is perfectly within our
+     province to point out the errors and faults of those writers
+     who imagine that they can serve a party purpose by making a
+     convenient and derogatory use of literature.
+
+     "In the first place, then, we say that the volumes before us
+     are essentially unfair. The 'English in America' have not
+     really and truly been _such_ English as are there
+     described,--nor has their career been such as is there
+     narrated,--nor generally are the actual facts of the case
+     logically and impartially stated in these volumes. Judge
+     Haliburton colors and distorts almost every event and
+     circumstance to which he refers; and there is a coarseness
+     and rancor in the manner in which he speaks of nearly all
+     persons and parties who differ from him in opinion, which
+     has surprised and shocked us. There was no occasion whatever
+     for all this vehemence. In the first place, the facts
+     connected with the early history of the British settlements
+     in America are too well known to permit any attempt at
+     systematic and unscrupulous disparagement of the early
+     Puritan colonists to be in any important degree successful.
+     In the next place, the questions which Judge Haliburton
+     professes to consider have been for all practical purposes
+     discussed and decided long ago. In the last place, we are
+     quite sure that no writer on questions of colonial policy
+     could more effectually cut himself off from all sympathy and
+     influence than by the adoption of an excited and menacing
+     tone.
+
+     "We find in the introductory chapter to these volumes a
+     statement to the effect that one of the chief objects in
+     writing them has been to inform Englishmen that Democracy
+     did not appear for the first time in America during the War
+     of Independence; and that the peculiar form of religion that
+     prevailed at an early period in the New England States
+     exerted a very powerful influence over their politics and
+     modes of government. Surely there is nothing new in all
+     this. There is no great discovery here which required for
+     its introduction the expenditure of so much labor and
+     vehemence. We had imagined that the great orations of Burke
+     on Conciliation with America had exhausted long ago not only
+     all the facts but most of the philosophy which is contained
+     in the general view now revived by the author of 'Sam
+     Slick.' There are a sentence or two in one of the most
+     famous passages of perhaps the greatest of these orations
+     which seem to anticipate the present volumes most
+     completely. 'All Protestantism,' said Burke more than
+     seventy years ago, 'even the most cold and passive, is a
+     sort of dissent. But the religion most prevalent in our
+     northern colonies is a refinement on the principle of
+     resistance; it is the dissidence of dissent, and the
+     Protestantism of the Protestant religion. This religion,
+     under a variety of denominations, agreeing in nothing but in
+     the communication of the spirit of liberty, is predominant
+     in most of the northern provinces; where the Church of
+     England, notwithstanding its legal rights, is in reality no
+     more than a sort of private sect, not composing, most
+     probably, the tenth of the people. The colonists left
+     England when this spirit was high, and in the emigrants was
+     the highest of all; and even that stream of foreigners which
+     has been constantly flowing into these colonies has for the
+     greatest part been composed of dissenters from the
+     establishments of their several countries, and have brought
+     with them a temper and character far from alien to that of
+     the people with whom they mixed.' The speech of Burke in
+     which these sentences occur ought surely to have passed for
+     something in the estimation of Judge Haliburton before he
+     committed himself to the task of writing this book.
+
+     "We are quite sensible that as far as the mere composition
+     is concerned there is very great merit in its publication.
+     The style is vigorous and lively--and not unfrequently the
+     animation rises into eloquence. The narrative parts of the
+     volumes are in general exceedingly well written; and we must
+     not omit to say, that during those short intervals when the
+     author permits himself to lose sight of his extreme opinions
+     he rarely fails to delight the reader with a page or two
+     distinguished by acute observation and good sense.
+
+     "Still, the faults of the book are of the most serious kind.
+     It is incomplete in plan: for it is neither a regular
+     narrative, nor a treatise, nor a commentary, nor a history,
+     nor an article for a review--but something of all five. As
+     we have said, it is written in a tone highly excited and
+     partial; and it has the misfortune to appear before the
+     world as the exponent of seemingly a new, but in reality of
+     an old and familiar, doctrine, by employing examples and
+     reasonings of which very few people indeed will not be able
+     to detect at once either the sophistry or the
+     incompleteness.
+
+     "We forbear to enter into any general discussion on the
+     well-worn topics of the Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritan
+     settlements. The verdict of an impartial age has been long
+     ago pronounced on these questions: and we may well deplore
+     the unsound judgment of any writer of the deserved eminence
+     of Judge Haliburton who gratuitously brings upon himself an
+     imputation of outrageous eccentricity by attempting to
+     unsettle, on his own single authority, conclusions so well
+     and so long established....
+
+     "There is a great deal said in these volumes in
+     disparagement of the early New Englanders. They are
+     stigmatized as turbulent, schismatic, dishonest,
+     revolutionary, bigoted, cruel, and so on. These are old
+     charges, which have been several times placed in their true
+     light; and it is needless again to undertake a defence and
+     to enter into explanations which are familiar to most
+     educated persons. We are not the indiscriminate admirers of
+     the policy pursued by the first colonists of Massachusetts
+     Bay; but the course which they adopted, the communities
+     which they built up, and the form of liberty which they
+     introduced into the New World can be adequately understood
+     only when surveyed from a comprehensive and impartial point
+     of view. It is at best a shallow criticism which contents
+     itself with the discovery that the settlers were religious
+     zealots, and had no particular respect for either kings or
+     bishops.
+
+     ... "We close these volumes. We regret that the author has
+     been so ill-advised as to publish them at all. They are well
+     written, as we have said--and in some respects possess great
+     merit; but truth compels us to add, that they are very
+     unworthy of the author and of the great questions they
+     profess to elucidate and discuss."
+
+
+
+
+A FEW QUESTIONS FROM A WORN-OUT LORGNETTE.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY A. OAKEY HALL.
+
+
+I trust I am not _now_ impertinent, however much so I may have been
+heretofore. I have seen and observed a great deal. My observations
+have engendered experiences. My experiences have some point to them.
+And altogether, I think I am entitled to ask a few questions of those
+whom I have sometimes overlooked, but now address myself to most
+immediately. I am proud to say that I never belonged to but one
+mistress. I was of too much value to be exchanged, lost, lightly
+parted with, or--I feel prouder as I say it--_sold_. Moreover, I was a
+_gage d'amour_. That fascinating Dr. ----!
+
+But though curious, I will be discreet. This sole mistress of mine
+gave me plenty to do. Many thanks to her for it, since it has given me
+an insight into much that is wonderful. I am certain she preferred
+opera to the drama. I saw more of the stage at the first, and more of
+the audience at the last. I have found much in both to puzzle me. Some
+things I have solved. As for that which remains, I had hoped to
+determine for myself, but an unlucky fall from a nail has spoiled my
+sight. I have been now two months imprisoned in an _escrutoire_.
+Others must answer my questions.
+
+In the first place, I want to know why theatres and opera houses have
+such curious odors when empty? I have often perceived this fact when
+our carriage came announced the last of all. And why are the lights
+turned out when the audience have half-way reached the front doors?
+What becomes of the bills which are left behind? Do the rag-pickers
+ever break in? Where do the musicians go to through that little door
+in the stage? And why does the kettle drummer always glance around the
+house upon entering with such an air of satisfaction? As if any one
+cared for _him_! Why does the leader always stop to take a pinch of
+snuff, while the audience are breathing in their boots and gaiters to
+catch the first note of the new opera? Why does the fat man with the
+violoncello always saw upon two strings, and leave the two in the
+middle to such a contemptuous silence and exile? Why do the
+front-bench people get up ten minutes before the performances are
+over, and rush from the house as if the floor was on fire, while the
+galleries make twice as much noise by crying "hush!" and always stay
+to hear the speech (if there is any), although they have not paid as
+much by half as they who ran away? Why does the lover, rushing upon
+the stage to the embrace of his mistress, stop half way to bow to the
+ladies in the boxes? And why doesn't the aforesaid mistress box his
+ears for his impoliteness? And why did she say, just before he came,
+"Here comes my Alonzo! Hark! I hear his step," when every door upon
+the stage was shut, and nothing was heard but the confused trampling
+behind her, which might have been the galloping of donkeys? And why
+did this same lady wait for him by the side of a rosewood table,
+covered with satin damask, and ornamented with a Wellington
+inkstand--and she dressed in a robe of shot-silk, with laces and
+feathers--while he was dressed as a valiant knight of the sixteenth
+century should be? And now I think of it, why did _Mr. Anderson_, in
+the play of "Gisippus," visit the Roman centurion in a brick house,
+entered through a mahogany door, with a brass plate upon it? Why do
+the peasantry of Europe always dress with the most expensive ribbons
+about their legs and arms when they come out to dance at the wedding,
+or to drink from pewter mugs to the health of the bride? And why do
+they stand like mutes at a funeral, whilst two people in their midst
+are plotting some horrible murder? Why do the Italian banditti wear
+such steeple-crowned hats when they creep through small holes, or
+kneel for concealment behind rocks which only cover their foreheads?
+Why do the soldiers in _Fra Diavolo_ stand and sing, "We must away,
+'tis duty calls," while they sit at a table drinking punch, and seem
+in no more hurry to go than if they were paid for drinking? Why do the
+chamois-hunters in "Amilie" continue so urgent about going to the
+mountains away, after the prey, before the dawning of the day, when it
+is evident from the very nature of things that they couldn't be spared
+for such a severe service on any contingency?
+
+Why does the lover always sing tenor in an opera? What connection is
+there between villany and a bass voice? What's the necessity of a
+_prima donna_ singing towards the ceiling when she addresses a chorus
+behind her? By what right does the head man in the chorus do all the
+gesticulating, while his fellows stand like militia-men? Who ever saw
+an excited basso bid a "minion away," without trying to throw his fist
+behind him? Why does Ernani's mistress wear such splendid diamonds,
+and not sell them to give him release from persecution? I have seen a
+sentimental young lady swear to share the poverty and disgrace of her
+lover, when she was fool enough to lay aside most precious jewels and
+dresses, which would have purchased affluence, and then robe herself
+in calico! Now, why did he permit _that_?
+
+Why do stage heroines venture out into the woods in November in white
+silk dresses? Are there never any snakes about? And why are theatrical
+forests always green in the middle of winter? What kind of
+thermometers do managers have? Why is it that three or four stout men,
+with loaded pistols, allow themselves to be beaten off the stage by a
+slim man with a small stick? In my opinion--and I don't care who hears
+it--Richard the Third (whom I understand to be a natural son of one
+Shakespeare) was a great numskull to allow Richmond to beat him with
+the two dozen lanky-looking scoundrels who come in during the last
+scene!
+
+Why do the fairies shake so convulsively when they soar through the
+air over the stage? Are stage-fairies all over the world such unequal
+highflyers? Who made gaiter-boots for Juno and her attendant
+goddesses, in the many classical plays I have witnessed? Did the
+Egyptians and Persians know how to make cotton-cloth a yard wide--I
+have measured their costumes too often behind the footlights not to
+know the exact measurement.
+
+Why do people always cough in the theatre after a severe storm of
+thunder and lightning, and hold their handkerchiefs to their noses at
+such times? Why does the moon, in every opera wherein she condescends
+to show herself, stand still for half an hour immediately over a
+chimney? What is the necessity of a man dying for love, and singing
+himself to death like a swan, when he has strength enough of body and
+mind to pick up three or four pounds of _bouquets_? And why does he
+give them up to the spasmodic lady in white muslin, whom he has been
+abusing for half an hour, and declaring, in most emphatic terms, that
+they part from that time forward for ever? What wonderful
+hair-invigorator do some actors use in order to grow themselves a fine
+pair of bushy whiskers in fifteen minutes? How is it possible for a
+noble lord to have travelled over thousands of miles, to have
+encountered unheard-of perils, in order to return and marry the
+miller's maid, and yet to preserve, through years of absence, the same
+trousers, vest, coat, and hat, in which he first won her affections?
+Mentioning hats, why does the rich landholder, in modern comedy,
+sometimes go without a hat, when all his servants talk to him with
+_their_ hats upon their heads? Is there any forcible, necessary, or
+(to put it stronger) _absolute_, connection between a queen in
+distress and large quantities of pearls strung about the hair?
+
+These are but a twentieth part of the inquiries which crowd into my
+questioning-box. I know they are disjointed,--as I soon shall be. But
+I will see what can be done for me, as things here stand, before I
+venture to again pile "whys" upon "wherefores."
+
+
+
+
+FRAGMENTS:
+
+FROM "THE STORY OF A SOUL," AN UNPUBLISHED POEM, WRITTEN FOR THE
+INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY H. W. PARKER.
+
+
+A TOUR DE FORCE.
+
+    I felt myself alone--alone as one
+    Who leapt in joy from starry rock to rock
+    Across creations stream, and joyed to know
+    Himself alone in starry solitudes,
+    Communing with his soul and God; and clomb
+    The heights of glory, there amazed to see
+    The wilderness of worlds, and feel the want
+    Of other hearts to share excess of bliss.
+    Alone!--it startled me with such a fear--
+    A daring fear, as only spirits can have.
+    At once I would be every where--on all
+    The peopled globes where'er myself had been;
+    My lonely being would I spread through all.
+    I thought, with the velocity of thought
+    Which disembodied souls alone may know--
+    I thought, I willed, myself in thousand places
+    In quick and successive instants, quick as one;
+    And so around again, and still around,
+    Without an interval. Soon as a flash,
+    A thousand selves were scattered o'er the deep
+    Of distant space; and, urging on my soul,
+    Around and on, with energy immortal,
+    And swifter still, at last I seemed to grow
+    Ubiquitous--a multipresence dread,
+    A loneliness enlarged, more awful yet--
+    Until, in thought's extreme rapidity,
+    The distant selves were blended into one,
+    And space was gone! The universe was lost
+    In me--in nothingness.
+                          Soon it returned
+    And stood resplendent; space again became
+    A mode of thought, as thought resumed its calm,
+    And motion ceased with will. I found myself
+    Far off in outer coasts of light....
+
+
+MEMORY.
+
+    .... The vision changed; for still
+    The cherub Fancy sports beyond the grave,
+    Led by the hand of Reason. Once again,
+    My memory rose, a painted canvas, framed
+    In golden mouldings of immortal joy.
+    But now the perfect copy of a life,
+    With all the colors glorified, began
+    To melt in slow dissolving views of truth.
+    From out the crowded scene of mortal deeds,
+    A group enraged, colossal in its shapes:
+    Self--a dead giant, hideous and deformed,
+    Lay, slain with lightning, while, upon his head,
+    Stood holy Love, her eyes upturned to Heaven,
+    Her hands extended o'er the kneeling forms
+    Of Faith and Hope....
+
+
+MUSIC.
+
+    Nor were the splendors silent all. To spirits
+    'Tis ever one to see, to hear, to feel--
+    The music of the spheres is therefore truth,
+    And, now, no more I heard the noise confused
+    Of humming stars and murmuring moons, in tones
+    Discordant; but as in the focal point
+    Of whispering rooms, so here I found at last
+    The centre where the perfect chords combine--
+    Where the full harmonies of rolling worlds
+    Are poring evermore in billowy seas
+    Of sounds, that break in thundered syllables
+    Unutterable to men. A naked soul
+    Within the central court of space, to me
+    The trill of myriad stars, the heavy boom
+    Of giant suns that slowly came and went,
+    The whistlings, sweet and far, of lesser orbs,
+    And the low thunder of more distant deeps,
+    Ever commingling, grew to eloquence
+    No mortal brain may bear. The universe
+    Had found a voice....
+
+
+HEAVEN.
+
+    "Look to thy God." I flamed at Him with will intense,
+    And soon a sea of light and love arose
+    And bathed my soul, and filled the empty space
+    With overflowing glory. All was heaven;
+    And all the joy, the splendor, I had known
+    In space, to this was but the prelude harsh
+    Of brazen instruments, before the song
+    Of some incarnate seraph, breathes and rolls
+    A flood of fulness o'er a tranced world.
+    Enough to say, whate'er we wish of scene,
+    Society, occupation, pleasure--
+    Whenever wished, is ours; and this is Heaven;
+    This is the prize of earthly self-denial.
+    Freedom, the boundless freedom of the pure--
+    This the reward of holy self-restraint.
+
+
+
+
+A STORY WITHOUT A NAME.[6]
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+
+We must now turn once more to Sir Philip Hastings as he sat in his
+lonely room in prison. Books had been allowed him, paper, pen, and
+ink, and all that could aid to pass the time; but Sir Philip had
+matter for study in his own mind, and the books had remained unopened
+for several days. Hour after hour, since his interview with Secretary
+Vernon, and day after day he had paced that room to and fro, till the
+sound of his incessant footfall was a burthen to those below. His hair
+had grown very white, the wrinkles on his brow had deepened and become
+many, and his head was bowed as if age had pressed it down. As he
+walked, his eye beneath his shaggy eyebrow was generally bent upon the
+floor, but when any accidental circumstance caused him to raise it--a
+distant sound from without, or some thought passing through his own
+mind--there was that curious gleam in it which I have mentioned when
+describing him in boyhood, but now heightened and rendered somewhat
+more wild and mysterious. At those moments the expression of his eyes
+amounted almost to fierceness, and yet there was something grand, and
+fixed, and calm about the brow which seemed to contradict the
+impatient, irritable look.
+
+At the moment I now speak of there was an open letter on the table,
+written in his daughter's hand, and after having walked up and down
+for more than one hour, he sat down as if to answer it. We must look
+over his shoulder and see what he writes, as it may in some degree
+tend to show the state of his mind, although it was never sent.
+
+"MY CHILD" (it was so he addressed the dear girl who had once been the
+joy of his heart): "The news which has been communicated to you by
+Marlow has been communicated also to me, but has given small relief.
+The world is a prison, and it is not very satisfactory to leave one
+dungeon to go into a larger.
+
+"Nevertheless, I am desirous of returning to my own house. Your mother
+is very ill, with nobody to attend upon her but yourself--at least no
+kindred. This situation does not please me. Can I be satisfied that
+she will be well and properly cared for? Will a daughter who has
+betrayed her father show more piety towards a mother? Who is there
+that man can trust?"
+
+He was going on in the same strain, and his thoughts becoming more
+excited, his language more stern and bitter every moment, when
+suddenly he paused, read over the lines he had written with a
+gleaming eye, and then bent his head, and fell into thought. No one
+can tell, no pen can describe the bitter agony of his heart at that
+moment. Had he yielded to the impulse--had he spoken ever so
+vehemently and fiercely, it would have been happier for him and for
+all. But men will see without knowing it in passing through the world,
+conventional notions which they adopt as principles. They fancy them
+original thoughts, springing from their own convictions, when in
+reality they are bents--biases given to their minds by the minds of
+other men. The result is very frequently painful, even where the
+tendency of the views received is good. Thus a shrub forced out of its
+natural direction may take a more graceful or beautiful form, but
+there is ever a danger that the flow of the sap may be stopped, or
+some of the branches injured by the process.
+
+"No," said Sir Philip Hastings, at length, with a false sense of
+dignity thus acquired, "no, it is beneath me to reproach her. Punish
+her I might, and perhaps I ought; for the deed itself is an offence to
+society and to human nature more than to me. To punish her would have
+been a duty, even if my own heart's blood had flowed at the same time,
+in those ancient days of purer laws and higher principles; but I will
+not reproach without punishing. I will be silent. I will say nothing.
+I will leave her to her own conscience," and tearing the letter he had
+commenced to atoms, he resumed his bitter walk about the room.
+
+It is a terrible and dangerous thing to go on pondering for long
+solitary hours on any one subject of deep interest. It is dangerous
+even in the open air, under the broad, ever-varying sky, with the
+birds upon the bough, and the breeze amongst the trees, and a thousand
+objects in bright nature to breathe harmonies to the human heart. It
+is dangerous in the midst of crowds and gay scenes of active life so
+to shut the spirit up with one solitary idea, which, like the fabled
+dragon's egg, is hatched into a monster by long looking at it. But
+within the walls of a prison, with nothing to divert the attention,
+with nothing to solicit or compel the mind even occasionally to seek
+some other course, with no object in external nature, with the
+companionship of no fellow being, to appeal to our senses or to awake
+our sympathies, the result is almost invariable. An innocent man--a
+man who has no one strong passion, or dark, all-absorbing subject of
+contemplation, but who seeks for and receives every mode of relief
+from the monotony of life that circumstances can afford, may endure
+perfect solitude for years and live sane, but whoever condemns a
+criminal--a man loaded with a great offence--to solitary confinement,
+condemns him to insanity--a punishment far more cruel than death or
+the rack. Hour after hour again, day after day, Sir Philip Hastings
+continued to beat the floor of the prison with untiring feet. At the
+end of the third day, however, he received formal notice that he would
+be brought into court on the following morning, that the indictment
+against him would be read, and that the attorney-general would enter a
+_nolle prosequi_. Some of these forms were perhaps unnecessary, but it
+was the object of the government at that time to make as strong an
+impression on the public mind as possible without any unnecessary
+effusion of blood.
+
+The effect upon the mind of Sir Philip Hastings, however, was not
+salutary. The presence of the judges, the crowd in the court, the act
+of standing in the prisoners' dock, even the brief speech of the
+lawyer commending the lenity and moderation of government, while he
+moved the recording of the _nolle prosequi_, all irritated and excited
+the prisoner. His irritation was shown in his own peculiar way,
+however; a smile, bitter and contemptuous curled his lip. His eye
+seemed to search out those who gazed at him most and stare them down,
+and when he was at length set at liberty, he turned away from the dock
+and walked out of the court without saying a word to any one. The
+governor of the jail followed him, asking civilly if he would not
+return to his house for a moment, take some refreshment, and arrange
+for the removal of his baggage. It seemed as if Sir Philip answered at
+all with a great effort; but in the end he replied laconically, "No, I
+will send."
+
+Two hours after he did send, and towards evening set out in a hired
+carriage for his own house. He slept a night upon the road, and the
+following day reached the Court towards evening. By that time,
+however, a strange change had come over him. Pursuing the course of
+those thoughts which I have faintly displayed, he had waged war with
+his own mind--he had struggled to banish all traces of anger and
+indignation from his thoughts--in short, fearing from the sensations
+experienced within, that he would do or say something contrary to the
+rigid rule he had imposed upon himself, he had striven to lay out a
+scheme of conduct which would guard against such a result. The end of
+this self-tutoring was satisfactory to him. He had fancied he had
+conquered himself, but he was very much mistaken. It was only the
+outer man he had subdued, but not the inner.
+
+When the carriage drew up at his own door, and Sir Philip alighted,
+Emily flew out to meet him. She threw her arms around his neck and
+kissed his cheek, and her heart beat with joy and affection.
+
+For an instant Sir Philip remained grave and stern, did not repel her,
+but did not return her embrace. The next instant, however, his whole
+manner changed. A sort of cunning double-meaning look came into his
+eyes. He smiled, which was very unusual with him, assumed a sort of
+sportiveness, which was not natural, called her "dainty Mistress
+Emily," and asked after the health of "his good wife."
+
+His coldness and his sternness might not have shocked Emily at all,
+but his apparent levity pained and struck her with terror. A cold sort
+of shudder passed over her, and unclasping her arms from his neck, she
+replied, "I grieve to say mamma is very ill, and although the news of
+your safety cheered her much, she has since made no progress, but
+rather fallen back."
+
+"Doubtless the news cheered you too very much, my sweet lady," said
+Sir Philip in an affected tone, and without waiting for reply, he
+walked on and ascended to his wife's room.
+
+Emily returned to the drawing-room and fell into one of her profound
+fits of meditation; but this time they were all sad and tending to
+sadness. There Sir Philip found her when he came down an hour after.
+She had not moved, she had not ordered lights, although the sun was
+down and the twilight somewhat murky. She did not move when he
+entered, but remained with her head leaning on her hand, and her eyes
+fixed on the table near which she sat. Sir Philip gazed at her
+gloomily, and said to himself, "Her heart smites her. Ha, ha,
+beautiful deceitful thing. Have you put the canker worm in your own
+bosom? Great crimes deserve great punishments. God of heaven! keep me
+from such thoughts. No, no, I will never avenge myself on the plea of
+avenging society. My own cause must not mingle with such
+vindications."
+
+"Emily," he said in a loud voice, which startled her suddenly from her
+reverie, "Emily, your mother is very ill."
+
+"Worse? worse?" cried Emily with a look of eager alarm; "I will fly to
+her at once. Oh, sir, send for the surgeon."
+
+"Stay," said Sir Philip, "she is no worse than when you left her,
+except insomuch as a dying person becomes much worse every minute.
+Your mother wishes much to see Mrs. Hazleton, who has not been with
+her for two days, she says. Sit down and write that lady a note asking
+her to come here to-morrow, and I will send it by a groom."
+
+Emily obeyed, though with infinite reluctance; for she had remarked
+that the visits of Mrs. Hazleton always left her mother neither
+improved in temper nor in health.
+
+The groom was dispatched, and returned with a reply from Mrs. Hazleton
+to the effect that she would be there early on the following day.
+During his absence, Sir Philip had been but little with his daughter.
+Hardly had the note been written when he retired to his own small
+room, and there remained shut up during the greater part of the
+evening. Emily quietly stole into her mother's room soon after her
+father left her, fearing not a little that Lady Hastings might have
+remarked the strange change which had come upon her husband during his
+absence. But such was not the case. She found her mother calmer and
+gentler than she had been during the last week or ten days. Her
+husband's liberation, and the certainty that all charge against him
+was at an end, had afforded her great satisfaction; and although she
+was still evidently very ill, yet she conversed cheerfully with her
+daughter for nearly an hour.
+
+"As I found you had not told your father the hopes that Mr. Marlow
+held out when he went away, I spoke to him on the subject," she said.
+"He is a strange cynic, my good husband, and seemed to care very
+little about the matter. He doubt's Marlow's success too, I think, but
+all that he said was, that if it pleased me, that was enough for him.
+Mrs. Hazleton will be delighted to hear the news."
+
+Emily doubted the fact, but she did not express her doubt, merely
+telling her mother she had written to Mrs. Hazleton, and that the
+servant had been sent with the note.
+
+"She has not been over for two days," said Lady Hastings. "I cannot
+think what has kept her away."
+
+"Some accidental circumstance, I dare say," said Emily, "but there can
+be no doubt she will be here to-morrow early."
+
+They neither of them knew that on the preceding night but one Mrs.
+Hazleton had received a visit from John Ayliffe, which,
+notwithstanding all her self-command and assumed indifference, had
+disturbed her greatly.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton nevertheless was, as Emily anticipated, very early at
+the house of Sir Philip Hastings. She first made a point of seeing
+that gentleman himself; and though her manner was, as usual, calm and
+lady-like, yet every word and every look expressed the greatest
+satisfaction at seeing him once more in his home and at liberty. To
+Emily also she was all tenderness and sweetness; but Emily, on her
+part, shrunk from her with a feeling of dread and suspicion that she
+could not repress, and hardly could conceal. She had not indeed read
+any of the papers which Marlow had left with her, for he had not told
+her to read them; but he had directed her thoughts aright, and had led
+her to conclusions in regard to Mrs. Hazleton which were very painful,
+but no less just.
+
+That lady remarked a change in Emily's manner--she had seen something
+of it before;--but it now struck her more forcibly, and though she
+took no notice of it whatever, it was not a thing to be forgotten or
+forgiven; for to those who are engaged in doing ill there cannot be a
+greater offence than to be suspected, and Mrs. Hazleton was convinced
+that Emily did suspect her.
+
+After a brief interview with father and daughter, their fair guest
+glided quietly up to the room of Lady Hastings, and seated herself by
+her bed-side. She took the sick lady's hand in hers--that white,
+emaciated hand, once so beautiful and rosy-tipped, and said how
+delighted she was to see her looking a great deal better.
+
+"Do you think so really?" said Lady Hastings; "I feel dreadfully weak
+and exhausted, dear Mrs. Hazleton, and sometimes think I shall never
+recover."
+
+"Oh don't say so," replied Mrs. Hazleton; "your husband's return has
+evidently done you great good: the chief part of your malady has been
+mental. Anxiety of mind is often the cause of severe sickness, which
+passes away as soon as it is removed. One great source of uneasiness
+is now gone, and the only other that remains--I mean this unfortunate
+engagement of dear Emily to Mr. Marlow--may doubtless, with a little
+firmness and decision upon your part, be remedied also."
+
+Mrs. Hazleton was very skillful in forcing the subject with which she
+wished to deal, into a conversation to which it had no reference; and
+having thus introduced the topic on which she loved to dwell, she went
+on to handle it with her usual skill, suggesting every thing that
+could irritate the invalid against Marlow, and render the idea of his
+marriage with Emily obnoxious in her eyes.
+
+Even when Lady Hastings, moved by some feelings of gratitude and
+satisfaction by the intelligence of Marlow's efforts to recover her
+husband's property, communicated the hopes she entertained to her
+visitor, Mrs. Hazleton contrived to turn the very expectations to
+Marlow's disadvantage, saying, "If such should indeed be the result,
+this engagement will be still more unfortunate. With such vast
+property as dear Emily will then possess, with her beauty, with her
+accomplishments, with her graces, the hand of a prince would be hardly
+too much to expect for her; and to see her throw herself away upon a
+mere country gentleman--a Mr. Marlow--all very well in his way, but a
+nobody, is indeed sad; and I would certainly prevent it, if I were
+you, while I had power."
+
+"But how can I prevent it?" asked Lady Hastings; "my husband and Emily
+are both resolute in such things. I have no power, dear Mrs.
+Hastings."
+
+"You are mistaken, my sweet friend," replied her companion; "the power
+will indeed soon go from you if these hopes which have been held out
+do not prove fallacious. You are mistress of this house--of this very
+fine property. If I understand rightly, neither your husband nor your
+daughter have at present any thing but what they derive from you. This
+position may soon be altered if your husband be reinstated in the
+Hastings estates."
+
+"But you would not, Mrs. Hazleton, surely you would not have me use
+such power ungenerously?" said Lady Hastings.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton saw that she had gone a little too far--or rather
+perhaps that she had suggested that which was repugnant to the
+character of her hearer's mind; for in regard to money matters no one
+was ever more generous or careless of self than Lady Hastings. What
+was her's was her husband's and her child's--she knew no
+difference--she made no distinction.
+
+It took Mrs. Hazleton some time to undo what she had done, but she
+found the means at length. She touched the weak point, the failing of
+character. A little stratagem, a slight device to win her own way by
+an indirect method, was quite within the limits of Lady Hastings'
+principles; and after dwelling some time upon a recapitulation of all
+the objections against the marriage with Marlow, which could suggest
+themselves to an ambitious mind, she quietly and in an easy suggestive
+tone, sketched out a plan, which both to herself and her hearer,
+seemed certain of success.
+
+Lady Hastings caught at the plan eagerly, and determined to follow it
+in all the details, which will be seen hereafter.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+"I feel very ill indeed this morning," said Lady Hastings, addressing
+her maid about eleven o'clock. "I feel as if I were dying. Call my
+husband and my daughter to me."
+
+"Lord, my lady," said the maid, "had I not better send for the doctor
+too? You do not look as if you were dying at all. You look a good deal
+better, I think, my lady."
+
+"Do I?" said Lady Hastings in a hesitating tone. But she did not want
+the doctor to be sent for immediately, and repeated her order to call
+her husband and her daughter.
+
+Emily was with her in an instant, but Sir Philip Hastings was some
+where absent in the grounds, and nearly half an hour elapsed before he
+was found. When he entered he gazed in his wife's face with some
+surprise--more surprise indeed than alarm; for he knew that she was
+nervous and hypondriacal, and as the maid had said, she did not look
+as if she were dying at all. There was no sharpening of the
+features--no falling in of the temples--none of that pale ashy color,
+or rather that leaden grayness, which precedes dissolution. He sat
+down, however, by her bed-side, gazing at her with an inquiring look,
+while Emily stood on the other side of the bed, and the maid at the
+end; and after speaking a few kind but somewhat rambling words, he was
+sending for some restoratives, saying "I think, my dear, you alarm
+yourself without cause."
+
+"I do not indeed, Philip," replied Lady Hastings. "I am sure I shall
+die, and that before very long--but do not send for any thing. I would
+rather not take it. It will do me more good a great deal to speak what
+I have upon my mind--what is weighing me down--what is killing me."
+
+"I am sorry to hear there is any thing," said Sir Philip, whose
+thoughts, intensely busy with other things, were not yet fully
+recalled to the scene before him.
+
+"Oh, Philip, how can you say so?" said Lady Hastings, "when you know
+there is. You need not go," she continued, speaking to the maid, who
+was drawing back as if to quit the room, "I wish to speak to my
+husband and my daughter before some one who will remember what I say."
+
+Sir Philip however quietly rose, opened the door, and motioned to the
+girl to quit the room, for such public exhibitions were quite contrary
+to his notions of domestic economy. "Now, my dear," he said, "what is
+it you wish to tell me? If there be any thing that you wish done, I
+will do it if it is in my power."
+
+"It is in your power, Philip," replied Lady Hastings; "you know and
+Emily knows quite well that her engagement to Mr. Marlow was against
+my consent, and I must say the greatest shock I ever received in my
+life. I have never been well since, and every day I see more and more
+reason to object. It is in the power of either of you, or both, to
+relieve my mind in this respect--to break off this unhappy engagement,
+and at least to let me die in peace, with the thought that my daughter
+has not cast herself away. It is in your power, Philip, to--"
+
+"Stay a moment," said her husband, "it is not in my power."
+
+"Why, are you not her father?" asked Lady Hastings, interrupting him.
+"Are you not her lawful guardian? Have you not the disposal of her
+hand?"
+
+"It is not in my power," repeated Sir Philip coldly, "to break my
+plighted word, to violate my honor, or to live under a load of shame
+and dishonor."
+
+"Why in such a matter as this," said Lady Hastings, "there is no such
+disgrace. You can very well say you have thought better of it."
+
+"In which case I should tell a lie," said Sir Philip dryly.
+
+"It is a thing done every day," argued Lady Hastings.
+
+"I am not a man to do any thing because there are others who do it
+every day," answered her husband. "Men lie, and cheat, and swindle,
+and steal, and betray their friends, and relations, and parents, but I
+can find no reason therein for doing the same. It is not in my power,
+I repeat. I cannot be a scoundrel, whatever other men may be, and
+violate my plighted word, or withdraw from my most solemn engagements.
+Moreover, when Marlow heard of the misfortunes which have befallen us,
+and learned that Emily would not have one-fourth part of that which
+she had at one time a right to expect, he showed no inclination to
+withdraw from his word, even when there was a good excuse, and I will
+never withdraw from mine, so help me God."
+
+Thus speaking he turned his eyes towards the ground again and fell
+into a deep reverie.
+
+While this conversation had been passing, Emily had sunk upon her
+knees, trembling in every limb, and hid her face in the coverings of
+the bed. To her, Lady Hastings now turned. Whether it was that remorse
+and some degree of shame affected her, when she saw the terrible
+agitation of her child, I cannot tell, but she paused for a moment as
+if in hesitation.
+
+She spoke at length, saying "Emily, my child, to you I must appeal, as
+your father is so obdurate."
+
+Emily made no answer, however, but remained weeping, and Lady Hastings
+becoming somewhat irritated, went on in a sharper tone. "What! will
+not my own child listen to the voice of a dying mother?" she asked
+rather petulantly than sorrowfully, although she tried hard to make
+her tone gravely reproachful; "will she not pay any attention to her
+mother's last request?
+
+"Oh, my mother," answered Emily, raising her head, and speaking more
+vehemently than was customary with her, "ask me any thing that is
+just; ask me any thing that is reasonable; but do not ask me to do
+what is wrong and what is unjust. I have made a promise--do not ask me
+to break it. There is no circumstance changed which could give even an
+excuse for such a breach of faith. Marlow has only shown himself more
+true, more faithful, more sincere. Should I be more false, more
+faithless, more ungenerous than he thought me? Oh no! it is
+impossible--quite impossible," and she hid her streaming eyes in the
+bed-clothes again, clasping her hands tightly together over her
+forehead.
+
+Her father, with his arms crossed upon his chest, had kept his eyes
+fixed upon her while she spoke with a look of doubt and inquiry. Well
+might he doubt--well might he doubt his own suspicions. There was a
+truth, a candor, a straightforwardness, in that glowing face which
+gave the contradiction, plain and clear, to every foul, dishonest
+charge which had been fabricated against his child. It was impossible
+in fact that she could have so spoken and so looked, unless she had so
+felt. The best actress that ever lived could not have performed that
+part. There would have been something too much or too little,
+something approaching the exaggerated or the tame. With Emily there
+was nothing. What she said seemed but the sudden outburst of her
+heart, pressed for a reply; and as soon as it was spoken she sunk down
+again in silence, weeping bitterly under the conflict of two strong
+but equally amiable feelings.
+
+For a moment the sight seemed to rouse Sir Philip Hastings. "She
+should not, if she would," he said; "voluntarily, and knowing what she
+did, she consented to the promise I have made, and she neither can nor
+shall retract. To Marlow, indeed, I may have a few words to say, and
+he shall once more have the opportunity of acting as he pleases; but
+Emily is bound as well as myself, and by that bond we must abide."
+
+"What have you to say to Marlow?" asked Lady Hastings in a tone of
+commonplace curiosity, which did not at all indicate a sense of that
+terrible situation in which she assumed she was placed.
+
+"That matters not," answered Sir Philip. "It will rest between him and
+me at his return. How he may act I know not--what he may think I know
+not; but he shall be a partaker of my thoughts and the master of his
+own actions. Do not let us pursue this painful subject further. If you
+feel yourself ill, my love, let us send for further medical help. I do
+hope and believe that you are not so ill as you imagine; but if you
+are so there is more need that the physician should be here, and that
+we should quit topics too painful for discussion, where discussion is
+altogether useless."
+
+"Well, then, mark me," said Lady Hastings with an air of assumed
+melancholy dignity, which being quite unnatural to her, bordered
+somewhat on the burlesque; "mark me, Philip--mark me, Emily! your
+wife, your mother, makes it her last dying request--her last dying
+injunction, that you break off this marriage. You may or you may not
+give me the consolation on this sick bed of knowing that my request
+will be complied with; but I do not think that either of you will be
+careless, will be remorseless enough to carry out this engagement
+after I am gone. I will not threaten, Emily--I will not even attempt
+to take away from you the wealth for which this young man doubtless
+seeks you--I will not attempt to deter you by bequeathing you my curse
+if you do not comply with my injunctions; but I tell you, if you do
+not make me this promise before I die, you have embittered your
+mother's last moments, and--"
+
+"Oh, forbear, forbear," cried Emily, starting up. "For God's sake,
+dear mother, forbear," and clasping her hands wildly over her eyes,
+she rushed frantically out of the room.
+
+Sir Philip Hastings remained for nearly half an hour longer, and then
+descended the stairs and passed through the drawing-room. Emily was
+seated there with her handkerchief upon her eyes, and her whole frame
+heaving from the agonized sobs which rose from her bosom. Sir Philip
+paused and gazed at her for a moment or two, but Emily did not say a
+word, and seemed indeed totally unconscious of his presence. Some
+movements of compassion, some feeling of sympathy, some doubts of his
+preconceptions might pass through the bosom of Sir Philip Hastings;
+but the dark seeds of suspicion had been sown in his bosom--had
+germinated, grown up, and strengthened--had received confirmation
+strong and strange, and he murmured to himself as he stood and gazed
+at her, "Is it anger or sorrow? Is it passion or pain? All this is
+strange enough. I do not understand it. Her resolution is taken, and
+taken rightly. Why should she grieve? Why should she be thus moved,
+when she knows she is doing that which is just, and honest, and
+faithful?"
+
+He measured a cloud by an ell wand. He gauged her heart, her
+sensibilities, her mind, by the rigid metre of his own, and he found
+that the one could not comprehend the other. Turning hastily away
+after he had finished his contemplation, without proffering one word
+of consolation or support, he walked away into his library, and
+ringing a bell, ordered his horse to be saddled directly. While that
+was being done, he wrote a hasty note to Mr. Short, the surgeon, and
+when the horse was brought round gave it to a groom to deliver. Then
+mounting on horseback, he rode away at a quick pace, without having
+taken any further notice of his daughter.
+
+Emily remained for about half an hour after his departure, exactly in
+the same position in which he had left her. She noticed nothing that
+was passing around her; she heard not a horse stop at the door; and
+when her own maid entered the room and said,--"Doctor Short has come,
+ma'am, and is with my lady. Sir Philip sent Peter for him; but Peter
+luckily met him just down beyond the park gates;" Emily hardly seemed
+to hear her.
+
+A few minutes after, Mr. Short descended quietly from the room of Lady
+Hastings, and looked into the drawing-room as he passed. Seeing the
+beautiful girl seated there in that attitude of despondency, he
+approached her quietly, saying, "Do not, my dear mistress Emily,
+suffer yourself to be alarmed without cause. I see no reason for the
+least apprehension. My good lady, your mother is nervous and excited,
+but there are no very dangerous symptoms about her--certainly none
+that should cause immediate alarm; and I think upon the whole, that
+the disease is more mental than corporeal."
+
+Emily had raised her eyes when he had just begun to speak, and she
+shook her head mournfully at his last, words, saying, "I can do
+nothing to remedy it, Mr. Short--I would at any personal sacrifice,
+but this involves more--I can do nothing."
+
+"But I have done my best," said Mr. Short with a kindly smile; for he
+was an old and confidential friend of the whole family, and upon Emily
+herself had attended from her childhood, during all the little
+sicknesses of early life. "I asked your excellent mother what had so
+much excited her, and she told me all that has passed this morning. I
+think, my dear young lady, I have quieted her a good deal."
+
+"How? how?" exclaimed Emily eagerly. "Oh tell me how, Mr. Short, and I
+will bless you!"
+
+The good old surgeon seated himself beside her and took her hand in
+his. "I have only time to speak two words," he said, "but I think they
+will give you comfort. Your mother explained to me that there had been
+a little discussion this morning when she thought herself
+dying--though that was all nonsense--and it must have been very
+painful to you, my dear Mistress Emily. She told me what it was about
+too, and seemed half sorry already for what she had said. So, as I
+guessed how matters went--for I know that the dear lady is fond of
+titles and rank, and all that, and saw she had a great deal mistaken
+Mr. Marlow's position--I just ventured to tell her that he is the heir
+of the old Earl of Launceston--that is to say, if the Earl does not
+marry again, and he is seventy-three, with a wife still living. She
+had never heard any thing about it, and it seemed to comfort her
+amazingly. Nevertheless she is in a sad nervous state, and somewhat
+weak. I do not altogether like that cough she has either; and so, my
+dear young lady, I will send her over a draught to-night, of which you
+must give her a tablespoonful every three hours. Give it to her with
+your own hands; for it is rather strong, and servants are apt to make
+mistakes. But I think if you go to her now, you will find her in a
+very different humor from that which she was in this morning. Good
+bye, good bye. Don't be cast down, Mistress Emily. All will go well
+yet."
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+From the house of Sir Philip Hastings Mr. Short rode quickly on to the
+cottage of Mistress Best, which he had visited once before in the
+morning. The case of John Ayliffe, however, was becoming more and more
+urgent every moment, and at each visit the surgeon saw a change in the
+countenance of the young man which indicated that a greater change
+still was coming. He had had a choice of evils to deal with; for
+during the first day after the accident there had been so much fever
+that he had feared to give any thing to sustain the young man's
+strength. But long indulgence in stimulating liquors had had its usual
+effect in weakening the powers of the constitution, and rendering it
+liable to give way suddenly even where the corporeal powers seemed at
+their height. Wine had become to John Ayliffe what water is to most
+men, and he could not bear up without it. Exhaustion had succeeded
+rapidly to the temporary excitement of fever, and mortification had
+begun to show itself on the injured limb. Wine had become necessary,
+and it was administered in frequent and large doses; but as a
+stimulant it had lost its effect upon the unhappy young man, and when
+the surgeon returned to the cottage on this occasion, he saw not only
+that all hope was at an end, but that the end could not be very far
+distant.
+
+Good Mr. Dixwell was seated by John Ayliffe's side, and looked up to
+the surgeon with an anxious eye. Mr. Short felt his patient's pulse
+with a very grave face. It was rapid, but exceedingly feeble--went on
+for twenty or thirty beats as fast as it could go--then stopped
+altogether for an instant or two, and then began to beat again as
+quickly as before.
+
+Mr. Short poured out a tumbler full of port wine, raised John Ayliffe
+a little, and made him drink it down. After a few minutes he felt his
+pulse again, and found it somewhat stronger. The sick man looked
+earnestly in his face as if he wished to ask some question; but he
+remained silent for several minutes.
+
+At length he said, "Tell me the truth, Short. Am not I dying?"
+
+The surgeon hesitated, but Mr. Dixwell raised his eyes, saying, "Tell
+him the truth, tell him the truth, my good friend. He is better
+prepared to bear it than he was yesterday."
+
+"I fear you are sinking, Sir John," said the surgeon.
+
+"I do not feel so much pain in my leg," said the young man.
+
+"That is because mortification has set in," replied Mr. Short.
+
+"Then there is no hope," said John Ayliffe.
+
+The surgeon was silent; and after a moment John Ayliffe said, "God's
+will be done."
+
+Mr. Dixwell pressed his hand kindly with tears in his eyes; for they
+were the Christian words he had longed to hear, but hardly hoped for.
+
+There was a long and somewhat sad pause, and then the dying man once
+more turned his look upon the surgeon, asking, "How long do you think
+it will be?"
+
+"Three or four hours," replied Mr. Short. "By stimulants, as long as
+you can take them, it may be protracted a little longer, but not
+much."
+
+"Every moment is of consequence," said the clergyman. "There is much
+preparation still needful--much to be acknowledged and repented
+of--much to be atoned for. What can be done, my good friend to
+protract the time?"
+
+"Give small quantities of wine very frequently," answered the surgeon,
+"and perhaps some aqua vitæ--but very little--very little, or you may
+hurry the catastrophe."
+
+"Well, well," said John Ayliffe, "you can come again, but perhaps by
+that time I shall be gone. You will find money enough in my pockets,
+Short, to pay your bill--there is plenty there, and mind you send the
+rest to my mother."
+
+The surgeon stared, and said to himself, "he is wandering;" but John
+Ayliffe immediately added, "Don't let that rascal Shanks have it, but
+send it to my mother;" and saying "Very well, Sir John," he took his
+leave and departed.
+
+"And now, my dear young friend," said Mr. Dixwell, the moment the
+surgeon was gone, "there is no time to be lost. You have the power of
+making full atonement for the great offence you have committed to one
+of your fellow creatures. If you sincerely repent, as I trust you do,
+Christ has made atonement for your offences towards God. But you must
+show your penitence by letting your last acts in this life be just and
+right. Let me go to Sir Philip Hastings."
+
+"I would rather see his daughter, or his wife," said John Ayliffe: "he
+is so stern, and hard, and gloomy. He will never speak comfort or
+forgiveness."
+
+"You are mistaken--I can assure you, you are mistaken," answered the
+clergyman. "I will take upon me to promise that he shall not say one
+hard word, and grant you full forgiveness."
+
+"Well, well," said the young man, "if it must be he, so be it--but
+mind to have pen and ink to write it all down--that pen won't write.
+You know you tried it this morning."
+
+"I will bring one with me," said Mr. Dixwell, rising eager to be gone
+on his good errand; but John Ayliffe stopped him, saying, "Stay,
+stay--remember you are not to tell him any thing about it till he is
+quite away from his own house. I don't choose to have all the people
+talking of it, and perhaps coming down to stare at me."
+
+Mr. Dixwell was willing to make any terms in order to have what he
+wished accomplished, and giving Mrs. Best directions to let the
+patient have some port wine every half hour, he hurried away to the
+Court.
+
+On inquiring for Sir Philip, the servant said that his master had
+ridden out.
+
+"Do you know where he is gone, and how long he will be absent?" asked
+Mr. Dixwell.
+
+"He is gone, I believe, to call at Doctor Juke's, to consult about my
+lady," replied the man; "and as that is hard upon twenty miles, he
+can't be back for two or three hours."
+
+"That is most unfortunate," exclaimed the clergyman. "Is your lady
+up?"
+
+The servant replied in the negative, adding the information that she
+was very ill.
+
+"Then I must see Mistress Emily," said Mr. Dixwell, walking into the
+house. "Call her to me as quickly as you can."
+
+The man obeyed, and Emily was with the clergyman in a few moments,
+while the servant remained in the hall looking out through the open
+door.
+
+After remaining in conversation with Mr. Dixwell for a few minutes,
+Emily hurried back to her room, and came down again dressed for
+walking. She and Mr. Dixwell went out together, and the servant saw
+them take their way down the road in the direction of Jenny Best's
+cottage: but when they had gone a couple of hundred yards, the
+clergyman turned off towards his own house, walking at a very quick
+pace, while Emily proceeded slowly on her way.
+
+When at a short distance from the cottage, the beautiful girl stopped,
+and waited till she was rejoined by Mr. Dixwell, who came up very
+soon, out of breath at the quickness of his pace. "I have ordered the
+wine down directly," he said, "and I trust we shall be able to keep
+him up till he has told his story his own way. Now, my dear young
+lady, follow me;" and walking on he entered the cottage.
+
+Emily was a good deal agitated. Every memory connected with John
+Ayliffe was painful to her. It seemed as if nothing but misfortune,
+sorrow, and anxiety, had attended her ever since she first saw him,
+and all connected themselves more or less with him. The strange sort
+of mysterious feeling of sympathy which she had experienced when first
+she beheld him, and which had seemed explained to her when she learned
+their near relationship, had given place day by day to stronger and
+stronger personal dislike, and she could not now even come to visit
+him on his death-bed with the clergyman without feeling a mixture of
+repugnance and dread which she struggled with not very successfully.
+
+They passed, however, through the outer into the inner room where
+Mistress Best was sitting with the dying man, reading to him the New
+Testament. But as soon as Mr. Dixwell, who had led the way, entered,
+the good woman stopped, and John Ayliffe turned his head faintly
+towards the door.
+
+"Ah, this is very kind of you," he said when he saw Emily, "I can tell
+you all better than any one else."
+
+"Sir Philip is absent," said Mr. Dixwell, "and will not be home for
+several hours."
+
+"Hours!" repeated John Ayliffe. "My time is reduced to minutes!"
+
+Emily approached quietly, and Mrs. Best quitted the room and shut the
+door. Mr. Dixwell drew the table nearer to the bed, spread some
+writing paper which he had brought with him upon it, and dipped a pen
+in the ink, as a hint that no time was to be lost in proceeding.
+
+"Well, well," said John Ayliffe with a sigh, "I won't delay, though it
+is very hard to have to tell such a story. Mistress Emily, I have done
+you and your family great wrong and great harm, and I am very, very
+sorry for it, especially for what I have done against you."
+
+"Then I forgive you from all my heart," cried Emily, who had been
+inexpressibly shocked at the terrible change which the young man's
+appearance presented. She had never seen death, nor was aware of the
+terrible shadow which the dark banner of the great Conqueror often
+casts before it.
+
+"Thank you, thank you," replied John Ayliffe; "but you must not
+suppose, Mistress Emily, that all the evil I have done was out of my
+own head. Others prompted me to a great deal; although I was ready
+enough to follow their guidance, I must confess. The two principal
+persons were Shanks the lawyer, and Mrs. Hazleton--Oh, that woman is,
+I believe, the devil incarnate."
+
+"Hush, hush," said Mr. Dixwell, "I cannot put such words as those
+down, nor should you speak them. You had better begin in order too,
+and tell all from the commencement, but calmly and in a Christian
+spirit, remembering that this is your own confession, and not an
+accusation of others."
+
+"Well, I will try," said the young man faintly, lifting his hand from
+the bed-clothes, as if to put it to his head in the act of thought.
+But he was too weak, and he fell back again, and fixing his eyes on a
+spot in the wall opposite the foot of the bed, he continued in a sort
+of dreamy commemorative way as follows: "I loved you--yes, I loved you
+very much--I feel it now more than ever--I loved you more than you
+ever knew--more than I myself knew then. (Emily bent her head and hid
+her eyes with her hands.) It was not," he proceeded to say, "that you
+were more beautiful than any of the rest--although that was true
+too--but there was somehow a look about you, an air when you moved, a
+manner when you spoke, that made it seem as if you were of a different
+race from the rest--something higher, brighter, better, and as if your
+nobler nature shone out like a gleam on all you did--I cannot help
+thinking that if you could have loved me in return, mine would have
+been a different fate, a different end, a different and brighter hope
+even now--"
+
+"You are wandering from the subject, my friend," said Mr. Dixwell.
+"Time is short."
+
+"I am not altogether wandering," said John Ayliffe, "but I feel faint.
+Give me some more wine." When he had got it, he continued thus: "I
+found you could not love me--I said in my heart that you would not
+love me; and my love turned into hate--at least I thought so--and I
+determined you should rue the day that you had refused me. Long before
+that, however, Shanks the lawyer had put it into my head that I could
+take your father's property and title from him, and I resolved some
+day to try, little knowing all that it would lead me into step by
+step. I had heard my mother say a hundred times that she had been as
+good as married to your uncle who was drowned, and that if right had
+been done I ought to have had the property. So I set to work with
+Shanks to see what could be done. Sometimes he led, sometimes I led;
+for he was a coward, and wanted to do all by cunning, and I was bold
+enough, and thought every thing was to be done by daring. We had both
+of us got dipped so deep in there was no going back. I tore one leaf
+out of the parish register myself, to make it seem that your
+grandfather had caused the record of my mother's marriage to be
+destroyed--but that was no marriage at all--they never were
+married--and that's the truth. I did a great number of other very evil
+things, and then suddenly Mrs. Hazleton came in to help us; and
+whenever there was any thing particularly shrewd and keen to be
+devised, especially if there was a spice of malice in it towards Sir
+Philip or yourself, Mrs. Hazleton planned it for us--not telling us
+exactly to do this thing or that, but asking if it could not be done,
+or if it would be very wrong to do it. But I'll tell you them all in
+order--all that we did."
+
+He went on to relate a great many particulars with which the reader is
+already acquainted. He told the whole villainous schemes which had
+been concocted between himself, the attorney, and Mrs. Hazleton, and
+which had been in part, or as a whole, executed to the ruin of Sir
+Philip Hastings' fortune and peace. The good clergyman took down his
+words with a rapid hand, as he spoke, though it was somewhat
+difficult; for the voice became more and more faint and low.
+
+"There is no use in trying now," said John Ayliffe in conclusion,
+"when I am going before God who has seen and known it all. There is no
+use in trying to conceal any thing. I was as ready to do evil as they
+were to prompt me, and I did it with a willing heart, though sometimes
+I was a little frightened at what I was doing, especially in the night
+when I could not sleep. I am sorry enough for it now--I repent from my
+whole heart; and now tell me--tell me, can you forgive me?"
+
+"As far as I am concerned, I forgive you entirely," said Emily, with
+the tears in her eyes, "and I trust that your repentance will be fully
+accepted. As to my father, I am sure that he will forgive you also,
+and I think I may take upon myself to say, that he will either come or
+send to you this night to express his forgiveness."
+
+"No, no, no," said the young man with a great effort. "He must not
+come--he must not send. I have made the atonement that he (pointing to
+Mr. Dixwell) required, and I have but one favor to ask. Pray, pray
+grant it to me. It is but this. That you will not tell any one of this
+confession so long as I am still living. He has got it all down. It
+can't be needed for a few hours, and in a few, a very few, I shall be
+gone. Mr. Dixwell will tell you when it is all over. Then tell what
+you like; but I would rather not die with more shame upon my head if I
+can help it."
+
+The good clergyman was about to reason with him upon the differences
+between healthful shame, and real shame, and false shame, but Emily
+gently interposed, saying, "It does not matter, my dear sir; a few
+hours can make no difference."
+
+Then rising, she once more repeated the words of forgiveness, and
+added, "I will now go and pray for you, my poor cousin--I will pray
+that your repentance may be sincere and true--that it may be accepted
+for Christ's sake, and that God may comfort you and support you even
+at the very last."
+
+Mr. Dixwell rose too, and telling John Ayliffe that he would return in
+a few minutes, accompanied Emily back towards her house. They parted,
+however, at the gates of the garden; and while Emily threaded her way
+through innumerable gravelled walks, the clergyman went back to the
+cottage, and once more resumed his place by the side of the dying man.
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+Sir Philip Hastings returned to his own house earlier than had been
+expected, bringing with him the physician he had gone to seek, and
+whom--contrary to the ordinary course of events--he had found at once.
+They both went up to Lady Hastings's room where the physician,
+according to the usual practice of medical men in consultation,
+approved of all that his predecessor had done, yet ordered some
+insignificant changes in the medicines in order to prove that he had
+not come there for nothing. He took the same view of the case that Mr.
+Short had taken, declaring that there was no immediate danger; but at
+the same time he inquired particularly how that lady rested in the
+night, whether she started in her sleep, was long watchful, and
+whether she breathed freely during slumber.
+
+The maid's account was not very distinct in regard to several of these
+points; but she acknowledged that it was her young lady who usually
+sat up with Lady Hastings till three or four o'clock in the morning.
+
+Sir Philip immediately directed Emily to be summoned, but the maid
+informed him she had gone out about an hour and a half before, and had
+not then returned.
+
+When the physician took his leave and departed, Sir Philip summoned
+the butler to his presence, and inquired, with an eager yet gloomy
+tone, if he knew where Mistress Emily had gone.
+
+"I really do not, Sir Philip," replied the man. "She went out with Mr.
+Dixwell, but they parted a little way down the road, and my young lady
+went on as if she were going to farmer Wallop's or Jenny Best's."
+
+At the latter name Sir Philip started as if a serpent had stung him,
+and he waved to the man to quit the room. As soon as he was alone he
+commenced pacing up and down in more agitation than he usually
+displayed, and once or twice words broke from him which gave some
+indications of what was passing in his mind.
+
+"Too clear, too clear," he said, and then after a pause exclaimed,
+holding up his hands; "so young, and so deceitful! Marlow must be told
+of this, and then must act as he thinks fit--it were better she were
+dead--far better! What is the cold, dull corruption of the grave, the
+mere rotting of the flesh, and the mouldering of the bones, to this
+corruption of the spirit, this foul dissolution of the whole moral
+nature?"
+
+He then began to pace up and down more vehemently than before, fixing
+his eyes upon the ground, and seeming to think profoundly, with a
+quivering lip and knitted brow. "Hard, hard task for a father," he
+said--"God of heaven that I should ever dream of such a thing!--yet it
+might be a duty. What can Marlow be doing during this long unexplained
+absence? France--can he have discovered all this and quitted her,
+seeking, in charity, to make the breach as little painful as possible?
+Perhaps, after all," he continued, after a few moments' thought, "the
+man may have been mistaken when he told me that he believed that this
+young scoundrel was lying ill of a fall at this woman's cottage; yet
+at the best it was bad enough to quit a sick mother's bed-side for
+long hours, when I too was absent. Can she have done it to show her
+spleen at this foolish opposition to her marriage?"
+
+There is no character so difficult to deal with--there is none which
+is such a constant hell to its possessor--as that of a moody man. Sir
+Philip had been moody, as I have endeavored to show, from his very
+earliest years; but all the evils of that sort of disposition had
+increased upon him rapidly during the latter part of his life.
+Unaware, like all the rest of mankind, of the faults of his own
+character, he had rather encouraged than struggled against its many
+great defects. Because he was stern and harsh, he fancied himself
+just, and forgot that it is not enough for justice to judge rightly of
+that which is placed clearly and truly before it, and did not
+remember, or at all events apply the principle, that an accurate
+search for truth, and an unprejudiced suspension of opinion till truth
+has been obtained, are necessary steps to justice. Suspicion--always a
+part and parcel of the character of the moody man--had of late years
+obtained a strong hold upon him, and unfortunately it had so happened
+that event after event had occurred to turn his suspicion against his
+own guiltless child. The very lights and shades of her character,
+which he could in no degree comprehend, from his own nature being
+destitute of all such impulsiveness, had not only puzzled him, but
+laid the foundation of doubts. Then the little incident which I have
+related in a preceding part of this work, regarding the Italian
+singing-master--Emily's resolute but unexplained determination to take
+no more lessons from that man, had set his moody mind to ponder and to
+doubt still more. The too successful schemes and suggestions of Mrs.
+Hazleton had given point and vigor to his suspicions, and the betrayal
+of his private conversation to the government had seemed a climax to
+the whole, so that he almost believed his fair sweet child a fiend
+concealed beneath the form of an angel.
+
+It was in vain that he asked himself, What could be her motives? He
+had an answer ready, that her motives had always been a mystery to
+him, even in her lightest acts. "There are some people," he thought,
+"who act without motives--in whom the devil himself seems to have
+implanted an impulse to do evil without any cause or object, for the
+mere pleasure of doing wrong."
+
+On the present occasion he had accidentally heard from the farmer, who
+was the next neighbor of Jenny Best, that he was quite certain Sir
+John Hastings, as he called him, was lying ill from a fall at that
+good woman's cottage. His horse had been found at a great distance on
+a wild common, with the bridle broken, and every appearance of having
+fallen over in rearing. Blood and other marks of an accident had been
+discovered on the road. Mr. Short, the surgeon, was seen to pay
+several visits every day to the old woman's house, and yet maintained
+the most profound secrecy in regard to his patient. The farmer argued
+that the surgeon would not be so attentive unless that patient was a
+person of some importance, and it was clear he was not one of Jenny
+Best's own family, for every member of it had been well and active
+after the surgeon's visits had been commenced.
+
+All these considerations, together with the absence of John Ayliffe
+from his residence, had led the good farmer to a right conclusion, and
+he had stated the fact broadly to Sir Philip Hastings.
+
+Sir Philip, on his part, had made no particular inquiries, for the
+very name of John Ayliffe was hateful to him; but when he heard that
+his daughter had gone forth alone to that very cottage, and had
+remained there for a considerable time in the same place with the man
+whom he abhorred, and remembered that the tale which had been boldly
+put forth of her having visited him in secret, the very blood, as it
+flowed through his heart, seemed turned into fire, and his brain
+reeled with anguish and indignation.
+
+Presently the hall door was heard to open, and there was a light step
+in the passage. Sir Philip darted forth from his room, and met his
+daughter coming in with a sad and anxious face, and as he thought with
+traces of tears upon her eyelids.
+
+"Where have you been?" asked her father in a stern low tone.
+
+"I have been to Jenny Best's down the lane, my father," replied Emily,
+startled by his look and manner, but still speaking the plain truth,
+as she always did. "Is my mother worse?"
+
+Without a word of reply Sir Philip turned away into his room again and
+closed the door.
+
+Alarmed by her father's demeanor, Emily hurried up at once to Lady
+Hastings's room, but found her certainly more cheerful and apparently
+better.
+
+The assurance given by the physician that there was no immediate
+danger, nor any very unfavorable symptom, had been in a certain degree
+a relief to Lady Hastings herself; for, although she had undoubtedly
+been acting a part when in the morning she had declared herself dying,
+yet, as very often happens with those who deceive, she had so far
+partially deceived herself as to believe that she was in reality very
+ill. She was surprised at Emily's sudden appearance and alarmed look,
+but her daughter did not think it right to tell her the strange
+demeanor of Sir Philip, but sitting down as calmly as she could by her
+mother's side, talked to her for several minutes on indifferent
+subjects. It was evident to Emily that, although her father's tone was
+so harsh, her mother viewed her more kindly than in the morning, and
+the information which had been given her by the surgeon accounted for
+the change. The conduct of Sir Philip, however, seemed not to be
+explained, and Emily could hardly prevent herself from falling into
+one of those reveries which have often been mentioned before. She
+struggled against the tendency, however, for some time, till at length
+she was relieved by the announcement that Mistress Hazleton was below,
+but when Lady Hastings gave her maid directions to bring her friend
+up, Emily could refrain no longer from uttering at least one word of
+warning.
+
+"Give me two minutes more, dear mamma," she said, in a low voice. "I
+have something very particular to say to you--let Mrs. Hazleton wait
+but for two minutes."
+
+"Well," said Lady Hastings, languidly; and then turning to the maid
+she added, "Tell dear Mrs. Hazleton that I will receive her in five
+minutes, and when I ring my bell, bring her up."
+
+As soon as the maid had retired Emily sank upon her knees by her
+mother's bed-side, and kissed her hand, saying, "I have one great
+favor to ask, dear mother, and I beseech you to grant it."
+
+"Well, my child," answered Lady Hastings, thinking she was going to
+petition for a recall of her injunction against the marriage with
+Marlow, "I have but one object in life, my dear Emily, and that is
+your happiness. I am willing to make any sacrifice of personal
+feelings for that object. What is it you desire?"
+
+"It is merely this," replied Emily, "that you would not put any trust
+or confidence whatever in Mrs. Hazleton. That you would doubt her
+representations, and confide nothing to her, for a short time at
+least."
+
+Lady Hastings looked perfectly aghast. "What do yon mean, Emily?" she
+said. "What can you mean? Put no trust in Mrs. Hazleton, my oldest and
+dearest friend?"
+
+"She is not your friend," replied Emily, earnestly, "nor my friend,
+nor my father's friend, but the enemy of every one in this house. I
+have long had doubts--Marlow changed those doubts into suspicions,
+and this day I have accidentally received proof positive of her cruel
+machinations against my father, yourself, and me. This justifies me in
+speaking as I now do, otherwise I should have remained silent still."
+
+"But explain, explain, my child," said Lady Hastings. "What has she
+done? What are these proofs you talk of? I cannot comprehend at all
+unless you explain."
+
+"There would be no time, even if I were not bound by a promise,"
+replied Emily; "but all I ask is that you suspend all trust and
+confidence in Mrs. Hazleton for one short day--perhaps it may be
+sooner; but I promise you that at the end of that time, if not before,
+good Mr. Dixwell shall explain every thing to you, and place in your
+hands a paper which will render all Mrs. Hazleton's conduct for the
+last two years perfectly clear and distinct."
+
+"But do tell me something, at least, Emily," urged her mother. "I hate
+to wait in suspense. You used to be very fond of Mrs. Hazleton and she
+of you. When did these suspicions of her first begin, and how?"
+
+"Do you not remember a visit I made to her some time ago," replied
+Emily, "when I remained with her for several days? Then I first
+learned to doubt her. She then plotted and contrived to induce me to
+do what would have been the most repugnant to your feelings and my
+father's, as well as to my own. But moreover she came into my room one
+night walking in her sleep, and all her bitter hatred showed itself
+then."
+
+"Good gracious! What did she say? What did she do?" exclaimed Lady
+Hastings, now thoroughly forgetting herself in the curiosity Emily's
+words excited.
+
+Her daughter related all that had occurred on the occasion of Mrs.
+Hazleton's sleeping visit to her room, and repeated her words as
+nearly as she could recollect them.
+
+"But why, my dearest child, did you not tell us all this before?"
+asked Lady Hastings.
+
+"Because the words were spoken in sleep," answered Emily, "and excited
+at the time but a vague doubt. Sleep is full of delusions; and though
+I thought the dream must be a strange one which could prompt such
+feelings, yet still it might all be a troublous dream. It was not till
+afterwards, when I saw cause to believe that Mrs. Hazleton wished to
+influence me in a way which I thought wrong, that I began to suspect
+the words that had come unconsciously from the depths of her secret
+heart. Since then suspicion has increased every day, and now has
+ripened into certainty. I tell you, dear mother, that good Mr.
+Dixwell, whom you know and can trust, has the information as well as
+myself. But we are both bound to be silent as to the particulars for
+some hours more. I could not let Mrs. Hazleton be with you again,
+however--remembering, as I do, that seldom has she crossed this
+threshold or we crossed hers, without some evil befalling us--and not
+say as much as I have said, to give you the only hint in my power of
+facts which, if you knew them fully, you could judge of much better
+than myself. Believe me, dear mother, that as soon as I am
+permitted--and a very few hours will set me free--I will fly at once
+to tell you all, and leave you and my father to decide and act as your
+own good judgment shall direct."
+
+"You had better tell me first, Emily," replied Lady Hastings; "a woman
+can always best understand the secrets of a woman's heart. I wish you
+had not made any promise of secrecy; but as you have, so it must be.
+Has Marlow had any share in this discovery?" she added, with some
+slight jealousy of his influence over her daughter's mind.
+
+"Not in the least with that which I have made to-day," replied Emily;
+"but I need not at all conceal from you that he has long suspected
+Mrs. Hazleton of evil feelings and evil acts towards our whole family;
+and that he believes that he has discovered almost to a certainty that
+Mrs. Hazleton aided greatly in all the wrong and injury that has been
+done my father. The object of his going to France was solely to trace
+out the whole threads of the intrigue, and he went, not doubting in
+the least that he should succeed in restoring to my parents all that
+has been unjustly taken from them. That such a restoration must take
+place, I now know; but what he has learned or what he has done I
+cannot tell you, for I am not aware. I am sure, however, that if he
+brings all he hopes about, it will be his greatest joy to have aided
+to right you even in a small degree."
+
+"I do believe he is a very excellent and amiable young man," said Lady
+Hastings thoughtfully.
+
+She seemed as if she were on the point of saying something farther on
+the subject of Marlow's merits; but then checked herself, and added,
+"But now indeed, Emily, I think I ought to send for Mrs. Hazleton."
+
+"But you promise me, dear mother," urged Emily eagerly, "that you will
+put no faith in any thing she tells you, and will not confide in her
+in any way till you have heard the whole?"
+
+"That I certainly will take care to avoid, my dear," replied Lady
+Hastings. "After what you have told me, it would be madness to put any
+confidence in her--especially when a few short hours will reveal all.
+You are sure, Emily, that it will not be longer!"
+
+"Perfectly certain, my dear mother," answered her daughter. "I would
+not have promised to refrain from speaking, had I not been certain
+that the time for such painful concealment must be very short."
+
+"Well, then, my dear child, ring the bell," said Lady Hastings. "I
+will be very guarded merely on your assurances, for I am sure that you
+are always candid and sincere whatever your poor father may think."
+
+Emily rung the bell, and retired to her own room, repeating
+mournfully to herself, "whatever my poor father may think!--Well,
+well," she added, "the time will soon come when he will be undeceived,
+and do his child justice. Alas, that it should ever have been
+otherwise!"
+
+She found relief in tears; and while she wept in solitude Lady
+Hastings prepared to receive Mrs. Hazleton with cold dignity. She had
+fully resolved when Emily left her to be as silent as possible in
+regard to every thing that had occurred that day, not to allude
+directly or indirectly to the warning which had been given her, and to
+leave Mrs. Hazleton to attribute her unwonted reserve to caprice or
+any thing else she pleased. But the resolutions of Lady Hastings were
+very fragile commodities when she fell into the hands of artful people
+who knew her character, and one was then approaching not easily
+frustrated in her designs.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by G. P. R.
+James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+the Southern District of New-York.
+
+Continued from page 41.
+
+
+
+
+NEWSPAPER POETS: CHARLES WELDON.
+
+
+Some of the best poetry in America makes its appearance in the
+newspapers, without pretension, and often without the names of its
+authors. It is enough for them to write, and publish, whoever will may
+take the fame. This indifference to public opinion does not arise from
+any want of autorial vanity perhaps, but in most cases from that
+modesty which an acquaintance with and self-measurement by the best
+standards never fails to produce in sincere lovers of art.
+
+Recently a series of noticeable poems has from time to time appeared
+in the _Tribune_, without any name or clue to their authorship except
+the enigmatical initials O. O. They are by Mr. Charles Weldon; he is
+still a young man, and the poems below, we have been told, are the
+first that he wrote. Their niceties of rhythm in many cases would
+reflect credit on the recognized masters of the poetic art. In this
+respect they are remarkable; but perhaps their greatest charm is a
+certain kind of subtle but masculine thought. They embody what most
+men feel, but lack words to express; strange facts of impression and
+consciousness, half-formed philosophies, and those glimpses of truth
+which are revealed to the mind in certain moods, as stray rays of the
+moon on a cloudy night. In this respect they resemble the best pieces
+of Emerson, who seems to be a favorite with Mr. Weldon. In others they
+remind us of the simplicity of "In Memoriam." By this we intend a
+compliment rather than a charge of imitation. Mr. Weldon's thoughts
+are too peculiar to come from any one but himself, and too original to
+be cast in other moulds. We shall watch his progress with interest,
+and are mistaken if he does not do something worthy to be long
+remembered.
+
+    Mysterious interpreter,
+      Dear Aid that God has given to me!
+    Instruct me, for I meanly err;
+      Inform me, for I dimly see.
+
+    I know thee not: How can I know?--
+      I sought thee long, and lately found,
+    Wearing the sable weeds of wo,
+      A figure cast upon the ground.
+
+    _Thou_ wert that figure. Face to face
+      We have not stood: I dare not see
+    Thy features. We did once embrace,
+      And all my being went to thee.
+
+    Henceforward never more apart
+      We wander. All thy steps are mine.
+    Thou hast my brain: thou hast my heart:
+      Thou hast my soul. And I am thine.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The Sun has his appointed place,
+      He never rests, and never tires;
+    And ever in serenest space
+      Burn the celestial, upper fires.
+
+    They shine into the soul of man--
+      Good works of God, but not the best--
+    And he adores them as he can,
+      Cherishing a supremer guest.
+
+    He does not know the alphabet
+      Of angel-language, who aspires
+    Against the sky his tube to set,
+      And spell them into worlds, those fires.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The Petrel, bird of storms, is found
+    Five hundred leagues from any ground:
+    He dwells upon the ocean-wave;
+    He screams above the sailor's grave.
+
+    How many tens of centuries
+    Ere mankind built their theories,
+    Skimming the foamy tracks of whales,
+    Did he outride the stoutest gales,
+
+    Upon three thousand miles of sea
+    From land to land perpetually
+    Rolling; and not a wave could stay,
+    From day to night, from night to day,
+
+    Without an anthem? Where are gone
+    The anthem, and the sea-bird's moan?
+    Where is the splendor of the morn
+    That rose on seas, ere man was born?
+
+    Where are the roses of the years,
+    Ere Mother Eve knew mother's cares?
+    Where is the clang of Tubal-Cain's
+    First brass, and where are Jubal's strains?
+
+    Where is the rainbow Noah saw
+    And heard a law, or thought a law?
+    The rainbow fades, the beauty lives;
+    The creature falls, the race survives.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    They tell us that the brain is mind,
+      Or the mind enters through the brain,
+    Even as light that is confined
+      And colored by the window pane.
+
+    The act is fashioned by the head,
+      And thus man does or cannot do;
+    Through the red glass the light is red.
+      Through the blue glass the light is blue.
+
+    They do not urge their world-machine
+      To sounder progress, nor explain
+    The difficulties that were seen
+      And felt before--pray what _is_ brain?
+
+    All undiscoverable, how
+      Can they resolve the Whence or Why
+    Man grew to being in the Now,
+      Or what is his Futurity.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    Down the world's steep, dread abysmal,
+      Icy as Spitzbergen's coast,
+    Through the night hours, long and dismal,
+      Ghost is calling unto ghost;
+    Crushed is every fairer promise,
+    And the good is taken from us;
+    Sorrow adds to former sorrow,
+    And, with every new to-morrow,
+      Some expected joy is lost.
+
+    But I will not shrink nor murmur.
+      Though a spectre leads me on;
+    Now I set my footsteps firmer,
+      Face me now, thou skeleton!
+    Trance me with thy fleshless eyeholes--
+    But I move to other viols
+    Than the rattling of thy bones,
+    As we tread the crazy stones,
+      For I see the risen sun.
+
+    With my face behind my shadow
+      Thrown before the risen sun,
+    Life I follow o'er the meadow,
+      And an angel thrusts me on.
+    Every little flower below me
+    Seems to see me, seems to know me;
+    Every bird and cloud above me
+    Seems (or do I dream?) to love me,
+      While the Angel thrusts me on.
+
+    Where the turf is softest, greenest,
+      Does that Angel thrust me on;
+    Where the landscape lies serenest
+      In the journey of the sun.
+    I shall pass through golden portals
+    With him, to the wise Immortals,
+    And behold the saints and sages
+    Who outshone their several ages,
+      For an Angel thrust them on.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The poem of the Universe
+      Nor rhythm has, nor rhyme;
+    Some god recites the wondrous song,
+      A stanza at a time.
+
+    Great deeds he is foredoomed to do,
+      With Freedom's flag unfurled,
+    Who hears the echo of that song,
+      As it goes down the world.
+
+    Great words he is compelled to speak,
+      Who understands the song;
+    He rises up like fifty men--
+      Fifty good men and strong.
+
+    A stanza for each century!
+      Now, heed it, all who can,
+    Who hears it, he, and only he,
+      Is the elected man.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The frost upon the window pane
+      Makes crystal pictures in the night;
+    The Earth, old mother, wears again
+      Her garment of the shining white.
+    We fly across the frozen snow
+      With bounding blood that will not pause.
+    Oh Heaven! we are far below--
+      Oh Earth! above thee, with thy laws.
+
+    The happy horses toss their bells;
+      The sleigh goes on into the far
+    And far away. (A whisper tells
+      Of flight to where the angels are.)
+    Glide forward. As a star that slips
+      Through space, we know a large desire;
+    And though our steeds are urged by whips,
+      We haste as they were urged by fire.
+
+    Dash forward, Let us know no rest--
+      But on, and on, and ever on,
+    Until the palace of the West
+      We enter, with the sinking sun.
+    And forward still, until the East
+      Releases the aspiring day;
+    And forward till the hours have ceased,
+      Oh Earth! now art thou far away.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The mountains truly have a glorious roughness;
+      I do not hear the pyramids are smooth;
+    The ocean grandly foams into abruptness;
+      Does God peal thunder down a well-oiled groove?
+    Thou, with a poet's roughness, friend, would'st quarrel;
+      Staggering o'er the ridges of ploughed speech,
+    You move uneasily. Well, the apparel
+      Of verse is trivial. Try the sense to reach.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.[7]
+
+TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF
+H. DE ST. GEORGES.
+
+
+XX.--THE GOOD AND THE BAD ANGEL.
+
+The Count of Monte-Leone was cast down on receiving from the minister
+an order to leave France. So many interests bound him to his country;
+not that he cherished still the hope of being loved by Aminta, and of
+one day giving her his name. His ruin had dissipated all his bright
+dreams of future happiness. But he resided in the same place as the
+marquise; he breathed the same air that she breathed. To live near her
+thus, without seeing her, without telling her of that love which
+consumed his soul, was indeed cruel--it was a bitter sorrow to him
+every hour and every moment. But to remove himself from her and France
+was to die. And then, his political work--that work, his life and
+glory--that work which he loved because it avenged him of kings in
+avenging his father, the victim of a king--in which he believed he saw
+the regeneration of the world--that great work, in fine, of which the
+confidence of almost all the _Ventes_ of Europe rendered him in some
+way the master and arbiter--it was necessary to renounce at the very
+moment of accomplishment. He must abandon his associates, his
+brothers, who relied in the hour of danger on his devotion and energy,
+and on the firm and bold will with which he had often controlled
+chance, and by which he had produced safety from apparent shipwreck.
+Had the Count been denounced? was the plan for the completion of which
+he and his friends toiled known? He told Taddeo, Von Apsbery, and
+d'Harcourt, of the order he had received, and they had consulted about
+it. Their plans, as it will be seen, though difficult, were
+susceptible of penetration. The house of the false Matheus as yet
+appeared unsuspected, and that was a great point. It was the holy ark
+in which were deposited the archives of the association, and the names
+of the agents, and if it were violated, all was lost. The expulsion
+from France of the Count might be the signal of the persecutions about
+to be begun against Carbonarism. At once, by means of a spontaneity
+which was one of the characteristics of the association, all the
+_Vente_ of Paris were informed of the measures adopted against Count
+Monte-Leone. The mighty serpent then coiled up its innumerable rings
+and then its federal union apparently ceased in the whole capital. The
+orders were transmitted, received, and executed the very night after
+the decree of the minister had been signified to Monte-Leone. The
+friends during the night could not fancy why the order had been given.
+Monte-Leone seemed, as it were, struck by a new idea and said:
+"Perhaps it has no political motive, but has been dictated by private
+vengeance." He then paused, for he saw Taddeo's eyes fixed on him. He
+continued--"I have a few hours left to ascertain it, and will do so,
+not for my own sake, for whatever motive it may have, it will not
+trouble me less, but for your sake, my friends, who will remain here
+to defend the breach and to receive the enemy's attack."
+
+It was then resolved that up to the time of Monte-Leone's departure,
+he should not again visit Matheus's house, nor receive the adieus of
+his friends even at his hotel. All this took place on the night after
+the interview of the stranger and M. H----, and on the day Louis
+XVIII. received the visit of the Prince de Maulear. In relation to
+private revenge the Count could think of no one except the beautiful
+and passionate Duchess of Palma, who had loved him so devotedly that
+she wished even to die for him. This passionate woman he had driven to
+despair. For some time, though, calmness and resignation seemed to
+occupy her once desolate heart. The Count rarely visited her, but
+occasionally went to her hotel. Every time he did so, he found her
+more reasonable and calm. The Duchess evidently avoided all allusion
+to their old relations. She inquired calmly after his affairs, his
+pleasures, and his friends. When her mind recurred to the past, as a
+skiff drifts towards the river it has left, an effort of will was
+required again to push it into the wide stream of worldliness and
+indifference. The Count, however, was a delicate and acute observer,
+and sounded the abyss of her mind through the flowers which grew
+across its brink. The Count then went to his hotel at the _Champs
+Elysées_, to clear up his suspicions, and to ascertain if his
+expulsion had not been caused by the Duchess of Palma. Monte-Leone was
+ushered in and found her with a few visitors. The features of the
+Duchess evidently became flushed at the sound of Monte-Leone's name.
+This, however, was but a flash of light in the dark, and the pale and
+beautiful face of La Felina soon became cold and passionless. "I
+expected you, Signor," said she, "when I learned from the Duke the
+unpleasant event which has occurred. I did not think you would leave
+the city without seeing me."
+
+"Signora," said the Count, "you were right. But you are mistaken in
+calling the terrible blow, the almost humiliating attack to which I
+have been subjected, a disagreeable event."
+
+"Certainly," said La Felina, "it is a catastrophe, and I can
+understand how severe it must be. We will talk of it by and by,
+however, when we are _alone_."
+
+The last words of the Duchess were a dismissal to those in the room,
+and a few moments after they left. When the ambassadress had seen the
+last visitor leave, she rang the bell by her side. A footman came, to
+whom she said, "Remember I am at home to no one, not even to the Duke,
+if he take it into his head to ask for me. Now," said she to the
+Count, who was surprised at the precautions she had taken, "we are now
+alone, and can talk together safely. You tell me you are ordered to
+leave France?"
+
+"At once, without the assignment of any reason."
+
+"Have you not seen the Minister and asked an explanation?"
+
+"I did not think it dignified to do so. Besides, my legal protector in
+France, the Duke of Palma, the Neapolitan ambassador, alone can defend
+me. I am, too, unwilling to ask justice, even, far less a favor, from
+his excellency."
+
+"You are right," said the Duchess. "You would not have been
+successful, for at the instance of the Duke himself have you been
+ordered away."
+
+The reply of the Duchess was clear and precise. The Count had every
+reason to suspect she had participated in the affair, but wished to be
+sure of it.
+
+"And has not the Duchess discovered why the Duke has done so?"
+
+"Certainly," said La Felina. "The Duke has little confidence in me,
+not deigning to initiate me in the mysteries of diplomacy. This is not
+the case, though, with the secretaries. Now," said she kindly, "you
+must know that nothing which relates to you is uninteresting and I
+therefore sought to discover why such a stern course had been
+adopted."
+
+"Indeed."
+
+"Your Neapolitan enemies, or perhaps your _friends_, have caused this.
+The court of Naples had, by means of the Duke of Palma, pointed you
+out to that of France as maintaining communications with Italy, which
+endangered the peace of the country. You are accused of being engaged
+in a plot to control from Paris the insurrectionary movements of the
+two Sicilies. You may," said she, "be innocent of those crimes, but
+you have left terrible recollections behind you in Naples, and your
+name will long continue a standard of revolt and sedition."
+
+"The court of Naples," said the Count, "does me honor by believing me
+thus powerful and formidable. I do not see, however, the use of
+bringing so dangerous a person to Italy."
+
+The Duchess said, "At home, it will be able to watch you more closely
+than at a distance. I trust, however, we will be able to defeat their
+plans and keep you here."
+
+"What say you?" said the Count.
+
+"I say that I am willing to abandon many schemes, but will not be
+diverted from being useful to you--from defending you against your
+enemies--nor cease to be what I once was, a secret providence, an Ægis
+against danger. You know I learned this long ago, and am happy to be
+again able to assume the part."
+
+The Count did not know what to think, and his face expressed doubt and
+incredulity.
+
+"Well, well," said she bitterly, "you suspect, you doubt me, and do
+not think me generous enough to return good for evil. So be it; judge
+me by my actions rather than my words. The former will soon convince
+you of my devotion."
+
+"What devotion, Signora, do you speak of?" said the Count with
+curiosity.
+
+"Plainly speaking, of the most sublime of all devotion--of making you
+happy at the expense of myself. I wish to retain you here in France,
+where the happiness of which I speak exists, to keep you by her who
+loves you and by whom you are loved."
+
+"What say you?" said the Count, "would you do so?"
+
+"I will try," said Felina. "I have been forced to adopt strange and
+extreme means," added she, with a smile. "You know serious cases
+require violent remedies, and I had no choice."
+
+"Felina," said the Count, with emotion, "I have just committed an
+offence against you, for which I blush, and which my frankness alone
+can excuse. When you were busy in my behalf I fancied you the cause of
+my troubles."
+
+"That is very natural, and I am not at all surprised," said the
+Duchess. "People in this world are not apt to repay evil with good. I,
+however, do not wish to appear to you to be better than I am. Perhaps
+I am less deserving than you think. Time, it is said, cures the
+greatest mortifications, and dissipates the deepest passions. Three
+months ago I did not think it possible that I could have acted thus on
+your behalf. Then I was but a poor despised woman, passionate and
+deserted. Now I am your friend, sincere and devoted."
+
+"You are an angel," said the Count, with a deep transport of
+gratitude.
+
+"An angel," said the Duchess. "Then there are only good angels. But,"
+continued she, as if she were unwilling to suffer the Count to think
+on what she had said, "let us descend from heaven, where you give me
+so excellent a resting place, to earth. Speak to me of your plans and
+of her you love."
+
+"Of her I love!" said the Count, with hesitation.
+
+"Certainly; have not all your old hopes returned? Has not the death of
+the Marquis revived your old passion?"
+
+"Felina," said the Count, "should I talk to you of such matters?"
+
+"Why not? am I not the first to mention them? You must, from my
+_sang-froid_, see that I can now listen to your confessions and hear
+all your tender sentiments. The French proverb says: _'Il n'y a que le
+premier pas qui coute_;'[8] I have already taken that. Treat me as a
+sister, but as a sister you love, and let me at least have the
+satisfaction of knowing that my self-denial has made you happy."
+
+"Happy!" said the Count, relapsing into sad thoughts, "may I always be
+happy, as you seem to wish me! I do not know that I may not hope some
+day for her to share my fate. She once refused my hand. I do not know
+but that her heart at last listens to mine; but that which Count
+Monte-Leone, amid all his luxury, once could offer, the poor and
+exiled Italian does not now propose."
+
+"Really," said Felina, "I am predestined to make you happy. By a
+single word I am about to dissipate the clouds around you, and light
+up your brow and heart with joy."
+
+"That is impossible," said the Count. "I henceforth have nothing, and
+have lost even hope."
+
+"The present," said the Duchess, "is less sombre than you think it.
+You are yet rich, almost as you ever were."
+
+The features of the Count expressed the greatest astonishment.
+
+"Listen to me," said the Duchess. "Yesterday one of my Neapolitan
+friends came to see me. He spoke of you, and I did not conceal the
+interest with which you had inspired me. He told me he had a
+confidential letter for Count Monte-Leone from his banker, Antonio
+Lamberti. The man is not so bad as he is thought to be; for, forced to
+give way before the burden of his obligations, he only pretended to
+fail. United by friendship, and especially by political opinions, with
+you, he has saved your fortune, and will send you the income until he
+can arrange his affairs and send you the capital."
+
+"Can this be true?" said the Count, beside himself.
+
+"All this can be effected only on certain conditions, that you will
+answer the letter of Lamberti, which now should be at your hotel."
+
+Monte-Leone could not repress his joy. "Rich," said he; "yet rich!
+Fortune has now its value for _her_ sake."
+
+Scarcely had he uttered the last word when the face of the Duchess
+changed its expression. Her eyes glared with madness, and a mortal
+pallor covered her face.
+
+"Excuse me," said the Count, as he saw this change. This was however
+but a flash, and by her powerful self-control Mme. de Palma became
+calm and smiling. She said "convalescents sometimes have relapses.
+Time is indispensable for a radical cure. The storm has passed, and
+the old nature reappears but for a moment, and gives place to the new
+but true friend, who rejoices with you at your unanticipated good
+fortune. It will secure your happiness."
+
+"My friend," added she, reaching out her hand to Monte-Leone, "you
+must be impatient to ascertain if what I have said is true. Go home,
+and you will find my prediction correct."
+
+"Felina," said the Count, "if your hopes are not realized, if you be
+not again my good star, I shall not be less grateful to you."
+
+"Gratitude is cold, indeed," said Felina. "I ask your friendship."
+
+"It is all yours," said the Count.
+
+"Well, go now," said the Duchess, with a smile.
+
+She was right, for when he reached his hotel, his old and faithful
+Giacomo, who, since his master's misfortune, had discharged his
+servants, and now performed all his functions, with the addition of
+those of valet, factotum, and cook, was busy with preparations for the
+departure of Monte-Leone. The old man gave him a letter, saying that
+it had been brought during his absence. The Count opened it, and read
+as follows:
+
+"COUNT MONTE-LEONE: You will lose nothing by Antonio Lamberti. He is
+not a person to destroy one of our great association. You will find
+within a check for fifty thousand livres, drawn in your favor by one
+of the first houses in Naples, on the house of Casimer Périer of
+Paris. This is the interest at five per cent. on the million deposited
+by you with Antonio Lamberti. Every year the same sum will be paid
+down, and before six months you will receive security for your
+principal. One condition only is interposed on the return of your
+fortune. This is indispensable--that you maintain the most profound
+secrecy in relation to your new resources, and attribute them to any
+other than the real cause. The least indiscretion on your part will
+awake attention in relation to means employed to save from the wreck
+of Antonio Lamberti your own fortune."
+
+This letter was signed, _A Brother of the Venta of Castel-à-Mare_.
+
+Count Monte-Leone, though master of himself in adversity, could not
+repress his joy as he read this saving letter. As he had said at the
+house of La Felina, it was not for himself but for another that he
+rejoiced at this return of prosperity.
+
+"A fine time, indeed, to be laughing," said Giacomo, ill-tempered as
+possible, "when we are being driven from the country as if we were
+spotted with plague. Only think, a Monte-Leone expelled, when his
+ancestor, Andrea Monte-Leone, Viceroy of Sicily, received royal honors
+in every town he passed through. You, however, have no shame. No,
+Signor," added he, as he saw Monte-Leone smiling. "Had I been in your
+place, I would have picked a quarrel and killed the damned minister
+who has forced us to resume our wandering gipsy life. Besides we are
+ruined gipsies. At my age to begin my wanderings, to be badly lodged,
+badly fed, like the servant of a pedler. If I were only twenty I would
+undertake a game of dagger-play with my minister."
+
+"That is very fine, Giacomo," said Monte-Leone, "but the dagger is not
+the fashion in France. As for your apprehensions of the future, you
+may get rid of them by leaving me."
+
+The wrath of the old man disappeared at these words of his master, and
+great tears streamed down his furrowed cheeks.
+
+"Leave you! I leave you, when you are lost and ruined, Count?" said
+the good man. "Your father would not have spoken thus to me."
+
+"Come, come, old boy, you know well enough I cannot get on without
+you. If you did not scold me every day, if you did not bark
+everlastingly at me, like those old servants to whom age gives
+impunity--if I did not hear every morning and night your magisterial
+reprimands, I would have fancied I missed some luxury. Be easy,
+however, Giacomo. You saw me happy just now because my sky began to
+grow bright, because our fortune is about to change, because we are
+nearer good fortune than you thought."
+
+Full of these happy ideas, and anxious to take advantage of the few
+hours yet under his control, in case his departure should be enforced,
+the Count went to the hotel of the Prince. His heart beat violently
+when he was shown into the saloon of the Marquise, and he was glad
+that her not being in the room enabled him to repress his agitation.
+Aminta came in soon after. When Monte-Leone was announced, she felt
+almost as he had done.
+
+She spoke first, but with a voice full of agitation. "We had almost
+despaired of seeing you, Count, for the Prince told me you were about
+to go. You have however neglected us for so long a time that we knew
+not whether we might expect you to bid us adieu."
+
+The fact was, that since the news of his ruin the Count had not called
+to see Aminta. He felt that every interview made his departure more
+painful and the wreck of his hopes more terrible.
+
+"Madame," said he, without replying immediately to her kind reproach,
+"you are not mistaken, for an exile comes to bid you farewell. That
+exile, however, will bear away a perpetual memory of your kindness."
+
+"You will see _our_ country," said the Marquise, with an effort.
+
+"I shall see my country, but not that which made it dear to me."
+
+"You will find many friends there," said the Marquise, becoming more
+and more troubled.
+
+"Friends are like swallows, Signora, they love the summer, but leave
+when winter comes."
+
+"You must have thought the Prince and myself were like them," said
+Aminta, "and that winter was come. You have not been for a long time
+to see us."
+
+"Ah, Signora, had I known--had I guessed--such a sympathy would have
+made me wish for misfortune."
+
+"No, Count, not so. It should, however, aid you to bear it."
+
+"There are misfortunes," said the Count, "which often disturb the
+strongest mind and destroy the greatest courage."
+
+"Ah, Signor, should the loss of a fortune cause such regret?"
+
+"But what if the loss of fortune," continued the Count, "involved that
+of the only blessing dreamed of--if this loss deprived you even of the
+right to be happy--then, Signora, do you understand, what would be the
+effect of such a loss?"
+
+The future fate of the Count was thus exhibited to Aminta. She saw at
+once that this noble and energetic man, born to command, must be
+proscribed, wandering, and wretched. The idea was too much for her
+heart, already crushed by the idea of a separation which became every
+moment more painful to her, and she therefore formed in her mind a
+generous resolution.
+
+"Signor," said she, "there are hearts which are attracted rather than
+alienated by misfortune, and sentiments which they would conceal from
+the happy, they confess to those who suffer."
+
+Monte-Leone, perfectly overcome, fell at the Marquise's feet. He was
+about to confess the unexpected good fortune which had befallen him.
+He, however, forgot all, and covered the hand which the Marquise
+abandoned to him with kisses. The Prince de Maulear entered, and
+appeared surprised but not offended by what he saw. "Do not disturb
+yourself, dear Count,--I know the meaning of all that, and expected
+it. But if, however, you are making an exhibition of your despair and
+misery, you have lost your time; for you will not go. The King places
+a high estimate on you, and will not forget you. He told me so."
+
+
+XXI.--THE SECRET PANEL.
+
+Three hours after the revelation made to M. H---- by his mysterious
+visitor in the cabinet of the chief of the political police, a man
+about fifty years of age rang at the door of a room on the second
+story of a furnished house in Jacob-street. He looked like a
+substantial citizen with a property of fifty thousand francs--or an
+income of 2,500 francs at five per cent. The mulberry frock of this
+man, over a vest of yellow silk, spotted with snuff, and a cravat of
+white mousseline, with gloves of sea-green, and pantaloons of brown
+cloth twisted like a cork-screw around his legs, an ivory-headed cane,
+and all the _et cetera_, might appropriately belong to a shopkeeper,
+retired from business, living in some _thebaide_ of the streets
+d'Enfer or Vaugirard, and sustaining their intellects by the leaders
+of "The White Flag" of Martainville, and by witnessing once a year
+some chef-d'oeuvre of Picard at the Odeon.
+
+We will make no conjectures about the social position of this
+gentleman,--he will hereafter explain himself. Almost before the bell
+he rang had ceased to sound, the door was opened by another person.
+The latter was tall, dark and athletic, so that we would really have
+taken him for the lover of Mlle. Celestine Crepineau, had he worn the
+magnificent moustache and voluminous whiskers of the bear-hunter,
+which the lady admired so much. His costume, too, was different from
+that of the Spaniard. He wore a blue frock over his chest, at the
+bottom hole of which was a bit of red ribbon, not a little discolored.
+
+"Ah! M. Morisseau," said the inmate of the room, "you are welcome, but
+late. The dinner is cold. And," added he in a low tone, "the dinner of
+_a brigand of the Loire_, as they call such fragments of the imperial
+guard as myself, must be hot, it being too small to eat in any other
+way."
+
+"I think it always excellent, Monsieur _Rhinoceros_," said Morisseau.
+
+"Permit me," said the brigand of the Loire,--for so the man called
+himself--"My name is not Rhinoceros. A certain African animal has that
+beautiful name, as I have often told you during the many games of
+_dominoes_ we have played together at the _Café Lemblin_, whither you
+are attracted by my company. My name is _Rinoccio--Paolo Rinoccio_,
+born in Corsica, as my foreign accent tells you. I am the countryman
+of _him_." He made a military salute. "I served ten years beneath the
+Eagles. You, too, adore our Emperor. Each Buonapartist has a hand for
+his brother," continued he, shaking that of Morisseau. "Already
+thinking alike, eight days ago, over M. Lemblin's cognac, we swore
+eternal friendship. You, therefore, deigned to visit the warrior in
+his tent, in Jacob-street, to share the bread and soup of the soldier,
+and drink to the return of _him_ of Austerlitz."
+
+"M. Rhinoceros,--no, no, Rhino,--damn the name," said the Corsican's
+guest, "it is indeed an honor for me to sit at the table of so brave a
+man--for that reason, I accepted your invitation."
+
+"Sit down, then, and let us drink to the health of the little
+corporal."
+
+As he spoke he filled two glasses and emptied his own. M. Morisseau
+simply moistened his lips. "The Emperor," he said, on receiving his
+part of the soup, "the Emperor, M. Rhino, was my god."
+
+"And that of France," said the Corsican.
+
+"He was my god and my best customer; I had the honor to be his
+furrier."
+
+"His what?"
+
+"His furrier. I furnished his majesty's robes--not only his own, but
+those of all the kings he made. You know the Emperor used to make a
+king a year, and he used to insist that all his brothers and friends
+should reign only in my robes. I had the honor, therefore, of wrapping
+up the august forms of Kings Louis, Joseph, Jerome, Bernadotte and
+Murat, without particularizing the sovereign princes, grand dukes, and
+grand judges, who to please _him_ dealt with me."
+
+"To _his_ health," said the Corsican, and he emptied the second glass.
+"You never served, Monsieur Morisseau?"
+
+"Yes," said the furrier, "I marched beneath the imperial eagles. I
+belonged to the glorious army of the _Sambre_ and _Meuse_. I even now
+suffer in my _femur_."
+
+"From a ball?"
+
+"No, from the rheumatism, contracted during a forced march during the
+winter of '93. Having been surprised during the night by the enemy, I
+had not time to dress myself comfortably, and was compelled to march
+fifteen leagues barefooted, and in my drawers. That, by the bye, was
+the usual uniform of our army. Those who were best dressed only wore
+shoes and pantaloons. To dress thus, though, something more than our
+pay was necessary, which we never got."
+
+"You were then discharged?"
+
+"Yes, for my rheumatism became very severe. But for it I might now be
+a general. I asked a pension as having been wounded in service. It
+was, however, refused me--a great injustice."
+
+"The soup is gone. It is a very indigestible food, and we must
+therefore attack the enemy in his strong-holds. Two glasses of vin de
+Beaume will settle him."
+
+"But," said Morisseau, as he saw his host filling up his glass, "my
+head is very weak, and I have not gotten drunk since I left the
+service."
+
+"So be it, dear Morisseau. I will go for the second service, which the
+restorateur leaves in the kitchen. Excuse my having no servant, but
+two old soldiers like us can do without attendants."
+
+Rinoccio went into the next room. When Morisseau was alone he took a
+little vial from his pocket, opened it, and poured a few drops into
+the Corsican's glass, the third portion of the contents of which he
+had swallowed. Scarcely had he replaced the vial when the Corsican
+entered, having a plate on which were two large pork chops, with a
+gravy of _cornichons_. "The second entry will make a man drink like a
+fish," said the Corsican.
+
+"Let us drink, then," said Morisseau, knocking his glass against his
+host's.
+
+"Let us drink," said the latter; and Morisseau's eyes glared as he saw
+him bear the glass to his lips. His joy, however, was short. "Let us
+drink something better than this," said the Corsican, who, as he
+spoke, threw away the contents of his glass. "I have some champagne
+given me by my General, one of the old guard, and I shall never find a
+more suitable occasion to uncork it." He took from a shelf near the
+table a long wire-fastened bottle, covered with a venerable dust.
+
+Morisseau was not yet in despair, for he relied for an opportunity to
+use his vial on the third service. Paolo dexterously uncorked the
+bottle, and poured out a glass of perfumed wine to the imperial
+furrier, who, when he had knocked his glass against the Corsican's,
+drank it down, while the latter, just when he got it to his mouth, saw
+a fragment of cork on its brim. He took it out with his knife, lifted
+up the glass, and said: "To the Emperor. May he whom the enemies call
+the Corsican Ogre, soon eat up the Prussians, Austrians, and beggarly
+Cossacks. May he cut them into cat's-meat. May he cut off the _ailles
+de Pigeon_ of all the _Voltigeurs de Louis XVI._ restored by the
+Bourbons. May he--"
+
+Rinoccio paused in his speech, for his guest looked pale and
+disturbed, and seemed about to go to sleep.
+
+"_Per Bacco!_" said M. Morisseau, at once speaking the purest Italian,
+"what did that devil give me to drink?"
+
+"Probably," said the Corsican, in the same tongue, "what you would
+have given me, had I not taken care to empty in the fireplace the
+glass into which you had poured some narcotic or other."
+
+"Christ!" said the furrier, "the beggar saw me!"
+
+"Perfectly, Signor Pignana."
+
+"He knows me," said the false furrier, attempting to rise.
+
+The Corsican, however, pushed him back, and Pignana sank stupidly on
+his seat.
+
+"Curse you, Stenio, you shall pay for this!..."
+
+"Ah, ah," said the Corsican, "so two played at the same game. Funny!
+and we were both good actors. I do not ask you," continued he,
+ironically, "why you came hither, and why you consented to share my
+frugal meal, for I know already, and will tell you. You met me in
+Paris, my presence annoyed you and your friends, and I know why. You
+watched and pursued me to find where I lived, and you succeeded. You
+joined me at the Café Lemblin, and we neither seemed to recognize each
+other. I asked you to dine, and you accepted my invitation, for with
+the drug you have you intended to put me to sleep, and expected then
+to be able to examine all my plans. You would have failed, Signor
+Pignana, for I do not live in this house. I took this room only for
+your especial benefit, and intend to give it up to-morrow. Do not,
+therefore, be disturbed, my good fellow; but go to sleep, and digest
+your dinner."
+
+"But I will not go to sleep," said Signor Pignana, attempting again to
+rise, "I will not go to sleep here, in the house of a man I think
+capable of any thing."
+
+"Not exactly that," said the Corsican, "but I am capable of much."
+
+"What do you wish to do with me?" said Pignana, articulating with
+great pain, for his tongue began to grow heavy and his ideas confused.
+
+"That you must not know; but do not be afraid, your life and health
+being dear to me. I would not deprive the Carbonari of so skilful an
+agent, who is so daring and prudent as you are. Lest, however, you
+should be uneasy and your sleep be troubled, I will tell you what I
+mean, and you will yourself admire my plan."
+
+Half stupid with sleep and terror, Pignana glared at Stenio Salvatori.
+
+"Here," said he, lifting up Pignana from the floor and placing him on
+a kind of sofa, "lie there, and then you can both sleep better and
+hear me more at your ease. You will for twelve hours have the most
+pleasant dreams imaginable. A glass will make you sleep twelve
+hours--a bottle for eternity." Pignana made a gesture expressive of
+the greatest terror. "Do not be so uneasy," said Stenio, "and remember
+you have had only a glass. To-morrow, at six o'clock, you will wake
+up, with a slight headache, but in other respects perfectly well. Then
+the master of the house will come to ask after you. If you are
+generous, you will give him something to drink your health. Otherwise
+you will thank him and go, for all has been paid for. You see I do
+things genteelly, and know how to receive my friends. You will then
+leave this house, and go about your usual business, and will never
+mention this matter."
+
+"Eh? who will prevent me?" muttered Pignana.
+
+"Oh, you will take care not to do so. For if you own that you have
+been duped, your confederates will think you a fool, and dismiss you
+without wages. Now this would be bad--just on the eve of their
+success. If you tell them how long you have slept, they will think you
+an idiot, for I never saw any one take to champagne so kindly as you
+did just now, my dear Pignana. Now, adieu, for I must go. Be still,"
+said he, pushing Pignana down with all his strength. "No, no, do not
+take the trouble to go with me--you are too kind. Go to sleep, go to
+sleep, go to sleep, my dear fellow." He left the room, and sleep took
+possession of its prey. Pignana felt his ideas grow gradually more
+confused, and his real life pass away. A few minutes after Stenio's
+departure, M. Pignana was sound asleep. Stenio then slowly opened the
+door of the room, and glided like a shadow over the floor to the
+sleeper, into whose pockets he placed his hand. "Nothing here--not
+here. The devil, can it be that it is not about him!" A smile of
+triumph, however, soon appeared on his lips, for he had found what he
+wanted. He discovered a kind of pocket in the waistcoat of the false
+tradesman, and felt in it. "Here it is!" said he. Pignana moved.
+Stenio paused, and then took from the sleeper's pocket a door-key. He
+then left, and did not return....
+
+While the events recorded above were transpiring, about eight o'clock
+on the evening, in Jacob-street, Mlle. Celestine Crepineau waited as
+Desdemona might have done for Othello, singing the melancholy romance
+of "The Willow." This was to console her for the prolonged absence of
+the bear-hunter, who had not been during the whole day in her lodge.
+The finger of Celestine furtively wiped away the tears which dripped
+down her long aquiline nose. Hope now and then arose in her heart, but
+that hope was betrayed. A man with a stern voice asked for Dr.
+Matheus, and went to his room. Seven times hope was enkindled in her
+heart only to be disappointed. She became angry, and as she could not
+confess to that passion in relation to the bear-hunter, and must have
+some pretext, she vented her temper on the Doctor's visitors. "How
+soon will this be over?" said she. "All Paris has come this evening to
+see my handsome lodger. What brings all these _savans_ hither? They
+will keep me awake until late hours, and then Mr. Nuñez will say
+maliciously in the morning, 'Your eyes, Mlle. Celestine, are very
+heavy this morning. What have you been dreaming?' Then he will take
+liberties altogether inconvenient to a person of my sex."
+
+The seven blows on the knocker had announced the union of eight
+persons, including Von Apsberg, in the ground-floor parlor, the
+apartment through which the unfortunate Pignana used to go and come.
+Two of the Doctor's friends were d'Harcourt and Taddeo Rovero. The
+others we will tell by and by.
+
+"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, when they were in council, "our meeting
+should, as usual, be presided over by Count Monte-Leone. Since,
+however, the order of expulsion, of which he was notified and which
+almost immediately was revoked, for some unknown reason, it seemed
+best that he should not be present. Monte-Leone is the head of the
+great brotherhood of Carbonarism. We therefore propose to render a
+succinct account of its situation in Europe, and particularly in
+France. Its position is peculiar, and we cannot deny that its
+existence is threatened on all sides. Secret and shrewd spies have
+penetrated in Germany the secret labors of our three societies, _The
+Tugenbund_ at Berlin, _The Burschenschaft_ and _The Teutonia_ at
+Vienna and Leipsic. Their chiefs, Johan and Plischer, have been
+arrested."
+
+"Death to spies!" said Matheus's seven hearers.
+
+"This is not all," continued Matheus. "The plans of Count Labisbel
+have failed in Spain, and the Italian _vente_ have been discovered by
+a shrewd police. The prisons of Naples, Venice, and Milan are already
+filled with our brethren."
+
+There was consternation on every face.
+
+"We are assured," said Matheus, "that the informations on which these
+arrests have been made have come from Paris. Now, this information
+could only have been obtained from our secret papers, as we alone in
+France correspond with the supreme venta of Europe. To these papers
+none have access but four brothers, Monte-Leone, Rovero, d'Harcourt,
+and myself. We inform you of these facts in obedience to our articles
+of association, that you may place us four on trial."
+
+These words were uttered with deep excitement. The three persons
+present of the four mentioned by Von Apsberg sat still, and the others
+rose.
+
+"On my honor and conscience," said General A----, "I declare that such
+an idea is unworthy of you and us." The banker F----, Count de Ch----,
+a Peer of France, Ober the merchant, the lawyer B----, and professor
+C----, said the same. They then gave their hands affectionately to the
+three friends, who acknowledged their salute.
+
+"Let the denunciation come whence it may, our brothers yet are victims
+of it. They suffer for us," said Taddeo, "and we will act for them."
+
+"Yes," said Von Apsberg, "we will act, and decidedly, for time presses
+us, and we must anticipate our enemies unless we would be anticipated.
+Let all opinions centre, then, without hesitation, on the one
+principle which is the basis and keystone of Carbonarism, viz., '_That
+might is not right--that the kings of Europe reign either by virtue of
+a convention or by virtue of arms. The Bourbons in France reign by
+virtue of the allied sovereigns. We therefore declare that the
+Carbonari have associated to restore to all the nations of the
+continent, and to France especially, the free exercise of the right to
+choose the government which suits them best. We all swear to maintain
+this principle!_"
+
+"We swear," said the Carbonari.
+
+"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, "the time of action will be fixed by
+Count Monte-Leone at a meeting to take place January 25th, 1820, in
+the masonic lodge of _The Friends of Truth_. Until then let each one
+individually contribute to do all he can towards the reconstruction of
+our new edifice from the ruins of the old."
+
+"I take charge of the army," said General A----, "the regiments in
+garrison at Befort are ours, and the others will follow their
+example."
+
+"I take charge of the colleges," said professor C----.
+
+The lawyer B---- said, "We have many friends in the bar."
+
+Count Ch---- said, "And in the chamber of peers."
+
+The banker F---- added, "There will be no scarcity of money."
+
+The last who spoke was the merchant Ober, who said, "The influence of
+trade is on our side."
+
+Von Apsberg said, "We will not meet again till the twenty-fifth of
+January, 1820. The supreme _vente_, composed of the Count, Rovero, the
+Viscount, and myself, will communicate only with the five central
+_ventas_ of Paris, the representative of which you are. Be active,
+then, in the _ventas_ which depend on you, members of which are
+ignorant of your identity. Make yourself known to but one member of
+each venta, and communicate with Count Monte-Leone only in that
+brilliant society to which the high position of him and of yourselves
+gives access, and where the government will least suspect the
+existence of treason. Confide the rolls of our ventas, and of our new
+associates to him alone, for it is his duty to deposit them among our
+archives. Now, brethren of right and duty, confide alone in
+Monte-Leone, the soul of honor and of prudence. To all others, silence
+or death."
+
+"Silence or death," repeated his seven associates, and their voices
+sounded like the chorus of a solemn hymn....
+
+A few minutes after the room was deserted. The Carbonari had gone, and
+Matheus returned to his laboratory. The door of the library was then
+opened gently, and two men were seen concealed behind the secret
+panel. They were H----, the chief of the political police, and the
+bear-hunter, the brigand of the Loire, or Stenio Salvatori.
+
+"I have them," said M. H----.
+
+"Not yet," said Stenio, "but thanks to our associate, Count
+Monte-Leone, by whose aid I have brought you hither...."
+
+The door was shut without noise....
+
+The next day, when he awoke, Pignana found the key of the room in his
+pocket.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+
+PART II.--I. CLOUDS IN THE HORIZON.
+
+A month had rolled by since the Carbonari had met at the house of Von
+Apsberg. They were as prudent as possible. There was no meeting of the
+members of this vast society, yet such were the advantages of its
+mechanism, that communication and intercourse was never interrupted
+for a day. All action emanated from the high _venta_, which was known
+only to the presidents of the seven central ventas, through whom its
+instructions were communicated by means of _agents_ to the secondary
+ventas; a few men where thus enabled to discipline ten thousand. Count
+Monte-Leone was the soul of all this enterprise, and on him all the
+threads of this huge net united. The Count, the invisible providence
+of this invisible world, alone could give it external life and utter
+the _fiat lux_ of eternity. More pleasant and delightful ideas had
+possession of the Count. The future occupied him with a force and
+intensity he thought most contradictory to his political duties. Since
+Aminta had unveiled her heart to him, she had, as it were, returned to
+her usual bearing. The life of Monte-Leone, though, was entirely
+changed. The happiness he had long desired was about to dawn on him.
+In a few months he would be the husband of that Aminta he had so much
+loved and so regretted. The Count was received almost as a son by the
+Prince, and as a husband by Aminta. Taddeo looked on him entirely as a
+brother, and began to realize the happiest dream of his life--the
+marriage he had so desired. Gladly availing himself of the liberty
+accorded him, of coming familiarly to the hotel of the Prince de
+Maulear, the Count was perfectly happy. He passed the whole day there,
+and when night came mingled most unwillingly with society. The order
+of expulsion which he had received, and which had been so mysteriously
+revoked, added to the interest which had been entertained for him by
+all Paris. The opposition was especially attentive to him, for he was
+esteemed a decided enemy of the French Government, and of all
+monarchies. This ostracism which he had escaped, attracted the
+attention to him, for which the people of Paris were already prepared,
+by the history of his Neapolitan adventures. In 1850 he would have
+been called the lion of the day, and the greatest curiosity would have
+been paid to all his adventures. So great was the attention excited by
+the account of Monte-Leone's loss of fortune, that people were
+surprised to see him resume his usual mode of life, keep possession of
+his hotel, indulge in the same expenses of carriages, attendants, etc.
+He altered nothing, not even the luxury of his house, from what had
+been its condition before the papers and he himself had announced that
+the failure of Lamberti made him entirely poor, and forced him to sell
+his diamonds and other personal property to be able to live, as
+cheaply as possible.
+
+The Count, who had been forced to conceal the manner in which his
+property had been restored, told his friends, Taddeo, d'Harcourt and
+Von Apsberg, that certain important funds had been recovered from the
+general wreck; and they, delighted with his good fortune, did not fail
+to congratulate him. The world was more curious; the enemies of the
+Count especially, who were ultra-monarchists, were numerous, active,
+and malicious. They wrote to Naples, and ascertained that the ruin of
+Monte-Leone was total, acquiring also certainty that he had no funds
+in any European bank, and no property. They therefore made an outcry
+of astonishment when they saw all the external appearance of opulence
+in the possession of one they knew without the means of so splendid
+and imposing an establishment. The Count knew nothing of this, and
+continued his old life. It is, all know, true that rumors of this kind
+reach their object last of all, when they are calculated to be
+injurious.
+
+One of the dominant ideas which actuated us in the preparation of this
+history, we can here dwell upon, and we ask leave to do so briefly.
+There exists in French society, polished and elegant as it is, a
+hideous monster known to all, though no one disturbs it. Its ravages
+are great; almost incalculable. It saps reputations, poisons,
+dishonors, and defiles the splendor of the most estimable fame. This
+minotaurus, which devours so many innocent persons, is especially
+fearful, because its blows are terrible. It presents itself under the
+mildest and gentlest forms, and is received every where in the city.
+We find it in our rooms, in the interior of our families, in the
+palaces of the opulent, and the garrets of the poor. It has no name,
+being a mere figure of speech, a very word. It is composed of but one
+phrase, and is called--THEY SAY. "Do you know such a one?" is often
+asked, and the person is pointed out.
+
+"_No_; but they say his morals are very bad. He has had strange
+adventures, and his family is very unhappy."
+
+"Are you sure?"
+
+"No, I know nothing about it. But they say so."
+
+"This young woman, so beautiful, so brilliant, so much admired--Do you
+know her?"
+
+"No. _They say_ that it is not difficult to please her, and that more
+than one has done so."
+
+"But she appears so decent, so reserved."
+
+"Certainly; but _they say_----"
+
+"Do not trust that gentleman who has such credit and is thought so
+rich. Be on your guard--"
+
+"Bah! his fortune is immense: see what an establishment he has."
+
+"Yes! But _they say_ he is very much involved."
+
+"Do you know the fact?"
+
+"Not I. _They say_ though--"
+
+This _they say_ is heard in every relation of life. It is deadly
+mortal, and not to be grasped. It goes hither and thither, strikes and
+kills manly honor, female virtue, without either sex being ever
+conscious of the injury done. Each as he reads these lines will
+remember cases illustrating the truth of what we say. The Count
+suffered from the influence of the evil we mention; and as all were
+ignorant whence his fortune came, each one adopted a thousand
+conjectures and suspicions, which, as is always the case, were most
+malicious. This is the way of the world. Now the consequences of this
+_they say_ are plain. By its means they had dared to attack a
+reputation which hitherto had been considered unassailable. This _they
+say_ came in the end. The Marquise de Maulear was the only person who
+knew whence came the resources of Monte-Leone; and after he had
+confided to her, the charming woman had said, "It was very wrong in
+you not to tell me previously of your good fortune. For instance, when
+I thought you a fugitive and ruined, I suffered you to read my heart.
+Had you told me this before, you would not have seen within it."
+
+"Do not make me regret my misery which procured me such exquisite
+pleasure as knowing that you loved me."
+
+In the long and pleasant conversations of the Count and Marquise, he
+was frequently embarrassed in relation to the duties imposed on him as
+chief of the _Carbonari_. Aminta never dared to speak to him in
+relation to that subject, though she was more anxious about it. On
+this point alone the Count was impenetrable, avoiding with care all
+that related to his political plans, and giving the Marquise no
+information about them.
+
+One day Aminta, the Prince de Maulear, the Countess of Grandmesnil,
+and Taddeo, were in the drawing-room. The Countess did not love the
+young Marquise, whom she looked on as the indirect cause of her
+nephew's death. Neither did she love the Count, whose attentions to
+Aminta were by no means to her taste. The old lady was aware of
+Monte-Leone's opinions, and lost no opportunity to open all her
+batteries on liberals, jacobins and foreigners, who sought to make
+France the receptacle of the trouble and contests of which it had
+already drank so deeply. The Countess said--
+
+"You know the news, brother?" The Prince de Maulear was then playing a
+game of chess with Monte-Leone. "We have now, thank God and M. Angles,
+one miserable Jacobin the less to deal with."
+
+"Check to your king!" said the Prince to Monte-Leone.
+
+"To be sure," said she, following out the tenor of her own thoughts,
+"it would be check to the King, if the opinions of those persons were
+to triumph. M. Angles, however, watches over them and us."
+
+For an instant the Count neglected his game. He as well as Taddeo
+heard what she had said, and both seemed anxious to hear her out.
+
+"May I venture to inquire, Countess," said the Count, holding his
+piece in his hand, and hesitating to place it on the board, "who is
+the terrible Jacobin from whom the world is delivered?"
+
+"One of the most dangerous alive, Count," said the old lady, with an
+air of triumph. "The man, it is said, had his connections established
+through the whole army."
+
+"Check to your king," said the Prince, who was weary of the delay.
+
+"True," said the Count, with visible abstraction; and he played his
+game so badly that the Prince won it without difficulty. The latter
+said:
+
+"Check-mate--victory--victory!"
+
+"Yes, brother," said the Countess, "a great victory. For the Jacobin
+is a general. General B----, one of those vile Buonapartists, to whom,
+at a time like this, a regiment should never have been trusted."
+
+The Count and Taddeo grew pale when they heard the General's name. He
+was one of the seven chiefs of ventas at the house of Von Apsberg.
+
+"Why was the General arrested?" said the Prince.
+
+"Oh, some plot. The Jacobins and Buonapartists are always at that
+business. The details are not yet known. It is certain, however, that
+he was arrested this morning at his hotel. I heard so at the Duchess
+de Feltre's, whom I visited to-day."
+
+"Strange!" said the Prince; "on the day before yesterday he gave a
+ball. Were you not there, Count?" said he to Monte-Leone.
+
+"Yes," said the Count; "I was one of the last to leave. It was then
+two o'clock in the morning."
+
+"At noon his generalship was in the Conciergerie. A bad business for
+him, for the government has decided to use the greatest severity
+against all conspirators. Happily, the police is very expert, and it
+is said of every three conspirators one is a spy. A thing very
+satisfactory to society, but decidedly unfortunate for the plotters."
+
+"I think," said the Count, indignantly, "that the conspirators are
+calumniated. They are bound by such oaths, and are so devoted to their
+opinions, that there can be but few traitors among them."
+
+"My dear Count," said the Prince, "the spirit of Monte-Leone of Castle
+del Uovo is yet visible, and you do not seem to have recovered from
+your old disease. When you speak of conspirators you seem to defend
+your friends. I hope, however, for your sake, and for the sake of
+those who love you," said he, pointing to Aminta, "that you have
+renounced for ever your old enterprises. His Majesty, Louis XVIII.,
+the other day spoke highly of you, relying much on your devotion, and
+he cannot have to do with an ingrate."
+
+"Ah!" said Taddeo, with stupefaction, as he looked at his associate,
+"the King of France relies on the devotion of Monte-Leone!"
+
+"I know not why," said the Count, not a little moved by this _brevet_
+of royalism. "I confess, though, that I shall be surprised to give any
+chagrin or uneasiness to my friends."
+
+These words were in a manner wrung from the Count by the paleness and
+agitation of Aminta since the commencement of the conversation. This
+new declaration increased Taddeo's surprise.
+
+"Well, well," said the Prince, "there is pardon for every sin. We
+know, and we look on you as a wandering sheep returned to the fold.
+See, however, what are the consequences of a bad reputation. An
+insurrection breaks out in Italy, and you are at once thought to be
+its accomplice in France. You are about to be expelled from the
+country and treated as an enemy, when we acquire a certainty. What do
+I say? when the King of France and his ministers swear by you alone!"
+
+This series of praises in relation to his royalty evidently increased
+the bad humor of the Count, as well as the astonishment of Taddeo.
+Monte-Leone was about to reply, even though he destroyed his influence
+with the Prince and Marquise. He was about to repel the fanciful
+compliments to his loyalty, when the Countess of Grandmesnil folded up
+her work. This was the usual signal for dispersion, and all were about
+to leave, when the Marquise said to Monte-Leone, "Count, will you
+remain here a few moments? I wish to speak to you of the charity in
+which you were kind enough to unite with me."
+
+The Count went anxiously to Aminta's side.
+
+The Prince said, with a smile, "No one ever refuses to speak with a
+pretty woman. That is even the weak side of our ministers. Talk,
+then, with my daughter-in-law, and neither the Countess nor I will
+trouble you." He then took the Countess's arm, and led her from the
+room. Taddeo remained, for his interest with the Count was too grave
+to permit him to leave thus. Aminta said but a few words to
+Monte-Leone. The deep emotion of the young woman, however, gave them a
+serious character. "Listen," said she. "I do not know what is about to
+happen, but your agitation, and that of Taddeo, when the Countess
+spoke of General B----, did not escape me. A painful presentiment
+assures me that you are involved in some secret plot, and that new
+dangers menace you. In the name of all that is dear to you, in the
+name of your love to me, I conjure you to abandon those ideas, or I
+shall die of terror and despair." She then, without speaking a word
+more, kissed her brother, and retired. The Count stood as if he were
+struck with a thunderbolt. Taddeo took his hand, and said, "Come,
+come," wresting the Count from the painful thoughts Aminta had called
+up. "Come, the arrest of General B---- may ruin all." They entered
+Monte-Leone's carriage, and drove to the Duke d'Harcourt. They hoped
+to find the Vicomte, and take him to Matheus, for the opinion of each
+of the four was necessary in considering the best means of warding off
+the peril which menaced the association. D'Harcourt was in, but
+Monte-Leone and Taddeo had not expected the spectacle which awaited
+them. The Vicomte had one of those sudden attacks, forerunners of the
+cruel disease which had devastated his family. The pleasures of the
+winter, in which the imprudent young man madly indulged, and perhaps
+also the cares and anxieties of his political relations, the nocturnal
+ventas he was often obliged to attend, had severely shaken his already
+feeble health, and caused a cough, every utterance of which sounded to
+his father like a funeral knell. The Count and Taddeo found him in
+bed. Von Apsberg was by his side, and opposite the doctor was the
+charming Marie, glancing alternately from the doctor to the patient.
+The Duke leaned on the fireplace, and gently scolded René for his
+folly and imprudence. The arrival of the two friends produced a
+cessation to this, but the Duke continued: "Come, gentlemen, and
+assist me to produce some effect on your friend; for, unassisted, even
+I cannot. Tell him that such an exposure of his life, in folly and
+dissipation, is a double crime, when his health is so dear to an old
+man who has no other son." Tears came into the Duke's eyes as he
+spoke, which Marie kissed away.
+
+"Now, René," said she, "you see how unhappy you make us all. Promise,
+then, to be more reasonable."
+
+"Father," said René, giving the Duke his hand, "I will promise you to
+do the impossible thing, to be prudent. Besides, you have a powerful
+auxiliary in my friend Monte-Leone, who has committed not a few
+follies in his time. He has however begun a new life, and will soon be
+entirely converted by Hymen."
+
+"What," said Marie, "is the Count about to be married?"
+
+"Mademoiselle," said the Count, "your brother is indiscreet, and you
+can never take half that he says as literal."
+
+"Then," said Marie, "you are in love--that is about the half of his
+statement." And Marie blushed.
+
+Von Apsberg said, as he remarked the embarrassment of the young girl,
+"Our patient needs the warmth and mildness of the south. Magnetism
+with the Vicomte will be powerless, and he must avoid cold and
+dampness. He must also be prudent, and that is the greatest
+difficulty. I however rely on his promise and his devotion to us.
+Adieu, Messieurs," said he, bowing to Taddeo and Monte-Leone. "Do not
+make him talk, or suffer him to sit up too long." The Duke left,
+accompanied by Marie, whose last look seemed to recommend her brother
+to the doctor. Perhaps, though, this glance had another signification,
+for the eyes of young women mean a great deal. As soon as the four
+associates were alone, the Count told Matheus of the arrest.
+
+Von Apsberg thought: "The General cannot be in danger. Only one
+evidence of his participation could have been found, and that
+Monte-Leone gave me on the day before yesterday. I am sure I placed it
+in the secret drawer of my laboratory, the key of which I alone keep."
+
+"What proof do you mean?" asked d'Harcourt, whose memory was troubled
+by illness.
+
+"A proof," said Monte-Leone, "which would be overwhelming in the case
+of the General and a number of our brethren--the roll of the venta
+over which he presides. This roll he has signed. He gave it to me at
+two in the morning of the day before yesterday, and I gave it to Von
+Apsberg on the next day."
+
+"Then it matters not. Though the General has been arrested, the
+mystery of ventas has not been penetrated. I am assured that skilful
+and incessant espionage hovers around us, and the time for action
+should be no longer delayed."
+
+"But," said the Count, to whom this idea recalled what the Marquise
+had said, "we should not raise a flag we cannot defend. The forces the
+General controlled are indispensable to our success."
+
+"To replace soldiers," said Von Apsberg, "we shall have opinion on our
+side. Our various ventas will be valiant soldiers, and will be
+encouraged when they see themselves so much more numerous than they
+expect."
+
+"Do not let us be hasty," said Monte-Leone. "The six chiefs of the
+principal ventas, like the brave General, must give me the lists of
+ventas, and only when we are sure of their number will we act."
+
+His three friends then adopted Monte-Leone's opinion, and they
+separated, mutually recommending prudence to each other. There
+remained, however, a species of surprise, and an injurious impression
+in relation to Monte-Leone's hesitation. He had usually been the most
+decided of the four.
+
+When Von Apsberg returned home, he went to his laboratory, and opened
+the bureau in which the papers of the association were kept. He
+satisfied himself that the lists of the various ventas were safe. He
+breathed freely and slept soundly, without any trouble on account of
+the arrest of the General. On the next day, however, a letter, hastily
+written with a pencil, was brought him by a man who at once
+disappeared. It was from General A----, and was as follows:
+
+"The list of our associates, certified by myself, is in the possession
+of the prefect of police. I saw it myself, and I am ruined."
+
+Von Apsberg uttered a cry of terror. He was utterly confounded.
+
+
+II.--THEY SAY.
+
+The arrest of General A---- produced a double effect in Paris. The
+city began to have confidence in the vigilant police, which sought for
+and arrested the enemies of order every where and in every rank, while
+the chiefs of the great association of Carbonarism trembled when they
+saw the government on the track of their plans and projects. They then
+asked on all sides what could have been the motive of the
+incarceration of the General, and how they had discovered the
+criminal, or rather the criminals, for the principal associates of the
+_venta_ over which the General presided, were arrested after their
+chief. Still other arrests were subsequently made. Nothing, however,
+transpired, either in relation to the offence of which the General was
+accused, or the secret means by which the police had acquired
+information of them. The police acted prudently and with great skill,
+for the General and his associates were but a small part of an immense
+plot. Time and secret service alone would give the government a clue
+to follow all the secret labyrinths of this vast plot, which menaced
+France and Europe. A conspiracy and military plot was talked of, and
+the trial of the affair was understood to be postponed until time
+should throw more light on the matter. The authorities were not in a
+hurry, they needed other aims, and waited patiently to procure them.
+Thus passed a month; and as in Paris every thing is soon forgotten,
+people paid no attention to General A---- and his imprisonment. Public
+attention, however, was reattracted to this mysterious affair. The
+entertainments, concerts, and receptions of the court, made the city
+joyous. The gold of countless visitors from foreign nations gave
+activity to commerce, and there was an universal spirit of rivalry in
+luxury and opulence. Then the Duchess de Berri gave those charming
+balls, of which those who were admitted even now talk of.
+
+The mystery of the note written to Von Apsberg by General A----, in
+which he assured him he had seen the list of the venta, he had himself
+certified to in the hands of the prefect of police, remained
+impenetrable to the supreme _venta_, for Von Apsberg had the list the
+Count had given him. The General was in close confinement, and no
+intercourse could be had with him. The six other chiefs of the ventas
+were ignorant of this incident of the arrest of their confederate. The
+four brothers of the central venta had resolved not to suffer the
+circumstance to transpire, because the Count fancied this circumstance
+would chill their zeal, and make them uneasy about the new lists. On
+these lists, as we have said, the decision of the time of action was
+made to depend, as it would reveal to the four chiefs the exact number
+of their confederates in Paris. According to the statutes of
+carbonarism, the signatures of the brethren were sacred engagements,
+which made it indispensable for them to give their aid to the
+undertaking when the hour and day should be appointed. The lists were,
+then, a kind of declaration of war against the government, in which
+they must either conquer or die. This is the prudence of all bad
+causes. Persons thus involved have no confidence that their associates
+will keep their oaths, and put remorse and repentance out of the
+question by allowing no alternative between ruin and safety. The
+Vicomte d'Harcourt, but slightly recovered from his indisposition,
+seldom left his father's house, and participated but slightly in the
+pleasures of the season. Taddeo, whose devotion to the Neapolitan
+ambassadress constantly increased, visited her every day, and went
+nowhere else. Though aware that she was constantly anxious to speak of
+the Count, he did not despair of being able some day to touch her
+heart. So great were his attentions, that in society he was looked on
+as the _cicisbéo_ of the Duchess. The Duke of Palma, devoted to his
+opera-loves, seemed not at all offended at the frequent visits of
+Taddeo Rovero, whose attentions did not at all shock his Italian
+ideas. Von Apsberg lived more retired than ever, and rarely left his
+laboratory except when he went to the Duke d'Harcourt's. There the
+intelligent doctor was kindly received by all the family, Marie
+included, and his fair patient's health seemed visibly to improve, as
+those flowers which have been too long neglected always do when
+attended to by a skilful horticulturist. Monte-Leone devoted to the
+society of Paris, of which he was passionately fond, all the hours
+which he passed away from the Marquise. This, however, was a duty, for
+there only could he meet the Carbonari who belonged to the upper
+class without giving rise to suspicion. The trial of General A---- was
+soon to take place, and the preparations for it had already been
+begun. Revelations or anxious inquiries might destroy the association.
+Concert was required to avoid this, and Count Monte-Leone gave this
+information to MM. C----, the lawyer B----, the baron de Ch----, the
+banker F----, and the rich merchant Ober, who was perhaps from his
+extended commercial relations, the most important of the Carbonari.
+
+A great dinner was given by the banker F---- to enable the chiefs to
+confer with Monte-Leone. But in addition to these personages, and in
+order that public attention should not be fixed on them alone, F----
+had invited the _élite_ of the capital, several peers of France, some
+illustrious soldiers, many deputies, and several women famous for
+their rank and beauty. Insensibly conversation assumed a political
+tone, as at that time every thing did. Monte-Leone, whom the abuses of
+the French government and the _camarilla_ of the Tuilleries made most
+indignant, gave vent to his opinions and complained bitterly of the
+acts of the ministry. He compassionated the people, whose liberties
+were being swept away, and reprobated the censorship of the liberty of
+the press and of freedom of speech--the only resource of the oppressed
+and the only means of reaching the oppressors. The master of the
+house, M. F----, agreed with the Count in the liberal opinions he had
+expressed. Led on by the example, B---- and C---- testified their
+sympathy with what the Count had said, and their wish to see a change
+in the fortune of a country where the institutions satisfied neither
+the wants nor the rights of the oppressed. This discussion, which had
+been provoked by the Count, was so bold and so decided that many of
+the guests looked on with terror, fearing they would be compromised by
+the expression of such revolutionary ideas. Just then many of the
+guests of M. F----, taking him aside from the table, asked anxiously
+if he was satisfied of the discretion of all the persons present, and
+also of their honor. M. F---- energetically repelled such fears,
+saying: "The people whom I receive are not all friends of the
+government. Nothing, however, said here will be repeated, for the
+minister of police has no representative at my table." The words of
+their host in a degree satisfied some of the most timid. It was then
+said openly that amid the most eminent persons met with in society
+were found individuals in the secret pay of M. Angles, and that many
+ruined and extravagant nobleman did not hesitate to exist in this
+manner. People said that in the drawing-room of M. F---- Monte-Leone
+had determined to defy the government, and they looked on his conduct
+under existing circumstances as most imprudent.
+
+During the evening, and when all were engaged, the chiefs of _ventas_
+took occasion, one by one, to isolate themselves from company and gave
+the Count the rolls. It was then agreed, also, that the last of these
+documents being complete, notice should be given without delay, and
+during the trial of the General, of the day for the commencement of
+the insurrectionary movement by which Carbonarism was to be revealed
+to France and to Europe. The terrible plan, however, was foiled by
+various events which attacked the society unexpectedly.
+
+Four days after the dinner of M. F----, he, the lawyer B----, the
+baron Ch----, who had taken so decided a part in the discussion
+provoked by Monte-Leone, and who, on that very evening, had given him
+the fatal lists of his associates, were arrested. The first was taken
+in his office, the second just as he left his cabinet, and the third
+on his way to the opera. The capital was amazed at this news. All the
+other guests of F---- began to examine their consciences, and sought
+to recall whether or not they had given utterance to any governmental
+heresy at the fatal dinner, and whether they had not uttered something
+rash. They were doubtful if any opinion at all might not expose them
+to the resentment and vigilance of an adroit and secret police. It
+seemed beyond a doubt that the remarks of the persons who had been
+arrested had provoked this rigorous action, and that some ear in the
+pay of the police had heard their dangerous conversation, and noted
+the violent expression of their opinions. The conduct of all the
+guests was then passed in review, and the public and private life of
+each examined. Their domestic history and life were inquired into, and
+their weak points, habits, errors, and tastes, were scrutinized.
+
+No rank, family, sex, or social position, was neglected, and not even
+intrigues, life, nor money, were considered sufficient to shield the
+informer. All were anxious to tear away the mask from the common
+enemy, to crush the serpent, who, sliding stealthily into society,
+gnawed its very heart and lacerated that bosom which sheltered it.
+
+The arrest of General A---- then recurred to the memory of all. This
+event had taken place after a ball which the General had given. It was
+after an entertainment given by F---- that he, too, had lost his
+liberty. On this occasion two other important men had shared the fate
+of the rich banker, and, like him, they had both been energetic,
+violent, and pitiless denouncers of a ministry which defied public
+opinion and outraged the nation. People then remembered that Count
+Monte-Leone had provoked the conversation--that he had gone farther
+than any one else on the dangerous ground--and that his daring had
+surpassed that of the master of the house and his guests. All expected
+he would be arrested also. This fear was especially well founded, as
+Monte-Leone concealed neither his liberal opinions nor his
+revolutionary doctrines, and in fact every thing in his previous
+conduct pointed him out as one of the persons to whom the attention of
+the police would especially be directed. People were, therefore,
+amazed to see Monte-Leone preserve his liberty, and that one of the
+four speakers who had been most imprudent enjoyed entire impunity.
+Astonishment, however, was not all, for strange reports were soon
+circulated, and rumors were heard in every direction. The impunity of
+the Count became the universal subject of conversation. His private
+life was taken in hand, and his whole career, as it were, extended on
+the anatomical table of moral anatomy. The scalpel of public opinion,
+it is well known, pitilessly dissects every subject it wishes
+thoroughly to understand. The THEY SAY, that terrible creature to
+which we have already referred, began to play its part. It was heard
+every where. "THEY SAY Count Monte-Leone cannot be a stranger to what
+is passing. He was seen to talk to General A---- on the night of the
+ball for a long time."
+
+"What! Count Monte-Leone?--a man of his rank?"
+
+"Ah, these Italian noblemen are all suspicious."
+
+"He--a liberal--a revolutionist!"
+
+"Listen to me. People often change their opinions in this world,
+especially when fortune disappears, and want of money and care
+supervene. _They say_ he is completely ruined, yet he is still very
+luxurious in his mode of life."
+
+"True--that is strange."
+
+"Oh, no, not at all. _They say_ the strong box of the police enables
+him to maintain his style."
+
+"That may be."
+
+"_They say_, also, that the order to leave France given by the
+minister was but a trick to divert suspicion and keep him here
+usefully."
+
+"Do you think so? Then he is a villain, and should be avoided. He is
+a----"
+
+"Oh, I know nothing of it--but _they say_ so."
+
+_They_ did say so, but when that awful rumor was first pronounced
+_they_ did not. These words were produced by the terror which the
+events of the day produced on the mind of every friend, even of the
+three imprisoned Carbonari. Perhaps some malevolent spirit
+disseminated them. This rumor was circulated from house to house, like
+a drop of oil, which though first scarcely perceptible, sullies the
+fairest fabrics utterly. A trifling fault is thus made to do the part
+of an atrocious crime. At first the rumor was whispered. It then grew
+bolder, and finally fortified itself by a thousand corroborations
+furnished by chance or gossip. Every person who detailed it added to
+its incidents and arguments. Within one month after the dinner all
+Paris heard of the terrible offence against society attributed to
+Count Monte-Leone. As is always the case, however, the three friends
+of the Count were the last to hear of this slander. Every one who was
+aware of their intimacy took care not to speak to them of the rumor,
+for no one wished to involve himself by repeating a story entirely
+unsubstantiated, and the origin of which was unknown. The consequence
+was that the three persons who could have refuted the calumny were
+entirely ignorant of the stigma attached to their friend. Monte-Leone
+had no more suspicion than his friends had in relation to the horrible
+fable.
+
+The other chiefs of the principal ventas, who might have told him what
+was said, terrified at the fate of their associates, lived apart,
+refused to see any one, and thus heard none of the imputations against
+the high-priest of Carbonarism. Then commenced a series of mistakes,
+surprises, and mortifications, in which Monte-Leone would see no
+insult. His life, however, became an enigma, the explanation of which
+he could not divine. Certain rooms under various pretexts were closed
+to him. Often persons who once had been most anxious to secure his
+attendance at their entertainments pretended to forget him. The world
+did not dare, however, to brave an enemy whose secret power it was
+ignorant of, but it exhibited a certain coldness and oblivion which
+deeply wounded him. His most intimate acquaintances avoided him with
+studied care, and when they accepted his hand did so with a marked
+expression of annoyance. An immense void existed around him. His hotel
+was a solitude, and the houses of others were shut to him. The Count
+at first thought he found a motive for this in the apprehension all
+entertained of his affiliation with some secret association. When he
+saw that the police paid no attention to him, he was compelled to seek
+some other reason for his public proscription. What this cause was he
+did not divine and could not ask, for a position of this kind is such
+that an honorable man thinks it beneath him to ask for an explanation
+of merely natural occurrences. Wounded, disgusted, and grieved by the
+strange existence created for him, Monte-Leone felt himself at once a
+prey to the distrust which ostracism of this kind creates in the bosom
+of all who are subject to it. The world thought that by avoiding
+society Count Monte-Leone confessed the justice of its allegations. He
+became every day more attentive to the charming woman he adored, and
+who only waited the time when the proprieties of society would permit
+her to make him her husband. In her affection he found a consolation
+for all the external chagrin which annoyed him, for a mute terror had
+taken possession of the Carbonari since the occurrence of the many
+arrests, the motives of which were as yet wrapped in such impenetrable
+mystery. An event which was altogether unexpected made his position
+yet more complicated. He was one evening in one of the few houses to
+which he was yet invited. This was the house of M. L----, where the
+Marquis de Maulear had lost such immense sums to the Englishman who
+subsequently ruined him. M. L----, either more prudent or circumspect
+than others, had not listened to the reports which were circulated
+about Monte-Leone, and had invited him to his magnificent hotel in the
+Rue d'Antin.
+
+Monte-Leone had avoided the crowd, and walked down the long avenue of
+exotic flowers and camelias, then almost unknown in Paris. He came
+upon a boudoir where several men were speaking. The Count was about to
+go back, when his name struck on his ear. "Yes, gentlemen," said one
+of the speakers, in a most indignant tone, "you may well be astonished
+at my presence here, while my family is in tears, and my prospects
+blasted and made desperate. Only eight days since I came to Paris, and
+am here to find Count Monte-Leone, my challenge to whom, to deliver
+which I have sought him every where, should be as solemn as the
+vengeance I will exact."
+
+No sooner had the Count heard these words than he rushed into the
+boudoir, and stood face to face with the speaker, who was a young man
+of twenty-eight or thirty, wearing the uniform of the royal navy. His
+countenance was mild and noble, but bore an expression of perfect fury
+when he saw Monte-Leone.
+
+"Monsieur," said the Count, "you will not have to look farther for the
+person of whom you have dared to speak thus. I am thankful that I am
+here to spare you farther trouble in looking for me, though why you do
+so I cannot conceive."
+
+"He was listening to us," said the young man to his friends, in a tone
+of the deepest contempt. "Well, after all, that is right enough."
+
+"Chance," said the Count, resuming his _sang-froid_ and control over
+himself, which he always maintained in such emergencies, "led me
+within sound of your voice. You and I also should be glad that this is
+the case, for it seems to me a ball is a bad place for such an
+explanation as you seem to wish."
+
+"All places are good," said the naval officer, in a most insolent
+tone, "to tell you what I think of you. To repeat to you the epithet
+you have overheard, and which I am willing yet again to declare to all
+in these rooms."
+
+"Sir," said Monte-Leone, with the same calmness, "will you tell me
+first to whom I speak?"
+
+"My name is A----, and I am a lieutenant of the royal navy. My father
+is the person whom your infamous denunciations have caused to be
+imprisoned in the Conciergerie!"
+
+"What!" said the Count, "are you the son of General A----?"
+
+"What influences me I cannot and will not tell you; for then it would
+be out of the question for me to meet you."
+
+"Gentlemen," said the Count, speaking to those who witnessed this
+scene, to which the attention of many others had now been called,
+"this young man is mad. I, more than any person, have pitied his
+father, and I wish to give General A---- a new proof of my sympathy,
+by granting his son a delay until to-morrow, to enable him to repair
+the incredible injury he has done me. Here is my card," said he,
+placing it on a table, "and I shall wait until to-morrow for an
+explanation of the unintelligible conduct of Lieutenant A----."
+
+As soon as the Count had finished he left the boudoir, and the
+Lieutenant's friends kept possession of him, taking him out of the
+hotel. On the next day Monte-Leone received the following note:
+
+"COUNT--Instead of making an apology to you, I maintain all I said.
+You are a coward and a scoundrel, and you know why. I repeat, that if
+my voice articulated or my hand traced, why I speak thus, it would be
+impossible for me to kill you and avenge myself. Do not therefore ask
+me to make an explanation of what you know perfectly well. If you are
+unmoved by what I now say, and if I do not bring you out, I will have
+recourse to other means. I will await you and your witnesses to-day at
+two o'clock, at the _bois de Bologne_, behind Longchamp. I have
+selected this hour in order that I might previously see my father.
+
+"GUSTAVE A----,
+
+"Lieutenant, Royal Navy."
+
+"All hell is let loose against me," said the Count, as he perused this
+letter. "Why can I not penetrate the awful mystery which enshrouds
+me!"
+
+Taking a pen, he wrote the following words, which he gave to the
+bearer of the challenge:
+
+"I will be at the _bois de Bologne_ at two o'clock."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by Stringer
+& Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+Continued from page 54.
+
+[8] _Anglice._ Only the first step is troublesome.--TR.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+POULAILLER, THE ROBBER.
+
+
+Cartouche had been arrested, tried, condemned, and executed, some
+seven or eight years, and no longer occupied the attention of the good
+people of Paris, to whom his almost melodramatic life and death had
+afforded a most interesting and enduring topic. They were languishing,
+like the Athenians of old, for something new, when there arose a rumor
+that another robber, more dexterous, more audacious, more
+extraordinary, ay, and more cruel than Cartouche, was roaming about
+the streets of their city. What was his name? whence did he come? were
+questions in the mouth of every one, as each of his numerous daring
+acts was made public,--questions which no one could answer.
+
+In vain was every arm of the police put in requisition--crime after
+crime was committed with impunity, and terror reigned supreme.
+
+At last the criminal himself disdained concealment, and all
+Paris--nay, a considerable portion of Europe--trembled at the name of
+POULAILLER.
+
+He appeared about the year 1730, and astonished the world by deeds,
+some of them so shocking, and at the same time so wonderful, that they
+gave some color to the belief of many that he was aided by
+supernatural agency.
+
+This belief was supported by a history of the circumstances attending
+his birth.
+
+There lived in a village on the coast of Brittany a man, poor but of
+good repute, and well beloved by his neighbors,--an intrepid mariner,
+but poor as Job himself when his friends came to comfort him. A robust
+and well-knit frame, combined with a fine frank countenance, well
+bronzed by the sea-breezes, was looked on favorably by all, and by
+none more than by the young lasses whose furtive glances rested with
+pleasure on the manly form and gallant bearing of Jacques Poulailler.
+
+His strength was prodigious, and his temerity upon the ocean
+incredible.
+
+Such qualities are appreciated in every country; and among the
+beauties of the village, one remarkable for her superiority in wealth,
+as well as natural gifts, was attracted by them, and Jacques
+Poulailler had the good fortune to find favor in the eyes of her who
+was known in her little world as _La belle Isabeau Colomblet_.
+
+At no great distance from this maritime village, on the crest of a
+rock lashed by the waves, which at high tides was perfectly insulated,
+dwelt a personage of whose origin every one was ignorant. The building
+where he had established himself had long been of evil fame throughout
+the country, and was only known as _La Tour Maudite_. The firesides
+resounded with tales of terror enacted in this lonely and ominous
+theatre. Fiends, in the olden time had made it their abode, as was
+currently reported and believed. From that time, it was asserted that
+no human being could dwell there without having previously entered
+into a compact with the evil one. The isolation of the place, the
+continued agitation of the waves at its base, the howlings of the wind
+around its frowning battlements, the traces of the thunderbolts that
+from time to time had blackened and almost charred its walls, the
+absence of bush or tree, or any thing in the shape of blossom or
+verdure--for neither wall-flower nor even moss would grow there--had
+produced their effect on the superstitious spirit of the neighbors,
+and the accursed place had remained untenanted by any thing earthly
+for forty or fifty years.
+
+One gloomy day, however, a man was seen prowling about the vicinity.
+He came and went over the sands, and, just as a storm was rising, he
+threw himself into a boat, gained the offing, and disappeared.
+
+Every one believed that he was lost; but next morning there he was.
+Surprised at this, the neighbors began to inquire who he could be; and
+at last learned that he had bought the tower of the proprietor, and
+had come to dwell there. This was all the information that their
+restless curiosity could obtain. Whence did he come, and what had he
+done? In vain were these questions asked. All were querists, and none
+found a respondent. Two or three years elapsed before his name
+transpired. At last it was discovered, nobody knew how, that his name
+was Roussart.
+
+He appeared to be a man above six feet in height, strongly built, and
+apparently about thirty years of age. His countenance was all but
+handsome, and very expressive. His conduct was orderly, and without
+reproach, and, proving himself to be an experienced fisherman, he
+became of importance in that country.
+
+No one was more weatherwise than Roussart, and no one turned his
+foreknowledge to such good account. He had been seen frequently to
+keep the sea in such fearful tempests, that all agreed that he must
+have been food for fishes if he had not entered into some agreement
+with Satan. When the stoutest hearts quailed, and ordinary men
+considered it suicidal to venture out, Roussart was to be seen braving
+the tumult of winds and waves, and always returned to the harbor safe
+and sound.
+
+People began to talk about this, and shook their heads ominously.
+Little cared Roussart for their words or gestures; but he was the only
+one in the commune who never went to church. The curé at last gave out
+that he was excommunicated; and from that time his neighbors broke off
+all communication with him.
+
+Things had arrived at this point, when it was rumored that the gallant
+fisherman, Jacques Poulailler, had touched the heart of _La belle
+Isabeau_. Soon their approaching marriage became the topic of the
+village; and, finally, one Sunday, after mass, the bans were first
+published by the vicar. The lads of the village, congregated on the
+shore, were congratulating Poulailler on the auspicious event, when
+Roussart suddenly appeared among them.
+
+His presence was a surprise. He had always avoided the village
+meetings as much as others had sought them; and this sudden change in
+his habits gave a new impulse to curiosity.
+
+The stranger appeared to seek some one with his eyes, and presently
+walked straight up to the happy Jacques, who, intoxicated with joy,
+was giving and receiving innumerable shakes of the hand.
+
+"Master Poulailler," said Roussart, "you are going to be married,
+then?"
+
+"That seems sure," replied Poulailler.
+
+"Not more sure than that your first-born will belong to the evil one.
+I, Roussart, tell you so."
+
+With that he turned on his heel, and regained his isolated dwelling,
+leaving his auditors amazed by his abrupt and extraordinary
+announcement, and poor Jacques more affected by it than any one else.
+
+From that moment Roussart showed himself no more in the neighborhood,
+and soon disappeared altogether, without leaving a trace to indicate
+what had become of him.
+
+Most country people are superstitious,--the Bretons eminently so, and
+Jacques Poulailler never forgot the sinister prophecy of Roussart. His
+comrades were not more oblivious; and when, a year after his marriage,
+his first-born came into the world, a universal cry saluted the infant
+boy as devoted to Satan. _Donné au diable_ were the words added to the
+child's name whenever it was mentioned. It is not recorded whether or
+no he was born with teeth, but the gossips remarked that during the
+ceremony of baptism the new-born babe gave vent to the most fearful
+howlings. He writhed, he kicked, his little face exhibited the most
+horrible contortions; but as soon as they carried him out of the
+church, he burst out into laughter as unearthly as it was unnatural.
+
+After these evil omens every body expected that the little Pierre
+Poulailler would be ugly and ill-formed. Not a bit of it--on the
+contrary, he was comely, active, and bold. His fine fresh complexion
+and well-furnished mouth were set off by his brilliant black eyes and
+hair, which curled naturally all over his head. But he was a sad
+rogue, and something more. If an oyster-bed, a warren, or an orchard
+was robbed, Pierre Poulailler was sure to be the boy accused. In vain
+did his father do all that parent could to reform him--he was
+incorrigible.
+
+Monsieur le curé had some difficulty to bring him to his first
+communion. The master of the village exhausted his catalogue of
+corrections--and the catalogue was not very short--without succeeding
+in inculcating the first notions of the Christian faith and the
+doctrine of the cross. "What is the good of it?" would the urchin say.
+"Am not I devoted to the devil, and will not that be sufficient to
+make my way?"
+
+At ten years of age Pierre was put on board a merchant-ship, as
+cabin-boy. At twelve he robbed his captain, and escaped to England
+with the spoil. In London he contrived to pass for the natural son of
+a French Duke; but his numerous frauds forced him again to seek his
+native land, where, in his sixteenth year, he enlisted as a drummer in
+the regiment of Champagne, commanded by the Count de Variclères.
+Before he had completed his eighteenth year he deserted, joined a
+troop of fortune-telling gipsies, whom he left to try his fortune with
+a regular pilferer, and finally, engaged himself to a rope-dancer. He
+played comedy, sold orvietan with the success of Doctor Dulcamara
+himself, and in a word, passed through all the degrees which lead to
+downright robbery.
+
+Once his good angel seemed to prevail. He left his disreputable
+companions and entered the army honorably. For a short time there were
+hopes of him; it was thought that he would amend his life, and his
+superiors were satisfied with his conduct. But the choicest weapon in
+the armory of him to whom he had been devoted was directed against
+him. A _vivandiere_--the prettiest and most piquante of her
+tribe--raised a flame in his heart that burnt away all other
+considerations; but he might still have continued in a comparatively
+respectable course, if the sergeant-major had not stood forward as his
+rival. The coquette had in her heart a preference for Pierre; and the
+sergeant, taking advantage of his rank, insulted his subordinate so
+grossly that he was repaid by a blow. The sergeant's blood was up, and
+as he rushed to attack Pierre, the soldier, drawing his sabre,
+dangerously wounded his superior officer, who, after lingering a few
+days, went the way of all flesh. Pierre would have tasted the tender
+mercies of the provost-marshal; but fortunately the regiment was lying
+near the frontier, which our hero contrived to cross, and then
+declared war against society at large.
+
+The varied knowledge and acquirements of the youth--his courage, true
+as steel, and always equal to the occasion--the prudence and foresight
+with which he meditated a _coup de main_--the inconceivable rapidity
+of his execution--his delicate and disinterested conduct towards his
+comrades--all contributed to render him famous, in the _famosus_
+sense, if you will, and to raise him to the first place.
+
+Germany was the scene of his first exploits. The world had condemned
+him to death, and he condemned the world to subscribe to his living.
+
+At this period, he had posted himself in ambush on the crest of a
+hill, whence his eye could command a great extent of country; and
+certainly the elegance of his mien, his graceful bearing, and the
+splendor of his arms, might well excuse those who did not take him for
+what he really was. He was on the hillside when two beautiful young
+women appeared in sight. He lost no time in joining them; and, as
+youth is communicative, soon learnt, in answer to his questions, that,
+tired of remaining in the carriage, they had determined to ascend the
+hill on foot.
+
+"You are before the carriage, then, mademoiselle?"
+
+"Yes, sir; cannot you hear the whip of the postillions?"
+
+The conversation soon became animated, and every moment made a deeper
+inroad into the heart of our handsome brigand: but every moment also
+made the situation more critical. On the other side of the hill was
+the whole band, ranged in order of battle, and ready to pounce upon
+the travellers. Having ascertained the place of abode of his fair
+companions, and promised to avail himself of the first opportunity to
+pay his compliments to them there, he bade them politely adieu; and
+having gained a path cut through the living rock, known but to few,
+descended with the agility of a chamois to his party, whom he implored
+not to attack the carriage which was approaching.
+
+But, if Poulailler had his reasons for this chivalrous conduct, his
+band were actuated by no such motives, and they demurred to his
+prayer. He at once conquered their hesitation by bidding them name the
+value that they put on their expected booty, purchased the safety of
+the travellers by the sum named, and the two fair daughters of the
+Baron von Kirbergen went on their way full of the praises of the
+handsome stranger whose acquaintance they had made, and in blissful
+ignorance of the peril they had passed.
+
+That very day, Poulailler left his lieutenant in the temporary command
+of the band, mounted his most beautiful horse, followed his beloved to
+the castle of her father, and introduced himself as the Count Petrucci
+of Sienna, whom he had lately robbed, and whose papers he had taken
+care to retain with an eye to future business.
+
+His assumed name, backed by his credentials, secured for him a
+favorable reception, and he well knew how to improve the occasion. An
+accomplished rider, and bold in the chase, he won the good opinion of
+the Baron; while his musical and conversational talent made him the
+pet of the drawing-room. The young and charming Wilhelmina surrendered
+her heart to the gay and amiable cavalier; and all went merrily, till
+one fine morning Fortune, whose wheel is never stationary, sent the
+true count to the castle. It was no case of the two Sosias, for no two
+persons could well be more unlike; and as soon as the real personage
+saw his representative, he recognized him as the robber who had stolen
+his purse as well as his name.
+
+Here was a pretty business. Most adventurers would have thrown up the
+game as desperate; but our hero, with a front worthy of Fathom
+himself, boldly proclaimed the last visitor to be an impostor, and
+argued the case so ably, and with such well-simulated indignation at
+the audacity of the newcomer, that the Baron was staggered, and
+despatched messengers to the partners of a mercantile house at
+Florence, to whom the true Petrucci was well known.
+
+To wait for the result of the inquiry would have been a folly of which
+Poulailler was not likely to be guilty; so he made a moonlight
+flitting of it that very night--but not alone. Poor Wilhelmina had
+cast in her lot with her lover for good or for evil, and fled with
+him.
+
+The confusion that reigned in the best of all possible castles, the
+next morning, may be conceived; but we must leave the Baron
+blaspheming, and the Baroness in hysterics, to follow the fugitives,
+who gained France in safety, and were soon lost in the labyrinths of
+Paris.
+
+There he was soon joined by his band, to the great loss and terror of
+the honest people of the good city. Every day, M. Hérault, the
+lieutenant of police, was saluted by new cases of robbery and
+violence, which his ablest officers could neither prevent nor punish.
+The organization of the band was so complete, and the head so ably
+directed the hands, that neither life nor property was considered safe
+from one moment to another. Nor were accounts of the generosity of the
+chief occasionally wanting to add to his fame.
+
+One night, as Poulailler was traversing the roofs with the agility of
+a cat, for the purpose of entering a house whose usual inmates were
+gone into the country, he passed the window of a garret whence issued
+a melancholy concert of sobs and moans. He stopped, and approached the
+apartment of a helpless family, without resources, without bread, and
+suffering the pangs of hunger. Touched by their distress, and
+remembering his own similar sufferings before Fortune favored him, he
+was about to throw his purse among them, when the door of the chamber
+opened violently, and a man, apparently beside himself, rushed in with
+a handful of gold, which he cast upon the floor.
+
+"There," cried he, in a voice broken by emotion, "there,
+take--buy--eat; but it will cost you dear. I pay for it with my honor
+and peace of mind. Baffled in all my attempts to procure food for you
+honestly, I was on my despairing return, when I beheld, at a short
+distance from me, a tall but slight-made man, who walked hurriedly,
+but yet with an air as if he expected some one. Ah! thought I, this is
+some lover; and yielding to the temptation of the fiend, I seized him
+by the collar. The poor creature was terrified, and, begging for
+mercy, put into my hands this watch, two gold snuff-boxes, and those
+Louis, and fled. There they are; they will cost me my life. I shall
+never survive this infamy."
+
+The starving wife re-echoed these sentiments; and even the hungry
+children joined in the lamentations of the miserable father.
+
+All this touched Pierre to the quick. To the great terror of the
+family, he entered the room, and stood in the midst.
+
+"Be comforted," said he to the astonished husband; "you have robbed a
+robber. The infamous coward who gave up to you this plunder is one of
+Poulailler's sentinels. Keep it; it is yours."
+
+"But who are you?" cried the husband and wife;--"who are you, and by
+what right is it that you thus dispose of the goods of another?"
+
+"By the right of a chief over his subalterns. I am Poulailler."
+
+The poor family fell on their knees, and asked what they could do for
+him.
+
+"Give me a light," said Pierre, "that I may get down into the street
+without breaking my neck."
+
+This reminds one of the answer which Rousseau gave to the Duc de
+Praslin, whose Danish dog, as it was running before the carriage, had
+upset the peripatetic philosopher.
+
+"What can I do for you?" said the Duke to the fallen author of _La
+Nouvelle Heloise_, whose person he did not know.
+
+"You can tie up your dog," replied Jean-Jacques, gathering himself up,
+and walking away.
+
+Poulailler having done his best to render a worthy family happy, went
+his way, to inflict condign punishment on the poltroon who had so
+readily given up the purse and the watches.
+
+The adventures of this accomplished robber were so numerous and
+marvellous, that it is rather difficult to make a selection. One
+evening, at the _bal de l'Opéra_, he made the acquaintance of a
+charming woman, who, at first, all indignation, was at length induced
+to listen to his proposal, that he should see her home; and promised
+to admit him, "if Monseigneur should not be there."
+
+"But who is this Monseigneur?" inquired Pierre.
+
+"Don't ask," replied the fair lady.
+
+"Who is he, fairest?"
+
+"Well, how curious you are; you make me tell all my secrets. If you
+must know, he is a prince of the church, out of whose revenues he
+supports me; and I cannot but show my gratitude to him."
+
+"Certainly not; he seems to have claims which ought to be attended
+to."
+
+By this time they had arrived at an elegantly furnished house, which
+they entered, the lady having ascertained that the coast was clear;
+and Poulailler had just installed himself, when up drove a
+carriage--Monseigneur in person.
+
+The beauty, in a state of distraction, threw herself at the feet of
+her spark, and implored him to pass into a back cabinet. Poulailler
+obeyed, and had hardly reached his hiding-place, when he beheld,
+through the glazed door, Monseigneur, who had gone to his Semele in
+all his apostolical magnificence. A large and splendid cross of
+diamonds, perfect in water, shot dazzling rays from his breast, where
+it was suspended by a chain of cat's-eyes, of great price, set in
+gold; the button and loop of his hat blazed with other precious
+stones; and his fingers sparkled with rings, whose brilliants were
+even greater and more beautiful than those that formed the
+constellation of his cross.
+
+It is very seldom that the human heart, however capacious, has room
+for two grand passions in activity at the same time. In this instance,
+Poulailler no sooner beheld the rich and tempting sight, than he found
+that the god of Love was shaking his wings and flying from his bosom,
+and that the demon of Cupidity was taking the place of the more
+disinterested deity. He rushed from his hiding-place, and presented
+himself to the astonished prelate with a poinard in one hand and a
+pistol in the other, both of which he held to the sacred breast in the
+presence of the distracted lady. The bishop had not learnt to be
+careless of life, and had sufficient self-possession in his terror not
+to move, lest he should compromise his safety, while Poulailler
+proceeded to strip him with a dexterity that practice had rendered
+perfect. Diamonds, precious stones, gold, coined and ornamental,
+rings, watch, snuff-box, and purse, were transferred from the priest
+to the robber with marvellous celerity; then turning to the lady, he
+made her open the casket which contained the price of her favors, and
+left the house with the plunder and such a laugh as those only revel
+in who win.
+
+The lieutenant of police began to take the tremendous success of our
+hero to heart, and in his despair at the increasing audacity of the
+robber, caused it to be spread amongst his spies, archers, and
+sergeants, that he who should bring Poulailler before him should be
+rewarded with one hundred pistoles, in addition to a place of two
+thousand livres a year.
+
+M. Hérault was seated comfortably at his breakfast, when the Count de
+Villeneuve was announced. This name was--perhaps is--principally borne
+by two celebrated families of Provence and Languedoc. M. Hérault
+instantly rose and passed into his cabinet, where he beheld a
+personage of good mien, dressed to perfection, with as much luxury as
+taste, who in the best manner requested a private interview. Orders
+were immediately issued that no one should venture to approach till
+the bell was rung; and a valet was placed as sentinel in an adjoining
+gallery to prevent the possibility of interruption.
+
+"Well, Monsieur le Comte, what is your business with me?"
+
+"Oh, a trifle;--merely a thousand pistoles, which I am about to take
+myself from your strong box, in lieu of the one hundred pistoles, and
+the snug place, which you have promised to him who would gratify you
+by Poulailler's presence. I am Poulailler, who will dispatch you to
+the police of the other world with this poisoned dagger, if you raise
+your voice or attempt to defend yourself. Nay, stir not--a scratch is
+mortal."
+
+Having delivered himself of this address, the audacious personage drew
+from his pocket some fine but strong whip-cord, well hackled and
+twisted, and proceeded to bind the lieutenant of police hand and foot,
+finishing by making him fast to the lock of the door. Then the robber
+proceeded to open the lieutenant's secrétaire, the drawers of which he
+well rummaged, and having filled his pockets with the gold which he
+found there, turned to the discomfited lieutenant with a profound bow,
+and after a request that he would not take the trouble to show him
+out, quietly took his departure.
+
+There are some situations so confounding, that they paralyze the
+faculties for a time; and the magistrate was so overcome by his
+misfortune, that, instead of calling for aid, as he might have done
+when the robber left him, he set to work with his teeth, in vain
+endeavors to disengage himself from the bonds which held him fast. An
+hour elapsed before any one ventured to disturb M. Hérault, who was
+found in a rage to be imagined, but not described, at this daring act.
+The loss was the least part of the annoyance. A cloud of epigrams flew
+about, and the streets resounded with the songs celebrating
+Poulailler's triumph and the defeat of the unfortunate magistrate, who
+dared not for some time to go into society, where he was sure to find
+a laugh at his expense.
+
+But ready as the good people of Paris were with their ridicule, _they_
+were by no means at their ease. The depredations of Poulailler
+increased with his audacity, and people were afraid to venture into
+the streets after nightfall. As soon as the last rays of the setting
+sun fell on the Boulevards, the busy crowds began to depart; and when
+that day-star sank below the horizon, they were deserted. Nobody felt
+safe.
+
+The Hôtel de Brienne was guarded like a fortress, but difficulty
+seemed to give additional zest to Poulailler. Into this hôtel he was
+determined to penetrate, and into it he got. While the carriage of the
+Princess of Lorraine was waiting at the Opera, he contrived to fix
+leathern bands, with screws, under the outside of the bottom of the
+body, while his associates were treating the coachman and footman at a
+_cabaret_, slipped under the carriage in the confusion of the
+surrounding crowd when it drew up to the door of the theatre, and,
+depending on the strength of his powerful wrists, held on underneath,
+and was carried into the hôtel under the very nose of the Swiss
+Cerberus.
+
+When the stable-servants were all safe in their beds, Poulailler
+quitted his painful hiding-place, where the power of his muscles and
+sinews had been so severely tested, and mounted into the hay-loft,
+where he remained concealed three nights and four days, sustaining
+himself on cakes of chocolate. No one loved good cheer better than he,
+or indulged more in the pleasures of the table; but he made himself a
+slave to nothing, save the inordinate desire of other men's goods, and
+patiently contented himself with what would keep body and soul
+together till he was enabled to make his grand _coup_.
+
+At last, Madame de Brienne went in all her glory to the Princess de
+Marsan's ball, and nearly all the domestics took advantage of the
+absence of their mistress to leave the hôtel in pursuit of their own
+pleasures. Poulailler then descended from the hay-loft, made his way
+to the noble dame's cabinet, forced her secrétaire, and possessed
+himself of two thousand Louis d'or and a port-folio, which he
+doubtless wished to examine at his ease; for, two days afterwards, he
+sent it back, (finding it furnished with such securities only as he
+could not negotiate with safety,) and a polite note signed with his
+name, in which he begged the Princess graciously to receive the
+restitution, and to accept the excuses of one who, had he not been
+sorely pressed for the moderate sum which he had ventured to take,
+would never have thought of depriving the illustrious lady of it;
+adding, that when he was in cash, he should be delighted to lend her
+double the amount, should her occasions require it.
+
+This impudent missive was lauded as a marvel of good taste at
+Versailles, where, for a whole week, every one talked of the
+consummate cleverness and exquisite gallantry of the _Chevalier_ de
+Poulailler.
+
+This title of honor stuck, and his fame seemed to inspire him with
+additional ardor and address. His affairs having led him to Cambray,
+he happened to have for a travelling companion the Dean of a
+well-known noble Belgian chapter. The conversation rolled on the
+notorieties of the day, and Poulailler was a more interesting theme
+than the weather. But our chevalier was destined to listen to
+observations that did not much flatter his self-esteem, for the Dean,
+so far from allowing him any merit whatever as a brigand,
+characterized him as an infamous and miserable cutpurse, adding, that
+at his first and approaching visit to Paris, he would make it his
+business to see the lieutenant of police, and reproach him with the
+small pains he took to lay so vile a scoundrel by the heels.
+
+The journey passed off without the occurrence of any thing remarkable;
+but about a month after this colloquy M. Hérault received a letter,
+informing him that on the previous evening, M. de Potter,
+_chanoine-doyen_ of the noble chapter of Brussels, had been robbed and
+murdered by Poulailler, who, clad in the habits of his victim, and
+furnished with his papers, would enter the barrier St. Martin. This
+letter purported to have been written by one of his accomplices, who
+had come to the determination of denouncing him in the hope of
+obtaining pardon.
+
+The horror of M. Hérault at the death of this dignified ecclesiastic,
+who was personally unknown to him, was, if the truth must be told,
+merged in the delight which that magistrate felt in the near prospect
+of avenging society and himself on this daring criminal. A cloud of
+police officers hovered in ambush at each of the barriers, and
+especially at that which bore the name of the saint who divided his
+cloak with the poor pilgrim, with directions to seize and bring into
+the presence of M. Hérault a man habited as an ecclesiastic, and with
+the papers of the Dean of the Brussels chapter. Towards evening the
+Lille coach arrived, was surrounded and escorted to the hôtel des
+Messageries, and at the moment when the passengers descended, the
+officers pounced upon the personage whose appearance and vestments
+corresponded with their instructions.
+
+The resistance made by this personage only sharpened the zeal of the
+officers who seized him, and, in spite of his remonstrances and cries,
+carried him to the hôtel of the police, where M. Hérault was prepared
+with the proofs of Poulailler's crimes. Two worthy citizens of
+Brussels were there, anxious to see the murderer of their friend, the
+worthy ecclesiastic, whose loss they so much deplored: but what was
+their joy, and, it must be added, the disappointment of M. Hérault,
+when the supposed criminal turned out to be no other than the good
+Dean de Potter himself, safe and sound, but not a little indignant at
+the outrage which he had sustained. Though a man of peace, his ire so
+far ruffled a generally calm temper, that he could not help asking M.
+Hérault whether Poulailler (from whom a second letter now arrived,
+laughing at their beards) or he, M. Hérault, was the chief director of
+the police?
+
+William of Deloraine, good at need--
+
+    By wily turns, by desperate bounds,
+    Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds.
+    Five times outlawed had he been,
+    By England's king and Scotland's queen.
+
+But he was never taken, and had no occasion for his
+
+    ----neck-verse at Hairibee,
+
+even if he could have read it. Poulailler was arrested no less than
+five times, and five times did he break his bonds. Like Jack Sheppard
+and Claude du Val, he owed his escape in most instances to the frail
+fair ones, who would have dared any thing in favor of their favorite,
+and who, in Jack's case, joined on one occasion without jealousy in a
+successful effort to save him.
+
+Poulailler was quite as much the pet of the petticoats as either of
+these hempen heroes. With a fine person and accomplished manners, he
+came, saw, and overcame, in more instances than that of the fair
+daughter of the Baron von Kirbergen; but, unlike John Sheppard or
+Claude Du Val, Poulailler was cruel. Villains as they were, John and
+Claude behaved well, after their fashion, to those whom they robbed,
+and to the unhappy women with whom they associated. In their case, the
+"ladies" did their utmost to save them, and men were not wanting who
+endeavored to obtain a remission of their sentence. But Poulailler
+owed his fall to a woman whom he had ruined, ill-treated, and scorned.
+The ruin and ill-treatment she bore, as the women, poor things, will
+bear such atrocities; but the scorn roused all the fury which the
+poets, Latin and English, have written of; and his cruelties were so
+flagrant, that he could find no man to say, "God bless him."
+
+Wilhelmina von Kirbergen had twice narrowly escaped from a violent
+death. Poulailler, in his capricious wrath, once stabbed her with such
+murderous will, that she lay a long time on the verge of the grave,
+and then recovered to have the strength of her constitution tried by
+the strength of a poison which he had administered to her in
+insufficient quantities. Henry the Eighth forwarded his wives, when he
+was tired of them, to the other world by form of what was in his time
+English law; but when Poulailler "felt the fulness of satiety," he got
+rid of his mistresses by a much more summary process. But it was not
+till this accomplished scoundrel openly left Wilhelmina for a younger
+and more beautiful woman, that she, who had given up station, family,
+and friends, to link herself with his degrading life, abandoned
+herself to revenge.
+
+She wrote to him whom she had loved so long and truly, to implore that
+they might once more meet before they parted in peace for ever.
+Poulailler, too happy to be freed on such terms, accepted her
+invitation, and was received so warmly that he half repented his
+villainous conduct, and felt a return of his youthful affection. A
+splendid supper gave zest to their animated conversation; but towards
+the end of it, Poulailler observed a sudden change in his companion,
+who manifested evident symptoms of suffering. Poulailler anxiously
+inquired the cause.
+
+"Not much," said she; "a mere trifle--I have poisoned myself, that I
+may not survive you."
+
+"Quoi, coquine! m'aurais-tu fait aussi avaler le boucon?" cried the
+terrified robber.
+
+"That would not have sufficiently avenged me. Your death would have
+been too easy. No, my friend, you will leave this place safe and well;
+but it will be to finish the night at the Conciergerie; and,
+to-morrow, as they have only to prove your identity, you will finish
+your career on the wheel in the Place de Grève."
+
+So saying, she clapped her hands, and, in an instant, before he had
+time to move, the Philistines were upon him. Archers and other
+officers swarmed from the hangings, door, and windows. For a few
+moments, surrounded as he was, his indomitable courage seemed to
+render the issue doubtful; but what could one man do against a host
+armed to the teeth? He was overpowered, notwithstanding his brave and
+vigorous resistance.
+
+His death, however, was not so speedy as his wretched mistress
+prophesied that it would be. The love of life prevailed, and in the
+hope of gaining time which he might turn to account in effecting his
+escape, he promised to make revelations of importance to the state.
+The authorities soon found out that he was trifling with them, and the
+_procureur-général_, after having caused him to be submitted to the
+most excruciating torture, left him to be broken on the wheel alive.
+He was executed with all the accursed refinement of barbarity which
+disgraced the times; and his tormenters, at last, put the finishing
+stroke to his prolonged agonies, by throwing him alive into the fire
+that blazed at his feet.
+
+Nothing can justify such penal atrocities. If any thing could,
+Poulailler, it must be admitted, had wrought hard to bring down upon
+himself the whole sharpness of the law of retaliation. Upwards of one
+hundred and fifty persons had been murdered by him and his band.
+Resistance seemed to rouse in him and them the fury of devils. Nor was
+it only on such occasions that his murderous propensities were
+glutted.
+
+At the village of St. Martin, he caused the father, the mother, two
+brothers, a newly-married sister, her husband, and four relations, or
+friends, to be butchered in cold blood.
+
+One of his band was detected in an attempt to betray him. Poulailler
+had him led to a cellar. The traitor was placed upright in an angle of
+the wall, gagged, and there they built him in alive. Poulailler, with
+his own hand, wrote the sentence and epitaph of the wretch on the soft
+plaster; and there it was found some years afterward, when the cellar
+in which this diabolical act of vengeance was perpetrated passed into
+the hands of a new proprietor.
+
+It was current in the country where Poulailler first saw the light,
+and where his father, mother, brethren, and sisters, still lived an
+honorable life, embittered only by the horrible celebrity of their
+relation, that, on the night which followed the day of Pierre's
+execution, the isolated tower, which had been uninhabited since its
+last occupant had so mysteriously disappeared, seemed all on fire,
+every window remaining illuminated by the glowing element till morning
+dawned. During this fearful nocturnal spectacle, it was affirmed that
+infernal howlings and harrowing cries proceeded from the apparently
+burning mass, and some peasants declared that they heard Pierre
+Poulailler's name shouted from the midst of the flames in a voice of
+thunder.
+
+The dawn showed the lonely tower unscathed by fire; but a fearful
+tempest arose, and raged with ceaseless fury for thrice twenty-four
+hours. The violence of the hurricane was such, that it was impossible
+during that time for any vessel to keep the sea; and when at length
+the storm subsided, the coast was covered with pieces of wreck, while
+the waves continued for many days to give up their dead at the base of
+the rock, from whose crest frowned _La Tour Maudite_.
+
+
+
+
+From Hogg's Instructor.
+
+THE LATE D. M. MOIR.
+
+BY GEORGE GILFILLAN.
+
+
+Pleasant and joyous was the circle wont to assemble now and then (not
+_every_ night, as the public then fondly dreamed) in Ambrose's, some
+twenty-five years ago: not a constellation in all our bright sky, at
+present, half so brilliant. There sat John Wilson, "lord of the
+lion-heart and eagle-eye," his hair somewhat thicker, and his eye
+rather brighter, and his complexion as fresh, and his talk as
+powerful, as now. There Lockhart appeared, with his sharp face,
+_adunco naso_, keen poignant talk, and absence of all enthusiasm.
+There Maginn rollicked and roared, little expecting that he was ever
+destined to stand a bankrupt and ruined man over Bunyan's dust, and
+cry, "Sleep on, thou Prince of Dreamers!" There De Quincey bowed and
+smiled, while interposing his mild but terrible and unanswerable
+"buts," and winding the subtle way of his talk through all subjects,
+human, infernal, and divine. There appeared the tall military form of
+old Syme, alias Timothy Tickler, with his pithy monosyllables, and
+determined _nil admirari_ bearing. There the Ettrick Shepherd told his
+interminable stories, and drank his interminable tumblers. There sat
+sometimes, though seldom, a young man of erect port, mild gray eye,
+high head, rich quivering lips, and air of simple dignity, often
+forgetting to fill or empty his glass, but never forgetting to look
+reverently to the "Professor," curiously and admiringly to De Quincey,
+and affectionately to all: it was Thomas Aird. There occasionally
+might be seen Macnish of Glasgow, with his broad fun; Doubleday of
+Newcastle, then a rising litterateur; Leitch, the ventriloquist, (not
+professionally so, and yet not much inferior, we believe, to the
+famous Duncan Macmillan); and even a stray Cockney or two who did not
+belong to the Cockney school. There, too, the "Director-general of the
+Fine Arts," old Bridges, (uncle to our talented friend, William
+Bridges, Esq. of London,) was often a guest, with his keen black eye,
+finely-formed features, rough, ready talk, and a certain smack audible
+on his lips when he spoke of a beautiful picture, a "leading article"
+in "Maga," or of some of the queer adventures (_quorum pars fuit_) of
+Christopher North. And there, last, not least, was frequently seen the
+fine fair-haired head of Delta, the elegant poet, the amiable man, and
+the author of one of the quaintest and most delightful of our Scottish
+tales, "Mansie Wauch."
+
+That brilliant circle was dissolved long ere we knew any of its
+members. We question if it was ever equalled, except thrice: once by
+the Scriblerus Club, composed of Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and
+Bolingbroke; again by the "Literary Club," with its Johnson, Burke,
+Garrick, Beauclerk, Gibbon, and Fox: and more recently by the
+"Round-table," with its Hazlitt, Hunt, Lamb, and their minor
+companions. It is now, we need not say, entirely dissolved, although
+most of its members are yet alive, and although its doings and sayings
+have been of late imitated in certain symposia, reminding us, in
+comparison with the past, of the shadowy feasts of the dead beside
+real human entertainments. The "nights" of the North are diviner than
+the "days."
+
+From this constellation, we mean, at present, to cut out one "bright,
+particular star," and to discourse of him. This is Delta, the
+delightful. We have not the happiness of Dr. Moir's acquaintance, nor
+did we ever see him, save once. It was at the great Edinburgh
+Philosophic Feed of 1846, when Macaulay, Whately, and other lions,
+young and old, roared, on the whole, rather feebly, and in vulgar
+falsetto, over their liberal provender. Delta, too, was a speaker, and
+his speech had two merits, at least, modesty and brevity, and
+contrasted thus well with Whately's egotistical rigmarole, Macaulay's
+labored paradox, and Maclagan's inane bluster. He was, we understood
+afterwards, in poor health at the time, and did not do justice to
+himself. But we have been long familiar with his poems in "Blackwood"
+and the "Dumfries Herald," to which he occasionally contributed. We
+remember well when, next to a paper by North, or a poem by Aird, we
+looked eagerly for one by Delta in each new number of "Ebony;" and we
+now cheerfully proceed to say a few words about his true and exquisite
+genius.
+
+We may call Delta the male Mrs. Hemans. Like her, he loved principally
+the tender, the soft, and the beautiful. Like her, he excelled in
+fugitive verses, and seldom attempted, and still more seldom
+succeeded, in the long or the labored poem. Like her, he tried a great
+variety of styles and measures. Like her, he ever sought to interweave
+a sweet and strong moral with his strains, and to bend them all in by
+a graceful curve around the Cross. But, unlike her, his tone was
+uniformly glad and genial, and he exhibited none of that morbid
+melancholy which lies often like a dark funeral edge around her most
+beautiful poems: and this, because he was a _masculine_ shape of the
+same elegant genus.
+
+Delta's principal powers were cultured sensibility, fine fancy, good
+taste, and an easy, graceful style and versification. He sympathized
+with all the "outward forms of sky and earth, with all that was
+lovely, and pure, and of a good report" in the heart and the history
+of humanity, and particularly with Scottish scenery, and Scottish
+character and manners. His poetry was less a distinct power or vein,
+than the general result and radiance of all his faculties. These
+exhaled out of them a fine genial enthusiasm, which expressed itself
+in song. We do not think, with Carlyle, that it is the same with _all_
+high poets. _He_ says--"Poetry, except in such cases as that of Keats,
+where the whole consists in a weak-eyed maudlin sensibility, and a
+certain vague tunefulness of nature, is no separate faculty, no organ
+which can be superadded to the rest, or disjoined from them, but
+rather the result of their general harmony and completion." Now, 1st,
+Carlyle is here grossly unjust to Keats. Had the author of Hyperion
+nothing but maudlin sensibility? If ever man was devoured, body and
+soul, by that passion for, and perception of, the beauty and glory of
+the universe, which is the essence of poetry, it was poor Keats. He
+was poetry incarnate--the wine of the gods poured into a frail earthy
+vessel, which split around it. Nor has Burns, of whom Carlyle is here
+writing, left any thing to be compared, in ideal qualities, in depth,
+and massiveness, and almost Miltonic magnificence, with the
+descriptions of Saturn, and the Palace of the Sun, and the Senate of
+the Gods in "Hyperion." Burns was the finest lyrist of his or any age;
+but Keats, had he lived, would have been one of the first of _epic_
+poets. 2dly, We do not very well comprehend what Carlyle means by the
+words "no organ, which can be superadded to, or disjoined from the
+rest." If he means that no culture can add, or want of it take away,
+poetic faculty, he is clearly right. But, if he means that nature
+never confers a poetic vein distinct from, and superior to, the
+surrounding faculties of the man, we must remind him of certain
+stubborn facts. Gay and Fontaine were "fable-trees," Goldsmith was an
+"inspired idiot." Godwin's powerful philosophic and descriptive genius
+seemed scarcely connected with the man; he had to _write_ himself
+_into_ it, and his friends could hardly believe him the author of his
+own works! Even Byron was but a common man, except at his desk, or "on
+his stool" as he himself called it. He had to "_call_" his evil spirit
+from the vasty deep, and to lash himself very often into inspiration
+by a whip of "Gin-_twist_." And James Hogg was little else than a
+_haverer_, till he sat down to write poetry, when the "faery queen"
+herself seemed to be speaking from within him. Nay, 3dly, we are
+convinced that many men, of extraordinary powers otherwise, have in
+them a vein of poetry as distinct from the rest as the bag of honey in
+the bee is from his sting, his antennæ, and his wings, and which
+requires some special circumstance or excitement to develop it. Thus
+it was, we think, with Burke, Burns, and Carlyle himself. All these
+had poetry in them, and have expressed it; but any of them might have
+_avoided_, in a great measure, its expression, and might have solely
+shone in other spheres. For example, Burke has written several works
+full, indeed, of talent, but without a single gleam of that real
+imagination which other of his writings display. What a contrast
+between his "Thoughts on the Present Discontents," or his "Essay on
+the Sublime and Beautiful," (an essay containing not one sublime, and
+not two beautiful sentences in it all,) and the "rare and regal"
+rhetorical and poetic glories of his "Essay on the French Revolution,"
+or his "Letters on a Regicide Peace!" Burns might have been a
+philosopher of the Dugald Stewart school, as acute and artificially
+eloquent as any of them, had he gone to Edinburgh College instead of
+going to Irvine School. Carlyle might have been a prime-minister of a
+somewhat original and salvage sort, had it been so ordered. None of
+the three were so essentially poetical, that all their thoughts were
+"twin-born with poetry," and rushed into the reflection of metaphor,
+as the morning beams into the embrace and reflection of the lake. All
+were _stung_ into poetry: Burke by political zeal and personal
+disappointment, Burns by love, and Carlyle by that white central heat
+of dissatisfaction with the world and the things of the world, which
+his temperament has compelled him to express, but which his Scottish
+common sense has taught him the wisdom of expressing in earnest
+masquerade and systematic metaphor. But, 4thly, there is a class of
+poets who have possessed more than the full complement of human
+faculties, who have added to these extensive accomplishments and
+acquirements, and yet who have been so constituted, that imaginative
+utterance has been as essential to their thoughts as language itself.
+Such were Dante, Milton, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, &c., and such
+are Wilson, Bailey, Aird, and Yendys. These are "nothing, if not
+poetical." All their powers and acquisitions turn instinctively toward
+poetic expression, whether in verse or prose. And near them, although
+on a somewhat lower plane, stood Delta.
+
+Poetry, with Delta, was rather the natural outflow of his whole soul
+and culture combined, than an art or science. His poetry was founded
+on feelings, not on principles. Indeed, we fancy that little true
+poetry, in any age, has been systematic. It is generally the work of
+sudden enthusiasm, wild and rapid ecstasy acting upon a nature
+_prefitted_ for receiving the afflatus, whether by gift or by
+accomplishment, or by both united. Even the most thoroughly furnished
+have been as dependent on moods and happy hours as the least. The wind
+of inspiration bloweth where it listeth. Witness Milton and Coleridge,
+both of whom were masters of the theory of their art, nay, who had
+studied it scientifically, and with a profound knowledge of cognate
+sciences, and yet both of whom could only build up the lofty rhyme at
+certain seasons, and in certain circumstances, and who frequently
+perpetrated sheer dulness and drivel. The poetry of Homer, of
+Eschylus, of Lucretius, of Byron, of Shelley, of Festus--in short, the
+most of powerful poetry--has owed a vast deal more to excitement and
+enthusiasm than to study or elaborate culture. The rhapsodists were
+the first, have been the best, and shall be the last of the poets. And
+with what principles of poetic art were the bards of Israel
+conversant? And what systems of psychology or æsthetics had Shakspeare
+studied? And in what college were trained the framers of the
+ballad-poetry of the world--the lovers who soothed with song their
+burning hearts--the shepherds who sang amid their green
+wildernesses--the ploughmen who modulated to verse the motion of their
+steers--the kings of the early time who shouted war-poetry from their
+chariots--the Berserkars whose long hair curled and shook as though
+life were in it, to the music of their wild melodies--and the "men of
+sturt and strife," the rough Macpherson-like heroes, whose spirits
+sprang away from the midst of flood and flame, from the gallows or the
+scaffold, on whirlwinds of extempore music and poetry? Poetry, with
+them, was the irresistible expression of passion and of imagination,
+and hence its power; and to nothing still, but the same rod, can its
+living waters flow amain. Certain fantastic fribbles of the present
+day may talk of "principles of art," and "principles of
+versification," and the necessity of studying poetry as a science, and
+may exhaust the resources of midnight darkness in expressing their
+bedrivelled notions; but _our_ principle is this--"Give us a gifted
+intellect, and warm true heart, and stir these with the fiery rod of
+passion and enthusiasm, and the result will be genuine, and high, and
+lasting poetry, as certainly as that light follows the sun."
+
+It may, perhaps, be objected, besides, that Delta has left no large or
+great poem. Now, here we trace the presence of another prevalent
+fallacy. Largeness is frequently confounded with greatness. But,
+because Milton's Paradise Lost is both large and great, it does not
+follow that every great poem must be large, any more than that every
+large poem must be great. Pollok's Course of Time is a large and a
+clever, but scarcely a great poem. Hamlet and Faust may be read each
+in an hour, and yet both are great poems. Heraud's Judgment of the
+Flood is a vast folio in size, but a very second-rate poem in
+substance. Thomas Aird's Devil's Dream covers only four pages, yet who
+ever read it without the impression "this is a great effort of
+genius." Lalla Rookh was originally a quarto, but, although brilliant
+in the extreme, it can hardly be called a poem at all. Burns's Vision
+of Liberty contains, in the space of thirty-two lines, we hesitate not
+to say, all the elements of a great poem. Although Delta's poems be
+not large, it is not a necessary corollary that they are inferior
+productions. And if none of them, perhaps, fill up the whole measure
+of the term "great," many of them are beautiful, all are genuine, and
+some, such as Casa Wappy, are exquisite.
+
+Health is one eminent quality in this pleasing writer. Free
+originally from morbid tendencies, he has nursed and cherished this
+happy tone of mind by perusing chiefly healthy authors. He has acted
+on the principle that the whole should be kept from the sick. He has
+dipped but sparingly into the pages of Byron and Shelley, whereas
+Wordsworth, Wilson, Southey, and Scott, are the gods of his idolatry.
+Scott is transcendently clear. Indeed, we think that he gives to him,
+_as a poet_, a place beyond his just deserts. His ease, simplicity,
+romantic interest, and Border fire, have blinded him to his faults,
+his fatal facility of verse, his looseness of construction, and his
+sad want of deep thought and original sentiment. To name him beside or
+above Wordsworth, the great consecrated bard of his period, is
+certainly a heresy of no small order. One or two of Wordsworth's
+little poems, or of his sonnets, are, we venture to say, in genuine
+poetical depth and beauty, superior to Scott's _five_ larger poems put
+together. _They_ are long, lively, rambling, shallow, and blue,
+glittering streams. Wordsworth's ballads are deep and clear as those
+mountain pools over which bends the rowan, and on which smiles the
+autumn sky, as on the fittest reflector of its own bright profundity
+and solemn clearness.
+
+Well did Christopher North characterize Delta as the poet of the
+spring. He was the darling of that darling season. In all his poetry
+there leaped and frolicked "vernal delight and joy." He had in some of
+his verses admirably, and on purpose, expressed the many feelings or
+images which then throng around the heart, like a cluster of bees
+settling at once upon flower--the sense of absolute newness, blended
+with a faint, rich thrill of recollection--the fresh bubbling out of
+the blood from the heart-springs--the return of the reveries of
+childhood or youth--the intolerance of the fireside--the thirst after
+nature renewed within the soul--the strange glory shed upon the earth,
+all red and bare though it yet be--the attention excited by every
+thing, "even by the noise of the fly upon the sunny wall, or the
+slightest murmur of creeping waters"--the springing up of the sun from
+his winter declinature--the softer and warmer lustre of the stars--and
+the new emphasis with which men pronounce the words "hope" and "love."
+To crown a spring evening, there sometimes appears in the west the
+planet Venus, bright yellow-green, shivering as with ecstasy in the
+orange or purple sky, and rounding off the whole scene into the
+perfection of beauty. The Scottish poet of spring did not forget this
+element of its glory, but sung a hymn to that fair star of morn and
+eve worthy of its serene, yet tremulous splendor.
+
+Delta was eminently a national writer. He did not gad abroad in search
+of the sublime or strange, but cultivated the art of staying at home.
+The scenery of his own neighborhood, the traditions or the histories
+of his own country, the skies and stars of Scotland, the wild or
+beautiful legends which glimmer through the mist of its past--these
+were "the haunt and the main region of his song," and hence, in part,
+the sweetness and the strength of his strains. Indeed, it is
+remarkable that nearly all our Scottish poets have been national and
+descriptive. Scotland has produced no real epic, few powerful
+tragedies, few meditative poems of a high rank, but what a mass of
+poetry describing its own scenery and manners, and recording its own
+traditions. King James the Sixth, Gawin Douglas, Davie Lyndsay,
+Ramsay, Fergusson, Ross of the "Faithful Shepherdess," Burns, Beattie,
+Sir Walter Scott, Wilson, Aird, Delta, and twenty more, have been all
+more or less national in their subject, or language, or both. We
+attribute this, in a great measure, to the extreme peculiarity of
+Scottish manners, _as they were_, and to the extreme and romantic
+beauty of Scottish scenery. The poetic minds, in a tame country like
+England, are thrown out upon foreign topics, or thrown in upon
+themselves; whereas, in Scotland, they are arrested and detained
+within the circle of their own manners and mountains. "Paint _us_
+first," the hills seem to cry aloud. A reason, too, why we have had
+few good tragedies or meditative poems, may be found in our national
+narrowness of creed, and in our strong prejudice against dramatic
+entertainments. As it is, we have only Douglas, and three or four good
+plays of Miss Baillie's, to balance Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and all
+that galaxy--not to speak of the multitudes who have followed--and
+only the "Grave," the "Minstrel," and the "Course of Time," to compare
+with the works of George Herbert, Giles Fletcher, Quarles, Milton,
+Young, Cowper, and Wordsworth.
+
+We find in Delta little meditative power or tendency. His muse had no
+"speculation" in her eye. Whether from caution, or from want of the
+peculiar faculty, he never approached those awful abysses of thought
+which are now attracting so many poets--attracting them, partly from a
+desire to look down into their darkness, and partly from a passion for
+those strange and shivering flowers which grow around their sides.
+Leigh Hunt, in his late autobiography, when speaking of Blanco White,
+seems to blame all religious speculation, as alike hopeless and
+useless. But, in the present day, unless there be religious
+speculation, there can, with men of mind, be little religion--no
+creed--nor even an approximation toward one. Would Mr. Hunt destroy
+that link, which in every age has bound us to the infinite and
+eternal? Would he bring us back to mere brute worship, and brute
+belief? Because we cannot at present form an infallible creed, should
+we beware of seeking to form a creed at all? Because we cannot see all
+the stars, must we never raise our eyes, or our telescopes, to the
+midnight heavens? Because HE has been able to reach no consistent and
+influential faith, ought all men to abandon the task? So far from
+agreeing with this dogmatic denunciation, we hold that it argues on
+the part of its author--revered and beloved though he be--a certain
+shallowness and levity of spirit--that its tendency is to crush a
+principle of aspiration in the human mind, which may be likened to an
+outspringing angel pinion, and that it indirectly questions the use
+and the truth of all revelation. We honor, we must say, Blanco White,
+in his noble struggles, and in his divine despair, more than Leigh
+Hunt, in his denial that such struggles are wiser than a maniac's
+trying to leap to the sun, and in the ignoble conceptions of man's
+position and destiny which his words imply. And, notwithstanding his
+chilling criticism, so unlike his wont, we believe still, with
+Coleridge, that not Wordsworth, nor Milton, have written a sonnet,
+embodying a thought so new and magnificent, in language so sweet and
+musical, and perfectly fitted to the thought, like the silvery new
+moon sheathed in a transparent fleecy cloud, as that of Blanco White's
+beginning with "Mysterious Night."
+
+Delta, we have already said, gained reputation, in prose, as well as
+in verse. His _Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith_, is one of the most
+delightful books in the language. It is partly, it is true, imitated
+from Galt; but, while not inferior to him in humor, it has infused a
+far deeper vein of poetry into the conception of common Scottish life.
+Honor to thee, honest Mansie! Thou art worth twenty Alton Lockes, the
+metaphysical tailor (certainly one of the absurdest creations, and
+surrounded by the most asinine story of the age, although redeemed by
+some glorious scenes, and _one_ character, Sandy Mackay, who is just
+Thomas Carlyle _humanized_). But better than thee still, is thy
+'prentice, Mungo Glen, with decline in his lungs, poetry in his heart,
+and on his lips one of the sweetest laments in the language! Many
+years have elapsed since we read thy life, but our laughter at thy
+adventures, and our tears at the death of thy poor 'prentice, seem as
+fresh as those of yesterday!
+
+Why did Delta only open, and never dig out, this new and rich vein? He
+alone seemed adequate to follow, however far off, in the steps of the
+Great Wizard. Aird seemed to have exhausted his tale-writing faculty,
+exquisite as it was. Wilson's tales, with all their power, lack
+repose; they are too troubled, tearful, monotonous, and tempestuous.
+Galt, Miss Ferrier, the authoress of the Odd Volume, Macnish, &c., are
+dead....
+
+We had not the pleasure of hearing Delta's recent lectures. They were,
+chatty, conversational, lively, full of information, although neither
+very eloquent, nor very profound. He knew too well the position in
+which he stood, and the provender which his audience required! Nor, we
+confess, did we expect to meet in them with a comprehensive or final
+vidimus of the poetry of the last fifty years. His Edinburgh eye has
+been too much dazzled and overpowered by the near orbs of Walter Scott
+and Wilson, to do justice to remoter luminaries. Nor was criticism
+exactly Delta's forte. He had not enough of subtility--perhaps not
+enough of profound native instinct--and, perhaps, _some_ will think,
+not enough of bad blood. But his criticism must, we doubt not, be
+always sincere in feeling, candid in spirit, and manly in language.
+Still, we repeat, that his power and mission were in the description
+of the woods and streams, the feelings and customs, the beauties and
+peculiarities, of 'dear Auld Scotland.'
+
+It may, perhaps, be necessary to add, that the name Delta was applied to
+Dr. Moir, from his signature in "Black wood," which was always [Symbol:
+Delta]; that he was a physician in Musselburgh, and the author of some
+excellent treaties on subjects connected with his own profession; and that
+while an accomplished litterateur and beautiful poet, he never neglected
+his peculiar duties, but stood as high in the medical as in the literary
+world.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+THE DESERTED MANSION.
+
+
+A few years ago, a picture appeared in the Exhibition of the Royal
+Academy, which peculiarly impressed my imagination; it represented an
+ancient ruinous dwelling, surrounded by dilapidated gardens, set in
+sombre woods. The venerable trees, the moat filled with nettles and
+rubbish, the broken fences, green stagnant waters, the gabled,
+turreted, many-windowed, mouldering mansion, a perfect medley of
+chaotic architecture. The _visible silence_, the spirit of supreme
+desolation brooding over the precincts, filled my mind with
+involuntary sadness; while fancy conjured up strange, wild tales of
+other days, in connection with the scene. I could not shake off the
+belief that reality was portrayed on the canvas; and writing an
+account of the various pictures to a friend who resided in the
+country, I dwelt on this particular one, and my singular impressions
+respecting it. When I next received a letter from my friend, she
+remarked how unaccountable my fancies were; fancies which were,
+however, based on the foundation of truth.
+
+She went on to say, that reading my letter to Mrs. L----, an
+octogenarian in wonderful preservation, that lady informed her of the
+locality of my deserted mansion, and also of its history; the picture
+being actually painted for Mrs. L----'s son; and the tale attached to
+it, which my friend eventually gave me in the old lady's own words,
+was as follows:
+
+"Fifty years ago, the mansion of St. Elan's Wood was reckoned ancient,
+but it was a healthful, vigorous age, interesting and picturesque.
+Then, emerald turf lined the sides of the moat, and blooming flowers
+clustered within its sloping shelter; white drapery fluttered within
+the quaint latticed windows, and delicate climbers festooned them
+without; terraced walks and thick hollow hedges were in trim order,
+fountains sparkled in the sunshine, and blushing roses bent over and
+kissed the clear rejoicing waters.
+
+"Fifty years ago, joyous laughter resounded amid the greenwood glades,
+and buoyant footsteps pressed the greensward; for the master of St.
+Elan's had brought home a bride, and friends and relatives hastened
+thither to offer congratulations, and to share the hospitalities of
+the festive season.
+
+"Lady St. Elan was a very young wife; a soft-eyed, timid creature; her
+mother had died during her daughter's infancy, and her father (an
+officer of high rank in the army) being abroad, a lady whom we shall
+call Sabina, by whom she had been educated, accompanied her beloved
+pupil, now Lady St. Elan, to this new home. The death of Lady St.
+Elan's father, and the birth of a daughter, eventually mingled
+rejoicing and mourning together, while great anxiety was felt for the
+young mother, whose recovery was extremely tedious. The visits of
+eminent physicians, who were sent for from great distances, evinced
+the fears which were still entertained, even when the invalid roamed
+once more in the pleasant garden and woods around. Alas! it was not
+for the poor lady's bodily health they feared; the hereditary mental
+malady of her family on the maternal side, but which had slumbered for
+two generations, again darkly shadowed forth its dread approaches.
+Slight, indeed, had been the warning as yet, subtle the demonstrations
+of the deadly enemy, but enough to alarm the watchful husband, who was
+well acquainted with the facts. But the alarm passed away, the
+physicians came no more, and apparent health and strength, both mental
+and physical, were fully restored to the patient, while the sweet babe
+really deserved the epithets lavished on it by the delighted mother of
+the 'divinest baby in the world.'
+
+"During the temporary absence of her husband, on affairs of urgent
+business, Lady St. Elan requested Sabina to share her chamber at
+night, on the plea of timidity and loneliness; this wish was
+cheerfully complied with, and two or three days passed pleasantly
+away.
+
+"St. Elan was expected to return home on the following morning, and
+when the friends retired to rest on the previous night, Sabina
+withdrew the window curtains, to gaze upon the glorious landscape
+which stretched far away, all bathed in silver radiance, and she soon
+fell into a tranquil slumber, communing with holy thoughts and
+prayerful aspirations. She was suddenly awakened by a curious kind of
+sound in the room, accompanied by a half-stifled jeering laugh. She
+knew not how long sleep had lulled her in oblivion, but when Sabina
+turned round to see from whence the sound proceeded, imagine her
+horror and dismay at beholding Lady St. Elan standing near the door,
+sharpening a large knife on her slipper, looking wildly round now and
+then, muttering and jibing.
+
+"'Not sharp enough yet--not sharp enough yet,' she exclaimed, intently
+pursuing her occupation.
+
+"Sabina felt instinctively, that this was no practical _joke_; she
+knew instinctively the dread reality--by the maniac's eye--by the tone
+of voice--and she sprang from the bed, darting towards the door. It
+was locked. Lady St. Elan looked cunningly up, muttering--
+
+"'So you thought I was so silly, did you? But I double-locked it, and
+threw the key out of the window; and perhaps you may spy out in the
+moonshine you're so fond of admiring,' pointing to an open casement,
+at an immense height from the ground--for this apartment was at the
+summit of a turret, commanding an extensive view, chosen for that
+reason, as well as for its seclusion and repose, being so far distant
+from the rest of the household.
+
+"Sabina was not afflicted with weak nerves, and as the full danger of
+her position flashed across her mind, she remembered to have heard
+that the human eye possesses extraordinary power to quell and keep in
+abeyance all unruly passions thus terrifically displayed. She was also
+aware, that in a contest where mere bodily energy was concerned, her
+powers must prove utterly inadequate and unavailing, when brought into
+competition with those of the unfortunate lady during a continuance of
+the paroxysm. Sabina feigned a calmness which she was far from feeling
+at that trying moment, and though her voice trembled, yet she said
+cheerfully, and with a careless air--
+
+"'I think your knife will soon be sharp enough, Lady St. Elan; what do
+you want it for?'
+
+"'What do I want it for?' mimicked the mad woman; 'why what should I
+want it for, Sabina, but to cut your throat with?'
+
+"'Well, that is an odd fancy,' exclaimed Sabina, endeavoring not to
+scream or to faint: 'but you had better sit down, for the knife is not
+sharp enough for that job--there--there's a chair. Now give me your
+attention while you sharpen, and I'll sit opposite to you; for I have
+had such an extraordinary dream, and I want you to listen to it.'
+
+"The lady looked maliciously sly, as much as to say, 'You shall not
+cheat me, if I _do_ listen.' But she sat down, and Sabina opposite to
+her, who began pouring forth a farrago of nonsense, which she
+pretended to have dreamt. Lady St. Elan had always been much addicted
+to perusing works of romantic fiction, and this taste for the
+marvellous was, probably, the means of saving Sabina's life, who,
+during that long and awful night, never flagged for one moment,
+continuing her repetition of marvels in the _Arabian Night's_ style.
+The maniac sat perfectly still, with the knife in one hand, the
+slipper in the other, and her large eyes intently fixed on the
+narrator. Oh, those weary, weary hours! When, at length, repeated
+signals and knocks were heard at the chamber-door, as the morning sun
+arose, Sabina had presence of mind not to notice them, as her terrible
+companion appeared not to do so; but she continued her sing-song,
+monotonous strain, until the barrier was fairly burst open, and St.
+Elan himself, who had just returned, alarmed at the portentous murmurs
+within, and accompanied by several domestics, came to the rescue.
+
+"Had Sabina moved, or screamed for help, or appeared to recognize the
+aid which was at hand, ere it could have reached her, the knife might
+have been sheathed in her heart. This knife was a foreign one of
+quaint workmanship, usually hanging up in St. Elan's dressing-room;
+and the premeditation evinced in thus secreting it was a mystery not
+to be solved. Sabina's hair which was black as the raven's wing, when
+she retired to rest on that fearful night, had changed to the
+similitude of extreme age when they found her in the morning. Lady St.
+Elan never recovered this sudden and total overthrow of reason, but
+died--alas! it was rumored, by her own hand--within two years
+afterwards. The infant heiress was entrusted to the guidance of her
+mother's friend and governess; she became an orphan at an early age,
+and on completing her twenty-first year was uncontrolled mistress of
+the fortune and estates of her ancestors.
+
+"But long ere that period arrived, a serious question had arisen in
+Sabina's mind respecting the duty and expediency of informing Mary St.
+Elan what her true position was, and gently imparting the sad
+knowledge of that visitation overshadowing the destinies of her race.
+It was true that in her individual case the catastrophe might be
+warded off, while, on the other hand, there was lurking, threatening
+danger; but a high religious principle seemed to demand a sacrifice,
+or self-immolation, in order to prevent the possibility of a
+perpetuation of the direful malady.
+
+"Sabina felt assured that were her noble-hearted pupil once to learn
+the facts, there would be no hesitation on her part in strictly
+adhering to the prescribed line of right; it was a bitter task for
+Sabina to undertake, but she did not shrink from performing it when
+her resolution became matured, and her scruples settled into decision,
+formed on the solid basis of duty to God and man. Sabina afterwards
+learnt that the sacrifice demanded of Mary St. Elan was far more
+heroic than she had contemplated; and when that sweet young creature
+devoted herself to a life of celibacy, Sabina did not know, that
+engrossed by 'first love,' of which so much has been said and sung,
+Mary St. Elan bade adieu to life's hope and happiness.
+
+"With a woman's delicate perception and depth of pity, Sabina gained
+that knowledge; and with honor unspeakable she silently read the
+treasured secrets of the gentle heart thus fatally wounded--the evil
+from which she had sedulously striven to guard her pupil, had not been
+successfully averted--Mary St. Elan had already given away her
+guileless heart. But her sorrows were not doomed to last; for soon
+after that period when the law pronounced her free from control
+respecting her worldly affairs, the last of the St. Elans passed
+peacefully away to a better world, bequeathing the mansion house and
+estate of St. Elan's Wood to Sabina and her heirs. In Sabina's
+estimation, however, this munificent gift was the 'price of blood:' as
+but for _her_ instrumentality, the fatal knowledge would not have been
+imparted; but for _her_ the ancestral woods and pleasant home might
+have descended to children's children in the St. Elan's
+line,--tainted, indeed, and doomed; but now the race was extinct.
+
+"There were many persons who laughed at Sabina's sensitive feelings on
+this subject, which they could not understand; and even well-meaning,
+pious folk, thought that she carried her strict notions, too far. Yet
+Sabina remained immovable; nor would she ever consent that the wealth
+thus left should be enjoyed by her or hers.
+
+"Thus the deserted mansion still remains unclaimed, though it will not
+be long ere it is appropriated to the useful and beneficent purpose
+specified in Mary St. Elan's will--namely, failing Sabina and her
+issue, to be converted into a lunatic asylum--a kind of lunatic
+alms-house for decayed gentlewomen, who, with the requisite
+qualifications, will here find refuge from the double storms of life
+assailing them, poor souls! both from within and without."
+
+"But what became of Sabina, and what interest has your son in this
+picture?" asked my friend of old Mrs. L----, as that venerable lady
+concluded her narration; "for if none live to claim the property, why
+does it still remain thus?"
+
+"Your justifiable curiosity shall be gratified, my dear," responded
+the kindly dame. "Look at my hair--it did not turn white from age: I
+retired to rest one night with glossy braids, black as the raven's
+wing, and they found me in the morning as you now behold me! Yes, it
+is even so; and you no longer wonder that Sabina's son desired to
+possess this identical painting; my pilgrimage is drawing towards its
+close--protracted as it has been beyond the allotted age of man--but,
+according to the tenor of the afore-named will, the mansion and estate
+of St. Elan must remain as they now stand until I am no more; while
+the accumulated funds will amply endow the excellent charity. Were my
+son less honorable or scrupulous, he might, of course, claim the
+property on my decease; but respect for his mother's memory, with firm
+adherence to her principles, will keep him, with God's blessing, from
+yielding to temptation. He is not a rich man, but with proud humility
+he may gaze on this memorial picture, and hand it down to posterity
+with the traditionary lore attached; and may none of our descendants
+ever lament the use which will be made, nor covet the possession, of
+this deserted mansion."
+
+
+
+
+From Hogg's Instructor.
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF MOTIVES.
+
+
+Certain it is, that in the universe there can be but one infallible
+Judge of motives. None but its Maker can see into the secret springs,
+and clearly comprehend the motions, of the mind. Nevertheless, "the
+will for the deed" is an old understanding among mankind, in virtue of
+that inward life whose world and workings they know to extend so far
+beyond the visible. It is, indeed, the privilege, and in some sense a
+necessity of human reason, to inquire after, at least, obvious
+motives, since the smallest acquaintance with character or history
+cannot be formed without taking them into account. Thus, in the
+biographies of notable men, in the histories of nations, and in the
+gossip which constitutes the current history of most neighborhoods,
+and is relished alike by the denizens of court and hamlet, nobody is
+satisfied with knowing merely what was done, for the demand invariably
+follows, Why they did it? That query is often necessary to legal, and
+always to moral justice. It must be, so to speak, a most mechanical
+and surface life, whose daily doings the beholder can fully explain,
+independent of any reference to inward feelings, unuttered memories,
+or concealed hopes. How many deeds and whole courses of action,
+chameleon-like, utterly change their complexions, according to the
+light of attributed motives! Through that medium, the patriot of one
+party becomes the heartless and designing knave of another; and the
+fanatical revolutionists of their own generation turn to fearless
+reformers with the next. Many an act, on the details of which most
+historians are agreed, is held up by one to the world's praise, and by
+another to universal censure. Henri Quatre, says the first, conformed
+to Catholicism rather than continue a civil war in his kingdom; while
+a second remarks of the same monarch, that he sacrificed his faith for
+a crown. When Frederick-William of Prussia was just at the hottest of
+that persecution of his celebrated son, for which, together with his
+love of tall soldiers, he is best known to the world, the grand
+dispute amongst his favorite guards at Potsdam was, whether the kicks,
+cuffs, and imprisonments, which the old king bestowed so liberally on
+his heir-apparent, were intended to prevent young Fritz turning an
+infidel, or arose from his father's fears that he might be a greater
+man than himself! On no subject are mankind more apt to differ,
+probably because there are few on which observation affords so much
+inferential and so little direct evidence.
+
+Approaching the innermost circles of private life, we find that the
+views entertained of motives exercise a still greater influence in
+determining our estimation of kindred, friends, or lovers. Volpone, in
+Ben Jonson's play, even had he been capable of it, could have no cause
+for gratitude to his numerous friends for all their gifts and
+attentions, knowing so perfectly as he did, that they came but in
+expectation of a legacy; and many a well-portioned dame has seen cause
+for applying to her most attentive suitor those lines of a homely
+Scottish song--
+
+    "My lad is sae muckle in love wi' my siller,
+    He canna hae love to spare for me."
+
+There is a strange difference of opinion existing at times between the
+principals and the spectators of these particular affairs. Few, it has
+been said, can penetrate the motives of others in matters regarding
+themselves. Yet most people are wonderfully sharp-sighted where their
+neighbors are concerned; and the world--as every one of us is apt to
+call that fraction of society in which we live, and move, and have our
+associations--though generally not over charitable, is rarely wrong in
+its conclusions.
+
+He was a keen observer of life who remarked that the rapid changes to
+which most of human friendships and enmities are liable, could be no
+matter of surprise to one who took note of the motives from which they
+generally originate. Poor and unsubstantial enough these doubtless
+are, in many a case. There have been friendships that owed their
+growth solely to showers of flattery, and bitter enmities have
+spontaneously sprung up in the soil of envy. It was said of Goldsmith,
+that he could never hear a brother poet, or, indeed, any citizen of
+the world of letters, praised, without entertaining a temporary
+aversion to that individual, and a similar effect was always produced
+by the smallest sign of increasing literary consequence. A report that
+M---- had been taken particular notice of by such a nobleman of those
+patronizing times, or that his works had been admired in some segment
+of the fashionable circle, was sufficient to make the author of the
+"Deserted Village" find all manner of faults with him and his, till
+time, or his habitual good nature, wiped the circumstance out of
+Goldsmith's remembrance.
+
+This reminds one of Madame de Montespan, a belle of that order which
+reigned most triumphantly at the court of Louis XIV., who never could
+forgive her rival, even when disgraced and dead, because she had once
+got a ride in the royal carriage. It is curious that the learned and
+the fair, far as their general pursuits, and visibilities, too, are
+known to be apart, should, according to common report, approximate so
+nearly in their motives to enmity or friendship. George Colman used to
+say, that, if one had any interest in getting up a quarrel between
+either two fine ladies or two literary men, he had nothing to do but
+to praise the one energetically to the other, and the higher his
+enthusiasm rose, the fiercer would be the war.
+
+It was asserted of both the elder and younger Scaliger, that they
+never applauded any scholar with all their might, but one who was
+manifestly inferior to themselves; and of Madame de Maintenon, that
+she never honored any one with her special friendship who was not, in
+some considerable point, beneath her. There is still a large class of
+characters, in all whose attachments a something to despise seems the
+indispensable ingredient. The perpetual triumph of being always "king
+of the company" has a binding attraction for such minds. It confers a
+kind of dictatorship to have the advantage of one's friends. Nothing
+else can explain the amount of patronage and befriending generally
+lavished on the most worthless members of families or societies; and
+the half-grudge, half-surveillance, which, under the covert of mere
+mouth-honor, often surrounds great or successful abilities.
+
+A strange motive to enmity is illustrated in the life of General
+Loudoun, one of the Scotch Jacobites, who, on the defeat of his party,
+entered the Austrian service, and rose to the rank of field-marshal in
+the wars of Maria Theresa. He had taken the town of Seidlitz from the
+Prussians. It was a great stroke in favor of the empress queen, and
+might have been rewarded with a coronet, but, in his haste to send her
+majesty the intelligence, Loudoun transmitted it through her husband,
+the Emperor Francis, who had a private interest in the matter, having
+long carried on a speculation of his own in victualling not only his
+wife's troops, but those of her Prussian enemy. King Maria, as she was
+styled by her Hungarian subjects, had also some special reasons for
+allowing him to have neither hand nor voice in her concerns--a fact
+which the marshal had never learned, or forgotten; and her majesty was
+so indignant at receiving the news through such a channel, that,
+though she struck a medal to commemorate the taking of Seidlitz,
+Loudoun was rewarded only with her peculiar aversion throughout the
+remaining seventeen years of her reign, for which the good wishes of
+that imperial speculator in forage and flour afforded but poor
+consolation.
+
+Of all the important steps of human life, that by which two are made
+one appears to be taken from the greatest variety of motives.
+Doubtless, from the beginning it was not so; but manifold and
+heterogeneous are those which have been alleged for it in the
+civilized world. Goethe said he married to attain popular
+respectability. Wilkes, once called the Patriot, when sueing his wife,
+who chanced to have been an heiress, for the remains of her property,
+declared that he had wedded at twenty-two, solely to please his
+friends; and Wycherly the poet, in his very last days, worshipped and
+endowed with all his worldly goods, as the English service hath it, a
+girl whom poverty had made unscrupulous, in order to be revenged on
+his relations.
+
+Princes of old were in the habit of marrying to cement treaties, which
+were generally broken as soon after as possible; and simple citizens
+are still addicted to the same method of amending their fortunes and
+families. There was an original motive to double blessedness set forth
+in the advice of a veteran sportsman in one of the border counties.
+His niece was the heiress of broad lands, which happened to adjoin an
+estate belonging to a younger brother of the turf; and the senior
+gentleman, when dilating to her on the exploits they had performed
+together by wood and wold, wound up with the following sage
+counsel--"Maria, take my advice, and marry young Beechwood, and you'll
+see this county hunted in style."
+
+The numbers who, by their own account, have wedded to benefit society,
+in one shape or another, would furnish a strong argument against the
+accredited selfishness of mankind, could they only be believed. The
+general good of their country was the standing excuse of classic
+times, and philosophers have occasionally reproduced it in our own.
+Most people seem to think some apology necessary, but none are so
+ingenious in showing cause why they should enter the holy state, as
+those with whom it is the second experiment. The pleas of the widowed
+for casting off their weeds are generally prudent, and often
+singularly commendable. Domestic policy or parental affection supply
+the greater part of them; and the want of protectors and step-mothers
+felt by families of all sizes is truly marvellous, considering the
+usual consequences of their instalment.
+
+It is to be admired, as the speakers of old English would say, for
+what noble things men will give themselves credit in the way of
+motives, and how little resemblance their actions bear to them.
+Montaigne was accustomed to tell of a servant belonging to the
+Archbishop of Paris, who, being detected in privately selling his
+master's best wine, insisted that it was done out of pure love to his
+grace, lest the sight of so large a stock in his cellar might tempt
+him to drink more than was commendable for a bishop. A guardian care
+of their neighbors' well-being, somewhat similar, is declared by all
+the disturbers of our daily paths. Tale-bearers and remarkers, of
+every variety, have the best interests of their friends at heart; and
+what troublesome things some people can do from a sense of duty is
+matter of universal experience. Great public criminals, tyrants, and
+persecutors in old times, and the abusers of power in all ages, have,
+especially in the fall of their authority, laid claim to most exalted
+motives. Patriotism, philanthropy, and religion itself, have been
+quoted as their inspirers. The ill-famed Judge Jeffries said, his
+judicial crimes were perpetrated to maintain the majesty of the law.
+Robespierre affirmed that he had lived in defence of virtue and his
+country. But perhaps the most charitable interpretation that ever man
+gave to the motives of another, is to be found in the funeral sermon
+of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George III. The preacher,
+after several judicious remarks on the virtues of the royal deceased,
+concludes, "That in the extreme to which these were carried, they
+appeared like vices; for so great was his generosity, that he ruined
+half the tradesmen in London; and so extraordinary his condescension,
+that he kept all sorts of bad company."
+
+It is strange, that while motives abstractly virtuous have produced
+large additions to the sum of mortal ills, little of private, and
+still less of public, good has sprung, even casually, from those that
+are evil in themselves. "If either the accounts of history, or the
+daily reports of life, are to be at all credited," said one who had
+learned and thought much on this subject, "the greatest amount of
+crime and folly has been committed from motives of religion and love,
+as men, for the most part, know them; while those of avarice, revenge,
+and fear, have originated the most extraordinary actions and important
+events."
+
+The sins of revenge have usually a leaven of what Bacon calls "wild
+justice" in them. Those of avarice are, from their very nature,
+notorious; but perhaps no motive has ever prompted men to such varied
+and singular actions as that of fear. The working of fear was
+singularly exhibited in the conduct of a certain Marquis of
+Montferrat, who lived at the period of the famous Italian wars, waged
+between Charles V. of Germany and Francis I. of France. The marquis
+was an Alpine feudatory of the former, and served him long and
+faithfully, till a German astrologer of high repute in those days
+assured him, from the stars, that the emperor would be eventually
+overthrown, and all his partisans utterly ruined. To avoid his
+probable share in that prediction, the marquis turned traitor to his
+friend and sovereign, for Charles had trusted him beyond most men; but
+the next year, the emperor was completely victorious, by both sea and
+land. The marquis had fallen, fighting in vain for Francis, and his
+fief was bestowed on a loyal vassal of the emperor.
+
+Divines and philosophers have had many controversies concerning
+motives. A great dispute on this subject is said to have engaged the
+learned of Alexandria, about the accession of the emperor Julian,
+whom, says a biographer, "some of his subjects named the Apostate, and
+some the Philosopher." The controversy occupied not only the Christian
+Platonists, for whose numbers that city was so celebrated, but also
+the Pagan wisdom, then shedding its last rays under favor of the new
+emperor. Yet neither Christians nor Pagans could entirely agree with
+each other, and such a division of opinion had never been heard, even
+in Alexandria. Things were in this state, says the tradition, when
+there arrived in the capital of Egypt a Persian, whose fame had long
+preceded him. He had been one of the Magi, at the base of the
+Caucasus, till the Parthians laid waste his country, when he left it,
+and travelled over the world in search of knowledge, and, in both east
+and west, they called him Kosro the Wise. Scarce was the distinguished
+stranger fairly within their gates when the chiefs of the parties
+determined to hear his opinion on matter; and a deputation, consisting
+of a Christian bishop, a Jewish rabbi, a Platonist teacher, and a
+priest of Isis, waited on the Persian one morning, when he sat in the
+portico of a long-deserted temple, which some forgotten Egyptian had
+built to Time, the instructor. The rabbi and the priest were for
+actions. The Platonist and the bishop were motive men, but in the
+manner of those times, for even philosophy has its fashions, the four
+had agreed that each should propose a question to Kosro, as his own
+wisdom dictated. Accordingly, after some preparatory compliments,
+touching the extent of his fame and travels, the Platonist, who was
+always notable for circumlocution, opened the business by inquiring
+what he considered the chief movers of mankind.
+
+"Gain and vanity," replied Kosro.
+
+"Which is strongest?" interposed the rabbi, in whom the faculty of
+beating about in argument was scarcely less developed.
+
+"Gain was the first," said the Persian. "Its worship succeeded the
+reign of Ormuz, which western poets call the golden age, and I know
+not when it was; but, in later ages, vanity has become the most
+powerful, for every where I have seen men do that for glory which they
+would not do for gain; and many even sacrifice gain to glory, as they
+think it."
+
+"But, wise Kosro," demanded the priest, impatient with what he
+considered a needless digression, "tell us your opinion--Should men be
+judged by their motives or their actions?"
+
+"Motives," said Kosro, "are the province of divine, and actions of
+human, judgment. Nevertheless, because of the relation between them it
+is well to take note of the former when they become visible in our
+light, yet not to search too narrowly after them, but take deeds for
+their value; seeing, first, that the inward labyrinth is beyond our
+exploring; secondly, that most men act from mingled motives; and,
+thirdly, that if, after the thought of a western poet, there were a
+crystal pane set in each man's bosom, it would mightily change the
+estimation of many."
+
+And the bishop made answer--"Kosro, thou hast seen the truth; man must
+at times perceive, but God alone can judge of, motives."
+
+
+
+
+From Sharpe's London Journal.
+
+THE LAST DAYS OF THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER.
+
+FROM THE FRENCH OF ALEX. DUMAS, BY MISS STRICKLAND.
+
+
+The knowledge of an extensively organized conspiracy embittered the
+last years of the Emperor Alexander, and increased his constitutional
+melancholy. His attachment to Tzarsko Zelo made him linger longer at
+his summer palace than was prudent in a man subject to erysipelas. The
+wound in his leg reopened with very unfavorable symptoms, and he was
+compelled to leave his favorite residence in a closed litter for St.
+Petersburgh; and the skill and firmness of Mr. Wyllie, his Scotch
+surgeon, alone saved the diseased limb from amputation. As soon as he
+was cured, he returned again to Tzarsko Zelo, where the spring found
+him as usual alone, without a court or chamberlain, only giving
+audience to his ministers twice a-week. His existence resembled rather
+that of an anchorite weeping for the sins of his youth, than that of a
+great Emperor who makes the happiness of his people.
+
+He regulated his time in the following manner:--in summer he rose at
+five, and in winter at six o'clock every morning, and as soon as the
+duties of the toilette were ended, entered his cabinet, in which the
+greatest order was observed. He found there a cambric handkerchief
+folded, and a packet of new pens. He only used these pens in signing
+his name, and never made use of them again. As soon as he concluded
+this business, he descended into the garden, where, notwithstanding
+the report of a conspiracy which had existed two years against his
+life and government, he walked alone with no other guards than the
+sentinels always stationed before the palace of Alexander. At five he
+returned, to dine alone, and after his solitary meal was lulled to
+sleep by the melancholy airs played by the military band of the guard
+regiment on duty. The selection of the music was always made by
+himself, and he seemed to sink to repose, and to awake, with the same
+sombre dispositions and feelings which had been his companions
+throughout the day.
+
+His empress Elizabeth lived like her consort, in profound solitude,
+watching over him like an invisible angel. Time had not extinguished
+in her heart the profound passion with which the youthful Czarowitz
+had inspired her at first sight, and which she had preserved in her
+heart, pure and inviolate. His numerous and public infidelities could
+not stifle this holy and beautiful attachment, which formed at once
+the happiness and misery of a delicate and sensitive woman.
+
+At this period of her life, the Empress at five-and-forty retained her
+fine shape and noble carriage, while her countenance showed the
+remains of considerable beauty, more impaired by sorrow than time.
+Calumny itself had never dared to aim her envenomed shafts at one so
+eminently chaste and good. Her presence demanded the respect due to
+virtue, still more than the homage proper to her elevated rank. She
+resembled indeed more an angel exiled from heaven, than the imperial
+consort of a Prince who ruled a large portion of the earth.
+
+In the summer of 1825, the last he was destined to see, the physicians
+of the Emperor unanimously recommended a journey to the Crimea, as the
+best medicine he could take. Alexander appeared perfectly indifferent
+to a measure which regarded his individual benefit, but the Empress,
+deeply interested in any event likely to restore her husband's health,
+asked and obtained permission to accompany him. The necessary
+preparations for this long absence overwhelmed the Emperor with
+business, and for a fortnight he rose earlier, and went to bed later,
+than was customary to him.
+
+In the month of June, no visible alteration was observed in his
+appearance, and he quitted St. Petersburgh, after a service had been
+chanted, to bring down a blessing from above on his journey. He was
+accompanied by the Empress, his faithful coachman, Ivan, and some
+officers belonging to the staff of General Diebitch. He stopped at
+Warsaw a few days, in order to celebrate the birthday of his brother,
+the Grand-Duke Constantine, and arrived at Tangaroff in the end of
+August 1825. Both the illustrious travellers found their health
+benefitted by the change of scene and climate. Alexander took a great
+liking to Tangaroff, a small town on the borders of the sea of Azof,
+comprizing a thousand ill-built houses, of which a sixth-part alone
+are of brick and stone, while the remainder resemble wooden cages
+covered with dirt. The streets are large, but then they have no
+pavement, and are alternately loaded with dust, or inundated with mud.
+The dust rises in clouds, which conceals alike man and beast under a
+thick veil, and penetrates every where the carefully closed jalousies
+with which the houses are guarded, and covers the garments of their
+inhabitants. The food, the water, are loaded with it; and the last
+cannot be drunk till previously boiled with salt of tartar, which
+precipitates it; a precaution absolutely necessary to free it from
+this disagreeable and dangerous deposit.
+
+The Emperor took possession of the governor's house, where he
+sometimes slept and took his meals. His abode there in the daytime
+rarely exceeded two hours. The rest of his time was passed in
+wandering about the country on foot, in the hot dust or wet mud. No
+weather put any stop to his outdoor exercise, and no advice from his
+medical attendant nor warning from the natives of Tangaroff, could
+prevail upon him to take the slightest precaution against the fatal
+autumnal fever of the country. His principal occupation was, planning
+and planting a great public garden, in which undertaking he was
+assisted by an Englishman whom he had brought with him to St.
+Petersburgh for that purpose. He frequently slept on the spot on a
+camp-bed, with his head resting upon a leather pillow.
+
+If general report may be credited, planting gardens was not the
+principal object that engrossed the Russian Emperor's attention. He
+was said to be employed in framing a new Constitution for Russia, and
+unable to contend at St. Petersburgh with the prejudices of the
+aristocracy, had retired to this small city, for the purpose of
+conferring this benefit upon his enslaved country.
+
+However this might be, the Emperor did not stay long at a time at
+Tangaroff, where his Empress, unable to share with him the fatigues of
+his long journeys, permanently resided, during his frequent absences
+from his head quarters. Alexander, in fact, made rapid excursions to
+the country about the Don, and was sometimes at Tcherkask, sometimes
+at Donetz. He was on the eve of departure for Astracan, when Count
+Woronzoff in person came to announce to his sovereign the existence of
+the mysterious conspiracy which had haunted him in St. Petersburgh,
+and which extended to the Crimea, where his personal presence could
+alone appease the general discontent.
+
+The prospect of traversing three hundred leagues appeared a trifle to
+Alexander, whom rapid journeys alone diverted from his oppressive
+melancholy. He announced to the Empress his departure, which he only
+delayed till the return of a messenger he had sent to Alapka. The
+expected courier brought new details of the conspiracy, which aimed at
+the life, as well as the government of Alexander. This discovery
+agitated him terribly. He rested his aching head on his hands, gave a
+deep groan, and exclaimed, "Oh, my father, my father!" Though it was
+then midnight, he caused Count Diebitch to be roused from sleep and
+summoned into his presence. The general, who lodged in the next house,
+found his master in a dreadfully excited state, now traversing the
+apartment with hasty strides, now throwing himself upon the bed with
+deep sighs and convulsive starts. He at length became calm, and
+discussed the intelligence conveyed in the dispatches of Count
+Woronzoff. He then dictated two, one addressed to the Viceroy of
+Poland, the other to the Grand-Duke Nicholas.
+
+With these documents all traces of his terrible agitation disappeared.
+He was quite calm, and his countenance betrayed nothing of the emotion
+that had harassed him the preceding night.
+
+Count Woronzoff, notwithstanding his apparent calmness, found him
+difficult to please, and unusually irritable, for Alexander was
+constitutionally sweet-tempered and patient. He did not delay his
+journey on account of this internal disquietude, but gave orders for
+his departure from Tangaroff, which he fixed for the following day.
+
+His ill-humor increased during the journey; he complained of the
+badness of the roads and the slowness of the horses. He had never been
+known to grumble before. His irritation became more apparent when Sir
+James Wyllie, his confidential medical attendant, recommended him to
+take some precaution against the frozen winds of the autumn; for he
+threw away with a gesture of impatience the cloak and pelisse he
+offered, and braved the danger he had been entreated to avoid. His
+imprudence soon produced consequences. That evening he caught cold,
+and coughed incessantly, and the following day, on his arrival at
+Orieloff, an intermittent fever appeared, which soon after, aggravated
+by the obstinacy of the invalid, turned to the intermittent fever
+common to Tangaroff and its environs in the autumn.
+
+The Emperor, whose increasing malady gave him a presage of his
+approaching death, expressed a wish to return to the Empress, and once
+more took the route to Tangaroff; contrary to the prayers of Sir James
+Wyllie, he chose to perform a part of the journey on horseback, but
+the failure of his strength finally forced him to re-enter his
+carriage. He entered Tangaroff on the fifth of November, and swooned
+the moment he came into the governor's house. The Empress, who was
+suffering with a complaint of the heart, forgot her malady, while
+watching over her dying husband. Change of place only increased the
+fatal fever which preyed upon his frame, which seemed to gather
+strength from day to day. On the eight, Wyllie called in Dr.
+Stephiegen, and on the thirteenth they endeavored to counteract the
+affection of the brain, and wished to bleed the imperial patient. He
+would not submit to the operation, and demanded iced water, which they
+refused. Their denial irritated him, and he rejected every thing they
+offered him, with displeasure. These learned men were unwise, to
+deprive the suffering prince of the water, a safe and harmless
+beverage in such fevers. In fact, nature herself sometimes, in
+inspiring the wish, provides the remedy. The Emperor on the afternoon
+of that day wrote and sealed a letter, when perceiving the taper
+remained burning, he told his attendant to extinguish it, in words
+that plainly expressed his feelings in regard to the dangerous nature
+of his malady. "Put out that light, my friend, or the people will take
+it for a bier candle, and will suppose I am already dead."
+
+On the fourteenth of November, the physicians again urged their
+refractory patient to take the medicines they prescribed, and were
+seconded by the prayers of the Empress. He repulsed them with some
+haughtiness, but quickly repenting of his hastiness of temper, which
+in fact was one of the symptoms of the disease, he said, "Attend to
+me, Stephiegen, and you too, Sir Andrew Wyllie. I have much pleasure
+in seeing you, but you plague me so often about your medicine, that
+really I must give up your company if you will talk of nothing else."
+He however was at last induced to take a dose of calomel.
+
+In the evening, the fever had made such fearful progress that it
+appeared necessary to call in a priest. Sir Andrew Wyllie, at the
+instance of the Empress, entered the chamber of the dying prince, and
+approaching his bed, with tears in his eyes advised him "to call in
+the aid of the Most High, and not to refuse the assistance of religion
+as he had already done that of medicine."
+
+The Emperor instantly gave his consent. Upon the fifteenth, at five
+o'clock in the morning, a humble village priest approached the
+imperial bed to receive the confession of his expiring sovereign.--"My
+father, God must be merciful to kings," were the first words the
+Emperor addressed to the minister of religion; "indeed they require it
+so much more than other men." In this sentence all the trials and
+temptations of the despotic ruler of a great people--his territorial
+ambition, his jealousy, his political ruses, his distrusts and
+over-confidences, seem to be briefly comprehended. Then, apparently
+perceiving some timidity in the spiritual confessor his destiny had
+provided for him, he added, "My father, treat me like an erring man,
+not as an Emperor." The priest drew near the bed, received the
+confession of his august penitent, and administered to him the last
+sacraments. Then having been informed of the Emperor's pertinacity in
+rejecting medicine, he urged him to give up this fatal obstinacy,
+remarking, "that he feared God would consider it absolutely suicidal."
+His admonitions made a deep impression upon the mind of the prince,
+who recalled Sir Andrew Wyllie, and, giving him his hand, bade him do
+what he pleased with him. Wyllie took advantage of this absolute
+surrender, to apply twenty leeches to the head of the Emperor; but the
+application was too late, the burning fever continually increased, and
+the sufferer was given over. The intelligence filled the dying chamber
+with weeping domestics, who tenderly loved their master.
+
+The Empress still occupied her place by the bed-side, which she had
+never quitted but once, in order to allow her dying husband to unbosom
+himself in private to his confessor. She returned to the post assigned
+her by conjugal tenderness directly the priest had quitted it.
+
+Two hours after he had made his peace with God, Alexander experienced
+more severe pain than he had yet felt. "Kings," said he, "suffer more
+than others." He had called one of his attendants to listen to this
+remark with the air of one communicating a secret. He stopped, and
+then, as if recalling something he had forgotten, said in a whisper,
+"they have committed an infamous action." What did he mean by these
+words? Was he suspicious that his days had been shortened by poison?
+or did he allude, with the last accents he uttered, to the barbarous
+assassination of the Emperor Paul? Eternity can alone reveal the
+secret thoughts of Alexander I. of Russia.
+
+During the night, the dying prince lost consciousness. At two o'clock
+in the morning, Count Diebitch came to the Empress, to inform her that
+an old man, named Alexandrowitz, had saved many Tartars in the same
+malady. A ray of hope entered the heart of the imperial consort at
+this information, and Sir Andrew Wyllie ordered him to be sent for in
+haste. This interval was passed by the Empress in prayer, yet she
+still kept her eyes fixed upon those of her husband, watching with
+intense attention the beams of life and light fading in their
+unconscious gaze. At nine in the morning, the old man was brought into
+the imperial chamber almost by force. The rank of the patient,
+perhaps, inspiring him with some fear respecting the consequences that
+might follow his prescriptions, caused his extreme unwillingness. He
+approached the bed, looked at his dying sovereign, and shook his head.
+He was questioned respecting this doubtful sign. "It is too late to
+give him medicine; besides, those I have cured were not sick of the
+same malady."
+
+With these words of the peasant physician, the last hopes of the
+Empress vanished; but if pure and ardent prayers could have prevailed
+with God, Alexander would have been saved.
+
+On the sixteenth of November, according to the usual method of
+measuring time, but on the first of December, if we follow the Russian
+calendar, at fifty minutes after ten in the morning, Alexander
+Paulowitz, Emperor of all the Russias, expired. The Empress, bending
+over him, felt the departure of his last breath. She uttered a bitter
+cry, sank upon her knees, and prayed. After some minutes passed in
+communion with heaven, she rose, closed the eyes of her deceased lord,
+composed his features, kissed his cold and livid hands, and once more
+knelt and prayed. The physicians entreated her to leave the chamber of
+death, and the pious Empress consented to withdraw to her own.[9]
+
+The body of the Emperor lay in state, on a platform raised in an
+apartment of the house where he died. The presence-chamber was hung
+with black, and the bier was covered with cloth of gold. A great many
+wax tapers lighted up the gloomy scene. A priest at the head of the
+bier prayed continually for the repose of his deceased sovereign's
+soul. Two sentinels with drawn swords watched day and night beside the
+dead, two were stationed at the doors, and two stood on each step
+leading to the bier. Every person received at the door a lighted
+taper, which he held while he remained in the apartment. The Empress
+was present during these masses, but she always fainted at the
+conclusion of the service. Crowds of people united their prayers to
+hers, for the Emperor was adored by the common people. The corpse of
+Alexander I. lay in state twenty-one days before it was removed to the
+Greek monastery of St. Alexander, where it was to rest before its
+departure for interment in St. Petersburgh.
+
+Upon the 25th December, the remains of the Emperor were placed on a
+funeral car drawn by eight horses, covered to the ground with black
+cloth ornamented with the escutcheons of the empire. The bier rested
+on an elevated dais, carpeted with cloth of gold; over the bier was
+laid a flag of silver tissue, charged with the heraldic insignia
+proper to the imperial house. The imperial crown was placed under the
+dais. Four major-generals held the cords which supported the diadem.
+The persons composing the household of the Emperor and Empress
+followed the bier dressed in long black mantles, bearing in their
+hands lighted torches. The Cossacks of the Don every minute discharged
+their light artillery, while the sullen booming of the cannon added to
+the solemnity of the imposing scene.
+
+Upon its arrival at the church, the body was transferred to a
+catafalco covered with red cloth, surmounted by the imperial arms in
+gold, displayed on crimson-velvet. Two steps led up to the platform on
+which the catafalco was placed. Four columns supported the dais upon
+which the imperial crown, the sceptre, and the globe, rested.
+
+The catafalco was surrounded by curtains of crimson velvet and cloth
+of gold, and four massy candelabra, at the four corners of the
+platform, bore wax tapers sufficient to dispel the darkness, but not
+to banish the gloom pervading the church, which was hung with black
+embroidered with white crosses. The Empress made an attempt to assist
+at this funeral service, but her feelings overpowered her, and she was
+borne back to the palace in a swoon; but as soon as she came to
+herself she entered the private chapel, and repeated there the same
+prayers then reciting in the church of St. Alexander.
+
+While the remains of the Emperor Alexander were on their way to their
+last home, the report of his dangerous state, which had been forwarded
+officially to the Grand-Duke Nicholas, was contradicted by another
+document, which bore date of the 29th of November, announcing that
+considerable amendment had taken place in the Emperor's health, who
+had recovered from a swoon of eight hours' duration, and had not only
+appeared collected, but declared himself improved in health.
+
+Whether this was a political ruse of the conspirators or the new
+Emperor remains quite uncertain; however, a solemn _Te Deum_ was
+ordered to be celebrated in the cathedral of Casan, at which the
+Empress Mother and the Grand-Dukes Nicholas and Michael were present.
+The joyful crowds assembled at this service scarcely left the imperial
+family and their suite a free space for the exercise of their
+devotions. Towards the end of the _Te Deum_, while the sweet voices of
+the choir were rising in harmonious concert to heaven, some official
+person informed the Grand-Duke Nicholas that a courier from Tangaroff
+had arrived with the last dispatch, which he refused to deliver into
+any hand but his own. Nicholas was conducted into the sacristy, and
+with one glance at the messenger divined the nature of the document of
+which he was the bearer. The letter he presented was sealed with
+black. Nicholas recognized the handwriting of the Empress Consort,
+and, hastily opening it, read these words:
+
+"Our angel is in heaven; I still exist on earth, but I hope soon to be
+re-united to him."
+
+The bishop was summoned into the sacristy by the new Emperor, who gave
+him the letter, with directions to break the fatal tidings it
+contained to the Empress Mother with the tenderest care. He then
+returned to his place by the side of his august parent, who alone, of
+the thousands assembled there, had perceived his absence.
+
+An instant after, the venerable bishop re-entered the choir, and
+silenced the notes of praise and exultation with a motion of his hand.
+Every voice became mute, and the stillness of death reigned throughout
+the sacred edifice. In the midst of the general astonishment and
+attention he walked slowly to the altar, took up the massy silver
+crucifix which decorated it, and throwing over that symbol of earthly
+sorrow and divine hope a black veil, he approached the Empress Mother,
+and gave her the crucifix in mourning to kiss.
+
+The Empress uttered a cry, and fell with her face on the
+pavement;--she comprehended at once that her eldest son was dead.
+
+The Empress Elizabeth soon realized the sorrowful hope she had
+expressed. Four months after the death of her consort she died on the
+way from Tangaroff, at Beloff, and soon rejoined him she had
+pathetically termed "_her_ angel in heaven."
+
+The historical career of the Emperor Alexander is well known to every
+reader, but the minor matters of every-day life mark the man, while
+public details properly denote the sovereign.
+
+The faults of Alexander are comprised in his infidelity to a
+beautiful, accomplished, and affectionate wife. He respected her even
+while wounding her delicate feelings by his criminal attachments to
+other women. After many years of mental pain, the injured Elizabeth
+gave him the choice of giving her up, or banishing an imperious
+mistress, by whom the Emperor had a numerous family.
+
+Alexander could not resolve to separate for ever from his amiable and
+virtuous consort,--he made the sacrifice she required of him.
+
+His gallantry sometimes placed him in unprincely situations, and
+brought him in contact with persons immeasurably beneath him. He once
+fell in love with a tailor's wife at Warsaw, and not being well
+acquainted with the character of the pretty grisette, construed her
+acceptance of the visit he proposed making her, into approbation of
+his suit. The fair Pole was too simple, and had been too virtuously
+brought up, to comprehend his intentions. Her husband was absent, so
+she thought it would not be proper to receive the imperial visit
+alone; she made, therefore, a re-union of her own and her husband's
+relations--rich people of the bourgeoisie class--and when the emperor
+entered her saloon, he found himself in company with thirty or forty
+persons, to whom he was immediately introduced by his fair and
+innocent hostess. The astonished sovereign was obliged to make himself
+agreeable to the party, none of whom appeared to have divined his
+criminal intentions. He made no further attempt to corrupt the
+innocence of this beautiful woman, whose simplicity formed the
+safeguard of her virtue.
+
+A severe trial separated him for ever from his last mistress, who had
+borne him a daughter; this child was the idol of his heart, and to
+form her mind was the pleasure of his life. At eighteen the young lady
+eclipsed every woman in his empire by her dazzling beauty and graceful
+manners. Suddenly she was seized with an infectious fever, for which
+no physician in St. Petersburgh could find a remedy. Her mother,
+selfish and timid, deserted the sick chamber of the suffering girl,
+over whom the bitter tears of a father were vainly shed, while he kept
+incessant vigils over one whom he would have saved from the power of
+the grave at the expense of his life and empire. The dying daughter
+asked incessantly for her mother, upon whose bosom she desired to
+breathe her last sigh; but neither the passionate entreaties nor the
+commands of her imperial lover could induce the unnatural parent to
+risk her health by granting the interview for which her poor child
+craved, and she expired in the arms of her father, without the
+consolation of bidding her mother a last adieu.
+
+Some days after the death of his natural daughter, the Emperor
+Alexander entered the house of an English officer to whom he was much
+attached. He was in deep mourning and appeared very unhappy. "I have
+just followed to the grave," said he, "as a private person the remains
+of my poor child, and I cannot yet forgive the unnatural woman who
+deserted the death-bed of her daughter. Besides, my sin, which I never
+repented of, has found me out, and the vengeance of God has fallen
+upon its fruits. Yes, I deserted the best and most amiable of wives,
+the object of my first affection, for women who neither possessed her
+beauty nor merit. I have preferred to the Empress even this unnatural
+mother, whom I now regard with loathing and horror. My wife shall
+never again have cause to reproach my broken faith."
+
+Devotion and his strict adherence to his promise balmed the wound,
+which, however, only death could heal. To the secret agony which
+through life had haunted the bosom of the son was added that of the
+father, and the return of Alexander to the paths of virtue and
+religion originated in the loss of this beloved daughter, smitten, he
+considered, for his sins.
+
+The friendship of this prince for Madam Krudener had nothing criminal
+in its nature, though it furnished a theme for scandal to those who
+are apt to doubt the purity of Platonic attachments between
+individuals of opposite sexes.
+
+In regard to this Emperor's political career, full of ambition and
+stratagem, we can only re-echo his dying words to his confessor:--"God
+must be merciful to kings?" His career, however varied by losses on
+the field or humiliated by treaties, ended triumphantly with the
+laurels of war and the olives of peace, and he bore to his far
+northern empire the keys of Paris as a trophy of his arms. His
+moderation demands the praise of posterity, and excited the admiration
+of the French nation at large.[10] His immoral conduct as a man and a
+husband was afterwards effaced by his sincere repentance, and he died
+in the arms of the most faithful and affectionate of wives, who could
+not long survive her irreparable loss. His death was deeply lamented
+by his subjects, who, if they did not enrol his name among the
+greatest of their rulers, never have hesitated to denote him as the
+best and most merciful sovereign who ever sat upon the Russian throne.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] The autopsy exhibited the same appearance generally discovered in those
+subjects whose death has been caused by the fever of the country: the brain
+was watery, the veins of the head were gorged, and the liver was soft. No
+signs of poison were discovered; the death of the Emperor was in the course
+of nature.
+
+[10] The French authorities would have removed the trophies of Napoleon's
+victories, and the commemoration of the Russian share in the disastrous
+days of Jena and Austerlitz. The Emperor Alexander magnanimously replied,
+"No, let them remain: it is sufficient that I have passed over the bridge
+with my army!" A noble and generous reply. Few princes have effaced public
+wrongs so completely, or used their opportunity of making reprisals so
+mercifully. (See Chateaubriand's Autobiography.)
+
+
+
+
+FALLEN GENIUS.
+
+BY MISS ALICE CAREY.
+
+
+    No tears for him!--he saw by faith sublime
+      Through the wan shimmer of life's wasted flame,
+    Across the green hills of the future time,
+      The golden breaking of the morn of fame.
+
+    Faded by the diviner life, and worn,
+      The dust has fallen away, and ye but see
+    The ruins of the house wherein were borne
+      The birth-pangs of an immortality.
+
+    His great life from the wondrous life to be,
+      Clasped the bright splendors that no sorrow mars,
+    As some pale, shifting column of the sea,
+      Mirrors the awful beauty of the stars.
+
+    What was Love's lily pressure, what the light
+      Of its pleased smile, that a chance breath may chill?
+    His soul was mated with the winds of night,
+      And wandered through the universe at will.
+
+    Oft in his heart its stormy passion woke,
+      Yet from its bent his soul no more was stirred,
+    Than is the broad green bosom of the oak
+      By the light flutter of the summer bird.
+
+    His loves were of forbidden realms, unwrought
+      In poet's rhyme, the music of his themes,
+    Hovering about the watch-fires of his thought,
+      On the dim borders of the land of dreams.
+
+    For while his hand with daring energy
+      Fed the slow fire that, burning, must consume,
+    The ravishing joys of unheard harmony
+      Beat like a living pulse within the tomb.
+
+    Pillars of fire that wander through life's night,
+      Children of genius! ye are doomed to be,
+    In the embrace of your far-reaching light,
+      Locking the radiance of eternity.
+
+
+
+
+From the London Times.
+
+COPENHAGEN.
+
+
+A more stately city than Copenhagen can scarcely be imagined. The
+streets, wide and long, filled with spacious and lofty houses of
+unspotted whiteness, and built with great regularity, remind one
+somewhat of Bath, but that the ground is level; many of them
+all but equal, in breadth, to the Irishman's test of street
+architecture--Sackville-street, Dublin. But large squares break up
+their continuous lines, and the eye rests on fine statues, noble
+palaces, and splendid buildings devoted to the arts, to amusement, to
+justice, or to the purposes of religion in every quarter of the city.
+Copenhagen is but a creation of the last century, and, after a little
+time spent there, a large portion of it gives the idea that it was
+built all of a sudden, by some Danish Grissell and Peto, according to
+contract. Surrounded by a deep foss, by ramparts and intrenchments,
+defended by formidable forts and batteries, filled with the halls of
+kings, with churches, museums, and castles, it combines the appearance
+of a new cut made by the royal commissioners through some old London
+rookery, with the air of an old feudal town. The moat prohibits any
+considerable extension. Seen under a bright cold sky, the blanched
+fronts of the houses, the white walls of the public edifices, the
+regularity of the streets, conveyed an impression of cleanliness,
+which could only be destroyed when one happened to look down at his
+feet, or ceased to keep guard over his nose. The paving is of the
+style which may be called Titanic, and was never intended for any foot
+garb less defensive than a _sabot_ or a _caliga_. The drainage is
+superficial,--that is, all the liquid refuse of the city runs, or
+rather walks very leisurely, along grooves in the pavement aforesaid,
+which are covered over by boards in various stages of decomposition.
+In summer, the city must be worse than Berlin (which, by the by, it
+very much resembles in many respects). In spring time, after rain, my
+own experience tells me it suggests forcible reminiscences of the
+antique odors of Fleet Ditch. One thing which soon strikes the
+stranger is the apparent want of shops. But they are to be found by
+those who want them. Nearly every trader carries on his business very
+modestly in his front parlor, and makes a moderate display of his
+stock in the ordinary window, so that the illusory and enchanting
+department of trade is quite gone. A Danish gentleman can walk out
+with his wife without the least fear that he will fall a victim to "a
+stupendous sacrifice," or be immolated on the altar of "an imperative
+necessity to clear out in a week."
+
+Moving through these streets is a quiet, soberly-attired population.
+Bigger than most foreigners, and with great roundness of muscle and
+size of bone, your Dane wants the dapper air of the Frenchman, or the
+solemnity of the Spaniard, while he is not so bearded or so dirty as
+the German. But then he smokes prodigiously, dresses moderately in the
+English style, is addicted to jewelry in excess, and has a habit of
+plodding along, straight in the middle of the road, with his head
+down, which must be a matter of considerable annoyance to the native
+cabman. He is, however, amazingly polite. He not only takes off his
+hat to every one he knows, but gives any lady-acquaintance the trouble
+of recognizing him, by bowing to her before she has made up her mind
+whether the individual is known or not. Another of his peculiarities
+is, that he always has a dog. I should say, more correctly, there is
+always a dog following him,--for I have seen an animal, which seemed
+to be bound by the closest ties to a particular gentleman, placidly
+leave him at the corner of a street, and set off on an independent
+walk by itself. These dogs are, in fact, a feature of the place by
+themselves. In number they can only be excelled by the canine
+scavengers of Cairo or Constantinople, and in mongrelness and ugliness
+by no place in the world--not even in Tuum before the potato rot. They
+get up little extemporary hunts through the squares, the trail being
+generally the remnant of an old rat, carried away by the foremost, and
+dash between your legs from unexpected apertures in walls and houses,
+so as to cause very unpleasant consequences to the nervous or feeble
+sojourner. On seeking for an explanation of their great abundance, I
+was informed that they were kept to kill rats. But this is a mere
+delusion. These dogs are far too wise to lose their health by keeping
+late hours in pursuit of vermin. No, they retire as soon as darkness
+sets in, and with darkness, out come the rats in the most perfect
+security. Such rats! they are as big as kittens, and their squeaking
+under the wooden planks of the gutters as you walk home is perfectly
+amazing. The celebrated dog Billy would have died in a week of violent
+exercise in any one street in Copenhagen, giving him his usual
+allowance of murder. I must say that, in the matters of paving, dogs,
+rats, sewers, water, and lights, Copenhagen is rather behind the rest
+of the world. As to the lights, they are sparely placed, and as yet
+gas is not used. With a laudable economy, the oil-wicks are
+extinguished when the moon shines, and the result is, that sometimes
+an envious cloud leaves the whole city in Cimmerian darkness for the
+rest of the night, in consequence of five minutes' moonshine in the
+early part, as, once put out, they are not again relumed.
+
+In the crowd you meet many pale, sorrow-stricken women in mourning,
+and now and then a poor soldier limps before you, with recent bandages
+on his stump, or hobbles along limpingly, with perhaps a sabre-cut
+across the face, or an empty coat-sleeve dangling from his shoulder;
+and then you remember all the horrors the late war must have caused
+Denmark, when, out of her small population, 90,000 men were under arms
+in the field. It can scarcely atone for this sight to meet dashing
+hussars, with their red coats and sheepskin calpacks; heavy dragoons
+in light-blue and dark-green; jagers in smart frocks of olive-green,
+decorated with stars and ribands, and swaggering along in all the
+pride of having smelt powder and done their duty. They are numerous
+enough, indeed every third man is a soldier; but one of these sad
+widows or orphans is an antidote to the glories of these fine heroes,
+scarcely less powerful than that of the spectacle of their mutilated
+and mangled comrades. This war has roused the national spirit of
+Denmark; it has caused her to make a powerful effort to shake off all
+connection with Germany, or dependence on her Germanic subjects, but
+it has cost her £5,000,000 of money, and it has left many a home
+desolate for ever.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+THE SHADOW OF LUCY HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+There are some books that leave upon the mind a strange impression,
+one of the most delightful reading can produce--a haunting of the
+memory, it may be, by one form or by several, strangely real, having a
+positive personal presence and identity, yet always preserving an
+immaterial existence, and occupying a "removed ground," from which
+they never stir to mingle with the realities of recollection. These
+shadows hold their place apart, as some rare dreams do, claiming from
+us an indescribable tenderness.
+
+The "Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson" is such a book. In many passages
+it is tedious--a record of petty strategies of partisan warfare--and,
+more dreary still, of factious jealousies and polemical hatreds. The
+absolute truth of the book is fatal, in one direction to our
+hero-worship. The leaders of the Great Rebellion, in such minute
+details, appear as mere schemers, as rival agents at a borough
+election; and the most fervent in professions of religious zeal are as
+bitter in their revenges as the heroes of a hundred scalps; but there
+arises out of the book, and is evermore associated with it, the calm
+quiet shadow of a woman of exquisite purity, of wondrous constancy, of
+untiring affection--Lucy Hutchinson, its writer.
+
+John Hutchinson is at Richmond, lodging at the house of his
+music-master. He is twenty-two years of age. The village is full of
+"good company," for the young Princes are being educated in the
+palace, and many "ingenious persons entertained themselves at that
+place." The music-master's house is the resort of the king's
+musicians; "and divers of the gentlemen and ladies that were affected
+with music came thither to hear." There was a little girl "tabled" in
+the same house with John Hutchinson, who was taking lessons of the
+lutanist--a charming child, full of vivacity and intelligence. She
+told John she had an elder sister--a studious and retiring person--who
+was gone with her mother, Lady Apsley, into Wiltshire--and Lucy was
+going to be married, she thought. The little girl ever talked of
+Lucy--and the gentlemen talked of Lucy--and one day a song was sung
+which Lucy had written--and John and the vivacious child walked,
+another day, to Lady Apsley's house, and there, in a closet, were
+Lucy's Latin books. Mr. Hutchinson grew in love with Lucy's image; and
+when the talk was more rife that she was about to be married--and some
+said that she was indeed married--he became unhappy--and "began to
+believe there was some magic in the place, which enchanted men out of
+their right senses; but the sick heart could not be chid nor advised
+into health." At length Lucy and her mother came home; and Lucy was
+not married. Then John and Lucy wandered by the pleasant banks of the
+Thames, in that spring-time of 1638, and a "mutual friendship" grew up
+between them. Lucy now talked to him of her early life; how she had
+been born in the Tower of London, of which her late father, Sir John
+Apsley, was the governor; how her mother was the benefactress of the
+prisoners, and delighted to mitigate the hard fortune of the noble and
+the learned, and especially Sir Walter Raleigh, by every needful help
+to his studies and amusements; how she herself grew serious amongst
+these scenes, and delighted in nothing but reading, and would never
+practise her lute or harpsichords, and absolutely hated her needle.
+John was of a like serious temper. Their fate was determined.
+
+The spring is far advanced into summer. On a certain day the friends
+on both sides meet to conclude the terms of the marriage. Lucy is not
+to be seen. She has taken the small-pox. She is very near death. At
+length John is permitted to speak to his betrothed. Tremblingly and
+mournfully she comes into his presence. She is "the most deformed
+person that could be seen." Who could tell the result in words so
+touching as Lucy's own? "He was nothing troubled at it, but married
+her as soon as she was able to quit the chamber, when the priest and
+all that saw her were affrighted to look on her. But God recompensed
+his justice and constancy by restoring her; though she was longer than
+ordinary before she recovered to be as well as before."
+
+They were married on the 3d of July, 1638.
+
+In the autumn of 1641, John and Lucy Hutchinson are living in their
+own house of Owthorpe, in Nottinghamshire. They have two sons. They
+are "peaceful and happy." John has dedicated two years since his
+marriage to the study of "school divinity." He has convinced himself
+of "the great point of predestination." This faith has not, as his
+wife records, produced a "carelessness of life in him," but "a more
+strict and holy walking." He applies himself, in his house at
+Owthorpe, "to understand the things then in dispute" between the King
+and Parliament. He is satisfied of the righteousness of the
+Parliament's cause; but he then "contents himself with praying for
+peace." In another year the King has set up his standard in
+Nottingham; the battle of Edgehill has been fought; all hope of peace
+is at an end. John Hutchinson is forced out of his quiet habitation by
+the suspicions of his royalist neighbors. He is marked as a Roundhead.
+Lucy does not like the name. "It was very ill applied to Mr.
+Hutchinson, who having naturally a very fine thick-set head of hair,
+kept it clean and handsome, so that it was a great ornament to him;
+although the godly of those days, when he embraced their party, would
+not allow him to be religious because his hair is not in their cut."
+The divinity student now becomes a lieutenant-colonel. He raises a
+company of "very honest godly men." The Earl of Chesterfield is
+plundering the houses of the Puritans in the vale of Belvoir, near
+Owthorpe; and the young colonel has apprehensions for the safety of
+his family. In the depth of winter, a troop of horse arrive one night
+at the lonely house where Lucy and her children abide. They are
+hastily summoned to prepare for an instant journey. They are to ride
+to Nottingham before sunrise, for the soldiers are not strong enough
+to march in the day. Lucy is henceforth to be the companion of her
+husband in his perilous office--his friend, his comforter--a
+ministering angel amongst the fierce and dangerous spirits, whom he
+sways by a remarkable union of courage and gentleness.
+
+Let us look at the shadow of Lucy Hutchinson. She tranquilly sits in
+one of the upper chambers of the old and ruinous castle of which her
+husband is appointed governor. It is a summer evening of 1643. In that
+tower, built upon the top of the rock, tradition says that Queen
+Isabel received her paramour Mortimer; and at the base of the rock are
+still shown Mortimer's Well, and Mortimer's Hole, as Lady Hutchinson
+saw them two centuries ago. She looks out of the narrow windows by
+which her chamber is lighted. There is the Trent, peacefully flowing
+on one side, amid flat meadows. On the other is the town of
+Nottingham. The governor has made the ruinous castle a strong
+fortress, with which he can defy the Cavaliers should they occupy the
+town beneath. Opposite the towers is the old church of St. Nicholas,
+whose steeple commands the platform of the castle. The Governor has
+sent away his horse, and many of his foot, to guard the roads by which
+the enemy could approach Nottingham. There is no appearance of danger.
+The reveille is beat. Those who have been watching all night lounge
+into the town. It is in the possession of the Cavaliers. The scene is
+changed. The din of ordnance rouses Lucy from her calm gaze upon the
+windings of the Trent. For five days and nights there is firing
+without intermission. Within the walls of the castle there are not
+more than eighty men. The musketeers on St. Nicholas steeple pick off
+the cannoniers at their guns.
+
+Now and then, as the assailants are beaten from the walls, they leave
+a wounded man behind, and he is dragged into the castle. On the sixth
+day, after that terrible period of watchfulness, relief arrives. The
+Cavaliers are driven from the town with much slaughter, and the castle
+is filled with prisoners. Lucy has been idle during those six days of
+peril. There was a task to be performed,--a fitting one for woman's
+tenderness. Within the castle was a dungeon called the Lion's Den,
+into which the prisoners were cast; and as they were brought up from
+the town, two of the fanatical ministers of the garrison reviled and
+maltreated them. Lucy reads the commands of her Master after another
+fashion. As the prisoners are carried bleeding to the Lion's Den, she
+implores that they should be brought in to her, and she binds up and
+dresses their wounds. And now the two ministers mutter--and their
+souls abhor to see this favor done to the enemies of God--and they
+teach the soldiers to mutter. But Lucy says, "I have done nothing but
+my duty. These are our enemies, but they are our fellow-creatures. Am
+I to be upbraided for these poor humanities?" And then she breathes a
+thanksgiving to Heaven that her mother had taught her this humble
+surgery. There is a tear in John's eye as he gazes on this scene. That
+night the Cavalier officers sup with him, rather as guests than as
+prisoners.
+
+In the vale of Belvoir, about seven miles from Belvoir Castle, is the
+little village of Owthorpe. When Colonel Hutchinson returned to the
+house of his fathers, after the war was ended, he found it plundered
+of all its movables--a mere ruin. In a few years it is a fit dwelling
+for Lucy to enjoy a lifelong rest, after the terrible storms of her
+early married days. There is no accusing spirit to disturb their
+repose. John looks back upon that solemn moment when he signed the
+warrant for the great tragedy enacted before Whitehall without
+remorse. He had prayed for "an enlightened conscience," and he had
+carried out his most serious convictions. He took no part in the
+despotic acts that followed the destruction of the monarchy. He had no
+affection for the fanatics who held religion to be incompatible with
+innocent pleasures and tasteful pursuits. At Owthorpe, then, he lived
+the true life of an English gentleman. He built--he planted--he
+adorned his house with works of art--he was the first magistrate--the
+benefactor of the poor. The earnest man who daily expounded the
+Scriptures to his household was no ascetic. There was hospitality
+within those walls--with music and revelry. The Puritans looked
+gloomily and suspiciously upon the dwellers at Owthorpe. The Cavaliers
+could not forgive the soldier who had held Nottingham Castle against
+all assaults.
+
+The Restoration comes. The royalist connexions of Lucy Hutchinson have
+a long struggle to save her husband's life; but he is finally included
+in the Act of Oblivion. He is once more at Owthorpe, without the
+compromise of his principles. He has done with political strife for
+ever.
+
+On the 31st of October 1663, there is a coach waiting before the hall
+of Owthorpe. That hall is filled with tenants and laborers. Their
+benefactor cheerfully bids them farewell; but his wife and children
+are weeping bitterly. That coach is soon on its way to London with the
+husband and wife, and their eldest son and daughter. At the end of the
+fourth day's journey, at the gates of that fortress within which she
+had been born, Lucy Hutchinson is parted from him whose good and evil
+fortunes she had shared for a quarter of a century.
+
+About a mile from Deal stands Sandown Castle. In 1664, Colonel
+Hutchinson is a prisoner within its walls. It was a ruinous place, not
+weatherproof. The tide washed the dilapidated fortress; the windows
+were unglazed; cold, and damp, and dreary was the room where the proud
+heart bore up against physical evils. For even here there was
+happiness. Lucy is not permitted to share his prison; but she may
+visit him daily. In the town of Deal abides that faithful wife. She is
+with him at the first hour of the morning; she remains till the latest
+of night. In sunshine or in storm, she is pacing along that rugged
+beach, to console and be consoled.
+
+Eleven months have thus passed, when Lucy is persuaded by her husband
+to go to Owthorpe to see her children.
+
+"When the time of her departure came, she left with a very sad and
+ill-presaging heart." In a few weeks John Hutchinson is laid in the
+family vault in that Vale of Belvoir.
+
+Lucy Hutchinson sits in holy resignation in the old sacred home. She
+has a task to work out. She has to tell her husband's history, for the
+instruction of her children:--"I that am under a command not to grieve
+at the common rate of desolate women, while I am studying which way to
+moderate my woe, and, if it were possible, to augment my love, can,
+for the present, find out none more just to your dear father, nor
+consolatory to myself, than the preservation of his memory."
+
+So rests her shadow, ever, in our poor remembrance.
+
+
+
+
+From Eliza Cook's Journal.
+
+THE WIVES OF SOUTHEY, COLERIDGE, AND LOVELL.
+
+
+Southey, Coleridge, and Lovell, three poets, married three sisters,
+the Misses Fricker of Bristol. They were all alike poor when they
+married. Southey's aunt shut her door in his face when she found he
+was resolved on marrying in such circumstances; and he, postponing
+entry upon the married life, though he had contracted the
+responsibility of husband, parted from his wife at the church door,
+and set out on a six months' visit to Portugal, preparatory to
+entering on the study of the legal profession. Southey committed his
+maiden wife to the care of Mr. Cottle's sisters during his absence.
+"Should I perish by shipwreck," he wrote from Falmouth to Mr. Cottle,
+"or by any other casualty, I have relations whose prejudice will yield
+to the anguish of affection, and who will love, cherish, and give all
+possible consolation to my widow." With these words Southey set sail
+for Portugal, and his wife, who had persuaded him to go, and cried
+when he was going, though she would not then have permitted him to
+stay, meekly retired to her place of refuge, wearing her wedding-ring
+round her neck.
+
+Southey returned to England, and commenced the study of the law, but
+after a year's drudgery gave it up. His wife joined him in a second
+visit to Portugal, and on his return he commenced the laborious
+literary career which he pursued till his death. He enjoyed on the
+whole a happy married life; took pleasure in his home and his family;
+loving his children and his wife Edith dearly. This is one of his own
+pictures:--"Glance into the little room where sits the gray-haired
+man, 'working hard and getting little--a bare maintenance, and hardly
+that; writing poems and history for posterity with his whole heart and
+soul; one daily progressing in learning, not so learned as he is
+poor, not so poor as proud, not so proud as happy.'" Great men have
+invited him to London, and he is now answering the invitation. The
+thought of the journey plagues him. "Oh dear, oh dear!" he writes,
+"there is such a comfort in one's old coat and old shoes, one's own
+chair and own fireside, one's own writing-desk and own library--with a
+little girl climbing up to my neck and saying, 'Don't go to London,
+papa, you must stay with Edith'--and a little boy whom I have taught
+to speak the language of cats, dogs, cuckoos, jackasses, &c., before
+he can articulate a word of his own--there is such a comfort in all
+these things, that _transportation_ to London seems a heavier
+punishment than any sins of mine deserve." But a sad calamity fell
+upon him in his old age. His dear Edith was suddenly bereft of reason.
+"Forty years," he writes to Grosvenor Bedford from York, "has she been
+the life of my life--and I have left her this day in a lunatic
+asylum." In the same letter he expresses the resignation of a
+Christian and the confident courage of a man. "God, who has visited me
+with this affliction," he says, "has given me strength to bear it, and
+will, _I know_, support me to the end, whatever that may be. To-morrow
+I return to my poor children. I have much to be thankful for under
+this visitation. For the first time in my life (he was sixty years
+old) I am so far beforehand with the world that my means are provided
+for the whole of next year, and that I can meet this expenditure,
+considerable in itself, without any difficulty."
+
+Mrs. Southey, after two years' absence, returned to Keswick, the
+family home, and closed her pitiable existence there. Southey was now
+a broken-down man. "There is no one," he mournfully writes, "to
+partake with me the recollections of the best and happiest portion of
+my life; and for that reason, were there no other, such recollections
+must henceforth be purely painful, except when I collect them with the
+prospects of futurity." Two years after, however, Southey married
+again: the marriage was one of respect on the part of Caroline Bowles,
+the gifted authoress, who was his choice, and probably of convenience
+and friendship on the part of Southey. We have heard that the union
+greatly tended to his comfort, and that his wife tenderly soothed and
+cheered his declining years.
+
+Southey, in addition to maintaining his own wife and family at Keswick
+by his literary labors, had the families of his two sisters-in-law
+occasionally thrown upon his hands. He was not two-and-twenty when Mr.
+Lovell, who married his wife's sister, fell ill of fever, died, and
+left his widow and child without the slightest provision. Robert
+Southey took mother and child at once to his humble hearth, and there
+the former found happiness until his death. Coleridge, not
+sufficiently instructed by a genius to which his contemporaries did
+homage, in a wayward and unpardonable mood withdrew himself from the
+consolations of home; and in their hour of desertion his wife and
+children were saved half the knowledge of their hardships by finding a
+second husband and another father in the sanctuary provided for them
+by Robert Southey.
+
+Coleridge was unpunctual, unbusiness-like, improvident, and dreamy, to
+the full extent to which poets are said proverbially to be. When he
+married--his pantisocratic Owenite scheme having just been exploded,
+and his lectures at Bristol having proved a failure--he retired with
+Sara Fricker, his wife, to a cottage at Clevedon, near Bristol. Though
+the cottage was a poor one, consisting of little more than four bare
+walls, for which he paid only £5 annual rental, he and his wife made
+it pretty snug with the aid of the funds supplied by their constant
+friend, Mr. Cottle, the Bristol bookseller. Coleridge decorated this
+cottage with all the graces that his imagination and fancy could throw
+around it. It is alluded to in many of his poems:--
+
+    "Low was our pretty cot! our tallest rose
+    Peep'd at the chamber window. We could hear
+    At silent noon, and eve, and early morn,
+    The sea's faint murmur. In the open air
+    Our myrtles blossom'd, and across the porch
+    Thick jasmines twin'd: the little landscape round
+    Was green and woody, and refreshed the eye.
+    It was a spot which you might aptly call
+    The valley of seclusion."
+
+But his loved young wife was not forgotten; for again he sings:--
+
+    "My pensive Sara! thy soft cheek reclin'd
+    Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is
+    To sit beside our cot--our cot o'ergrown
+    With white-flowered jasmine, and the broad leav'd myrtle
+    (Meet emblems they of innocence and love!)
+    And watch the clouds, that late were rich with light,
+    Slow saddening round, and mark the star of eve,
+    Serenely brilliant (such should wisdom be!)
+    Shine opposite."
+
+Here their first child was born--Hartley, the dreamer--on whom the
+happy parent shed tears of joy:--
+
+    "But when I saw it on its mother's arm,
+    And hanging at her bosom (she the while
+    Bent o'er its features with a tearful smile,)
+    Then I was thrill'd and melted, and most warm
+    Impress'd a father's kiss; and all beguil'd
+    Of dark remembrance and presageful fear,
+    I seem'd to see an angel's form appear--
+    'Twas even thine, beloved woman mild!
+    So for the mother's sake the child was dear,
+    And dearer was the mother for the child."
+
+But writing poetry, reading Hartley and Condillac, would not make the
+poet's pot boil at all briskly, and so he had to go a little nearer to
+the world, and went back to Bristol. Coleridge, however, wanted
+application, and could scarcely be induced to work, even though the
+prospect of liberal remuneration was offered to him. Hence, a few
+years after marriage, in July, 1796, we find him thus groaning in the
+spirit to a friend: "It is my duty and business to thank God for all
+his dispensations, and to believe them the best possible; but, indeed,
+I think I should have been more thankful if He had made me a
+journeyman shoemaker, instead of an author, by trade. I have left my
+friends, I have left plenty," &c. "So I am forced to write for bread!
+with the nights of poetic enthusiasm, when every minute I am hearing a
+groan from my wife--groans, and complaints, and sickness! The present
+hour I am in a quickset of embarrassments, and whichever way I turn, a
+thorn runs into me! The future is a cloud and thick darkness! Poverty,
+perhaps, and the thin faces of them that want bread looking up to me,"
+&c. This was not the kind of spirit to make a wife happy--very
+different indeed from the manly, courageous, and self-helping
+Southey--and the poor wife suffered much. Whatever Coleridge touched
+failed: his fourpenny paper, the _Watchman_, was an abortion; and the
+verses he wrote for a London paper did little for him. He next
+preached for a short time among the Unitarians, deriving a very
+precarious living from that source; when at length the Messrs.
+Wedgwood, struck by his great talents, granted him an annuity of £150
+to enable him to devote himself to study. Then he went to Germany,
+leaving his wife and little family to the hospitality of Southey; and
+returned and settled down to the precarious life of a writer for the
+newspapers: his eloquent conversation producing unbounded admiration,
+but very little "grist." He was often distressed for money, wasting
+what he had by indulgence in opium, to which he was at one time a
+fearful victim. The great and unquestionable genius of Coleridge was
+expended chiefly on projections. He was a man who was capable of
+greatly adorning the literature of his time, and of creating an
+altogether new era in its history; but he could not or would not work,
+and his life was passed in dreamy idleness, in self-inflicted poverty,
+often in poignant misery, in gloomy regrets, and in unfulfilled
+designs. We fear the life of Mrs. Coleridge was not a happy one, good
+and affectionate though she was as a wife and mother.
+
+
+
+
+MY NOVEL: OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.[11]
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+Leonard and Helen settled themselves in two little chambers in a small
+lane. The neighborhood was dull enough--the accommodation humble; but
+their landlady had a smile. That was the reason, perhaps, why Helen
+chose the lodgings; a smile is not always found on the face of a
+landlady when the lodger is poor. And out of their windows they caught
+sight of a green tree, an elm, that grew up fair and tall in a
+carpenter's yard at the rear. That tree was like another smile to the
+place. They saw the birds come and go to its shelter; and they even
+heard, when a breeze arose, the pleasant murmur of its boughs.
+
+Leonard went the same evening to Captain Digby's old lodgings, but he
+could learn there no intelligence of friends or protectors for Helen.
+The people were rude and sturdy, and said that the Captain still owed
+them £1 17s. The claim, however, seemed very disputable; and was
+stoutly denied by Helen. The next morning Leonard set off in search of
+Dr. Morgan. He thought his best plan was to inquire the address of the
+Doctor at the nearest chemist's, and the chemist civilly looked into
+the _Court Guide_, and referred him to a house in Bulstrode-street,
+Manchester Square. To this street Leonard contrived to find his way,
+much marvelling at the meanness of London. Screwstone seemed to him
+the handsomest town of the two.
+
+A shabby man-servant opened the door, and Leonard remarked that the
+narrow passage was choked with boxes, trunks, and various articles of
+furniture. He was shown into a small room, containing a very large
+round table, whereon were sundry works on homoeopathy, Parry's
+_Cymbrian Plutarch_, Davies' _Celtic Researches_, and a Sunday
+newspaper. An engraved portrait of the illustrious Hahnemann occupied
+the place of honor over the chimneypiece. In a few minutes the door to
+an inner room opened, and Dr. Morgan appeared, and said politely,
+"Come in, sir."
+
+The Doctor seated himself at a desk, looked hastily at Leonard, and
+then at a great chronometer lying on the table. "My time's short,
+sir--going abroad; and now that I am going, patients flock to me. Too
+late. London will repent its apathy. Let it!"
+
+The Doctor paused majestically, and, not remarking on Leonard's face
+the consternation he had anticipated, he repeated peevishly--"I am
+going abroad, sir, but I will make a synopsis of your case, and leave
+it to my successor. Hum! Hair chestnut; eyes--what color? Look this
+way--blue,--dark blue. Hem! Constitution nervous. What are the
+symptoms?"
+
+"Sir," began Leonard, "a little girl--"
+
+_Dr. Morgan_, (impatiently)--"Little girl! Never mind the history of
+your sufferings; stick to the symptoms--stick to the symptoms."
+
+_Leonard._--"You mistake me, Doctor; I have nothing the matter with
+me. A little girl--"
+
+_Dr. Morgan._--"Girl again! I understand it! it is she who is ill.
+Shall I go to her? she must describe her own symptoms--I can't judge
+from your talk. You'll be telling me she has consumption, or
+dyspepsia, or some such disease that don't exist: mere allopathic
+inventions--symptoms, sir, symptoms."
+
+_Leonard_, (forcing his way)--"You attended her poor father, Captain
+Digby, when he was taken ill in the coach with you. He is dead, and
+his child is an orphan."
+
+_Dr. Morgan_, (fumbling in his medical pocket-book.)--"Orphan!
+nothing for orphans, especially if inconsolable, like _aconite_ and
+_chamomilla_."[12]
+
+With some difficulty Leonard succeeded in bringing Helen to the
+recollection of the homoeopathist, stating how he came in charge of
+her, and why he sought Dr. Morgan.
+
+The Doctor was much moved.
+
+"But really," said he after a pause, "I don't see how I can help the
+poor child. I know nothing of her relations. This Lord Les--whatever
+his name is--I know of no lords in London. I knew lords, and physicked
+them too, when I was a blundering allopathist. There was the Earl of
+Lansmere--has had many a blue pill from me, sinner that I was. His son
+was wiser; never would take physic. Very clever boy was Lord
+L'Estrange--I don't know if he was as good as he was clever--"
+
+"Lord L'Estrange!--that name begins with Les--"
+
+"Stuff! He's always abroad--shows his sense. I'm going abroad too. No
+development for science in this horrid city; full of prejudices, sir,
+and given up to the most barbarous allopathical and phlebotomical
+propensities. I am going to the land of Hahnemann, sir--sold my
+good-will, lease, and furniture, and have bought in on the Rhine.
+Natural life there, sir--homoeopathy needs nature; dine at one
+o'clock, get up at four--tea little known, and science appreciated.
+But I forget. Cott! what can I do for the orphan?"
+
+"Well, sir," said Leonard rising, "Heaven will give me strength to
+support her."
+
+The doctor looked at the young man attentively. "And yet," said he in
+a gentler voice, "you, young man, are, by your account, a perfect
+stranger to her, or were so when you undertook to bring her to London.
+You have a good heart--always keep it. Very healthy thing, sir, a good
+heart--that is, when not carried to excess. But you have friends of
+your own in town?"
+
+_Leonard._--"Not yet, sir; I hope to make them."
+
+_Doctor._--"Bless me, you do? How? I can't make any."
+
+Leonard colored and hung his head. He longed to say "Authors find
+friends in their readers--I am going to be an author." But he felt
+that the reply would savor of presumption, and held his tongue.
+
+The Doctor continued to examine him, and with friendly interest. "You
+say you walked up to London--was that from choice or economy?"
+
+_Leonard._--"Both, sir."
+
+_Doctor._--"Sit down again and let us talk. I can give you a quarter
+of an hour, and I'll see if I can help either of you, provided you
+tell all the symptoms--I mean all the particulars."
+
+Then with that peculiar adroitness which belongs to experience in the
+medical profession, Dr. Morgan, who was really an acute and able man,
+proceeded to put his questions, and soon extracted from Leonard the
+boy's history and hopes. But when the Doctor, in admiration at a
+simplicity which contrasted so evident an intelligence, finally asked
+him his name and connections, and Leonard told them, the
+homoeopathist actually started. "Leonard Fairfield, grandson of my
+old friend, John Avenel of Lansmere! I must shake you by the hand.
+Brought up by Mrs. Fairfield!--Ah, now I look, strong family
+likeness--very strong!"
+
+The tears stood in the Doctor's eyes. "Poor Nora!" said he.
+
+"Nora! Did you know my aunt?"
+
+"Your aunt! Ah--ah! yes--yes! Poor Norah!--she died almost in these
+arms--so young, so beautiful. I remember it as of yesterday."
+
+The Doctor brushed his hand across his eyes, and swallowed a globule;
+and, before the boy knew what he was about, had in his benevolence
+thrust another between Leonard's quivering lips.
+
+A knock was heard at the door.
+
+"Ha! that's my great patient," cried the Doctor, recovering his
+self-possession--"must see him. A chronic case--excellent
+patient--tic, sir, tic. Puzzling and interesting. If I could take that
+tic with me, I should ask nothing more from Heaven. Call again on
+Monday; I may have something to tell you then as to yourself. The
+little girl can't stay with you--wrong and nonsensical. I will see
+after her. Leave me your address--write it here. I think I know a lady
+who will take charge of her. Good-bye. Monday next, ten o'clock."
+
+With this, the Doctor thrust out Leonard, and ushered in his grand
+patient, whom he was very anxious to take with him to the banks of the
+Rhine.
+
+Leonard had now only to discover the nobleman whose name had been so
+vaguely uttered by poor Captain Digby. He had again recourse to the
+_Court Guide_; and finding the address of two or three lords the first
+syllables of whose titles seemed similar to that repeated to him, and
+all living pretty near to each other, in the regions of May Fair, he
+ascertained his way to that quarter, and, exercising his mother-wit,
+inquired at the neighboring shops as to the personal appearance of
+these noblemen. Out of consideration for his rusticity, he got very
+civil and clear answers; but none of the lords in question
+corresponded with the description given by Helen. One was old, another
+was exceedingly corpulent, a third was bed-ridden--none of them was
+known to keep a great dog. It is needless to say that the name of
+L'Estrange (no habitant of London) was not in the _Court Guide_. And
+Dr. Morgan's assertion that that person was always abroad, unluckily
+dismissed from Leonard's mind the name the homoeopathist had so
+casually mentioned. But Helen was not disappointed when her young
+protector returned late in the day and told her of his ill success.
+Poor child! she was so pleased in her heart not to be separated from
+her new brother; and Leonard was touched to how she had contrived, in
+his absence, to give a certain comfort and cheerful grace to the bare
+room devoted to himself. She had arranged his few books and papers so
+neatly, near the window, in sight of the one green elm. She had coaxed
+the smiling landlady out of one or two extra articles of furniture,
+especially a walnut-tree bureau, and some odds and ends of
+ribbon--with which last she had looped up the curtains. Even the old
+rush-bottom chairs had a strange air of elegance, from the mode in
+which they were placed. The fairies had given sweet Helen the art that
+adorns a home, and brings out a smile from the dingiest corner of hut
+and attic.
+
+Leonard wondered and praised. He kissed his blushing ministrant
+gratefully, and they sat down in joy to their abstemious meal, when
+suddenly his face was overclouded--there shot through him the
+remembrance of Dr. Morgan's words--"The little girl can't stay with
+you--wrong and nonsensical. I think I know a lady who will take charge
+of her."
+
+"Ah," cried Leonard, sorrowfully, "how could I forget?" And he told
+Helen what grieved him. Helen at first exclaimed that she would not
+go. Leonard, rejoiced, then began to talk as usual of his great
+prospects; and, hastily finishing his meal, as if there were no time
+to lose, sat down at once to his papers. Then Helen contemplated him
+sadly, as he bent over his delighted work. And when, lifting his
+radiant eyes from his MS. he exclaimed, "No, no, you shall _not_ go.
+_This_ must succeed, and we shall live together in some pretty
+cottage, where we can see more than one tree"--_then_ Helen sighed,
+and did not answer this time, "No, I will not go."
+
+Shortly after she stole from the room, and into her own; and there,
+kneeling down, she prayed, and her prayer was somewhat this--"Guard me
+against my own selfish heart. May I never be a burden to him who has
+shielded me."
+
+Perhaps, as the Creator looks down on this world, whose wondrous
+beauty beams on us more and more, in proportion as our science would
+take it from poetry into law--perhaps He beholds nothing so beautiful
+as the pure heart of a simple loving child.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Leonard went out the next day with his precious MSS. He had read
+sufficient of modern literature to know the names of the principal
+London publishers; and to these he took his way with a bold step,
+though a beating heart.
+
+That day he was out longer than the last; and when he returned, and
+came into the little room, Helen uttered a cry, for she scarcely
+recognised him. There was on his face so deep, so concentrated a
+despondency. He sat down listlessly, and did not kiss her this time,
+as she stole towards him. He felt so humbled. He was a king deposed.
+_He_ take charge of another life! He!
+
+She coaxed him at last into communicating his day's chronicle. The
+reader beforehand knows too well what it must be, to need detailed
+repetition. Most of the publishers had absolutely refused to look at
+his MSS.; one or two had good-naturedly glanced over and returned them
+at once, with a civil word or two of flat rejection. One publisher
+alone--himself a man of letters, and who in youth had gone through the
+same bitter process of dis-illusion that now awaited the village
+genius--volunteered some kindly though stern explanation and counsel
+to the unhappy boy. This gentleman read a portion of Leonard's
+principal poem with attention, and even with frank admiration. He
+could appreciate the rare promise that it manifested. He sympathized
+with the boy's history, and even with his hopes; and then he said, in
+bidding him farewell--
+
+"If I publish this poem for you, speaking as a trader, I shall be a
+considerable loser. Did I publish all that I admire, out of sympathy
+with the author, I should be a ruined man. But suppose that, impressed
+as I really am with the evidence of no common poetic gifts in this
+MS., I publish it, not as a trader, but a lover of literature, I shall
+in reality, I fear, render you a great disservice, and perhaps unfit
+your whole life for the exertions on which you must rely for
+independence."
+
+"How, sir?" cried Leonard--"Not that I would ask you to injure
+yourself for me," he added with proud tears in his eyes.
+
+"How, my young friend? I will explain. There is enough talent in these
+verses to induce very flattering reviews in some of the literary
+journals. You will read these, find yourself proclaimed a poet, will
+cry 'I am on the road to fame.' You will come to me, 'And my poem, how
+does it sell?' I shall point to some groaning shelf, and say, 'not
+twenty copies!' The journals may praise, but the public will not buy
+it. 'But you will have got a name,' you say. Yes, a name as a poet
+just sufficiently known to make every man in practical business
+disinclined to give fair trial to your talents in a single department
+of positive life;--none like to employ poets;--a name that will not
+put a penny in your purse--worse still, that will operate as a barrier
+against every escape into the ways whereby men get to fortune. But,
+having once tasted praise, you will continue to sigh for it: you will
+perhaps never again get a publisher to bring forth a poem, but you
+will hanker round the purlieus of the muses, scribble for periodicals,
+fall at last into a bookseller's drudge. Profits will be so precarious
+and uncertain, that to avoid debt may be impossible; then, you who now
+seem so ingenuous and so proud, will sink deeper still into the
+literary mendicant--begging, borrowing--"
+
+"Never--never--never!" cried Leonard, veiling his face with his hands.
+
+"Such would have been my career," continued the publisher. "But I
+luckily had a rich relative, a trader, whose calling I despised as a
+boy, who kindly forgave my folly, bound me as an apprentice, and here
+I am; and now I can afford to write books as well as sell them.
+
+"Young man, you must have respectable relations--go by their advice
+and counsel; cling fast to some positive calling. Be any thing in this
+city rather than poet by profession."
+
+"And how, sir, have there ever been poets? Had _they_ other callings?"
+
+"Read their biography, and then envy them!"
+
+Leonard was silent a moment; but, lifting his head, answered loud and
+quickly,--"I _have_ read their biography. True, their lot
+poverty--perhaps hunger. Sir, I envy them!"
+
+"Poverty and hunger are small evils," answered the bookseller, with a
+grave kind smile. "There are worse,--debt and degradation,
+and--despair."
+
+"No, sir, no--you exaggerate; these last are not the lot of all
+poets."
+
+"Right, for most of our greatest poets had some private means of their
+own. And for others, why, all who have put into a lottery have not
+drawn blanks. But who could advise another man to set his whole hope
+of fortune on the chance of a prize in a lottery? And such a lottery!"
+groaned the publisher, glancing towards sheets and reams of dead
+authors lying like lead upon his shelves.
+
+Leonard clutched his MSS. to his heart, and hurried away.
+
+"Yes," he muttered, as Helen clung to him and tried to console--"yes,
+you were right: London is very vast, very strong, and very cruel;" and
+his head sank lower and lower yet upon his bosom.
+
+The door was flung widely open, and in, unannounced, walked Dr Morgan.
+
+The child turned to him, and at the sight of his face she remembered
+her father; and the tears that, for Leonard's sake, she had been
+trying to suppress, found way.
+
+The good Doctor soon gained all the confidence of these two young
+hearts. And, after listening to Leonard's story of his paradise lost
+in a day, he patted him on the shoulder and said, "Well, you will call
+on me on Monday, and we will see. Meanwhile, borrow these of me,"--and
+he tried to slip three sovereigns into the boy's hand. Leonard was
+indignant. The bookseller's warning flashed on him. Mendicancy! Oh no,
+he had not yet come to that! He was almost rude and savage in his
+rejection; and the Doctor did not like him the less for it.
+
+"You are an obstinate mule," said the homoeopathist, reluctantly
+putting up his sovereigns. "Will you work at something practical and
+prosy, and let the poetry rest awhile?"
+
+"Yes," said Leonard doggedly, "I will work."
+
+"Very well, then. I know an honest bookseller, and he shall give you
+some employment; and meanwhile, at all events, you will be among
+books, and that will be some comfort."
+
+Leonard's eyes brightened--"A great comfort, sir." He pressed the hand
+he had before put aside to his grateful heart.
+
+"But," resumed the Doctor seriously, "you really feel a strong
+predisposition to make verses?"
+
+"I did, sir."
+
+"Very bad symptom indeed, and must be stopped before a relapse! Here,
+I have cured three prophets and ten poets with this novel specific."
+
+While thus speaking, he had got out his book and a globule. "_Agaricus
+muscarius_ dissolved in a tumbler of distilled water--tea-spoonful
+whenever the fit comes on. Sir, it would have cured Milton himself."
+
+"And now for you, my child," turning to Helen--"I have found a lady
+who will be very kind to you. Not a menial situation. She wants some
+one to read to her and tend on her--she is old and has no children.
+She wants a companion, and prefers a girl of your age to one older.
+Will this suit you?"
+
+Leonard walked away.
+
+Helen got close to the Doctor's ear, and whispered, "No, I cannot
+leave _him_ now--he is so sad."
+
+"Cott!" grunted the Doctor, "you two must have been reading _Paul and
+Virginia_. If I could but stay in England, I would try what _ignatia_
+would do in this case--interesting experiment! Listen to me--little
+girl; and go out of the room, you, sir."
+
+Leonard, averting his face, obeyed. Helen made an involuntary step
+after him--the Doctor detained and drew her on his knee.
+
+"What is your Christian name?--I forget."
+
+"Helen."
+
+"Helen, listen. In a year or two you will be a young woman, and it
+would be very wrong then to live alone with that young man. Meanwhile,
+you have no right to cripple all his energies. He must not have you
+leaning on his right arm--you would weigh it down. I am going away,
+and when I am gone there will be no one to help you, if you reject the
+friend I offer you. Do as I tell you, for a little girl so peculiarly
+susceptible (a thorough _pulsatilla_ constitution) cannot be
+obstinate and egotistical."
+
+"Let me see him cared for and happy, sir," said she firmly, "and I
+will go where you wish."
+
+"He shall be so; and to-morrow, while he is out, I will come and fetch
+you. Nothing so painful as leave-taking--shakes the nervous system,
+and is a mere waste of the animal economy."
+
+Helen sobbed aloud; then, writhing from the Doctor, she exclaimed,
+"But he may know where I am? We may see each other sometimes? Ah, sir,
+it was at my father's grave that we first met, and I think Heaven sent
+him to me. Do not part us for ever."
+
+"I should have a heart of stone if I did," cried the Doctor
+vehemently, "and Miss Starke shall let him come and visit you once a
+week. I'll give her something to make her. She is naturally
+indifferent to others. I will alter her whole constitution, and melt
+her into sympathy--with _rhododendron_ and _arsenic_!"
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Before he went, the Doctor wrote a line to Mr. Prickett, bookseller,
+Holborn, and told Leonard to take it, the next morning, as addressed.
+"I will call on Prickett myself to-night, and prepare him for your
+visit. And I hope and trust you will only have to stay there a few
+days."
+
+He then turned the conversation, to communicate his plans for Helen.
+Miss Starke lived at Highgate--a worthy woman, stiff and prim, as old
+maids sometimes are. But just the place for a little girl like Helen,
+and Leonard should certainly be allowed to call and see her.
+
+Leonard listened and made no opposition; now that his day-dream was
+dispelled, he had no right to pretend to be Helen's protector. He
+could have bade her share his wealth and his fame; his penury and his
+drudgery--no.
+
+It was a very sorrowful evening--that between the adventurer and the
+child. They sat up late, till their candle had burned down to the
+socket; neither did they talk much; but his hand clasped hers all the
+time, and her head pillowed itself on his shoulder. I fear, when they
+parted, it was not for sleep.
+
+And when Leonard went forth the next morning, Helen stood at the
+street door, watching him depart--slowly, slowly. No doubt, in that
+humble lane there were many sad hearts; but no heart so heavy as that
+of the still quiet child, when the form she had watched was to be seen
+no more, and, still standing on the desolate threshold, she gazed into
+space--and all was vacant.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Mr. Prickett was a believer in homoeopathy, and declared, to the
+indignation of all the apothecaries round Holborn, that he had been
+cured of a chronic rheumatism by Dr. Morgan. The good Doctor had, as
+he promised, seen Mr. Prickett when he left Leonard, and asked him as
+a favor to find some light occupation for the boy, that would serve as
+an excuse for a modest weekly salary. "It will not be for long," said
+the Doctor; "his relations are respectable and well off. I will write
+to his grandparents, and in a few days I hope to relieve you of the
+charge. Of course, if you don't want him, I will repay what he costs
+meanwhile."
+
+Mr. Prickett, thus prepared for Leonard, received him very graciously,
+and, after a few questions, said Leonard was just the person he wanted
+to assist him in cataloguing his books, and offered him most
+handsomely £1 a-week for the task.
+
+Plunged at once into a world of books vaster than he had ever before
+won admission to, that old divine dream of knowledge, out of which
+poetry had sprung, returned to the village student at the very sight
+of the venerable volumes. The collection of Mr. Prickett was, however,
+in reality by no means large; but it comprised not only the ordinary
+standard works, but several curious and rare ones. And Leonard paused
+in making the catalogue, and took many a hasty snatch of the contents
+of each tome, as it passed through his hands. The bookseller, who was
+an enthusiast for old books, was pleased to see a kindred feeling
+(which his shop-boy had never exhibited) in his new assistant; and he
+talked about rare editions and scarce copies, and initiated Leonard in
+many of the mysteries of the bibliographist.
+
+Nothing could be more dark and dingy than the shop. There was a booth
+outside, containing cheap books and odd volumes, round which there was
+always an attentive group; within, a gas-lamp burned night and day.
+
+But time passed quickly to Leonard. He missed not the green fields, he
+forgot his disappointments, he ceased to remember even Helen. O
+strange passion of knowledge! nothing like thee for strength and
+devotion.
+
+Mr. Prickett was a bachelor, and asked Leonard to dine with him on a
+cold shoulder of mutton. During dinner the shop-boy kept the shop, and
+Mr. Prickett was really pleasant as well as loquacious. He took a
+liking to Leonard--and Leonard told him his adventures with the
+publishers, at which Mr. Prickett rubbed his hands and laughed as at a
+capital joke. "Oh give up poetry, and stick to a shop," cried he;
+"and, to cure you for ever of the mad whim to be an author, I'll just
+lend you the _Life and Works of Chatterton_. You may take it home with
+you and read before you go to bed. You'll come back quite a new man
+to-morrow."
+
+Not till night, when the shop was closed, did Leonard return to his
+lodging. And when he entered the room, he was struck to the soul by
+the silence, by the void. Helen was gone!
+
+There was a rose-tree in its pot on the table at which he wrote, and
+by it a scrap of paper, on which was written--
+
+"Dear, dear Brother Leonard, God bless you. I will let you know when
+we can meet again. Take care of this rose, Brother, and don't forget
+poor
+
+           HELEN."
+
+Over the word "forget" there was a big round blistered spot that
+nearly effaced the word.
+
+Leonard leant his face on his hands, and for the first time in his
+life he felt what solitude really is. He could not stay long in the
+room. He walked out again, and wandered objectless to and fro the
+streets. He passed that stiller and humbler neighborhood, he mixed
+with the throng that swarmed in the more populous thoroughfares.
+Hundreds and thousands passed him by, and still--still such solitude.
+
+He came back, lighted his candle, and resolutely drew forth the
+"Chatterton" which the bookseller had lent him. It was an old
+edition in one thick volume. It had evidently belonged to some
+contemporary of the Poet's--apparently an inhabitant of
+Bristol--some one who had gathered up many anecdotes respecting
+Chatterton's habits, and who appeared even to have seen him, nay, been
+in his company; for the book was interleaved, and the leaves covered with
+notes and remarks in a stiff clear hand--all evincing personal knowledge
+of the mournful immortal dead. At first,Leonard read with an effort; then
+the strange and fierce spell of that dread life seized upon him--seized
+with pain, and gloom, and terror--this boy dying by his own hand, about
+the age Leonard had attained himself. This wondrous boy, of a genius beyond
+all comparison--the greatest that ever yet was developed and extinguished
+at the age of eighteen--self-taught--self-struggling--self-immolated.
+Nothing in literature like that life and that death!
+
+With intense interest Leonard perused the tale of the brilliant
+imposture, which had been so harshly and so absurdly construed into
+the crime of a forgery, and which was (if not wholly innocent) so akin
+to the literary devices always in other cases viewed with indulgence,
+and exhibiting, in this, intellectual qualities in themselves so
+amazing--such patience, such forethought, such labor, such courage,
+such ingenuity--the qualities that, well directed, make men great, not
+only in books, but action. And, turning from the history of the
+imposture to the poems themselves, the young reader bent before their
+beauty, literally awed and breathless. How had this strange Bristol
+boy tamed and mastered his rude and motley materials into a music that
+comprehended every tune and key, from the simplest to the sublimest?
+He turned back to the biography--he read on--he saw the proud, daring,
+mournful spirit, alone in the Great City like himself. He followed its
+dismal career, he saw it falling with bruised and soiled wings into
+the mire. He turned again to the later works, wrung forth as tasks for
+bread,--the satires without moral grandeur, the politics without
+honest faith. He shuddered and sickened as he read. True, even here
+his poet mind appreciated (what perhaps only poets can) the divine
+fire that burned fitfully through that meaner and more sordid fuel--he
+still traced in those crude, hasty, bitter offerings to dire
+Necessity, the hand of the young giant who had built up the stately
+verse of Rowley. But, alas! how different from that "mighty line." How
+all serenity and joy had fled from these later exercises of art
+degraded into journey-work. Then rapidly came on the catastrophe--the
+closed doors--the poison--the suicide--the manuscripts torn by the
+hands of despairing wrath, and strewed round the corpse upon the
+funeral floors. It was terrible! The spectre of the Titan boy, (as
+described in the notes written on the margin,) with his haughty brow,
+his cynic smile, his lustrous eyes, haunted all the night the baffled
+and solitary child of song.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+It will often happen that what ought to turn the human mind from some
+peculiar tendency produces the opposite effect. One would think that
+the perusal in the newspaper of some crime and capital punishment
+would warn away all who had ever meditated the crime, or dreaded the
+chance of detection. Yet it is well known to us that many a criminal
+is made by pondering over the fate of some predecessor in guilt. There
+is a fascination in the Dark and Forbidden, which, strange to say, is
+only lost in fiction. No man is more inclined to murder his nephews,
+or stifle his wife, after reading Richard the Third or Othello. It is
+the _reality_ that is necessary to constitute the danger of contagion.
+Now, it was this reality in the fate, and life, and crowning suicide
+of Chatterton, that forced itself upon Leonard's thoughts, and sat
+there like a visible evil thing, gathering evil like cloud around it.
+There was much in the dead poet's character, his trials, and his doom,
+that stood out to Leonard like a bold and colossal shadow of himself
+and his fate. Alas! the bookseller, in one respect, had said truly.
+Leonard came back to him the next day a new man, and it seemed even to
+himself as if he had lost a good angel in losing Helen. "Oh that she
+had been by my side," thought he. "Oh that I could have felt the touch
+of her confiding hand--that, looking up from the scathed and dreary
+ruin of this life, that had sublimely lifted itself from the plain,
+and sought to tower aloft from a deluge, her mild look had spoken to
+me of innocent, humble, unaspiring childhood! Ah! If indeed I were
+still necessary to her--still the sole guardian and protector--then
+could I say to myself, 'Thou must not despair and die! Thou hast her
+to live and to strive for.' But no, no! Only this vast and terrible
+London--the solitude of the dreary garret, and those lustrous eyes
+glaring alike through the throng and through the solitude."
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+On the following Monday, Dr. Morgan's shabby man-servant opened the
+door to a young man in whom he did not at first remember a former
+visitor. A few days before, embrowned with healthful travel--serene
+light in his eye, simple trust in his careless lip--Leonard Fairfield
+had stood at that threshold. Now again he stood there pale and
+haggard, with a cheek already hollowed into those deep anxious lines
+that speak of working thoughts and sleepless nights; and a settled
+sullen gloom resting heavily on his whole aspect.
+
+"I call by appointment," said the boy testily, as the servant stood
+irresolute. The man gave way. "Master is just called out to a patient;
+please to wait, sir;" and he showed him into the little parlor. In a
+few moments two other patients were admitted. These were women, and
+they began talking very loud. They disturbed Leonard's unsocial
+thoughts. He saw that the door into the Doctor's receiving-room was
+half open, and, ignorant of the etiquette which holds such
+_penetralia_ as sacred, he walked in to escape from the gossips. He
+threw himself into the Doctor's own well-worn chair, and muttered to
+himself, "Why did he tell me to come? What new can he think of for me?
+And if a favor, should I take it? He has given me the means of bread
+by work: that is all I have a right to ask from him, from any man--all
+I should accept."
+
+While thus soliloquizing, his eye fell on a letter lying open on the
+table. He started. He recognized the handwriting--the same as the
+letter which had enclosed £50 to his mother--the letter of his
+grandparents. He saw his own name: he saw something more--words that
+made his heart stand still, and his blood seem like ice in his veins.
+As he thus stood aghast, a hand was laid on the letter, and a voice,
+in an angry growl, muttered, "How dare you come into my room, and be
+reading my letters? Er--r--r!"
+
+Leonard placed his own hand on the Doctor's firmly, and said in a
+fierce tone, "This letter relates to me--belongs to me--crushes me. I
+have seen enough to know that. I demand to read all--learn all."
+
+The Doctor looked round, and seeing the door into the waiting-room
+still open, kicked it to with his foot, and then said, under his
+breath, "What have you read? Tell me the truth."
+
+"Two lines only, and I am called--I am called"--Leonard's frame shook
+from head to foot, and the veins on his forehead swelled like cords.
+He could not complete the sentence. It seemed as if an ocean was
+rolling up through his brain, and roaring in his ears. The Doctor saw,
+at a glance, that there was physical danger in his state, and hastily
+and soothingly answered,--"Sit down, sit down--calm yourself--you
+shall know all--read all--drink this water;" and he poured into a
+tumbler of the pure liquid a drop or two from a tiny phial.
+
+Leonard obeyed mechanically, for indeed he was no longer able to
+stand. He closed his eyes, and for a minute or two life seemed to pass
+from him; then he recovered, and saw the good Doctor's gaze fixed on
+him with great compassion. He silently stretched forth his hand
+towards the letter. "Wait a few moments," said the physician
+judiciously, "and hear me meanwhile. It is very unfortunate you should
+have seen a letter never meant for your eye, and containing allusions
+to a secret you were never to have known. But, if I tell you more,
+will you promise me, on your word of honor, that you will hold the
+confidence sacred from Mrs. Fairfield, the Avenels--from all? I myself
+am pledged to conceal a secret, which I can only share with you on the
+same condition."
+
+"There is nothing," announced Leonard indistinctly, and with a bitter
+smile on his lip,--"nothing, it seems, that I should be proud to boast
+of. Yes, I promise--the letter, the letter!"
+
+The Doctor placed it in Leonard's right hand, and quietly slipped to
+the wrist of the left his forefinger and thumb, as physicians are said
+to do when a victim is stretched on the rack. "Pulse decreasing," he
+muttered; "wonderful thing, _Aconite_!" Meanwhile Leonard read as
+follows, faults in spelling and all:--
+
+
+"Dr. MORGAN--Sir: I received your favur duly, and am glad to hear that
+the pore boy is safe and Well. But he has been behaving ill, and
+ungrateful to my good son Richard, who is a credit to the whole
+Family, and has made himself a Gentleman, and Was very kind and good
+to the boy, not knowing who and What he is--God forbid! I don't want
+never to see him again--the boy. Pore John was ill and Restless for
+days afterwards.--John is a pore cretur now, and has had paralytiks.
+And he Talked of nothing but Nora--the boy's eyes were so like his
+Mother's. I cannot, cannot see the Child of Shame. He can't cum
+here--for our Lord's sake, sir, don't ask it--he can't, so Respectable
+as we've always been!--and such disgrace! Base born--base born. Keep
+him where he is, bind him prentis, I'll pay anything for That. You
+says, sir, he's clever, and quick at learning; so did Parson Dale, and
+wanted him to go to Collidge, and make a Figur--then all would cum
+out. It would be my death, sir; I could not sleep in my grave, sir.
+Nora that we were all so proud of. Sinful creturs that we are! Nora's
+good name that we've saved now, gone, gone. And Richard, who is so
+grand, and who was so fond of pore, pore Nora! He would not hold up
+his Head again. Don't let him make a Figur in the world--let him be a
+tradesman, as we were afore him--any trade he Takes to--and not cross
+us no more while he lives. Then I shall pray for him, and wish him
+happy. And have not we had enuff of bringing up children to be above
+their birth? Nora, that I used to say was like the first lady o' the
+land--oh, but we were rightly punished! So now, sir, I leave all to
+you, and will pay all you want for the boy. And be Sure that the
+secret's kep. For we have never heard from the father, and, at least,
+no one knows that Nora has a living son but I and my daughter Jane,
+and Parson Dale and you--and you Two are good Gentlemen--and Jane will
+keep her word, and I am old, and shall be in my grave Soon, but I hope
+it won't be while pore John needs me. What could he do without me? And
+if _that_ got wind, it would kill me straght, sir. Pore John is a
+helpless cretur, God bless him. So no more from your servant in all
+dooty,
+
+                        "M. AVENEL."
+
+Leonard laid down this letter very calmly, and, except by a slight
+heaving at his breast, and a death-like whiteness of his lips, the
+emotions he felt were undetected. And it is a proof how much exquisite
+goodness there was in his heart that the first words he spoke were,
+"Thank Heaven!"
+
+The Doctor did not expect that thanksgiving, and he was so startled
+that he exclaimed, "For what?"
+
+"I have nothing to pity or excuse in the woman I knew and honored as a
+mother. I am not her son--her--"
+
+He stopped short.
+
+"No; but don't be hard on your true mother--poor Nora!"
+
+Leonard staggered, and then burst into a sudden paroxysm of tears.
+
+"Oh, my own mother!--my dead mother! Thou for whom I felt so
+mysterious a love--thou, from whom I took this poet soul--pardon me,
+pardon me! Hard on thee! Would that thou wert living yet, that I might
+comfort thee! What thou must have suffered!"
+
+These words were sobbed forth in broken gasps from the depth of his
+heart. Then he caught up the letter again, and his thoughts were
+changed as his eyes fell upon the writer's shame and fear, as it were,
+of his very existence. All his native haughtiness returned to him. His
+crest rose, his tears dried.--"Tell her," he said, with a stern
+unfaltering voice--"tell Mrs. Avenel that she is obeyed--that I will
+never seek her roof, never cross her path, never disgrace her wealthy
+son. But tell her, also, that I will choose my own way in life--that I
+will not take from her a bribe for concealment. Tell her that I am
+nameless, and will yet make a name."
+
+A name! Was this but an idle boast, or was it one of those flashes of
+conviction which are never belied, lighting up our future for one
+lurid instant, and then fading into darkness?
+
+"I do not doubt it, my prave poy," said Dr. Morgan, growing
+exceedingly Welsh in his excitement; "and perhaps you may find a
+father, who--"
+
+"Father--who is he--what is he? He lives then! But he has deserted
+me--he must have betrayed her? I need him not. The law gives me no
+father."
+
+The last words were said with a return of bitter anguish; then in a
+calmer tone, he resumed, "But I should know who he is--as another one
+whose path I may not cross."
+
+Dr. Morgan looked embarrassed, and paused in deliberation. "Nay," said
+he at length, "as you know so much, it is surely best that you should
+know all."
+
+The Doctor then proceeded to detail, with some circumlocution, what we
+will here repeat from his account more succinctly.
+
+Nora Avenel, while yet very young, left her native village, or rather
+the house of Lady Lansmere, by whom she had been educated and brought
+up, in order to accept the place of governess or companion in London.
+One evening she suddenly presented herself at her father's house, and
+at the first sight of her mother's face she fell down insensible. She
+was carried to bed. Dr. Morgan (then the chief medical practitioner of
+the town) was sent for. That night Leonard came into the world, and
+his mother died. She never recovered her senses, never spoke
+intelligibly from the time she entered the house. "And never therefore
+named your father," said Dr. Morgan. "We know not who he was."
+
+"And how," cried Leonard, fiercely,--"how have they dared to slander
+this dead mother? How knew they that I--was--was--was not the child of
+wedlock?"
+
+"There was no wedding-ring on Nora's finger--never any rumor of her
+marriage--her strange and sudden appearance at her father's house--her
+emotions on entrance, so unlike those natural to a wife returning to a
+parent's home: these are all the evidence against her. But Mr. Avenel
+deemed them strong, and so did I. You have a right to think we judged
+too harshly--perhaps we did."
+
+"And no inquiries were ever made?" said Leonard mournfully, and after
+long silence--"no inquiries to learn who was the father of the
+motherless child?"
+
+"Inquiries!--Mrs. Avenel would have died first. Your grandmother's
+nature is very rigid. Had she come from princes, from Cadwallader
+himself," said the Welshman, "she could not more have shrunk from the
+thought of dishonor. Even over her dead child, the child she had loved
+the best, she thought but how to save that child's name and memory
+from suspicion. There was luckily no servant in the house, only Mark
+Fairfield and his wife (Nora's sister): they had arrived the same day
+on a visit.
+
+"Mrs. Fairfield was nursing her own infant, two or three months old;
+she took charge of you; Nora was buried, and the secret kept. None out
+of the family knew of it, but myself and the curate of the town--Mr.
+Dale. The day after your birth, Mrs. Fairfield, to prevent discovery,
+moved to a village at some distance. There her child died; and when
+she returned to Hazeldean, where her husband was settled, you passed
+as the son she had lost. Mark, I know, was a father to you, for he had
+loved Nora; they had been children together."
+
+"And she came to London--London is strong and cruel," muttered
+Leonard. "She was friendless and deceived. I see all--I desire to know
+no more. This father, he must indeed have been like those whom I have
+read of in books. To love, to wrong her--_that_ I can conceive; but
+then to leave, to abandon; no visit to her grave--no remorse--no
+search for his own child. Well, well; Mrs. Avenel was right. Let us
+think of _him_ no more."
+
+The man-servant knocked at the door, and then put in his head. "Sir,
+the ladies are getting very impatient, and say they'll go."
+
+"Sir," said Leonard, with a strange calm return to the things about
+him, "I ask your pardon for taking up your time so long. I go now. I
+will never mention to my moth--I mean to Mrs. Fairfield--what I have
+learned, nor to any one. I will work my way somehow. If Mr. Prickett
+will keep me, I will stay with him at present; but I repeat, I cannot
+take Mrs. Avenel's money and be bound apprentice. Sir, you have been
+good and patient with me--Heaven reward you."
+
+The Doctor was too moved to answer. He wrung Leonard's hand, and in
+another minute the door closed upon the nameless boy. He stood alone
+in the streets of London; and the sun flashed on him, red and
+menacing, like the eye of a foe!
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Leonard did not appear at the shop of Mr. Prickett that day. Needless
+it is to say where he wandered--what he suffered--what thought--what
+felt. All within was storm. Late at night he returned to his solitary
+lodging. On his table, neglected since the morning, was Helen's
+rose-tree. It looked parched and fading. His heart smote him: he
+watered the poor plant--perhaps with his tears.
+
+Meanwhile Dr. Morgan, after some debate with himself whether or not to
+apprise Mrs. Avenel of Leonard's discovery and message, resolved to
+spare her an uneasiness and alarm that might be dangerous to her
+health, and unnecessary in itself. He replied shortly, that she need
+not fear Leonard's coming to her house--that he was disinclined to
+bind himself an apprentice, but that he was provided for at present;
+and in a few weeks, when Dr. Morgan heard more of him through the
+tradesman by whom he was employed, the Doctor would write to her from
+Germany. He then went to Mr. Prickett's--told the willing bookseller
+to keep the young man for the present--to be kind to him, watch over
+his habits and conduct, and report to the Doctor in his new home, on
+the Rhine, what avocation he thought Leonard would be best suited for,
+and most inclined to adopt. The charitable Welshman divided with the
+bookseller the salary given to Leonard, and left a quarter of his
+moity in advance. It is true that he knew he should be repaid on
+applying to Mrs. Avenel; but, being a man of independent spirit
+himself, he so sympathized with Leonard's present feelings, that he
+felt as if he should degrade the boy did he maintain him, even
+secretly, out of Mrs. Avenel's money--money intended not to raise, but
+keep him down in life. At the worst, it was a sum the doctor could
+afford, and he had brought the boy into the world.
+
+Having thus, as he thought, safely provided for his two young charges,
+Helen and Leonard, the Doctor then gave himself up to his final
+preparations for departure. He left a short note for Leonard with Mr.
+Prickett, containing some brief advice, some kind cheering; a
+postscript to the effect that he had not communicated to Mrs. Avenel
+the information Leonard had acquired, and that it were best to leave
+her in that ignorance; and six small powders to be dissolved in water,
+and a tea-spoonful every fourth hour--"Sovereign against rage and
+sombre thoughts," wrote the Doctor. By the evening of the next day Dr.
+Morgan, accompanied by his pet patient with the chronic tic, whom he
+had talked into exile, was on the steamboat on his way to Ostend.
+
+Leonard resumed his life at Mr. Prickett's; but the change in him did
+not escape the bookseller. All his ingenious simplicity had deserted
+him. He was very distant, and very taciturn; he seemed to have grown
+much older. I shall not attempt to analyze metaphysically this change.
+By the help of such words as Leonard may himself occasionally let
+fall, the reader will dive into the boy's heart, and see how there the
+change had worked, and is working still. The happy dreamy
+peasant-genius, gazing on glory with inebriate, undazzled eyes, is no
+more. It is a man, suddenly cut off from the old household holy
+ties--conscious of great powers, and confronted on all sides by
+barriers of iron--alone with hard reality, and scornful London; and if
+he catches a glimpse of the lost Helicon, he sees, where he saw the
+muse, a pale melancholy spirit veiling its face in shame--the ghost of
+the mournful mother, whose child has no name, not even the humblest,
+among the family of men.
+
+On the second evening after Dr. Morgan's departure, as Leonard was
+just about to leave the shop, a customer stepped in with a book in
+his hand which he had snatched from the shop-boy, who was removing the
+volumes for the night from the booth without.
+
+"Mr. Prickett, Mr. Prickett!" said the customer, "I am ashamed of you.
+You presume to put upon this work, in two volumes, the sum of eight
+shillings."
+
+Mr. Prickett stepped forth from the Cimmerian gloom of some recess,
+and cried, "What! Mr. Burley, is that you? But for your voice I should
+not have known you."
+
+"Man is like a book, Mr. Prickett; the commonalty only look to his
+binding. I am better bound, it is very true."
+
+Leonard glanced towards the speaker, who now stood under the gas-lamp,
+and thought he recognized his face. He looked again; yes, it was the
+perch-fisher whom he had met on the banks of the Brent, and who had
+warned him of the lost fish and the broken line.
+
+_Mr. Burley_ (continuing).--"But 'The Art of Thinking,'--you charge
+eight shillings for 'The Art of Thinking?'"
+
+_Mr. Prickett._--"Cheap enough, Mr. Burley. A very clean copy."
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Usurer! I sold it to you for three shillings. It is
+more than 150 per cent. you propose to gain from my 'Art of
+Thinking.'"
+
+_Mr. Prickett_, (stuttering and taken aback.)--"_You_ sold it to me!
+Ah! now I remember. But it was more than three shillings I gave. You
+forget--two glasses of brandy and water."
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Hospitality, sir, is not to be priced. If you sell
+your hospitality, you are not worthy to possess my 'Art of Thinking.'
+I resume it. There are three shillings, and a shilling more for
+interest. No--on second thoughts, instead of that shilling, I will
+return your hospitality; and the first time you come my way you shall
+have two glasses of brandy and water."
+
+Mr. Prickett did not look pleased, but he made no objection; and Mr.
+Burley put the book into his pocket, and turned to examine the
+shelves. He bought an old jest-book, a stray volume of the Comedies of
+Destouches--paid for them--put them also into his pocket, and was
+sauntering out, when he perceived Leonard, who was now standing at the
+doorway.
+
+"Hem! who is that?" he asked, whispering to Mr. Prickett.
+
+"A young assistant of mine, and very clever."
+
+Mr. Burley scanned Leonard from top to toe.
+
+"We have met before, sir. But you look as if you had returned to the
+Brent, and had been fishing for my perch."
+
+"Possibly, sir," answered Leonard. "But my line is tough, and is not
+yet broken, though the fish drags it amongst the weeds, and buries
+itself in the mud."
+
+He lifted his hat, bowed slightly, and walked on.
+
+"He _is_ clever," said Mr. Burley to the bookseller: "he understands
+allegory."
+
+_Mr. Prickett._--"Poor youth! He came to town with the idea of turning
+author: you know what _that_ is, Mr. Burley."
+
+_Mr. Burley_, (with an air of superb dignity.)--"Bibliopole, yes! An
+author is a being between gods and men, who ought to be lodged in a
+palace, and entertained at the public charge on ortolans and tokay. He
+should be kept lapped in down, and curtained with silken awnings from
+the cares of life--have nothing to do but to write books upon tables
+of cedar, and fish for perch from a gilded galley. And that's what
+will come to pass when the ages lose their barbarism, and know their
+benefactors. Meanwhile, sir, I invite you to my rooms, and will regale
+you upon brandy and water as long as I can pay for it; and when I
+cannot, you shall regale me."
+
+Mr. Prickett muttered, "A very bad bargain, indeed," as Mr. Burley,
+with his chin in the air, stepped into the street.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+At first Leonard had always returned home through the crowded
+thoroughfares--the contact of numbers had animated his spirits. But
+the last two days, since the discovery of his birth, he had taken his
+way down the comparatively unpeopled path of the New Road. He had just
+gained that part of this outskirt in which the statuaries and
+tomb-makers exhibit their gloomy wares--furniture alike for gardens
+and for graves--and, pausing, contemplated a column, on which was
+placed an urn half covered with a funeral mantle, when his shoulder
+was lightly tapped, and, turning quickly, he saw Mr. Burley standing
+behind him.
+
+"Excuse me, sir, but you understand perch-fishing; and since we find
+ourselves on the same road, I should like to be better acquainted with
+you. I hear you once wished to be an author. I am one."
+
+Leonard had never before, to his knowledge, seen an author, and a
+mournful smile passed his lips as he surveyed the perch-fisher. Mr.
+Burley was indeed very differently attired since the first interview
+by the brooklet. He looked less like an author, but more perhaps like
+a perch-fisher. He had a new white hat, stuck on one side of his
+head--a new green overcoat--new gray trousers, and new boots. In his
+hand was a whalebone stick, with a silver handle. Nothing could be
+more fragrant, devil-me-carish, and to use a slang word, _tigrish_,
+than his whole air. Yet, vulgar as was his costume, he did not himself
+seem vulgar, but rather eccentric, lawless, something out of the pale
+of convention. His face looked more pale and more puffed than before,
+the tip of his nose redder; but the spark in his eye was of livelier
+light, and there was self-enjoyment in the corners of his sensual
+humorous lip.
+
+"You are an author, sir," repeated Leonard. "Well, and what is the
+report of your calling? Yonder column props an urn. The column is
+tall, and the urn is graceful. But it looks out of place by the
+roadside: what say you?"
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"It would look better in the churchyard."
+
+_Leonard._--"So I was thinking. And you are an author!"
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Ah, I said you had a quick sense of allegory. And so
+you think an author looks better in a churchyard, when you see him but
+as a muffled urn under the moonshine, than standing beneath the
+gas-lamp, in a white hat, and with a red tip to his nose.
+Abstractedly, you are right. But, with your leave, the author would
+rather be where he is. Let us walk on." The two men felt an interest
+in each other, and they walked some yards in silence.
+
+"To return to the urn," said Mr. Burley, "you think of fame and
+churchyards. Natural enough, before illusion dies; but I think of the
+moment, of existence--and I laugh at fame. Fame, sir--not worth a
+glass of cold without! And as for a glass of warm, with sugar--and
+five shillings in one's pocket to spend as one pleases--what is there
+in Westminster Abbey to compare with it?"
+
+"Talk on, sir--I should like to hear you talk. Let me listen and hold
+my tongue." Leonard pulled his hat over his brows, and gave up his
+moody, questioning, turbulent mind to his new acquaintance.
+
+And John Burley talked on. A dangerous and a fascinating talk it
+was--the talk of a great intellect fallen. A serpent trailing its
+length on the ground, and showing bright, shifting, glorious hues as
+it grovelled. A serpent, yet without the serpent's guile. If John
+Burley deceived and tempted, he meant it not--he crawled and glittered
+alike honestly. No dove could be more simple.
+
+Laughing at fame, he yet dwelt with an elegant enthusiasm on the joy
+of composition. "What do I care what men without are to say and think
+of the words that gush forth on my page?" cried he. "If you think of
+the public, of urns, and laurels, while you write, you are no genius;
+you are not fit to be an author. I write because it rejoices me,
+because it is my nature. Written, I care no more what becomes of it
+than the lark for the effect that the song has on the peasant it wakes
+to the plough. The poet, like the lark, sings 'from his watch-tower in
+the skies.' Is this true?"
+
+"Yes, very true."
+
+"What can rob us of this joy! The bookseller will not buy, the public
+will not read. Let them sleep at the foot of the ladder of the
+angels--we climb it all the same. And then one settles down into such
+good-tempered Lucianic contempt for men. One wants so little from
+them, when one knows what one's self is worth, and what they are. They
+are just worth the coin one can extract from them in order to live.
+Our life--_that_ is worth so much to us. And then their joys, so
+vulgar to them, we can make them golden and kingly. Do you suppose
+Burns drinking at the ale-house, with his boors around him, was
+drinking, like them, only beer and whisky? No, he was drinking
+nectar--he was imbibing his own ambrosial thoughts--shaking with the
+laughter of the gods. The coarse human liquid was just needed to
+unlock his spirit from the clay--take it from jerkin and corduroys,
+and wrap it in the 'singing-robes' that floated wide in the skies: the
+beer or the whisky was needed but for that, and then it changed at
+once into the drink of Hebe. But come, you have not known this
+life--you have not seen it. Come, give me this night. I have moneys
+about me--I will fling them abroad as liberally as Alexander himself,
+when he left to his share but hope. Come!"
+
+"Whither?"
+
+"To my throne. On that throne last sate Edmund Kean--mighty mime. I am
+his successor. We will see whether in truth these wild sons of genius,
+who are cited but 'to point a moral and adorn a tale,' were objects of
+compassion. Sober-suited cits to lament over a Savage and a Morland--a
+Porson and a Burns!--"
+
+"Or a Chatterton," said Leonard, gloomily.
+
+"Chatterton was an impostor in all things; he feigned excesses that he
+never knew. _He_ a bacchanalian--a royster! He!--No. We will talk of
+him. Come!"
+
+Leonard went.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+The Room! And the smoke-reek, and the gas-glare of it. The whitewash
+of the walls, and the prints thereon of the actors in their
+mime-robes, and stage postures; actors as far back as their own lost
+Augustan era, when the stage was a real living influence on the
+manners and the age. There was Betterton in wig and gown--as Cato,
+moralising on the soul's eternity, and halting between Plato and the
+dagger. There was Woodward as "The Fine Gentleman," with the
+inimitable rakehell air in which the heroes of Wycherly and Congreve
+and Farquhar live again. There was jovial Quin as Falstaff, with round
+buckler and "fair round belly." There was Colley Cibber in
+brocade--taking snuff as with "his Lord," the thumb and forefinger
+raised in air--and looking at you for applause. There was Macklin as
+Shylock, with knife in hand; and Kemble, in the solemn weeds of the
+Dane; and Kean in the place of honor over the chimneypiece.
+
+When we are suddenly taken from practical life, with its real workday
+men, and presented to the portraits of those sole heroes of a
+World--Phantastic and Phantasmal, in the garments wherein they did
+"strut and fret their hour upon the stage," verily there is something
+in the sight that moves an inner sense within ourselves--for all of us
+have an inner sense of some existence, apart from the one that wears
+away our days: an existence that, afar from St. James's and St.
+Giles's, the Law Courts and Exchange, goes its way in terror or mirth,
+in smiles or in tears, through a vague magic land of the poets. There,
+see those actors! They are the men who lived it--to whom our world was
+the false one, to whom the Imaginary was the Actual. And did
+Shakspeare himself, in his life, ever hearken to the applause that
+thundered round the Personators of his airy images? Vague children of
+the most transient of the arts, fleet shadows of running waters,
+though thrown down from the steadfast stars, were ye not happier than
+we who live in the Real? How strange you must feel in the great
+circuit that ye now take through eternity! No prompt-books, no lamps,
+no acting Congreve and Shakspeare there! For what parts in the skies
+have your studies on the earth fitted you? Your ultimate destinies are
+very puzzling. Hail to your effigies, and pass we on!
+
+There, too, on the whitewashed walls, were admitted the portraits of
+ruder rivals in the arena of fame--yet they, too, had known an
+applause warmer than his age gave to Shakespeare; the champions of the
+ring--Cribb, and Molyneux, and Dutch Sam. Interspersed with these was
+an old print of Newmarket in the early part of the last century, and
+sundry engravings from Hogarth. But poets, oh! they were there, too:
+poets who might be supposed to have been sufficiently good fellows to
+be at home with such companions. Shakspeare, of course, with his
+placid forehead; Ben Jonson, with his heavy scowl; Burns and Byron
+cheek by jowl. But the strangest of all these heterogeneous specimens
+of graphic art was a full-length print of William Pitt!--William Pitt,
+the austere and imperious. What the deuce did he do there amongst
+prize-fighters, and actors, and poets? It seemed an insult to his
+grand memory. Nevertheless there he was, very erect, and with a look
+of ineffable disgust in his upturned nostrils. The portraits on the
+sordid walls were very like the crambo in the minds of ordinary
+men--very like the motley pictures of the FAMOUS hung up in your
+parlour, O my Public! Actors and prize-fighters, poets and statesmen,
+all without congruity and fitness, all whom you have been to see or to
+hear for a moment, and whose names have stared out in your newspapers,
+O my Public!
+
+And the company? Indescribable! Comedians from small theatres, out of
+employ: pale haggard-looking boys, probably the sons of worthy
+traders, trying their best to break their fathers' hearts; here and
+there the marked features of a Jew. Now and then you might see the
+curious puzzled face of some greenhorn about town, or perhaps a
+Cantab; and men of grave age, and gray-haired, were there, and amongst
+them a wondrous proportion of carbuncled faces and bottle noses. And
+when John Burley entered there was a shout, that made William Pitt
+shake in his frame. Such stamping and hallooing, and such hurrahs for
+"Burly John." And the gentleman who had filled the great high leathern
+chair in his absence gave it up to John Burley; and Leonard, with his
+grave observant eye, and lip half sad and half scornful, placed
+himself by the side of his introducer. There was a nameless expectant
+stir through the assembly, as when some great singer advances to the
+lamps, and begins "_Di tanti palpiti_." Time flies. Look at the Dutch
+clock over the door. Half-an-hour! John Burley begins to warm. A yet
+quicker light begins to break from his eye; his voice has a mellow
+luscious roll in it.
+
+"He will be grand to-night," whispered a thin man who looked like a
+tailor, seated on the other side of Leonard.
+
+Time flies--an hour! Look again at the Dutch clock, John Burley _is_
+grand, he is in his zenith, at his culminating point. What magnificent
+drollery!--what luxuriant humor! How the Rabelais shakes in his easy
+chair! Under the rush and the roar of this fun, (what word else shall
+describe it,) the man's intellect is as clear as a gold sand under a
+river. Such wit, and such truth, and, at times, such a flood of quick
+eloquence. All now are listeners, silent, save in applause. And
+Leonard listened too. Not, as he would some nights ago, in innocent
+unquestioning delight. No; his mind has passed through great sorrow,
+great passion, and it comes out unsettled, inquiring, eager, brooding
+over joy itself as over a problem. And the drink circulates, and faces
+change; and there are gabbling and babbling; and Burley's head sinks
+in his bosom, and he is silent. And up starts a wild, dissolute,
+bacchanalian glee for seven voices. And the smoke-reek grows denser
+and thicker, and the gas-light looks dizzy through the haze. And John
+Burley's eyes reel.
+
+Look again at the Dutch clock. Two hours have gone. John Burley has
+broken out again from his silence, his voice thick and husky, and his
+laugh cracked; and he talks, O ye gods! such rubbish and ribaldry; and
+the listeners roar aloud, and think it finer than before. And Leonard,
+who had hitherto been measuring himself, in his mind, against the
+giant, and saying inly, "He soars out of my reach," finds the giant
+shrink smaller and smaller, and saith to himself, "He is but of man's
+common standard after all."
+
+Look again at the Dutch clock. Three hour have passed. Is John Burley
+now of man's common standard? Man himself seems to have vanished from
+the scene; his soul stolen from him, his form gone away with the fumes
+of the smoke, and the nauseous steam from that fiery bowl. And
+Leonard looked round, and saw but the swine of Circe--some on the
+floor, some staggering against the walls, some hugging each other on
+the tables, some fighting, some bawling, some weeping. The divine
+spark had fled from the human face; the beast is everywhere growing
+more and more out of the thing that had been man. And John Burley,
+still unconquered, but clean lost to his senses, fancies himself a
+preacher, and drawls forth the most lugubrious sermon upon the brevity
+of life that mortal ever heard, accompanied with unctuous sobs; and
+now and then, in the midst of balderdash, gleams out a gorgeous
+sentence, that Jeremy Taylor might have envied; drivelling away again
+into a cadence below the rhetoric of a Muggletonian. And the waiters
+choked up the doorway, listening and laughing, and prepared to call
+cabs and coaches; and suddenly some one turned off the gas light, and
+all was dark as pitch--howls and laughter as of the damned, ringing
+through the Pandemonium. Out from the black atmosphere stept the
+boy-poet; and the still stars rushed on his sight, as they looked over
+the grimy roof-tops.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Well, Leonard, this is the first time thou hast shown that thou hast
+in thee the iron out of which true manhood is forged and shaped. Thou
+hast _the power to resist_. Forth, unebriate, unpolluted, he came from
+the orgy, as yon star above him came from the cloud.
+
+He had a latch key to his lodging. He let himself in, and walked
+noiselessly up the creaking wooden stair. It was dawn. He passed on to
+his window, and threw it open. The green elm-tree from the carpenter's
+yard looked as fresh and fair as if rooted in solitudes, leagues away
+from the smoke of Babylon.
+
+--"Nature, Nature!" murmured Leonard, "I hear thy voice now. This
+stills--this strengthens. But the struggle is very dread. Here,
+despair of life--there, faith in life. Nature thinks of neither, and
+lives serenely on."
+
+By-and-by a bird slid softly from the heart of the tree, and dropped
+on the ground below out of sight. But Leonard heard its carol. It
+awoke its companions--wings began to glance in the air, and the clouds
+grew red toward the east.
+
+Leonard sighed and left the window. On the table, near Helen's
+rose-tree, which bent over wistfully, lay a letter. He had not
+observed it before. It was in Helen's hand. He took it to the light,
+and read it by the pure healthful gleams of morn:--
+
+"Oh, my dear brother Leonard, will this find you well, and (more happy
+I dare not say, but) less sad than when we parted? I write kneeling,
+so that it seems to me as if I wrote and prayed at the same time. You
+may come and see me to-morrow evening, Leonard. Do come, do--we shall
+walk together in this pretty garden; and there is an arbor all covered
+with jessamine and honeysuckle, from which we can look down on London.
+I have looked from it so many times--so many--trying if I can guess
+the roofs in our poor little street; and fancying that I do see the
+dear elm-tree. Miss Starke is very kind to me; and I think, after I
+have seen you, that I shall be happy here--that is, if you are happy.
+Your own grateful sister,
+
+                        "HELEN.
+
+                          "Ivy Lodge.
+
+"P. S.--Any one will direct you to our house; it lies to the left,
+near the top of the hill, a little way down a lane that is overhung on
+one side with chestnut trees and lilies. I shall be watching for you
+at the gate."
+
+Leonard's brow softened, he looked again like his former self. Up from
+the dark sea at his heart smiled the meek face of a child, and the
+waves lay still as at the charm of a spirit.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+"And what is Mr. Burley, and what has he written?" asked Leonard of
+Mr. Prickett when he returned to the shop. Let us reply to that
+question in our own words, for we know more about Mr. Burley than Mr.
+Prickett does.
+
+John Burley was the only son of a poor clergyman, in a village near
+Ealing, who had scraped and saved and pinched, to send his son to an
+excellent provincial school in a northern country, and thence to
+college. At the latter, during his first year, young Burley was
+remarked by the undergraduates for his thick shoes and coarse linen,
+and remarkable to the authorities for his assiduity and learning. The
+highest hopes were entertained of him by the tutors and examiners. At
+the beginning of the second year his high animal spirits, before kept
+down by study, broke out. Reading had become easy to him. He knocked
+off his tasks with a facile stroke, as it were. He gave up his leisure
+hours to symposia by no means Socratical. He fell into an idle
+hard-drinking set. He got into all kinds of scrapes. The authorities
+were at first kind and forbearing in their admonitions, for they
+respected his abilities, and still hoped he might become an honor to
+the university. But at last he went drunk into a formal examination,
+and sent in papers after the manner of Aristophanes, containing
+capital jokes upon the Dons and Bigwigs themselves. The offence was
+the greater, and seemed the more premeditated, for being clothed in
+Greek. John Burley was expelled. He went home to his father's a
+miserable man, for with all his follies he had a good heart. Removed
+from ill example, his life for a year was blameless. He got admitted
+as usher into the school in which he had received instruction as a
+pupil. This school was in a large town. John Burley became member of
+a club formed among the tradesmen, and spent three evenings a week
+there. His astonishing convivial and conversational powers began to
+declare themselves. He grew the oracle of the club; and from being the
+most sober peaceful assembly in which grave fathers of a family ever
+smoked a pipe or sipped a glass, it grew under Mr. Burley's auspices
+the parent of revels as frolicking and frantic as those out of which
+the old Greek Goat Song ever tipsily rose. This would not do. There
+was a great riot in the streets one night, and the next morning the
+usher was dismissed. Fortunately for John Burley's conscience, his
+father had died before this happened--died believing in the reform of
+his son. During his ushership Mr. Burley had scraped acquaintance with
+the editor of the county newspaper, and given him some capital
+political articles; for Burley was like Parr and Porson, a notable
+politician. The editor furnished him with letters to the journalists
+in London, and John came to the metropolis and got employed on a very
+respectable newspaper. At college he had known Audley Egerton, though
+but slightly; that gentleman was then just rising into repute in
+Parliament. Burley sympathized with some questions on which Audley had
+distinguished himself, and wrote a very good article thereon--an
+article so good that Egerton inquired into the authorship, found out
+Burley, and resolved in his own mind to provide for him whenever he
+himself came into office. But Burley was a man whom it was impossible
+to provide for. He soon lost his connection with the newspaper. First,
+he was so irregular that he could never be depended upon. Secondly, he
+had strange honest eccentric twists of thinking, that could coalesce
+with the thoughts of no party in the long run. An article of his,
+inadvertently admitted, had horrified all the proprietors, staff, and
+readers of the paper. It was diametrically opposite to the principles
+the paper advocated, and compared its pet politician to Catiline. Then
+John Burley shut himself up and wrote books. He wrote two or three
+books, very clever, but not at all to the popular taste--abstract and
+learned, full of whims that were _caviare_ to the multitude, and
+larded with Greek. Nevertheless, they obtained for him a little money,
+and among literary men some reputation.
+
+Now Audley Egerton came into power, and got him, though with great
+difficulty--for there were many prejudices against this scampish
+harum-scarum son of the Muses--a place in a public office. He kept it
+about a month, and then voluntarily resigned it. "My crust of bread
+and liberty!" quoth John Burley, and he vanished into a garret. From
+that time to the present he lived--Heaven knows how. Literature is a
+business, like everything else; John Burley grew more and more
+incapable of business. "He could not do task-work," he said; he wrote
+when the whim seized him, or when the last penny was in his pouch, or
+when he was actually in the spunging-house or the Fleet--migrations
+which occurred to him, on an average, twice a year. He could generally
+sell what he had positively written, but no one would engage him
+beforehand. Magazines and other periodicals were very glad to have his
+articles, on the condition that they were anonymous; and his style was
+not necessarily detected, for he could vary it with the facility of a
+practised pen. Audley Egerton continued his best supporter, for there
+were certain questions on which no one wrote with such force as John
+Burley--questions connected with the metaphysics of politics, such as
+law reform and economical science. And Audley Egerton was the only man
+John Burley put himself out of the way to serve, and for whom he would
+give up a drinking-bout and do _task-work_; for John Burley was
+grateful by nature, and he felt that Egerton had really tried to
+befriend him. Indeed, it was true, as he had stated to Leonard by the
+Brent, that, even after he had resigned his desk in the London office,
+he had had the offer of an appointment in Jamaica, and a place in
+India from the Minister. But probably there were other charms then
+than those exercised by the one-eyed perch, that kept him to the
+neighborhood of London. With all his grave faults of character and
+conduct, John Burley was not without the fine qualities of a large
+nature. He was most resolutely his own enemy, it is true, but he could
+hardly be said to be any one else's. Even when he criticised some more
+fortunate writer, he was good-humored in his very satire; he had no
+bile, no envy. And as for freedom from malignant personalities, he
+might have been a model to all critics. I must except politics,
+however, for in these he could be rabid and savage. He had a passion
+for independence, which, though pushed to excess, was not without
+grandeur. No lick-platter, no parasite, no toadeater, no literary
+beggar, no hunter after patronage and subscriptions; even in his
+dealings with Audley Egerton, he insisted on naming the price for his
+labors. He took a price, because, as the papers required by Audley
+demanded much reading and detail, which was not at all to his taste,
+he considered himself entitled fairly to something more than the
+editor of the journal, wherein the papers appeared, was in the habit
+of giving. But he assessed this extra price himself, and as he would
+have done to a bookseller. And, when in debt and in prison, though he
+knew a line to Egerton would have extricated him, he never wrote that
+line. He would depend alone on his pen, dipped it hastily in the ink,
+and scrawled himself free. The most debased point about him was
+certainly the incorrigible vice of drinking, and with it the usual
+concomitant of that vice--the love of low company. To be King of the
+Bohemians--to dazzle by his wild humor, and sometimes to exalt, by his
+fanciful eloquence, the rude gross nature that gathered round
+him--this was a royalty that repaid him for all sacrifice of solid
+dignity; a foolscap crown that he would not have changed for an
+emperor's diadem. Indeed, to appreciate rightly the talents of John
+Burley, it was necessary to hear him talk on such occasions. As a
+writer, after all, he was only capable now of unequal desultory
+efforts. But as a talker, in his own wild way, he was original and
+matchless. And the gift of talk is one of the most dangerous gifts a
+man can possess for his own sake--the applause is so immediate, and
+gained with so little labor. Lower, and lower, and lower, had sunk
+John Burley, not only in the opinion of all who knew his name, but in
+the habitual exercise of his talents. And this seemed wilfully--from
+choice. He would write for some unstamped journal of the populace, out
+of the pale of the law, for pence, when he could have got pounds from
+journals of high repute. He was very fond of scribbling off penny
+ballads, and then standing in the street to hear them sung. He
+actually once made himself the poet of an advertising tailor, and
+enjoyed it excessively. But that did not last long, for John Burley
+was a Pittite--not a Tory, he used to say, but a Pittite. And if you
+had heard him talk of Pitt, you would never have known what to make of
+that great statesman. He treated him as the German commentators do
+Shakspeare, and invested him with all imaginary meanings and objects,
+that would have turned the grand practical man into a sybil. Well, he
+was a Pittite; the tailor a fanatic for Thelwall and Cobbett. Mr.
+Burley wrote a poem, wherein Britannia appeared to the tailor,
+complimented him highly on the art he exhibited in adorning the
+persons of her sons; and, bestowing upon him a gigantic mantle, said
+that he, and he alone, might be enabled to fit it to the shoulders of
+living men. The rest of the poem was occupied in Mr. Snip's unavailing
+attempts to adjust this mantle to the eminent politicians of the day,
+when, just as he had sunk down in despair, Britannia reappeared to
+him, and consoled him with the information that he had done all mortal
+man could do, and that she had only desired to convince pigmies that
+no human art could adjust to _their_ proportions the mantle of William
+Pitt. _Sic itur ad astra_. She went back to the stars, mantle and all.
+Mr. Snip was exceedingly indignant at this allegorical effusion, and
+with wrathful shears cut the tie between himself and his poet.
+
+Thus, then, the reader has, we trust, a pretty good idea of John
+Burley--a specimen of his genus, not very common in any age, and now
+happily almost extinct, since authors of all degrees share in the
+general improvement in order, economy, and sober decorum, which has
+obtained in the national manners. Mr. Prickett, though entering into
+less historical detail than we have done, conveyed to Leonard a
+tolerably accurate notion of the man, representing him as a person of
+great powers and learning, who had thoroughly thrown himself away.
+
+Leonard did not, however, see how much Mr. Burley himself was to be
+blamed for his waste of life; he could not conceive a man of genius
+voluntarily seating himself at the lowest step in the social ladder.
+He rather supposed he had been thrust down there by Necessity.
+
+And when Mr. Prickett, concluding, said, "Well, I should think Burley
+would cure you of the desire to be an author even more than
+Chatterton," the young man answered gloomily, "Perhaps," and turned to
+the book-shelves.
+
+With Mr. Prickett's consent, Leonard was released earlier than usual
+from his task, and a little before sunset he took his way to Highgate.
+He was fortunately directed to take the new road by the Regent's Park,
+and so on through a very green and smiling country. The walk, the
+freshness of the air, the songs of the birds, and, above all, when he
+had got half-way, the solitude of the road, served to rouse him from
+his stern and sombre meditations. And when he came into the lane
+overhung with chestnut trees, and suddenly caught sight of Helen's
+watchful and then brightening face, as she stood by the wicket, and
+under the shadow of cool murmurous boughs, the blood rushed gayly
+through his veins, and his heart beat loud and gratefully.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+She drew him into the garden with such true childlike joy!
+
+Now behold them seated in the arbor--a perfect bower of sweets and
+blossoms; the wilderness of roof-tops and spires stretching below,
+broad and far; London seen dim and silent, as in a dream.
+
+She took his hat from his brows gently, and looked him in the face
+with tearful penetrating eyes.
+
+She did not say, "You have changed."--She said, "Why, why did I leave
+you?" and then turned away.
+
+"Never mind me, Helen. I am man, and rudely born--speak of yourself.
+This lady is kind to you, then?"
+
+"Does she not let me see you? Oh! very kind--and look here."
+
+Helen pointed to fruits and cakes set out on the table. "A feast,
+brother."
+
+And she began to press her hospitality with pretty winning ways, more
+playful than was usual for her, and talking very fast, and with forced
+but silvery laughter.
+
+By degrees she stole him from his gloom and reserve; and, though he
+could not reveal to her the cause of his bitterest sorrow, he owned
+that he had suffered much. He would not have owned _that_ to another
+living being. And then, quickly turning from this brief confession,
+with assurances that the worst was over, he sought to amuse her by
+speaking of his new acquaintance with the perch-fisher. But when he
+spoke of this man with a kind of reluctant admiration, mixed with
+compassionate yet gloomy interest, and drew a grotesque though subdued
+sketch of the wild scene in which he had been spectator, Helen grew
+alarmed and grave.
+
+"Oh, brother, do not go there again--do not see more of this bad man."
+
+"Bad!--no! Hopeless and unhappy, he has stooped to stimulants and
+oblivion;--but you cannot understand these things, my pretty
+preacher."
+
+"Yes I do, Leonard. What is the difference between being good and bad?
+The good do not yield to temptations, and the bad do."
+
+The definition was so simple and so wise that Leonard was more struck
+with it than he might have been by the most elaborate sermon by Parson
+Dale.
+
+"I have often murmured to myself since I lost you, 'Helen was my good
+angel;'--say on. For my heart is dark to myself, and while you speak
+light seems to dawn on it."
+
+This praise so confused Helen that she was long before she could obey
+the command annexed to it. But, by little and little, words came to
+both more frankly. And then he told her the sad tale of Chatterton,
+and waited, anxious to hear her comments.
+
+"Well," he said, seeing that she remained silent, "how can _I_ hope,
+when this mighty genius labored and despaired? What did he want, save
+birth and fortune, and friends, and human justice."
+
+"Did he pray to God?" said Helen, drying her tears.
+
+Again Leonard was startled. In reading the life of Chatterton, he had
+not much noted the scepticism, assumed or real, of the ill-fated
+aspirer to earthly immortality. At Helen's question, that scepticism
+struck him forcibly.
+
+"Why do you ask that, Helen?"
+
+"Because, when we pray often, we grow so very, very patient," answered
+the child. "Perhaps, had he been patient a few months more all would
+have been won by him, as it will be by you, brother; for you pray, and
+you will be patient."
+
+Leonard bowed his head in deep thought, and this time the thought was
+not gloomy. Then out from that awful life there glowed another
+passage, which before he had not heeded duly, but regarded rather as
+one of the darkest mysteries in the fate of Chatterton.
+
+At the very time the despairing poet had locked himself up in his
+garret, to dismiss his soul from its earthly ordeal, his genius had
+just found its way into the light of renown. Good and learned and
+powerful men were preparing to serve and save him. Another year,--nay,
+perchance, another month--and he might have stood acknowledged and
+sublime in the foremost front of his age.
+
+"Oh Helen!" cried Leonard, raising his brows from which the cloud had
+passed,--"Why, indeed, did you leave me?"
+
+Helen started in her turn as he repeated this regret, and in her turn
+grew thoughtful. At length she asked him if he had written for the box
+which had belonged to her father, and been left at the inn.
+
+And Leonard, though a little chafed at what he thought a childish
+interruption to themes of graver interest, owned with self-reproach
+that he had forgotten to do so. Should he not write now to order the
+box to be sent to her at Miss Starke's.
+
+"No; let it be sent to you. Take care of it. I should like to know
+that something of mine is with you; and perhaps I may not stay here
+long."
+
+"Not stay here? That you must, my dear Helen--at least as long as Miss
+Starke will keep you, and is kind. By-and-by, (added Leonard, with
+something of his former sanguine tone) I may yet make my way, and we
+shall have our cottage to ourselves. But--Oh Helen!--I forgot--you
+wounded me; you left your money with me. I only found it in my drawers
+the other day. Fie!--I have brought it back."
+
+"It was not mine--it is yours. We were to share together--you paid
+all; and how can I want it here, too?"
+
+But Leonard was obstinate; and as Helen mournfully received back all
+that of fortune her father had bequeathed to her, a tall female figure
+stood at the entrance of the harbor, and said, that scattered all
+sentiment to the winds--"Young man, it is time to go."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+"Already!" said Helen, with faltering accents, as she crept to Miss
+Starke's side, while Leonard rose and bowed. "I am very grateful to
+you, Madam," said he, with the grace that comes from all refinement of
+idea, "for allowing me to see Miss Helen. Do not let me abuse your
+kindness." Miss Starke seemed struck with his look and manner, and
+made a stiff half curtsey.
+
+A form more rigid than Miss Starke's it was hard to conceive. She was
+like the grim white woman in the nursery ballads. Yet, apparently,
+there was a good nature in allowing the stranger to enter her trim
+garden, and providing for him and her little charge those fruit and
+cakes which belied her aspect. "May I go with him to the gate?"
+whispered Helen, as Leonard had already passed up the path.
+
+"You may, child; but do not loiter. And then come back, and lock up
+the cakes and cherries, or Patty will get at them."
+
+Helen ran after Leonard.
+
+"Write to me, brother--write to me; and do not, do not be friends with
+this man who took you to that wicked, wicked place."
+
+"Oh, Helen, I go from you strong enough to brave worse dangers than
+that," said Leonard almost gaily.
+
+They kissed each other at the little wicket gate, and parted.
+
+Leonard walked home under the summer moonlight, and on entering his
+chamber, looked first at his rose-tree. The leaves of yesterday's
+flowers lay strewn round it; but the tree had put forth new buds.
+
+"Nature ever restores," said the young man. He paused a moment, and
+added, "It is that Nature is very patient?"
+
+His sleep that night was not broken by the fearful dreams he had
+lately known. He rose refreshed, and went his way to his day's
+work--not stealing along the less crowded paths, but with a firm step,
+through the throng of men. Be bold, adventurer--thou hast more to
+suffer! Wilt thou sink? I look into thy heart, and I cannot answer.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] Continued from page 97.
+
+[12] It may be necessary to observe, that homoeopathy professes to deal
+with our moral affections as well as our physical maladies, and has a
+globule for every sorrow.
+
+
+
+
+From Sharpe's Magazine.
+
+EGYPT UNDER ABBAS PASHA.
+
+BY BAYLE ST. JOHN.
+
+
+When the late Mohammed Ali heard at length of the taking of Acre by
+his troops under Ibrahim, he exclaimed, "That place," adding an
+energetic but somewhat unsavory expression, "that place has cost me,"
+not the lives of so many thousand men, but, "so many thousand cantars
+of gunpowder." These words illustrate pretty forcibly the narrow and
+selfish views of that celebrated but overrated man. We do not believe,
+indeed, that during the whole period of his sway in Egypt, the thought
+ever crossed his mind that he was bound to govern for any other
+purpose than his own personal aggrandisement, or that he was to regard
+in the slightest degree the feelings, the comfort, the property or the
+lives of his people.
+
+The system which arose from this wretchedly egotistical state of mind
+was to a certain extent successful. Although great schemes of
+conquest, which even a more magnanimous species of selfishness might
+have carried out, were destined to end in comparative shame and
+disgrace, yet a somewhat brilliant _de facto_ sovereignty was erected
+and maintained to the termination of the old man's life; and he died
+regretting only that he had not been allowed to march to
+Constantinople. To the end of his days he was rolling in wealth, and
+possessed of arbitrary power in dominions of great extent, where he
+was not the less arbitrary because he was compelled to acknowledge a
+superior, and to send a tribute, instead of a fleet and an army, to
+the shores of the Bosphorus. The provinces which he called his own,
+lay sleeping in a death-like tranquillity; and because he could ride
+through the streets without a guard, his flatterers told him that he
+had secured the fear, respect and love of the people. For he had many
+flatterers, this ancient of days;--not merely his own minions, whose
+business it was, but European gentlemen, who affected to be awe-struck
+in his presence, and gathered and treasured up and repeated his wise
+sayings, his profound observations, and, save the mark! his wit; but
+they never could impress on any impartial hearer the belief in any of
+these things. His sayings and observations were sometimes very
+foolish, sometimes distinguished by respectable common-sense; and his
+wit consisted in prefacing a very silly or impertinent remark with a
+peculiar grunt. Whenever, therefore, his courtiers, being in a
+narrative mood, began to tell how on a certain occasion the pasha
+said, "Hunk!" &c., a crowd of admirers were ready to smile, and one or
+two disinterested lookers-on were compelled to smile likewise, though,
+perhaps, for a very different reason.
+
+Nothing is easier than to surround a man who has sufficient talents to
+fight or wheedle himself into a position of authority with a halo of
+false reputation; but it is rather more difficult to impress a
+character on the civilization of a country, and, now-a-days, to found
+an enduring dynasty. We shall not here recapitulate the enormous
+blunders of Mohammed Ali, in political and economical questions, nor
+explain how these blunders arose from a selfish desire to make what is
+vulgarly called a "splash," nor waste an anathema on his crafty
+cruelty and abominable tyranny. We wish merely to remind the reader
+that his period of power having come to a close, little good had been
+done, except, perhaps, improving the method of transacting public
+business.
+
+Well, there were plenty of people to succeed him. The pasha had a
+large family of children and grandchildren, to whom he had behaved
+sometimes with indulgence, but generally with unreasoning and perverse
+severity. There was scarcely a member of his family with whom he had
+not had many little quarrels, and who did not avoid his presence as
+they did the plague. Even the favorite Ibrahim could not bear to live
+in the same city as his presumed father; and the rest would have been
+little less startled by the last summons of all, than they were by an
+occasional order to appear in the presence of the angry and savage old
+man. One feeling, however, was pretty general amongst them,--they
+regarded the pasha as a wonderfully important personage, and
+themselves consequently, being his children, as little less wonderful
+and important. Their hopes were in the uncertainty of life; and very
+many of them, in their own minds, had arranged what they would do in
+case they came to be viceroy--how they would make the money spin, and
+what mighty devices they would put in practice, to emulate and surpass
+the splendors of "Effendina"--"Our Lord," _par excellence_.
+
+It must be confessed that Abbas Pasha alone had the good sense to take
+up a position of his own. Whether he was as crafty and politic as some
+pretend before his elevation to power, it is difficult to decide; but
+the plan, at that time generally ascribed to him, of forming what was
+called a Turkish or bigoted party--a party of discontented great
+folks, and fanatical Ulemas--a party which should appeal to the
+religious prejudices of the good Caireens, and oppose itself to the
+inroad of European adventurers and improvements,--this plan, if
+distinctly formed, was certainly a very sagacious one. Let us be
+frank: Europeans have done more harm than good in Egypt; that is to
+say, whenever they have appeared, except as mere commercial men,
+bringing the goods of their own countries, and anxious to take away
+the surplus of the luxuriant crops of the valley of the Nile. As
+political advisers, partly, perhaps, because men undertook to advise
+who were fit only for the counting-house, partly because their own
+interests were concerned, their intermeddling has been most
+pernicious. Even the benefits, for some such there are, which have
+been conferred by their wisdom, have been mingled with an immense
+amount of misery. There is one fact which has attained an almost
+mythological dignity, from its notoriety, and the admirable manner in
+which it symbolises European meddling in Egypt. An English merchant,
+who ought to have known the manners of the country, advised the
+construction of the Mahmoudiyeh Canal. It has been most useful to
+commerce; but twenty thousand people were starved or worked to death
+within six weeks, in order to complete it. Fifty illustrations of the
+same kind might be given; but we wish merely to have our meaning
+understood, when we say that, if Abbas Pasha or his party ever
+contemplated, as there is reason to suppose they did, the utter
+destruction of foreign influence, the total change of a system, under
+which French and English measures alternated like whig and tory
+administrations, we must candidly admit they had some very good
+grounds to go upon.
+
+The creation of the party was a long and laborious work; very likely
+it was brought and kept together more by mutual discontents, ambitious
+hopes, and straightforward bigotry, than by any very Machiavellian
+policy. Probably Abbas Pasha really liked ram-fighting, and was a
+pigeon-fancier, and did not assume these tastes, as the elder Brutus
+played the fool, in order to accomplish his ends. But, however this
+may be, he certainly occupied a more respectable position than his
+uncle Ibrahim, whose whole ideas of the duties of government were
+getting money and playing at soldiers; and than any of the other
+members of this most obese and heavy-headed family. Even if it be true
+that he meditated a revolt against the broken-down conqueror of Syria,
+and was only withheld by fear of the European powers, this fact gives
+an impression of his energy, and by no means derogates from his
+character in this country. The Saids and the Ahmeds, the Ismains and
+the Mustaphas, would, each and all of them, strike a blow and rid the
+country of their beloved relations, if the little word _impossible_
+did not stare them in the face. As it is, they are in perpetual feud
+with the head of the family, and there is no end to their bickerings,
+heart-burnings, jealousies, and hatreds. Abbas is haughty and
+overbearing to them; they as insolent as they may be to him. Be sure
+that, on all sides, direful causes of affront have been given; but
+probably Abbas has been provoked by unbecoming pretensions. What else
+could be expected from a set of ignorant, debauched adventurers, who
+have got a temporary footing in the country, and actually talk with
+the pride of an ancient respectable line of hereditary princes of
+their rights, and their expectations, and their rank, and so forth!
+Abbas, of course, has not the same natural influence over this unruly
+brotherhood as had the ruthless old man, and his more savage immediate
+successor; and probably, in attempting to exert his rightful
+authority, has been betrayed into undignified squabbles. It is certain
+that many members of his family have fled or retired to
+Constantinople; among others, Mohammed Ali Bey, and the notorious
+Hazlet Hanem. Some remarks have been made on this subject, to the
+effect that Abbas is frightening away his dutiful relations by his
+violent and unreasonable conduct; but if Egypt never loses two of its
+natives whom it can worse spare than these, it will be fortunate.
+Without further inquiry than into their character, one would be
+inclined to admire and respect the man who had quarrelled with them.
+Mohammed Ali is a debauched worthless lad; and Madame Nazlet cannot
+have justice done to her without details into which our pen is not at
+liberty to enter.
+
+It is a sad thing, certainly, to view the breaking up of a large
+family; but it would be a sadder thing to witness vice unpunished, and
+harmony arising out of the reckless indulgence of unbridled passions.
+Abbas Pasha himself, if report speaks true, has little in his private
+life to plead for lenity in judging of his public character. His taste
+leads him to the most trifling amusements. Just as of old, when he was
+the supposed head of a kind of Conservative Turkish party, when he was
+Governor of Cairo, and silently nourishing his ambitious schemes, he
+spends time and money in the undignified, though not inelegant, and
+certainly innocent, occupation of a pigeon-fancier. Near the new
+palace which he is building (none of these Turkish princes seem to
+care about living where their fathers lived before them) rises a
+magnificent square tower, entirely devoted to the loyal winged
+favorites of his Highness the Viceroy, who is reported to be quite
+learned in this department of natural history. Another of his tastes,
+for which Englishmen will have more sympathy, is for horses; and the
+public will remember his bold challenge to the Jockey Club. In what
+way he passes the remainder of his leisure hours we do not inquire;
+but we give him, in common with his relatives, the advantage of an
+excuse that has before been urged in their favor--namely, that of an
+infamous education.
+
+Abbas Pasha has not exactly carried out the views which were
+attributed to him before he reached his present elevation. He has not,
+for example, done all that his fanatical anti-Frank friends could
+expect in shaking off foreign influence. He began, it is true, by
+getting rid, in rather a hasty and shabby manner, of many Europeans,
+chiefly English, in his employ; and showed a disposition entirely to
+put a stop to that enormous blunder of the Barrage. His first, and
+very wise impulse, was either to destroy the works altogether, or,
+abandoning them, simply allow the river to work its own majestic will.
+But a clamor was raised on all sides! After throwing so many millions
+of dollars into the river, why should not a few millions more be
+thrown? I believe the French, who have a fondness for this undertaking
+because it was suggested by or through Napoleon--(the Osiris of his
+day is parent of all wonderful inventions)--I believe, I say, that
+France made it almost a national question; and so this work, which
+already impedes the navigation of one of the finest rivers in the
+world, and which, if successful, would only achieve an object that one
+quarter of the expense in the establishment of steam-engines at
+various points for raising water would effectually accomplish, is
+allowed to drag on slowly towards its conclusion. We must give Abbas
+credit for the courageous good sense which suggested to him that the
+first loss was the best; and yet we must not withhold from him some
+praise for yielding to the influence of friendly persuasion, and
+refraining from carrying out his own opinion, however well founded,
+when he was told that, by doing so, he would incur the risk of being
+accused of treason to his grandfather's fame. The old man had fondly
+believed that his Barrage would join the Pyramids that look down upon
+it in that restricted category of the "Wonders of the World," and
+might well be supposed to lie uneasily in his grave if all the piles
+which he had caused to be driven, all the mighty walls, and piers, and
+arches, which he had caused to be raised with a disregard of expense
+and human labor worthy of Cheops, were allowed to sink and lie
+forgotten in the slimy bed of the Nile.
+
+This was the first point on which it appeared that Abbas Pasha was not
+disposed to act up fully to his presumed plan of destroying European
+influence altogether; but, on many occasions, he early showed a
+disposition to temporize between his prejudices and his interest. We
+cannot here enter into details of minor importance, but, coming down
+to a recent period, we may mention another instance of a similar
+nature. For many years before his death, Mohammed Ali had held out
+hopes that he would construct, or allow to be constructed, a railway
+from Cairo to Suez. This was preëminently an English project--not
+likely to be unuseful to the country at large, it is true, but
+calculated chiefly to promote the more expeditious and comfortable
+transit of passengers to and from India. The Pasha, however, deceived
+by an excess of cunning, really entertained no intention of performing
+his promise. With great want of sagacity, he confounded the proposed
+stations on the line of railway, which he might have held in his own
+hands if he chose, with the counters which he was told had formed the
+nuclei of the British power in India. He believed the English had some
+sinister designs upon his country, and were engaged in all sorts of
+schemes for introducing themselves into it. The same policy which made
+him refuse to deepen the entrance of the port of Alexandria, lest a
+British fleet might come in, made him unwilling to throw a railway
+across the Desert of Suez, even if he kept the whole management in his
+own hands. The recommendations, he saw, came all from one country: the
+objections, nearly all, from another. France was opposed to the
+railway because it had another darling Neapolitan project in
+hand--namely, the cutting of the Isthmus of Suez, which was much
+talked of once, but which now nobody mentions but to laugh at. The
+difficulties of execution, immense as they were found to be by the
+Austrian commission, were not the most decisive objections. The real
+ones were contained in an answer to the very appropriate
+question--_Cui bono?_ However, the railway was shelved for a time. It
+has lately come again upon the tapis; and although it is now proposed
+to lay down a line in the first instance between Alexandria and Cairo,
+to compensate for the water communication which M. Moujel is spoiling
+by his Barrage, yet there is every probability of proper extensions
+and branches being made in due time.
+
+If, indeed, the project be really a serious one. Many say, in spite of
+the official manner in which the announcement has been made, that it
+is only a _ruse_, a piece of policy in order to propitiate English
+influence, and that as soon as certain manoeuvres shall have been
+successful or otherwise, nothing more will be said about the railway.
+There is no answering for the diplomacy of Eastern courts; but this
+explanation seems a little too Machiavellian. I have no doubt the
+promise has been made, in part, because it is thought to be agreeable
+to the English; but I can hardly imagine Abbas Pasha is so foolish as
+not to know that if he coaxes Lord Palmerston with a sugar-plum, and
+when his lordship opens his mouth, puts a finger in instead, Lord
+Palmerston will bite pretty sharply.
+
+Be these things as they may, it seems admitted on all hands that Abbas
+Pasha has now completely thrown overboard the party which he courted
+so assiduously as heir-apparent, and is seeking foreign, especially
+English, support. All this is fair enough provided he does not fall
+into the old error of sacrificing the natives entirely to strangers,
+as did his great predecessor, and provided he do not allow himself to
+be persuaded by flatterers--and he has flatterers; what man in power
+has not?--to engage in grand undertakings for the purpose of emulating
+the renown of the old Pharaohs. Egypt wants neither a resuscitation of
+old times, nor a hasty imitation of the new. She has to find out the
+form of its own civilization: and modern improvements, as they have
+been hitherto introduced, will only weigh her down into despair.
+
+But it is said that Abbas Pasha has no views at all about the progress
+of the arts, and manufactures, and commerce; no thought of the
+amelioration of the country; but that in endeavoring to gain the
+good-will of Europe, he wants to serve some ambitious projects of his
+own. There may be something in this. Not that it is probable he
+intends to play the old game over again and throw off the yoke of
+Stamboul; but there is certainly a very arduous struggle now carrying
+on, both by open and underhand means, between Egypt and the Porte.
+There is an infinity of points of difference between the vassal and
+his lord; but the gist of the matter is, that the former wishes to
+preserve all the privileges, to be treated with the same indulgence,
+to be left with the same freedom of action, as his grandfather; he
+wishes to remain, in fact, a vassal little more than in name, free to
+indulge any arbitrary whims; whilst the latter is attempting, with
+some reason,--with great reason indeed, but perhaps in too precipitate
+a manner, and actuated by feelings that resemble private grudge,--to
+reduce Egypt to the same subjection as the rest of the Ottoman Empire.
+
+The discussion is a serious one, and much may be said on both sides;
+but it must be accorded at once in favor of the Porte, that the
+Viceroy of Egypt is not to be considered as an independent sovereign
+merely paying tribute to a superior power, but as an officer of the
+Empire. Certainly, he holds a distinguished position; and his case is
+an exceptional one; but very imprudent would be any who should advise
+him to take the same ground as Mohammed Ali, even after his defeat and
+expulsion from Syria, was allowed to assume. He has been levying
+troops, and is said even to have victualled his fleet to give more
+weight to his negotiations; but it is not probable he will draw the
+sword when, by giving way a little, he may establish a character for
+moderation, and be left undisturbed in a position sufficiently
+splendid to satisfy a very respectable ambition.
+
+On the other hand, it is hoped that no undue heat, no petty jealousy,
+no minor considerations of self-love--excited and encouraged by the
+numerous runagates from Egypt, as Artin Bey and his fellows--will
+finally govern the councils of Constantinople. Many missions have
+passed from this country to the Porte with the object of warding off
+the blows that are being aimed at the authority of Abbas Pasha.
+Probably they ask too much, as is always done in such cases; but, if
+reports speak true, they have been answered with an asperity which
+seems calculated rather to provoke a quarrel than to lead to a
+satisfactory settlement. The great question now is about the Tanzamat
+promulgated by the Porte, which may be briefly described as a
+well-intended attempt to introduce some kind of order into the
+administration of the empire, to substitute certain rules in place of
+arbitrary will, and generally to control the actions of what are
+called the great men in their relations with those who, we suppose,
+may be described as the little men. Such a scheme, even if imperfect
+in its details and difficult to be applied, must command our
+sympathies. The provinces of the Turkish empire--and Egypt is at least
+as great in degree as the remainder--have been too long the sport of
+caprice; and if it be the secret object of Abbas Pasha utterly to
+prevent the introduction of this new system--to refuse it even a fair
+trial--he will most certainly, whatever may be the effect of obstinate
+passive resistance, receive no countenance or support from England.
+
+It is said, however, that he merely desires--and such is the purport
+of his remonstrances--that certain modifications, adapted to the
+peculiar situation of Egypt, shall be made. The Porte is the best
+judge as to how far these modifications are compatible with the spirit
+of its decree; and as the communications that have taken place have
+been chiefly verbal, we will not take upon ourselves to say whether
+they are even suggested by any peculiar necessity. The negotiations
+are in progress; and all we can say is, that unless Abbas Pasha be
+considered too dangerous a subject, and his removal be desired, it
+will be better to make up by amenity of procedure for the inexorable
+requirements of principle.
+
+There was one great grievance in Mohammed Ali's time, namely, the
+existence of the _ferdeh_, or tax of one-twelfth upon income of all
+kinds, down to that of the poorest fellah. This was a great outrage on
+legality. It was opposed to all the constitutions of the Turkish
+empire; and it was understood that, after the Syrian affair, it should
+be voluntarily done away with by the Pasha. But an easy source of
+revenue is not easily given up; and, in spite of all remonstrances,
+the tax was maintained. There was no burden to which the people
+objected more than this. They paid,--but they murmured somewhat
+loudly; and even in the coffee-houses many were sometimes bold enough
+to say the ferdeh was illegal. On one occasion, when Ibrahim Pasha was
+in Cairo, not long before his father's death, there was the semblance
+of a riot on the subject; but the stick and the halter were brought
+into play, and the conviction produced that, legal or not legal, the
+tax must be paid. Abbas Pasha himself for some time allowed this
+copious fountain to gush into his treasury; but it now suited the
+policy of the Porte to return vigorously to the charge in favor of
+legality; and towards the end of last year the ferdeh was finally
+abolished to the infinite delight of the whole population. The
+long-wished-for event was celebrated by illuminations in Alexandria
+and Cairo; and the general joy might have risen to something like
+enthusiasm had not a fresh, though temporary, cause of discontent
+accompanied the boon.
+
+This was the conscription, which nearly drove Egypt into a revolt last
+winter. In old times, when soldiers were wanted, men were pounced upon
+suddenly wherever they could be found, and marched off, leaving great
+grief behind; but before any dangerous excitement could be got up.
+This was justly considered a barbarous and inartificial method; and
+when, for what purposes remains a mystery, a certain levy of men was
+required, it was determined to proceed with regularity, and to make
+each district furnish its quota according to the number of
+inhabitants. The idea, at first sight, seems both fair and wise; and
+if the people could have been got to acquiesce in the necessity of
+their supplying soldiers in any proportion at all, would have worked
+very well. But as nobody in Egypt wants to shoulder a musket, as
+everybody has the utmost hatred and abhorrence of military service,
+arising partly from constitutional want of energy, but chiefly from
+the knowledge that the soldier is ill-paid[13] and ill-fed, and
+rarely, if ever, returns--we never met but one old discharged
+campaigner in the country--it is not surprising if the public
+announcement of the intentions of Government produced the greatest
+possible perturbation. The first impulse of the whole adult
+population, except those who could boast of some very undoubted claim
+of exemption, was to fly to the mountains; and every defile, every
+cavern, every catacomb, every quarry in the Libyan and Arabian chains,
+were soon tenanted by people running away from enlistment. Wherever we
+went in our excursions, we became accustomed to see lines of human
+beings perched like crows on the summit of seemingly inaccessible
+cliffs, on the look-out for the enemy in the shape of the
+Sheikh-el-Beled; for the task of catching and forwarding the
+prescribed number of "strong active young men" devolved on the civil
+authority, aided sometimes by that estimable rural police, the Arnaout
+irregular cavalry. On many occasions we surprised these poor people in
+their retreats; and once, when they mistook us for recruiters, were
+assailed with slings diverted from their original purpose, namely,
+that of frightening the sparrows away from the crops. Accounts reached
+us at several places that blood had been shed; and the affair in
+various ways rendered our journey somewhat melancholy. Now we came
+upon a large town, as Geneh, seemingly deserted by its whole
+population, with closed shops and silent streets; then we met a party
+of recruits, chained neck and neck, going to their destination; and
+anon we saw a crowd of women, driven to despair by the loss of son, or
+husband, or brother, tossing up their arms, tearing their garments,
+and invoking curses on their oppressors. Public opinion in all
+despotic countries finds utterance through the weaker sex; they dare
+to say what would perhaps bring condign punishment on the men; they
+nearly made a revolt once in Cairo under Mohammed Ali, and on the
+present occasion they expressed their mind pretty freely. Some of the
+more noisy brought a good beating on themselves from some irascible
+Sheikh; but in general their anathemas were received with a kind of
+sheepish deprecating good-humor. It was difficult to ascertain how
+many recruits were at last got together, but, as near as I could
+gather, the number ordered was one in about every 180 souls.
+
+The sight of so much unhappiness naturally excited great indignation
+and disgust; but not so much perhaps on reflection as the permanent
+misery and ill-treatment of a great proportion of the population.
+Abbas Pasha has taken the old system as he found it, and, with the
+exception of the abolition of the ferdeh, has done nothing to
+alleviate the condition of the fellah. It is especially on the lands
+of the great men, the pashas and the beys, that these poor serfs are
+worst off. Their profession is that of agricultural laborers, but it
+must not be supposed that they have freedom to carry their services to
+what master they will. They belong to the land as much as do the
+palm-trees; and the nature of their occupation, their hours of labor,
+and their pay, are regulated by their lord and master in a perfectly
+arbitrary way. At Randa, opposite Sheikh Abadeh, we found a sugar
+estate occupying 1,300 men, and endeavored to ascertain in as exact a
+manner as possible how they were treated. We found that, in the first
+place, they were, of course, forced to work, both on the land and in
+the factory, at a nominal pay of twenty-five paras, or three-halfpence
+a head, and that some of them were in active employment nearly
+eighteen hours a day. Now it _is_ possible for a man to exist on such
+wages in that part of Egypt, even with a family; and as bare existence
+is considered in most countries an adequate reward for unintelligent
+labor, there seemed not so much reason to complain. But then came the
+question, how was the payment made? The answer in substance was, the
+men are paid twenty-five paras a day, but they never get the money;
+they receive what is called its value in the refuse molasses; but this
+only when it can be of little service to them, when the owner of the
+estate has glutted the market, and they can only sell at a loss of
+forty or fifty per cent. They would be only too happy to receive
+fifteen paras in hard cash; as it is, some of them necessarily eke out
+their living by stealing, and others by the produce of little plots of
+land, which they cultivate at night when they should be reposing after
+the fatigues of the day. The women and children assist them, when the
+latter are not pressed into what is called the service of the state;
+that is, compelled to dig canals, and perform other light work for
+which they receive neither pay nor food. Their parents bring them
+food, or some charitable person flings them a morsel of coarse bread,
+otherwise they would perish.
+
+Such is pretty nearly the state of things in the private possessions
+of all the descendants of Mohammed Ali. In fairness, however, we must
+remind the reader that Abbas Pasha is only answerable for acquiescing
+in customs handed down. He has not established any new pernicious
+regulation that we have heard of; and even if he remain perfectly
+quiescent and leave things to go their own gait, King Log is better
+than King Stork. The mischievous activity of Mohammed Ali is not to be
+regretted; and if, by the influence of Constantinople prudently
+exercised, some little check is gradually put upon the caprices and
+violence of the proprietors who call themselves princes--and it is for
+the interest of Abbas Pasha that this should be the case--Egypt,
+though not possessed of all the happiness she wants, might not be very
+discontented, and would have no reason to look back with regret on the
+time of the old pasha. According to all accounts, some classes of the
+agricultural laborers are gradually enriching themselves in spite of
+the burdens which they bear; and, although wealth is timid to show
+itself, a great amelioration in the state of the country may soon be
+perceptible.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] Soldiers will often stop a European in a by-place and beg. They get
+about twenty paras (a penny farthing) a day.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+THE JEWS IN CHINA.
+
+
+There is a quaintness in the notion of a Jewish colony surrounded by
+Chinese; the fixed among the fixed. The fact that such a colony
+exists, or has existed when found, ought to be especially remarked,
+for to ethnologists and others it may prove a valuable opportunity for
+speculation. Jews in China, what will they be like? Will the Jew stand
+out from the surrounding uniformity of Chinese life, like the one tree
+of the desert (for which, see Panorama of Overland Mail, and hear
+lecture upon same); or will he become non-entity, like among like,
+adding nothing to the first idea--silence in a calm? In the Jewish
+synagogue in Kai-foung-fou, concerning which we have presently to
+speak, there are Chinese inscriptions. The first placed there in 1444,
+by a literary Jew, is intended to prove the close analogy between
+Jewish and Chinese points of doctrine. "The author," it says, "of the
+law of Yse-lo-ye (Israel) is Ha-vou-lo-han (Abraham). His law was
+translated by tradition to Nichè (Moses). He received his book on Mt.
+Sinai. His book has fifty-four sections. The doctrine which is therein
+contained is much like that of the Kings," (which are sacred volumes
+of the Chinese). The author of the inscription repeats many passages
+to prove that in their worship to heaven, their ceremonies, their
+behavior to the old and young, their patriarchal character, their
+prayers, and their mode of honoring dead ancestors, the Jews resemble
+the Chinese.
+
+The author of a second inscription, a grand mandarin in his own time,
+speaks to the same purpose. "From the time of Han," says this
+gentleman, whose name is Too-tang, "from the time of Han, the Jews
+fixed themselves in China; and in the twentieth year of the cycle 65,
+(which is, by interpretation, 1163,) they offered to the Emperor
+Hiao-tsong a tribute of cloth from India. He received them well, and
+permitted them to live in Kai-foung-fou. They formed then sixty-six
+families. They built a synagogue where they placed their Kings, or
+Divine Scriptures." This mandarin concludes with an eulogium of Jewish
+virtue, after the approved manner of epitaphs.
+
+The Jews emphatically cultivated agriculture, commerce, were faithful
+in the armies, upright as magistrates, and rigid in observance of
+their ceremonies. One only wants to wind up with the scrap,
+"Affliction sore, long time they bore;" but affliction on the part of
+the Chinese, at any rate, they certainly did not bear; they were more
+than tolerated, they were understood; ceremony-men to ceremony-men
+were ceremoniously polite to one another. The Jews and Chinese even
+intermarried; on their first introduction by way of Persia to the
+Chinese Empire, they had settled here and there in sundry Chinese
+cities; but by the marriage with Chinese disciples of Confucius or
+Mahomet, the Jewish colonies were melted down into the pure Chinese
+metal; and when this history begins, nothing is known of any synagogue
+in China, save the synagogue at Kai-foung-fou, which is a city in the
+heart of the Flowery Land, the capital of the central province of
+Honan; and for an account of which we are indebted to Father Ricci,
+one of the Jesuit Missionaries.
+
+Father Ricci died in the year 1610, at Pekin, which was his station.
+Father Ricci, at Pekin, first heard of the Jewish synagogue at
+Kai-foung-fou, and the information startled him exceedingly. The young
+Jew who enlightened Father Ricci on the subject told him that there
+were then at Kai-foung-fou barely a dozen Jewish families, and that
+for five or six hundred years they had preserved in their synagogue a
+very ancient copy of the Pentateuch. The father produced a Hebrew
+Bible, and the young man recognized the characters, although he could
+not read them, for he knew no language but Chinese. Four years after
+this, Father Ricci (whose business at Pekin would not permit him to go
+gadding) had an opportunity of sending off to Kai-foung-fou a Chinese
+Jesuit, with a letter written in Chinese, to the chief of the
+synagogue. He explained to the rabbi his own reverence for the books
+of the Old Testament, and informed him of its fulfilled predictions,
+and the advent of a Messiah. The rabbi shook his head at that, saying,
+"that so it could not be, because they had yet to expect the Messiah
+for ten thousand years." The good natured rabbi nevertheless did
+homage to Father Ricci's great abilities. He was an old man, and saw
+none about him fit to guide his people; he therefore besought the
+learned Jesuit to come to Kai-foung-fou, and undertake the guidance of
+the synagogue, under one only condition, a true Chinese-Jewish one,
+that he would pledge himself to abstinence from all forbidden meats.
+However, that was very much as if Dr. Jones of Bettws-y-Coed should
+offer his practice to Sir B. Brodie of London. Father Ricci had a
+larger work in hand, and so he stopped at Pekin.
+
+In 1613, Father Aleni (such an uncommonly wise man, that the Chinese
+called him the Confucius of Europe) was directed to proceed to
+Kai-foung-fou and make investigation. Father Aleni, being well up in
+his Hebrew, was a promising man to send on such an errand, but he
+found the rabbi dead, and the Jews, though they let him see the
+synagogue, would not produce their books. The particulars of nothing
+having been done on this occasion are to be found related by Father
+Trigaut, in choice Latin, and choicer Italian, (_de Expedit. Sinicâ,
+lib. 1., cap. 2, p. 118_,) and by Father Samedo (_Relatione della
+China, part 1., cap. 30, p. 193_.)
+
+A residence was established by the Jesuits in Kai-foung-fou. _Now_,
+thought those who thought at all upon such matters, we shall have
+something done. If we can only compare our Old Testament texts with an
+ancient exemplar, that will be no small gain. A certain father Gozani
+went zealously into the whole subject, entered the synagogue, copied
+the inscriptions, and transmitted them to Rome.
+
+The Jews told Father Gozani that in a temple at Pekin was a large
+volume, wherein were inscribed the sacred books of foreigners resident
+in China. That volume was sought afterwards by Europeans at Pekin, but
+not found. Certainly such a volume does exist among the Chinese
+records. The Jews, however, told Father Gozani not only about what
+existed in Pekin, but all about themselves at Kai-foung-fou. The
+Father wrote a letter, dated 1704, containing what he learned in this
+manner. It appears that by that application of "soft sawder" which is
+or ought to be well understood by men of the world and Jesuits, the
+Father gratified the Jews, so that they paid him voluntary visits. He
+returned their visits by a call upon them at their synagogue, where,
+he says--"I had a long conversation with them; and they showed me
+their inscriptions; some of which are in Chinese, and others in their
+own tongue. I saw also their _Kims_, or religious books, and they
+suffered me to enter even the most secret place of their synagogue, to
+which they can have no access themselves. That place is reserved for
+their _Chian-Kiao_; that is to say, chief of the synagogue, who never
+approaches it but with the most profound respect.
+
+"There were thirteen tabernacles placed upon tables, each of which was
+surrounded by small curtains. The sacred _Kim_ of Moses (the
+Pentateuch) was shut up in each of these tabernacles, twelve of which
+represented the Twelve Tribes of Israel; and the thirteenth, Moses.
+The books were written on long pieces of parchment, and folded up on
+rollers. I obtained leave from the chief of the synagogue to draw the
+curtains of one of these tabernacles, and to unroll one of the books,
+which appeared to me to be written in a hand exceedingly neat and
+distinct. One of these books had been luckily saved from the great
+inundation of the river _Hoang-ho_, which overflowed the city of
+Kai-foung-fou, the capital of the province. As the letters of the book
+have been wetted, and on that account are almost effaced, the Jews
+have been at great pains to get a dozen copies made, which they
+carefully preserve in the twelve tabernacles above mentioned.
+
+"There are to be seen also in two other places of the synagogue,
+coffers, in which are shut up with great care several other little
+books, containing different divisions of the Pentateuch of Moses,
+which they call _Ta-Kim_, and other parts of their law. They use these
+books when they pray; they showed me some of them, which appeared to
+be written in Hebrew. They were partly new and partly old, and half
+torn. They, however, bestow as much attention on guarding them as if
+they were gold or silver.
+
+"In the middle of the synagogue stands a magnificent chair, raised
+very high, and ornamented with a beautiful embroidered cushion. This
+is the chair of Moses, in which every Saturday, and days of great
+solemnity, they place their Pentateuch, and read some portions of it.
+There also may be seen a _Van-sui-pai_, or painting, on which is
+inscribed the Emperor's name; but they have neither statues nor
+images. This synagogue fronts the west, and when they address their
+prayers to the Supreme Being, they turn towards that quarter, and
+adore him under the name of _Tien_, _Cham-Tien_, _Cham-ti_, and
+_Kao-van-voe-tche_; that is to say, _Creator of all things_; and
+lastly, of _Van-voe-tchu-tcai, Governor of the Universe_. They told me
+that they had taken these names from the Chinese books, and that they
+used them to express the Supreme Being and First Cause.
+
+"In going out from the synagogue, I observed a hall, which I had the
+curiosity to enter, but I found nothing remarkable in it, except a
+great number of censers. They told me that in this hall they honored
+their _Chim-gins_, or the great men of their law. The largest of these
+censers, which is intended for the Patriarch Abraham, stands in the
+middle of the hall, after which come those of Isaac, and Jacob, and
+his twelve branches, or the Twelve Tribes of Israel; next are those of
+Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Esdras, and several other illustrious persons,
+both male and female.
+
+"After quitting this apartment, they conducted us to the Hall of
+Strangers, in order to give us an entertainment. As the titles of the
+books of the Old Testament were printed in Hebrew at the end of my
+Bible, I showed them to _Cham-Kiao_, or chief of the synagogue; he
+immediately read them, though they were badly printed, and he told me
+that they were the names of their _Chin-Kim_, or Pentateuch. I then
+took my Bible, and the _Cham-Kiao_ took his _Beresith_ (thus they name
+the Book of Genesis); we compared the descendants of Adam, until Noah,
+with the age of each, and we found the most perfect conformity between
+both. We afterwards ran over the names and chronology in Genesis,
+Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, which compose the
+Pentateuch, or five Books of Moses. The chief of the synagogue told me
+that they named these five books _Beresith_, _Veelesemoth_, _Vaiiora_,
+_Vaiedabber_, and _Haddebarim_, and that they divided them into
+fifty-three volumes; _viz._, Genesis into twelve, Exodus into eleven,
+and the three following books into ten volumes each, which they call
+_Kuen_. Some of these they opened, and presented to me to read; but it
+was to no purpose, as I was unacquainted with the Hebrew language.
+
+"Having interrogated them respecting the titles of the other books of
+the Bible, the chief of the synagogue replied, that they were in
+possession of some of them, but that they wanted a great many, and of
+others they had no knowledge. Some of his assistants added, that they
+had lost several books in the inundation of the Hoang-ho, of which I
+have spoken."
+
+Father Gozani has spoken of the inundation, but we have not, and so we
+will do so now. Previously, however, we may call attention to the
+distinct adoption of the Chinese "Hall of Ancestors" among these Jews,
+and of a place for showing hospitality to strangers as an appendage to
+their place of worship. It is in this way that, without violating
+their own opinions, they became assimilated more completely to their
+neighbors. Father Gozani also notes that their accounts of sacred
+history were grossly disfigured with Talmudical legends, or other
+stories of that class--a fact not to be lost sight of by the
+speculator. The Jews, in the time of Father Gozani, composed seven
+families--Phao, Kin, Che, Kao, The-Man, Li, Ngai--including in all
+about one thousand souls. They intermarried with each other, and had
+their own fashion of hair-cutting. These seven families of
+Kai-foung-fou were the remains of seventy who had of old established
+themselves in that capital. Now for the inundation. That event took
+place in the year 1642, and it occurred as follows:--Li-cong-tse, a
+rebel, with a big army, besieged the city. The inhabitants, after
+defending themselves for six months, still refused to succumb, because
+they expected rescue from the Emperor. The Emperor did come, a vastly
+clever fellow, who determined to destroy the enemy by a great
+master-stroke. "I'll drown every man-jack!" he said, and broke the
+dikes that confined the Hoang-ho, or Yellow River, a league distant
+from the city. Out poured the stream and drowned the besiegers, and
+besieged the city in its turn, knocked down its walls, and destroyed
+thirty thousand of its inmates. The Emperor, a cockney sportsman on
+the largest scale, shot at the pigeon and killed the crow. It was in
+this inundation that the number of the Jews was thinned; diluted by
+the waters of the river, their Pentateuch was damaged and some other
+portions of their scripture altogether lost.
+
+Before passing down from Father Gozani, we must extract his rough
+picture of the Jewish synagogue, as it existed in his day. He says of
+the Jews--
+
+"They have no other synagogue but this, in the capital of the province
+of Ho-Nan. I perceived in it no altar, nor any other furniture, but
+the chair of Moses, with a censer, a long table, and large
+chandeliers, in which were placed candles made of tallow. This
+synagogue has some resemblance to our European churches; it is divided
+into three aisles; that in the middle is occupied by the table of
+incense, the chair of Moses, the painting, and the tabernacles already
+mentioned, in which are preserved the thirteen copies of the
+Pentateuch. These tabernacles are constructed in the form of an arch,
+and the middle aisle is like the choir of the synagogue; the two
+others are set apart as places of prayer, and for the adoration of the
+Supreme Being. Within the building there is a passage which runs quite
+round.
+
+"As there formerly were, and still are, among them Bachelors and
+_Kien-sens_, which is a degree different from that of a Bachelor, I
+took the liberty of asking them if they rendered homage to Confucius;
+they replied that they honored him in the same manner as the rest of
+the literati, and that they assisted them in solemn ceremonies, which
+are performed in halls dedicated to their great men. They added, that
+in spring and autumn they practised certain rites in honor of their
+ancestors, according to the manner of Chinese, in the hall next to
+their synagogue; that they did not present them the flesh of hogs, but
+of other animals; that in other ceremonies they were contented with
+offering them porcelain dishes filled with dainties and sweetmeats,
+which they accompanied with perfumes and profound reverences or
+prostrations. I asked them, likewise, if in their houses or Hall of
+Ancestors, they had tablets in honor of their departed relations; they
+replied that they used neither tablets, images, nor any thing else,
+but only a few censers. We must, however, except their mandarins, for
+whom alone they place in the Hall of Ancestors a tablet inscribed with
+their name and rank."
+
+Father Gozani adds, that "these Jews, in their inscriptions, call
+their law the Law of Israel, _Yselals-Kiao_, which they name also
+_Kon-Kiao_, Ancient Law; _Tien-Kiao_, Law of God, and _Tien-Kin-Kiao_,
+to signify that they abstain from blood, and cut the nerves and veins
+of the animals they kill, in order that the blood may flow more easily
+from them."
+
+This custom gives to the Jews in China, at the present day, the name
+of Cut-Nerves. To the present day our story now descends; for, after
+the time of Father Gozani, blank follows in the way of action. Father
+Etienne, who meditated a work upon the Sacred Scriptures in reply to
+the _Critici Sacri_, was eager to push on investigations. From the
+letters of Father Gozani, and from those which Father Domingo and
+Gambil wrote upon it, material was obtained for the memoir published
+under the direction of M. L. Aimé Martin, in which he remarks that the
+detail would be regarded with the more curiosity, as it had been often
+demanded, and as Father du Halde had contented himself with merely
+promising it in his great work, "Description de la Chine." So we have
+fairly got out of the past into the present, where our story thus runs
+on.
+
+In the year 1815, the Chinese Jews endeavored unsuccessfully to
+communicate with Europe by means of a Hebrew letter addressed to
+London, which seems not to have been delivered. Last year the Jewish
+Society of London determined, however, to communicate with them. Miss
+Cooks, an energetic and devoted Jewess, placed her purse in the hands
+of the Society; nothing impeded fresh research; the English bishop at
+Hong Kong co-operated, Dr. Medhurst was consulted, and two Chinese
+Christians were at length appointed to proceed to Kai-foung-fou. The
+elder of these two was a bachelor; the younger was a student from the
+Missionaries' College at Batavia; but the junior was named to head the
+enterprise, because he had previously displayed zeal and ability, and
+also because he could write English fluently, and would journalize in
+that language. His journals, therefore, could be laid before Miss
+Cooks, uninjured by translation.
+
+Our heroes--for so we will call the two adventurers--set out from
+Shanghae, on the 15th of last November, by boat to Toing-kiang-tou. In
+a car, drawn by mules, they were then jolted along, following the
+track of the Hoang-ho, rising at three o'clock on winter mornings, to
+save time--a proceeding which involves almost supererogatory
+self-denial. Population near the Yellow River they found rare and
+unhealthy. Localities which figure in the geographical charts of the
+empire as principal places, or as towns of the second class, are but
+huge piles of rubbish, surrounded by crumbling walls. Here and there a
+gate, with its inscription half-effaced, informs the traveller that he
+is entering a mighty town.
+
+Perseverance, and a mule car, brought the travellers to Kai-foung-fou.
+They found there many Mahometans, openly exercising right of
+conscience, and flying their religion on a flag displayed over their
+gate. These Mahometans are, for the most part, hotel-keepers, and with
+one of them our heroes lodged. Of him they began asking about
+Cut-Nerves. Mine host of the Crescent said there were still some Jews
+in Kai-foung-fou, and offered himself as a cicerone to their
+synagogue. Thither they went. They found its outer wall in ruins;
+briers and dirt filled the grand entrance; "the pillars of the
+building, the inscribed marbles, the stone balustrade, before the
+peristyle of the temple, the ornamental sculpture--all were cracked,
+broken, and overturned." Under the wings of the synagogue, the chapels
+built in honor of the patriarchs--nestled together, cold and naked,
+sleeping on the bare stones, those objects of our European interest,
+"the Jews in China." Poor and miserable as they are, they had begun to
+sell the stones of their temple for bread, and a portion of land
+within their sacred inclosure had been already sold to an adjacent
+temple of the Buddhists.
+
+Still, there were the cylinders inclosing the sacred rolls of the Old
+Testament, which, luckily, had not proved eatable. In number, these
+rolls were about a dozen, each thirty feet long by three feet wide.
+They are of white sheep-skin, inscribed with very small Hebrew
+characters.
+
+For fifty years these poor Jews have been without the guidance of a
+rabbi, and there is not one left who can read a word of Hebrew. In a
+dozen years, probably, the last trace of the Jews in China will
+expire. The travellers gave money to the mournful congregation in the
+synagogue, and received leave to copy the inscriptions, about which
+the Jesuits had previously informed us. Moreover, they obtained, and
+have brought home, eight Hebrew manuscripts; six contain portions of
+the Old Testament, namely, of Exodus, chapters 1-6, and 38-40; of
+Leviticus, chapters 19, 20; of Numbers, chapters 13, 14, 15; of
+Deuteronomy, chapters 11-16, and chapter 32; with portions of the
+Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Prophets. The other two manuscripts are of
+the Jewish Liturgy. The leaves of these manuscripts "are of a species
+of card-board, on which the words, as it were, are engraved with a
+point; the binding is in silk, and bears evident marks of being of
+foreign origin. Two Israelitish merchants, to whom these books were
+shown at Shanghae, spoke of having seen similar ones at Aken, and the
+presence here and there upon the margins of Persian words,
+interspersed with Hebrew annotations, seemed to indicate that the
+books came originally from some western country of Asia, perhaps
+Persia, or some of the high provinces of India, where Persic has from
+time immemorial been the language used among people of education.
+Although the annotations mentioned are numerous, and apparently
+referring to different epochs, no trace of any Chinese character is to
+be discovered, nor any of those marks or signs which immediately
+betray Chinese origin. No date exists by which the age can be
+determined."
+
+We hope the statement is correct which tells us that these manuscripts
+are to be deposited in the British Museum. Fac-similes are at the same
+time promised, printed in Hebrew, accompanied with a plan of the
+synagogue, made on the spot by the Chinese travellers, and the journal
+of our junior hero, written in English and Chinese. The journal in
+English would not be a very ponderous affair, the entire expedition
+having occupied only two months--the residence at Kai-foung-fou, five
+days. We may usefully remember how the good Chinese, rising so
+fearfully betimes, did justice to the generosity and zeal of their
+patroness. Are there not men of might at work upon investigations for
+the public, who, at their ordinary rate, might have come to abandon
+this business in forty years, after eliminating fifty pounds of
+blue-book?
+
+
+
+
+_Authors and Books._
+
+
+LUDWIG FUERBACH, the last great philosopher of Young Germany, whose
+doctrines have been complacently declared as "more utterly
+irreconcilable with pietism or orthodox Christianity than those of any
+of his predecessors," has at length published his course of lectures
+"On the Existence of Religion," delivered at Heidelberg, from the
+month of December 1848 to March 1849. With regard to the apparent
+apathy with which he has regarded the great political events of these
+latter days, and the reproach that he has taken no active part
+therein--in which he forms a somewhat unfavorable contrast with Fichte
+and other great thinkers of the last generation--he remarks: "It will
+not appear strange that these lectures have not before been published;
+for what could, at the present day, be more seasonable than a
+remembrance of the year 1848? And by this souvenir I would also
+remark, that these lectures have been my only public intimations of
+activity during the so-called time of the Revolution. My own share in
+all the political and unpolitical deeds and movements of those times,
+was merely that of a critical beholder and listener, for the very
+simple reason that I could take no part in aimless, and consequently
+headless (silly) undertakings, having foreseen, or at least felt, from
+the very beginning of the whole movement, that such would be its
+result. A well-known Frenchman lately put me the question, Why I took
+no active part in the revolution of 1848? I replied, Mr.
+Taillandier,[14] if another revolution should break forth, and I take
+an active part therein, then may you, to the terror of your
+God-believing soul, be certain that this would be an overpowering
+revolution, bringing with it the judgment-day of monarchy and
+hierarchy. This revolution I should, alas! never survive. But I now
+also take an active part in a great revolution, but one whose true
+effects and results will be first developed in the course of
+centuries. For you know, Mr. Taillandier, according to my
+theory--which recognizes no Gods, and, consequently, no miracles in
+the sphere of politics--according to my theory, of which you know and
+understand nothing, though you assume to pass judgment on me instead
+of studying me, if TIME and SPACE are the fundamental conditions of
+all being and existence, of all thought and action, of all prosperity
+and success. Not that believers in God were wanting to the parliament,
+as some one humorously asserted in the Bavarian State
+council-chamber--the majority, at least, were believers, and the good
+Lord always sides with the majority--but because it had no
+comprehension of place or time, on which account it came to such a
+disgraceful and resultless end."
+
+This, certainly, will appear to most readers to be, despite its
+bitterness, a lame and weak apology for neutrality, though we imagine
+that but little good could result from the intensest activity, when
+directed by such principles. Taillandier has also, in his own
+unassuming way, done, for so young a man, a full share of work "in the
+great revolution, whose true effects and results will be first
+developed in the course of centuries."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AUGUST KOPISCH, well known as the collector and translator of
+_Agrumi_--a choice selection of Italian Popular Songs--has recently
+published by Ernest and Korn of Berlin, a _Description and Explanation
+of the Monument to Frederic the Second_. A far more elegant work on
+the same subject, with no less than twenty excellent views of the
+monument, taken from as many points, appears from Decker, to which we
+may add another by Kohlheim, illustrated with a selection of ancient
+and modern poems relative to the memory of "Old Fritz."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We observe from a prospectus recently sent forth by the publisher, J.
+G. Muller, in Gotha, that the _Janus_, a well known and ably edited
+quarterly, devoted to medical literature, history, biographies, and
+statistics, the publication of which was suspended in 1848, on account
+of the political difficulties which then agitated Germany, is again to
+make its appearance, under the editorial charge of Doctors
+Bretschneider, Henschel, Hensinger, and Thierfelder, who will be aided
+in their efforts by many learned correspondents and contributors in
+different countries. Like most revived publications, it will be
+published in a style superior to its original, and to judge from the
+type and paper of the prospectus, which is given as a specimen of that
+with which the work is to be issued, its appearance will be truly
+exquisite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRANZ KUGLER the great historian and critic of Art, has made his
+appearance in a small _brochure_ of thirty pages, entitled, _Three
+Articles upon Theatrical Affairs_,--which, however, appears to have
+met with but little admiration, if we may judge from the hard knock
+which a reviewer gives it with the word--"Unpractical as the
+suggestions are, which we find allied to these observations, they
+would still give us no occasion for remark, had not Herr Kugler made
+them a pretence for political discussion." Apropos of Kugler we may
+observe that a very excellent work entitled _Denkmaler der Kunst_
+(Souvenirs of Art), consisting of very neatly engraved and very
+extensive illustrations of Art in all ages and nations, intended
+specially as a companion work to the Berlin professor's _History_, has
+just been published for the first time in a compact form by Ebner and
+Seubert of Stuttgart. Among its authors or contributors we see the
+names of Dr. Ernst Guhl, Jos. Caspar, and Professor Voit of Munich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The conclusion of the late JOHANN VON MULLER'S _History of the Swiss
+Confederation_ has just appeared from the hands of MM. VULLIEMIN and
+MONNARD. The work was commenced in 1786; when Von Muller died it was
+brought down to the year 1489; and it has since been continued by four
+other authors in succession. Robert Glutz-Blozheim took up the
+narrative where Von Muller stopped, and continued it to 1516; after
+his death, John Jacob Hottinger described the progress of the
+reformation in the German cantons; but on coming to the part which the
+French cantons took in this great movement, it was decided to employ a
+native of that part of the Confederation, and the work was accordingly
+given to Louis Vulliemin, who completed the history of the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries. He was followed by E. Monnard, Professor in
+the University of Bonn, who carried it as far as the second peace of
+Paris, in 1815. Both he and M. Vulliemin had already translated into
+French the volumes of their German predecessors. Their own volumes are
+now being translated into German, and the entire performance will soon
+be printed in both languages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting contribution to the religious and metaphysical history
+of Germany in the last generation will be found in the _Autobiography_
+of BRETSCHNEIDER, now being published in parts, by his son-in-law
+Horst. It is described as a faithful as well as interesting narrative
+of the life of its deceased author and subject, who must fill a
+prominent place in the history of that great theological development
+of which his country has recently been the scene. He was a
+rationalist, but without aiming at the rejection or annihilation of
+the Christian supernaturalism. The sense of dependence on God, which
+was the foundation of Schleiermacher's theory, he regarded as stupid
+mysticism, and the general tendency of the more recent philosophy as
+obscure, abstruse, scholastic, and useless. He was a vigorous and
+unsparing controversialist, and the greater part of his writings are
+of that character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. WURTH, the dramatist and theatrical director, has published a play
+"with choruses, dances, _and melodramas_ (_?_) entitled _The Gipsey
+Queen of Hungary in the year 1849_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those of our Philadelphia friends, who are conversant with foreign
+literature, will do well to patronise Herr CHRISTERN, who has recently
+opened an establishment of French, German, and Italian works at No.
+232 Chesnut-st. Mr. Christern has been for several years the
+superintendant of the extensive bookstore of Kaisar, the eminent
+bibliographist in Berlin. We are happy thus to recommend Herr
+Christern as a scholar, well acquainted with something more than the
+mere titles of his wares.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among "divers diversities," we note that the passion for Slavonic
+literature, which has received such an impetus during the last two
+years, has induced HERR SIEGFRIED KAPPER to write, after ancient
+Servian legends and heroic lyrics, a poem entitled _Lazar der
+Serbencar_. A new edition of CLEMENS BRENTANO'S _History of the brave
+Kasperl and fair Annerl_, has also been published at Berlin by the
+"United Bookselling Establishment," with an illustration.
+GLASSBRENNER, the humorist, (who is, however, we believe, not
+identical with his Rabelæsian pen-brother BRENNGLASER,) publishes by
+Simion of Berlin a third edition of his poems, while the more recent
+numbers of _Die Grenzboten_, the _Monatscrift_ and the _Europa_ are
+rich in a variety of articles surpassing in general interest any thing
+of the kind which we have for a long time witnessed in German
+periodical literature. It is to be wished that our own literati and
+miscellaneous intellectual purveyors would make a far more extended
+use of these German monthlies than they have hitherto done. Except the
+_International_, the _Tribune_ is almost the only periodical in the
+country that makes any considerable use of the German literary
+journals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IMRESI, _die Ungarischen Flüchtlinge in d. Türkei_, (Imresi, or the
+Hungarian Refugees in Turkey), being a collection of data relative to
+the history of the emigration of 1849, from the journal of an exile,
+returned from Turkey, translated from the Hungarian, with additions by
+VASFI, has just appeared at Leipzig. "The _data_ alluded to in this
+article," remarks a German review, "principally concern the personal
+history of the Hungarian exiles in Turkey. In point of time it reaches
+to their departure from Widdin to Shumla. Many articles are added
+drawn from newspapers and private sources, relative to their
+adventures, to the fortune of those who have emigrated to America, and
+to the influence of England in these matters. A certain chapter on
+Turkish manners and customs, containing nothing which has not been
+already better described by other writers, might as well have been
+omitted."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THORWALDSEN'S _Jugend_ (or The Youth of Thorwaldsen) is the title of a
+work composed from the correspondence, manuscripts and notes of the
+illustrious artist, written originally in Danish by Hans Wachenhufen,
+and translated by J. M. Thiele, (if we mistake not, the eminent
+theologian). "The style and execution is somewhat stiff and dry, which
+may, however, be partly the fault of the translator, who appears to
+have deemed it his duty to condense as much as possible; and has in
+consequence apparently detracted in a degree from the easy,
+confidential tone with which it is inspired. Nor is the translation
+entirely free from errors and provincial expressions."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among the most exquisite works recently published in Germany we
+observe a second greatly augmented and improved edition of _Alte und
+neue Kinderlieder Fabeln, Sprüche und Rathseln_, or, Old and New
+Songs, Fables, Sayings, and Riddles for Children, with illustrations
+by W. von Kaulbach, C. v. Aeideck, G. Konig, A. Kreling, E.
+Neureuther, the humorous and popular Graf. v. Poeci, L. Richter, C. H.
+Schmolze, M. v. Schwind, Stauber, &c. We have been thus particular in
+mentioning these names, that those who have not as yet seen the work
+may form some idea of the excellence of its illustrations. The only
+objection indeed which we have to find is, that the text (despite its
+title) is too far subordinate to the illustrations. A work of this
+description should at least have comprised _a majority_ of those songs
+heard in every Germany nursery, and which are given with such _naïve_
+truthfulness in _Des Knaben Wonderhorn_. In several instances these
+old songs were evidently the sources whence the spirit of the
+illustration was derived, which illustration is here applied to a
+limited scrap of the original; as for instance, in the exquisitely
+spirited and droll picture of _das bucklig's Mannlein_, or the
+hump-backed dwarf, by _Schwind_, which is far more applicable to the
+droll, demi, diabolical popular ballad of that name, than to the old
+scrap of verse which it over-illustrates. But as an album of admirable
+designs the work is unrivalled. The engraving of the mother and child
+illustrating the ballad of _Schlof Kindlein_ is truly beautiful,
+conceived in a spirit of naïve fantasie, peculiarly applicable to the
+odd yet childlike song. _Das Glocklein im Hersen_, in which Christ is
+represented as opening the gate of Heaven to a child, by W. Kaulbach,
+in its pious, gentle beauty, almost transcends praise. Our notice
+already exceeds limit, yet we cannot leave this gem-book without
+specially and further commending The Toy-dealer of Nuremberg, a
+masterpiece of domestic life, by L. Richter, and _Es staig eim Herr zu
+Rosse_, or A Rider mounting his Horse, by Schwind, which forcibly
+recall the romantic etchings of Albert Durer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A convention of Sclavic scholars, under the auspices of the Servian
+literary society of _Matica Ilirska_, in Agram, will probably soon be
+held, to consider the possibility of combining the different Sclavic
+dialects into one language. This will be extremely difficult, if not
+impossible, on account of the degree of cultivation which the
+languages of the Sclavic stock have attained.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of JOHN MILTON'S _Areopagitica_, a Speech for the
+Liberty of unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England, in 1644,
+has recently been executed by Dr. RICHARD RÖPELL, Professor of History
+at the University of Breslau, and published by Veit and Co. of
+Berlin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In every revolution, good or bad, there are blind fanatics and
+selfish intriguers ready to take part, and loafers and vagabonds
+(_Bummler und Gamins_) willing to raise their voices." This is the
+remark of a German medical critic on a recent hydropathically insane
+composition, entitled _The Sin-register of the Medical Art of
+Healing_. In this work the _servum pecus_ of allopathic physicians are
+richly abused, partly with biblical quotations and partly with
+original anathemas. Another on the same subject and in the same
+curious style, is entitled, _Gustav Schwab, the noble bard of Suabia_,
+by GOTTLOB WASSERMAN (or Praise-God Water-man). In this work the
+anti-Sangrado author proves to his own satisfaction, that the _noble
+bard_ came to his death in consequence of having been imprudently
+bled, on one occasion, some six months previous to his death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the end of June an eighth edition of OSCAR VON REDUITZ'S
+_Amaranth_, was announced, and it has already been succeeded by a
+ninth. Many of the poems in this collection are in Uhland's romantic
+vein, and abound in the artistic spirit. To this we may add a
+_Mahrchen_ in verse, (or Child's Tale,) a beautiful fantasie of birds,
+brooks, leaves, and sunshine, reminding us at times of _The Story
+without an End_, at others of Sara Coleridge's _Phantasmion_. But as
+it is one of those gilded fascinations which invariably charm on a
+first perusal, we leave to some more accurate reader the task of
+judging more critically as to its literary merit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of Shakspeare's Plays into the Swedish language by
+HAGBERG, Professor of Greek in the University of Lund, is now in
+course of publication. Of this twelve volumes have appeared; and
+although the first edition consisted of no less than two thousand
+copies, the whole have been sold off, and a second edition is in
+preparation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The lectures of NEANDER, _On Church History_, etc., are soon to
+appear, in fifteen volumes, edited by Professor JULIUS MULLER, of
+Halle. The Interpretation of the Gospel of St. John, will form the
+first part of the work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+German books and pamphlets on the Crystal Palace and the Great
+Exhibition, are already in the market, or have indeed been extant for
+some time. _Der Krystall Palast im Hyde Park_, is among the last in
+this line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. POUSSIN, recently the minister of France to this country, has in
+preparation a volume for popular circulation on the comparative merits
+of the French and American constitutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Prussian minister VON RADOWITZ has published a second series of
+his _Dialogues on Church and State_, of which the first series
+appeared in 1846.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BARON DUDEVANT, husband of GEORGE SAND, the French papers lately
+declared had died in an obscure apartment in Paris; but it appears, on
+the contrary, that he is still living, in true baronial style, at his
+chateau on the Garonne. A correspondent of the _Tribune_ says, "he
+never reads his wife's romances, and that his decease was believed in
+Paris, for several literary gentlemen of eminence are said to have
+laid their hands and fortunes at the feet of the large-hearted woman"
+who was supposed to be a widow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AUGUSTE COMTE has just published the first volume of a new work, his
+_Systeme de Politique Positive_. In his great work, _Philosophie
+Positive_, he was forced by his method to proceed objectively--from
+the world up to man; he now proceeds subjectively--from man to the
+world. This system of Positive Polity he calls a Treatise of
+Sociology, instituting the Religion of Humanity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EMILE DE GIRARDIN announces a new pamphlet, the title of which sets
+one thinking, _La Révolution Légale par la Présidence d'un Ouvrier_.
+(The Revolution Legal through the Presidency of a Workman.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAMARTINE has published the first volume of _The History of the
+Restoration of the Monarchy in France_. It is intended as a sequel to
+his History of the Girondins, and this initial volume comprises the
+closing days of the Empire, the last great struggle of Napoleon with
+the combined armies in 1814, and the abdication at Fontainbleau. The
+tone throughout is derived from the partizan feelings of the present
+time. Its characteristic is an elaborate and determined depreciation
+of the emperor. The author's apparent ambition is to be striking, and
+he sometimes is successful: to be just or wise is scarcely in his
+nature. For ourselves, we are so well acquainted with the life of
+Napoleon--with the workings of that most powerful practical
+intelligence that God has yet suffered to exist among mankind--that we
+are not in any way affected by these efforts of a hungry rhetorician
+to disparage him. In his new book, as in his _Girondins_, M. Lamartine
+has not chosen to give us any authorities. What he says as to facts
+may be true, but we have only his word for it; and long ago, before M.
+Lamartine became a great man in affairs, we learned from his
+_Pilgrimage to the Holy Land_, that his word is of very little value.
+We confess an admiration for parts of his _Elvire_ and for some of his
+minor poems, but it is the youthful poet we admire, not the author of
+the sickly sentimentalism in his recent romantic memoirs, far less the
+historian, who to get himself out of difficulties induced by early
+extravagancies can play marketable tricks with the most awful shade
+that moves in the twilight of men's memories about the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MICHELET, driven from his chair in the University, is publishing in
+the _Evénement_ his new work, _Légendes de la Démocratie_. The preface
+is remarkable for its naïveté. "This book," he says, "is the true
+_Légendes d'Or_ (golden legend)--free from all alloy, and in it will
+be found nothing but the truth.--Nay more, every one who reads it will
+become a wiser and a better man." A happy author, to have such faith
+in his book!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. GUIZOT'S _History of the Representative Form of Government_, is
+prepared from a course of lectures delivered by the author in the
+reign of Louis the Eighteenth. The preface contains frequent allusions
+to the politics of the day, and the eminent author refers in it to his
+attempts to reconcile authority with liberty. M. Guizot's style is
+clear, but destitute of warmth or ornament, and his works have
+reputation chiefly for their judicial carefulness and
+honesty--qualities not so common in France as to be reasonably
+neglected there.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. PROUDHON, the socialist "philosopher," has written, in the prison,
+in which it has been deemed necessary to shut him up, a new work,
+entitled _General Idea of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century_. Among
+the topics of which it treats are the Reaction of Revolutions, the
+Sufficient Reason of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, the
+Principle of Association, the Principle of Authority, Organization of
+Economical Forces, and Dissolution of Government under an Economical
+Organization. The elements of every revolutionary history, according
+to Proudhon, are the previous régime which the revolution seeks to
+abolish, and which, by the instinct of self-preservation, may become a
+counter-revolution; the parties which, according to their different
+prejudices and interests, endeavor to turn it to their own advantage;
+and the revolution itself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. BUSHNAN, of Edinburgh, under the title of _Miss Martineau and her
+Master_, has published a temperate but conclusive refutation of the
+_Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development_, by Miss
+MARTINEAU and Mr. GEORGE ATKINSON. The shallow performance in which
+these persons displayed their atheism was treated by the learned with
+contempt. Douglass Jerrold said the sum of their doctrine was
+contained in the formula, "There is no God, and Miss Martineau is his
+prophet," and those who considered the _Letters_ more seriously, for
+the most part expressed surprise and pity--never any one an
+apprehension that such wretched stuff could unsettle a conviction of
+the feeblest, or confirm a doubt of the most skeptical.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ISAAC TAYLOR, whose "Natural History of Enthusiasm," has been much
+read in this country, has in press _Wesley and Methodism_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Not long ago it was stated that a Mr. SIMONIDES had discovered at the
+foot of Mount Athos a great number of important Greek MSS. We ventured
+to express some doubts on the subject, and we now perceive that Mr.
+RHANGABE, Professor of Archaiology in the University of Athens, has
+published a critical examination of these pretended discoveries, in
+which he proves very satisfactorily that every manuscript of an
+ancient work which Mr. Simonides has allowed others to examine, and
+every work which he has published, has turned out to be a modern
+fabrication. A more real discovery has been made by persons engaged in
+removing the earth for the foundations of a house near the Acropolis.
+Fragments of inscriptions, and several relics of sculpture and
+architecture, have been dug up, and it is thought they prove that the
+senate house, metroon, and other buildings in which the Athenian
+archives were preserved, stood in the vicinity. Apropos of M.
+Simonides, in a letter from Constantinople it is alleged that from the
+examination of ancient manuscripts in different Greek convents, he has
+discovered an indication that the original of the _Acts of the
+Apostles_ is buried in an island in the Sea of Marmora, and that he
+has caused an application to be made to the Turkish government for
+leave to search after it, which, it is said, is opposed by the Greek
+Patriarch, from fear that the discovery of the important document may
+lead to new schisms in the church!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We mentioned in a recent number of the _International_ the discovery
+and publication of a supposed MS. work by Origen. In the June number
+of the _Quarterly_ it is carefully reviewed, and in several of the
+theological journals it has received the attention due to a work of
+its pretensions. We see now that the Chevalier BUNSEN has in the press
+of the Longmans _Five Letters to Archdeacon Hare, on Hypolitus,
+Presbyter of the Church of Rome, author of the recently discovered
+book ascribed to Origen, and the bearing of this work on the leading
+Questions of Ecclesiastical History and Polity_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. CROLY has just published a new volume of poems, under the title of
+_Scenes from Scripture_. The greater part of them had previously
+appeared in annuals, &c. C. B. CAYLEY has given to the world a new
+version of the _Divine Comedy_, in the original terza rhyme; EDMUND
+PEEL, a poet of Mr. Robert Montgomery's class, has published _The Fair
+Island_, descriptive of the Isle of Wight; ROBERT MONTGOMERY himself
+has nearly ready his some-time promised _Poetical Works_, for the
+first time collected into one volume, similar to the octavo editions
+of Southey, Wordsworth, &c., including some original minor poems, and
+a general preface, (only the printing being in the style of
+Wordsworth.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first of the old historians to be edited in the light of the
+modern discoveries in Assyria, is _Herodotus_, to appear in a new
+English version, translated from the text of Gaisford, and edited by
+Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON, assisted by Col. RAWLINSON and Sir J. G.
+WILKINSON, with copious notes, illustrating the history and geography
+by Herodotus, from the most recent sources of information, and
+embodying the chief results, historical and ethnographical, which have
+been arrived at in the progress of cuneiform and hieroglyphical
+discovery. This edition will be printed for Mr. Murray in four octavo
+volumes. The translation has been undertaken from a conviction of the
+inadequacy of any existing version to the wants of the time. The
+unfaithfulness of Beloe, and the unpleasantness of his style, render
+his version insufficient in an age which dislikes affectation and
+requires accuracy; while the only others which exist are at once too
+close to the original to be perused with pleasure by the general
+reader, and defective in respect of scholarship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR JAMES STEPHEN, whose brilliant contributions to the Edinburgh
+Review are familiar through Mr. Hart's Philadelphia edition, has
+nearly ready _Lectures on the History of France_, and _The History of
+France_, compiled, translated and abridged from the works of De
+Sismondi, and of other recent French authors, and illustrated with
+historical maps and chronological and other tables.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+J. S. BUCKINGHAM, the author of fifty volumes of _Travels_, (of which
+eight large octavos are about our own unfortunate country,) has at
+length succeeded in his long contest with the East India Company for
+indemnification for his losses as an oriental journalist. The bill
+before parliament for restitution has been withdrawn, the court of
+directors and the government having agreed to settle upon him a
+pension of four hundred pounds per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We perceive that the British government has bestowed a pension of five
+hundred dollars a year on Mrs. JAMESON. We think of no Englishwoman
+who is more deserving of such distinction. Mrs. Jameson has spent a
+pretty long life in the most judicious exercise of her literary
+abilities, and as a critic of art she is unquestionably superior to
+any woman who has ever written on the subject. One of her most popular
+works, the _Beauties of the Court of Charles the Second_, will be
+issued in a splendid edition, with all the original portraits, in a
+few weeks, by the Appletons of this city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON has published _Critical Discussions in
+Philosophy, Literature, and Education with University Reform_, chiefly
+from the Edinburgh Review, but now corrected, vindicated, and
+enlarged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Several new books of _Travels_ have lately appeared or are in press in
+London. Among them are _Eight Years in Palestine, Syria, and Asia
+Minor, from 1842 to 1850_, by F. A. NEALE, late of the Consular
+service; _A Naturalist's Sojourn in America_, by P. H. GOSSE; a
+_Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert's Land, and along the Central
+Arctic Coasts of America_, in Search of the Discovery Ships under
+command of Sir John Franklin, with an Appendix on the Physical
+Geography of North America, by Sir JOHN RICHARDSON, C. B., F. R. S.,
+&c.; the _Personal Narrative of an Englishman Domesticated in
+Abyssinia_, by MANSFIELD PARKINS; _Contrasts of Foreign and English
+Society_, or, records and recollections of a residence in various
+parts of the Continent and of England, by Mrs. AUSTIN; _Narrative of
+Travels to Nineveh, in 1850_, by Hon. FREDERICK WALPOLE, R. N. author
+of "Four Years in the Pacific;" _Recollections of Manilla and the
+Philippines, in 1848-50_, by ROBERT MACMICKING; _Recollections of a
+Ramble from Sidney to Southampton, via Panama, the West Indies, the
+United States, and Niagara_, (anonymous.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+J. J. GARTH WILKINSON has just published in London _The Human Body and
+its Connection with Man, illustrated by the Principal Organs_, and it
+is dedicated to Mr. Henry James of New-York, the author of _Moralism
+and Christianity_. "My dear James," says the author, "this book is
+indebted to you for its appearance, for without you it would neither
+have been conceived nor executed. I dedicate it to you as a feeble
+tribute of friendship and gratitude that would gladly seek a better
+mode of expressing themselves. It may remind you of happy hours that
+we have spent together, and seem to continue some of the tones of our
+long correspondence. _Valeat quantum!_ It could not lay its head upon
+the shelf without a last thought of affection directed to its foster
+parent. That prosperity may live with you and yours, and your great
+commonwealth, is the prayer of, my dear James, your faithful friend,"
+&c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of new novels the most noticeable appear to be _The Lady and the
+Priest_, by Mrs. Maberly; _The Tutor's Ward_; _Clare Abbey_, by author
+of "The Dicipline of Life;" _Marion Wethers_, by Miss Jewsbury;
+_Castle Deloraine, or the Ruined Peer_, by Miss PRISCILLA SMITH; and
+_Quakerism, or the Story of My Life_, a splenetic attack on the
+society of Friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The recent work of Dr. GREGORY on Animal Magnetism has attracted much
+attention, and from some intimations in the papers we suspect it is to
+be criticised in _Letters on the Truths contained in Popular
+Superstitions, with an Account of Mesmerism_, by Dr. HERBERT MAYO,
+F.R.S., to be published by Blackwood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Two new works on the _Apocalypse_ are to be added to the immense
+number already printed, for New-York publishers. We not long ago
+undertook to ascertain how many expositions of the great mystery had
+been written in this country, and paused at the sixty-fifth
+title-page. One of the forthcoming works is an ingenious composition
+by the Rev. Mr. James of the western part of this state, and the other
+(to be published by Mr. Dodd) is by a clergyman in Connecticut.
+Longmans advertise in London _The Spiritual Exposition of the
+Apocalypse_, as derived from the writings of Swedenborg, and
+illustrated and confirmed by ancient and modern authorities, by the
+Rev. Augustus Clissold, of Exeter College; and the Rivingtons have in
+press a _Commentary on the Apocalypse_ by the Rev. ISAAC WILLIAMS, of
+Trinity College. England indeed is quite as prolific of such works as
+the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JOHN FINCHMAN, "master shipwright of her Majesty's Dockyard, at
+Portsmouth," has published a _History of Naval Architecture_, which is
+praised as a just exposition of the progress and supremacy of English
+ship-building. Our Mr. Collins could have furnished him, as
+illustrations for an additional and very interesting chapter, drawings
+of the _Pacific_ and the _Baltic_, which would perhaps make the work a
+"just exposition of the supremacy" of American ship-building, of which
+this Mr. Finchman seems never to have been informed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of collections of Letters on Affairs, that to be published immediately
+by Mr. Murray, under the title of the _Grenville Papers_, promises to
+be among the most important. It will comprise the Private
+Correspondence of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and his Brother, the
+Right Honorable George Grenville, and their friends and
+cotemporaries--formerly preserved at Stowe and now for the first time
+made public, and it is given out that it will contain material for the
+formation of a pretty conclusive judgment as to the authorship of
+Junius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among books that will bear a republication, if written with even
+average ability and fairness, is _The Present State of the Republic of
+the Rio de la Plata_ (_Buenos Ayres_), its Geography, Resources,
+Statistics, Commerce, Debt, etc. described, with the History of the
+Conquest of the Country by the Spaniards, by Sir WOODBINE PARISH,
+F.R.S. Formerly British Consul General and Chargé d' Affaires in that
+country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORD MAHON'S _History of England, from, the Peace of Utrecht_, volumes
+5 and 6--the First Years of the American War: 1763 to 1780--was to
+appear in August.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new book has just appeared in London on the Pitcairn's Islanders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An advertisement of the works of Archbishop WHATELEY contains
+thirty-six titles. He appears to be one of the most voluminous writers
+among the bishops, as well as one of the most sensible and learned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. MACAULEY has at length completed two more volumes of his _History
+of England_, and they will be published the coming autumn by Longmans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Poems of Edith May_, from the press of E. H. Butler of
+Philadelphia, will be one of the most beautiful of the illustrated
+books of the season. Mr. Butler is an artist in book-making, and he
+has never published anything more elegant. The lady who writes under
+the pseudonym of "Edith May" is a genuine poet, and the volume will be
+popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM WARE, one of those delightful authors whose names are always
+uttered by appreciating readers in tones of affection, has just
+published (Phillips, Sampson, & Co., of Boston,) _Sketches of European
+Capitals_. The work includes his views of Ancient Rome, St. Peters and
+the Vatican, Florence, Naples, the Italians of Middle Italy, and
+London, and in his preface he tells us that "the volume comes into
+existence, like so many others now-a-days, as a convenient way of
+disposing of matter previously used in the form of lectures;" and
+adds, modestly, "It is a volume of light reading for the summer
+roadside, and though, like the flowers of that season, perishing with
+them, one may be permitted to hope that, like some of them, at least
+it may exhale a not unpleasing fragrance while it lasts." Such a fate
+awaits no book by the author of _Probus_ and _Zenobia_, of whom this
+performance is by no means unworthy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The HARPERS have in press _Drayton, a Tale of American Life_, in which
+is traced the career of a young American from the workshop to places
+of trust and honor; and a friend, who has read the manuscript, speaks
+in warm terms of the frequent beauty of the style, the warmth of the
+coloring, the animation of the narrative, and the general progress and
+development of the story. The author is THOMAS H. SHREVE, for the last
+ten or twelve years one of the editors of the _Louisville Daily
+Journal_, and for twenty years well and most favorably known by
+frequent and elegant contributions to western literature. _Drayton_,
+we are advised, is not one of those easy pieces of writing which are
+known as very hard reading, but has engaged the attention of the
+author, at periods of comparative leisure, for several years past.
+Within a few months it has been entirely recast and rewritten; and, if
+our correspondent be not very partial in his judgment of the merits of
+the work, the public will find in its patriotic and democratic pages a
+mine of poetry and fine reflection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few words more of _American Reviews_. The subject is important; a
+great periodical in which the best intelligence of the country shall
+have expression, is necessary, for many purposes, and never was more
+necessary than now. The _Princeton Review_, the _Christian Review_,
+the _Biblical Repository_, the _Bibliotheca Sacra_, the _Methodist
+Quarterly Review_, the _Church Review_, _Brownson's Quarterly Review_,
+and several others, are in large degrees devoted to particular
+religious interests, and though for the most part conducted with much
+learning and discretion, do not altogether serve the purpose for which
+an American Review of Literature and Affairs is demanded. The _North
+American_, as we have before intimated, has no character; it
+occasionally has good articles, but it has no principles; it is
+sectional, which is pardonable, but displays neither the knowledge nor
+the tact necessary to a sectional organ. The mineral riches of our
+lake region, plans for connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, the
+Cuban question, our relations with other republics, the extraordinary
+phenomena of Mormonism, the efforts of certain American women to unsex
+themselves, and numerous other subjects of present interest in this
+country, have been amply discussed in British and other European
+Reviews during the last year, but not one of them has been mentioned
+in the work to which, from its pretentions, readers would naturally
+look for its most masterly exposition. It may be said that the _North
+American_ is devoted to philosophy, learning, and literature rather
+than to affairs: we have heard this defence, even in the face of its
+elaborate papers on Hungary and Austria; but let us see how it
+occupies such a ground: the bright and especial intellectual boast and
+glory of New England is Jonathan Edwards, of whom Dr. Chalmers says
+that he was "the greatest of theologians," Sir James Mackintosh that
+"in power of subtle argument he was perhaps unmatched, certainly was
+unsurpassed among men," Dugald Stewart that "he cannot be answered,"
+and Robert Hall that he was the "mightiest of mankind:" such a
+character was undoubtedly worthy of its criticism, but in the half
+century of its existence the _North American_ has never once noticed
+him! We have an illustration much more pertinent, especially in as far
+as the present editor of the _Review_ is concerned: The late Hartley
+Coleridge was a man of peculiar and very interesting qualities, and it
+may be admitted that he possessed considerable genius; but a pretence
+that his life was as remarkable or that his abilities as displayed in
+his writings were as eminent as those of Edgar A. Poe, who died about
+the same time, would be simply ridiculous; yet we believe every
+quarterly and nearly every monthly Review published in Great Britain
+has had its article on Hartley Coleridge, while even the name of Edgar
+A. Poe has never appeared in our self-styled "great national journal."
+And Maria Brooks, admitted by Southey, Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, Fitz
+Greene Halleck, and many other masters of literary art, to have been
+the greatest poet of her sex who ever wrote in any language or in any
+age, though she was born and educated in the shadow of the college in
+which more than one of the editors of the _North American_ have been
+professors, was never once honored with its recognition.
+
+We do not know that it will strike others so, but it seems to us that
+John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Hugh S. Legaré, R. H. Wilde, J. J.
+Audubon, Mathew L. Davis, Albert Gallatin, Henry Inman, Chancellor
+Kent, Dr. Judson, Dr. Jarvis, Dr. Morton, Dr. Troost, M. M. Noah, Mrs.
+Osgood, and many other Americans who have recently completed variously
+illustrious lives, and so come before the world for a final judgment,
+are subjects quite as deserving and appropriate for the _North
+American Review_, as those which it has been accustomed to pick up in
+the byways of the literary world abroad; and we cannot understand why
+the facts connected with our own development and destiny, facts which
+engross and baffle the attention of the profoundest thinkers in the
+older nations, should give place in the only Review we possess, to
+such foreign, antiquated, and altogether unimportant topics as
+continually occupy its pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JAMES W. WARD, of Cincinnati, a short time ago delivered before
+one of the literary institutions of Ohio, a poem on _Woman_, which has
+been noticed in terms of high commendation. A correspondent who heard
+it says it was devoted in about equal parts to the foibles and the
+virtues of the sex, the former of which it laid bare with a most
+trenchant blade, while the latter it portrayed with elegance of
+diction, and an evident love for all that is pure, elevated, and
+beautiful in woman's proper character. The slave of fashion, the
+politician in petticoats, and the "bloomer" in br---- pettiloons, the
+female "progressive," the scold, the slattern, and the butterfly, were
+all held up to merited rebuke: then came "the true woman," whose
+character as sister, wife, mother, friend, and "comforter," was dwelt
+on long and fondly, and portrayed in the language of true poetry and
+manly devotion. Mr. Ward is not much known out of the literary circles
+of the West, but several of his short poems have had a wide
+circulation in this country and in England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A volume entitled _Novellettes of the Musicians_, has been published
+by Cornish, Lamport, & Co., with Mrs. ELLET's name on the title-page
+as its author, but most of its contents are translated from the
+German, and the rest are hardly worth claiming. Yet the book
+altogether is entertaining, and is handsomely executed, with several
+striking portraits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. Mr. HUNTINGTON, once a village doctor, then a congregational
+minister, next an Episcopal clergyman, and now a Catholic priest, made
+his mark a year or two ago in the novel of _Alice or the Mysteries_,
+in which there was displayed a great deal of talent as well as a very
+peculiar morality. He has just added to his works (by Putnam) a tale
+called _Alban_, in which a hero somewhat like himself is conducted
+through various pursuits into the faith, and by pleasantly related
+vicissitudes to a good condition. The scene is in New-York and
+New-Haven, and of Roman Catholic novels we know of scarcely one more
+readable. Mr. Huntington perhaps gives us a reflection of his
+experience in this advice addressed to one of his characters:
+
+     "That is why I turn to literature with such predilection,"
+     said the young man, greatly excited by Mr. De Groot's way of
+     talking. "Letters," resumed Mr. De Groot, after a long
+     glance around his endless book-shelves, "are a pursuit that
+     surpasses every other, in enjoyment, and nearly every other
+     in dignity. We must have our own literary men. We can't
+     afford to let other nations write our books for us. That
+     were worse than policy which would hire them to fight our
+     battles. There is a thought and there is a sentiment which
+     belongs to _us_, and which we are in a manner bound to
+     elicit. But--I am sorry to interpose so many _buts_, young
+     sir--you are to consider that you must live. You cannot live
+     by literature. It is difficult any where, but in this
+     country it is impossible. As pride distinguishes the
+     Spaniard, revenge the Italian, lust the Saxon, and
+     sanguinary violence (they say) the Celt, so pecuniary
+     injustice is our national trait, we steal the author's right
+     in every book we publish, native or foreign. Now, Atherton,
+     you can't live by a craft where people hold themselves at
+     liberty to _steal_ what you have produced."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We mentioned a month or two ago the intention of Mr. Russell, of
+Charleston, to publish the _Poetical Writings_ of WILLIAM GILMORE
+SIMMS, and we are pleased to see in the _Southern Literary Gazette_
+the announcement that they will appear in two handsome duodecimos of
+from three to four hundred pages each. The publisher remarks very
+justly in his advertisement that "the works of Mr. Simms recommended
+themselves peculiarly to the South, as illustrating its history, its
+traditions and legends, its scenery and its sentiments." In the North
+they will be welcomed by the author's numerous friends, and by all
+lovers of poetry, for their manly tone, imagination, and frequent
+elaborate elegance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. TYNG has added to the _Memoir of the late Rev. Edward
+Bickersteth_, by the Rev. T. R. BIRKS, an introductory chapter, and
+the work has been published in two volumes, by the Harpers. Mr.
+Bickersteth was one of the most excellent and most interesting men in
+the English church, and this well-written memoir will have a place
+among standard religious biographies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Home Book of the Picturesque_, to be published by Mr. Putnam,
+will be upon the whole the most beautiful souvenir volume of the year.
+The engravings are from pictures of the Bay of New York, by H.
+Beckwith; the Clove, Cattskill, by Durand; the Alleghanies, North
+Carolina, by Richards; Snow Scene on the Housatonic, by Gignoux;
+Cattskill Scenery, by Kensett; Schroon Lake, by Cole; West Rock, New
+Haven, by Church; Adirondach Mountains, by Durand; the Juniatta,
+Pennsylvania, by Talbot; Cascade Bridge on the Erie Railroad, by
+Talbott; the Rondout, by Huntington; Church at West Point, by Weir;
+Wa-wa-yanda Lake, by Cropsey, &c., and these are illustrated with
+letter-press by Miss Cooper, Fenimore Cooper, Irving, Bryant, Willis,
+Bayard Taylor, Magoon, Bethune, and one or two persons quite unworthy
+of the association to which the publisher admits them. The _Book of
+Home Beauty_, also to be issued by Mr. Putnam, we judge from a few
+proofs of Mr. Martin's pictures which we have seen, will be a much
+more attractive volume than any "Book of Beauty" ever published
+abroad. The text of this is all from the pen of Mrs. Kirkland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature_, by the Rev. Dr.
+KITTO, has been republished in a fine large octavo, with numerous
+illustrations by Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, of Boston. We have had
+frequent occasion to praise the abilities, learning, and excellent
+taste of Dr. Kitto, who is one of the most attractive writers and most
+judicious editors engaged in the illustration of the Scriptures. We
+think the present work will become the most common of all the Bible
+Dictionaries, as it probably is the best.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Redfield has reprinted in a style quite equal to that of the
+original London edition, the second series of _Episodes of Insect
+Life_, by ACHETA DOMESTICA. This volume relates to insect life in the
+summer, and is as entertaining as a romance. We have never read a more
+attractive book in natural history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. POMEROY JONES, of Westmoreland, in this state, has in press at
+Utica, a _History of Oneida County_, in the preparation of which he
+has been engaged several years, and the professors of Hamilton College
+have in preparation a Natural History of the County, embracing its
+Geology, Botany, Zoology, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A volume of _Poems_ by MRS. REBECCA S. NICHOLS, of Cincinnati, will,
+we understand, be issued for the next holidays. Mrs. N. has some warm
+admirers, and this volume is to contain her best productions. We hope
+its success may equal its deserts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fine, thoughtful _Essays Written in the Intervals of Business_,
+have been reprinted by A. D. F. Randolph, of this city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. ISAAC LEESER, one of the Jewish ministers of Philadelphia,
+whom we have long known as a scholar and man of talents, is engaged on
+a new translation of the Old Testament, on the basis of the common
+English version, carefully corrected and improved according to the
+best Jewish authorities. It is intended by Mr. Leeser so to render the
+Hebrew text that but few explanatory notes will be needed, and he
+reasonably hopes that his edition will be commonly adopted by the Jews
+of this country. Dr. KENRICK, the Roman Catholic Bishop of
+Philadelphia, has just published (by Dunigan & Brother, New-York,)
+_The Epistles and the Apocalypse_, from the Vulgate, having previously
+given to the public a translation of the Gospels; and Dr. Alexander of
+Princeton, and several other men of learning, have lately been
+occupied with new versions of particular portions of the sacred
+volume. It is well known, too, that a society, composed for the most
+part of members of one of the largest and most respectable
+denominations of Christians, has been established mainly for the
+purpose of publishing a revised version of the Bible, but it is not
+probable that this society will ever accomplish any thing more than an
+increased "contempt for God's word and commandment." The specimens we
+have of its scholarship might justify some merriment if they were
+connected with something less venerable and sacred.
+
+For ourselves we are content with the Bible as it is, and cannot help
+a feeling of regret that any who profess to be governed by its wisdom
+are disposed to treat it with so little reverence. Undoubtedly there
+are some slight verbal inaccuracies in the common version, but they
+are understood, or may be easily explained in notes: we want here no
+innovations, no improvements, no progress, except in the observance of
+the good we understand. Nevertheless, we see with pleasure all the
+studies with which really learned men illustrate their convictions of
+the significance of the original. For the chief portion of mankind, in
+this night in which we live, the sun does not shine with its original
+splendor, but it is reflected on us by the moon, and we care not how
+many thousand stars reflect it also according to their capacity.
+
+A new version, by which it is _not proposed to displace the common
+one_, is to appear from the press of Mr. Colby, in this city, and the
+high reputation of its author for learning and judgment, is a
+sufficient assurance that what he does at all he will do in a very
+masterly manner. The Rev. Dr. Conant, Professor of Biblical Literature
+in the University of Rochester, says in a letter to his publisher:
+
+     "It has long been a favorite object with me to furnish a
+     translation of the Holy Scriptures for unlearned readers,
+     which should accurately express the meaning of the original
+     by the aids of modern scholarship in the style and manner of
+     the early English versions. The translation is intended,
+     therefore, for the benefit of the common reader of the
+     Scriptures, to aid him in more clearly understanding them
+     wherever our common version is for any reason obscure. In
+     other words, it is to do directly by a translation what has
+     long been attempted by the awkward and circuitous method of
+     a commentary; viz. to make the Scriptures plain to the
+     unlearned reader. I should for many reasons regard it as
+     undesirable, and it certainly is impracticable, to supplant
+     the common version to any extent as the received version for
+     the church and the people, or the common English Bible and
+     common standard of appeal for those who use only the English
+     language."
+
+Dr. Conant will preserve as nearly as may be the manner of the old
+translations, endeavoring only to combine the fidelity and exactness
+of modern scholarship with the simplicity and strength of the common
+version. To such an effort, by such a man, we see no objections. The
+reputation most at stake is that of Dr. Conant himself, and those who
+know him do not fear that that will suffer. It will at least be
+interesting to mark the differences between his renderings and those
+of King James's translators.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Putnam publishes for the coming holidays a new impression of the
+_Memorial_, which is incomparably the most interesting literary
+miscellany ever printed as a gift-book in this country. The proceeds
+of the sale, it is known, are to be appropriated for the erection of a
+monument to the late Mrs. Osgood, in Mount Auburn Cemetery. The book
+is made up of original articles by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Chancellor
+Walworth, N. P. Willis, Bishop Doane, G. P. R. James, S. G. Goodrich,
+John Neal, W. G. Simms, Richard B. Kimball, George P. Morris, Dr.
+Mayo, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Embury, Mrs. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Hewitt, Mrs.
+Lynch, and indeed all the best and most brilliant writers of the time;
+and it is beautifully illustrated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The well-known private library of the late Rev. Dr. SAMUEL FARMER
+JARVIS is to be sold in this city, by Messrs. Lyman & Rawdon, about
+the beginning of October. In several departments of sacred and
+classical literature it is one of the finest collections in America,
+and it will probably attract large numbers of buyers, especially from
+among the lovers of mediæval scholarship and theology.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. MITCHELL'S new book, the _Diary of a Dreamer_, is in press by
+Charles Scribner, and the same publisher will issue for the holidays
+an edition of the _Reveries of a Bachelor_, admirably illustrated by
+Darley, who seems indeed never to have done better than in some of his
+designs for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LONGFELLOW has in the press of Ticknor, Reed and Fields, of
+Boston, a new poem, entitled _The Golden Legend_. It is the longest of
+his poetical works, making some 350 pages, and will soon be given to
+the public.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is this year a very remarkable number of new books illustrative
+of the applications of science to mechanics. Every man seems
+determined to master the learning which can be turned to account in
+his vocation, and the booksellers are quite willing to aid them. We
+suppose the most generally and importantly useful work of this kind
+ever printed is Appleton's _Dictionary of Machinery, Mechanics, Engine
+Work, and Engineering_, just completed in two very large compactly
+printed and profusely illustrated octavo volumes. In this great work
+are gathered the best results of the study and experiment of the
+workers of the world. It is a cyclopedia of inventions, in which one
+may be sure of finding described the best processes yet discovered for
+doing every thing that is to be done by means of mechanics. The
+benefits conferred on the country by this publication must be very
+great; its general circulation would mark a new period in our physical
+advancement, and to a degree influence our civilization, since there
+is no country in the world in which every resource is so readily
+applied to purposes of comfort and culture. If knowledge is power, as,
+misquoting Lord Bacon, it is every day asserted, the truth is most
+conspicuous in the range of those arts and occupations illustrated by
+these incomparable volumes, which should be in the house of every man
+who has already provided himself with the Bible and Shakspere. The
+Appletons also publish a _Mechanics' Magazine_, edited in a very
+admirable manner, and we understand it is largely sold.
+
+Next to the Appletons, we believe the largest publisher in this line
+is Henry C. Baird, of Philadelphia, who has now in press a _Handbook
+of Locomotive Engineers_, by SEPTIMUS NORRIS, of the celebrated house,
+Norris & Brother, engine manufactures; _The Practical Metal Worker's
+Assistant_, by M. HOLTZAPHFEL, illustrated with many engravings, and
+enlarged by the addition of American matters; SCOTT's _Cotton
+Spinner_, thoroughly revised by an American editor; a new edition of
+Mr. OVERMAN's important book on _Iron; The Practical Model
+Calculator_, for the engineer, machinest, manufacturer, &c., by Mr.
+BYRNE, (to be issued in twelve semi-monthly numbers); a _Treatise on
+the American Steam-Engine_, by the same author; and several other
+books of this class.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Appletons will publish in a few weeks _The Women of Early
+Christianity_, one of that series of splendidly illustrated volumes
+composed of _Our Saviour and his Apostles_, _The Women of the Bible,
+&c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRAITHWAITE'S _Retrospect of Practical Medicine_, in consequence of an
+arrangement just entered into, will hereafter be published by Stringer
+& Townsend, who will issue it with promptness, correctness, and
+general mechanical excellence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+James Munroe & Co. of Boston are proceeding regularly with Mr.
+HUDSON's excellent edition of Shakspeare, and they have lately issued
+among several handsome volumes an edition of the works of George
+Herbert. They have in press _The Philippics of Demosthenes_, with
+notes critical and explanatory, by Professor M. J. Smead; _The Camel
+Hunt_, a narrative of personal adventures, by Joseph Warren Fabius;
+_Companions of my Solitude_, by the author of "Friends in Council,"
+&c., &c.; _The Greek Girl_, and other poems, by James W. Simmons;
+_Epitaphs_, taken from Copp's Hill Burying Ground in Boston, by Thomas
+Bridgman; and _Domestic Pets_, their habits and management, with
+illustrative anecdotes, by Mrs. Loudon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second and concluding volume of the _Life of Calvin_, by Dr.
+HENRY, has just been issued by Carter & Brothers, and it is quite
+equal in every respect to the first volume. Such a careful history was
+well-deserved of a Christian whom even Voltaire admitted to be one in
+the list of the world's twenty greatest men, and it was especially
+needed for the vindication of one who had in so extraordinary a degree
+been a subject of partisan hatred and calumny.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. WILLIAM R. WILLIAMS of this city has just published a volume of
+_Lectures on the Lord's Prayer_, (Gould & Lincoln, Boston,) which we
+shall notice more appropriately hereafter. At present we can only
+remark that it is a work of extraordinary merit, worthy of an author
+whose abilities and virtues render his name illustrious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. Dr. WAINWRIGHT has in the press of the Appletons a work
+descriptive of his Travels in Egypt. It will appear in a large and
+luxuriously embellished volume, some time before Christmas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The third, fourth, and fifth volumes of the _Works of John Adams_ have
+been issued by Little and Brown, and the fifth and sixth volumes of
+the _Works of Alexander Hamilton_, by C. S. Francis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. FREDERIC SAUNDERS is publishing in the _New-York Recorder_ a
+series of papers under the title of _Bookcraft_ which will make a
+volume not unworthy of D'Israeli.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. W. DODD has published a new edition of CRUDEN's great _Concordance
+of the Bible_, a book which every body knows is perfect in its kind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Jewett & Co. have in press the works of the Rev. LYMAN BEECHER, D.D.
+which they will publish in some half-dozen octavo volumes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The approaching Trade Sales will be the largest ever held in
+New-York.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Réné Taillandier, Professor of Belles Lettres at the College of
+Montpellier, declared by the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ to be more familiar with
+German politics and literature than any other Frenchman living.
+
+
+
+
+_The Fine Arts._
+
+
+POWERS, in a letter to a friend in this city, says with satirical
+humor, of his favorite work, "Eve is an old-fashioned body, and not so
+well formed and attractive as are her granddaughters,--at least some
+of them. She wears her hair in a natural and most primitive manner,
+drawn back from the temples, and hanging loose behind, thus exposing
+those very ugly features in women. _Her waist is quite too large for
+our modern notions of beauty_, and her feet, they are so very broad
+and large! And did ever one see such long toes! they have never been
+wedged into form by the nice and pretty little shoes worn by her
+lovely descendents. But Eve is very stiff and unyielding in her
+disposition: _she will not allow her waist to be reduced by bandaging,
+because she is far more comfortable as she is_, and besides, she has
+_some regard for her health, which might suffer from such restraints
+upon her lungs, heart, liver, &c., &c., &c._ I could never prevail
+upon her to wear modern shoes, for she dreads corns, which, she says,
+are neither convenient nor ornamental. But some allowance ought to be
+made for these crude notions of hers,--founded as they are in the
+prejudices and absurdities of _primitive_ days. Taking all these
+things into consideration, I think it best that she should not be
+exhibited, as it might subject me to censure, and severe criticisms,
+and these, too, without pecuniary reward."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After the death of WORDSWORTH, a committee was formed among his
+friends for the purpose of setting up a tablet to his memory in
+Grassmere Church, where he is buried. The work intrusted to Mr. Thomas
+Woolner, has been completed. Surmounted by a band of laurel leaves is
+the inscription, written by Professor Keble; under which the poet's
+head is sculptured in relief. The likeness to the man has received
+praise from persons whose verdict is final; the intellectual likeness
+to the poet will be more widely appreciated, and recognized with
+cordial admiration. The meditative lines of the face, the thoughtful
+forehead and eye, the compressed, sensitive mouth, are rendered with
+refined intelligence. In two narrow spaces at each side of the head,
+are introduced the crocus and celandine, and the snowdrop and violet,
+treated with a rare union of natural beauty and sculpturesque method
+and subordination. Throughout, the delicately studied execution shows
+that the work has been a labor of love.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LEUTZE'S great historical picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware
+before the Battle of Trenton, has been received in this city by
+Messrs. Goupil & Co. and will soon be exhibited to the public. These
+publishers will give us a large and fine engraving of it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GREENOUGH'S noble group for the capitol, upon which he has been
+engaged nearly twenty years, is so nearly finished that it may be
+expected in the United States before the end of November. The subject
+is a contrast of the Anglo-Saxon with the Indian. The group is
+composed of an American Hunter, in the act of seizing an Indian who
+was about to tomahawk a mother and her infant. The white man has
+approached the savage from behind, and, having seized him by the arms,
+and pressed him with bending knees to the ground, stands frowning
+above his subjugated foe, who, with his head thrown back, gazes upward
+at his conqueror with surprise and terror. At their feet a woman,
+pressing a child to her bosom, sinks in alarm and agony. The effect is
+very imposing, having something of the dignity and grandeur which
+belong to the works of Michael Angelo. In Italy the work has much
+increased Greenough's previous great reputation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A monument is to be erected at Dresden to the composer VON WEBER. To
+defray the expenses, performances are to be given at the various
+theatres in Germany, and the proceeds formed into a fund for that
+purpose. Large sums are expected from this source, as also from
+private contributions throughout Europe. The monument is to be
+surmounted by a statue of the composer, by Rietschel, who was an
+intimate friend of his. It will be of bronze, eight feet high, and
+placed on a pedestal of the same metal, ornamented with bas-reliefs.
+The site chosen for its erection is immediately opposite the principal
+entrance to the Royal Theatre of Dresden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The distinguished painter CORNELIUS has been solicited by the Belgian
+Academy of Art to send the grand cartoons on which he is employed, to
+the great Belgian Exhibition. Cornelius, however, fears to risk these
+drawings, the work of ten years, on a journey of such length, since
+their loss could not be replaced. They already fill two large halls,
+and will remain a lasting monument of the painter's genius, even if
+the Cathedral, in which they are to appear as frescoes, should not be
+erected during his life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The publication of a work entitled _The Twelve Virgins of Raphael_,
+has been commenced in Paris. It will be in twelve numbers, each
+containing an engraving and letter-press description and history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A sculptor of Paris has received orders from the Greek Government to
+execute marble busts of Admirals de Rigny and Codington, to be placed
+in the Salle where the Senate holds its sittings.
+
+
+
+
+_Historical Review of the Month._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES.
+
+The August elections, though in general not very warmly contested,
+have attracted much attention. We have attempted, in the following
+carefully prepared table, to exhibit the results, as well as the
+character of the next Congress at large--a task somewhat difficult on
+account of the diversity of parties and the frequent disregard which
+has been shown for old divisions:--
+
+
+XXXII CONGRESS--SENATE.
+
+_Commenced March 4, 1851, and ends March 4, 1852._
+
+                               _Term Expires._
+
+ALABAMA.
+JEREMIAH CLEMENS,                    1853
+William R. King, S. R.               1855
+
+ARKANSAS.
+Wm. K. Sebastian, S. R.,             1853
+SOLON BORLAND.                       1855
+
+CALIFORNIA.
+WM. M. GWINN,                        1855
+Elean Heydenfeldt, L. R.[A]          1857
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+_Truman Smith_,                      1855
+A vacancy.                           1857
+
+DELAWARE.
+_Presley Spruance_,                  1855
+James A. Bayard, L. R.               1857
+
+FLORIDA.
+JACKSON MORTON,[B]                   1855
+STEPHEN R. MALLORY.[A]               1857
+
+GEORGIA.
+_John McP. Berrien_, S. R.,[C] 1853
+WM. C. DAWSON.[B]                    1855
+
+INDIANA.
+James Whitcomb, L. R.,               1855
+JESSE D. BRIGHT.                     1857
+
+ILLINOIS.
+Stephen A. Douglas,                  1853
+James Shields, L. R.                 1855
+
+IOWA.
+George W. Jones, L. R.,              1853
+Augustus C. Dodge, L. R.             1855
+
+KENTUCKY.
+_Joseph R. Underwood,_               1853
+_Henry Clay._                        1855
+
+LOUISIANA.
+SOL. W. DOWNS,                       1853
+Pierre Soulé, S. R.                  1855
+
+MAINE.
+James W. Bradbury,                   1853
+Hannibal Hamlin, F. S.               1857
+
+MARYLAND.
+_James A. Pierce,_                   1855
+_Thomas G. Pratt._                   1857
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+_John Davis_,                        1853
+Charles Sumner, F. S.                1857
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+HENRY S. FOOTE,                      1853
+Jefferson Davis, S. R.               1857
+
+MICHIGAN.
+ALPHEUS FELCH,                       1853
+Lewis Cass.                          1857
+
+MISSOURI.
+David R. Atchison, S. R.,            1855
+HEN. S. GEYER.[B]                    1857
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+John P. Hale, F. S.,                 1853
+MOSES HARRIS, jr.                    1855
+
+NEW-YORK.
+_William H. Seward,_                 1855
+_Hamilton Fish._                     1857
+
+NEW JERSEY.
+_Jacob W. Miller_,                   1853
+ROBERT F. STOCKTON.                  1857
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+_Willie P. Mangum,_                  1853
+_George E. Badger._                  1855
+
+OHIO.
+Salmon P. Chase, F. S.,              1855
+_B. Franklin Wade_.                  1857
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+_James Cooper_,                      1853
+RICHARD BRODHEAD, jr.                1857
+
+RHODE ISLAND.
+_John H. Clarke_,                    1853
+Charles T. Jarves, L. R.             1857
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.
+R. Barnwell Rhett (Sec.),            1853
+A. P. Butler, S. R.                  1855
+
+TENNESSEE.
+_John Bell_,                         1853
+A vacancy.                           1857
+
+TEXAS.
+Sam Houston,                         1853
+Thomas J. Rusk.                      1857
+
+VERMONT.
+_William Upham,_                     1853
+_Solomon Foote._                     1857
+
+VIRGINIA.
+Robert M. T. Hunter,                 1853
+James M. Mason.                      1857
+
+WISCONSIN.
+Isaac P. Walker,                     1855
+Henry Dodge.                         1857
+
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
+
+ALABAMA.
+1. John Bragg, S. R.,
+2. JAMES ABERCROMBIE,[B]
+3. Sampson W. Harris, S. R.,
+4. WM. R. SMITH,
+5. GEO. S. HOUSTON,
+6. W. R. W. COBB,
+7. ALEX WHITE.[B]
+
+ARKANSAS.
+----
+
+CALIFORNIA.
+----
+----
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+1. _Charles Chapman_,
+2. C. M. INGERSOLL,[B]
+3. Chauncey F. Cleveland, F. S.,
+4. O. S. SEYMOUR.[B]
+
+DELAWARE.
+1. George Read Riddle, L. R.
+
+FLORIDA.
+_Edward C. Cabell, L. R._
+
+GEORGIA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----,
+7. ----,
+8. ----.
+
+ILLINOIS.
+1. Wm. H. Bissell, L. R.,
+2. Willis Allen, L. R.,
+3. O. R. Ficklin, L. R.,
+4. R. S. Maloney, F. S.,
+5. Wm. A. Richardson, L. R.,
+6. T. Campbell, F. S.,
+7. _Richard Yates_.
+
+INDIANA.
+1. James Lockhart,
+2. Cyrus L. Dunham, L. R.,
+3. John L. Robinson,
+4. _Samuel W. Parker_,
+5. Thomas H. Hendricks, L. R.,
+6. Willis A. Gorman,
+7. John G. Davis, F. S.,
+8. Daniel Mace, F. S.,
+9. Graham N. Fitch,
+10. _Samuel Brenton_.
+
+IOWA.
+1. Lincoln Clark, L. R.,
+2. Bernhardt Henn, L. R.
+
+KENTUCKY.
+1. LINN BOYD,
+2. _Ben. Edward Grey, L. R._,
+3. _Presley Ewing_,
+4. _William T. Ward_,
+5. James N. Stone (rep.),
+6. _Addison White_,
+7. _Humphrey Marshall_,
+8. John C. Breckenridge, L. R.,
+9. John C. Mason,
+10. Richard H. Stanton.
+
+LOUISIANA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----.
+
+MAINE.
+1. Moses McDonald, L. R.,
+2. John Appleton,[A]
+3. _Robert Goodenow_,
+4. Charles Andrews, F. S.,
+5. Ephraim K. Smart, F. S.,
+6. _Israel Washburn, jr._,
+7. THOMAS J. D. FULLER.
+
+MARYLAND.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+1. _William Appleton_,
+2. Robert Rantoul, jr., F. S.,
+3. _James H. Duncan_,
+4. _B. Thompson_,
+5. _Charles Allen, F. S._,
+6. George T. Davis,
+7. John Z. Goodrich,
+8. Horace Mann, F. S.,
+9. _Oron Fowler_,
+10. _Zeno Scudder_.
+
+MICHIGAN.
+1. _Ebenezer J. Penniman, F. S._,
+2. Charles E. Stuart, L. R.,
+3. _James L. Conger, F. S._
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----.
+
+MISSOURI.
+1. _John F. Darby_,
+2. _Gilchrist Porter_,
+3. _John G. Miller_,
+4. Willard P. Hall, Anti-Benton,
+5. John S. Phelps, Benton.
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+1. _Amos Tuck_,
+2. CHARLES H. PEASLEE,
+3. _Jared Perkins_,
+4. Harry Hibbard, L. R.
+
+NEW JERSEY.
+1. Nathan T. Stratten,
+2. Charles D. Skelton, L. R.,
+3. ISAAC WILDRICK,
+4. George H. Brown,
+5. Rodman M. Price, L. R.
+
+NEW-YORK.
+1. John G. Floyd, F. S.,
+2. _Obadiah Bowne_,
+3. Emanuel B. Hart, L. R.,
+4. _J. H. Hobart Haws_,
+5. _George Briggs_,
+6. _James Brooks_,
+7. Abraham P. Stevens, L. R.,
+8. Gilbert Dean, F. S.,
+9. William Murray, F. S.,
+10. _Marius Schoonmaker_,
+11. Josiah Sutherland, F. S.,
+12. David L. Seymour, L. R.,
+13. _John L. Schoolcraft_,
+14. _John H. Boyd_,
+15. Joseph Russell, F. S.,
+16. _John Wells_,
+17. Alexander H. Buel, F. S.,
+18. Preston King, F. S.,
+19. Willard Ives, F. S.,
+20. Timothy Jenkins, F. S.,
+21. William W. Snow, F. S.,
+22. _Henry Bennett_,
+23. Leander Babcock, F. S.,
+24. Daniel T. Jones, F. S.,
+25. Thomas Y. How, Jr., F. S.,
+26. _Henry S. Walbridge_,
+27. _William A. Sacket_,
+28. _Ab. M. Schermerhorn_,
+29. _Jerediah Horsford_,
+30. Reuben Robie, F. S.,
+31. _Frederick S. Martin_,
+32. _Solomon G. Haven_,
+33. _Aug. P. Hascall_,
+34. _Lorenzo Burrows_.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+1. _Thomas L. Clingman_,[C]
+2. _Joseph P. Caldwell, L. R._,
+3. _Alfred Dackery_,
+4. _James T. Morehead_,
+5. Abraham W. Venable, S. R., L. R.,
+6. John R. J. Daniel, S. R.,
+7. WILLIAM S. ASHE,
+8. _Edward Stanley_,
+9. _David Outlaw_.
+
+OHIO.
+1. David T. Disney, L. R.,
+2. _Lewis D. Campbell, L. R._,
+3. _Hiram Bell_,
+4. _Benjamin Stanton_,
+5. Alfred P. Edgerton,
+6. Frederick Green,
+7. _Nelson Barrere_,
+8. _John L. Taylor, L. R._,
+9. Edson B. Olds, L. R.,
+10. Charles Sweetser,
+11. George H. Busby,
+12. _John Welsh_,
+13. James M. Gaylord,
+14. _Alexander Harper_,
+15. _William F. Hunter_,
+16. _John Johnson, Md. L. R._,
+17. Joseph Cable, L. R.,
+18. David K. Cartter,
+19. _Eben Newton, F. S._,
+20. Josh R. Giddings, F. S.,
+21. N. S. Townshend, F. S., L. R.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+1. Thomas B. Florence, L. R.,[A]
+2. _Joseph R. Chandler_,
+3. _Henry D. Moore_, L. R.,
+4. John Robbins, jr., L. R.,
+5. John McNair,
+6. Thomas Ross,
+7. John A. Morrison, L. R.,
+8. _Thaddeus Stevens_,
+9. J. Glancy Jones,
+10. Milo M. Dimmick,
+11. _Henry M. Fuller_,[A]
+12. Galusha A. Grow, F. S.,
+13. James Gamble,
+14. _T. M. Bibighaus_,
+15. William H. Kurtz,
+16. J. X. McLanahan,
+17. Andrew Parker,
+18. John L. Dawson,
+19. _Joseph H. Kuhns_,
+20. _John Allison_,
+21. _Thomas M. Howe_,
+22. _John W. Howe_,
+23. Carlton B. Curtis, L. R.,
+24. Alfred Gilmore, L. R.
+
+RHODE ISLAND.
+1. _George G. King_,
+2. Benj. B. Thurston, F. S.
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.
+1. Daniel Wallace,
+2. James L. Orr,
+3. Jos. A. Woodard,
+4. John McQueen,
+5. Armistead Burt,
+6. William Aiken,
+7. William F. Colcock.
+
+TENNESSEE.
+1. Andrew Johnson, L. R.,
+2. _Albert G. Watkins_, L. R.,
+3. _Josiah M. Anderson_, L. R.,
+4. John H. Savage, S. R., L. R.,
+5. GEORGE W. JONES, L. R.,
+6. William H. Polk, L. R.,
+7. _Meredith P. Gentry_, L. R.,
+8. _William Cullom_,
+9. Isham G. Harris, S. R., L. R.,
+10. Frederick P. Stanton, L. R.,
+11. _Christopher H. Williams_, L. R.
+
+TEXAS.
+1. ----,
+2. ----.
+
+VERMONT.
+1. _Ahiman L. Miner_,
+2. _William Hebard_,
+3. _James Meacham_,
+4. Thos. Bartlett, jr., F. S.
+
+VIRGINIA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----,
+7. ----,
+8. ----,
+9. ----,
+10. ----,
+11. ----,
+12. ----,
+13. ----,
+14. ----,
+15. ----.
+
+NEBRASKA.
+----.
+
+OREGON.
+1. Joseph Lane, Ind. L. R.
+
+WISCONSIN.
+1. Charles Durkee, F. S.,
+2. Ben. C. Eastman, L. R.,
+3. James D. Doty, Md., F. S., L. R.
+
+MINNESOTA.
+1. H. H. Sibley, Ind.
+
+NEW MEXICO.
+----.
+
+UTAH.
+----.
+
+     Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, in _italics_; "Union"-men in
+     SMALL-CAPITALS.
+
+     [A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig
+     Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land
+     Reform.
+
+     So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States
+     are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas
+     to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six
+     remaining States.
+
+
+THE ELECTIONS FOR STATE OFFICERS.
+
+     ALABAMA.--Hon. HENRY W. COLLIER, a Southern Rights Democrat,
+     is re-elected Governor of this State.
+
+     TENNESSEE.--Gen. WILLIAM B. CAMPBELL, Union Whig, is elected
+     Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent,
+     Gen. William Trowsdale.
+
+     KENTUCKY.--Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is
+     elected Governor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut.
+     Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig)
+     Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party
+     contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional
+     District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends
+     of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but
+     Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.
+
+
+RECAPITULATION OF CONGRESS.
+
+                       SENATE.                   HOUSE.
+
+_States._    _Dem._   _Whig._  _Vac._   _Dem._  _Whig._   _Vac._
+
+Alabama         2        0       0        5        2         0
+Arkansas        2        0       0        0        0         1
+California      2        0       0        0        0         2
+Connecticut     1        0       1        3        1         0
+Delaware        1        1       0        1        0         0
+Florida         1        1       0        0        1         0
+Georgia         0        2       0        0        0         8
+Illinois        2        0       0        6        1         0
+Indiana         2        0       0        8        2         0
+Iowa            2        0       0        2        0         0
+Kentucky        0        2       0        5        5         0
+Louisiana       2        0       0        0        0         4
+Maine           2        0       0        5        2         0
+Maryland        0        2       0        0        0         6
+Massachusetts   1        1       0        3        7         0
+Michigan        2        0       0        1        2         0
+Mississippi     2        0       0        0        0         4
+Missouri        1        1       0        2        3         0
+New Hampshire   2        0       0        2        2         0
+New Jersey      1        1       0        4        1         0
+New York        0        2       0       17       17         0
+North Carolina  0        2       0        3        6         0
+Ohio            1        1       0       11       10         0
+Pennsylvania    1        1       0       15        9         0
+Rhode Island    1        1       0        1        1         0
+South Carolina  2        0       0        7        0         0
+Tennessee       0        1       1        6        5         0
+Texas           2        0       0        0        0         2
+Vermont         0        2       0        1        3         0
+Virginia        2        0       0        0        0        15
+Wisconsin       2        0       0        3        0         0
+               --       --      --       --       --        --
+Total,         39       21       2      111       80        42
+
+In New-York, the Democratic party will meet in convention on the 10th
+of this present month of September, to prepare for approaching
+elections, and, on the following day, the United Whig party will hold
+its annual convention in the same city--the State Central Committee of
+both sections of it having united in a call for that purpose.
+
+The Convention of Virginia, which has been sitting at Richmond during
+the last eight months, have at length agreed upon the form of a new
+Constitution for that State, and brought its session to a close. The
+Constitution has yet to be submitted to a vote of the people, but of
+its acceptance no doubt appears to be entertained. It is to be voted
+for on the 23d of October.
+
+The President of the United States, accompanied by the Secretaries of
+War and Interior, has been received with much enthusiasm in various
+places in eastern Virginia, through which he passed on his way to the
+White Sulphur Springs. The Secretary of State has been passing a few
+weeks among the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire, where he will
+remain probably till October; and the Secretary of the Treasury has
+been detained by ill health at his residence in Ohio.
+
+Reports from the various agricultural districts of the Union indicate
+that the wheat harvest of 1851 will be the heaviest ever raised. In
+New-York, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the yield is very large,
+and the wheat excellent. In the Northern and Central Illinois, heavy
+rains have destroyed a portion of the crop, but in the Southern
+portion of the State it will be abundant. In Ohio, advices from all
+quarters of the State show that the wheat crop of the present season
+will be the largest ever grown in the State. In Iowa, the yield is
+indifferent. Of corn there will probably be an average crop. Potatoes
+in several parts of the country have suffered from the rot.
+
+The cholera prevails to some extent in the valley of the Mississippi,
+and other parts of the Southern and Western States. Among the Sioux
+Indians it has been very fatal. The treaty just formed with the Sioux
+Indians, secures to the United States all the land in the entire
+valley of the Minnesota, and the eastern tributaries of the Sioux,
+estimated at 21,000,000 of acres.
+
+From Texas, we learn that there has been great excitement at Rio
+Grande, in consequence of the Mexicans refusing to surrender a
+fugitive slave. It is said that 2,000 slaves have made their escape
+into Mexico.
+
+There have been several arrivals from California, and by every one
+evidence has been furnished of a very unfortunate condition of
+affairs. Dissatisfied with the manner in which justice is executed, or
+perhaps with a view to the complete overthrow of the government, large
+numbers of men have associated themselves at San Francisco and
+elsewhere, and assumed all the functions of a magistracy, treating the
+constituted authorities with contempt, and, in secret assemblies,
+deciding questions of life and of all the highest interests of
+society. By their directions, several persons accused of crimes have
+been murdered, and all the officers of the law have been set at
+defiance. In other respects, the news from California and other parts
+of the Pacific coast is without remarkable features; the general
+prosperity continues in mining, agriculture, and trade; and such is
+the energy of the inhabitants of that city, that San Francisco has
+nearly recovered from the effects of the disastrous fires with which
+it has been visited. The arrival at New-York, on the 13th of August,
+of the steamer Prometheus, in 29 days from San Francisco, by the new
+route of Lake Nicaragua and the river San Juan, establishes the
+practicability and advantages of this route. The shortest trip ever
+made by the Panama route, it is said, was in 31 days.
+
+
+CUBA.
+
+The people of the United States have been kept in a state of
+excitement during a portion of the last month by reports of a
+revolution in the Island of Cuba. It is not yet possible to discover
+very clearly, what are the facts, but it is certain, that there were
+insurrectionary movements commencing about the 4th of July, in several
+parts of the Island; that they were badly planned, and inefficiently
+executed, and that the whole attempt, having caused the ruin of a vast
+number of persons, is at an end, and has resulted in the firmer
+establishment of the Spanish authority.
+
+
+BRITISH AMERICA.
+
+The Provincial Government persists in its refusal to concede the
+navigation of the St. Lawrence to foreign vessels till it obtains an
+equivalent from the United States. A motion against removing the
+Executive Government to Quebec, until after the expiration of four
+years from the time of its removal to Toronto, has been negatived the
+House of Commons by a vote of 48 to 12. It is believed that the
+removal will be decided on during the present season.
+
+
+MEXICO.
+
+The financial embarrassments of the government and people engross the
+general attention, and though it has been believed that a scheme of
+administration for augmenting the revenue would be successful, yet the
+country is so unsettled, and the dissatisfaction with the government
+so common, and the spirit of revolution so diffused, that only
+confusion and accelerated ruin can very reasonably be predicted of the
+country. Insurrectionary movements by parties having in view the
+recall and dictatorship of Santa Anna, have been put down in Chiapos
+and Tobasco.
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICA.
+
+In Buenos Ayres Rosas had been disturbed by the disaffection of
+General Urquiza. Rosas was making active preparations to oppose
+hostile attacks. The fortieth Anniversary of the Independence of
+Venezuela was celebrated at Caraccas with great enthusiasm. Venezuela
+remains perfectly tranquil. The insurrection in the Southern Provinces
+of New-Grenada has not yet been quelled, and the troops of the
+Government have suffered a defeat.
+
+
+EUROPE AND ASIA.
+
+We are compelled to abridge our notices of foreign events to a mere
+statement of dates. In ENGLAND the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill finally
+passed the House of Lords on the 28th of July, and receiving the royal
+signature became a law. Little other business of importance was
+accomplished before the prorogation of Parliament, which took place on
+the 8th of August. In FRANCE the motion for a revision of the
+constitution was rejected in the Assembly at Paris on Saturday, July
+19. Out of 736 members, in the Assembly, 724 were present and
+voted--446 in favor of the revision and 278 against it; but as a
+majority of three quarters was required to carry the motion, it
+failed. On the 31st of July the Assembly elected a Committee of
+Permanence, consisting of twenty-five of the most dignified of its
+members, to sit during the vacation, which it was decided should last
+from the 10th of August to the 4th of November. From RUSSIA we have
+news of an important victory of the Turkomans over the Russian troops
+in the harbor of Astrabad, and the Russians have also suffered an
+extraordinary and most important defeat in the Caucasus. In ITALY
+every thing is calm, but the oppressions of the ecclesiastical
+government are more and more intolerable and outrageous. The Pope has
+returned from his residence at Castel Gandolfo to Rome. The rebellion
+in the southern provinces of CHINA appears to be still unchecked.
+
+
+
+
+_Recent Deaths._
+
+
+The Rev. STEPHEN OLIN, D.D. president of the Wesleyan University, died
+at Middletown on the 16th of August. He was a native of Vermont, and
+was educated at Middlebury College. He entered the itinerant ministry
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1824, uniting himself with the
+South Carolina conference. His next two years were spent in
+Charleston. His labors proved too severe, and in 1826 he became what
+is called in the Methodist Church a supernumerary, with permission to
+travel for the benefit of his health. He was a local preacher for the
+same reason until 1828, but in 1829 resumed his itinerant labors. In
+1832 he was again compelled to relinquish the labors the itinerancy
+imposed, and was appointed by the Georgia conference a professor in
+Franklin College. In 1833 he was elected president of Randolph
+College, Macon, Geo., which position he held until elected President
+of the Wesleyan University. In 1837 he travelled in Europe and the
+East, and on his return published an account of his Travels, in two
+volumes, which were very popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Baron de Ledeirir, the celebrated Russian botanist, died at Munich on
+the 23d of July, aged sixty-five. At the early age of nineteen he was
+appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dorpat, and in 1820
+he obtained the botanical chair in the University of St. Petersburg.
+In 1821 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and
+by order of the Emperor Alexander undertook to compile the _Russian
+Flora_. To collect materials for this great work he spent sixteen
+years in visiting different parts of the vast Empire of Russia, and
+went as far as the frontiers of China and into Siberia. In 1848 the
+state of his health obliged him to take up his residence at Munich.
+There he labored at his _Flora_, and had the satisfaction of
+completing it two months before his death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Edward Quillinan, son-in-law to Wordsworth, and known in the select
+rather than in the wide world of letters, as a poet, a scholar, a
+contributor to more than one literary publication, and the author of
+one or two separate works, died in July.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Harriet Lee, the celebrated writer of the "Canterbury Tales," was the
+youngest sister of Sophia Lee, the author of _The Recess_, and of many
+popular dramas and novels. These ladies were daughters of John Lee,
+who had been bred to the law, but became an actor of much repute at
+Covent Garden Theatre, and ended his life as manager of the Bath
+Theatre. Sophia Lee, the elder daughter, who was born more than one
+hundred years ago (her sister Harriet, the subject of this notice,
+being a few years her junior), produced, in 1780, a comedy, entitled,
+"The Chapter of Accidents," which was performed with considerable
+success. The profits enabled the two sisters to open a school at Bath,
+which they carried on for many years with high credit and prosperity.
+In 1782 Sophia Lee brought out her most popular novel, _The Recess_,
+which was followed by other tales, and by _Almayda, Queen of Grenada_,
+a tragedy, in which Mrs. Siddons acted. Soon after, Harriet Lee
+published the first five volumes of her _Canterbury Tales_. Two of the
+stories, _The Young Lady's Tale_, and the _The Clergyman's Tale_, were
+written by her sister Sophia; the rest by herself. One of these
+Canterbury Tales, by Harriet Lee, named _Kruitzner_, became afterwards
+famous for having formed the subject and the plot of Byron's gloomy
+tragedy of _Werner_. Harriet Lee's other principal works were the
+_Error of Innocence_, a novel; the _Mysterious Marriage_, a play;
+_Clara Lennox_, a novel; and a _New Peerage_, begun in 1787. The last
+days of the sisters were passed near Bristol, where Sophia died in
+1824, and Harriet on the first of August, 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Julius, the author of an able work on the Prisons and Criminal Law
+in the United States, died about the end of July, in London. Dr.
+Julius was editor of the Berlin _Zeitungshalle_ during the revolution
+of 1848, and was greatly respected for his talents and courage. Kinkel
+pronounced a touching _oraison funebre_ over his grave.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Rev Azariah Smith, M.D., missionary of A.B.C.F.M. to the Armenians,
+died at Aintab, Syria, in the early part of June, in the 35th year of
+his age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Henry A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, died suddenly at Portland,
+Me., on the twenty-ninth of July. He was a native of New-Hampshire,
+and was born March 3d, 1783, and removed with his father to the county
+of Kennebec in Maine in 1784. His father having been twice elected to
+Congress from the Kennebec district, prior to 1801, and on the
+accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, appointed Secretary of
+War, his son Henry was taken to Washington, and educated at the
+College of William and Mary in Virginia. In 1806 he established
+himself in the profession of law, in which he continued but few years,
+the excitements of public life having more attractions for him than
+the quiet pursuit of that profession. He took a prominent part in the
+politics, of the country, filled many important public stations, among
+which was the collectorship of Boston, in which he succeeded his
+father in 1812, and remained many years. He also distinguished himself
+in literature, and by efforts for the promotion of public
+improvements. He was a member of the Convention of Massachusetts for
+revising the constitution of that state, in 1821, a member of the
+Governor's Council in 1831, member of Congress in 1832,
+Adjutant-General of Massachusetts in 1835, and at the time of his
+death Mayor of Roxbury. He was a man of fine manners, cultivated mind,
+and liberal views. While he held the office of Collector of Boston, he
+improved the favorable opportunity to collect statistics relative to
+the commerce of the country, and particularly that to countries
+connected with the Mediterranean, which he embodied in a valuable
+work, entitled _The Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea_, in
+three volumes octavo. In 1839 he published a series of letters _To the
+Secretary of the State of Massachusetts, on the Internal Improvements
+and the Commerce of the West_, containing extremely valuable
+information on those subjects. He recently published a life of the
+_Apostle Elliot_, to aid in the construction of a monument in Roxbury
+to the memory of that celebrated missionary, and among his other
+published writings is a _Life of Commodore Bainbridge_. He left in MS.
+a work on Architecture, another on Flowers, and an extended Memoir of
+his Father, embodying all his journal in his expedition through Maine
+to Canada, his imprisonment in Quebec, and a vast deal of other
+Revolutionary matter. He was constantly throwing off essays in various
+periodicals, to promote the interests of society. Among other claims
+upon public gratitude, was his untiring zeal in the cause of
+horticultural and agricultural improvements. Few did more than he to
+elevate this important branch of industry. As a politician he was most
+prominent for his connection with the Native American party, by which
+he was nominated for the Vice Presidency of the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In another part of this magazine we have given a sketch of the late
+Dr. MOIR, from the pen of Mr. Gilfillan. The deceased physician and
+litterateur died at Dumfries, on the 6th of July, in the fifty-third
+year of his age, having left his home in Musselburg, near Edinburgh,
+to visit in Dumfries his friend, Mr. Aird. Of the poems of "Delta,"
+Professor Wilson says: "Delicacy and grace characterize his happiest
+composition; some of them are beautiful, in a cheerful spirit that has
+only to look on nature to be happy, and others breathe to simplest and
+purest pathos." Similar praise was given him by Lord Jeffrey. We do
+not think so highly of his abilities. In verse, Dr. Moir had the fatal
+gift of facility, and he cultivated it at the ordinary penalty. His
+poetry is not made to survive him. He was a man, however, of varied
+accomplishments; and is the author, besides his considerable body of
+verse, of a prose narrative, _Mansie Wauch, Tailor of Dalkieth_, a
+very excellent book of _Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine_,
+being a View of the Progress of the _Healing Art among the Egyptians,
+Greeks, Romans, and Arabians_, and of _Sketches of the Poetical
+Literature of the past Half Century, in Six Lectures_, a work which
+has the sketchy character and incompleteness common to its class. The
+_Legend of Généviève, with other Tales and Poems_, and _Domestic
+Verses_, are the two poetical volumes of his which have been published
+in a collected form.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., died on the 17th July, at
+Edinburgh, at the advanced age of 88 years. He entered the army in
+1778. In 1798 he became a lieut. colonel, and the next year served in
+Holland. He served in the expedition to the Baltic in 1801 under Sir
+Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson. He also served in North America, and, in
+1812, the Americans having invaded Upper Canada, at Queenston, when
+General Brock, commanding in the province, fell in an effort to oppose
+the enemy, they posted themselves on a woody height above Queenston.
+Major-General Sheaffe, upon whom the command devolved, assembled some
+regular troops and militia, with a few Indians, and on the same day
+attacked and completely defeated the Americans, their general
+delivering his sword to Major-General Sheaffe, and surrendering the
+surviving troops on the field of battle, their number far exceeding
+the assailants. For these brilliant services Sir Roger Sheaffe was
+created a baronet of the United Kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre, whose name is for ever associated with
+the photographic process, of which he was the discoverer, died on the
+tenth of July, in Paris, in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a
+man of extreme modesty and great personal worth, and was devoted to
+art. He was favorably known to the world before the announcement of
+his discovery of the Daguerreotype. His attempts to improve panoramic
+painting, and the production of dioramic effects, were crowned with
+the most eminent success. Among his pictures, which attracted much
+attention at the time of their exhibition were, The Midnight Mass,
+Land-slip in the Valley of Goldau, The Temple of Solomon, and The
+Cathedral of Sainte Marie de Montreal. In these the alternate effects
+of night and day, and storm and sunshine, were beautifully produced.
+To these effects of light were added others, from the decomposition of
+form, by means of which, for example, in The Midnight Mass, figures
+appeared where the spectators had just beheld seats, altars, &c., and
+again, as in The Valley of Goldau, in which rocks tumbling from the
+mountains replaced the prospect of a smiling valley. The methods
+adopted in these pictures were published at the same time with the
+process of the Daguerreotype, by order of the French Government, who
+awarded an annual pension of ten thousand francs to Daguerre and M.
+Niepce, jr., whose father had contributed towards the discovery of the
+Daguerreotype. Daguerre was led to experiments on chemical changes by
+solar radiations, with the hope of being able to apply the phenomena
+to the production of effects in his dioramic paintings. As the
+question of the part taken by him in the process to which he has given
+his name, has been discussed sometimes to his disadvantage, it appears
+important that his position should be correctly determined. In 1802,
+Wedgwood, of Etruria, the celebrated potter, made the first recorded
+experiments in photography; and these, with some additional ones by
+Sir Humphrey Davy, were published in the journals of the royal
+institution. In 1814, Mr. Joseph Nicephore Niepce was engaged in
+experiments to determine the possibility of fixing the images obtained
+in the camera obscura; but there does not appear any evidence of
+publication of any kind previously to 1827, when Niepce was in
+England. He there wrote several letters to Mr. Bauer, the microscopic
+observer, which are preserved and printed in Hunt's _Researches on
+Light_. He also sent specimens of results obtained to the Royal
+Society, and furnished some to the cabinets of the curious, a few of
+which are yet in existence. These were pictures on metallic plates
+covered with a fine film of resin. In 1824 Daguerre commenced his
+researches, starting at that point at which Wedgwood left the process.
+He soon abandoned the employment of the nitrate and chloride of
+silver, and proceeded with his inquiry, using plates of metal and
+glass to receive his sensitive coatings. In 1829 M. Vincent Chevalier
+brought Niepce and Daguerre together, when they entered into
+partnership to prosecute the subject in common. For a long time they
+appear to have used the resinous surfaces only, when the contrast
+between the resin and the metal plates not being sufficiently great to
+give a good picture, endeavors were made to blacken that part of the
+plate from which the resin was removed in the process of _heliography_
+(sun-drawing), as it was most happily called. Amongst other materials,
+iodine was employed; and Daguerre certainly was the first to notice
+the property possessed by the iodine coating of changing under the
+influence of the sun's rays. The following letter from Niepce to
+Daguerre is on this subject:
+
+                             "81, LOUP DE VARENNES, June 23, 1831.
+
+"_Sir, and dear Partner_: I had long expected to hear from you with
+too much impatience not to receive and read with the greatest pleasure
+your letters of the tenth and twenty-first of last May. I shall
+confine myself in this reply to yours of the twenty-first, because,
+having been engaged ever since it reached me in your experiments on
+iodine, I hasten to communicate to you the results which I have
+obtained. I had given my attention to similar researches previous to
+our connection, but without hope of success, from the impossibility,
+or nearly so, in my opinion, of fixing in any durable manner the
+images received on iodine, even supposing the difficulty surmounted of
+replacing the lights and shadows in their natural order. My results in
+this respect have been entirely similar to those which the oxide of
+silver gave me; and promptitude of operation was the sole advantage
+which these substances appeared to offer. Nevertheless, last year,
+after you left this, I subjected iodine to new trials, but by a
+different mode of application. I informed you of the results, and your
+answer, not at all encouraging, decided me to carry these experiments
+no farther. It appears that you have since viewed the question under a
+less desperate aspect, and I do not hesitate to reply to the appeal
+which you have made.
+
+                          "J. N. NIEPCE."
+
+From this and other letters it is evident that Niepce had used iodine,
+and abandoned it on account of the difficulty of reversing the lights
+and shadows. Daguerre employed it also, and, as it appears, with far
+more promise of success than any obtained by M. Niepce. On the fifth
+of July, 1833, Niepce died; in 1837 Daguerre and Isodore Niepce, the
+son and heir of Nicephore Niepce, entered into a definite agreement;
+and in a letter written on the first November, 1837, to Daguerre,
+Isodore Niepce says, "What a difference, also, between the method
+which you employ and the one by which I toil on! While I require
+almost a whole day to make one design, you ask only four minutes! What
+an enormous advantage! It is so great, indeed, that no person, knowing
+both methods, would employ the old one." From this time it is
+established, that although both Niepce and Daguerre used iodine, the
+latter alone employed it with any degree of success, and the discovery
+of the use of mercurial vapor to produce the positive image clearly
+belongs to Daguerre. In January, 1839, the Daguerreotype pictures were
+first shown to the scientific and artistic public of Paris. The
+sensation they created was great, and the highest hopes of its utility
+were entertained. On the 15th June, M. Duchatel, Minister of the
+Interior, presented a bill to the Chamber of Deputies relative to the
+purchase of the process of M. Daguerre for fixing the images of the
+camera. A commission appointed by the Chamber, consisting of Arago,
+Etienne, Carl, Vatout, de Beaumont, Toursorer, Delessert (François),
+Combarel de Leyval, and Vitet, made their report on the third of July,
+and a special commission was appointed by the Chamber of Peers,
+composed of the following peers: Barons Athalin, Besson, Gay Lussac,
+the Marquis de Laplace, Vicomte Simeon, Baron Thenard, and the Comte
+de Noe, who reported favorably on the thirtieth July, 1839, and
+recommended unanimously that the "bill be adopted simply and without
+alteration." On the nineteenth of August the secret was for the first
+time publicly announced in the Institute by M. Arago, the English
+patent having been completed a few days before, in open defiance and
+contradiction of the statement of M. Duchatel to the Chamber of
+Deputies, who used these words, "Unfortunately for the authors of this
+beautiful discovery, it is impossible for them to bring their labor
+into the market, and thus indemnify themselves for the sacrifices
+incurred by so many attempts so long fruitless. This invention does
+not admit of being secured by patent." In conclusion, the Minister of
+the Interior said, "You will concur in a sentiment which has already
+awakened universal sympathy; you will never suffer us to leave to
+foreign nations the glory of endowing the world of science and of art
+with one of the most wonderful discoveries that honor our native
+land." Daguerre never did much towards the improvement of his process.
+The high degree of sensibility which has been attained has been due
+to the experiments of others.
+
+[Illustration: M. DAGUERRE.]
+
+Daguerre is said to have been always averse to sitting for his own
+picture, and there are but few photographs of him in existence. The
+one from which our engraving is copied was taken by Mr. Meade, of this
+city, and first appeared in the _Daguerrean Journal_, a monthly
+periodical conducted with marked ability by S. D. Humphrey and L. L.
+Hill, who are distinguished for their improvements upon Daguerre's
+process. We can refer to no more striking illustration of the advance
+of the beautiful art which the deceased discovered, than the existence
+of such a work, with more than two thousand subscribers among those
+who are occupied in the production of Daguerreotypes in this country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. John Lingard, D. D., one of the most deservedly eminent
+scholars and writers of the Roman Catholic church in England, and one
+of the most distinguished historians of the time, died at Hornby, in
+Lancashire, on the 17th of July, at the advanced age of 81 years, and
+his remains were buried at Ushaw College, Durham, with which he was
+once officially connected. The deceased priest has left a reputation
+that will probably survive that of any of the persons of his sect who
+have been brought into notice by the recent agitations in England. His
+career as a controversial writer commenced while he was a young man,
+and was continued through a large portion of his laborious life. He
+was an unknown priest at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when, in 1804, he issued
+from the local press in that town his _History of the Anglo-Saxon
+Church_, a work which constituted the first and most efficient effort
+to attract popular attention to those ecclesiastical institutions of
+the Saxons, which are now familiar objects of study and speculation.
+In 1805 he published Catholic Loyalty Vindicated. The next year, the
+bishop of Durham, in a charge to his clergy, having attacked the Roman
+Catholics, Mr. Lingard answered him, in Remarks on a Charge. This
+brought on a sharp controversy, in which several persons of ability
+took part, and Mr. Lingard published a General Vindication of the
+Remarks, with Replies to the Reverend T. Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and
+others (1808). These two pamphlets were followed, on the same subject,
+by Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in
+former Ages (1812); a Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications
+(1813); and Strictures on Doctor Marsh's Comparative View of the
+Churches of England and Rome (1815). In the last of these
+publications, Mr. Lingard asserted that the church of England was
+modern, compared with that of Rome; an assertion which so much
+irritated the late Doctor Kipling, that he was absurd enough to
+threaten the author with a process in Westminster-hall, if he did not
+prove the truth of what he had stated. In 1809 Mr. Lingard published
+the Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church in an enlarged edition.
+Doctor Lingard is principally known in foreign countries as the author
+of a History of England till the Revolution of 1688, of which ten
+editions have appeared and which has been translated into several
+languages. Although the object of this work is the vindication of the
+Roman Catholic church and clergy in England from the alleged
+misrepresentations of Protestant writers, yet it is allowed to be
+written in a candid and dispassionate tone. As a historian, the author
+is acute and perspicuous, judicious in the selection and arrangement
+of his materials, and clear and interesting in his narrative. He wrote
+from original sources, which he examined with care and diligence, and
+on many points gave new and more correct views of manners, events and
+characters. In 1826, he published a Vindication, &c., in reply to two
+articles in the Edinburgh Review (Nos. 83 and 87, written by Dr.
+Allen), charging him with inaccuracy and misrepresentation. A more
+favorable notice of the History appeared in No. 105 of the same
+Review.
+
+The editions of his History, an English version of the Gospels, and
+other learned publications, in pamphlet form, consumed the time
+unoccupied by religious duty, or by converse with the neighbors and
+friends, who continually courted his society.
+
+For the last forty years Dr. Lingard held the small and retired
+preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in the village of
+Hornby, and there the historian resided, near to Hornby Castle, the
+seat of his attached and constant friend, Mr. Pudsey Dawson. After a
+lingering illness, he closed in this retirement his mortal career.
+
+Dr. Lingard's residence was a small unpretending building, with three
+windows, connected with a little chapel built by himself, where, till
+last autumn, he regularly officiated. A door of communication opened
+into it from his house, the lower window of which lighted the room
+where he usually sat, and where he wrote the History of England. His
+garden consisted of a long strip, taken off a small grass field of
+about half an acre in extent. Here he passed much of his time, in the
+indulgence of his taste for rural occupations.
+
+The private virtues of Dr. Lingard were as remarkable as his public
+talents. His whole habits of life were charmingly simple; his nature
+was kind, his disposition most affectionate. Always they were
+agreeable and profitable hours passed in his society, his mind was so
+richly stored, his knowledge so varied, his fund of anecdote so
+inexhaustible: a pleasantry and good humor pervaded his conversation
+at all times. He never sought controversy in visits among his friends.
+When questioned on the matters of his own faith, he would speak
+freely; those warmly attached to the Established Church or other
+creeds, widely differing from him in religious principles, never felt
+restraint in his society, or anticipated any sharpness or acrimony. In
+personal appearance he was rather above the middle height, and of
+slender frame; and though he had reached to full four-score years, his
+dark brown hair was but slightly tinged with gray: his small dark
+twinkling eye was singularly expressive, and his countenance bright
+and animated. The annexed portrait is from the miniature taken in
+1849, by Mr. Scaife, and engraved for the last edition of the History
+of England.
+
+It has been reported, though on doubtful authority, that very high
+positions in the Roman Catholic Church were more than once offered to
+Dr. Lingard. There is, it is believed, little or no truth in this; but
+those who knew his simple habits, and his love of retirement, would
+not be surprised at his preferring, even to the purple, his peaceful
+residence in the loveliest locality of the loveliest of England's
+northern valleys.
+
+[Illustration: REV. JOHN LINGARD, D. D.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MARSHAL SEBASTIANI.]
+
+Horace François della Porta Sebastiana, Marshal of France, and for
+some time Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis Phillippe, died in
+Paris on the 14th of July. He was born in Corsica, in 1775, and having
+entered the French service in 1792, rose rapidly through the different
+ranks to that of colonel. Colonel Sebastiani took an active part in
+the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and, in 1802, the First Consul
+sent him on a mission to the Levant. After having brought about a
+reconciliation of the differences between the court of Sweden and the
+regency of Tripoli, and compelled the Pacha to acknowledge the Italian
+republic and salute its flag, he repaired to Alexandria, and had an
+interview with General Stewart, in order to insist on the terms of the
+treaty of Amiens for the evacuation of Alexandria. To this demand the
+English general replied that he had not received any orders from his
+court. M. Sebastiani went therefore to Cairo, and in conferences with
+the pacha offered to open a communication with the beys; but the offer
+was not accepted, the orders of the Porte being to make it a war of
+extermination. He afterwards went to St. Jean d'Acre, with the object
+of settling with the pacha a treaty of commerce, and found him
+pacifically inclined. In November he set out on his return to France,
+having accomplished all the objects of his mission. He was, after his
+arrival, employed on various services, and, among the rest in a
+diplomatic mission to Germany. He distinguished himself in the
+campaign of 1804, was wounded at the battle of Austerlitz, and
+obtained the rank of general of division. Napoleon entertained a high
+opinion of his diplomatic talents, and named him, in 1806, ambassador
+to the Ottoman Porte--a mission which he filled for some years, with
+much ability. He established at Constantinople a printing-office for
+the Turkish and Arabic languages, and by this means contributed not a
+little to the French influence in that country. The English having
+forced the passage of the Dardanelles, and menaced Constantinople,
+Sebastiani immediately organized a plan of defence, marked out the
+batteries, and prepared for the most vigorous resistance; but the
+inhabitants broke out into insurrection, and he was obliged to depart
+for France. He was subsequently sent to Spain, where he distinguished
+himself on numerous occasions; and he served in the Russian-German war
+under Murat. July 15, 1812, he was surprised by the Russians at
+Drissa, but he recovered his character by his exertions at the battle
+of Borodino. On the invasion of France, he had a command in Champagne,
+and defended Chalons. April 10, M. Sebastiani sent to M. Talleyrand
+his adhesion to the provisional government, and, June 1, received from
+the king the cross of St. Louis. On the return of Napoleon, in 1815,
+he was elected deputy of the lower chamber, and after the second
+abdication of Napoleon was one of the commissioners to treat for peace
+with the allies. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Chamber of
+Deputies, by the island of Corsica. His lucid and manly eloquence was
+employed to throw light over all the great questions of finance, war,
+foreign politics, and domestic administration, and he evinced at once
+the talents of an orator and the knowledge of a statesman. After the
+revolution of 1830, General Sebastiani received the port-folio of the
+marine in the Guizot ministry, and in November that of foreign affairs
+under Laffitte, which he retained under Périer. He received the baton
+of Marshal from Louis Phillippe, and had retired from active political
+life, when, in 1847, the assassination of his daughter, the Duchess de
+Praslin, by her husband, affected him so much that he never recovered
+from the blow.
+
+
+
+
+Ladies' Midsummer Fashions.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There are few changes to notice in the modes de Paris. Every thing at
+this season is, of course, made in an airy style, and of very light
+materiel. We copy two of the most graceful costumes in the recent
+books of patterns.
+
+I. _Morning Dress_ of white muslin, with flounces, ornamented with
+needlework. Many dresses intended for négligé morning costume in the
+country consists of a skirt of checkered or striped silk, printed
+muslin, or some other light material. For morning négligé a variety of
+very pretty caps have appeared; they are of worked muslin, and are
+trimmed with ribbon and fine Valenciennes.
+
+II. _Visiting Dress_ of glace or rich silk, with three flounces,
+embroidered. Mantelet of a splendid black lace, lined with pink silk,
+and richly trimmed with a deep fall of black lace, which also
+encircles the open sleeve. Bonnets of white _paille de riz_, decorated
+in the interior with red and white flounces.
+
+_Coiffures_ are extremely simple in form. A wreath of ivy leaves
+intermixed with small clusters of jewelry, and attached at the back
+with a long lappet of gold lace, fastened by noeuds of pearls and
+emeralds, has a fine effect. Head-dresses of blonde are extremely
+becoming, forming three points. These are fashionable for concerts,
+&c. They are placed backward on the head, the points at the side being
+attached with a profusion of flowers, the centre one falling over the
+back comb. Another style is of a lappet of white blonde, and another
+of plain pink tulle; the lappet of blonde being fastened just over the
+shoulder, and a little backward, with a bunch of grapes--the pink one,
+which is very wide, covering the bosom like a veil, and drooping as
+low as the waist.
+
+Fashionable colors are of all light mixtures, such as gray, lilac,
+fawn, mauve, green, and peach color--white, pink, and blue
+predominating for evening toilette.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.
+
+From a Daguerreotype by Brady, taken for the International. 1851]
+
+[Illustration: OTSEGO HALL.
+
+Residence of MR. COOPER. Cooperstown. From a drawing by MISS COOPER.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4,
+No. 2, September, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, SEPT. 1851 ***
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2,
+September, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2, September, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2011 [EBook #36405]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, SEPT. 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1>THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<h2>Of Literature, Art, and Science.</h2>
+
+<h3>Vol. IV.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 1, 1851.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; No. II.</h3>
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article. Table of contents has been created for the HTML version.</p>
+
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<p>
+<a href="#INSTITUTIONS_FOR_SAILORS_IN_NEW-YORK"><b>INSTITUTIONS FOR SAILORS, IN NEW-YORK.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#RURAL_LIFE_IN_VIRGINIA_THE_SWALLOW_BARN"><b>RURAL LIFE IN VIRGINIA: THE "SWALLOW BARN."</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GEORGE_H_BOKER"><b>GEORGE H. BOKER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#HERR_FLEISCHMANN"><b>HERR FLEISCHMANN</b></a><br />
+<a href="#IN_THE_HAREM"><b>IN THE HAREM.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#TO_THE_CICADA"><b>TO THE CICADA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#TRICKS_ON_TRAVELLERS_AT_WATERLOO"><b>TRICKS ON TRAVELLERS AT WATERLOO.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#STUDIES_OF_AMERICAN_LITERATURE"><b>STUDIES OF AMERICAN LITERATURE,</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_PHANTASY"><b>A PHANTASY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_TIMES_OF_CHARLEMAGNE"><b>THE TIMES OF CHARLEMAGNE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_DECORATIVE_ARTS_IN_AMERICA"><b>THE DECORATIVE ARTS IN AMERICA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_VISIT_TO_THE_LATE_DR_JOHN_LINGARD"><b>A VISIT TO THE LATE DR. JOHN LINGARD.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PRIVATE_LIFE_OF_JOHN_C_CALHOUN"><b>PRIVATE LIFE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#STYLES_OF_PHILOSOPHIES"><b>STYLES OF PHILOSOPHIES.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#REMINISCENCES_OF_PARIS_FROM_1817_TO_1848"><b>REMINISCENCES OF PARIS, FROM 1817 TO 1848.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_LAST_JOSEPH_IN_EGYPT"><b>THE LAST JOSEPH IN EGYPT.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_ENGLISH_IN_AMERICA_BY_THE_AUTHOR_OF_SAM_SLICK"><b>THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA: BY THE AUTHOR OF "SAM SLICK."</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_FEW_QUESTIONS_FROM_A_WORN-OUT_LORGNETTE"><b>A FEW QUESTIONS FROM A WORN-OUT LORGNETTE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#FRAGMENTS"><b>FRAGMENTS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_STORY_WITHOUT_A_NAME6"><b>A STORY WITHOUT A NAME.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#NEWSPAPER_POETS_CHARLES_WELDON"><b>NEWSPAPER POETS: CHARLES WELDON.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_COUNT_MONTE-LEONE_OR_THE_SPY_IN_SOCIETY7"><b>THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#POULAILLER_THE_ROBBER"><b>POULAILLER, THE ROBBER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_LATE_D_M_MOIR"><b>THE LATE D. M. MOIR.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_DESERTED_MANSION"><b>THE DESERTED MANSION.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS_OF_MOTIVES"><b>ILLUSTRATIONS OF MOTIVES.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_THE_EMPEROR_ALEXANDER"><b>THE LAST DAYS OF THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#FALLEN_GENIUS"><b>FALLEN GENIUS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#COPENHAGEN"><b>COPENHAGEN.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_SHADOW_OF_LUCY_HUTCHINSON"><b>THE SHADOW OF LUCY HUTCHINSON.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_WIVES_OF_SOUTHEY_COLERIDGE_AND_LOVELL"><b>THE WIVES OF SOUTHEY, COLERIDGE, AND LOVELL.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MY_NOVEL_OR_VARIETIES_IN_ENGLISH_LIFE11"><b>MY NOVEL: OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#EGYPT_UNDER_ABBAS_PASHA"><b>EGYPT UNDER ABBAS PASHA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_JEWS_IN_CHINA"><b>THE JEWS IN CHINA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Authors_and_Books"><b>AUTHORS AND BOOKS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Fine_Arts"><b>THE FINE ARTS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Historical_Review_of_the_Month"><b>HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MONTH.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Recent_Deaths"><b>RECENT DEATHS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Ladies_Midsummer_Fashions"><b>LADIES' MIDSUMMER FASHIONS.</b></a><br />
+</p>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INSTITUTIONS_FOR_SAILORS_IN_NEW-YORK" id="INSTITUTIONS_FOR_SAILORS_IN_NEW-YORK"></a>INSTITUTIONS FOR SAILORS, IN NEW-YORK.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 524px;">
+<img src="images/image1.jpg" width="524" height="650" alt="HEALTH-OFFICER BOARDING AN IMMIGRANT SHIP, QUARANTINE,
+STATEN ISLAND." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HEALTH-OFFICER BOARDING AN IMMIGRANT SHIP, QUARANTINE,
+STATEN ISLAND.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The maritime commerce of New-York has increased so rapidly that it has
+continually outgrown the space appropriated for its accommodation, so
+that the docks, wharves, warehouses, and landings, have been found
+wholly inadequate to the reception of the business which has poured in
+upon them. But the benevolent institutions of the "Empire City,"
+designed to meliorate the condition of sea-faring men, have been fully
+equal to the exigencies of this improvident class of laborers, and are
+among the noblest and best conducted of the many charitable
+institutions in this great and growing metropolis of the New World.
+Commerce is the life and soul of New-York, and the most selfish
+motives should lead to the establishment of suitable retreats and
+hospitals for the benefit of the class of men without whose labors its
+wheels could not revolve; but it is not to those who are most
+benefited by the labors of seamen that they are indebted for the
+existence of safe havens of retreat, where they may cast anchor in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>repose, where they can no longer follow their dangerous and
+storm-tost business. Seamen are the only class who have asylums
+provided expressly for their use, either in sickness or old age. The
+nation provides no hospital like that of Greenwich, where the tars who
+are disabled in the public service find a home and an honorable
+support, but it lays a capitation tax on all the seamen in the navy
+for the creation of a fund, out of which the Naval Asylum, the
+Wallabout Hospital, &amp;c., for the disabled, invalid, and superannuated
+of the navy have, at their own cost, not altogether disagreeable
+homes. New-York, however, from the munificence of private individuals
+and the creation of a fund from a tax on seamen, can boast of
+excellent institutions for the ample and comfortable accommodation of
+all the sick and infirm sailors who have earned a right of admission
+by sailing from this port. In this respect there is no other city in
+the world that can equal New-York.</p>
+
+<p>The quarantine ground of the port of New-York, which is on the
+north-eastern point of Staten Island, five and a half miles from the
+Battery, is admirably located for the purposes of purification, and
+liberally endowed with all the necessary means for the cure of the
+sick and the prevention of the spread of disease. The ground
+appropriated for the purposes of a lazaretto has a frontage on the bay
+of about fourteen hundred feet, and extends back twelve hundred feet.
+It is inclosed by a high brick wall, and includes suitable hospitals
+for the accommodation of the sick, houses for the resident physician,
+and offices for the numerous persons employed about the grounds. The
+largest hospital, appropriated for fever patients, is that nearest the
+water. It is constructed of brick, is three stories high, and one
+hundred and thirty-six feet long by twenty-eight feet wide. The
+building on the rising ground next above this is intended for
+convalescents. It is built of brick, three stories high, fifty feet
+long, and forty-five feet high, with two wings sixty-six by twenty-six
+feet each. Higher up, beyond this, is the small-pox hospital, which
+generally has the largest number of patients. It is but two stories,
+eighty feet long and twenty-eight feet wide; like the other hospitals,
+it is built of brick, and has open galleries on the outside, in front,
+and rear. The quarantine hospitals, although forming no unimportant
+part of the maritime institutions of New-York, do not properly come
+under the head of those denominated benevolent, as they are merely
+sanitary and for the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
+diseases.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image2.jpg" width="500" height="463" alt="THE SEAMEN&#39;S RETREAT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SEAMEN&#39;S RETREAT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Seamen's Retreat is also on Staten Island, a mile below the
+quarantine ground, built upon a natural terrace, about one hundred
+feet above the water, and fronting the Narrows. The location is one of
+exceeding beauty, being surrounded by sylvan scenery of unsurpassed
+loveliness, and commanding a prospect of great extent, which embraces
+the city, the shore of New Jersey, the Palisades, Long Island, and the
+highlands of Neversink and Sandy Hook. The Hospital is a noble
+building, constructed of rough granite, three stories high, and
+surrounded by piazzas, upon which the patients may inhale the pure
+air, and beguile their confinement by watching the ever-changing
+panorama presented by the bay, with its countless ships and steamers.
+The Retreat is intended solely for sick but not disabled seamen. It is
+supported by a fund derived from a state capitation tax, levied upon
+all seamen sailing from this port, and is the only establishment of
+the kind in the United States, or, we believe, in the world. Seamen
+are the only class who are compelled by the law of the state to
+contribute to a fund to form a provision for them in case of sickness.
+The income for the support of the Retreat is ample, and the most
+liberal provision is allowed for all whose necessities compel them to
+seek admission. On the grounds are houses for the residence of the
+physician and keeper.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image3.jpg" width="500" height="510" alt="SAILOR&#39;S SNUG HARBOR." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SAILOR&#39;S SNUG HARBOR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This noble Charity is situated on the north side of Staten Island,
+about three miles from the Quarantine, and commands a magnificent
+view, with the city in the distance. It is surrounded with elegant
+villas, pretty cottages, and well cultivated farms, and is in the
+midst of the loveliest rural scenery that the neighborhood of New-York
+can boast of. The grounds belonging to the institution comprise about
+one hundred and sixty acres of land, which is inclosed by a handsome
+iron fence that cost, a few years since, thirty-five thousand dollars.
+The principal building is constructed of brick and faced with white
+marble, with a marble portico. The corner-stone was laid in 1831, and
+the institution opened for the reception of its inmates in 1833. The
+centre building is sixty-five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> by one hundred feet, with two wings
+fifty-one by one hundred feet, connected with the main building by
+corridors. There are two handsome houses for the residences of the
+governor of the institution, and the physician, and numerous offices
+and outhouses.</p>
+
+<p>This noble institution owes its existence to Captain James Randall,
+who, in the year 1801, bequeathed a piece of land in the upper part of
+the city, for the foundation of a retreat for worn-out seamen, who had
+sailed from the port of New-York; it was called most appropriately the
+<span class="smcap">Snug Harbor</span>, and many a poor mariner has since found safe moorings
+there, when no longer able to follow his perilous calling. The
+benevolent-hearted sailor who founded this noble charity could hardly
+have dreamed that the small property which he bequeathed for that
+purpose, could ever increase to the magnificent sum which it is now
+valued at. The income from the estate in the year 1806 was but a
+little more than four thousand dollars; it is now thirty-seven
+thousand dollars, and will be, next year, when the leases of the
+property have to be renewed, at least sixty thousand dollars a year,
+an income abundantly large to support even in luxurious comfort the
+worn-out tars who may be compelled by misfortune to seek this
+magnificent asylum. The trustees of the Snug Harbor are about to build
+extensive additions to the present accommodations for it inmates, and
+among the new buildings will be a hospital for the insane. There is no
+chapel attached to the Snug Harbor, but there is a regular chaplain
+who performs religious services every Sunday in the large hall in the
+centre building.</p>
+
+<p>In front of the principal edifice a plain monument of white marble has
+been erected by the trustees in memory of Captain Randall, the founder
+of the institution, which is chiefly remarkable for the omission, in
+the inscription, of any information respecting the birth or death of
+the person in whose honor it was erected.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image4.jpg" width="500" height="355" alt="THE SAILOR&#39;S HOME." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SAILOR&#39;S HOME.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is somewhat remarkable that New-York has originated every system
+for bettering the temporal and spiritual condition of seamen, that now
+exists, and furnished the models of the various institutions for the
+benefit of sea-faring men which have been successfully copied in other
+maritime cities of the new and the old world. It was here that the
+first chapel was built for the exclusive use of sailors and their
+families, the Mariner's chapel in Roosevelt-street; and it was here,
+too, that the first Home was erected for the residence, while on
+shore, of homeless sailors. The corner-stone of the Home in
+Cherry-street was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 14th of
+October, 1841, just twenty-two years from the day on which the
+corner-stone of the Mariner's chapel was laid in Roosevelt-street. The
+building is a well constructed house of brick with a granite basement,
+plain and substantial, without any pretensions to architectural
+ornamentation. It is six stories high, fifty feet front, and one
+hundred and sixty feet deep. It contains one hundred and thirty
+sleeping-rooms, a dining-room one hundred by twenty-five feet, and a
+spacious reading-room, in which are a well selected library, and a
+museum of natural curiosities; there are also suitable apartments for
+the overseer and officers. About<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> five hundred boarders can be
+accommodated in the Home, but it is not often filled. The Sailor's
+Home was built by the Seaman's Friend Society, and is intended to
+furnish sailors with a comfortable and orderly home, where they will
+not be subject to the rapacities of unprincipled landlords, nor the
+temptations which usually beset this useful but improvident class of
+men when they are on shore.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image5.jpg" width="500" height="439" alt="U.S. MARINE HOSPITAL, BROOKLYN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">U.S. MARINE HOSPITAL, BROOKLYN.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Marine Hospital at the Wallabout, Brooklyn, near the Navy Yard,
+belongs to the government of the United States, and is intended for
+the use of the sailors and officers of the navy, and none others. It
+was built from a fund called the hospital fund, which is created by a
+payment of twenty cents a month by all the officers and seamen of the
+navy. The Hospital stands on high ground, on one of the healthiest and
+pleasantest spots in the vicinity of New-York, commands a superb view
+of the East River as it sweeps toward the Sound, and overlooks both
+Brooklyn and New-York. The buildings constituting the Hospital are two
+fine large airy edifices constructed of white marble, with galleries
+and piazzas, and surrounded by well-kept grounds which abound with
+choice fruit trees, and every requisite for the health and comfort of
+the invalids. The patients remain there only while under treatment for
+disease. Our government has no asylum for the support of the sailors
+or soldiers who lose their health or limbs in its service, like the
+hospitals of Greenwich and Chelsea, and, in this respect at least, we
+are behind the government of Great Britain, which makes ample and
+generous provision for all classes and grades of public servants.</p>
+
+<p>As New-York was the first maritime city that built a chapel expressly
+for seamen, so it was the first to build a floating church, for
+although there had been previously in London and Liverpool old hulks
+fitted up as chapels, and moored in the docks for the use of sailors,
+there had never been an actual church edifice put afloat before the
+<span class="smcap">Floating Church of Our Saviour</span>, which now lies moored at the foot of
+Pike-street, in the East River. This novel edifice was finished and
+consecrated in February, 1844. It is under the charge of the Young
+Men's Church Missionary Society of the City of New-York, by whom it
+was built, and has been under the pastoral care of the Rev. B. C. C.
+Parker, of the Episcopal church, from its consecration to the present
+time. It is seventy feet long, and thirty feet wide, and will
+comfortably seat five hundred persons. It has an end gallery, in which
+is an organ. A beautiful baptismal font of white marble, in the shape
+of a capstan, surmounted by a seashell, chiselled from the same block
+with the shaft&mdash;the gift of St. Mark's church in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> Bowery,
+New-York&mdash;stands in front of the chancel rail. The top of the
+communion-table is a marble slab, and the Ten Commandments are placed
+on the panels on each side in the recess over it. An anchor in gold,
+painted on the back-ground between these panels, rests upon the Bible
+and prayer-book. The roof, at the apex, is twenty-six feet high, and
+eleven feet at the eaves. The edifice is built on a broad deck,
+seventy-six by thirty-six feet, covering two boats of eighty tons
+each, placed ten feet apart. The spire contains a bell, and the top of
+the flag-staff is about seventy feet from the deck. Divine service is
+regularly performed on Sundays, commencing in the morning at half-past
+ten, and in the afternoon at three o'clock. Both the boats on which
+the edifice rests are well coppered, and protected from injury by
+booms placed around them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image6.jpg" width="500" height="404" alt="THE FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A similar floating church has been built and moored near
+Rector-street, in the North River, near which is another floating
+chapel, formed of an old hulk, after the manner of the first floating
+chapels in London. In addition to these houses of worship for seamen,
+there is a large and handsome church for sailors near the "Home," in
+Cherry-street, under the charge of the Baptists, and a small seamen's
+chapel in Brooklyn, near the Catharine Ferry. To complete this system
+of benevolent enterprises for the benefit of sailors, there is a
+Seaman's Savings Bank in Wall-street, a very handsome structure of
+brown free-stone, in the third story of which are the offices of the
+Seaman's Friend Society.</p>
+
+<p>In Franklin Square, which, at the time of Washington's last visit to
+New-York, bore about the same relation to the heart of the city that
+Union Square and Grammercy Park now do, being the Ultima Thule of
+fashion, and the very focus of gentility and aristocracy, there is the
+Sailor's Home for colored seamen, which has been most respectably
+conducted on the principle of the "Home" in Cherry-street, and under
+the supervision of, although not belonging to, the Seaman's Friend
+Society. The Colored Home consists of two respectable three-story
+brick buildings, and is next door to the old Walton House, which is
+the last remnant of ante-revolutionary splendor remaining in the
+commercial metropolis of the Union, which once abounded in stately old
+mansions full of historical mementoes of the days when we acknowledged
+to kingly authority.</p>
+
+<p>The principle of compelling men, when they have means, to lay up a
+trifle against the exigencies of a rainy day, has worked well, as we
+have seen, when applied to the most improvident of all the laboring
+classes, and we are not sure but the same principle applied to other
+classes would not prove equally beneficial. If the law should require
+every author, or merchant, or broker, or editor, to pay a monthly
+stipend to provide houses of refuge for the needy of their class, it
+would be only carrying out the principle of government which has been
+applied to seamen, and might save many a poor wretch from committing
+suicide to avoid the fate of a pauper.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="RURAL_LIFE_IN_VIRGINIA_THE_SWALLOW_BARN" id="RURAL_LIFE_IN_VIRGINIA_THE_SWALLOW_BARN"></a>RURAL LIFE IN VIRGINIA: THE "SWALLOW BARN."</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image7.jpg" width="500" height="367" alt="A CUB OF THE BARN-YARD" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A CUB OF THE BARN-YARD</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We remember no book of its class altogether more delightful than the
+"Swallow Barn" of <span class="smcap">John P. Kennedy</span>. In Irving's "Bracebridge Hall" we
+have exquisite sketches of English homes, such sketches as could be
+drawn only by that graceful and genial humorist, but Bracebridge Hall
+is not in our own country, and we scarcely feel "at our own" in it, as
+we do in every scene to which we are introduced by the author of
+"Swallow Barn," the best painter of manners who has ever tried his
+hand at their delineation in America. The love of nature, the fine
+appreciation of a country life, the delicate and quiet humor, and
+hearty joy in every one's enjoyment, which those who know Mr. Kennedy
+personally will recognize as principal elements of his own character,
+are reflected in the pages of the book, and with its other good
+qualities make it one of the most charming compositions in the
+literature of the present time.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Putnam in a few days will publish a new edition of "Swallow Barn,"
+profusely illustrated by Mr. Strother, an artist who seems perfectly
+at home in the Old Dominion, as if&mdash;which may be the case&mdash;all his
+life had been spent there. Some of these we shall transfer to our own
+pages, but first we copy in full Mr. Kennedy's "Word in Advance to the
+Reader":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Swallow Barn was written twenty years ago, and was
+published in a small edition, which was soon exhausted. From
+that date it has disappeared from the bookstores, being
+carelessly consigned by the author to that oblivion which is
+common to books and men&mdash;out of sight, out of mind. Upon a
+recent reviewal of it, after an interval sufficiently long
+to obliterate the partialities with which one is apt to
+regard his own productions, I have thought it was worthy of
+more attention than I had bestowed upon it, and was, at
+least, entitled to the benefit of a second edition. In
+truth, its republication has been so often advised by
+friends, and its original reception was so prosperous, that
+I have almost felt it to be a duty once more to set it
+afloat upon the waters, for the behoof of that good-natured
+company of idle readers who are always ready to embark on a
+pleasure excursion in any light craft that offers. I have,
+therefore, taken these volumes in hand, and given them a
+somewhat critical revisal. Twenty years work sufficient
+change upon the mind of an author to render him, perhaps
+more than others, a fastidious critic of his own book. If
+the physiologists are right, he is not the same person after
+that lapse of time; and all that his present and former self
+may claim in common, are those properties which belong to
+his mental consciousness, of which his aspiration after fame
+is one. The present self may, therefore, be expected to
+examine more rigorously the work of that former and younger
+person, for whom he is held responsible. This weighty
+consideration will be sufficient to account for the few
+differences which may be found between this and the first
+edition. Some quaintness of the vocabulary has been got rid
+of&mdash;some dialogue has been stript of its redundancy&mdash;some
+few thoughts have been added&mdash;and others retrenched. I shall
+be happy to think that the reader will agree with me that
+these are improvements:&mdash;I mean the reader who may happen to
+belong to that small and choice corps who read these volumes
+long ago&mdash;a little troop of friends of both sexes, to whom I
+have reason to be grateful for that modicum of good opinion
+which cheered my first authorship. Health and joy to them
+all&mdash;as many as are now alive! I owe them a thanksgiving for
+their early benevolence.</p>
+
+<p>"Swallow Barn exhibits a picture of country life in
+Virginia, as it existed in the first quarter of the present
+century. Between that period and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the present day, time and
+what is called "the progress," have made many innovations
+there, as they have done every where else. The Old Dominion
+is losing somewhat of the raciness of her once peculiar,
+and&mdash;speaking in reference to the locality described in
+these volumes&mdash;insulated cast of manners. The mellow, bland,
+and sunny luxuriance of her home society&mdash;its good
+fellowship, its hearty and constitutional
+<i>companionableness</i>, the thriftless gayety of the people,
+their dogged but amiable invincibility of opinion, and that
+overflowing hospitality which knew no ebb&mdash;these traits,
+though far from being impaired, are modified at the present
+day by circumstances which have been gradually attaining a
+marked influence over social life as well as political
+relation. An observer cannot fail to note that the manners
+of our country have been tending towards a uniformity which
+is visibly effacing all local differences. The old states,
+especially, are losing their original distinctive habits and
+modes of life, and in the same degree, I fear, are losing
+their exclusive American character. A traveller may detect
+but few sectional or provincial varieties in the general
+observances and customs of society, in comparison with what
+were observable in the past generations, and the pride, or
+rather the vanity, of the present day is leading us into a
+very notable assimilation with foreign usages. The country
+now apes the city in what is supposed to be the elegancies
+of life, and the city is inclined to value and adopt the
+fashions it is able to import across the Atlantic, and thus
+the whole surface of society is exhibiting the traces of a
+process by which it is likely to be rubbed down, in time, to
+one level, and varnished with the same gloss. It may thus
+finally arrive at a comfortable insipidity of character
+which may not be willingly reckoned as altogether a due
+compensation for the loss of that rough but pleasant flavor
+which belonged to it in its earlier era. There is much good
+sense in that opinion which ascribes a wholesome influence
+to those homebred customs, which are said to strengthen
+local attachments and expand them into love of country. What
+belonged to us as characteristically American, seems already
+to be dissolving into a mixture which affects us
+unpleasantly as a plain and cosmopolitan substitute for the
+old warmth and salient vivacity of our ancestors. We no
+longer present in our pictures of domestic life so much as
+an earnest lover of our nationality might desire of what
+abroad is called the "red bird's wing"&mdash;something which
+belongs to us and to no one else. The fruitfulness of modern
+invention in the arts of life, the general fusion of thought
+through the medium of an extra-territorial literature, which
+from its easy domestication among us is scarcely regarded as
+foreign, the convenience and comfort of European customs
+which have been incorporated into our scheme of living,&mdash;all
+these, aided and diffused by our extraordinary facilities of
+travel and circulation, have made sad work, even in the
+present generation, with those old <i>nationalisms</i> that were
+so agreeable to the contemplation of an admirer of the
+picturesque in character and manners.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image8.jpg" width="500" height="368" alt="THE &quot;SWALLOW BARN.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;SWALLOW BARN.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Looking myself somewhat hopelessly upon this onward gliding
+of the stream, I am not willing to allow these sketches of
+mine entirely to pass away. They have already begun to
+assume the tints of a relic of the past, and may, in another
+generation, become arch&aelig;ological, and sink into the chapter
+of antiquities. Presenting, as I make bold to say, a
+faithful picture of the people, the modes of life, and the
+scenery of a region full of attraction, and exhibiting the
+lights and shades of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> its society with the truthfulness of a
+painter who has studied his subject on the spot, they may
+reasonably claim their accuracy of delineation to be set off
+as an extenuation for any want of skill or defect of finish
+which a fair criticism may charge against the artist. Like
+some sign-post painters, I profess to make a strong
+likeness, even if it should be thought to be <i>hard</i>,&mdash;and
+what better workmen might call a daub,&mdash;as to which I must
+leave my reader to judge for himself when he has read this
+book. The outward public award on this point was kind, and
+bestowed quite as much praise as I could have desired&mdash;much
+more than I expected&mdash;when the former edition appeared. But
+"the progress" has brought out many competitors since that
+day, and has, perhaps, rendered the public taste more
+scrupulous. A book then was not so perilous an offering as
+it is now in the great swarm of authorships. We run more
+risk, just now, of being left alone&mdash;unread&mdash;untalked
+of&mdash;though not, happily, unpuffed by newspapers, who are
+favorites with the publisher, and owe him courtesies.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish it to be noted that Swallow Barn is not a novel. I
+confess this in advance, although I may lose by it. It was
+begun on the plan of a series of detached sketches linked
+together by the hooks and eyes of a traveller's notes; and
+although the narrative does run into some by-paths of
+personal adventure, it has still preserved its desultory,
+sketchy character to the last. It is, therefore, utterly
+unartistic in plot and structure, and may be described as
+variously and interchangeably partaking of the complexion of
+a book of travels, a diary, a collection of letters, a
+drama, and a history,&mdash;and this, serial or compact, as the
+reader may choose to compute it. Our old friend Polonius had
+nearly hit it in his rigmarole of 'pastoral-comical,
+tragical-comical-historical-pastoral'&mdash;which, saving 'the
+tragical,' may well make up my schedule: and so I leave it
+to the 'censure' of my new reader."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image9.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="VIRGINIA MILL-BOYS RACING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIRGINIA MILL-BOYS RACING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here the history of the book is admirably told. The work itself, so
+full of truthful and effective pictures, offers numerous passages for
+quotation, but though we have nothing better to give our readers, we
+shall limit our extracts to a few scenes illustrated by Mr. Strother's
+pencil. We present first the old barn itself.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Beyond the bridge, at some distance, stands a prominent
+object in the perspective of this picture,&mdash;the most
+venerable appendage to the establishment&mdash;a huge barn with
+an immense roof hanging almost to the ground, and thatched a
+foot thick with sunburnt straw, which reaches below the
+eaves in ragged flakes. It has a singularly drowsy and
+decrepit aspect. The yard around it is strewed knee-deep
+with litter, from the midst of which arises a long rack
+resembling a chevaux de frise, which is ordinarily filled
+with fodder. This is the customary lounge of half a score of
+oxen and as many cows, who sustain an imperturbable
+companionship with a sickly wagon, whose parched tongue and
+drooping swingle-trees, as it stands in the sun, give it a
+most forlorn and invalid character; whilst some sociable
+carts under the sheds, with their shafts perched against the
+walls, suggest the idea of a set of gossiping cronies taking
+their ease in a tavern porch. Now and then a clownish
+hobble-de-hoy colt, with long fetlocks and disordered mane,
+and a thousand burs in his tail, stalks through this
+company. But as it is forbidden ground to all his tribe, he
+is likely very soon to encounter a shower of corn-cobs from
+some of the negro men; upon which contingency he makes a
+rapid retreat across the bars which imperfectly guard the
+entrance to the yard, and with an uncouth display of his
+heels bounds towards the brook, where he stops and looks
+back with a saucy defiance; and after affecting to drink for
+a moment, gallops away with a braggart whinny to the
+fields."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The life led by the young negroes on the plantations of Virginia is
+generally easy, and of course utterly free from the cares which beset
+their youthful masters, compelled to pore over "miserable books."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is a numerous herd of little negroes about the
+estate; and these sometimes afford us a new diversion. A few
+mornings since we encountered a horde of them, who were
+darting about the bushes like untamed monkeys. They are
+afraid of me because I am a stranger, and take to their
+heels as soon as they see me. If I ever chance to get near
+enough to speak to one of them, he stares at me with a
+suspicious gaze, and, after a moment, makes off at full
+speed, very much frightened, towards the cabins at some
+distance from the house. They are almost all clad in a long
+coarse shirt which reaches below the knee, without any other
+garment. But one of the group we met on the morning I speak
+of, was oddly decked in a pair of ragged trowsers,
+conspicuous for their ample dimensions in the seat. These
+had evidently belonged to some grown-up person, but were cut
+short in the legs to make them fit the wearer. A piece of
+twine across the shoulder of this grotesque imp, served for
+suspenders, and kept his habiliments from falling about his
+feet. Ned ordered this crew to prepare for a foot-race, and
+proposed a reward of a piece of money to the winner. They
+were to run from a given point, about a hundred paces
+distant, to the margin of the brook. Our whole suite of dogs
+were in attendance, and seemed to understand our pastime. At
+the word, away went the bevy, accompanied by every dog of
+the pack, the negroes shouting and the dogs yelling in
+unison. The shirts ran with prodigious speed, their speed
+exposing their bare, black, and meager shanks to the scandal
+of all beholders; and the strange baboon in trowsers
+struggled close in their rear, with ludicrous earnestness,
+holding up his redundant and troublesome apparel with his
+hand. In a moment they reached the brook with unchecked
+speed, and, as the banks were muddy, and the dogs had become
+entangled with the racers in their path, two or three were
+precipitated into the water. This only increased the
+merriment, and they continued the contest in this new
+element by floundering, kicking, and splashing about, like a
+brood of ducks in their first descent upon a pool. These
+young negroes have wonderfully flat noses, and the most
+oddly disproportioned mouths, which were now opened to their
+full dimensions, so as to display their white teeth in
+striking contrast with their complexions. They are a strange
+pack of antic and careless animals, and furnish the
+liveliest picture that is to be found in nature of that race
+of swart fairies, which, in the old time, were supposed to
+play their pranks in the forest at moonlight. Ned stood by,
+enjoying this scene like an amateur&mdash;encouraging the negroes
+in their gambols, and hallooing to the dogs, that by a
+kindred instinct entered tumultuously into the sport and
+kept up the confusion. It was difficult to decide the
+contest. So the money was thrown into the air, and as it
+fell to ground, there was another rush, in which the hero of
+the trowsers succeeded in getting the small coin from the
+ground in his teeth, somewhat to the prejudice of his
+finery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="DRILLING THE NEGRO BOYS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DRILLING THE NEGRO BOYS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Rip asserts a special pre-eminence over these young serfs,
+and has drilled them into a kind of local militia. He
+sometimes has them all marshalled in the yard, and
+entertains us with a review. They have an old watering-pot
+for a drum, and a dingy pocket handkerchief for a standard,
+under which they are arrayed in military order, and parade
+over the grounds with a riotous clamor."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="500" height="385" alt="TREADING OUT WHEAT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TREADING OUT WHEAT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The farmers of Virginia are scarcely as far advanced in the
+application of science as the more active-minded Yankees, and among
+the ancient customs which still obtain among them is that of treading
+out grain with cattle. At Swallow Barn the operation is described:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Within the farm-yard a party of negroes were engaged in
+treading out grain. About a dozen horses were kept at full
+trot around a circle of some ten or fifteen paces diameter,
+which was strewed with wheat in the sheaf. These were
+managed by some five or six little blacks, who rode like
+monkey caricaturists of the games of the circus, and who
+mingled with the labors of the place that comic air of
+deviltry which communicated to the whole employment
+something of the complexion of a pastime."</p></div>
+
+<p>We hope this edition of <i>Swallow Barn</i> will be so well received that
+the author will give us all his other works in the same attractive
+style. <i>Horse-shoe Robinson</i>, <i>Rob of the Bowl</i>, <i>Quodlibet</i>, and all
+the rest, except the <i>Life of Wirt</i>, are now out of print, and all
+have been greeted on their first appearance with an approval that
+should satisfy a more ambitious writer than Mr. Kennedy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" width="500" height="399" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="450" height="504" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="GEORGE_H_BOKER" id="GEORGE_H_BOKER"></a>GEORGE H. BOKER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Boker is one of the youngest of American authors. He is a native
+of Philadelphia, and was born, we believe, in the year 1824. After the
+usual preparatory studies in the city of his birth, he entered the
+college at Princeton, New Jersey, of which he is a graduate. In
+addition to the collegiate course, however, he devoted much time to
+the study of Anglo-Saxon, and to the perusal of the early masters of
+English literature, whose influence is discernible in all his earlier
+poems. Soon after leaving college he made a visit to France and
+England, but was obliged to return after having been but a short time
+abroad, owing to the critical state of his health. He was at that time
+suffering under a pulmonary disease which threatened to be fatal, but
+all symptoms of which, fortunately, have since disappeared. On his
+return he took up his residence in Philadelphia, which continues to be
+his home. Three or four years since he was married to an accomplished
+lady of that city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boker first appeared as an author at the commencement of the year
+1848, when a volume of his poems, under the title of <i>The Lesson of
+Life</i>, was published in Philadelphia. The publication of a volume was
+no light ordeal to a young poet whose name was unknown, and who, we
+believe, had never before seen himself in print. The lack of
+self-observation and self-criticism, which can only be acquired when
+the author's thoughts have taken the matter-of-fact garb of type,
+would of itself be sufficient to obscure much real promise. In spite
+of these disadvantages, the book contained much that gave the reader
+the impression of a mind of genuine and original power. We remember
+being puzzled at its seeming incongruity, the bold, mature, and
+masculine character of its thought being so strikingly at variance
+with its frequent crudities of expression. It seemed to us the work of
+a man in the prime of life, whose poetic feeling had taken a sudden
+growth, and moved somewhat unskilfully in the unaccustomed trammels of
+words, rather than the first essay of a brain glowing with the fresh
+inspiration of youth.</p>
+
+<p>No one saw the author's imperfections sooner than himself; and before
+the year had closed, his tragedy of <i>Calaynos</i> was published&mdash;a work
+so far in advance of what he had hitherto accomplished, so full, not
+only of promise for the future, but of actual performance, that it
+took his most confident friends by surprise. To write a five act
+tragedy is also a bold undertaking; but there is an old French proverb
+which, says, "if you would shoot lions, don't begin by aiming at
+hares," and we believe there are fewer failures from attempting too
+much than from being content with too little. The success of
+<i>Calaynos</i> showed that the author had not aimed beyond his reach. The
+book attracted considerable attention, and its merits as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> vigorous
+and original play, were very generally recognized. Although written
+with no view to its representation on the stage, it did not escape the
+notice of actors and managers, and a copy happening to fall into the
+hands of Mr. Phelps, a distinguished English tragedian, it was first
+performed under his direction at the Theatre Royal, Saddler's Wells,
+Mr. Phelps himself taking the part of Calaynos. Its success as an
+acting play was most decided, and after keeping the stage at Saddler's
+Wells twenty or thirty nights, it went the round of the provinces. It
+has already been performed more than a hundred times in different
+parts of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><i>Calaynos</i> gives evidence of true dramatic genius. The characters are
+distinct and clearly drawn, and their individualities carefully
+preserved through all the movements of the plot, which is natural and
+naturally developed. The passion on which the action hinges, is the
+prejudice of blood between the Spanish and Moorish families of Spain.
+The interest of the plot, while it never loses sight of the hero, is
+shared in the first three acts by the other personages of the story,
+but concentrates at the close on Calaynos, whose outbursts of love and
+grief and revenge are drawn with striking power and eloquence. The
+play is enlivened with many humorous passages, wherein the author
+shows his mastery of this element, so necessary to the complete
+dramatist.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boker's next publication was the tragedy of <i>Anne Boleyn</i>, which
+appeared in February, 1850. In this work he touched on more familiar
+ground, and in some instances, in his treatment of historical
+characters, came in conflict with the opinions or prejudices of the
+critics. The necessity of adhering to history in the arrangement of
+the plot and selection of the dramatis person&aelig;, imposed some restraint
+on the author's mind, and hence, while <i>Anne Boleyn</i> exhibits a calmer
+and more secure strength, and a riper artistic knowledge than
+<i>Calaynos</i>, it lacks the fire and passionate fervor of some passages
+of the latter. We should not forget, however, that the Thames has a
+colder and sadder sun than the Guadalquiver. Objections have been made
+to Mr. Boker's King Henry, especially to his complaint of the torments
+of his conscience, and his moralizing over Norris's ingratitude. But
+those who cavil at these points seem to forget that however vile and
+heartless King Henry appears to them, he is a very different man to
+himself. The author's idea&mdash;and it is true to human nature&mdash;evidently
+is, that a criminal is not always guilty to his own mind. This marked
+insensibility of King Henry to his own false and corrupt nature is a
+subtle stroke of art.</p>
+
+<p>The language of the tragedy is strong, terse, and full of point,
+approaching the sturdy Saxon idiom of the early English dramatists. We
+might quote many passages in support of our opinion, as, for instance,
+the scene between the Queen and her brother, Lord Rochford; between
+the Queen and King Henry; Wyatt and Rochford, and King Henry and Jane
+Seymour. Two or three brief extracts we cannot avoid giving. Wyatt and
+Rochford are in "The Safety," the thieves' quarter of London&mdash;the St.
+Giles of that day. Wyatt speaks:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I oft have thought the watchful eye of God<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon this place ne'er rested; or that hell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had raised so black a smoke of densest sin<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That the All-Beautiful, appalled, shrunk back<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From its fierce ugliness. I tell you, friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the great treason, which shall surely come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To burst in shards law-bound society,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gives the first shudder, ere it grinds to dust<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thrones, ranks, and fortunes, and most cunning law&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the great temple of our social state<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Staggers and throbs, and totters back to chaos&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let men look here, here in this fiery mass<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of aged crime and primal ignorance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the hot heart of all the mystery!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here, on this howling sea, let fall the scourge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or pour the oil of mercy!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Rochford.</i>                        Pour the oil&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In God's name, pour the blessed oil! The scourge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bloody and fierce, has fallen for ages past<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the foreward crests within its reach;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet made no more impression on the mass<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than Persia's whips upon the Hellespont!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Wyatt's soliloquy on beholding Queen Anne led forth to execution is
+full of a rare and subtle beauty, both of thought and expression:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i19">"O Anne, Anne!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The world may banish all regard for thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mewing thy fame in frigid chronicles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But every memory that haunts my mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall cluster round thee still. <i>I'll hide thy name</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Under the coverture of even lines,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>I'll hint it darkly in familiar songs</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>I'll mix each melancholy thought of thee</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through all my numbers: <i>so that heedless men</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Shall hold my love for thee within their hearts,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Not knowing of the treasure</i>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The last scene, preceding the death of Anne Boleyn, is simple and
+almost homely in its entire want of poetic imagery; yet nothing could
+be more profoundly touching, and&mdash;in the highest sense of the
+word&mdash;tragic. The same tears which blur for us the lines of Browning's
+<i>Blot on the 'Scutcheon</i>, and the last words of Shelley's <i>Beatrice
+Cenci</i>, suffuse our eyes at this parting address of Anne Boleyn to her
+maidens, beside her on the scaffold:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i14">"And ye, my damsels,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who whilst I lived did ever show yourselves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So diligent in service, and are now<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To be here present in my latest hour<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of mortal agony&mdash;as in good times<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye were most trustworthy, even so in this,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My miserable death, ye leave me not.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As a poor recompense for your rich love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I pray you to take comfort for my loss&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet forget me not. To the king's grace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to the happier one whom you may serve<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In place of me, be faithful as to me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Learn from this scene, the triumph of my fate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To hold your honors far above your lives.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When you are praying to the martyred Christ,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remember me who, as my weakness could,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faltered afar behind His shining steps,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And died for truth, forgiving all mankind.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Lord have pity on my helpless soul!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Since the publication of <i>Anne Boleyn</i>, Mr. Boker has written two
+plays, <i>The Betrothal</i>, and <i>All the World a Mask</i>, both of which have
+been produced on the stage in Philadelphia with the most entire
+success. <i>Calaynos</i> was also played for a number of nights, Mr.
+Murdoch taking the principal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> part. <i>The Betrothal</i> was performed in
+New-York and Baltimore, with equal success. It is admirably adapted
+for an acting play. The plot is not tragic, though the closing scenes
+have a tragic air. The dialogue is more varied than in <i>Anne Boleyn</i>
+or <i>Calaynos</i>&mdash;now sparkling and full of point, now pithy, shrewd, and
+pregnant with worldly wisdom, and now tender, graceful, and poetic.
+<i>All the World a Mask</i> is a comedy of modern life. We have not seen it
+represented, and it has not yet been published; yet no one familiar
+with the fine healthy humor displayed in portions of <i>Calaynos</i> and
+<i>The Betrothal</i> can doubt the author's ability to sustain himself
+through a five-act comedy.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these plays, Mr. Boker has published from time to time,
+in the literary magazines, lyrics and ballads that would of themselves
+entitle him to rank among our most worthy poets. It is rare that a
+dramatic author possesses lyric genius, and <i>vice versa</i>, yet the true
+lyric inspiration is no less perceptible in Mr. Boker's <i>Song of the
+Earth</i> and <i>Vision of the Goblet</i>, than the true dramatic faculty in
+his <i>Anne Boleyn</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is a fresh, manly strength in his poetry, which may sometimes
+jar the melody a little, but never allows his verse to flag. The life
+which informs it was inhaled in the open air; it is sincere and
+earnest, and touched with that fine enthusiasm which is the
+heart's-blood of lyric poetry. Take, for instance, this glorious
+Bacchic, from the <i>Vision of the Goblet</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Joy! joy! with Bacchus and his satyr train,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In triumph throbs our merry Grecian earth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Joy! joy! the golden time has come again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A god shall bless the vine's illustrious birth!<br /></span>
+<span class="i24">Io, io, Bacche!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"O breezes, speed across the mellow lands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And breathe his coming to the joyous vine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let all the vineyards wave their leafy hands<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Upon the hills to greet this pomp divine!<br /></span>
+<span class="i24">Io, io, Bacche!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"O peaceful triumph, victory without tear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or human cry, or drop of conquered blood!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Save dew-beads bright, that on the vine appear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The choral shouts, the trampled grape's red flood!<br /></span>
+<span class="i24">Io, io, Bacche!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Shout, Hellas, shout! the lord of joy is come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bearing the mortal Lethe in his hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To wake the wailing lips of Sorrow dumb,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To bind sad Memory's eyes with rosy bands:<br /></span>
+<span class="i24">Io, io, Bacche!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Song of the Earth</i>, which shows a higher exercise of the
+poetic faculty than any thing else Mr. Boker has written, he has
+enriched the language with a new form of versification. Except in this
+poem, we do not remember ever to have seen <i>dactylic</i> blank verse
+attempted in the English language. The majestic and resonant harmonies
+of the measure are strikingly adapted to the poet's theme. The
+concluding <i>Chorus of Stars</i>, rebuking the Earth for her pride as the
+dwelling-place of the human soul, is a splendid effort of the
+imagination. We know not where to find surpassed the sounding sweep of
+the rhythm in the final lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Heir of eternity, Mother of Souls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let not thy knowledge betray thee to folly!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knowledge is proud, self-sufficient, and lone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trusting, unguided, its steps in the darkness.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thine is the wisdom that mankind may win,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gleaned in the pathway between joy and sorrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ours is the wisdom that hallows the child<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fresh from the touch of his awful Creator,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dropped like a star on thy shadowy realm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Falling in splendor, but falling to darken.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ours is the simple religion of Faith,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trusting alone in the God who o'errules us;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thine are the complex misgivings of Doubt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wrested to form by imperious Reason.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Knowledge is restless, imperfect, and sad;</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Faith is serene, and completed, and joyful.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bow in humility, bow thy proud forehead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Circle thy form with a mantle of clouds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Hide from the glittering cohorts of evening,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Wheeling in purity, singing in chorus:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Howl in the depths of thy lone, barren mountains,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Restlessly moan on the deserts of ocean,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Wail o'er thy fall in the desolate forests,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Lost star of Paradise, straying alone!</i>"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the flush of youth, fortunate in all the relations of life, and
+with a fame already secured, there is perhaps no American author to
+whom the future promises more than to Mr. Boker. He has that faithful
+reverence for his art which makes harmless the breath of praise, more
+dangerous to the poet than that of censure, and there are yet many
+years before him ere his mind attains its full scope and stature. That
+all these promises may be fulfilled, to his own honor and that of
+American literature, is the earnest hope of</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HERR_FLEISCHMANN" id="HERR_FLEISCHMANN"></a>HERR FLEISCHMANN</h2>
+
+<h3>ON THE INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE AMERICANS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the careful watch we keep of French, German, and other foreign
+literatures, for what will instruct or entertain the readers of the
+<i>International</i>, we are always sharp-sighted for any thing said of us
+or our institutions, whether it be in sympathy or in antipathy. So,
+for a recent number, we translated from the <i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i> a
+very clever paper on our American Female Poets, and on other occasions
+have reviewed or done into English a great many compositions which
+evinced the feeling of continental Europe in regard to our character
+and movements. We shall continue in this habit, as there is scarcely
+any thing ever more amusing than "what the world says" of our
+concerns, even when it is in the least amiable temper.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most interesting works published of late months in Germany,
+is <span class="smcap">Fleischmann's</span> <i>Erwerbszweige der Vereinigten Staaten
+Nord-America's</i>, (or Branches of Industry in the United States.) The
+reader who anticipates from this title a mere mass of statistics
+relative to the industrial condition of our own country will find
+himself agreeably disappointed. Statistics are indeed there&mdash;lists of
+figures and relative annual arrays of products, sufficient to satisfy
+any one that Mr. Fleischmann has turned the several years during which
+he was connected with the Patent Office at Washington to good account.
+But in addition to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> this there is a mass of information and
+observation, which, though nearly connected with the subject, was yet
+hardly to be expected. It is doubtful whether the social and domestic
+peculiarities of others or of ourselves be most attractive, but to
+those who prefer the latter, and who have lived as many do under the
+impression that our own habits and ways of life present little that is
+marked or distinctive, this work will be found not only interesting,
+but even amusing. For among those practising branches of industry, he
+not only includes blacksmiths, coopers, architects, planters, and
+pin-makers, but also clergymen, actors, circus-riders, model-artists,
+midwives, and boarding-house keepers! The main object of the work
+being to inform his countrymen who propose emigration, of the true
+state of the most available branches of industry in this country, and
+prevent on their part undue anticipation or disappointment, even these
+items cannot be deemed out of place. Cherishing an enthusiastic
+admiration of our country, and better informed in all probability in
+the branches of which he treats than any foreigner who has before
+ventured upon the subject, it is not astonishing that he should have
+produced a work which not only fully answers the object intended, but
+in a faithful translation would doubtless be extensively read by our
+own countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will find in this book many <i>little</i> traits of our domestic
+life, which, commonplace though they be, are not unattractive when
+thus reflected back on us, mirror-like, from another land. Take for
+example the following account of confectioners:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"All men are more or less fond of sweet food and dainties,
+and the wealthier a people may be, and consequently in more
+fit condition to add such luxuries to the necessaries of
+life, the greater will be its consumption of sugar. If we
+compare the sugar consumption of England with that of
+Germany, we find the first consumes a far greater quantity
+per head than the latter.</p>
+
+<p>"And in this respect the Americans are in no wise behind the
+English, since they not only at least twice a day drink
+either tea or coffee, which they abundantly sweeten,
+enjoying therewith vast quantities of preserved fruits, and
+every variety of cakes, but they have universally a
+remarkable appetite for sweets, which from childhood up is
+nourished with all sorts of confectionery. And this appetite
+is very generally retained even to an advanced age, so that
+all the <i>cents</i> of the children, and many of the dollars of
+those more advanced in life, go to the <i>candy-shops</i> and
+<i>confectioneries</i>. Add to this the numerous balls,
+marriages, and other festive occasions, particularly the
+parties in private houses, at which pyramids, temples, and
+other architectural and artistic works, founded on rocks of
+candied sugar, and bonsbons, are never wanting, we can
+readily imagine that in this country the confectioner's
+trade is a flourishing and brilliant business.</p>
+
+<p>"The Americans are, as is well known, universally a
+remarkably hospitable people, not only frequently
+entertaining guests in their homes, but also holding it as
+an established point of <i>bon ton</i>, to give one or two
+parties annually, to which <i>all</i> their friends are invited.
+The evening is then spent with music and dancing, concluded
+with an extremely elegant (<i>hochst elegant</i>) supper, at
+which the gentlemen wisely stick to the more substantial
+viands and champagne, but where abundance of sugar-work for
+the ladies is never wanting.</p>
+
+<p>"And since no family will be surpassed by another, the most
+incredible extravagance not infrequently results from this
+unfortunate spirit of rivalry. Confectionery is often
+brought for a certain party expressly from France, fresh
+fruits from the West Indies, and the stairways and rooms are
+adorned with the most exquisite flowers which Europe can
+yield, while the guests are served on costly porcelain and
+massive plate. In a word, the greatest imaginable expense is
+lavished on these festive occasions, which prevail in every
+class of society, and in none&mdash;be their degree what it
+may&mdash;are sugared sweets wanting: the poorer confining
+themselves, it is true, to such dainties as are the
+production of the country, excepting indeed a few bottles of
+champagne, which latter is absolutely indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>"I have deemed it necessary to touch upon these
+extravagances of American life, that I might show that while
+on the one hand an expert confectioner may readily find
+employment during the season, on the other that mere skill
+and industry are by no means sufficient of themselves to
+support an establishment grounded on credit.</p>
+
+<p>"Nearly all the small shopkeepers, fruit-dealers, and
+bar-keepers, sell candy and sugar-cakes, which they either
+prepare themselves or obtain from confectioners who not only
+carry on a wholesale business, <i>but even send large
+quantities of their products to the country dealers</i>. In
+Philadelphia, warm cakes are carried about for sale in the
+streets,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> the bearers thereof announcing their presence by
+the sound of a bell. French confectioners have already done
+much in this country toward improving the public taste, and
+excellent <i>bonsbons &agrave; la francaise</i> are now actually
+manufactured here, though we must admit that in the country
+there is a great consumption of confectionery and cakes by
+no means of a very good quality. In these regions a taste
+for '<i>horses</i>' (which are of cake greatly resembling
+gingerbread and made in the form of a horse) universally
+predominates, and not only children but even adults select
+these as a favorite dainty. It is no unusual spectacle to
+behold in the northern states an entire court&mdash;judge, jury,
+and lawyers&mdash;regaling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> themselves during an important trial
+on horse-cakes!"</p></div>
+
+<p>Whether Herr Fleischmann received this legal anecdote on hearsay, or
+whether his German soul was actually startled by stumbling upon such
+an extraordinary legal spectacle, we will not here inquire. In Germany
+the favorite dainty in this line is a <i>pretzel</i>, or carnival cake, in
+the form of a two-headed serpent, which antiquaries declare to be of
+oriental origin, and to conceal divers horrific mysteries of deeply
+metaphysical import. From the solemnity of tone with which Herr
+Fleischmann imparts this horse-cake story, we are half inclined to
+suspect that he inferred that a great ethical mystery, in some way
+connected with the administration of justice in America, might thus be
+conveyed.</p>
+
+<p>Under the head of spirit distilleries our author enters into a <i>na&iuml;f</i>
+and enthusiastic defence of good brandy, but still highly approves of
+the American custom of substituting coffee for grog in merchant
+vessels, on which he remarks that it is not allowed to soldiers or
+sailors to bring spirits into the forts or ships. "But they are so
+extravagantly fond of liquor as to invent every imaginable method of
+evading the regulation. I have been told," he says, "by persons of the
+highest credibility that during the night whisky is not unfrequently
+brought to the vicinity of military stations, and that the sentinels,
+after filling the barrels of their muskets therewith, bring it into
+the 'watch-room,' and divide the <i>loading</i> with their comrades."</p>
+
+<p>After remarking the melancholy fact, which the strictest examination
+would, we fear confirm, in a still higher degree, that the
+sewing-girls employed in our umbrella factories, tailor
+establishments, &amp;c., are very inadequately paid, he makes a statement
+which is, however, glaringly false, that among these poor girls
+corruption of manners prevails to a degree unknown in any country of
+Europe, save indeed "merry England." Without being familiar with such
+statistics, we are on the contrary firmly convinced that though
+females in these employments are <i>not</i> so well paid even as in
+Germany, there is no country on the face of the earth&mdash;most certainly
+not in Bavaria, Austria, or Prussia, where the standard of morals is
+in this respect so high as in our own. There are a thousand
+correlative facts in the state of society in our country which confirm
+our assertion. This opinion of our author's is, however, slightly at
+variance, as far as appearance is concerned, with a part of the
+following good advice to the more beautiful portion of his fair young
+countrywomen, who propose repairing to this country for the sake of
+catching husbands:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And I deem this a fit place to give them a warning, which I
+have before often repeated, namely, that these lovely
+beings, when they forsake their homes, also leave behind
+them their fantastic national dress. In this country long
+dresses are worn&mdash;and not merely frocks which barely reach
+the knee, as is usual in several parts of Germany. The same
+may be applied to their head-dresses, which are not
+unfrequently so eccentric as to give their wearers the
+appearance of having escaped from a lunatic asylum. On which
+account, I beg my <i>ladies</i>, or any women who design
+emigrating to this land of equality, to buy themselves
+French bonnets,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> or a similar style of head covering, but
+in no instance to run bareheaded about the streets, which is
+here remarkably unpopular, since neither widow, wife, nor
+maiden, ever appears in the public way without hat or
+bonnet. And I moreover beg of them, on their first arrival
+in the populous cities, to restrain their manifestations of
+affection to the house, where walls are the only witnesses,
+<i>and not to permit their lovers, fianc&eacute;es, or husbands, to
+clasp them about the waist, and lead them in this close
+embrace about the streets</i>, since this would be for
+Americans a scandalous spectacle. I will not assert that the
+American is incapable of tender feeling, but he at least
+observes decency in the public streets, and <i>apropos</i> of
+this, I would further remark, that in this country the wife
+or maiden invariably walks by the side of her male
+companion, and never follows after him in <i>Indian
+file</i>&mdash;that is, like geese returning from pasture."</p></div>
+
+<p>In his chapter on hat-makers, we are informed that neither French,
+Germans, nor English, can in this country compete with the Americans
+in the manufacture of hats; and that he was informed by a very
+intelligent manufacturer that the work of Germans by no means suited
+our market, and further, that within a few years past the use of caps
+has increased at least two thirds, though these are by no means so
+well adapted to carry papers, &amp;c., as hats, in which Americans are
+accustomed to convey their archives.</p>
+
+<p>Of boarding-houses:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"These extremely convenient establishments, in which
+lodging, food, and all things requisite, are provided, may
+be found in all the cities in the United States; but we
+first learn to duly appreciate their value, when, on
+returning to Germany, we find ourselves obliged either to
+lodge in a hotel, or for a short stay in a place hire and
+perhaps furnish rooms for ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>"These communistic institutions, where one person or family
+takes care of several, give the <i>boarder</i> all the
+conveniences of a hotel, united to the advantages of
+dwelling in a private family. He has opportunities of
+entering such society as is adapted to his habits and
+tastes, in addition to which he has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> what may be termed a
+<i>chez soi</i>&mdash;he feels that he is 'in house.'<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Such boarding-houses are generally kept by widows or old
+maids, and even ladies of the highest families take refuge
+in this branch of industry, to maintain respectably
+themselves and families.</p>
+
+<p>"Fashionable houses of this sort are splendidly furnished,
+and supplied with excellent dishes and attendance. In these
+the price is naturally high, since for a room, without fuel,
+from six to twelve dollars a week is generally paid. Rooms
+in the upper part of the house are of course cheaper. The
+parlor is common to all the persons in the house&mdash;they meet
+there, before and after meals, pass the evening with
+reading, music, &amp;c., receive visits, and live in all
+respects as if at home.</p>
+
+<p>"The Americans are of a very accommodating
+disposition&mdash;particularly the men, who, from a regard for
+the lady of the house, are easily contented. The ladies, on
+the contrary, very frequently indulge in little feuds,
+produced by the <i>ennui</i> resulting from a want of domestic
+employment, and living in common; but all are on the whole
+very circumspect, are careful to live <i>in Christian love and
+unity</i> with one another, and never offend external
+propriety.</p>
+
+<p>"It is not requisite in America to take a license from the
+police to establish a boarding-house, unless a bar-room be
+therewith connected. The person undertaking such an
+enterprise rents a house, makes it known in newspapers or
+among friends, or simply placards on the door
+'Boarding'&mdash;and the establishment is opened without further
+ceremony. Particular introductions and recommendations are
+requisite to be received in a boarding-house of higher
+rank."</p></div>
+
+<p>There is even yet a lingering prejudice prevailing in this country in
+favor of certain musical instruments of European manufacture, which
+this work is well adapted to dissipate, since the author appears to be
+in this particular an excellent judge. Take for example his chapter on
+pianos:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The favorite musical instrument of the American ladies is
+the piano, and in every family with the slightest
+pretensions to education or refinement a piano may certainly
+be found, upon which, of an evening, the young 'Miss' plays
+to her parents the pieces which she has learned, or
+accompanies them with her voice. If the stranger will walk
+of an evening through the streets of an American city, he
+can hear in almost every house a piano and the song of
+youthful voices, often very agreeable, though the latter are
+not unfrequently wanting in proper culture. Many of these
+amateurs have beyond doubt remarkable talent, and would in
+their art attain to a high degree of perfection if they had
+better opportunities to hear the best music, to study more
+industriously, and practice more than they do, but their
+domestic audiences are unfortunately easily pleased, in
+consequence of which their knowledge seldom extends beyond
+well known opera pieces and favorite popular airs.</p>
+
+<p>"A few years since, pianos were generally imported from
+Germany, England, and France, but it was soon found that
+their construction and material were by no means adapted to
+withstand the changes of the American climate; and it was
+also found that the enormous profit cleared by the
+importers, might quite as well be retained in this country,
+and there are consequently, at present, in Boston, New-York,
+Philadelphia, and even Baltimore, excellent and extensive
+'piano forte manufactories,' in which every portion of these
+instruments is constructed. For this purpose the best
+varieties of wood known are used, such as mahogany and
+rosewood, which, however, in America are obtainable at cheap
+rates. The cases are of the most solid construction
+possible, and the legs massive, (by which especially the
+firmest duration is insured) all constructed of the
+above-mentioned material, which is quickly and accurately
+cut into the requisite form by a machine.... By means of
+these and other improvements, but particularly by means of
+the material, are the American pianos not only far more
+durable than the imported, but also infinitely less subject
+to loss of tone.</p>
+
+<p>"The American pianos are invariably of a table form, in
+order to adapt them to small rooms. Their tone is sweet and
+rich, and has been pronounced clear, full and pleasing, by
+the best European performers. The pianos of Stottart
+(Stoddard) and Nunns, in New-York, of Laud and Mayer, in
+Philadelphia, and especially of Chickering, in Boston, enjoy
+a high reputation. This latter enterprising individual
+spares no expense to secure the best improvements, and apply
+them to his instruments. Other excellent manufactories also
+abound, among which are many German proprietors, who,
+however, all follow the American style of construction.</p>
+
+<p>"Previous to the year 1847, about sixty-four patents for
+improvements in pianos were taken out.... The average price
+of a splendid 'Chickering,' of 7-1/2 octaves, is from $350
+to $400. I have purchased of Stoddard in New-York an
+excellent and handsome instrument for $250; since which time
+(A. D. 1848) the price for the same has sunk fifty dollars.
+Instruments of a lighter construction may be bought for one
+hundred and fifty dollars; nor will it be long ere the best
+pianos may be had for a price ranging from $180 to $200.
+There are in America men whose exclusive business it is to
+tune pianos, for which they generally receive one dollar....</p>
+
+<p>"While on the subject of music, I may be permitted to speak
+of an outcast class of minstrels,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> namely, the harp girls;
+who, after having wandered through Germany, or even England,
+or having been turned out of the same, find their way to the
+United States. Especially in New Orleans are they at home,
+and there sing, in the coffee-houses and bar-rooms, most
+blackguard (<i>zotenhaften lieder</i>) songs, in the English
+language, learned either <i>at home or in England</i>&mdash;partly to
+the delight and partly to the disgust of the mixed companies
+there assembled. Germany can in truth take but little pride
+in such representatives of her nationality. She is already
+too little appreciated in America to render it necessary
+that such females should still further degrade her&mdash;females,
+for whom the American (who invariably holds in high respect
+the sex) entertains an unconquerable disgust. Apropos of
+those, I may mention the so-called 'broom girls,' who sell a
+sort of little brooms or fly-brushes, singing therewith
+fearful songs; and finally, the innumerable organ and
+tambourine players, who frequently have with them a child
+which dances like an ape to the sound of their horrible
+music."</p></div>
+
+<p>From the practical and common-sense-like manner in which the subject
+is treated, the following chapter on boarding-schools will probably
+prove interesting to every American reader:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Would not any one imagine that a nation like the German,
+which is universally recognized as the best educated and
+most erudite, which has written and effected so much for the
+cause of education, would naturally be the one to supply the
+world with accomplished teachers? Is there in the civilized
+world another nation where so many men have made it the
+entire business of a life, passed in the most zealous and
+deeply grounded studies of all languages, living and dead,
+or who have so fully succeeded in teaching even foreigners
+their own language? Certainly not. 'Whence comes it then,'
+any one may reasonably inquire, 'that these learned men, who
+appear to be, in every respect, so peculiarly adapted to
+teach, have not long since conducted the education of the
+whole world? Or why is it, that in North America at least,
+where a widely spread German element throws open so vast a
+field to their exertions, they have not the direction of
+every private school?'</p>
+
+<p>"Incomprehensible as this may appear at a first glance, it
+is still explicable in a few words. The American seeks, for
+the education of his children, <i>practical men, who are not
+only adapted to and skilled in their vocation, but also
+familiar with the world&mdash;its progress and requirements</i>&mdash;men
+not only capable of teaching their pupils the rules of
+grammar and syntax, but who are also qualified to impart the
+peculiarities and precepts of life in the world at
+large&mdash;men of prepossessing manner and appearance, and whose
+habits are adapted to the requirements of refined society.
+This it is, in a few words, that the American requires. And
+now, I ask&mdash;how many old and young teachers are there in
+Germany thus qualified?</p>
+
+<p>"I here speak, of course, in a general way; for I well know
+that there are in Germany many teachers and learned men, who
+could more than fulfil all of these requirements of the
+American parent, but their number is unfortunately limited;
+and I deem it important that I speak freely and fully on
+this subject, since many a learned German, whose
+acquirements and scientific knowledge would insure him an
+independent and respectable station at home, nevertheless
+frequently finds himself compelled by the pressure of
+circumstances to seek America, in the hope of there opening
+a school, or at least finding employment as teacher, and
+there too frequently, in addition to the bitterest
+disappointment, discovers too late that he is fit for no
+other practical employment which will yield him his daily
+bread.</p>
+
+<p>"As a proof, however, that most of these so called
+pedagogues must in America be necessarily deceived in their
+expectations, I take the liberty of adding yet a few words.</p>
+
+<p>"The American requires before all, as far as the moral
+qualifications of the teacher are concerned, a firm
+religious tendency&mdash;a requirement for which the scion of
+'Young Germany,' fresh from his university career, has but
+little taste; since his recollections of that life are yet
+too fresh upon him to admit of a willing submission to such
+rules,&mdash;and I advise any one who proposes to follow such a
+course to become a farmer's man, rather than a hypocrite or
+sham-saint....</p>
+
+<p>"If we proceed in our examination of private schools in
+America, we find that the majority are for the education of
+girls. Upon which the question arises&mdash;Are German ladies
+generally adapted to the superintendence of such
+establishments?&mdash;a question which I must either answer with
+No, or modify with the admission that if there be any
+schools managed by German ladies, I am ignorant of their
+existence. The cause for the negative being essentially the
+same as with the male scholars.</p>
+
+<p>"No man can better appreciate the worth of German women than
+myself. I acknowledge perfectly their virtues and
+excellencies&mdash;their domestic sphere is their world,
+inhabited by their children and ruled by their husbands,
+whose faithful, true-hearted, modest, obedient companions
+they are. To be independent and free is not in their nature;
+they are not so adapted either by origin or manner of life;
+nor does their education embrace any thing cosmopolitan.
+Born and brought up in a province, or court city, they have
+never cast a glance beyond its limits or boundaries, or
+those of the nearest town, and all that lies beyond is to
+them unknown and uninteresting. Thus they generally lead,
+according to ancient custom, (<i>nach altem brauch</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> an
+almost vegetable life; and nothing save the dictates of
+fashion can ever disturb in the slightest degree the
+equanimity of their quiet souls. They do not in the least
+interest themselves in the progress of industry, literature,
+science, or politics, even in Germany&mdash;much less for that of
+foreign countries; but are content with learning in which
+section of the place they inhabit this or that necessary
+article may be best or most cheaply purchased; what late
+foreign romance is current in the circulating library; and
+what are the latest changes in bonnets, caps, chemisettes,
+or dresses, in the kingdom of fashion&mdash;whose sovereign they
+all obey. In politics they rest under the perpetual
+conviction that all goes on in the old way, and pass their
+leisure hours in coteries and parties, where knittings
+exclude all <i>spirituelle</i> entertainment. In the lower grades
+of the middle class, they grow up with an unchangeable
+feeling of social inferiority, and shudder at every free
+glance into life, as if guilty of unheard of arrogance and
+presumption.</p>
+
+<p>"And how is it possible that a woman who has grown up in
+such social relations should, despite the fullest possession
+of all imaginable virtues and acquirements, be capable of
+teaching high-minded and independent girls? The American
+maiden regards most household employments as work requiring
+but little intelligence, and for which even negroes are as
+well qualified. She believes that she can better occupy the
+time necessary to the acquisition of subordinate
+acquirements, and prefers reading, music, and art, to
+knitting stockings, and similar soul-killing business. She
+recognizes, moreover, no distinction in rank, but strives to
+acquire as many accomplishments and as refined manners as
+any other person. In short, she strives to become <i>a lady</i>,
+and regards it as no extraordinary assumption, particularly
+when education or natural advantages adapt her thereto, to
+consider herself quite as good as any other woman in the
+republic. Nor does she forget that the time will come when,
+as mother, the first development of her child's mind will
+become a duty, and she remembers also that he will be a
+republican whose sphere of action is without limit, if his
+ability correspond only to the effort. Moreover, the
+American maidens are materially very <i>wide awake</i>, (<i>sehr
+auf gewecht</i>,) particularly in the large cities, where they
+enjoy excellent opportunities for instruction, and are
+proportionally highly educated.</p>
+
+<p>"The American woman or girl highly esteems the <i>elegant</i> and
+<i>noble</i>, striving ever to form herself after this pattern,
+on which account French female teachers are universally
+preferred, even when very imperfectly qualified. The
+revolutions in France have driven forth many well educated
+persons to America, who have been compelled to seek by
+teaching a livelihood. Louis Philippe himself was once among
+the number. In addition to the fact that no nation surpasses
+the French in personal accomplishments, they have for
+Americans the further recommendation that their nation has
+played an important part in modern history. The American is
+impressed in favor of France, because she aided him in
+freeing his country from the yoke of England; and this
+inclination manifests itself continually in language.</p>
+
+<p>"And when the American boy glances over his school-books, he
+sees France represented in pictures as the <i>polite</i> nation,
+and reads in history that she aided his country in the war
+of freedom, and that Lafayette was the <i>friend</i> of
+Washington; while the same work represents the German as a
+merely agricultural race, portrayed in the caricature of an
+Altenburger peasant and his wife, in their fantastic
+national dress. From the same book he also learns that a
+German prince sold his subjects for so many pounds per head
+to aid England to subdue his country. Such contrasts cannot
+but awake in the child's mind deeply-rooted prejudices, far
+from favorable to the German race.</p>
+
+<p>"And since there has been for years an emigration to America
+of Germans who were very generally poor and
+uneducated&mdash;people speaking a revolting dialect, employed in
+the lowest offices, and not unfrequently much resembling the
+pictures in the geographies, the prejudice formed in early
+youth has been thus strengthened, that the Germans are a
+rough, uncultivated race, industrious and domestic, it is
+true, but yet very little improved by civilization&mdash;of all
+which the native Pennsylvania Germans afford unfortunately
+striking examples. The well-educated American, of course,
+knows better how to appreciate the true value of the
+Germans; he is aware of the value of their contributions to
+literature, science, art, and music; only in politics, and
+in the practical application of knowledge, he places (and
+not without justice) but little confidence in them.</p>
+
+<p>"But the personal appearance and bearing of many Germans,
+who are in themselves truly worthy of respect, often induce
+the well-educated and refined American to place in the back
+ground their otherwise estimable qualities. There is often
+something rough and harsh about the German, and his domestic
+habits are not invariably in unison with his erudition and
+excellent education, but frequently destroy the good
+impression which the latter might produce; moreover, their
+'<i>geselliges Leben</i>,' (social jovial life) as Germans term
+it, with its accompaniments of pipe and mug, are in the
+highest degree revolting to an American. And further, it is
+taken ill of the German that he considers that regard for
+the sex, entertained by the American, as carried somewhat
+too far, and allows himself to form on this point a too
+hasty, and not seldom unfavorable judgment, without seeking
+to examine more accurately this domestic characteristic.
+Many Germans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> find it impossible to enter into the spirit of
+American life, customs, and manners, while on religious
+subjects it appears impossible for either to adopt the same
+views: so that there is apparently almost no point in common
+between them."</p></div>
+
+<p>After stating that many educated Germans might succeed as teachers in
+this country, could they dispense with national peculiarities, and a
+description of the manner of establishing schools, in which he pays a
+high compliment to the general appearance of such institutions in our
+country, he adds:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The superintendent of such an establishment must entirely
+renounce all visits to bar-rooms and coffee-houses. He must
+learn to impart to his system of instruction the elements of
+novelty and attractiveness, and especially learn to make
+friends of the children. It is utterly impossible in this
+country to manage a school by the mere force of power and
+authority, and the teacher attempting this, soon experiences
+a revolution by which indeed he is not exactly <i>driven
+forth</i>, but left <i>alone</i> on his <i>cathedra</i>."</p></div>
+
+<p>With this extract we close, regretting that we have been obliged to
+leave untranslated many more practical and not less interesting items.
+We consider the entire work as the best possible answer which can be
+given to the question, '<i>Why has America done so little for England's
+fair?</i>' No one who contemplates in it the immense range of our
+manufactories&mdash;our incredible combinations of excellence and
+cheapness, and the almost superhuman rapidity of our progress in every
+branch of industrial and social life, will entertain for an instant
+the slightest regret that we have not done more to increase the
+profits of John Bull's raree-show.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Muffins?&mdash;<i>International.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Pariser-tracht</i>&mdash;French dress&mdash;is the epithet usually
+applied in Germany to our ordinary style of costume, in
+contradistinction to the <i>Bauern-tracht</i>, or peasant's costume, which
+is so frequently seen among German immigrants.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Zu hause</i>&mdash;at house, at home. In this sentence the
+reader finds a striking exemplification of the saying, that neither in
+French nor German is there a word for <i>home</i>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IN_THE_HAREM" id="IN_THE_HAREM"></a>IN THE HAREM.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY R. H. STODDARD.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The scent of burning sandal-wood<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Perfumes the air in vain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sweeter odor fills my sense,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A fiercer fire my brain!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O press your burning lips to mine!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For mine will never part,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Until my heart has rifled all<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sweetness of your heart!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The lutes are playing on the lawn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The moon is shining bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But we like stars are melting now<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In clouds of soft delight!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TO_THE_CICADA" id="TO_THE_CICADA"></a>TO THE CICADA.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY H. J. CRATE.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cicada sits upon a sprig,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And makes his song resound;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For he is happy when a twig<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lifts him above the ground.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And so am I, when lifted up<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On hopes delusive wing;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I laugh, and quaff the flowing cup,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I love, I write, I sing!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Should clouds or cares obscure our sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And all be gloom around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My merry little friend and I<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Soon tumble to the ground.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TRICKS_ON_TRAVELLERS_AT_WATERLOO" id="TRICKS_ON_TRAVELLERS_AT_WATERLOO"></a>TRICKS ON TRAVELLERS AT WATERLOO.</h2>
+
+
+<p>M. Leon Gozlan, one of the most esteemed magazinists in France, has
+lately paid a flying visit to the scene of his country's most glorious
+disasters, Waterloo, and has given a characteristic account of what he
+saw and heard there. We quote a part of it, in which he describes a
+knavish practice of which great numbers are every year made victims.
+M. Gozlan has just passed through the Brussels <i>faubourg</i> Louisa, and
+is oppressed with most melancholy reflections, when his coachman
+addresses him&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir," exclaimed my conductor, suddenly interrupting my
+meditations, "excuse me if I am troublesome, but before
+arriving at Mont-Saint-Jean I wish to warn you of a knavish
+trade you have probably never heard of at Paris."</p>
+
+<p>"A knavish trade unknown at Paris?" I replied,
+incredulously; "that is rather surprising. But come, tell me
+what is this new species of industry."</p>
+
+<p>"You can easily suppose," pursued my loquacious coachman,
+"that after the battle of Waterloo there remained on the
+field a large quantity of cannon-balls, buttons, small brass
+eagles, and broken weapons. Well, for the last thirty-four
+years, the country people have been carrying on a famous
+business in these articles."</p>
+
+<p>"It seems to me, however, my friend," I observed, "that a
+sale continued for so long a period, must have left very
+little to be disposed of at present."</p>
+
+<p>"True, sir; and this is precisely what I would guard you
+against. Those who obtain a subsistence by such means,
+purchase the goods new at a manufactory, in shares, and then
+bury in different parts of the field, and for a wide space
+around, pieces of imperial brass eagles, thousands of metal
+buttons, and heaps of iron balls. This crop is allowed to
+rest in the earth until summer, for few strangers visit
+Waterloo in winter; and when the fine weather arrives, they
+dig up their relics, to which a sojourn of eight months in a
+damp soil gives an appearance of age, deceiving the keenest
+observer, and awakening the admiration of pilgrims."</p>
+
+<p>"But this is a shameful deceit."</p>
+
+<p>"True again, sir; but the country is very poor about here;
+and after all, perhaps," added the philosophic driver, "no
+great harm is done. This year the harvest of brass eagles
+has been very fair."</p>
+
+<p>We entered the forest of Soignies by a narrow and naturally
+covered alley, the two sides crowned with the most luxuriant
+foliage. Poplars, elms, and plane-trees appeared to be
+striving which should attain the highest elevation. One
+peculiarity I could not avoid remarking in the midst of this
+solemn and beautiful abode of nature, and that was the
+perfect stillness prevailing around. The air itself seemed
+without palpitation, and during a ride of nearly two hours
+through this sylvan gallery, not even the note of a bird
+broke on the solitude. A forest without feathered songsters
+appeared unnatural, and the only possible reason that could
+be imagined for such a circumstance might be, that since the
+formidable day of Waterloo, they had quitted these shades,
+never to return, frightened away by the roar of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> the cannon
+and the dismal noise of war. What melancholy is impressed
+upon the beautiful forest of Soignies! I cannot overcome the
+idea, that since Providence destined it should become the
+mute spectator of the great event in its vicinity, it has
+retained the mysterious memory in the folding of its leaves
+and the depths of its shades. Destiny designs the theatre
+for grand actions. An army of one hundred thousand men
+perished there. Such was the irrevocable decree.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think," I inquired of the coachman, wishing to
+change the current of my thoughts, "there are persons so
+unscrupulous as to speculate on the curiosity of tourists to
+Waterloo in the manner you have described?"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, sir," he replied, "I have not told you half the tricks
+they practice on the credulous. It would indeed fatigue you
+if I mentioned all of them, but if you will permit me, I
+will relate an instance I witnessed myself one day. I was
+conducting from Waterloo to Brussels a French artist and a
+Prussian tourist. The Prussian supported on his knee some
+object very carefully enveloped in a handkerchief, and which
+he seemed to value greatly. When we had arrived about midway
+on the road, he inquired of the Frenchman whether he had
+brought away with him any souvenir of his pilgrimage to
+Waterloo.</p>
+
+<p>"'In good faith no,' replied the other; and yet I was on the
+point of making a certain acquisition, but the exorbitant
+price demanded prevented me: one hundred francs, besides the
+trouble of carrying off such an article.'</p>
+
+<p>"'What could it have been?' demanded the Prussian,
+curiously.</p>
+
+<p>"'You must not feel offended if I tell you,' returned the
+artist; 'it was the skull of a Prussian colonel, a
+magnificent one! And what rendered it more valuable, it was
+pierced by three holes, made by the balls of Waterloo. One
+was in the forehead, the others were through the temples. I
+should have had no objection to secure this, if I could have
+afforded it, and have had a lamp made of the skull of a
+Prussian officer killed by the French. And you, sir?' he
+continued, looking at the packet carried by his
+fellow-traveller, 'pray what luck have you had?'</p>
+
+<p>"'I,' replied the Prussian, with an uneasy movement, and
+looking greatly confused, 'I am astonished at the wonderful
+resemblance of what has happened to both of us, for I
+purchased this morning the skull of a French colonel killed
+by a Prussian at Waterloo.'</p>
+
+<p>"'You, sir?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Y&mdash;e&mdash;s,' stammered the Prussian, 'and I thought of having
+it made into a cup to drink the health of Blucher at each
+anniversary of our victory.'</p>
+
+<p>"'And is the skull pierced by three bullets?' demanded the
+Frenchman, his suspicions becoming awakened.</p>
+
+<p>"With a look of consternation the Prussian hastily unrolled
+the handkerchief, and examined the contents. The skull bore
+the same marks indicated by his travelling companion! It was
+the identical relic that was French when offered to an
+Englishman or Prussian, and had become Prussian or English
+when offered to a Frenchman.</p>
+
+<p>"This, sir," added Jehu, smacking his whip, "you will admit,
+is worse than selling false brass buttons and the Emperor's
+eagles."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="STUDIES_OF_AMERICAN_LITERATURE" id="STUDIES_OF_AMERICAN_LITERATURE"></a>STUDIES OF AMERICAN LITERATURE,</h2>
+
+<h3>BY PHILAR&Egrave;TE CHASLES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>We have frequently been interested by the clever contributions of <span class="smcap">M.
+Philar&egrave;te Chasles</span> to the <i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>. They are chiefly on
+English and American literature, and among them are specimens of acute
+and genial criticism. M. Chasles has just published in Paris a
+collection of these papers, and we translate for <i>The International</i> a
+reviewal of it which appears in a late number of the French journal,
+the <i>Illustration</i>. Says the writer, M. Hipolyte Babou:</p>
+
+<p>Books are becoming scarce. To be sure, volume upon volume is published
+every day, but a book that is a book is a <i>rara avis</i>, and if any one
+should inquire whose fault it is, we reply that it is the fault of the
+press, constantly requiring the first-fruits of a writer's
+meditations. The journalist has displaced the author. The fugitive
+page rules the great world of literature. Wit, talent, genius,
+science, have not time to consolidate their thoughts, before they are
+disseminated. They are like the folds of the birchen bark, thrown off
+as soon as formed, to give place to new ones. And these in their turn
+fall, and are scattered. But, when we wish it, we can collect our
+literary leaves. How many handsome volumes are made up of weekly and
+monthly pages! The binder runs his needle through a collection, and
+the book is made.</p>
+
+<p>What kind of book? Ah, truly, it is not the venerable work of past
+days, which took ten years to print and bring to perfection,
+establishing at once a literary fame. It is simply a series of
+articles written by steam, printed by steam, and some bright morning
+bound up under a common title. But what is the story and the
+attraction of such works? Bless you! there is no story. The attraction
+is in the style (when there is any) and in the variety of subjects,
+which generally produces a variety of impressions.</p>
+
+<p>For an ordinary reader, to whom continued attention produces headache,
+there is nothing more agreeable than those album-pages, or fragments
+of mosaic. Thinking and serious minds turn rather towards works of
+consecutive reflection, or whose details contribute to the beauty of
+some whole. Variety is the wind to the weather-cock; and unity is the
+inflexible pivot which every weather-cock requires to keep it from
+being blown away. Thoughtful minds prefer unity above every thing. And
+yet they are only heavier weather-cocks, which turn round with a
+grating.</p>
+
+<p>Nervous and discursive reader! logical and phlegmatic reader! here is
+a book which will suit you both. M. Philar&egrave;te Chasles has just
+published expressly for you his <i>Studies upon the Literature and
+Manners of the Anglo-Americans in the Nineteenth Century</i>. It is a
+work by compartments, any of them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> interesting to the superficial
+reader, and forming at the same time a perfect whole.</p>
+
+<p>Under the influence of a spirit of order, which professors by their
+vocation are very apt to possess in an eminent degree, the author has
+composed his work, not of articles written for journals, but by
+detailing articles a work whose plan he had before considered. The
+general design, to which he is obedient, is clearly developed, page by
+page, in his curious studies upon the Anglo-Americans.</p>
+
+<p>It is a vile term&mdash;that of Anglo-American&mdash;a pedantic term&mdash;and rather
+surprising from the pen of Chasles. For, professor as he is, he
+despises pedantry as the plague. There is nothing doctoral in his
+literary costume; and if he has any pretension, it resembles in no
+particular the grave assumptions of the cathedrants of the university.
+It would be a mortification to him to belong to the school of the
+Sorbonne. He is a member of the free family of the College of France,
+where individual genius has triumphed more than once over the sterile
+routine of tradition.</p>
+
+<p>Before filling the chair of professor, the author of <i>Etudes</i> had
+written much in journals and reviews. He writes still, and is always
+welcome to the public. For, it may be remarked without malice, he has
+always had a larger audience of readers than of listeners. And that it
+is so is rather complimentary than otherwise. How is it, indeed, that
+the intellectual humorist succeeds better as an author than as a
+teacher? What does he need to insure, if he wishes it, the
+enthusiastic admiration of the young public whom he instructs? Has he
+not at command those vivid flashings of the imagination which, by an
+electric sympathy, might bring down about him thunders of applause? Is
+he fearful that his gesture and his voice would not become his
+thought? Does he disdain to have recourse, hap-hazard, to the little
+artifices of eloquence? It is very easy to gain popularity by a
+juggle, when it cannot be done by the force of true oratory. Be
+enthusiastic of your merits. Mingle with the swellings of poetry a
+certain dogmatism of opinion&mdash;call to your aid assurance, impudence,
+and all the insipidities of the <i>style printanier</i>&mdash;fire, as it were,
+pistol-shots into the audience, and continue the fire by a brilliant
+musketry of little fulminating phrases&mdash;the victory is yours, unless
+you are essentially an ass. For youth&mdash;verdant youth&mdash;will always be
+carried away by the expression, true or false, of feeling.</p>
+
+<p>M. Philar&egrave;te Chasles is said to want in some degree that great
+constituent of humanity&mdash;passion. He is one of those refined and
+delicate writers who employ all their genius to ridicule the mind, and
+all their reason to drive to shipwreck upon the beautiful waters of
+poesie the most charming flotillas of the imagination. He belongs to
+the breed of sharp raillers, whose skepticism points an epigram. In a
+word, there is no reverse side for his admiration on any question&mdash;a
+habit of judging quite common among many writers, genuine and
+charlatan.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not saying that the author of <i>Etudes</i> does not feel
+deeply the irresistible attraction of the beau ideal; or that we are
+treating of one of those representatives of pompous and stupid
+criticism, who are so justly despised by the poets. Certainly not. On
+the contrary, M. Chasles combines a vigorous hate of ornate folly and
+vulgarity with a profound disgust towards tame or extravagant
+conventionalism. The academic style has no fascination for him. He
+likes elbow-room in the discussion of art, and if he finds himself
+confined by the close-fitting coat of the professor, he rips it
+asunder, stretching out his arms in a fit of restlessness. A
+protective literature regards him among its most resolute adversaries.
+No custom-houses in literature for him, and particularly no excisemen,
+who, under pretext of contraband, drive their brutal gauge-rods into
+the free productions of human intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>M. Philar&egrave;te Chasles is a literary disciple of Cobden. He would not
+only lower the barriers between province and province, but wholly
+abolish them between nation and nation. His imagination carries him as
+a balloon beyond the tops of custom-houses; and after visiting the
+shores of England and America, he returns to France with some curious
+samples of foreign literature. By this come-and-go policy of
+importation and exportation, he has created, or at least developed, a
+noble spirit of commerce, which may be termed international criticism.</p>
+
+<p>This commerce is particularly useful for us who are always ready to
+proclaim ourselves in every thing and to every one the first nation of
+the globe. It is an auspicious time therefore to become acquainted
+with the weaknesses of our character without losing its force. The
+glory of the past obliges us to think of the glory of the future,
+which can be easily lost to us if ambition does not come in time to
+animate our courage. To deny that there are rivals is no way to
+conquer them. It is a great deal better to study them attentively, and
+to consider beforehand the perils of the combat. We are indeed the
+heroes of genius, but if we misapprehend the tactics, we say it
+frankly, we shall be beaten.</p>
+
+<p>The author of the <i>Etudes</i> wishes to spare us such a humiliation, by
+telling us of the enemy as he is; and in this sense his work is truly
+patriotic, and cannot be unacceptable to any.</p>
+
+<p>Many writers have instituted a relation between us and the Latins and
+Greeks. M. Chasles thinks that to remember the glorious dead of the
+south is to engender contempt for the living. It is not then towards
+the south that he directs his attention. The Saxon race, beyond the
+British Sea and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> Atlantic, preoccupies him. The nations in
+progress are those most hopeful for new and immortal productions of
+the muse. The rest of the world is given to an incurable imitation.
+And M. Chasles is right in bringing us into the presence of the
+English and the Americans. He is sufficiently conversant with their
+language to fulfil the delicate functions of interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>I know writers who, on account of studying foreign literature, so bear
+the imprints of it in their works, that one would say in reading them,
+that he had before him French translations of Italian or German, or
+English, or Spanish. The literary temperament of M. Chasles, however,
+is not changed, notwithstanding his migrations. The author of <i>Etudes</i>
+thinks in French, writes in French, and what is more, in French
+inherited from a Gaul. He preserves in his mind the brightness of his
+native sky, whether he wanders in the fogs of London, or is becoming a
+victim of ennui among the vapors of New-York. His pen seems to strike
+out sparks as he writes. He is active and bold, strong and light,
+independent and courteous. Nothing stops him. He runs oftener than he
+walks, and leaps over an obstacle that he may not lose time in going
+round it. Indeed, every thing is accomplished well by the intelligence
+that judges as it travels. Reflection itself is rapid, and logic
+hastens the step and smooths the way. A light and tripping foot
+belongs especially to criticism. If it raises a little brilliant dust
+in the road, it is no matter, it soon falls again. M. Chasles has no
+taste for old truths; he prefers much some kind of paradox which is
+now a truth and now a lie. It is for this reason that foreigners
+reproach him with being superficial. Very well! let him be so. He is a
+true Frenchman, for he touches only the flower of ideas, and, for a
+Frenchman, the flower and the surface are all one.</p>
+
+<p>It is not just, however, to regard this reproach as wholly merited,
+although (originating beyond the British Sea) it is reproduced among
+us by those would-be grave men who are dull writers. M. Chasles often
+allies lightness of expression with great profundity of thought. His
+style cuts as a blade of steel. He has eloquence, gayety, irony,
+caprice, and all in a perfect measure. No style resembles less the
+childish dashes of persons of wit, and who possess nothing else&mdash;who
+play the mountebank by a hundred tricks to astonish the gaping
+crowd&mdash;a light style, if you please, but empty as it is light.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Etudes</i> of M. Chasles are not of that superficial character
+adopted by many. The admiration of ninnies is not his desire. The
+object that he pursues continues ever a serious one, although a
+thousand graces ornament the way. He has vivacity without losing
+precision&mdash;two characteristics of good writing seldom found together.
+If he indulges in digressions, they are not perceptible until the
+reappearance of his subject shows us how gracefully he has departed
+from it. He passes rapidly over what is known, while with an especial
+care he dwells on what is unknown. Thus, in the history of American
+literature he does not amuse himself long with the popular names of
+Fenimore Cooper and Franklin. What could he say new respecting these
+two great ornaments of American science and literature? His instinct
+of observation and criticism suggested to him the works less known of
+Gouverneur Morris and Hermann Melville. Between these two writers, of
+whom one was the contemporary of Washington, and the other still
+living in some corner of Massachusetts, are ranged according to their
+date the productions of the writers of the great American nation.</p>
+
+<p>Gouverneur Morris was of a noble spirit. His <i>M&eacute;moires</i> represent to
+us, with a full and attractive fidelity, the opinion which the young
+and tranquil republic of the United States entertained at the close of
+the eighteenth century, of the men and the events of our French
+Revolution. He was far from misunderstanding the abuses of our ancient
+society, but he deplored that it was necessary for violence to abolish
+them. A sensible and polished observer, he criticised them without
+passion, and with a benevolent irony. Let us hear him tell of a
+conversation he had, at Madame de la Suze's, with one of the most
+brilliant leaders of the gay world that had just perished. In a few
+lines, he presents an admirable sketch of the personage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The rest of our party were playing at cards, and quite
+absorbed in the game, when M. de Boufflers, in want of
+something better to do, spoke to me of America. The
+carelessness with which he heard me proved that he did not
+pay the least attention to what he had asked me.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;"But how could you defend your country from invasion
+without fleets and armies?"</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing could be more difficult," replied Morris, "than to
+subjugate a nation composed of kings, and who, if looked
+upon contemptuously, would respond: '<i>I am a man; are you
+any thing more?</i>'"</p>
+
+<p>"Very well," said M. de Boufflers. "But how would you like
+it, if I should say to one of those citizen-kings: Monsieur,
+the king, make me a pair of boots!"</p>
+
+<p>"My compatriot," said Morris, "would not hesitate to reply:
+'With great pleasure, sir. It is my duty and my vocation to
+make boots, and I could wish that every one would do his
+duty in this world."'</p></div>
+
+<p>M. de Boufflers looked up to the ceiling as if in search of a solution
+of this enigma, and Morris contemplated him, as much surprised as if,
+in the forests of the New World, he had heard a humming-bird reason of
+the affairs of the Republic. And it was thus with all that class of
+men&mdash;the same elegance&mdash;the same luxury&mdash;the same prattle&mdash;the same
+heedlessness. All these courtiers of the last hour resembled precisely
+M. de Boufflers. The same day, indeed, of the taking of the Bastile,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+Morris traced two lines upon the tablettes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is very well that the court should appear to believe
+that all is tranquil; but to-morrow, perhaps, when the
+citadelle is in flames, they will agree that there has been
+some noise in Paris."</p></div>
+
+<p>Some time before, the grave and gentle American had met Madame de
+Sta&euml;l at Madame de Tesse's; the daughter of Necker conversed with him
+in another style than that of M. de Boufflers. However, quite serious
+as Corinne certainly was, the dignity of the compatriot of Washington
+surprised and diverted her.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Monsieur," she said, after a moment's conversation, "you
+have a very imposing air."</p>
+
+<p>"I know it, Madame," replied Morris.</p></div>
+
+<p>The English literature constantly serves M. Chasles, to bring into
+relief the character of American literature. And thus, he opposes the
+peaceful inspirations of the work-girls of Lowell with the passionate
+dithyrambics of Ebenezer Elliott, the blacksmith of Sheffield&mdash;a
+chapter full of just remarks upon what Chasles calls the poetry of
+vengeance.</p>
+
+<p>The girls of Lowell&mdash;the Lucindas, the Alleghanias, the Tancredas, the
+Velledas&mdash;who, after a day's labor, pass into the street in silken
+dresses, with gold watches shining at their zone, and their beautiful
+faces shaded by parasols&mdash;those Massachusetts weavers, who have even
+instituted an academy among themselves&mdash;do not in their innocent
+verses, invoke the vengeful muses. They know nothing of that terrible
+Nemesis, with cheeks hollow and ghastly, armed hands, and eyes red
+with poverty and weeping, to whom the poor workers of British
+factories send up the cry of famine and despair. If the female
+operatives of Lowell read the work of M. Philar&egrave;te Chasles, they will
+find there an encouragement to cultivate the smiling thoughts of
+poetry. He, no more than George Sand, notwithstanding her sympathies
+for the working classes, either loves or encourages the irritable
+singers of social sufferings.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"What," he exclaims, "has become of the glorious Apollo of
+the Greek? Where is the sunny ideal of the hellenistic
+heavens? Where the sacred sorrows of Christian perfection?
+Poetry is no more a garden of roses; it is a wild field of
+thorns, wherein he who walks leaves tracks of blood. At the
+entrance of this Parnassus stands Poverty, whom Virgil
+places <i>in faucibus orci</i>. Her complaints are in the midst
+of curses. She holds in her hand a skull, with strings of
+iron, and she sweeps them as a lyre with golden chords.
+Behind her are Crabbe, the Juvenal of the hospitals;
+Ebenezer Elliott, the singer of hunger; Cooper, the poet of
+suicide, and the author of <i>Ernest</i>, followed by a miserable
+train of children, whom manufacturers have famished, and
+young women whom excessive labor has demoralized and
+prostituted in the morning of their life. Mournful choir, to
+which these poets worthily respond."</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not very pleasant, to be sure, for a reader to pass from some
+agreeable representation to a frightful array of evils. The spectacle
+but too true of social infirmities troubles the sleep of the happy,
+and awakes with a start the drowsy hate of the unhappy. But there is
+no reason why he who suffers, should not utter his complaint. The
+Bible itself is not a stranger to vehement protestations against the
+apparent injustice of destiny. When Job arose from the ashes, surely
+it was not to sing to the passers-by some touching idylle in the style
+of Ruth and Naomi. He accused heaven and life, he cursed his friends,
+and his mother, without troubling himself to know whether his sorrows
+reached the lovers' palm-groves, or disturbed the wooings of the
+daughters of Idumea. The Sheffield blacksmith, among flaming furnaces,
+cannot sing the voluptuous sweets of existence. He strikes the anvil
+with a ring, and exclaims in a rough voice, amid smoke and fire:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Accursed be the muse of necessity and suffering! Who wishes
+her acquaintance? The poor, so despised! Write not their
+frightful history. Pride and vanity despise your labors. Who
+is he, I pray you, that artizan who uses the pen? What right
+has he to do so? Absurd rhymer, let him retire and pare his
+nails&mdash;and renounce a species of industry for which he was
+never made. You are accustomed only to oaths, and you are
+only a rough worker in poetry."</p></div>
+
+<p>M. Chasles does not deny the right of artizans to employ the pen.
+Ignoble or noble&mdash;a serf or a lord&mdash;whether he is called Burns, or
+Chasles of Orleans&mdash;whether he is a porter, a laborer, or even a
+drunkard, from the moment that there is seen upon his brow the radiant
+sign of genius, he is known. To wonder that an artizan is a poet, is
+to think it marvellous that beauty should bloom upon the cheek of a
+village maid. The gift is natural, and not acquired; and the mechanic
+who writes either prose or poetry must be judged with as much severity
+as if he were a king. It is not astonishing, therefore, that the
+author of the <i>Etudes</i> judges severely the blacksmith of Sheffield.
+But the latter seems to have anticipated the severity of the critic,
+when he says with an accent of the most mournful bitterness:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Do not read me, ye who love elegance and grace. Alight not,
+ye butterflies, among thorns&mdash;nor upon rocks burning in the
+sun and beaten by the rains&mdash;you may tarnish the gauze of
+your beautiful wings. But you who honor truth, follow me. I
+will bring you wild flowers, gathered from the precipice,
+amid howling tempests."</p></div>
+
+<p>While we inhale the perfume of the <i>flowers of the heath</i>, we can
+honor truth, without being <i>foolish flies</i>, and without renouncing the
+love of the <i>elegant and graceful</i>. Not less did M. Chasles write to
+the <i>Journal des D&eacute;bats</i>, a little before the revolution, in those
+generous words which we are happy to see again in his book:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is for you, politicians, to find a remedy for the evils
+of society. The interests of the masses are in your
+hands&mdash;those who have not enough to eat, and too much work.
+The verses of famished workmen, which we cannot sing, we
+weep over. The muse of Cooper, of Elliott, and of Crabbe,
+is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> not a muse, but a fury. You are reminded, that in
+accumulating wealth in one direction, you are increasing
+poverty in another; and that the poverty which complains at
+first avenges itself afterward."</p></div>
+
+<p>I do not know whether these words were prophetic, but I see in them a
+noble sentiment, unfortunately too rare among those who love elegance
+and grace. Let us be elegant, if we can; gracious, if we know how.
+But, besides those desirable qualities of the old French society, let
+us show in the light of heaven that living active charity which only
+can strengthen by purifying the existence of the new order of society.
+The grandchildren of Boufflers, we expose ourselves no more to
+ridicule in saying: "Monsieur le roi, faite-moi une paire de
+souliers." The king will make the shoes if it is his vocation. The
+grandchildren of Boufflers should do their duty&mdash;that is to say:
+contribute with all their mind to find out, according to the
+expression of Chasles, efficacious remedies for social evils. When
+workmen are more happy, they will write less poetry, or at least they
+will write more calmly. See the American spinners of Lowell. Ah!
+Lucinda or Tancreda has never lifted up her voice to heaven with the
+despair of Elliott. An amorous complaint suffices her; a sonnet, or a
+love-sigh, breathed by the light of the stars, consoles her for the
+labors of the day. American society works first; when it has conquered
+an independence, it sings. All Americans do not accept the saying of
+one of their journalists: "Political and practical life is sufficient
+for man. Imagination is a peril&mdash;arts a misfortune." So far from
+proscribing the arts and imagination, Cooper, Irving, Audubon, and
+many others are among those who have magnified the literature of their
+country. But the greater part, with that fruitful wisdom which
+characterizes them, applaud the advice of Channing:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I made a resolution of presenting a gift to my country in
+the form of an epic. But I had prudence enough to postpone
+it until I should have a fortune. I then commenced to make
+my business known, after which I retired into solitude with
+my imagination."</p></div>
+
+<p>In Europe it is just the contrary. We ask the imagination to make our
+business known, and we retire into solitude with our fortune or our
+poverty. Which course avails the more for our glory? Which for our
+repose?</p>
+
+<p>The conclusion of the work of M. Chasles is, that our literature, our
+manners, our nationality even, will some day disappear before the
+rising glory of the great Western Republic, but I can declare without
+emotion that I have no fear of my country. America offers us examples;
+we also have some to offer her. The future of the United States is
+developed day by day in a manner that astonishes Europe. But
+notwithstanding the <i>patriotes de clocher</i>, and French <i>humanitaires</i>
+who suppress the very word native country, I believe in the higher
+destinies of France.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_PHANTASY" id="A_PHANTASY"></a>A PHANTASY.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY R. H. STODDARD.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The light of the summer noon<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bursts in a flood through the blind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But few are the rays of joy<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That shine in my darkened mind.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My heart is stirred to a storm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And its passions intense and proud<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Feed on themselves, like fires<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pent in a thunder-cloud!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I think of the days of youth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the fountains of love defiled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till I hide my face in my hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And weep like a little child!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_TIMES_OF_CHARLEMAGNE" id="THE_TIMES_OF_CHARLEMAGNE"></a>THE TIMES OF CHARLEMAGNE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Sir Francis Palgrave's <i>History of Normandy and of England</i>, of which
+the first volume has just appeared in London, is unquestionably a very
+important work, illustrating a period of which comparatively little
+has been known, and of which a knowledge is eminently necessary to the
+student of British institutions and manners. The subject has been
+partially handled by French authors&mdash;by Thierry, Guizot, Michelet, and
+in a desultory manner by M. Barante&mdash;but not one of these has shown
+the very intimate relation that exists between the history of Normandy
+and of England. That intermixture of the histories of the countries
+may indeed be inferred from old English works, such as Camden,
+Fortescue, Hale, Britton, Bracton, Fleta, Spelman, Somner, Chief Baron
+Gilbert, Daines Barrington, and others, and from labors of Bede,
+William of Malmesbury, Geoffry of Monmouth, and all the older
+chroniclers. But not one of these writers, in all their varied labors,
+has undertaken to show how the histories of the two countries act and
+re-act on each other, or how, represented in the popular mind by the
+epithets Norman and Saxon, French and English, they have been for a
+thousand years or more running against each other a perpetual race of
+rivalry and emulation. A worthy Picard lawyer indeed, of the name of
+Gaillard, who abandoned the law for literature about a century ago,
+wrote a work called <i>The Rivalry between France and England</i>, in
+eleven volumes; but who, in 1851, unless specially dedicated to
+historical studies, would read a French history on the subject of the
+rivalry between the two nations, written between 1771 and 1777,
+especially when it extends to eleven volumes? Independently of this,
+any French history on such subject is sure to be tinged with
+prejudice, passion, and vanity. It is true that the judicious Sharon
+Turner, in his <i>History of the Anglo-Saxons</i>, Henry Wheaton, in his
+<i>History of the Northmen</i>, and M. Capefigue, give us more or less
+insight into Norman history; but none of these authors attempt to show
+the general relations of medi&aelig;val history, or that absolute need of
+uniting Norman to English history, which it is the chief aim of Sir
+Francis Palgrave to demonstrate. As deputy keeper of the public
+records of England, this learned historian has had the best possible
+opportunities<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> of investigation, and he tells us in his preface that
+he has devoted to the work a full quarter of a century.</p>
+
+<p>The style of Sir Francis Palgrave is generally heavy, and his work
+will therefore be more prized by students than by the mere lovers of
+literature. His manner and spirit and the character of his performance
+may be most satisfactorily exhibited in a few specimen paragraphs,
+however, and we proceed to quote, first, from an introductory
+dissertation, some remarks on the arts, architecture, and civilization
+of Rome. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Roman taste gave the fashion to the garment, Roman skill
+the models for the instruments of war. We have been told to
+seek in the forests of Germany the origin of the feudal
+system and the conception of the Gothic aisle. We shall
+discover neither there. Architecture is the costume of
+society, and throughout European Christendom that costume
+was patterned from Rome. Unapt and unskilful pupils, she
+taught the Ostrogothic workman to plan the palace of
+Theodoric; the Frank, to decorate the hall of Charlemagne;
+the Lombard, to vault the duomo; the Norman, to design the
+cathedral. Above all, Rome imparted to our European
+civilization her luxury, her grandeur, her richness, her
+splendor, her exaltation of human reason, her spirit of free
+inquiry, her ready mutability, her unwearied activity, her
+expansive and devouring energy, her hardness of heart, her
+intellectual pride, her fierceness, her insatiate cruelty,
+that unrelenting cruelty which expels all other races out of
+the very pale of humanity; whilst our direction of thought,
+our literature, our languages, concur in uniting the
+dominions, kingdoms, states, principalities, and powers,
+composing our civilized commonwealth in the Old Continent
+and the New, with the terrible people through whom that
+civilized commonwealth wields the thunderbolts of the
+dreadful monarchy, diverse from all others which preceded
+amongst mankind."</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is our author's view of the real and the ideal
+Charlemagne:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It seems Charlemagne's fate that he should always be in
+danger of shading into a mythic monarch&mdash;not a man of flesh
+and blood, but a personified theory. Turpin's Carolus
+Magnus, the Charlemagne of Roncesvalles; Ariosto's <i>Sacra
+Corona</i>, surrounded by Palatines and Doze-Piers, are
+scarcely more unlike the real rough, tough, shaggy, old
+monarch, than the conventional portraitures by which his
+real features have been supplanted.</p>
+
+<p>"It is an insuperable source of fallacy in human observation
+as well as in human judgment, that we never can sufficiently
+disjoin our own individuality from our estimates of moral
+nature. Admiring ourselves in others, we ascribe to those
+whom we love or admire the qualities we value in ourselves.
+We each see the landscape through our own stripe of the
+rainbow. A favorite hero by long-established prescription,
+few historical characters have been more disguised by fond
+adornment than Charlemagne. Each generation or school has
+endeavored to exhibit him as a normal model of excellence:
+Courtly Mezeray invests the son of Pepin with the taste of
+Louis Quatorze; the polished Abb&eacute; Velly bestows upon the
+Frankish emperor the abstract perfection of a dramatic hero;
+Boulainvilliers, the champion of the noblesse, worships the
+founder of hereditary feudality; Mably discovers in the
+capitulars the maxims of popular liberty; Montesquieu, the
+perfect philosophy of legislation. But, generally speaking,
+Charlemagne's historical aspect is derived from his
+patronage of literature. This notion of his literary
+character colors his political character, so that in the
+assumption of the imperial authority, we are fain to
+consider him as a true romanticist&mdash;such as in our own days
+we have seen upon the throne&mdash;seeking to appease hungry
+desires by playing with poetic fancies, to satisfy hard
+nature with pleasant words, to give substance and body to a
+dream.</p>
+
+<p>"All these prestiges will vanish if we render to Charlemagne
+his well deserved encomium:&mdash;he was a great warrior, a great
+statesman, fitted for his own age. It is a very ambiguous
+praise to say that a man is in advance of his age; if so, he
+is out of his place; he lives in a foreign country. Equally
+so, if he lives in the past. No innovator so bold, so
+reckless, and so crude, as he who makes the attempt (which
+never succeeds) to effect a resurrection of antiquity."</p></div>
+
+<p>The practical character of Charlemagne is thus sketched:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We may put by the book, and study Charlemagne's
+achievements on the borders of the Rhine; better than in the
+book may the traveller see Charlemagne's genuine character
+pictured upon the lovely unfolding landscape: the huge
+domminsters, the fortresses of religion; the yellow sunny
+rocks studded with the vine; the mulberry and the peach,
+ripening in the ruddy orchards; the succulent potherbs and
+worts which stock the Bauer's garden,&mdash;these are the
+monuments and memorials of Charlemagne's mind. The first
+health pledged when the flask is opened at Johannisberg
+should be the monarchs name who gave the song-inspiring
+vintage. Charlemagne's superiority and ability consisted
+chiefly in seeking and seizing the immediate advantages,
+whatever they might be which he could confer upon others or
+obtain for himself. He was a man of forethought, ready
+contrivance, and useful talent. He would employ every
+expedient, grasp every opportunity, and provide for each day
+as it was passing by.</p>
+
+<p>"The educational movement resulting from Charlemagne's
+genius was practical. Two main objects had he therein upon
+his conscience and his mind. The first, was the support of
+the Christian Faith; his seven liberal sciences circled
+round theology, the centre of the intellectual system. No
+argument was needed as to the obligation of uniting sacred
+and secular learning, because the idea of disuniting them
+never was entertained. His other object in patronizing
+learning and instruction was the benefit of the State. He
+sought to train good men of business; judges well qualified,
+ready penmen in his chancery; and this sage desire expanded
+into a wide instructional field. Charlemagne's exertions for
+promoting the study of the Greek language&mdash;his Greek
+professorships at Osnaburgh or Saltzburgh&mdash;have been
+praised, doubted, discussed, as something very paradoxical;
+whereas, his motives were plain, and his machinery simple.
+Greek was, to all intents and purposes, the current language
+of an opulent and powerful nation, required for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> the
+transaction of public affairs. A close parallel,
+necessitated by the same causes, exists in the capital of
+Charlemagne's successors. The Oriental Academy at Vienna is
+constituted to afford a supply of individuals qualified for
+the diplomatic intercourse, arising out of the vicinity and
+relations of the Austrian and Ottoman dominions, without any
+reference to the promotion of philology. We find the same at
+home. If the Persian language be taught at Haileybury, it is
+to fit the future Writer of his Indian office. He may study
+Ferduzi or Hafiz, if he pleases, but the cultivation of
+literature is not the intent with which the learning is
+bestowed."</p></div>
+
+<p>Here is the manner in which Sir Francis Palgrave contrasts and
+compares the two emperors, Charlemagne and Napoleon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Napoleon sought the creation of an anti-christian imperial
+pontificate&mdash;the caliphate of positive civilization; his
+aspiration was the establishment of absolute dominion,
+corporeal and intellectual; mastery over body and soul;
+faith respected only as an influential and venerable
+delusion; the aiding powers of religion accepted until she
+should be chilled out, and the unfed flame expire, and
+positive philosophy complete her task of emancipating the
+matured intellect from the remaining swathing bands which
+had been needful during the infancy of human society. And
+the theories of Charlemagne and Napoleon, though
+irreconcileably antagonistic, in their conception, would,
+were either fully developed, become identical in their
+result, notwithstanding their contrarieties. They start in
+opposite directions, but, circling round their courses,
+would&mdash;were it permitted that they should persevere
+continuously and consistently&mdash;meet at the same point of
+convergence, and attain the same end.</p>
+
+<p>"Moreover, the territorial empires of Napoleon and
+Charlemagne had their organically fatal characteristics in
+common. Each founder attempted to accomplish political
+impossibilities&mdash;to conjoin communities unsusceptible of
+amalgamation; to harmonize the discordant elements which
+could only be kept together by external force, whilst their
+internal forces sprung them asunder&mdash;a unity without
+internal union. But even as the wonderful agencies revealed
+to modern chemistry effect, in a short hour, the progresses
+which nature silently elaborates during a long growth of
+time, so in like manner did the energies of civilization
+effect in three years that dissolution for which, in the
+analogous precedent, seven generations were required."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_DECORATIVE_ARTS_IN_AMERICA" id="THE_DECORATIVE_ARTS_IN_AMERICA"></a>THE DECORATIVE ARTS IN AMERICA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The growth of the fine arts, commonly so called, in this country, has
+been a fruitful subject of congratulatory observation in the last
+dozen years. The opera in that time has gained a permanent home here,
+and our sculptors and painters have gone out into the old fields of
+art, and claimed equality with their masters&mdash;an equality which Italy,
+Germany, France, and even England, slowly and reluctantly in some
+cases, but in the presence of the works of Powers, Crawford,
+Greenough, Leutze, and others, have, at length, confessed. In
+painting, as everybody knows, with few exceptions our best works have
+never been seen abroad, and the advance of design here is therefore to
+be studied only in our own exhibitions, hung with the productions of
+Durand, Huntington, Eliott, and the crowd of young painters coming
+forward every season to claim the approval of the people. The general
+taste keeps pace with every achievement. We hear that the Art-Union
+was never visited so much as this year; and private galleries, and
+those of every dealer in works of art, are thronged. The existence in
+our principal cities, under the control of men of cultivation, of
+stores for the sale of works in the fine arts, is a fact eminently
+significant. That of Williams &amp; Stevens, in Broadway, for example,
+could be sustained only by a community in which there is a refinement
+of taste such as a few years ago could be found only in limited
+circles in this country. Beginning with efforts to introduce the
+finest forms and combinations in looking-glass and picture frames, the
+proprietors of this establishment have made it a great market-house
+for artists, and the display upon its walls and in its windows is
+frequently more attractive to the connoisseur than the exhibitions of
+the Academies or the Art-Unions. And it is astonishing how many of the
+best works of the European engravers&mdash;works which may justly be called
+copies of the master-pieces of contemporary foreign art&mdash;are sold
+here, to adorn houses from which the tawdry ornaments in vogue a few
+years ago have been discarded. The same observations may be made in
+regard to furniture. The graceful styles and high finish to be seen at
+many of our stores, and in our recently furnished houses, illustrate a
+progress in elegance, luxury, and taste, not dreamed of by the last
+generation. And in all these things it is observable that the advance
+is in cheapness as well as in beauty. In this respect indeed we have
+scarcely kept pace with the French and English, but the cost at which
+a man of taste and a little tact can now furnish a house, so that it
+shall illustrate not only his own refinement but the condition of the
+best civilization of the time, is astonishingly small, compared with
+what it was a few years ago. The fine engraving, with its appropriate
+frame, to be bought for thirty dollars, is to be much preferred before
+the portrait or indeed before any painting whatever that is
+purchasable for a hundred dollars; and though silver is unquestionably
+silver, the imitation table furniture, of the most classical shapes,
+that is sold now for a fifth of the cost of the coinable metal, looks
+quite as well upon a salver. The arts by which beauty is made familiar
+in the homes of all classes of people are of all arts most deserving
+of encouragement, and it is among the happiest of omens that they are
+receiving so much attention&mdash;far more attention now than they have
+ever before received in America. We shall hereafter attempt a more
+particular exhibition of this subject.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_VISIT_TO_THE_LATE_DR_JOHN_LINGARD" id="A_VISIT_TO_THE_LATE_DR_JOHN_LINGARD"></a>A VISIT TO THE LATE DR. JOHN LINGARD.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY REV. J. C. RICHMOND.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Noticing in the journals some brief but very just remarks upon the
+character of the eminent Roman Catholic historian of England, who died
+July 17th, at the good old age of more than four-score years, I am
+induced to think that an account of a visit which I had the honor to
+make this celebrated scholar, may not be altogether without interest
+for your readers.</p>
+
+<p>March 12, 1850, having a leisure day at Lancaster, and having already
+visited John of Gaunt's castle, in company with several of those
+genial spirits who afford me an unusually delightful social
+remembrance of the dingy buildings and narrow crooked streets of that
+famous old town, one of them happened to mention the name of Dr.
+Lingard. I instantly inquired after him with interest, and, observing
+my enthusiasm, Mr. T. J&mdash;&mdash; proposed a drive to his residence at
+Hornby, a village some twelve or thirteen miles distant. I of course
+gladly acceded to the proposal, and we were soon on our way, with a
+fleet horse, over the absolutely perfect English turnpike road&mdash;for
+the roads in England are always passable, and not "<i>improved</i>," like
+some of those around New-York, in so continued a manner as to be
+useless.</p>
+
+<p>After a fine rural drive, crossing the river Loon, and through
+Lonsdale, we came within sight of an old church and castle. I took the
+church to be that of the historian, but found, to my surprise, that
+the famous old sage was placed in entire seclusion, and ministered to
+a very few, and those very poor, sheep, in a little chapel, or room,
+under his own roof. In this remote and by no means picturesque
+village, at an antiquated house, we knocked, and were told by the aged
+domestic that the venerable historian had been very feeble of late,
+and had gone out, on this fine day in the spring, for a walk. After
+many inquiries among the villagers, by whom he was as well known as
+beloved, I proposed to take the line of the new railway, and, after
+quite a walk, met a feeble old man, with a scholar's face, a bright
+twinkling black eye, supporting his steps on a staff, and wrapped up
+with all the care which an aged and faithful housekeeper could bestow
+upon a long-tried and most indulgent master. I pronounced his name,
+and gave him my own; stated that I was a presbyter in the holy (though
+not Roman) Catholic church, that I had long admired his integrity and
+faithfulness as an historian, and that it was by no means the least of
+my happy days in England that I was now permitted to speak to him face
+to face. The kind and gentle old man seemed truly astonished that any
+one who had come so far, and seen so much, should care for seeing
+<i>him</i>, and rewarded my enthusiasm with a hearty grasp of the hand that
+had wielded so admired a pen. We then walked on together towards his
+house, and you will not blame me for saying, that I was proud to offer
+the support of my arm to this fine octogenarian, who had not suffered
+the spirit of the priest to becloud the candor of the historian. We
+conversed with the greatest freedom upon our points of difference, and
+he repeated to me, personally, <i>his entire disbelief in the fable of
+the nag's head ordination</i>. He seemed to be only <i>historically</i> aware
+of a disruption between us, for the benevolence of his heart would
+acknowledge no actual difference.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot refrain from quoting a somewhat amusing illustration of his
+infinite and childlike simplicity of character, combined with an utter
+ignorance of those rudiments of modern science which would be much
+more familiar to our district school-boys than to many men educated in
+those classic homes of ancient learning, the English universities.
+Some posts had been set in the ground, and were bound together, for
+strength, by iron wires; and the venerable sage said, "I suppose this
+is the Electric Telegraph." I was obliged to insist with a kind of
+explanatory and playful pertinacity, that this supposition must be
+incorrect, because electricity could not be conducted, unless the
+wires were at least continued <i>through</i> the thick posts, instead of
+being wound <i>around</i> them. At his house, we found the study not very
+well supplied with books, for the aged scholar had now almost ceased
+to peruse these. At my request he wrote out very slowly, but in a
+wonderfully distinct hand for eighty, his own name and the date, "John
+Lingard, Hornby, March 12, 1850;" and voluntarily added a Latin
+punning inscription, which he had made the evening before, which he
+humorously proposed to have engraved upon the new Menai bridge. In
+this he had spoken of the <i>builder of the bridge</i>, the celebrated
+Stephens, as <i>Pontifex Maximus</i>. I need not say that I shall preserve
+these papers among the most precious of my English mementos. I was
+sorry I could have no hopes that the branch which he gave me from the
+tree that he had transplanted with his own hands from the battle-field
+of Cann&aelig; to the quiet of his garden at Hornby, would ever flourish in
+America. After many hospitable invitations, which other engagements
+obliged us to decline, and many modest expressions of the gratitude
+which he seemed deeply to feel for the pains that I had taken to come
+so far to visit him, we bade farewell to the candid priest, who began,
+as he told me, an essay to defend his Church against the aspersions of
+Hume, and had ended by producing a voluminous as well as luminous
+history.</p>
+
+<p>[For another part of this magazine we have compiled a more full and
+accurate account of the life of the deceased scholar than has hitherto
+appeared in this country. See <i>Recent Deaths</i>, <i>post</i>, 285-6.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PRIVATE_LIFE_OF_JOHN_C_CALHOUN" id="PRIVATE_LIFE_OF_JOHN_C_CALHOUN"></a>PRIVATE LIFE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN.</h2>
+
+<h3>ADDRESSED TO HER BROTHER, AND COMMUNICATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,</h3>
+
+<h3>BY MISS M. BATES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The funeral rites of the lamented Calhoun have been performed. So
+deeply has the mournful pageant impressed me, so vividly have memories
+of the past been recalled, that I am incapable of thinking or writing
+on any other theme. My heart prompts me to garner up my recollections
+of this illustrious statesman. I can better preserve these invaluable
+memories by committing them to paper, and as you enjoyed but one brief
+interview with Mr. Calhoun, these pages shall be addressed to you.</p>
+
+<p>An eloquent member of the House of Representatives, from your state,
+has compared this southern luminary to that remarkable constellation
+the Southern Cross. A few years since, in sailing to a West Indian
+island, I had a perilous voyage, but have ever felt that the sight of
+that Southern Cross, which had long haunted my imagination, almost
+repaid me for its excitement and suffering. And thus do I regard an
+acquaintance with this intellectual star as one great compensation for
+a separation from my early home. It would have been a loss not to have
+seen that poetic group, which greets the traveller as he sails
+southward, but how much greater the loss, never to have beheld that
+unique luminary which has set to rise no more upon our visible
+horizon.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun's public character is so well known to you that I shall
+speak of him principally in his private relations, and shall refer to
+his opinions only as expressed in conversation&mdash;for it was in the
+repose of his happy home, in the tranquillity of domestic life, and in
+the freedom of social intercourse, that I knew him.</p>
+
+<p>While the clarion-notes of his fame resound among the distant hills
+and valleys of our land, while those who in political strife crossed
+lances with this champion of the south nobly acknowledge his valor and
+his honor, while Carolina chants a requiem for her departed dead, may
+not one who knows his moral elevation, and who has witnessed his
+domestic virtues, have the consolation of adding an unaffected tribute
+to his memory? While his devoted constituents, with impressive symbols
+and mournful pageants, perform funereal rites, erect for him the
+costly marble, weave for him the brilliant chaplet, be it mine to
+scatter over his honored tomb simple but ever green leaflets. While in
+glowing colors the orator portrays him on his peerless career in the
+political arena, be it mine to delineate the daily beauty of his life.</p>
+
+<p>In Mr. Calhoun were united the simple habits of the Spartan lawgiver,
+the inflexible principles of the Roman senator, the courteous bearing
+and indulgent kindness of the American host, husband, and father. This
+was indeed a rare union. Life with him was solemn and earnest, and yet
+all about him was cheerful. I never heard him utter a jest; there was
+an unvarying dignity and gravity in his manner; and yet the playful
+child regarded him fearlessly and lovingly. Few men indulge their
+families in as free, confidential, and familiar intercourse as did
+this great statesman. Indeed, to those who had an opportunity of
+observing him in his own house, it was evident that his cheerful and
+happy home had attractions for him superior to those which any other
+place could offer. Here was a retreat from the cares, the observation,
+and the homage of the world. In few homes could the transient visitor
+feel more at ease than did the guest at Fort Hill. Those who knew Mr.
+Calhoun only by his senatorial speeches may suppose that his heart and
+mind were all engrossed in the nation's councils, but there were
+moments when his courtesy, his minute kindnesses, made you forget the
+statesman. The choicest fruits were selected for his guest; and I
+remember seeing him at his daughter's wedding take the ornaments from
+a cake and send them to a little child. Many such graceful attentions,
+offered in an unostentatious manner to all about him, illustrated the
+kindness and noble simplicity of his nature. His family could not but
+exult in his intellectual greatness, his rare endowments, and his
+lofty career, yet they seemed to lose sight of all these in their love
+for him. I had once the pleasure of travelling with his eldest son,
+who related to me many interesting facts and traits of his life. He
+said he had never heard him speak impatiently to any member of his
+family. He mentioned that as he was leaving that morning for his home
+in Alabama, a younger brother said, "Come soon again, and see us,
+brother A&mdash;&mdash;, for do you not see that father is growing old, and is
+not father the dearest, best old man in the world!"</p>
+
+<p>Like Cincinnatus, he enjoyed rural life and occupation. It was his
+habit, when at home, to go over his grounds every day. I remember his
+returning one morning from a walk about his plantation, delighted with
+the fine specimens of corn and rice which he brought in for us to
+admire. That morning&mdash;the trifling incident shows his consideration
+and kindness of feeling, as well as his tact and power of
+adaptation&mdash;seeing an article of needlework in the hands of sister
+A&mdash;&mdash;, who was then a stranger there, he examined it, spoke of the
+beauty of the coloring, the variety of the shade, and by thus showing
+an interest in her, at once made her at ease in his presence.</p>
+
+<p>His eldest daughter always accompanied him to Washington, and in the
+absence of his wife, who was often detained by family cares at Fort
+Hill, this daughter was his solace amid arduous duties, and his
+confidant in perplexing cases. Like the gifted De Sta&euml;l, she loved her
+father with enthusiastic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> devotion. Richly endowed by nature, improved
+by constant companionship with the great man, her mind was in harmony
+with his, and he took pleasure in counselling with her. She said, "Of
+course, I do not understand as he does, for I am comparatively a
+stranger to the world, yet he likes my unsophisticated opinion, and I
+frankly tell him my views on any subject about which he inquires of
+me."</p>
+
+<p>Between himself and his younger daughter there was a peculiar and most
+tender union. As by the state of her health she was deprived of many
+enjoyments, her indulgent parents endeavored to compensate for every
+loss by their affection and devotion. As reading was her favorite
+occupation, she was allowed to go to the letter-bag when it came from
+the office, and select the papers she preferred. On one occasion, she
+had taken two papers, containing news of importance, which her father
+was anxious to see, but he would allow no one to disturb her until she
+had finished their perusal.</p>
+
+<p>In his social as well as in his domestic relations he was
+irreproachable. No shadow rested on his pure fame, no blot on his
+escutcheon. In his business transactions he was punctual and
+scrupulously exact. He was honorable as well as honest. Young men who
+were reared in his vicinity, with their eyes ever on him, say that in
+all respects, in small as well as in great things, his conduct was so
+exemplary that he might well be esteemed a model.</p>
+
+<p>His profound love for his own family, his cordial interest in his
+friends, his kindness and justice in every transaction, were not small
+virtues in such a personage.</p>
+
+<p>He was anti-Byronic. I never heard him ridicule or satirize a human
+being. Indeed, he might have been thought deficient in a sense of the
+ludicrous, had he not by the unvarying propriety of his own conduct
+proved his exquisite perception of its opposites. When he differed in
+opinion from those with whom he conversed, he seemed to endeavor by a
+respectful manner, to compensate for the disagreement. He employed
+reason rather than contradiction, and so earnestly would he urge an
+opinion and so fully present an argument, that his opponent could not
+avoid feeling complimented rather than mortified. He paid a tribute to
+the understandings of others by the force of his own reasoning, and by
+his readiness to admit every argument which he could, although
+advanced in opposition to one he himself had just expressed.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion I declined taking a glass of wine at his table. He
+kindly said, "I think you carry that a little too far. It is well to
+give up every thing intoxicating, but not these light wines." I
+replied that wine was renounced by many, for the sake of consistency,
+and for the benefit of those who could not afford wine. He
+acknowledged the correctness of the principle, adding, "I do not know
+how temperance societies can take any other ground," and then defined
+his views of temperance, entered on a course of interesting argument,
+and stated facts and statistics. Of course, were all men like Mr.
+Calhoun temperance societies would be superfluous. Perhaps he could
+not be aware of the temptations which assail many men&mdash;he was so
+purely intellectual, so free from self-indulgence. Materiality with
+him was held subject to his higher nature. He did not even indulge
+himself in a cigar. Few spent as little time and exhausted as little
+energy in mere amusements. Domestic and social enjoyments were his
+pleasures&mdash;kind and benevolent acts were his recreations.</p>
+
+<p>He always seemed willing to converse on any subject which was
+interesting to those about him. Returning one evening from Fort Hill,
+I remarked to a friend, "I have never been more convinced of Mr.
+Calhoun's genius than to-day, while he talked to us of a flower." His
+versatile conversation evinced his universal knowledge, his quick
+perception, and his faculty of adaptation. A shower one day compelled
+him to take shelter in the shed of a blacksmith, who was charmed by
+his familiar conversation and the knowledge he exhibited of the
+mechanic arts. A naval officer was once asked, after a visit to Fort
+Hill, how he liked Mr. Calhoun. "Not at all," says he&mdash;"I never like a
+man who knows more about my profession than I do myself." A clergyman
+wished to converse with him on subjects of a religious nature, and
+after the interview remarked that he was astonished to find him better
+informed than himself on those very points wherein he had expected to
+give him information. I have understood that Mr. Calhoun avoided an
+expression of opinion with regard to different sects and creeds, or
+what is called religious controversy; and once, when urged to give his
+views in relation to a disputed point, he replied, "That is a subject
+to which I have never given my attention."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun was unostentatious and ever averse to display. He did not
+appear to talk for the sake of exhibition, but from the overflowing of
+his earnest nature. Whether in the Senate or in conversation with a
+single listener, his language was choice, his style fervid, his manner
+impressive. Never can I forget his gentle earnestness when endeavoring
+to explain his views on some controverted subject, and observing that
+my mind could hardly keep pace with his rapid reasoning, he would
+occasionally pause and say, in his kind manner, "Do you see?"</p>
+
+<p>He did not seek to know the opinion of others with regard to himself.
+Anonymous letters he never read, and his daughters and nieces often
+snatched from the flames letters of adulation as well as censure which
+he had not read. Although he respected the opinions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> of his
+fellow-men, he did not seek office or worldly honor. A few years
+since, one to whom he ever spoke freely, remarked to him that some
+believed that he was making efforts to obtain the presidency. At that
+moment he had taken off his glasses, and was wiping them, and thus he
+replied: "M&mdash;&mdash;, I think when a man is too old to see clearly through
+his glasses, he is too old to think of the presidency." And recently
+he said to her, "They may impute what motives they please to me, but I
+do not seek office." So much did he respect his country, that he might
+have been gratified by the free gift of the people; so much did he
+love his country, that he might have rejoiced at an opportunity to
+serve it, but would he have swerved one iota from his convictions to
+secure a kingdom? Who that knew him believes it?</p>
+
+<p>It has been said by that brilliant satirist Horace Walpole, that every
+man has his price. I never did believe so evil a thing; I have been
+too conversant with the great and good to believe this libel; and I
+doubt not there are others beside Mr. Calhoun who value truth and
+honor above all price or office.</p>
+
+<p>Highly as our great statesman regarded appreciation, yet he could
+endure to be misrepresented. While his glorious eye would light with
+more brilliant lustre at the greeting of friendship or the earnest
+expression of confidence, he rose superior to abuse or censure. I
+believe it was ever thus while in health. The last winter, dying in
+the Senate chamber, his feeble frame could ill repel the piercing
+shafts of his antagonists. The ebbing currents in his pulses were
+accelerated. He could not desert his post, though the contest raged
+fiercely, but his great soul was wounded. He loved his country, he
+loved the Union, and it was a great grief to him in his last hours to
+be misunderstood and misrepresented. Still, he was consoled by the
+thought that in the end he would be appreciated. Some one remarked to
+him that he was a very unpopular man. He replied, "I am, among
+politicians, but not among the people, and you will know this when I
+am dead."</p>
+
+<p>Though Mr. Calhoun acknowledged, in his own winning way, the
+involuntary tributes of friendship and admiration, he courteously
+declined, whenever he could with propriety, public testimonies of
+homage which were offered to him. His wife shared with him this
+unostentatious spirit, preferring the voice of friendship to the
+acclamations of the multitude. I have heard some of his family say
+that they coveted nothing, not even the presidency, for him. They,
+with many of us who knew him, felt that even the first gift of a great
+nation could not add one gem to his crown&mdash;that crown of genius and
+virtue, whose glorious beauty no mortal power could illumine with new
+effulgence.</p>
+
+<p>His sincerity was perfect. What he thought he said. He was no
+diplomatist. Some of his theories might seem paradoxical, but a
+paradox is not necessarily a contradiction. He has been accused of
+inconsistency. Those who thus accuse him do him grievous wrong.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more inconsistent than to persist in a uniform belief when
+changing circumstances demand its modification. How absurd to preserve
+a law which in the progress of society has become null and obsolete!
+for instance, granting to a criminal "the benefit of clergy."
+"Nothing," says a distinguished English writer, "is so revolutionary
+as to attempt to keep all things fixed, when, by the very laws of
+nature, all things are perpetually changing. Nothing is more arrogant
+than for a fallible being to refuse to open his mind to conviction."
+When Mr. Calhoun altered his opinion, consistency itself required the
+change.</p>
+
+<p>However some of his political sentiments might have differed from
+those of many of the great and good of the age, he was sincere in
+them, and believed what he asserted with all the earnestness of an
+enthusiastic nature, with all the faith of a close and independent
+thinker, and with all the confidence of one who draws his conclusions
+from general principles and not from individual facts. Time will test
+the truth of his convictions. It has been said that he was sectional
+in his feelings, but surely his heart was large enough to embrace the
+whole country. It has often been said that he wished to sever the
+Union, but he loved the Union, nor could he brook the thought of
+disunion if by any means unity could be preserved. Because he foresaw
+and frankly said that certain effects must result from certain causes,
+does this prove that he desired these effects? In his very last speech
+he speaks of disunion as a "great disaster." But he was not a man to
+cry "peace, peace, when there was no peace." Although like Cassandra
+he might not be believed, he would raise his warning voice; he was not
+a man to hide himself when a hydra had sprung up which threatened to
+devastate our fair and fertile land from its northern borders to its
+southern shores. And while he called on the south for union, did he
+not warn the conservative party at the north that this monster was not
+to be tampered with? And did he not call on them to unite, and arise
+in their strength, and destroy it?</p>
+
+<p>And how could he, with his wise philosophy, his knowledge of human
+nature, and universal benevolence, view with indifference that
+unreflecting and wild (or should I not say <i>savage</i>) philanthropy,
+which in order to sustain abstract principles loses sight of the
+happiness and welfare of every class of human beings? How often did he
+entreat that discussion on those subjects, beyond the right of
+legislation, should be prevented, that angry words and ungenerous
+recrimination should cease! Did he not foresee that such discussions
+would serve to develop every element of evil in all the sections of
+the country&mdash;a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> country with such capacities for good? Did he unwisely
+fear that the ancient fable of Cadmus would be realized&mdash;that
+dragon-teeth, recklessly scattered, would spring up armed? And did he
+not know that the southern heart could not remain insensible to
+reproach and aggression?</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit, ab urbe."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And, ah, how earnestly did he plead for peace, and truth, and justice!
+As far as I understood him, he wished to benefit by his policy in
+affairs both the south and the north. I remember, in speaking to me of
+free trade, he expressed the opinion that the course he recommended
+would benefit the north as well as the south. This he did not merely
+assert, but sustained with frequent argument. In his conversation
+there was a remarkable blending of fact and theory, of a knowledge of
+the past and an insight into the future.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun was a philanthropist in the most liberal sense of the
+word. He desired for man the utmost happiness, the greatest good, and
+the highest elevation. If he differed from lovers of the race in other
+parts of the world, with regard to the means of obtaining these
+results, it was not because he failed to study the subject; not
+because he lacked opportunities of observation and of obtaining facts;
+nor because he indulged in selfish prejudices. From every quarter he
+gleaned accessible information, and with conscientious earnestness he
+brought his wonderful powers of generalization to bear on the subject
+of human happiness and advancement&mdash;his pure unselfish heart aiding
+his powerful mind.</p>
+
+<p>The good of the least of God's creatures was not beneath his regard;
+but he did not believe that the least was equal to the greatest; he
+did not think the happiness or elevation of any class could be secured
+by a sentiment so unphilosophical. The attempt to reduce all to a
+level, to put all minds in uniform, to give all the same employment,
+he viewed as chimerical. He said that in every civilized society there
+must be division of labor, and he believed the slaves at the south
+more happy, more free from suffering and crime, than any corresponding
+class in any country. He had no aristocratic pride, but he desired for
+himself and others the highest possible elevation. He respected the
+artisan, the mechanic, and agriculturist, and considered each of these
+occupations as affording scope for native talent. He believed the
+African to be most happy and useful under the guidance of an
+Anglo-Saxon; he is averse to hard labor and responsible effort; he
+likes personal service, and identifies himself with those he serves.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun spoke of the great inconsistency of English denunciations
+of American slavery, and said that to every man, woman, and child in
+England, two hundred and fifty persons were tributary. Although
+colonial possessions and individual possessions are by many regarded
+as different, he considered them involved in the same general
+principle. In considering the rights of man the great question is not,
+Has a master a right to hold a slave? but, Has one human being a right
+to hold another subordinate? The rights of man may be invaded, and the
+idol Liberty cast down, by those who are loudest in their
+philanthropic denunciations respecting slavery. Is there as much
+cruelty in holding slaves, even under the most unfavorable
+circumstances, as in selling into bondage a whole nation?<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Let the
+brave chiefs of the Rohillas answer from the battle-field. Let cries
+reply from the burning cities of Rohilcund. Let the princesses of Oude
+speak from their prisons.</p>
+
+<p>Close observation, prompted by a kindly heart, had brought Mr. Calhoun
+to the opinion that the Africans in this country were happier in
+existing circumstances than they would be in any other; that they were
+improving in their condition, and that any attempt to change it, at
+least at present, would not only be an evil to the country but fraught
+with suffering to them. A state of freedom, so called, would be to
+them a state of care and disaster. To abolish slavery now would be to
+abolish the slave. The race would share the doom of the Indians.
+Although here nominally slaves, as a general thing they enjoy more
+freedom than any where else; for is not that freedom, where one is
+happiest and best, and where there is a correspondence between the
+situation and the desires, the condition and the capacities? May we
+not say with the angel Abdiel:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Unjustly thou depravest it with the name<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of servitude, to serve whom God ordains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or Nature. God and Nature bid the same,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When he who rules is worthiest, and excels<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Them whom he governs. This is servitude,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To serve the unwise."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun found the local attachment of the slaves so strong, their
+relation to their owners so satisfying to their natures, and the
+southern climate so congenial to them, that he did not believe any
+change of place or state would benefit them.</p>
+
+<p>These, as nearly as I can recollect, were his opinions on the subject
+of slavery, and were expressed to me in several conversations.
+Sentiments similar to these are entertained by many high-minded and
+benevolent slave-holders. That this institution, like every other, is
+liable to abuse, is admitted, but every planter must answer, not for
+the institution&mdash;for which he is no more accountable than for the fall
+of Adam&mdash;but for his individual discharge of duty. If, through his
+selfishness, or indolence, or false indulgence, or severity, his
+servants suffer, then to his Master in heaven he must give account.
+But those who obey the divine mandate, "Give unto your servants that
+which is just and equal," need not fear. In the endeavor to perform<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+their duty in the responsible sphere in which they were placed by no
+act of their own, they can repose even in the midst of the wild storm
+which threatens devastation to our fertile land; they can look away
+from the judgment of the world, nor will they, even if all the powers
+of earth bid them, adopt a policy which will ruin themselves, their
+children, and the dependent race in their midst; they will not cast a
+people they are bound to protect on the tender mercies of the cruel.
+In their conservative measures they are, and must be, supported at the
+north, by men of liberal and philosophical minds, of extended views,
+and benevolent hearts. But I have said far more on this subject than I
+intended, and will add only that those who do not, from personal
+observation, know this institution in its best estate, cannot easily
+understand the softened features it often wears, nor the high virtues
+exhibited by the master, and the confiding, dependent attachment of
+the servant. Often is the southern planter as a patriarch in olden
+times. Those who are striving to sever his household know not what
+they do.</p>
+
+<p>Well may we who live in these troubled times exclaim with Madame
+Roland, the martyr of the false principles of her murderers, "O
+Libert&eacute;! O Libert&eacute;! que de crimes on commet en ton nom!" This she
+said, turning to the statue of liberty beside the scaffold. Liberty
+unrestrained degenerates into license. There may be political freedom
+without social liberty. Says Lamartine, speaking of the inhabitants of
+Malta, "Ils sont esclaves de la loi immuable de la force que Dieu leur
+fait; nous sommes esclaves des lois variables et capricieuses que nous
+nous faisons."</p>
+
+<p>A few years' residence on this soil might teach even a Wilberforce to
+turn in his philanthropy to other and wider fields of action.</p>
+
+<p>Of Mr. Calhoun's character as a master much might be said, for all who
+knew him admit that it was exemplary. But we need not multiply
+examples to prove his unaffected goodness, and I will repeat only a
+circumstance or two, which, by way of illustrating some subjects
+discussed, he incidentally mentioned to me. One related to a free
+negro, formerly a slave in Carolina, but then living in one of our
+northern cities, who came to him in Washington, begging him to
+intercede for his return to Carolina. He represented his condition as
+deplorable, said that he could not support himself and family by his
+trade, (he was a shoemaker,) and that not being able to obtain
+sufficient food or fuel in that cold climate, they were almost frozen.
+"When I told him," said Mr. Calhoun, "that I would do all I could for
+him, he seized both my hands in his and expressed fervent gratitude."
+At another time, speaking of a family whom his son designed to take to
+Alabama, he told me that the mother of the family came to him and said
+she would prefer to stay with her master and mistress on the
+plantation, even if all her children went with master A. Mr. Calhoun
+added, "I could not think of her remaining without either of her
+children; and as she chose to stay, we retained her youngest son, a
+boy of twelve years."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun required very little of any one, doing more for others
+than he asked of them. He seemed to act upon the principle that the
+strong should bear the burthens of the weak. In sickness he feared to
+give trouble, and unless his friends insisted, would have little done
+for him. "Energetic as he was," said a near relative, "he would lie
+patiently all day, asking for nothing." His sensibility was of the
+most unselfish nature. Some months before his death, and after he left
+Fort Hill the last time, he said he felt that death was near, much
+nearer than he was willing to have his family know, and added that he
+wished to give all the time he could spare from public duty to
+preparation for death. While suffering from increasing illness at
+Washington, still, as he hoped to return again to his family, he was
+unwilling, though they anxiously awaited his summons, that they should
+be alarmed, saying he could not bear to see their grief. No doubt his
+conscientious spirit felt that his country at that critical moment
+demanded his best energies, and that he should be unnerved by the
+presence of his nearest friends; and loving his own family as he did,
+and so beloved as he was by them, he serenely awaited the approach of
+the king of Terrors, and suffered his last sorrow far from his home,
+cheered only by one watcher from his household.</p>
+
+<p>There was a beautiful adaptation in his bearing&mdash;a just appreciation
+of what was due to others, and a nice sense of propriety. I have had
+opportunities to compare his manners with those of other great men.
+His kind and unaffected interest was expressed in a way peculiarly
+dignified and refined. Some men appear to think they atone for a low
+estimate of our sex by flattery. Not so with Mr. Calhoun. He paid the
+highest compliment which could be paid to woman, by recognizing in her
+a soul&mdash;a soul capable of understanding and appreciating. Of his
+desire for her improvement and elevation he gave substantial proofs.
+Although Fort Hill was five miles from the female academy he never
+suffered an examination to pass without honoring it with his presence.
+He came not for the sake of form, but he exhibited an interest in the
+exercises, and was heard to comment upon them afterwards in a manner
+which showed that he had given them attention. He never reminded you
+that his hours were more precious than yours. The question may be
+asked how could he, amid his great and stern duties, find time for
+attention to those things from which so many men excuse themselves on
+the plea of business. But he wasted no time, and by gathering up its
+fragments, he had enough and to spare. I have before said that his
+kind acts were his recreations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Were I asked wherein lay the charm which won the hearts of all who
+came within his circle, I could not at once reply. It was perhaps his
+perfect <i>abandon</i>, his sincerity, his confidential manner, his
+childlike simplicity, in union with his majestic intelligence, and his
+self-renunciation&mdash;the crowning virtue of his life: these imparted the
+vivid enjoyment and the delightful repose which his friends felt in
+his presence. It was often not so much what he said as his manner of
+saying it, that was so impressive. Never can I forget an incident
+which occurred at the time when a war with England, on account of
+Oregon, seemed impending. He arrived in Charleston during the
+excitement on that subject. He was asked in the drawing-room if he
+thought there would be a war. He waived an answer, saying that for
+some time he had been absent from home and had received no official
+documents; but as he passed with us from the drawing-room to the
+street door, he said to me in his rapid, earnest manner, "I anticipate
+a severe seven months' campaign. I have never known our country in
+such a state." War has a terror for me, and I said, "Oh, Mr. Calhoun,
+do not let a war arise. Do all you can to prevent it." He replied, "I
+will do all, in honor, I can do," and paused. A thousand thoughts
+seemed to pass over his face, his soul was in his eyes, and bending a
+little forward, as if bowed by a sense of his responsibility and
+insufficiency, he added, speaking slowly and with emphasis and with
+the deepest solemnity, as if questioning with himself, "<i>But what can
+one man do?</i>" I see him now. No painting or sculpture could remind me
+so truly of him as does my faithful memory. But I will not dwell on
+the subject, for I fear I can never by words convey to the mind of
+another the impression which I received of his sincerity, and of his
+devotion to his country and to the cause of humanity. How he redeemed
+his pledge to do all that he, in honor, could do, his efforts in the
+settlement of the Oregon question truly show. When next I saw him I
+told him how much I was delighted with his Oregon speech. In his
+kindest manner he replied, "I am glad I can say any thing to please
+you."</p>
+
+<p>The last time I saw Mr. Calhoun, you, my brother, were with me. You
+remember that his kind wife took us to his room, and that you remarked
+the cheerfulness and affability with which he received us, although
+his feeble health had obliged him to refuse almost every one that day.
+We shall see him no more, but his memory will linger with us.</p>
+
+<p>To you I would commend him as an example. Read his letter to a young
+law-student. As you are so soon to enter the profession of law, such a
+model as Mr. Calhoun may be studied with advantage. While I would
+never wish any one to lose his own individuality, or to descend to
+imitation, I believe that one gifted mind leaves its impress on
+another; while I would not deify or canonize a mortal, I would render
+homage to one who united such moral attainments to so rare a
+combination of intellectual gifts; while it is degrading to ourselves
+and injurious to others to lavish unmerited and extravagant praise, it
+is a loss not to appreciate a character like his, for it ennobles our
+own nature to contemplate the true and the beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>Although it is said that our country is in danger from its ideas of
+equality, and its want of reverence and esteem for age, and wisdom,
+and office, and talents, and attainments, and virtues&mdash;and this
+feature of the American character is so strongly impressed that Mar
+Yohannah, the Nestorian bishop, said in my presence, in his peculiar
+English, "Yes, I know this nation glory in its republicanism, but I am
+afraid it will become republican to God"&mdash;yet it is a cheering omen
+when a man like Mr. Calhoun is so beloved and reverenced. I think
+every one who was favored with a personal acquaintance with him will
+admit that I have not been guilty of exaggeration, and "will delight
+to do him honor."</p>
+
+<p>The question naturally arises, to what are we to ascribe the formation
+of such a character? There must have been causes for such effects.
+Whence came his temperance, his self-denial, his incorruptible
+integrity, his fidelity in every duty, his love for mankind, his
+indefatigable efforts for the good of others, and his superiority to
+those things which the natural heart most craves? Mr. Calhoun's
+childhood was spent among the glorious works of nature, and was
+sheltered from the temptations which abound in promiscuous society. He
+was the son of pious parents, and by them he was taught the Bible, and
+from that source undoubtedly his native gifts were perfected. I have
+understood that from early life he was an advocate for the doctrines
+of the Bible, as understood by orthodox Christians. I have been told
+by relatives of his who were on the most intimate terms with him, that
+for some time before his death his mind had seemed to be much occupied
+with religious subjects, and that he too often expressed confidence in
+the providence of God to leave any doubt as to his trust in Him. An
+eminent clergyman, now deceased, said in conversation with another,
+that he had often conversed with Mr. Calhoun on the subject of
+religion, and had no doubt as to his piety. I have remarked his
+reverential air in church, and have known him apparently much
+disturbed by any inattention in others. He never united with any
+church, and it is my opinion, formed not without some reason, that he
+was prevented, not by disregard to any Christian ordinances, but from
+personal and conscientious scruples with respect to his
+qualifications. He was a man who weighed every thing with mathematical
+precision.</p>
+
+<p>Although open as day on topics of general interest, he was reserved in
+respect to himself.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> I do not recollect ever to have heard him speak
+egotistically, for his mind seemed always engrossed by some great
+thought, and he appears, even at the close of life, to lose all
+personal solicitudes in his anxiety for his country. In one of his
+last letters he says, "But I must close. This may be my last
+communication to you. My end is probably near, perhaps very near.
+Before I reach it, I have but one serious wish to gratify&mdash;it is to
+see my country quieted under some arrangement (alas, I know not what!)
+that will be satisfactory to all and safe to the south." His country's
+peace, and quietness, and safety, he did not see; he perished in the
+storm; and there are many who knew and loved him who cherish the hope
+that he is removed to a higher sphere of action&mdash;that his noble spirit
+has meekly entered into the presence of its author, and that in the
+starry courts above he will receive an inheritance "incorruptible,
+undefiled, and that fadeth not away."</p>
+
+<p>When I saw the elaborate preparations which were made here in
+Charleston for his funeral, knowing his simple tastes and habits, and
+his benevolence, I was at first pained, and I thought he would not
+have sanctioned so much display. I feared too that solemnity would be
+lost in pageantry. But it was not so. There was nothing to jar upon
+the feelings of the most sensitive. All was in perfect and mournful
+harmony. Silently and reverently his sorrowing countrymen bore his
+remains from the steamer where they had reposed, under a canopy
+wearing its thirty stars, and when the hearse, so funereal with
+mournful drapery and sable plumes, entered the grounds of the citadel,
+deep silence brooded over the vast multitude; noiselessly were heads
+uncovered, banners dropped&mdash;not a sound but that of the tramp of
+horses was heard; statue-like was that phalanx, with every eye
+uplifted, to the sacred sarcophagus. If there was too much of show, it
+was redeemed by the spirit that prompted it: the symbols, significant
+and expressive, as they were, faintly shadowed forth the deep and
+universal grief; the mournful pageantry, the tolling bell, the muffled
+drum, the closed and shrouded stores and houses, gave external signs
+of wo, but more impressive and affecting was the peaceful sadness
+which brooded over the metropolis while it awaited the relics of the
+patriot, and the deep silence which pervaded the vast procession that
+followed to the City Hall, the subdued bearing of the crowd who
+resorted thither, and the solemnity expressed on every face&mdash;for these
+told that the great heart of the city and commonwealth wept in hushed
+and sincere sorrow over "the mighty fallen in the midst of the
+battle."</p>
+
+<p>One day and night the illustrious dead reposed in state in the draped
+and darkened Hall. An entrance was formed by the arching palmetto,
+that classic tree, under whose branches Dudon the crusader was placed,
+when slain in Palestine. On that tree&mdash;"altissima palma"&mdash;his comrades
+placed his trophies. With a spirit as sad as that of the crusaders
+when under the verdant foliage of the palm they mourned the noble
+Dudon, did those who loved our champion pass beneath that arch, dark
+with funereal gloom. The sarcophagus was within a magnificent
+catafalque; the canopy rested on Corinthian columns; the bier was
+apparently supported by six urns, while three pearl-colored eagles
+surmounted the canopy, holding in their beaks the swinging crape.
+Invisible lamps cast moonlight beams over the radiated upper surface
+of the canopy. Through the day numbers resorted to this hallowed spot,
+and at night vigils were held where the dead reposed. When morning
+came the chosen guards carried the remains of the great leader to the
+church. The funeral car was not allowed to bear these sacred remains
+to the tomb, but they were borne by sons of the state, with uncovered
+heads. Well might those who saw all these things feel that Carolina
+would never be wanting to herself. The body was placed upon the bier,
+surrounded by significant offerings, pure flowers and laurel-wreaths.
+A velvet pall, revealing in silver lines the arms of the state, the
+palmetto, covered the sarcophagus. Above it was a coronet woven of
+laurel-leaves, like that which crowned Tasso. Then, in that church,
+where columns, arches, and galleries were shrouded in the drapery of
+wo, the funeral rites were performed&mdash;the mighty dead was placed in
+his narrow tomb.</p>
+
+<p>Peerless statesman, illustrious counsellor, devoted patriot, generous
+friend, indulgent husband and father, thy humble, noble heart is still
+in death; thy life was yielded up at the post of duty; thou hast
+perished like a sentinel on guard, a watchman in his tower. "Thou wast
+slain in thy high places." Clouds gathered thick and fast about thy
+country's horizon, and even thy eagle eye failed in its mournful gaze
+to penetrate the gloom which hides its future from mortal eye. Thy
+work is finished&mdash;peacefully rest with thine own! Thy memory is
+enshrined in the hearts of those for whom thy heart ceased its
+beating. Thy grave is with us&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Yet spirit immortal, the tomb cannot bind thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For like thine own eagle that soared to the sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou springest from bondage, and leavest behind thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A name which before thee few mortals have won."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In reviewing the character of Mr. Calhoun, we find a rare combination
+of mental and moral qualities&mdash;a union of contrasts. He had genius
+with common sense, the power of generalization with the habit of
+abstraction, rapidity of thought with application and industry. His
+mind was suggestive and logical, imaginative and practical. His noble
+ideal was embodied in his daily life. He was at once discursive and
+profound; he could soar like the eagle, or hover on unwearied wings
+around a minute circle. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> meekly bore his lofty endowments; his
+childlike simplicity imparted a charm to his transcendent intellect;
+he united dignity with humility, sincerity with courtesy, decision
+with gentleness, stern inflexibility with winning urbanity, and keen
+sensibility with perfect self-command. He was indulgent to others,
+denying to himself; he was energetic in health, and patient in
+sickness; he combined strict temperance with social habits; he was
+reserved in communicating his personal feelings, but his heart was
+open on subjects of general interest; he prized the regard of his
+fellow-beings, but was superior to worldly pomps and flatteries; he
+honored his peers, but was not swayed by their opinions. Equal to the
+greatest, he did not despise the least of men. He did not neglect one
+duty to perform another. In the Senate he was altogether a senator, in
+private and domestic life he was as though he had never entered the
+halls of the nation, and had never borne an illustrious part in the
+councils of his country.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> Macaulay's article on Warren Hastings, in the
+Edinburgh Review.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="STYLES_OF_PHILOSOPHIES" id="STYLES_OF_PHILOSOPHIES"></a>STYLES OF PHILOSOPHIES.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY REV. J. R. MORELL,</h3>
+
+<h4>Translator of Fourier "On the Passions," &amp;c.</h4>
+
+
+<p>The history of literatures, like that of nations, has presented its
+varieties as well as its curiosities, and both alike furnish similar
+though not identical features.</p>
+
+<p>1st. Families and clans are traceable equally in each development, and
+the movements both of literatures and races have displayed a
+corresponding monotony and eccentricity, convergence and divergence,
+in proportion as they have progressed along the beaten track of
+opinion or performed outpost duty as the corps of guides.</p>
+
+<p>2d. Not only is this family likeness obvious in the general
+characteristics of ethnography and authorship, but the laws of lineage
+and the hereditary transmission of qualities are as strongly marked in
+one case as in the other. Letters as well as races have their
+hereditary sceptres and coronets; but whereas, in the latter case the
+fleshly heir of the great of other days may chance to be unworthy of
+his sires, the spiritual sonship of the patrician writer is
+stereotyped upon each line and lineament of his nature.</p>
+
+<p>3d. Nor is the connection between words and peoples confined to a law
+of analogy running through them both, but they have reacted upon and
+moulded each other in a manner curious to relate, and races and
+letters have mutually made and unmade each other.</p>
+
+<p>4th. The Indo-Germanic people have left monuments of their sinewy
+energy in the psycho-physical characteristics of affiliated races and
+tongues, and individual family likenesses may be readily traced
+between groups of thinkers and dreamers on the banks of the Ganges, in
+the Academy, and at Weimar. Again the mystical semitic world, groaning
+beneath the weight of an overwrought ideal, and lacking the ballast of
+science and patient thought, has ever and anon given birth to
+prodigies and monsters of cabalistic or Gnostic extravagance.</p>
+
+<p>5th. To follow the currents of peoples and tongues, the great
+subdivisions of the Teutonic and Romance tribes and literatures, their
+virtues and vices have stamped its present physical and moral
+character on the face of modern Europe. The Teutonic, representing
+strength and depth in word and work, has been the stronghold of
+emancipation in life and thought, yet tinctured with the savageness
+and chaos of unpolished and disordered nature. The Romance, fettered
+by the rhythm of Latinity, has yet possessed that voluptuous wealth of
+the ideal and that graceful tracery of thought and wit which have been
+denied to the other. The antagonism of the Catholic and Protestant
+mind is the result of this contrast, which has, moreover, been
+pictured in the tertian fevers of French revolution and in the
+mystical skepticism of modern Germany.</p>
+
+<p>As certain races, so also certain families of writers, have in thought
+transcended the bounds of the existing and actual, and thrown out from
+their brain an ideal past, present, or future, beyond the horizon, and
+free from the flaws of their experience. Thus, whilst the followers of
+Tao-tse were in China seeking for the drug of immortality, the Greek
+and Roman poets and historians were dreaming of a golden age that cast
+its radiance over the past, or of that fabled Atlantis and those sweet
+Islands of the Blest in the far west&mdash;dreams and fables that have been
+somewhat justified by modern discovery. Again sacred voices mingled
+with these aspirations, and the semitic bards and seers pronounced in
+their oracles an Eden for the past and a millenium for the future of
+man.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were these views confined to the old world, for the followers of
+Columbus found, among the cannibals of the gulf, the traditions of a
+fountain of eternal youth, and later travellers were regaled with
+gorgeous stories of El Dorado and his empire&mdash;traditions and stories
+that seemed to point, however obscurely, to the Sitzbath and
+Californian riches.</p>
+
+<p>There has likewise been a class of writers broad-cast through the
+nations who have sought to mend the present and make the future by
+holding the mirror to contemporaneous deformity, or painting the
+perspective of an earthly elysium with the rainbow tints of hope.
+Negatively or positively, directly or indirectly, these men had, in
+common, faith in the regeneration of humanity. Utopias are the
+familiar homes of such minds, either because they have a cast in their
+eyes, or because they are more clairvoyants than the vulgar herd. In
+the spring-time of our race, a Plato reflected on the poetical
+extravagancies of his day, and refracted the rays of golden fancy in
+the enchanted land of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> Republic. The Hebrew seers in like manner,
+whilst they apply no measured castigations to the money-changers who
+converted the temple of God into a den of thieves, love to soar in
+sublimest rhapsody above the valley of dry bones and the shadow of
+death cast around them, and to indulge in visions of a vernal future,
+when earth should smile in the sunshine of infinite love, when the
+wolf should dwell with the lamb and the leopard lie down with the kid,
+and a little child should lead them. Affiliated members of this
+extensive and venerable company of cynics and seers have ever and anon
+in the current of ages lifted a frowning brow above the troubled
+waters round about them, and with the same breath that swept like a
+tempest over the wintry waste, their cradle and their home, have given
+utterance to strains of harmony that told of summer skies to come.
+Tracing the tides of the children of men in their eccentric ebbings
+and floodings, a little crew of rovers may be ever seen ploughing the
+world of waters, true to their principle of keeping aloof from the
+gulf-stream. Europe has been the chief nursery of these rovers, whose
+voices, though few and far between, have risen above the storms of
+evil passions howling about them, and have echoed through the ages.
+Thus a Rabelais could laugh the knell of monkery, and with his stentor
+voice, rich booming from the classic world of Nature, that had slept
+during the dark ages, could crack the babel of spiritual usurpation,
+and restore the balance of power between the seen and the unseen. A
+Cervantes in like manner could, in the fulness of time, inflict
+death-wounds with a stroke of his pen on a superannuated chivalry, and
+thus, by negatively giving a <i>coup de gr&acirc;ce</i> to the past, pave the way
+for an age of prose. Later in the day a Swift appears, in the heart of
+a rotten age, himself infected with the leprosy, yet he smites the
+idols of his time, of Stuart progeny, Lust and Lucre, and converts his
+fables into a house of correction for a nation's vices. The Tale of a
+Tub contains a stream of lustral water, and Gulliver is no mean adept
+at the photographic art. The Dean hath taught us how the "positive"
+fictions of a madman's brain may indirectly be a school to the nations
+at all times and in all seasons.</p>
+
+<p>Poesy has mixed its plaintive strains in the lamentations and oracles
+of insane or inspired reformers, and the aberration or illumination of
+a kindred spirit breaks forth in the wizard words of a prophet or a
+bard. Some favored scions of the royal priesthood and chosen
+generation of whom we speak seem to mingle these various and
+heterogeneous ingredients, the cynic's lash with the seer's lamp,
+mathematical squares and compasses with the conjurations of the
+diviner. Their proportions, both harmonious and deformed, bespeak
+their consanguinity with an extensive family, whose branches are
+scattered through broad lands, and are not confined to a single
+variety of the human race, though the quality and quantity of their
+<i>esprit de corps</i> may be especially predicated of the Caucasian race.</p>
+
+<p>There are sovereign natures that bespeak the choice blood of rival and
+remote races mingling in their veins, and which may claim kinsmanship
+in opposite and conflicting clans of teachers. We have Indo-Germanic
+minds, whose massive substance is relieved by the arabesque of the
+Semitic style of thought, and which, though stamped with the
+characteristic mould of their parentage, fling aside much of its
+speciality, and stand forth as magnates in the universal aristocracy
+of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>An example of a rich nature cast in this mould has been presented of
+late years in France, in the person of Charles Fourier. Though
+indelibly French, he is still more human, and though Teutonic elements
+enter largely as component parts of his frame, and the Romance genius
+has cast its sunshine tints over his canvas, yet has he bravely shaken
+off the chains of generic and specific modes of thought and sight, and
+the priestly hieroglyphs and geometry of Egypt are seen to blend with
+Persian dualism and the prophetic wand of Hebrew seers in his pages.
+Nay, the mantle of Mohammed might seem to have fallen on his capacious
+shoulders, to judge from the strangely glorious flights of his fancy,
+and the tangible solids of his elysium. Thus the nations would appear
+to have converged towards and centred in this brain, and to have
+dropped in their pearls or their paste, as the case might be.
+Exaggerating the mathematical precision of French thought, it is yet
+tempered in a manner somewhat uncommon, by the most wholesale
+picture-writing on which man ever yet ventured. The flaming
+double-edged critic's sword is sometimes changed in his hands, after a
+manner wonderful to relate, into an Esculapian staff, which farther
+suffers a frequent conversion into Mercurian caduceus and Bacchanile
+Thyrsus, and at another time assumes the proportions of Midas's wand.
+Never was such a many-faced Janus seen in the flesh as this man, who
+exceeds Proteus and Hindoo avatars in multiplicity combined with
+unity.</p>
+
+<p>The bitter laugh still curls our lips, elicited by his merciless
+satire, when the tears of pity come coursing down our cheeks, as he
+touches with magic finger the most godlike fibres of the soul.
+Luxuriance, bordering on levity, follows fast a sense of justice and
+of truth, that might have put a Brutus and an Aristides to the blush.
+National contrasts, harmonies, and deformities, all seem reflected in
+this representative man.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it would be a very partial view that represented Fourier as
+nothing better than an expletive particle added to the genealogical
+list of idea-mongers, or a mosaic of valuable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> relics in earth's
+cabinet of curiosities. Though his pen inflicts wounds both broad and
+deep, yet a balm is ever at hand. Not satisfied with performing
+amputations for the good of the body corporate, he is a professor of
+the healing art, and affects to have discovered an elixir that shall
+wipe away all tears, by causing pain and sorrow to flee away. I do not
+profess to judge of the merits of the case, but one feature
+distinguishes Fourier from critics, reformers, and prophets, who are
+gathered to their fathers. He is a <i>scientific</i> explorer, and the
+plans that he has designed for the future structure of humanity, from
+the high order of architecture and mechanics which they exhibit,
+discriminate him from the vulgar herd as an originator, and place him
+in the category either of eminent scientific adventurers or inventors.
+Daring and caution shake hands at every page, and seem exhausted by
+his pen. The Archimedian lever found a resting-place in his brain, and
+sundry of his thoughts seem not inapt to upheave the world.</p>
+
+<p>If Laplace deserves credit as the creator of a Mechanique Celeste,
+Fourier has equal claims to gratitude as the first and only propounder
+of a rigidly scientific system of mental mechanics. Though Pythagoras
+might smile complacently at his harmonies and sacred numbers, and
+Plato clap his hands on seeing so worthy a disciple of his Republic,
+yet the fiery Frenchman is but too apt to run counter to the past, and
+give a slap in the face to the wisdom of the fore-world. Though hope
+and faith ever brighten his pages, we could wish at times for a larger
+infusion of charity, to neutralize the gall in which his pen was
+dipped. Yet he nobly vindicates his claim as a reformer by the lash he
+applies with no measured hand to injustice, falseness, and hypocrisy,
+under whatever guise they may appear.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="REMINISCENCES_OF_PARIS_FROM_1817_TO_1848" id="REMINISCENCES_OF_PARIS_FROM_1817_TO_1848"></a>REMINISCENCES OF PARIS, FROM 1817 TO 1848.</h2>
+
+
+<p>On the original publication of this work, in German, at Berlin, we
+gave in the <i>International</i> some account of it; and we avail ourselves
+of the notice in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> of an English translation of it which
+has just appeared in London, to give some of its best passages. In the
+capital of a nation which, above all others, has been wont to project
+its gravest interests into the circles of fashion and gayety, the
+period included between 1817 and 1848 must have been rich indeed in
+matter for observation of all kinds, by the foreigner admitted to its
+saloons. With Waterloo at one end of the line, and the overthrow of
+Louis Philippe at the other, what a world of change lies
+between!&mdash;what unexpected turns of fortune, each throwing some new
+tint on the chameleon-play of social existence! We may not expect a
+lady's eye to see more than its outward features. But these alone, in
+such a scene and period, are themselves enough to give some permanent
+historical value, as well as a present attraction to the survey, if
+only taken with common feminine intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the retrospect is not actually so rich as the above
+dates would imply.&mdash;Connected notices of what might be seen in
+Parisian circles do not extend beyond the first seven years of the
+period in question. Afterwards, there is nearly a total hiatus, except
+in the two departments of music and painting&mdash;anecdotes of which are
+continued almost to the close of the Orleans dynasty. Of the persons
+and events which otherwise filled the scene from 1828 downwards, the
+<i>Reminiscences</i> are wholly silent, or only introduce one or two
+figures by anticipation while dwelling on the period of the
+Restoration. The volume ends, indeed, with a story, in which some of
+the very latest exhibitions of somnambulism serve to introduce a
+Spanish romance, founded, it may be, on a basis of fact, but evidently
+dressed up for effect by one not well enough acquainted with the Spain
+of this century to give to the composition a probable air. But here
+the display in the Parisian saloon is merely an occasional overture to
+the melo-drama that follows; and we learn next to nothing of the new
+faces and new fashions which the writer may have seen during the
+second half of the term included in her title. What is now published,
+therefore, can only be taken as a fragment&mdash;destined, perhaps, to be
+further completed at some future time.</p>
+
+<p>The work appears anonymously; and it might be uncourteous to pry into
+the condition of the writer, beyond what it has pleased herself to
+reveal. This is to the effect that she came to Paris, unmarried, and
+hardly out of her teens, from some part of Germany, in the second year
+of the Restoration, and, at first, was chiefly conversant with the
+circles of the <i>haute finance</i>. We afterwards hear of her marriage, of
+journeyings and absences, and see her in contact with various circles,
+but, above all, with painters and musicians; intimate also with
+Henriette, the daughter of the celebrated Jewish philosopher,
+Mendelssohn. She left Paris, she further says, before the explosion of
+1848. More of her personal history she does not tell&mdash;and we shall not
+take the liberty of guessing.</p>
+
+<p>Her notes are penned without any attempt at order; and make no
+pretence to dive far beneath the surface of what she saw in the world.
+They contain such light, lady-like reflections as one may fancy taken
+down without effort from the kaleidoscope of Paris life, in its balls,
+<i>soir&eacute;es</i>, and promenades; and such anecdotes of notable things and
+persons as were current in ordinary company&mdash;many of which are well
+known, having been already reported by others. Here and there a
+graphic trait, or a remark above the level of commonplace, gives token
+of more lively intelligence, but the general character of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+reminiscence is merely gossipping&mdash;just on the ordinary level of such
+observations and ideas as prevail in the common talk of the saloons.
+It is only when she touches on the fine arts, especially on music,
+that the lady displays decidedly clever notions of her own. Gleanings
+of this easy kind, from any lesser field than Paris, might hardly have
+been worth preserving; here, the abundance of matter is so great, that
+even the most careless hand returns from that strange harvest with
+some gatherings of value.</p>
+
+<p>Among these we shall dip here and there, without attempting more order
+in selection than the author herself has observed in arranging her
+notes. Each may be read by and for itself without any disadvantage
+whatever.</p>
+
+<p>In no respect, perhaps, does the Paris of to-day differ more from that
+of thirty years since than in the article of domestic comfort. After
+praising Madame Thuret, one of the financial <i>lionnes</i> of the
+Restoration, for her attention to neatness, the lady adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In Paris generally there was a marked contrast to this; as
+well as to the Parisian cleanliness of present times. In
+those days, even the dwellings of people of competent means,
+there was not a trace of comfort. I have a lively
+recollection of what happened when one of the younger
+partners of M. Thuret gave a ball soon after his marriage.
+Although the youth was rich, and had married a wealthy young
+lady, the young couple, according to the Parisian custom of
+the time, lived with their parents; who, rich as they were,
+desiring to be richer still, had let out their splendid
+hotel up to the fourth story. In this fourth story the whole
+family lived together. After the Parisian finery, I was not
+less struck with the Parisian filth of those days; and, in
+truth, I should vainly try to paint my amazement on finding
+myself compelled, while ascending the staircase, which was
+actually plastered with dirt, to hold up my dress as high as
+possible in order to appear tolerably clean in the
+ball-room.</p></div>
+
+<p>But if modern Paris has improved in this respect, it has, on the other
+hand, we are told, lost far more in the chapter of manners. The
+generation born during the first Revolution still preserved some of
+the older style of social bearing; but, in the present descendants, we
+may now vainly seek for any of the graces that once gave to France her
+European credit for politeness.</p>
+
+<p>The French, after lording it over the capitals of Europe for so many
+years, were impatient to the last degree of the retribution which the
+allied armies brought to their own doors in 1816. Even a returning
+<i>&eacute;migr&eacute;</i> could not restrain his rage on finding that&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>foreigners held the fortresses, and that he had to submit
+his passport for a <i>vise</i> to Prussian, Russian, or English
+authorities; and he lost all command of himself at the idea
+of the prostration of the <i>grande gloire Fran&ccedil;aise</i>.... The
+same wrath at the occupation of France by foreign troops&mdash;an
+occupation which lasted for hardly three years&mdash;whereas the
+French had ravaged Germany for full twenty, from the siege
+of Mentz to the battle of Leipsic, was then felt in Paris by
+all classes. Every little theatre on the Boulevards played
+some piece referring to it in all the <i>refrains</i> urging the
+foreigners to be off at once; all the print-shops were full
+of caricatures of the English and Russians. The German
+soldiers, by-the-by, were, without exception, called
+Prussians. At that time there was less hatred expressed
+towards the Russians; in the theatres even the people would
+point with curiosity to Lostopchin, the author of the
+conflagration at Moscow. The hatred of the Russians grew
+much more decided under Nicholas. Alexander, on the
+contrary, was personally popular. Strictly speaking, the
+Prussians were detested; while the English, on the contrary,
+served as a perpetual butt for ridicule and wit. Their
+language, gestures, dress, afforded a complete series of
+dramas and caricatures.</p></div>
+
+<p>This soreness of France under a very light application of her own
+Continental system, brings to mind an anecdote from the papers of the
+time, which is worth preserving:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When the Prussian army entered Paris, one of its officers
+made particular interest to be quartered in a certain hotel
+in the Faubourg St Germain, the residence of a widow lady of
+rank. On taking possession of his billet, the Colonel at
+once haughtily refused the apartments offered him; and,
+after a survey of the premises, insisted on having the best
+suite on the first floor, then occupied by the lady of the
+house herself. She protested and entreated in vain&mdash;the
+Colonel was harsh and peremptory,&mdash;the lady had to abandon
+her sitting-room, boudoir, and bed-room, and content herself
+with the chambers intended for the officer. From these,
+however, she was as rudely dislodged on the next day, the
+Colonel demanding them for his orderly, and the lady had at
+last to creep into a servant's garret. This was not all. On
+first taking possession of his rooms the officer had
+summoned the <i>maitre d'hotel</i>, and commanded a rich dinner
+of twelve covers for the entertainment of a party of his
+comrades. They came&mdash;the cellar had to yield its choicest
+wines; the house was filled with bacchanalian uproar. The
+orgy was repeated both on the next day and on the next
+following. On the morning afterwards the officer presented
+himself before the lady of the house. "You are perhaps
+somewhat annoyed by my proceedings in your hotel?"
+"Certainly," was the reply, "I think I have cause to
+complain of the manner in which the law of the strongest has
+been used here, in defiance of the commonest regard due to
+my sex and age. I have been roughly expelled from every
+habitable room in my own house, and thrust into a garret; my
+servants have been maltreated; with my plate and provisions
+and the best of my cellar, you have forced them to wait on
+the riotous feasting of your comrades. I have appealed to
+your generosity, to your courtesy, but in vain. I protest
+against such conduct. It is unworthy of a soldier." "Madam,"
+replied the Prussian, "what you say is perfectly true. Such
+conduct is brutal and unbecoming. I have the honor to inform
+you that what you have justly complained of for the last
+three days is but a faint copy of the manner in which your
+son daily behaved himself in my mother's house in Berlin
+<i>for more than six months</i> after the Battle of Jena. From me
+you shall have no further annoyance. I shall now retire to
+an inn. The hotel is entirely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> at your own disposal." The
+lady blushed, and was silent.</p></div>
+
+<p>We can hardly choose amiss among the portrait sketches. Here is the
+Princess of Chimay, once celebrated as the fair Spanish Cabarus&mdash;or
+Madame Tallien of the "18th Brumaire." After giving up a name which
+she had no legal right to bear, she married the Count Caraman before
+he succeeded to a princely title. In 1818, this heroine&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>was some forty years old. Her age was partly open to
+positive proof, as in '94 she was known to have just reached
+her twentieth year&mdash;it was partly shown by a fulness of
+person, rather tending to corpulence, which betrayed the
+retreat of her younger bloom; but still you would rarely
+find another beauty so well preserved, or a general
+appearance equally imposing. Tall, full, gorgeous, she
+reminded you of the historical beauties of antiquity. Such a
+figure you might imagine as an Ariadne, Dido, or Cleopatra.
+With a perfect bust, arms, and shoulders; white as an
+animated statue, regular features, beaming eyes, pearly
+teeth, hair raven black&mdash;hearing, speech, motion, still
+ravishingly perfect. Her costume, too, had a certain Grecian
+character.</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the painters, G&eacute;rard was the lady's chosen intimate. When she
+first knew him, he had already been long famous and rich; but he seems
+to have taken pleasure in recalling the struggles of his early career.
+It was, in many respects, a strange one:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>His father was a Frenchman, who belonged to the domestic
+establishment of the Cardinal de Bernis, then ambassador at
+Rome. His mother, whose name was Tortoni, was the daughter
+of a plain Roman citizen. In 1782, G&eacute;rard's parents, with
+their three boys, of whom Fran&ccedil;ois, the eldest, was now
+twelve, returned to France, where the father died in 1789. A
+year afterwards the widow went back with her children to her
+own country, but had to return to France once more, for the
+preservation of a small income important in her narrow
+circumstances. On this occasion, besides her sons, she came
+back with her little brother Tortoni and his infant sister,
+some years younger than her eldest son Fran&ccedil;ois. Thus there
+was in the house an aunt younger than her nephew.</p></div>
+
+<p>The family found it hard enough to live at all in Paris: and when
+Fran&ccedil;ois's great talent for drawing revealed itself, the household
+means were further pinched to provide him with paper and pencils.
+Under all obstacles, however, his powers soon grew evident: he got at
+last an introduction to David, and became his pupil:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>G&eacute;rard was created the perfect opposite, both physically and
+morally, of David. David was tall, with distorted features,
+rough, furious, cruel. G&eacute;rard was small, with a pleasing,
+regular physiognomy, delicate, soft, generous.... He would
+often tell how he was forced in those days (during the reign
+of terror) to deceive his master David, in order to preserve
+his own life. David, who in his zeal for reforming the world
+had become one of the most active members of the Committee
+of Safety, was incessantly busied in providing that bloody
+tribunal with familiars. Every one belonging to him, who
+desired his own preservation, was forced either to adopt
+republicanism in David's sense, or to evade it by some kind
+of deception. G&eacute;rard, although in perfect health, escaped
+the honor designed him by feigning sickness; and went about
+in public on crutches, which, however, he threw down the
+instant he knew himself safe from observation. G&eacute;rard's
+mother had died in 1792. Her brother, the painter's uncle,
+now a grown youth, took up the queer fancy of showing the
+Parisians the excellent manner in which the Romans are
+skilled in making confectioner's ices. The success of the
+<i>Caf&eacute; Tortoni</i>, on the <i>Boulevard des Italiens</i>, has now
+been for some fifty years known to all Europe. One of the
+children (G&eacute;rard) was dead, the youngest provided for
+elsewhere; and thus, after his mother's death, the young
+painter of two-and-twenty was left alone with his aunt,
+Mlle. Tortoni, who was but two years his junior. She became
+his wife. When relating the above, she would add, with
+<i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i>, "At that time my nephew was in a manner forced to
+marry me, unless he chose to turn me out into the street. We
+were poor, but contented. G&eacute;rard's talent, as yet little
+known, and destitute of suitable means for its exercise,
+supported us, however, barely; and I continued to sew, darn,
+cook, carry water, and cut wood for our little household, as
+I had been wont to do before, when assisting his mother, my
+sister. In those days there was no marrying in the church,
+no priest, no banns. A few days after the death of my
+sister, we appeared in our poor work-a-day clothes, before
+the <i>maire</i>. He joined our hands, and then we became a
+couple."</p></div>
+
+<p>Some months were passed in this obscure poverty, until calmer times
+prevailed in Paris. Isabey had somehow become aware of the young
+painter's talent, and now urged him to exhibit a picture at the first
+Exhibition. G&eacute;rard produced the sketch of his <i>B&eacute;lisaire</i>;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> but
+declared he had no means to paint it on a grand scale. Isabey hereupon
+assisted him; and, after the picture was finished and exhibited with
+success, procured him a purchaser, at the price of 100 Louis d'or.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the receipt of this sum," Madame G&eacute;rard went on, "we
+were nearly losing our wits for joy. We were ravished, like
+mere children, by the glitter of the shining gold, which we
+kept again and again rolling through our fingers. We, who
+until now could not even afford to buy a common candlestick,
+so that we had to cut a hole in our poor wooden table to
+stick the rushlight in,&mdash;we now had a hundred louis!" By
+degrees G&eacute;rard advanced to a high European name; but those
+only who knew him personally could have any idea of his
+amiable, refined nature, of his pleasant conversation, of
+the various acquirements and highly intellectual
+peculiarities of this eminent man, who took up with equal
+clearness many of the most dissimilar sciences. You forgot
+time with him, or gladly gave him up the whole night, as he
+seldom made his appearance in company at his own house
+before ten.</p></div>
+
+<p>Before leaving the grim figure of the old Revolution for more modern
+sketches, we must correct the lady's statement of its victims, in
+which she quite exceeds the utmost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> latitude of feminine gossip. "<i>Two
+millions of heads</i>" she assigns as the food of the devouring
+guillotine&mdash;a number transcendent, even for lady rhetoric. It is some
+<i>five hundred</i> times more than the largest estimate of those even who
+have done their best to aggravate the tale of its horrors. The
+Convention, when grown Anti-Jacobin, and anxious, of course, to
+justify its destruction of Robespierre and his fellows, it published
+lists of the sufferers, could not bring the number of the guillotined
+up to a full <i>two</i> thousand. Montgaillard, who complains that the
+returns were incomplete, may be taken as the author of the most
+extreme calculation on this subject: he does not get beyond a total of
+<i>four</i> thousand victims, including those who perished by <i>fusillades</i>
+and <i>noyades</i>. Even an anonymous lady cannot be suffered to pass with
+such a terrific exaggeration unquestioned. In 1823, she was present at
+an opening of the Chambers by "Louis the Desired," now grown fatter,
+it seems, than was desirable for such an operation. Indeed&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>he could no longer walk; on this account the session was
+held in the Louvre; and the manner in which he suddenly
+pushed out on his low rolling chair, from beneath a curtain,
+which was quickly drawn back, as it is done on the stage,
+and as rapidly closed again, had an effect at once painful
+and ludicrous. Both these feelings were increased by the
+shrill piping treble which came squeaking forth from this
+unlucky corpulent body.... His brother, the Comte d'Artois,
+afterwards Charles the Tenth, was tall and thin, and had
+retained to his advanced age that habit of shuffling about
+with his legs, which teachers and governors had vainly tried
+to cure him of while young. He could not keep his body still
+for a single instant. His protruded head, his mouth always
+open, would of themselves have seemed to indicate mere
+stupidity rather than cunning, had not this impression been
+contradicted, partly by the vivacity of his eyes, and partly
+by his too notorious habit of intriguing. This idiotic air
+of poking forward the head, with the mouth always open&mdash;but
+aggravated by quite lifeless and almost totally closed
+eyes&mdash;was apparent in a still higher degree in his eldest
+son, the Duke of Angoul&ecirc;me. In the face of his wife there
+were still visible some traces, if not of a former beauty,
+at least of something characteristic and noble. In spite of
+her withered, lean figure, her gait was firm and majestic;
+but the terrorists of the Revolution had heaped misery of
+every kind in double and three-fold measure on this unhappy
+daughter of Louis the Sixteenth, and their cannibal severity
+had broken her heart for ever.... The Duchess of Berri, a
+Neapolitan princess, wife of the youngest son of the Count
+d'Artois, was young, but had been ill-treated by nature in
+her outward appearance. She was short, thin, with hair
+blonde almost to whiteness, and a kind of reddish fairness
+of complexion. In her irregular features, in her eyes which
+all but squinted, no kind of expression could be
+detected&mdash;not even that of frivolity, which she was accused
+of.... To both these ladies the rigorously-prescribed
+court-dress, as worn in open day, without candlelight, was
+very unbecoming. It consisted of a short white satin dress,
+called <i>jupe</i>, which means a dress without a train; the
+front breadth richly embroidered with gold, with a cut-out
+body, and short sleeves, leaving the neck and arms
+bare,&mdash;the effect of which was absolutely pitiable on the
+superannuated, yellow, and withered Duchess of Angoul&ecirc;me.
+Around the waist a golden ceinture held up a colored velvet
+skirt, with an enormous train, but no body. In front, this
+kind of outer dress, called <i>manteau de cour</i>, was open, and
+trimmed all round with broad lace. The head was decorated,
+or rather disfigured, by a thick upright plume of tall white
+ostrich feathers, to which were attached behind two long
+ends of blonde lace, called <i>barbes</i>, which hung down the
+back. On the forehead a closely-fitting jewelled diadem was
+worn, and diamond ornaments on the neck and arms, according
+to the usual fashion.</p></div>
+
+<p>From such court scarecrows let us turn to keep a last corner for a
+figure of more modern and genial appearance&mdash;though this, too, was
+saddening, and is now, like the rest, grown a mere shadow. The lady
+saw much of the musician Chopin after 1832, and speaks of him with
+warm affection, and with a fine feeling of his genius:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>He was a delicate, graceful figure, in the highest degree
+attractive&mdash;the whole man a mere breath&mdash;rather a spiritual
+than a bodily substance,&mdash;all harmony, like his playing. His
+way of speaking, too, was like the character of his
+art&mdash;soft, fluctuating, murmuring. The son of a French
+father and of a Polish mother, in him the Romance and
+Sclavonic dialects were combined, as it were, in one perfect
+harmony. He seemed, indeed, hardly to touch the piano; you
+might have fancied he would do quite as well without as with
+the instrument: you thought no more of the mechanism,&mdash;but
+listened to flute-like murmurs, and dreamed of hearing
+&AElig;olian harps stirred by the ethereal breathings of the wind;
+and with all this&mdash;in his whole wide sphere of talents given
+to him alone&mdash;always obliging, modest, unexacting! He was no
+pianoforte player of the modern sort: he had fashioned his
+art quite alone in his own way, and it was something
+indescribable. In private rooms as well as in concerts, he
+would steal quietly, unaffectedly, to the piano; was content
+with any kind of seat; showed at once, by his simple dress
+and natural demeanor, that he abhorred every kind of grimace
+and quackery; and began, without any prelude, his
+performance. How feeling it was&mdash;how full of soul!... When I
+first knew him, though far from strong, he still enjoyed
+good health; he was very gay, even satirical, but always
+with moderation and good taste. He possessed an
+inconceivable comic gift of mimicry, and in private circles
+of friends he diffused the utmost cheerfulness both by his
+genius and his good spirits.... Hall&eacute; has now the best
+tradition of his manner.</p></div>
+
+<p>We pause, not for want of matter, but for want of room. Besides its
+lively sketches, the book contains some materials of a tragic
+interest&mdash;to which we may return.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> It is now, or was not long since, at Munich, in the
+Leuchtenburg Gallery.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_LAST_JOSEPH_IN_EGYPT" id="THE_LAST_JOSEPH_IN_EGYPT"></a>THE LAST JOSEPH IN EGYPT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A writer in the July number of <i>Bentley's Miscellany</i> describes some
+official experiences in Egypt during the reign of Mehemet Ali, and
+among various curious incidents<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> has the following of Boghos Bey, the
+prime minister of the Pacha, who then played a no inconsiderable part
+on the stage of European diplomacy, more particularly as relating to
+the, at that period, all-engrossing "Eastern Question."</p>
+
+<p>"By birth an Armenian, in early life Boghos Bey was dragoman or
+interpreter to Mr. Wherry, then English consul at Smyrna; but he gave
+up that appointment, to accompany, in a similar capacity, the Turkish
+army, which, during the occupation of Egypt by the French, was sent to
+co-operate at Alexandria with Sir Ralph Abercrombie's British force.
+At the close of the war, on the expulsion of the French, he remained
+in Egypt, where he attached himself to the rising fortunes of Mehemet
+Ali, with whom he successively occupied the post of interpreter,
+secretary, and finally that of prime minister, when his master&mdash;from
+the Albanian adventurer&mdash;became the self-elected successor of the
+Pharaohs and Ptolomies.</p>
+
+<p>"On one occasion, Boghos having got into disgrace, Mehemet Ali ordered
+his prime minister to be placed in a sack and thrown into the Nile. It
+was supposed that this cruel sentence had been duly carried into
+effect. However, the British consul in Egypt at that time, managed to
+get something else smuggled into the sack, whilst he smuggled old
+Boghos into his own residence, where the latter long remained
+concealed, until, on one occasion, the financial accounts got so
+entangled, that Mehemet Ali expressed to the British consul his regret
+that Boghos Bey was no longer there to unravel the complicated web of
+difficulties in which he found himself entangled: whereupon old Boghos
+was produced, pardoned, reinstated in his office, acquired more
+influence than ever, and was, at the time referred to, the very
+'Joseph' of the land."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_ENGLISH_IN_AMERICA_BY_THE_AUTHOR_OF_SAM_SLICK" id="THE_ENGLISH_IN_AMERICA_BY_THE_AUTHOR_OF_SAM_SLICK"></a>THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA: BY THE AUTHOR OF "SAM SLICK."</h2>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Justice Haliburton obtained some notoriety and a certain degree of
+popularity by his broad caricatures of common life in New England.
+These books did not display very eminent ability even for the rather
+low and mean field in which the author found congenial occupation, but
+the old jokes transplanted into our republican soil had a seeming
+freshness in the eyes of buyers of cheap books, and they were
+profitable to paper-makers and printers, until the patience of the
+public could tolerate no more of their monotonous vulgarity. Judge
+Haliburton has since essayed a more serious vein, and being wholly
+without originality, has fallen into the old track of depreciation,
+sneering, and vituperation, in the expectation that any form of attack
+upon the people of the United States would sell, at least in England.
+The unfortunate gentleman was mistaken, as the following very kind
+reviewal of his book, which we transfer to <i>The International</i> from
+<i>The Athen&aelig;um</i> of July 26, will show.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">The English in America.</span> <i>By the Author of 'Sam Slick,' &amp;c.</i>
+This is a vulgar and violent political pamphlet, which will
+fill no small part of the admirers of 'Sam Slick' with alarm
+and astonishment. The 'English in America' are in these two
+volumes set forth principally as a parcel of uncouth,
+disingenuous, and repulsive Puritans, who emigrated to
+America in the early part of the seventeenth century for the
+sake of an easier indulgence in disloyalty and schism.
+Confining himself almost wholly to the events which took
+place in the colony of Massachusetts, Judge Haliburton has
+thought it worth while to write a book, half declamation and
+half treatise, against Democracy and Dissent,&mdash;which seem to
+him to be the two giant evils that oppress mankind. It is no
+part of our function to discuss the abstract merits of
+either of these questions; but it is perfectly within our
+province to point out the errors and faults of those writers
+who imagine that they can serve a party purpose by making a
+convenient and derogatory use of literature.</p>
+
+<p>"In the first place, then, we say that the volumes before us
+are essentially unfair. The 'English in America' have not
+really and truly been <i>such</i> English as are there
+described,&mdash;nor has their career been such as is there
+narrated,&mdash;nor generally are the actual facts of the case
+logically and impartially stated in these volumes. Judge
+Haliburton colors and distorts almost every event and
+circumstance to which he refers; and there is a coarseness
+and rancor in the manner in which he speaks of nearly all
+persons and parties who differ from him in opinion, which
+has surprised and shocked us. There was no occasion whatever
+for all this vehemence. In the first place, the facts
+connected with the early history of the British settlements
+in America are too well known to permit any attempt at
+systematic and unscrupulous disparagement of the early
+Puritan colonists to be in any important degree successful.
+In the next place, the questions which Judge Haliburton
+professes to consider have been for all practical purposes
+discussed and decided long ago. In the last place, we are
+quite sure that no writer on questions of colonial policy
+could more effectually cut himself off from all sympathy and
+influence than by the adoption of an excited and menacing
+tone.</p>
+
+<p>"We find in the introductory chapter to these volumes a
+statement to the effect that one of the chief objects in
+writing them has been to inform Englishmen that Democracy
+did not appear for the first time in America during the War
+of Independence; and that the peculiar form of religion that
+prevailed at an early period in the New England States
+exerted a very powerful influence over their politics and
+modes of government. Surely there is nothing new in all
+this. There is no great discovery here which required for
+its introduction the expenditure of so much labor and
+vehemence. We had imagined that the great orations of Burke
+on Conciliation with America had exhausted long ago not only
+all the facts but most of the philosophy which is contained
+in the general view now revived by the author of 'Sam
+Slick.' There are a sentence or two in one of the most
+famous passages of perhaps the greatest of these orations
+which seem to anticipate the present volumes most
+completely. 'All Protestantism,' said Burke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> more than
+seventy years ago, 'even the most cold and passive, is a
+sort of dissent. But the religion most prevalent in our
+northern colonies is a refinement on the principle of
+resistance; it is the dissidence of dissent, and the
+Protestantism of the Protestant religion. This religion,
+under a variety of denominations, agreeing in nothing but in
+the communication of the spirit of liberty, is predominant
+in most of the northern provinces; where the Church of
+England, notwithstanding its legal rights, is in reality no
+more than a sort of private sect, not composing, most
+probably, the tenth of the people. The colonists left
+England when this spirit was high, and in the emigrants was
+the highest of all; and even that stream of foreigners which
+has been constantly flowing into these colonies has for the
+greatest part been composed of dissenters from the
+establishments of their several countries, and have brought
+with them a temper and character far from alien to that of
+the people with whom they mixed.' The speech of Burke in
+which these sentences occur ought surely to have passed for
+something in the estimation of Judge Haliburton before he
+committed himself to the task of writing this book.</p>
+
+<p>"We are quite sensible that as far as the mere composition
+is concerned there is very great merit in its publication.
+The style is vigorous and lively&mdash;and not unfrequently the
+animation rises into eloquence. The narrative parts of the
+volumes are in general exceedingly well written; and we must
+not omit to say, that during those short intervals when the
+author permits himself to lose sight of his extreme opinions
+he rarely fails to delight the reader with a page or two
+distinguished by acute observation and good sense.</p>
+
+<p>"Still, the faults of the book are of the most serious kind.
+It is incomplete in plan: for it is neither a regular
+narrative, nor a treatise, nor a commentary, nor a history,
+nor an article for a review&mdash;but something of all five. As
+we have said, it is written in a tone highly excited and
+partial; and it has the misfortune to appear before the
+world as the exponent of seemingly a new, but in reality of
+an old and familiar, doctrine, by employing examples and
+reasonings of which very few people indeed will not be able
+to detect at once either the sophistry or the
+incompleteness.</p>
+
+<p>"We forbear to enter into any general discussion on the
+well-worn topics of the Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritan
+settlements. The verdict of an impartial age has been long
+ago pronounced on these questions: and we may well deplore
+the unsound judgment of any writer of the deserved eminence
+of Judge Haliburton who gratuitously brings upon himself an
+imputation of outrageous eccentricity by attempting to
+unsettle, on his own single authority, conclusions so well
+and so long established....</p>
+
+<p>"There is a great deal said in these volumes in
+disparagement of the early New Englanders. They are
+stigmatized as turbulent, schismatic, dishonest,
+revolutionary, bigoted, cruel, and so on. These are old
+charges, which have been several times placed in their true
+light; and it is needless again to undertake a defence and
+to enter into explanations which are familiar to most
+educated persons. We are not the indiscriminate admirers of
+the policy pursued by the first colonists of Massachusetts
+Bay; but the course which they adopted, the communities
+which they built up, and the form of liberty which they
+introduced into the New World can be adequately understood
+only when surveyed from a comprehensive and impartial point
+of view. It is at best a shallow criticism which contents
+itself with the discovery that the settlers were religious
+zealots, and had no particular respect for either kings or
+bishops.</p>
+
+<p>... "We close these volumes. We regret that the author has
+been so ill-advised as to publish them at all. They are well
+written, as we have said&mdash;and in some respects possess great
+merit; but truth compels us to add, that they are very
+unworthy of the author and of the great questions they
+profess to elucidate and discuss."</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_FEW_QUESTIONS_FROM_A_WORN-OUT_LORGNETTE" id="A_FEW_QUESTIONS_FROM_A_WORN-OUT_LORGNETTE"></a>A FEW QUESTIONS FROM A WORN-OUT LORGNETTE.</h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY A. OAKEY HALL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>I trust I am not <i>now</i> impertinent, however much so I may have been
+heretofore. I have seen and observed a great deal. My observations
+have engendered experiences. My experiences have some point to them.
+And altogether, I think I am entitled to ask a few questions of those
+whom I have sometimes overlooked, but now address myself to most
+immediately. I am proud to say that I never belonged to but one
+mistress. I was of too much value to be exchanged, lost, lightly
+parted with, or&mdash;I feel prouder as I say it&mdash;<i>sold</i>. Moreover, I was a
+<i>gage d'amour</i>. That fascinating Dr. &mdash;&mdash;!</p>
+
+<p>But though curious, I will be discreet. This sole mistress of mine
+gave me plenty to do. Many thanks to her for it, since it has given me
+an insight into much that is wonderful. I am certain she preferred
+opera to the drama. I saw more of the stage at the first, and more of
+the audience at the last. I have found much in both to puzzle me. Some
+things I have solved. As for that which remains, I had hoped to
+determine for myself, but an unlucky fall from a nail has spoiled my
+sight. I have been now two months imprisoned in an <i>escrutoire</i>.
+Others must answer my questions.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, I want to know why theatres and opera houses have
+such curious odors when empty? I have often perceived this fact when
+our carriage came announced the last of all. And why are the lights
+turned out when the audience have half-way reached the front doors?
+What becomes of the bills which are left behind? Do the rag-pickers
+ever break in? Where do the musicians go to through that little door
+in the stage? And why does the kettle drummer always glance around the
+house upon entering with such an air of satisfaction? As if any one
+cared for <i>him</i>! Why does the leader always stop to take a pinch of
+snuff, while the audience are breathing in their boots and gaiters to
+catch the first note of the new opera? Why does the fat man with the
+violoncello always saw upon two strings, and leave the two in the
+middle to such a contemptuous silence and exile? Why do the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+front-bench people get up ten minutes before the performances are
+over, and rush from the house as if the floor was on fire, while the
+galleries make twice as much noise by crying "hush!" and always stay
+to hear the speech (if there is any), although they have not paid as
+much by half as they who ran away? Why does the lover, rushing upon
+the stage to the embrace of his mistress, stop half way to bow to the
+ladies in the boxes? And why doesn't the aforesaid mistress box his
+ears for his impoliteness? And why did she say, just before he came,
+"Here comes my Alonzo! Hark! I hear his step," when every door upon
+the stage was shut, and nothing was heard but the confused trampling
+behind her, which might have been the galloping of donkeys? And why
+did this same lady wait for him by the side of a rosewood table,
+covered with satin damask, and ornamented with a Wellington
+inkstand&mdash;and she dressed in a robe of shot-silk, with laces and
+feathers&mdash;while he was dressed as a valiant knight of the sixteenth
+century should be? And now I think of it, why did <i>Mr. Anderson</i>, in
+the play of "Gisippus," visit the Roman centurion in a brick house,
+entered through a mahogany door, with a brass plate upon it? Why do
+the peasantry of Europe always dress with the most expensive ribbons
+about their legs and arms when they come out to dance at the wedding,
+or to drink from pewter mugs to the health of the bride? And why do
+they stand like mutes at a funeral, whilst two people in their midst
+are plotting some horrible murder? Why do the Italian banditti wear
+such steeple-crowned hats when they creep through small holes, or
+kneel for concealment behind rocks which only cover their foreheads?
+Why do the soldiers in <i>Fra Diavolo</i> stand and sing, "We must away,
+'tis duty calls," while they sit at a table drinking punch, and seem
+in no more hurry to go than if they were paid for drinking? Why do the
+chamois-hunters in "Amilie" continue so urgent about going to the
+mountains away, after the prey, before the dawning of the day, when it
+is evident from the very nature of things that they couldn't be spared
+for such a severe service on any contingency?</p>
+
+<p>Why does the lover always sing tenor in an opera? What connection is
+there between villany and a bass voice? What's the necessity of a
+<i>prima donna</i> singing towards the ceiling when she addresses a chorus
+behind her? By what right does the head man in the chorus do all the
+gesticulating, while his fellows stand like militia-men? Who ever saw
+an excited basso bid a "minion away," without trying to throw his fist
+behind him? Why does Ernani's mistress wear such splendid diamonds,
+and not sell them to give him release from persecution? I have seen a
+sentimental young lady swear to share the poverty and disgrace of her
+lover, when she was fool enough to lay aside most precious jewels and
+dresses, which would have purchased affluence, and then robe herself
+in calico! Now, why did he permit <i>that</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Why do stage heroines venture out into the woods in November in white
+silk dresses? Are there never any snakes about? And why are theatrical
+forests always green in the middle of winter? What kind of
+thermometers do managers have? Why is it that three or four stout men,
+with loaded pistols, allow themselves to be beaten off the stage by a
+slim man with a small stick? In my opinion&mdash;and I don't care who hears
+it&mdash;Richard the Third (whom I understand to be a natural son of one
+Shakespeare) was a great numskull to allow Richmond to beat him with
+the two dozen lanky-looking scoundrels who come in during the last
+scene!</p>
+
+<p>Why do the fairies shake so convulsively when they soar through the
+air over the stage? Are stage-fairies all over the world such unequal
+highflyers? Who made gaiter-boots for Juno and her attendant
+goddesses, in the many classical plays I have witnessed? Did the
+Egyptians and Persians know how to make cotton-cloth a yard wide&mdash;I
+have measured their costumes too often behind the footlights not to
+know the exact measurement.</p>
+
+<p>Why do people always cough in the theatre after a severe storm of
+thunder and lightning, and hold their handkerchiefs to their noses at
+such times? Why does the moon, in every opera wherein she condescends
+to show herself, stand still for half an hour immediately over a
+chimney? What is the necessity of a man dying for love, and singing
+himself to death like a swan, when he has strength enough of body and
+mind to pick up three or four pounds of <i>bouquets</i>? And why does he
+give them up to the spasmodic lady in white muslin, whom he has been
+abusing for half an hour, and declaring, in most emphatic terms, that
+they part from that time forward for ever? What wonderful
+hair-invigorator do some actors use in order to grow themselves a fine
+pair of bushy whiskers in fifteen minutes? How is it possible for a
+noble lord to have travelled over thousands of miles, to have
+encountered unheard-of perils, in order to return and marry the
+miller's maid, and yet to preserve, through years of absence, the same
+trousers, vest, coat, and hat, in which he first won her affections?
+Mentioning hats, why does the rich landholder, in modern comedy,
+sometimes go without a hat, when all his servants talk to him with
+<i>their</i> hats upon their heads? Is there any forcible, necessary, or
+(to put it stronger) <i>absolute</i>, connection between a queen in
+distress and large quantities of pearls strung about the hair?</p>
+
+<p>These are but a twentieth part of the inquiries which crowd into my
+questioning-box. I know they are disjointed,&mdash;as I soon shall be. But
+I will see what can be done for me, as things here stand, before I
+venture to again pile "whys" upon "wherefores."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FRAGMENTS" id="FRAGMENTS"></a>FRAGMENTS:</h2>
+
+<h3>FROM "THE STORY OF A SOUL," AN UNPUBLISHED POEM, WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY H. W. PARKER.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>A TOUR DE FORCE.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I felt myself alone&mdash;alone as one<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who leapt in joy from starry rock to rock<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Across creations stream, and joyed to know<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Himself alone in starry solitudes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Communing with his soul and God; and clomb<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The heights of glory, there amazed to see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wilderness of worlds, and feel the want<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of other hearts to share excess of bliss.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Alone!&mdash;it startled me with such a fear&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A daring fear, as only spirits can have.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At once I would be every where&mdash;on all<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The peopled globes where'er myself had been;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My lonely being would I spread through all.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I thought, with the velocity of thought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which disembodied souls alone may know&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I thought, I willed, myself in thousand places<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In quick and successive instants, quick as one;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And so around again, and still around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Without an interval. Soon as a flash,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A thousand selves were scattered o'er the deep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of distant space; and, urging on my soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Around and on, with energy immortal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And swifter still, at last I seemed to grow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ubiquitous&mdash;a multipresence dread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A loneliness enlarged, more awful yet&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Until, in thought's extreme rapidity,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The distant selves were blended into one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And space was gone! The universe was lost<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In me&mdash;in nothingness.<br /></span>
+<span class="i22">Soon it returned<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stood resplendent; space again became<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A mode of thought, as thought resumed its calm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And motion ceased with will. I found myself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Far off in outer coasts of light....<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>MEMORY.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">.... The vision changed; for still<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The cherub Fancy sports beyond the grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Led by the hand of Reason. Once again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My memory rose, a painted canvas, framed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In golden mouldings of immortal joy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But now the perfect copy of a life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all the colors glorified, began<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To melt in slow dissolving views of truth.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From out the crowded scene of mortal deeds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A group enraged, colossal in its shapes:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Self&mdash;a dead giant, hideous and deformed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lay, slain with lightning, while, upon his head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stood holy Love, her eyes upturned to Heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her hands extended o'er the kneeling forms<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Faith and Hope....<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>MUSIC.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor were the splendors silent all. To spirits<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis ever one to see, to hear, to feel&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The music of the spheres is therefore truth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, now, no more I heard the noise confused<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of humming stars and murmuring moons, in tones<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Discordant; but as in the focal point<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of whispering rooms, so here I found at last<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The centre where the perfect chords combine&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the full harmonies of rolling worlds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are poring evermore in billowy seas<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of sounds, that break in thundered syllables<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unutterable to men. A naked soul<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within the central court of space, to me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The trill of myriad stars, the heavy boom<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of giant suns that slowly came and went,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The whistlings, sweet and far, of lesser orbs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the low thunder of more distant deeps,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever commingling, grew to eloquence<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No mortal brain may bear. The universe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had found a voice....<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>HEAVEN.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Look to thy God." I flamed at Him with will intense,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And soon a sea of light and love arose<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bathed my soul, and filled the empty space<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With overflowing glory. All was heaven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the joy, the splendor, I had known<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In space, to this was but the prelude harsh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of brazen instruments, before the song<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of some incarnate seraph, breathes and rolls<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A flood of fulness o'er a tranced world.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Enough to say, whate'er we wish of scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Society, occupation, pleasure&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whenever wished, is ours; and this is Heaven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This is the prize of earthly self-denial.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Freedom, the boundless freedom of the pure&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This the reward of holy self-restraint.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_STORY_WITHOUT_A_NAME6" id="A_STORY_WITHOUT_A_NAME6"></a>A STORY WITHOUT A NAME.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h3>BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h4>
+
+<p>We must now turn once more to Sir Philip Hastings as he sat in his
+lonely room in prison. Books had been allowed him, paper, pen, and
+ink, and all that could aid to pass the time; but Sir Philip had
+matter for study in his own mind, and the books had remained unopened
+for several days. Hour after hour, since his interview with Secretary
+Vernon, and day after day he had paced that room to and fro, till the
+sound of his incessant footfall was a burthen to those below. His hair
+had grown very white, the wrinkles on his brow had deepened and become
+many, and his head was bowed as if age had pressed it down. As he
+walked, his eye beneath his shaggy eyebrow was generally bent upon the
+floor, but when any accidental circumstance caused him to raise it&mdash;a
+distant sound from without, or some thought passing through his own
+mind&mdash;there was that curious gleam in it which I have mentioned when
+describing him in boyhood, but now heightened and rendered somewhat
+more wild and mysterious. At those moments the expression of his eyes
+amounted almost to fierceness, and yet there was something grand, and
+fixed, and calm about the brow which seemed to contradict the
+impatient, irritable look.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment I now speak of there was an open letter on the table,
+written in his daughter's hand, and after having walked up and down
+for more than one hour, he sat down as if to answer it. We must look
+over his shoulder and see what he writes, as it may in some degree
+tend to show the state of his mind, although it was never sent.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">My Child</span>" (it was so he addressed the dear girl who had once been the
+joy of his heart): "The news which has been communicated to you by
+Marlow has been communicated also to me, but has given small relief.
+The world is a prison, and it is not very satisfactory to leave one
+dungeon to go into a larger.</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless, I am desirous of returning to my own house. Your mother
+is very ill, with nobody to attend upon her but yourself&mdash;at least no
+kindred. This situation does not please me. Can I be satisfied that
+she will be well and properly cared for? Will a daughter who has
+betrayed her father show more piety towards a mother? Who is there
+that man can trust?"</p>
+
+<p>He was going on in the same strain, and his thoughts becoming more
+excited, his language more stern and bitter every moment, when
+suddenly he paused, read over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> lines he had written with a
+gleaming eye, and then bent his head, and fell into thought. No one
+can tell, no pen can describe the bitter agony of his heart at that
+moment. Had he yielded to the impulse&mdash;had he spoken ever so
+vehemently and fiercely, it would have been happier for him and for
+all. But men will see without knowing it in passing through the world,
+conventional notions which they adopt as principles. They fancy them
+original thoughts, springing from their own convictions, when in
+reality they are bents&mdash;biases given to their minds by the minds of
+other men. The result is very frequently painful, even where the
+tendency of the views received is good. Thus a shrub forced out of its
+natural direction may take a more graceful or beautiful form, but
+there is ever a danger that the flow of the sap may be stopped, or
+some of the branches injured by the process.</p>
+
+<p>"No," said Sir Philip Hastings, at length, with a false sense of
+dignity thus acquired, "no, it is beneath me to reproach her. Punish
+her I might, and perhaps I ought; for the deed itself is an offence to
+society and to human nature more than to me. To punish her would have
+been a duty, even if my own heart's blood had flowed at the same time,
+in those ancient days of purer laws and higher principles; but I will
+not reproach without punishing. I will be silent. I will say nothing.
+I will leave her to her own conscience," and tearing the letter he had
+commenced to atoms, he resumed his bitter walk about the room.</p>
+
+<p>It is a terrible and dangerous thing to go on pondering for long
+solitary hours on any one subject of deep interest. It is dangerous
+even in the open air, under the broad, ever-varying sky, with the
+birds upon the bough, and the breeze amongst the trees, and a thousand
+objects in bright nature to breathe harmonies to the human heart. It
+is dangerous in the midst of crowds and gay scenes of active life so
+to shut the spirit up with one solitary idea, which, like the fabled
+dragon's egg, is hatched into a monster by long looking at it. But
+within the walls of a prison, with nothing to divert the attention,
+with nothing to solicit or compel the mind even occasionally to seek
+some other course, with no object in external nature, with the
+companionship of no fellow being, to appeal to our senses or to awake
+our sympathies, the result is almost invariable. An innocent man&mdash;a
+man who has no one strong passion, or dark, all-absorbing subject of
+contemplation, but who seeks for and receives every mode of relief
+from the monotony of life that circumstances can afford, may endure
+perfect solitude for years and live sane, but whoever condemns a
+criminal&mdash;a man loaded with a great offence&mdash;to solitary confinement,
+condemns him to insanity&mdash;a punishment far more cruel than death or
+the rack. Hour after hour again, day after day, Sir Philip Hastings
+continued to beat the floor of the prison with untiring feet. At the
+end of the third day, however, he received formal notice that he would
+be brought into court on the following morning, that the indictment
+against him would be read, and that the attorney-general would enter a
+<i>nolle prosequi</i>. Some of these forms were perhaps unnecessary, but it
+was the object of the government at that time to make as strong an
+impression on the public mind as possible without any unnecessary
+effusion of blood.</p>
+
+<p>The effect upon the mind of Sir Philip Hastings, however, was not
+salutary. The presence of the judges, the crowd in the court, the act
+of standing in the prisoners' dock, even the brief speech of the
+lawyer commending the lenity and moderation of government, while he
+moved the recording of the <i>nolle prosequi</i>, all irritated and excited
+the prisoner. His irritation was shown in his own peculiar way,
+however; a smile, bitter and contemptuous curled his lip. His eye
+seemed to search out those who gazed at him most and stare them down,
+and when he was at length set at liberty, he turned away from the dock
+and walked out of the court without saying a word to any one. The
+governor of the jail followed him, asking civilly if he would not
+return to his house for a moment, take some refreshment, and arrange
+for the removal of his baggage. It seemed as if Sir Philip answered at
+all with a great effort; but in the end he replied laconically, "No, I
+will send."</p>
+
+<p>Two hours after he did send, and towards evening set out in a hired
+carriage for his own house. He slept a night upon the road, and the
+following day reached the Court towards evening. By that time,
+however, a strange change had come over him. Pursuing the course of
+those thoughts which I have faintly displayed, he had waged war with
+his own mind&mdash;he had struggled to banish all traces of anger and
+indignation from his thoughts&mdash;in short, fearing from the sensations
+experienced within, that he would do or say something contrary to the
+rigid rule he had imposed upon himself, he had striven to lay out a
+scheme of conduct which would guard against such a result. The end of
+this self-tutoring was satisfactory to him. He had fancied he had
+conquered himself, but he was very much mistaken. It was only the
+outer man he had subdued, but not the inner.</p>
+
+<p>When the carriage drew up at his own door, and Sir Philip alighted,
+Emily flew out to meet him. She threw her arms around his neck and
+kissed his cheek, and her heart beat with joy and affection.</p>
+
+<p>For an instant Sir Philip remained grave and stern, did not repel her,
+but did not return her embrace. The next instant, however, his whole
+manner changed. A sort of cunning double-meaning look came into his
+eyes. He smiled, which was very unusual with him, assumed a sort of
+sportiveness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> which was not natural, called her "dainty Mistress
+Emily," and asked after the health of "his good wife."</p>
+
+<p>His coldness and his sternness might not have shocked Emily at all,
+but his apparent levity pained and struck her with terror. A cold sort
+of shudder passed over her, and unclasping her arms from his neck, she
+replied, "I grieve to say mamma is very ill, and although the news of
+your safety cheered her much, she has since made no progress, but
+rather fallen back."</p>
+
+<p>"Doubtless the news cheered you too very much, my sweet lady," said
+Sir Philip in an affected tone, and without waiting for reply, he
+walked on and ascended to his wife's room.</p>
+
+<p>Emily returned to the drawing-room and fell into one of her profound
+fits of meditation; but this time they were all sad and tending to
+sadness. There Sir Philip found her when he came down an hour after.
+She had not moved, she had not ordered lights, although the sun was
+down and the twilight somewhat murky. She did not move when he
+entered, but remained with her head leaning on her hand, and her eyes
+fixed on the table near which she sat. Sir Philip gazed at her
+gloomily, and said to himself, "Her heart smites her. Ha, ha,
+beautiful deceitful thing. Have you put the canker worm in your own
+bosom? Great crimes deserve great punishments. God of heaven! keep me
+from such thoughts. No, no, I will never avenge myself on the plea of
+avenging society. My own cause must not mingle with such
+vindications."</p>
+
+<p>"Emily," he said in a loud voice, which startled her suddenly from her
+reverie, "Emily, your mother is very ill."</p>
+
+<p>"Worse? worse?" cried Emily with a look of eager alarm; "I will fly to
+her at once. Oh, sir, send for the surgeon."</p>
+
+<p>"Stay," said Sir Philip, "she is no worse than when you left her,
+except insomuch as a dying person becomes much worse every minute.
+Your mother wishes much to see Mrs. Hazleton, who has not been with
+her for two days, she says. Sit down and write that lady a note asking
+her to come here to-morrow, and I will send it by a groom."</p>
+
+<p>Emily obeyed, though with infinite reluctance; for she had remarked
+that the visits of Mrs. Hazleton always left her mother neither
+improved in temper nor in health.</p>
+
+<p>The groom was dispatched, and returned with a reply from Mrs. Hazleton
+to the effect that she would be there early on the following day.
+During his absence, Sir Philip had been but little with his daughter.
+Hardly had the note been written when he retired to his own small
+room, and there remained shut up during the greater part of the
+evening. Emily quietly stole into her mother's room soon after her
+father left her, fearing not a little that Lady Hastings might have
+remarked the strange change which had come upon her husband during his
+absence. But such was not the case. She found her mother calmer and
+gentler than she had been during the last week or ten days. Her
+husband's liberation, and the certainty that all charge against him
+was at an end, had afforded her great satisfaction; and although she
+was still evidently very ill, yet she conversed cheerfully with her
+daughter for nearly an hour.</p>
+
+<p>"As I found you had not told your father the hopes that Mr. Marlow
+held out when he went away, I spoke to him on the subject," she said.
+"He is a strange cynic, my good husband, and seemed to care very
+little about the matter. He doubt's Marlow's success too, I think, but
+all that he said was, that if it pleased me, that was enough for him.
+Mrs. Hazleton will be delighted to hear the news."</p>
+
+<p>Emily doubted the fact, but she did not express her doubt, merely
+telling her mother she had written to Mrs. Hazleton, and that the
+servant had been sent with the note.</p>
+
+<p>"She has not been over for two days," said Lady Hastings. "I cannot
+think what has kept her away."</p>
+
+<p>"Some accidental circumstance, I dare say," said Emily, "but there can
+be no doubt she will be here to-morrow early."</p>
+
+<p>They neither of them knew that on the preceding night but one Mrs.
+Hazleton had received a visit from John Ayliffe, which,
+notwithstanding all her self-command and assumed indifference, had
+disturbed her greatly.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton nevertheless was, as Emily anticipated, very early at
+the house of Sir Philip Hastings. She first made a point of seeing
+that gentleman himself; and though her manner was, as usual, calm and
+lady-like, yet every word and every look expressed the greatest
+satisfaction at seeing him once more in his home and at liberty. To
+Emily also she was all tenderness and sweetness; but Emily, on her
+part, shrunk from her with a feeling of dread and suspicion that she
+could not repress, and hardly could conceal. She had not indeed read
+any of the papers which Marlow had left with her, for he had not told
+her to read them; but he had directed her thoughts aright, and had led
+her to conclusions in regard to Mrs. Hazleton which were very painful,
+but no less just.</p>
+
+<p>That lady remarked a change in Emily's manner&mdash;she had seen something
+of it before;&mdash;but it now struck her more forcibly, and though she
+took no notice of it whatever, it was not a thing to be forgotten or
+forgiven; for to those who are engaged in doing ill there cannot be a
+greater offence than to be suspected, and Mrs. Hazleton was convinced
+that Emily did suspect her.</p>
+
+<p>After a brief interview with father and daughter, their fair guest
+glided quietly up to the room of Lady Hastings, and seated herself by
+her bed-side. She took the sick lady's hand in hers&mdash;that white,
+emaciated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> hand, once so beautiful and rosy-tipped, and said how
+delighted she was to see her looking a great deal better.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think so really?" said Lady Hastings; "I feel dreadfully weak
+and exhausted, dear Mrs. Hazleton, and sometimes think I shall never
+recover."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh don't say so," replied Mrs. Hazleton; "your husband's return has
+evidently done you great good: the chief part of your malady has been
+mental. Anxiety of mind is often the cause of severe sickness, which
+passes away as soon as it is removed. One great source of uneasiness
+is now gone, and the only other that remains&mdash;I mean this unfortunate
+engagement of dear Emily to Mr. Marlow&mdash;may doubtless, with a little
+firmness and decision upon your part, be remedied also."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton was very skillful in forcing the subject with which she
+wished to deal, into a conversation to which it had no reference; and
+having thus introduced the topic on which she loved to dwell, she went
+on to handle it with her usual skill, suggesting every thing that
+could irritate the invalid against Marlow, and render the idea of his
+marriage with Emily obnoxious in her eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Even when Lady Hastings, moved by some feelings of gratitude and
+satisfaction by the intelligence of Marlow's efforts to recover her
+husband's property, communicated the hopes she entertained to her
+visitor, Mrs. Hazleton contrived to turn the very expectations to
+Marlow's disadvantage, saying, "If such should indeed be the result,
+this engagement will be still more unfortunate. With such vast
+property as dear Emily will then possess, with her beauty, with her
+accomplishments, with her graces, the hand of a prince would be hardly
+too much to expect for her; and to see her throw herself away upon a
+mere country gentleman&mdash;a Mr. Marlow&mdash;all very well in his way, but a
+nobody, is indeed sad; and I would certainly prevent it, if I were
+you, while I had power."</p>
+
+<p>"But how can I prevent it?" asked Lady Hastings; "my husband and Emily
+are both resolute in such things. I have no power, dear Mrs.
+Hastings."</p>
+
+<p>"You are mistaken, my sweet friend," replied her companion; "the power
+will indeed soon go from you if these hopes which have been held out
+do not prove fallacious. You are mistress of this house&mdash;of this very
+fine property. If I understand rightly, neither your husband nor your
+daughter have at present any thing but what they derive from you. This
+position may soon be altered if your husband be reinstated in the
+Hastings estates."</p>
+
+<p>"But you would not, Mrs. Hazleton, surely you would not have me use
+such power ungenerously?" said Lady Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hazleton saw that she had gone a little too far&mdash;or rather
+perhaps that she had suggested that which was repugnant to the
+character of her hearer's mind; for in regard to money matters no one
+was ever more generous or careless of self than Lady Hastings. What
+was her's was her husband's and her child's&mdash;she knew no
+difference&mdash;she made no distinction.</p>
+
+<p>It took Mrs. Hazleton some time to undo what she had done, but she
+found the means at length. She touched the weak point, the failing of
+character. A little stratagem, a slight device to win her own way by
+an indirect method, was quite within the limits of Lady Hastings'
+principles; and after dwelling some time upon a recapitulation of all
+the objections against the marriage with Marlow, which could suggest
+themselves to an ambitious mind, she quietly and in an easy suggestive
+tone, sketched out a plan, which both to herself and her hearer,
+seemed certain of success.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Hastings caught at the plan eagerly, and determined to follow it
+in all the details, which will be seen hereafter.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h4>
+
+<p>"I feel very ill indeed this morning," said Lady Hastings, addressing
+her maid about eleven o'clock. "I feel as if I were dying. Call my
+husband and my daughter to me."</p>
+
+<p>"Lord, my lady," said the maid, "had I not better send for the doctor
+too? You do not look as if you were dying at all. You look a good deal
+better, I think, my lady."</p>
+
+<p>"Do I?" said Lady Hastings in a hesitating tone. But she did not want
+the doctor to be sent for immediately, and repeated her order to call
+her husband and her daughter.</p>
+
+<p>Emily was with her in an instant, but Sir Philip Hastings was some
+where absent in the grounds, and nearly half an hour elapsed before he
+was found. When he entered he gazed in his wife's face with some
+surprise&mdash;more surprise indeed than alarm; for he knew that she was
+nervous and hypondriacal, and as the maid had said, she did not look
+as if she were dying at all. There was no sharpening of the
+features&mdash;no falling in of the temples&mdash;none of that pale ashy color,
+or rather that leaden grayness, which precedes dissolution. He sat
+down, however, by her bed-side, gazing at her with an inquiring look,
+while Emily stood on the other side of the bed, and the maid at the
+end; and after speaking a few kind but somewhat rambling words, he was
+sending for some restoratives, saying "I think, my dear, you alarm
+yourself without cause."</p>
+
+<p>"I do not indeed, Philip," replied Lady Hastings. "I am sure I shall
+die, and that before very long&mdash;but do not send for any thing. I would
+rather not take it. It will do me more good a great deal to speak what
+I have upon my mind&mdash;what is weighing me down&mdash;what is killing me."</p>
+
+<p>"I am sorry to hear there is any thing," said Sir Philip, whose
+thoughts, intensely busy with other things, were not yet fully
+recalled to the scene before him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Philip, how can you say so?" said Lady Hastings, "when you know
+there is. You need not go," she continued, speaking to the maid, who
+was drawing back as if to quit the room, "I wish to speak to my
+husband and my daughter before some one who will remember what I say."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip however quietly rose, opened the door, and motioned to the
+girl to quit the room, for such public exhibitions were quite contrary
+to his notions of domestic economy. "Now, my dear," he said, "what is
+it you wish to tell me? If there be any thing that you wish done, I
+will do it if it is in my power."</p>
+
+<p>"It is in your power, Philip," replied Lady Hastings; "you know and
+Emily knows quite well that her engagement to Mr. Marlow was against
+my consent, and I must say the greatest shock I ever received in my
+life. I have never been well since, and every day I see more and more
+reason to object. It is in the power of either of you, or both, to
+relieve my mind in this respect&mdash;to break off this unhappy engagement,
+and at least to let me die in peace, with the thought that my daughter
+has not cast herself away. It is in your power, Philip, to&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Stay a moment," said her husband, "it is not in my power."</p>
+
+<p>"Why, are you not her father?" asked Lady Hastings, interrupting him.
+"Are you not her lawful guardian? Have you not the disposal of her
+hand?"</p>
+
+<p>"It is not in my power," repeated Sir Philip coldly, "to break my
+plighted word, to violate my honor, or to live under a load of shame
+and dishonor."</p>
+
+<p>"Why in such a matter as this," said Lady Hastings, "there is no such
+disgrace. You can very well say you have thought better of it."</p>
+
+<p>"In which case I should tell a lie," said Sir Philip dryly.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a thing done every day," argued Lady Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not a man to do any thing because there are others who do it
+every day," answered her husband. "Men lie, and cheat, and swindle,
+and steal, and betray their friends, and relations, and parents, but I
+can find no reason therein for doing the same. It is not in my power,
+I repeat. I cannot be a scoundrel, whatever other men may be, and
+violate my plighted word, or withdraw from my most solemn engagements.
+Moreover, when Marlow heard of the misfortunes which have befallen us,
+and learned that Emily would not have one-fourth part of that which
+she had at one time a right to expect, he showed no inclination to
+withdraw from his word, even when there was a good excuse, and I will
+never withdraw from mine, so help me God."</p>
+
+<p>Thus speaking he turned his eyes towards the ground again and fell
+into a deep reverie.</p>
+
+<p>While this conversation had been passing, Emily had sunk upon her
+knees, trembling in every limb, and hid her face in the coverings of
+the bed. To her, Lady Hastings now turned. Whether it was that remorse
+and some degree of shame affected her, when she saw the terrible
+agitation of her child, I cannot tell, but she paused for a moment as
+if in hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>She spoke at length, saying "Emily, my child, to you I must appeal, as
+your father is so obdurate."</p>
+
+<p>Emily made no answer, however, but remained weeping, and Lady Hastings
+becoming somewhat irritated, went on in a sharper tone. "What! will
+not my own child listen to the voice of a dying mother?" she asked
+rather petulantly than sorrowfully, although she tried hard to make
+her tone gravely reproachful; "will she not pay any attention to her
+mother's last request?</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, my mother," answered Emily, raising her head, and speaking more
+vehemently than was customary with her, "ask me any thing that is
+just; ask me any thing that is reasonable; but do not ask me to do
+what is wrong and what is unjust. I have made a promise&mdash;do not ask me
+to break it. There is no circumstance changed which could give even an
+excuse for such a breach of faith. Marlow has only shown himself more
+true, more faithful, more sincere. Should I be more false, more
+faithless, more ungenerous than he thought me? Oh no! it is
+impossible&mdash;quite impossible," and she hid her streaming eyes in the
+bed-clothes again, clasping her hands tightly together over her
+forehead.</p>
+
+<p>Her father, with his arms crossed upon his chest, had kept his eyes
+fixed upon her while she spoke with a look of doubt and inquiry. Well
+might he doubt&mdash;well might he doubt his own suspicions. There was a
+truth, a candor, a straightforwardness, in that glowing face which
+gave the contradiction, plain and clear, to every foul, dishonest
+charge which had been fabricated against his child. It was impossible
+in fact that she could have so spoken and so looked, unless she had so
+felt. The best actress that ever lived could not have performed that
+part. There would have been something too much or too little,
+something approaching the exaggerated or the tame. With Emily there
+was nothing. What she said seemed but the sudden outburst of her
+heart, pressed for a reply; and as soon as it was spoken she sunk down
+again in silence, weeping bitterly under the conflict of two strong
+but equally amiable feelings.</p>
+
+<p>For a moment the sight seemed to rouse Sir Philip Hastings. "She
+should not, if she would," he said; "voluntarily, and knowing what she
+did, she consented to the promise I have made, and she neither can nor
+shall retract. To Marlow, indeed, I may have a few words to say, and
+he shall once more have the opportunity of acting as he pleases; but
+Emily is bound as well as myself, and by that bond we must abide."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"What have you to say to Marlow?" asked Lady Hastings in a tone of
+commonplace curiosity, which did not at all indicate a sense of that
+terrible situation in which she assumed she was placed.</p>
+
+<p>"That matters not," answered Sir Philip. "It will rest between him and
+me at his return. How he may act I know not&mdash;what he may think I know
+not; but he shall be a partaker of my thoughts and the master of his
+own actions. Do not let us pursue this painful subject further. If you
+feel yourself ill, my love, let us send for further medical help. I do
+hope and believe that you are not so ill as you imagine; but if you
+are so there is more need that the physician should be here, and that
+we should quit topics too painful for discussion, where discussion is
+altogether useless."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then, mark me," said Lady Hastings with an air of assumed
+melancholy dignity, which being quite unnatural to her, bordered
+somewhat on the burlesque; "mark me, Philip&mdash;mark me, Emily! your
+wife, your mother, makes it her last dying request&mdash;her last dying
+injunction, that you break off this marriage. You may or you may not
+give me the consolation on this sick bed of knowing that my request
+will be complied with; but I do not think that either of you will be
+careless, will be remorseless enough to carry out this engagement
+after I am gone. I will not threaten, Emily&mdash;I will not even attempt
+to take away from you the wealth for which this young man doubtless
+seeks you&mdash;I will not attempt to deter you by bequeathing you my curse
+if you do not comply with my injunctions; but I tell you, if you do
+not make me this promise before I die, you have embittered your
+mother's last moments, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, forbear, forbear," cried Emily, starting up. "For God's sake,
+dear mother, forbear," and clasping her hands wildly over her eyes,
+she rushed frantically out of the room.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip Hastings remained for nearly half an hour longer, and then
+descended the stairs and passed through the drawing-room. Emily was
+seated there with her handkerchief upon her eyes, and her whole frame
+heaving from the agonized sobs which rose from her bosom. Sir Philip
+paused and gazed at her for a moment or two, but Emily did not say a
+word, and seemed indeed totally unconscious of his presence. Some
+movements of compassion, some feeling of sympathy, some doubts of his
+preconceptions might pass through the bosom of Sir Philip Hastings;
+but the dark seeds of suspicion had been sown in his bosom&mdash;had
+germinated, grown up, and strengthened&mdash;had received confirmation
+strong and strange, and he murmured to himself as he stood and gazed
+at her, "Is it anger or sorrow? Is it passion or pain? All this is
+strange enough. I do not understand it. Her resolution is taken, and
+taken rightly. Why should she grieve? Why should she be thus moved,
+when she knows she is doing that which is just, and honest, and
+faithful?"</p>
+
+<p>He measured a cloud by an ell wand. He gauged her heart, her
+sensibilities, her mind, by the rigid metre of his own, and he found
+that the one could not comprehend the other. Turning hastily away
+after he had finished his contemplation, without proffering one word
+of consolation or support, he walked away into his library, and
+ringing a bell, ordered his horse to be saddled directly. While that
+was being done, he wrote a hasty note to Mr. Short, the surgeon, and
+when the horse was brought round gave it to a groom to deliver. Then
+mounting on horseback, he rode away at a quick pace, without having
+taken any further notice of his daughter.</p>
+
+<p>Emily remained for about half an hour after his departure, exactly in
+the same position in which he had left her. She noticed nothing that
+was passing around her; she heard not a horse stop at the door; and
+when her own maid entered the room and said,&mdash;"Doctor Short has come,
+ma'am, and is with my lady. Sir Philip sent Peter for him; but Peter
+luckily met him just down beyond the park gates;" Emily hardly seemed
+to hear her.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes after, Mr. Short descended quietly from the room of Lady
+Hastings, and looked into the drawing-room as he passed. Seeing the
+beautiful girl seated there in that attitude of despondency, he
+approached her quietly, saying, "Do not, my dear mistress Emily,
+suffer yourself to be alarmed without cause. I see no reason for the
+least apprehension. My good lady, your mother is nervous and excited,
+but there are no very dangerous symptoms about her&mdash;certainly none
+that should cause immediate alarm; and I think upon the whole, that
+the disease is more mental than corporeal."</p>
+
+<p>Emily had raised her eyes when he had just begun to speak, and she
+shook her head mournfully at his last, words, saying, "I can do
+nothing to remedy it, Mr. Short&mdash;I would at any personal sacrifice,
+but this involves more&mdash;I can do nothing."</p>
+
+<p>"But I have done my best," said Mr. Short with a kindly smile; for he
+was an old and confidential friend of the whole family, and upon Emily
+herself had attended from her childhood, during all the little
+sicknesses of early life. "I asked your excellent mother what had so
+much excited her, and she told me all that has passed this morning. I
+think, my dear young lady, I have quieted her a good deal."</p>
+
+<p>"How? how?" exclaimed Emily eagerly. "Oh tell me how, Mr. Short, and I
+will bless you!"</p>
+
+<p>The good old surgeon seated himself beside her and took her hand in
+his. "I have only time to speak two words," he said, "but I think they
+will give you comfort. Your mother explained to me that there had been
+a little discussion this morning when she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> thought herself
+dying&mdash;though that was all nonsense&mdash;and it must have been very
+painful to you, my dear Mistress Emily. She told me what it was about
+too, and seemed half sorry already for what she had said. So, as I
+guessed how matters went&mdash;for I know that the dear lady is fond of
+titles and rank, and all that, and saw she had a great deal mistaken
+Mr. Marlow's position&mdash;I just ventured to tell her that he is the heir
+of the old Earl of Launceston&mdash;that is to say, if the Earl does not
+marry again, and he is seventy-three, with a wife still living. She
+had never heard any thing about it, and it seemed to comfort her
+amazingly. Nevertheless she is in a sad nervous state, and somewhat
+weak. I do not altogether like that cough she has either; and so, my
+dear young lady, I will send her over a draught to-night, of which you
+must give her a tablespoonful every three hours. Give it to her with
+your own hands; for it is rather strong, and servants are apt to make
+mistakes. But I think if you go to her now, you will find her in a
+very different humor from that which she was in this morning. Good
+bye, good bye. Don't be cast down, Mistress Emily. All will go well
+yet."</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XL.</h4>
+
+<p>From the house of Sir Philip Hastings Mr. Short rode quickly on to the
+cottage of Mistress Best, which he had visited once before in the
+morning. The case of John Ayliffe, however, was becoming more and more
+urgent every moment, and at each visit the surgeon saw a change in the
+countenance of the young man which indicated that a greater change
+still was coming. He had had a choice of evils to deal with; for
+during the first day after the accident there had been so much fever
+that he had feared to give any thing to sustain the young man's
+strength. But long indulgence in stimulating liquors had had its usual
+effect in weakening the powers of the constitution, and rendering it
+liable to give way suddenly even where the corporeal powers seemed at
+their height. Wine had become to John Ayliffe what water is to most
+men, and he could not bear up without it. Exhaustion had succeeded
+rapidly to the temporary excitement of fever, and mortification had
+begun to show itself on the injured limb. Wine had become necessary,
+and it was administered in frequent and large doses; but as a
+stimulant it had lost its effect upon the unhappy young man, and when
+the surgeon returned to the cottage on this occasion, he saw not only
+that all hope was at an end, but that the end could not be very far
+distant.</p>
+
+<p>Good Mr. Dixwell was seated by John Ayliffe's side, and looked up to
+the surgeon with an anxious eye. Mr. Short felt his patient's pulse
+with a very grave face. It was rapid, but exceedingly feeble&mdash;went on
+for twenty or thirty beats as fast as it could go&mdash;then stopped
+altogether for an instant or two, and then began to beat again as
+quickly as before.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Short poured out a tumbler full of port wine, raised John Ayliffe
+a little, and made him drink it down. After a few minutes he felt his
+pulse again, and found it somewhat stronger. The sick man looked
+earnestly in his face as if he wished to ask some question; but he
+remained silent for several minutes.</p>
+
+<p>At length he said, "Tell me the truth, Short. Am not I dying?"</p>
+
+<p>The surgeon hesitated, but Mr. Dixwell raised his eyes, saying, "Tell
+him the truth, tell him the truth, my good friend. He is better
+prepared to bear it than he was yesterday."</p>
+
+<p>"I fear you are sinking, Sir John," said the surgeon.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not feel so much pain in my leg," said the young man.</p>
+
+<p>"That is because mortification has set in," replied Mr. Short.</p>
+
+<p>"Then there is no hope," said John Ayliffe.</p>
+
+<p>The surgeon was silent; and after a moment John Ayliffe said, "God's
+will be done."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dixwell pressed his hand kindly with tears in his eyes; for they
+were the Christian words he had longed to hear, but hardly hoped for.</p>
+
+<p>There was a long and somewhat sad pause, and then the dying man once
+more turned his look upon the surgeon, asking, "How long do you think
+it will be?"</p>
+
+<p>"Three or four hours," replied Mr. Short. "By stimulants, as long as
+you can take them, it may be protracted a little longer, but not
+much."</p>
+
+<p>"Every moment is of consequence," said the clergyman. "There is much
+preparation still needful&mdash;much to be acknowledged and repented
+of&mdash;much to be atoned for. What can be done, my good friend to
+protract the time?"</p>
+
+<p>"Give small quantities of wine very frequently," answered the surgeon,
+"and perhaps some aqua vit&aelig;&mdash;but very little&mdash;very little, or you may
+hurry the catastrophe."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well," said John Ayliffe, "you can come again, but perhaps by
+that time I shall be gone. You will find money enough in my pockets,
+Short, to pay your bill&mdash;there is plenty there, and mind you send the
+rest to my mother."</p>
+
+<p>The surgeon stared, and said to himself, "he is wandering;" but John
+Ayliffe immediately added, "Don't let that rascal Shanks have it, but
+send it to my mother;" and saying "Very well, Sir John," he took his
+leave and departed.</p>
+
+<p>"And now, my dear young friend," said Mr. Dixwell, the moment the
+surgeon was gone, "there is no time to be lost. You have the power of
+making full atonement for the great offence you have committed to one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+of your fellow creatures. If you sincerely repent, as I trust you do,
+Christ has made atonement for your offences towards God. But you must
+show your penitence by letting your last acts in this life be just and
+right. Let me go to Sir Philip Hastings."</p>
+
+<p>"I would rather see his daughter, or his wife," said John Ayliffe: "he
+is so stern, and hard, and gloomy. He will never speak comfort or
+forgiveness."</p>
+
+<p>"You are mistaken&mdash;I can assure you, you are mistaken," answered the
+clergyman. "I will take upon me to promise that he shall not say one
+hard word, and grant you full forgiveness."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well," said the young man, "if it must be he, so be it&mdash;but
+mind to have pen and ink to write it all down&mdash;that pen won't write.
+You know you tried it this morning."</p>
+
+<p>"I will bring one with me," said Mr. Dixwell, rising eager to be gone
+on his good errand; but John Ayliffe stopped him, saying, "Stay,
+stay&mdash;remember you are not to tell him any thing about it till he is
+quite away from his own house. I don't choose to have all the people
+talking of it, and perhaps coming down to stare at me."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dixwell was willing to make any terms in order to have what he
+wished accomplished, and giving Mrs. Best directions to let the
+patient have some port wine every half hour, he hurried away to the
+Court.</p>
+
+<p>On inquiring for Sir Philip, the servant said that his master had
+ridden out.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you know where he is gone, and how long he will be absent?" asked
+Mr. Dixwell.</p>
+
+<p>"He is gone, I believe, to call at Doctor Juke's, to consult about my
+lady," replied the man; "and as that is hard upon twenty miles, he
+can't be back for two or three hours."</p>
+
+<p>"That is most unfortunate," exclaimed the clergyman. "Is your lady
+up?"</p>
+
+<p>The servant replied in the negative, adding the information that she
+was very ill.</p>
+
+<p>"Then I must see Mistress Emily," said Mr. Dixwell, walking into the
+house. "Call her to me as quickly as you can."</p>
+
+<p>The man obeyed, and Emily was with the clergyman in a few moments,
+while the servant remained in the hall looking out through the open
+door.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining in conversation with Mr. Dixwell for a few minutes,
+Emily hurried back to her room, and came down again dressed for
+walking. She and Mr. Dixwell went out together, and the servant saw
+them take their way down the road in the direction of Jenny Best's
+cottage: but when they had gone a couple of hundred yards, the
+clergyman turned off towards his own house, walking at a very quick
+pace, while Emily proceeded slowly on her way.</p>
+
+<p>When at a short distance from the cottage, the beautiful girl stopped,
+and waited till she was rejoined by Mr. Dixwell, who came up very
+soon, out of breath at the quickness of his pace. "I have ordered the
+wine down directly," he said, "and I trust we shall be able to keep
+him up till he has told his story his own way. Now, my dear young
+lady, follow me;" and walking on he entered the cottage.</p>
+
+<p>Emily was a good deal agitated. Every memory connected with John
+Ayliffe was painful to her. It seemed as if nothing but misfortune,
+sorrow, and anxiety, had attended her ever since she first saw him,
+and all connected themselves more or less with him. The strange sort
+of mysterious feeling of sympathy which she had experienced when first
+she beheld him, and which had seemed explained to her when she learned
+their near relationship, had given place day by day to stronger and
+stronger personal dislike, and she could not now even come to visit
+him on his death-bed with the clergyman without feeling a mixture of
+repugnance and dread which she struggled with not very successfully.</p>
+
+<p>They passed, however, through the outer into the inner room where
+Mistress Best was sitting with the dying man, reading to him the New
+Testament. But as soon as Mr. Dixwell, who had led the way, entered,
+the good woman stopped, and John Ayliffe turned his head faintly
+towards the door.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, this is very kind of you," he said when he saw Emily, "I can tell
+you all better than any one else."</p>
+
+<p>"Sir Philip is absent," said Mr. Dixwell, "and will not be home for
+several hours."</p>
+
+<p>"Hours!" repeated John Ayliffe. "My time is reduced to minutes!"</p>
+
+<p>Emily approached quietly, and Mrs. Best quitted the room and shut the
+door. Mr. Dixwell drew the table nearer to the bed, spread some
+writing paper which he had brought with him upon it, and dipped a pen
+in the ink, as a hint that no time was to be lost in proceeding.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well," said John Ayliffe with a sigh, "I won't delay, though it
+is very hard to have to tell such a story. Mistress Emily, I have done
+you and your family great wrong and great harm, and I am very, very
+sorry for it, especially for what I have done against you."</p>
+
+<p>"Then I forgive you from all my heart," cried Emily, who had been
+inexpressibly shocked at the terrible change which the young man's
+appearance presented. She had never seen death, nor was aware of the
+terrible shadow which the dark banner of the great Conqueror often
+casts before it.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you, thank you," replied John Ayliffe; "but you must not
+suppose, Mistress Emily, that all the evil I have done was out of my
+own head. Others prompted me to a great deal; although I was ready
+enough to follow their guidance, I must confess. The two principal
+persons were Shanks the lawyer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> and Mrs. Hazleton&mdash;Oh, that woman is,
+I believe, the devil incarnate."</p>
+
+<p>"Hush, hush," said Mr. Dixwell, "I cannot put such words as those
+down, nor should you speak them. You had better begin in order too,
+and tell all from the commencement, but calmly and in a Christian
+spirit, remembering that this is your own confession, and not an
+accusation of others."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I will try," said the young man faintly, lifting his hand from
+the bed-clothes, as if to put it to his head in the act of thought.
+But he was too weak, and he fell back again, and fixing his eyes on a
+spot in the wall opposite the foot of the bed, he continued in a sort
+of dreamy commemorative way as follows: "I loved you&mdash;yes, I loved you
+very much&mdash;I feel it now more than ever&mdash;I loved you more than you
+ever knew&mdash;more than I myself knew then. (Emily bent her head and hid
+her eyes with her hands.) It was not," he proceeded to say, "that you
+were more beautiful than any of the rest&mdash;although that was true
+too&mdash;but there was somehow a look about you, an air when you moved, a
+manner when you spoke, that made it seem as if you were of a different
+race from the rest&mdash;something higher, brighter, better, and as if your
+nobler nature shone out like a gleam on all you did&mdash;I cannot help
+thinking that if you could have loved me in return, mine would have
+been a different fate, a different end, a different and brighter hope
+even now&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"You are wandering from the subject, my friend," said Mr. Dixwell.
+"Time is short."</p>
+
+<p>"I am not altogether wandering," said John Ayliffe, "but I feel faint.
+Give me some more wine." When he had got it, he continued thus: "I
+found you could not love me&mdash;I said in my heart that you would not
+love me; and my love turned into hate&mdash;at least I thought so&mdash;and I
+determined you should rue the day that you had refused me. Long before
+that, however, Shanks the lawyer had put it into my head that I could
+take your father's property and title from him, and I resolved some
+day to try, little knowing all that it would lead me into step by
+step. I had heard my mother say a hundred times that she had been as
+good as married to your uncle who was drowned, and that if right had
+been done I ought to have had the property. So I set to work with
+Shanks to see what could be done. Sometimes he led, sometimes I led;
+for he was a coward, and wanted to do all by cunning, and I was bold
+enough, and thought every thing was to be done by daring. We had both
+of us got dipped so deep in there was no going back. I tore one leaf
+out of the parish register myself, to make it seem that your
+grandfather had caused the record of my mother's marriage to be
+destroyed&mdash;but that was no marriage at all&mdash;they never were
+married&mdash;and that's the truth. I did a great number of other very evil
+things, and then suddenly Mrs. Hazleton came in to help us; and
+whenever there was any thing particularly shrewd and keen to be
+devised, especially if there was a spice of malice in it towards Sir
+Philip or yourself, Mrs. Hazleton planned it for us&mdash;not telling us
+exactly to do this thing or that, but asking if it could not be done,
+or if it would be very wrong to do it. But I'll tell you them all in
+order&mdash;all that we did."</p>
+
+<p>He went on to relate a great many particulars with which the reader is
+already acquainted. He told the whole villainous schemes which had
+been concocted between himself, the attorney, and Mrs. Hazleton, and
+which had been in part, or as a whole, executed to the ruin of Sir
+Philip Hastings' fortune and peace. The good clergyman took down his
+words with a rapid hand, as he spoke, though it was somewhat
+difficult; for the voice became more and more faint and low.</p>
+
+<p>"There is no use in trying now," said John Ayliffe in conclusion,
+"when I am going before God who has seen and known it all. There is no
+use in trying to conceal any thing. I was as ready to do evil as they
+were to prompt me, and I did it with a willing heart, though sometimes
+I was a little frightened at what I was doing, especially in the night
+when I could not sleep. I am sorry enough for it now&mdash;I repent from my
+whole heart; and now tell me&mdash;tell me, can you forgive me?"</p>
+
+<p>"As far as I am concerned, I forgive you entirely," said Emily, with
+the tears in her eyes, "and I trust that your repentance will be fully
+accepted. As to my father, I am sure that he will forgive you also,
+and I think I may take upon myself to say, that he will either come or
+send to you this night to express his forgiveness."</p>
+
+<p>"No, no, no," said the young man with a great effort. "He must not
+come&mdash;he must not send. I have made the atonement that he (pointing to
+Mr. Dixwell) required, and I have but one favor to ask. Pray, pray
+grant it to me. It is but this. That you will not tell any one of this
+confession so long as I am still living. He has got it all down. It
+can't be needed for a few hours, and in a few, a very few, I shall be
+gone. Mr. Dixwell will tell you when it is all over. Then tell what
+you like; but I would rather not die with more shame upon my head if I
+can help it."</p>
+
+<p>The good clergyman was about to reason with him upon the differences
+between healthful shame, and real shame, and false shame, but Emily
+gently interposed, saying, "It does not matter, my dear sir; a few
+hours can make no difference."</p>
+
+<p>Then rising, she once more repeated the words of forgiveness, and
+added, "I will now go and pray for you, my poor cousin&mdash;I will pray
+that your repentance may be sincere and true&mdash;that it may be accepted
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> Christ's sake, and that God may comfort you and support you even
+at the very last."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dixwell rose too, and telling John Ayliffe that he would return in
+a few minutes, accompanied Emily back towards her house. They parted,
+however, at the gates of the garden; and while Emily threaded her way
+through innumerable gravelled walks, the clergyman went back to the
+cottage, and once more resumed his place by the side of the dying man.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XLI.</h4>
+
+<p>Sir Philip Hastings returned to his own house earlier than had been
+expected, bringing with him the physician he had gone to seek, and
+whom&mdash;contrary to the ordinary course of events&mdash;he had found at once.
+They both went up to Lady Hastings's room where the physician,
+according to the usual practice of medical men in consultation,
+approved of all that his predecessor had done, yet ordered some
+insignificant changes in the medicines in order to prove that he had
+not come there for nothing. He took the same view of the case that Mr.
+Short had taken, declaring that there was no immediate danger; but at
+the same time he inquired particularly how that lady rested in the
+night, whether she started in her sleep, was long watchful, and
+whether she breathed freely during slumber.</p>
+
+<p>The maid's account was not very distinct in regard to several of these
+points; but she acknowledged that it was her young lady who usually
+sat up with Lady Hastings till three or four o'clock in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip immediately directed Emily to be summoned, but the maid
+informed him she had gone out about an hour and a half before, and had
+not then returned.</p>
+
+<p>When the physician took his leave and departed, Sir Philip summoned
+the butler to his presence, and inquired, with an eager yet gloomy
+tone, if he knew where Mistress Emily had gone.</p>
+
+<p>"I really do not, Sir Philip," replied the man. "She went out with Mr.
+Dixwell, but they parted a little way down the road, and my young lady
+went on as if she were going to farmer Wallop's or Jenny Best's."</p>
+
+<p>At the latter name Sir Philip started as if a serpent had stung him,
+and he waved to the man to quit the room. As soon as he was alone he
+commenced pacing up and down in more agitation than he usually
+displayed, and once or twice words broke from him which gave some
+indications of what was passing in his mind.</p>
+
+<p>"Too clear, too clear," he said, and then after a pause exclaimed,
+holding up his hands; "so young, and so deceitful! Marlow must be told
+of this, and then must act as he thinks fit&mdash;it were better she were
+dead&mdash;far better! What is the cold, dull corruption of the grave, the
+mere rotting of the flesh, and the mouldering of the bones, to this
+corruption of the spirit, this foul dissolution of the whole moral
+nature?"</p>
+
+<p>He then began to pace up and down more vehemently than before, fixing
+his eyes upon the ground, and seeming to think profoundly, with a
+quivering lip and knitted brow. "Hard, hard task for a father," he
+said&mdash;"God of heaven that I should ever dream of such a thing!&mdash;yet it
+might be a duty. What can Marlow be doing during this long unexplained
+absence? France&mdash;can he have discovered all this and quitted her,
+seeking, in charity, to make the breach as little painful as possible?
+Perhaps, after all," he continued, after a few moments' thought, "the
+man may have been mistaken when he told me that he believed that this
+young scoundrel was lying ill of a fall at this woman's cottage; yet
+at the best it was bad enough to quit a sick mother's bed-side for
+long hours, when I too was absent. Can she have done it to show her
+spleen at this foolish opposition to her marriage?"</p>
+
+<p>There is no character so difficult to deal with&mdash;there is none which
+is such a constant hell to its possessor&mdash;as that of a moody man. Sir
+Philip had been moody, as I have endeavored to show, from his very
+earliest years; but all the evils of that sort of disposition had
+increased upon him rapidly during the latter part of his life.
+Unaware, like all the rest of mankind, of the faults of his own
+character, he had rather encouraged than struggled against its many
+great defects. Because he was stern and harsh, he fancied himself
+just, and forgot that it is not enough for justice to judge rightly of
+that which is placed clearly and truly before it, and did not
+remember, or at all events apply the principle, that an accurate
+search for truth, and an unprejudiced suspension of opinion till truth
+has been obtained, are necessary steps to justice. Suspicion&mdash;always a
+part and parcel of the character of the moody man&mdash;had of late years
+obtained a strong hold upon him, and unfortunately it had so happened
+that event after event had occurred to turn his suspicion against his
+own guiltless child. The very lights and shades of her character,
+which he could in no degree comprehend, from his own nature being
+destitute of all such impulsiveness, had not only puzzled him, but
+laid the foundation of doubts. Then the little incident which I have
+related in a preceding part of this work, regarding the Italian
+singing-master&mdash;Emily's resolute but unexplained determination to take
+no more lessons from that man, had set his moody mind to ponder and to
+doubt still more. The too successful schemes and suggestions of Mrs.
+Hazleton had given point and vigor to his suspicions, and the betrayal
+of his private conversation to the government had seemed a climax to
+the whole, so that he almost believed his fair sweet child a fiend
+concealed beneath the form of an angel.</p>
+
+<p>It was in vain that he asked himself, What<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> could be her motives? He
+had an answer ready, that her motives had always been a mystery to
+him, even in her lightest acts. "There are some people," he thought,
+"who act without motives&mdash;in whom the devil himself seems to have
+implanted an impulse to do evil without any cause or object, for the
+mere pleasure of doing wrong."</p>
+
+<p>On the present occasion he had accidentally heard from the farmer, who
+was the next neighbor of Jenny Best, that he was quite certain Sir
+John Hastings, as he called him, was lying ill from a fall at that
+good woman's cottage. His horse had been found at a great distance on
+a wild common, with the bridle broken, and every appearance of having
+fallen over in rearing. Blood and other marks of an accident had been
+discovered on the road. Mr. Short, the surgeon, was seen to pay
+several visits every day to the old woman's house, and yet maintained
+the most profound secrecy in regard to his patient. The farmer argued
+that the surgeon would not be so attentive unless that patient was a
+person of some importance, and it was clear he was not one of Jenny
+Best's own family, for every member of it had been well and active
+after the surgeon's visits had been commenced.</p>
+
+<p>All these considerations, together with the absence of John Ayliffe
+from his residence, had led the good farmer to a right conclusion, and
+he had stated the fact broadly to Sir Philip Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Philip, on his part, had made no particular inquiries, for the
+very name of John Ayliffe was hateful to him; but when he heard that
+his daughter had gone forth alone to that very cottage, and had
+remained there for a considerable time in the same place with the man
+whom he abhorred, and remembered that the tale which had been boldly
+put forth of her having visited him in secret, the very blood, as it
+flowed through his heart, seemed turned into fire, and his brain
+reeled with anguish and indignation.</p>
+
+<p>Presently the hall door was heard to open, and there was a light step
+in the passage. Sir Philip darted forth from his room, and met his
+daughter coming in with a sad and anxious face, and as he thought with
+traces of tears upon her eyelids.</p>
+
+<p>"Where have you been?" asked her father in a stern low tone.</p>
+
+<p>"I have been to Jenny Best's down the lane, my father," replied Emily,
+startled by his look and manner, but still speaking the plain truth,
+as she always did. "Is my mother worse?"</p>
+
+<p>Without a word of reply Sir Philip turned away into his room again and
+closed the door.</p>
+
+<p>Alarmed by her father's demeanor, Emily hurried up at once to Lady
+Hastings's room, but found her certainly more cheerful and apparently
+better.</p>
+
+<p>The assurance given by the physician that there was no immediate
+danger, nor any very unfavorable symptom, had been in a certain degree
+a relief to Lady Hastings herself; for, although she had undoubtedly
+been acting a part when in the morning she had declared herself dying,
+yet, as very often happens with those who deceive, she had so far
+partially deceived herself as to believe that she was in reality very
+ill. She was surprised at Emily's sudden appearance and alarmed look,
+but her daughter did not think it right to tell her the strange
+demeanor of Sir Philip, but sitting down as calmly as she could by her
+mother's side, talked to her for several minutes on indifferent
+subjects. It was evident to Emily that, although her father's tone was
+so harsh, her mother viewed her more kindly than in the morning, and
+the information which had been given her by the surgeon accounted for
+the change. The conduct of Sir Philip, however, seemed not to be
+explained, and Emily could hardly prevent herself from falling into
+one of those reveries which have often been mentioned before. She
+struggled against the tendency, however, for some time, till at length
+she was relieved by the announcement that Mistress Hazleton was below,
+but when Lady Hastings gave her maid directions to bring her friend
+up, Emily could refrain no longer from uttering at least one word of
+warning.</p>
+
+<p>"Give me two minutes more, dear mamma," she said, in a low voice. "I
+have something very particular to say to you&mdash;let Mrs. Hazleton wait
+but for two minutes."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said Lady Hastings, languidly; and then turning to the maid
+she added, "Tell dear Mrs. Hazleton that I will receive her in five
+minutes, and when I ring my bell, bring her up."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the maid had retired Emily sank upon her knees by her
+mother's bed-side, and kissed her hand, saying, "I have one great
+favor to ask, dear mother, and I beseech you to grant it."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, my child," answered Lady Hastings, thinking she was going to
+petition for a recall of her injunction against the marriage with
+Marlow, "I have but one object in life, my dear Emily, and that is
+your happiness. I am willing to make any sacrifice of personal
+feelings for that object. What is it you desire?"</p>
+
+<p>"It is merely this," replied Emily, "that you would not put any trust
+or confidence whatever in Mrs. Hazleton. That you would doubt her
+representations, and confide nothing to her, for a short time at
+least."</p>
+
+<p>Lady Hastings looked perfectly aghast. "What do yon mean, Emily?" she
+said. "What can you mean? Put no trust in Mrs. Hazleton, my oldest and
+dearest friend?"</p>
+
+<p>"She is not your friend," replied Emily, earnestly, "nor my friend,
+nor my father's friend, but the enemy of every one in this house. I
+have long had doubts&mdash;Marlow changed those doubts into suspicions,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> this day I have accidentally received proof positive of her cruel
+machinations against my father, yourself, and me. This justifies me in
+speaking as I now do, otherwise I should have remained silent still."</p>
+
+<p>"But explain, explain, my child," said Lady Hastings. "What has she
+done? What are these proofs you talk of? I cannot comprehend at all
+unless you explain."</p>
+
+<p>"There would be no time, even if I were not bound by a promise,"
+replied Emily; "but all I ask is that you suspend all trust and
+confidence in Mrs. Hazleton for one short day&mdash;perhaps it may be
+sooner; but I promise you that at the end of that time, if not before,
+good Mr. Dixwell shall explain every thing to you, and place in your
+hands a paper which will render all Mrs. Hazleton's conduct for the
+last two years perfectly clear and distinct."</p>
+
+<p>"But do tell me something, at least, Emily," urged her mother. "I hate
+to wait in suspense. You used to be very fond of Mrs. Hazleton and she
+of you. When did these suspicions of her first begin, and how?"</p>
+
+<p>"Do you not remember a visit I made to her some time ago," replied
+Emily, "when I remained with her for several days? Then I first
+learned to doubt her. She then plotted and contrived to induce me to
+do what would have been the most repugnant to your feelings and my
+father's, as well as to my own. But moreover she came into my room one
+night walking in her sleep, and all her bitter hatred showed itself
+then."</p>
+
+<p>"Good gracious! What did she say? What did she do?" exclaimed Lady
+Hastings, now thoroughly forgetting herself in the curiosity Emily's
+words excited.</p>
+
+<p>Her daughter related all that had occurred on the occasion of Mrs.
+Hazleton's sleeping visit to her room, and repeated her words as
+nearly as she could recollect them.</p>
+
+<p>"But why, my dearest child, did you not tell us all this before?"
+asked Lady Hastings.</p>
+
+<p>"Because the words were spoken in sleep," answered Emily, "and excited
+at the time but a vague doubt. Sleep is full of delusions; and though
+I thought the dream must be a strange one which could prompt such
+feelings, yet still it might all be a troublous dream. It was not till
+afterwards, when I saw cause to believe that Mrs. Hazleton wished to
+influence me in a way which I thought wrong, that I began to suspect
+the words that had come unconsciously from the depths of her secret
+heart. Since then suspicion has increased every day, and now has
+ripened into certainty. I tell you, dear mother, that good Mr.
+Dixwell, whom you know and can trust, has the information as well as
+myself. But we are both bound to be silent as to the particulars for
+some hours more. I could not let Mrs. Hazleton be with you again,
+however&mdash;remembering, as I do, that seldom has she crossed this
+threshold or we crossed hers, without some evil befalling us&mdash;and not
+say as much as I have said, to give you the only hint in my power of
+facts which, if you knew them fully, you could judge of much better
+than myself. Believe me, dear mother, that as soon as I am
+permitted&mdash;and a very few hours will set me free&mdash;I will fly at once
+to tell you all, and leave you and my father to decide and act as your
+own good judgment shall direct."</p>
+
+<p>"You had better tell me first, Emily," replied Lady Hastings; "a woman
+can always best understand the secrets of a woman's heart. I wish you
+had not made any promise of secrecy; but as you have, so it must be.
+Has Marlow had any share in this discovery?" she added, with some
+slight jealousy of his influence over her daughter's mind.</p>
+
+<p>"Not in the least with that which I have made to-day," replied Emily;
+"but I need not at all conceal from you that he has long suspected
+Mrs. Hazleton of evil feelings and evil acts towards our whole family;
+and that he believes that he has discovered almost to a certainty that
+Mrs. Hazleton aided greatly in all the wrong and injury that has been
+done my father. The object of his going to France was solely to trace
+out the whole threads of the intrigue, and he went, not doubting in
+the least that he should succeed in restoring to my parents all that
+has been unjustly taken from them. That such a restoration must take
+place, I now know; but what he has learned or what he has done I
+cannot tell you, for I am not aware. I am sure, however, that if he
+brings all he hopes about, it will be his greatest joy to have aided
+to right you even in a small degree."</p>
+
+<p>"I do believe he is a very excellent and amiable young man," said Lady
+Hastings thoughtfully.</p>
+
+<p>She seemed as if she were on the point of saying something farther on
+the subject of Marlow's merits; but then checked herself, and added,
+"But now indeed, Emily, I think I ought to send for Mrs. Hazleton."</p>
+
+<p>"But you promise me, dear mother," urged Emily eagerly, "that you will
+put no faith in any thing she tells you, and will not confide in her
+in any way till you have heard the whole?"</p>
+
+<p>"That I certainly will take care to avoid, my dear," replied Lady
+Hastings. "After what you have told me, it would be madness to put any
+confidence in her&mdash;especially when a few short hours will reveal all.
+You are sure, Emily, that it will not be longer!"</p>
+
+<p>"Perfectly certain, my dear mother," answered her daughter. "I would
+not have promised to refrain from speaking, had I not been certain
+that the time for such painful concealment must be very short."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then, my dear child, ring the bell," said Lady Hastings. "I
+will be very guarded merely on your assurances, for I am sure that you
+are always candid and sincere whatever your poor father may think."</p>
+
+<p>Emily rung the bell, and retired to her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> own room, repeating
+mournfully to herself, "whatever my poor father may think!&mdash;Well,
+well," she added, "the time will soon come when he will be undeceived,
+and do his child justice. Alas, that it should ever have been
+otherwise!"</p>
+
+<p>She found relief in tears; and while she wept in solitude Lady
+Hastings prepared to receive Mrs. Hazleton with cold dignity. She had
+fully resolved when Emily left her to be as silent as possible in
+regard to every thing that had occurred that day, not to allude
+directly or indirectly to the warning which had been given her, and to
+leave Mrs. Hazleton to attribute her unwonted reserve to caprice or
+any thing else she pleased. But the resolutions of Lady Hastings were
+very fragile commodities when she fell into the hands of artful people
+who knew her character, and one was then approaching not easily
+frustrated in her designs.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850,
+by G. P. R. James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the
+United States for the Southern District of New-York.
+</p><p>
+Continued from page 41.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="NEWSPAPER_POETS_CHARLES_WELDON" id="NEWSPAPER_POETS_CHARLES_WELDON"></a>NEWSPAPER POETS: CHARLES WELDON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some of the best poetry in America makes its appearance in the
+newspapers, without pretension, and often without the names of its
+authors. It is enough for them to write, and publish, whoever will may
+take the fame. This indifference to public opinion does not arise from
+any want of autorial vanity perhaps, but in most cases from that
+modesty which an acquaintance with and self-measurement by the best
+standards never fails to produce in sincere lovers of art.</p>
+
+<p>Recently a series of noticeable poems has from time to time appeared
+in the <i>Tribune</i>, without any name or clue to their authorship except
+the enigmatical initials O. O. They are by Mr. Charles Weldon; he is
+still a young man, and the poems below, we have been told, are the
+first that he wrote. Their niceties of rhythm in many cases would
+reflect credit on the recognized masters of the poetic art. In this
+respect they are remarkable; but perhaps their greatest charm is a
+certain kind of subtle but masculine thought. They embody what most
+men feel, but lack words to express; strange facts of impression and
+consciousness, half-formed philosophies, and those glimpses of truth
+which are revealed to the mind in certain moods, as stray rays of the
+moon on a cloudy night. In this respect they resemble the best pieces
+of Emerson, who seems to be a favorite with Mr. Weldon. In others they
+remind us of the simplicity of "In Memoriam." By this we intend a
+compliment rather than a charge of imitation. Mr. Weldon's thoughts
+are too peculiar to come from any one but himself, and too original to
+be cast in other moulds. We shall watch his progress with interest,
+and are mistaken if he does not do something worthy to be long
+remembered.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Mysterious interpreter,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dear Aid that God has given to me!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Instruct me, for I meanly err;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Inform me, for I dimly see.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I know thee not: How can I know?&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I sought thee long, and lately found,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wearing the sable weeds of wo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A figure cast upon the ground.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Thou</i> wert that figure. Face to face<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We have not stood: I dare not see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy features. We did once embrace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And all my being went to thee.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Henceforward never more apart<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We wander. All thy steps are mine.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou hast my brain: thou hast my heart:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou hast my soul. And I am thine.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Sun has his appointed place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He never rests, and never tires;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ever in serenest space<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Burn the celestial, upper fires.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They shine into the soul of man&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Good works of God, but not the best&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he adores them as he can,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Cherishing a supremer guest.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He does not know the alphabet<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of angel-language, who aspires<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Against the sky his tube to set,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And spell them into worlds, those fires.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Petrel, bird of storms, is found<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Five hundred leagues from any ground:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He dwells upon the ocean-wave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He screams above the sailor's grave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How many tens of centuries<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere mankind built their theories,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Skimming the foamy tracks of whales,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did he outride the stoutest gales,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Upon three thousand miles of sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From land to land perpetually<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rolling; and not a wave could stay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From day to night, from night to day,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Without an anthem? Where are gone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The anthem, and the sea-bird's moan?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where is the splendor of the morn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That rose on seas, ere man was born?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Where are the roses of the years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere Mother Eve knew mother's cares?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where is the clang of Tubal-Cain's<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">First brass, and where are Jubal's strains?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Where is the rainbow Noah saw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And heard a law, or thought a law?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rainbow fades, the beauty lives;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The creature falls, the race survives.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They tell us that the brain is mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or the mind enters through the brain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Even as light that is confined<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And colored by the window pane.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The act is fashioned by the head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And thus man does or cannot do;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the red glass the light is red.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through the blue glass the light is blue.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They do not urge their world-machine<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To sounder progress, nor explain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The difficulties that were seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And felt before&mdash;pray what <i>is</i> brain?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All undiscoverable, how<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Can they resolve the Whence or Why<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Man grew to being in the Now,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or what is his Futurity.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Down the world's steep, dread abysmal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Icy as Spitzbergen's coast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the night hours, long and dismal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ghost is calling unto ghost;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crushed is every fairer promise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the good is taken from us;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sorrow adds to former sorrow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, with every new to-morrow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Some expected joy is lost.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But I will not shrink nor murmur.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Though a spectre leads me on;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now I set my footsteps firmer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Face me now, thou skeleton!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trance me with thy fleshless eyeholes&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But I move to other viols<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than the rattling of thy bones,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As we tread the crazy stones,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For I see the risen sun.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With my face behind my shadow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thrown before the risen sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Life I follow o'er the meadow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And an angel thrusts me on.<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Every little flower below me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Seems to see me, seems to know me;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Every bird and cloud above me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Seems (or do I dream?) to love me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">While the Angel thrusts me on.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Where the turf is softest, greenest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Does that Angel thrust me on;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the landscape lies serenest<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the journey of the sun.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I shall pass through golden portals<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With him, to the wise Immortals,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And behold the saints and sages<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who outshone their several ages,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For an Angel thrust them on.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The poem of the Universe<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor rhythm has, nor rhyme;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some god recites the wondrous song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A stanza at a time.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Great deeds he is foredoomed to do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With Freedom's flag unfurled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who hears the echo of that song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As it goes down the world.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Great words he is compelled to speak,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who understands the song;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He rises up like fifty men&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fifty good men and strong.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A stanza for each century!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Now, heed it, all who can,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who hears it, he, and only he,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is the elected man.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The frost upon the window pane<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Makes crystal pictures in the night;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Earth, old mother, wears again<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Her garment of the shining white.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We fly across the frozen snow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With bounding blood that will not pause.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh Heaven! we are far below&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Oh Earth! above thee, with thy laws.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The happy horses toss their bells;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sleigh goes on into the far<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And far away. (A whisper tells<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of flight to where the angels are.)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Glide forward. As a star that slips<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through space, we know a large desire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And though our steeds are urged by whips,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We haste as they were urged by fire.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dash forward, Let us know no rest&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But on, and on, and ever on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Until the palace of the West<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We enter, with the sinking sun.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And forward still, until the East<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Releases the aspiring day;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And forward till the hours have ceased,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Oh Earth! now art thou far away.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">...*...*...*...*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The mountains truly have a glorious roughness;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I do not hear the pyramids are smooth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ocean grandly foams into abruptness;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Does God peal thunder down a well-oiled groove?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou, with a poet's roughness, friend, would'st quarrel;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Staggering o'er the ridges of ploughed speech,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You move uneasily. Well, the apparel<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of verse is trivial. Try the sense to reach.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_COUNT_MONTE-LEONE_OR_THE_SPY_IN_SOCIETY7" id="THE_COUNT_MONTE-LEONE_OR_THE_SPY_IN_SOCIETY7"></a>THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF H. DE ST. GEORGES.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>XX.&mdash;THE GOOD AND THE BAD ANGEL.</h4>
+
+<p>The Count of Monte-Leone was cast down on receiving from the minister
+an order to leave France. So many interests bound him to his country;
+not that he cherished still the hope of being loved by Aminta, and of
+one day giving her his name. His ruin had dissipated all his bright
+dreams of future happiness. But he resided in the same place as the
+marquise; he breathed the same air that she breathed. To live near her
+thus, without seeing her, without telling her of that love which
+consumed his soul, was indeed cruel&mdash;it was a bitter sorrow to him
+every hour and every moment. But to remove himself from her and France
+was to die. And then, his political work&mdash;that work, his life and
+glory&mdash;that work which he loved because it avenged him of kings in
+avenging his father, the victim of a king&mdash;in which he believed he saw
+the regeneration of the world&mdash;that great work, in fine, of which the
+confidence of almost all the <i>Ventes</i> of Europe rendered him in some
+way the master and arbiter&mdash;it was necessary to renounce at the very
+moment of accomplishment. He must abandon his associates, his
+brothers, who relied in the hour of danger on his devotion and energy,
+and on the firm and bold will with which he had often controlled
+chance, and by which he had produced safety from apparent shipwreck.
+Had the Count been denounced? was the plan for the completion of which
+he and his friends toiled known? He told Taddeo, Von Apsbery, and
+d'Harcourt, of the order he had received, and they had consulted about
+it. Their plans, as it will be seen, though difficult, were
+susceptible of penetration. The house of the false Matheus as yet
+appeared unsuspected, and that was a great point. It was the holy ark
+in which were deposited the archives of the association, and the names
+of the agents, and if it were violated, all was lost. The expulsion
+from France of the Count might be the signal of the persecutions about
+to be begun against Carbonarism. At once, by means of a spontaneity
+which was one of the characteristics of the association, all the
+<i>Vente</i> of Paris were informed of the measures adopted against Count
+Monte-Leone. The mighty serpent then coiled up its innumerable rings
+and then its federal union apparently ceased in the whole capital. The
+orders were transmitted, received, and executed the very night after
+the decree of the minister had been signified to Monte-Leone. The
+friends during the night could not fancy why the order had been given.
+Monte-Leone seemed, as it were, struck by a new idea and said:
+"Perhaps it has no political motive, but has been dictated by private
+vengeance." He then paused, for he saw Taddeo's eyes fixed on him. He
+continued&mdash;"I have a few hours left to ascertain it, and will do so,
+not for my own sake, for whatever motive it may have, it will not
+trouble me less, but for your sake, my friends, who will remain here
+to defend the breach and to receive the enemy's attack."</p>
+
+<p>It was then resolved that up to the time of Monte-Leone's departure,
+he should not again visit Matheus's house, nor receive the adieus of
+his friends even at his hotel. All this took place on the night after
+the interview of the stranger and M. H&mdash;&mdash;, and on the day Louis
+XVIII. received the visit of the Prince de Maulear. In relation to
+private<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> revenge the Count could think of no one except the beautiful
+and passionate Duchess of Palma, who had loved him so devotedly that
+she wished even to die for him. This passionate woman he had driven to
+despair. For some time, though, calmness and resignation seemed to
+occupy her once desolate heart. The Count rarely visited her, but
+occasionally went to her hotel. Every time he did so, he found her
+more reasonable and calm. The Duchess evidently avoided all allusion
+to their old relations. She inquired calmly after his affairs, his
+pleasures, and his friends. When her mind recurred to the past, as a
+skiff drifts towards the river it has left, an effort of will was
+required again to push it into the wide stream of worldliness and
+indifference. The Count, however, was a delicate and acute observer,
+and sounded the abyss of her mind through the flowers which grew
+across its brink. The Count then went to his hotel at the <i>Champs
+Elys&eacute;es</i>, to clear up his suspicions, and to ascertain if his
+expulsion had not been caused by the Duchess of Palma. Monte-Leone was
+ushered in and found her with a few visitors. The features of the
+Duchess evidently became flushed at the sound of Monte-Leone's name.
+This, however, was but a flash of light in the dark, and the pale and
+beautiful face of La Felina soon became cold and passionless. "I
+expected you, Signor," said she, "when I learned from the Duke the
+unpleasant event which has occurred. I did not think you would leave
+the city without seeing me."</p>
+
+<p>"Signora," said the Count, "you were right. But you are mistaken in
+calling the terrible blow, the almost humiliating attack to which I
+have been subjected, a disagreeable event."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," said La Felina, "it is a catastrophe, and I can
+understand how severe it must be. We will talk of it by and by,
+however, when we are <i>alone</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The last words of the Duchess were a dismissal to those in the room,
+and a few moments after they left. When the ambassadress had seen the
+last visitor leave, she rang the bell by her side. A footman came, to
+whom she said, "Remember I am at home to no one, not even to the Duke,
+if he take it into his head to ask for me. Now," said she to the
+Count, who was surprised at the precautions she had taken, "we are now
+alone, and can talk together safely. You tell me you are ordered to
+leave France?"</p>
+
+<p>"At once, without the assignment of any reason."</p>
+
+<p>"Have you not seen the Minister and asked an explanation?"</p>
+
+<p>"I did not think it dignified to do so. Besides, my legal protector in
+France, the Duke of Palma, the Neapolitan ambassador, alone can defend
+me. I am, too, unwilling to ask justice, even, far less a favor, from
+his excellency."</p>
+
+<p>"You are right," said the Duchess. "You would not have been
+successful, for at the instance of the Duke himself have you been
+ordered away."</p>
+
+<p>The reply of the Duchess was clear and precise. The Count had every
+reason to suspect she had participated in the affair, but wished to be
+sure of it.</p>
+
+<p>"And has not the Duchess discovered why the Duke has done so?"</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," said La Felina. "The Duke has little confidence in me,
+not deigning to initiate me in the mysteries of diplomacy. This is not
+the case, though, with the secretaries. Now," said she kindly, "you
+must know that nothing which relates to you is uninteresting and I
+therefore sought to discover why such a stern course had been
+adopted."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed."</p>
+
+<p>"Your Neapolitan enemies, or perhaps your <i>friends</i>, have caused this.
+The court of Naples had, by means of the Duke of Palma, pointed you
+out to that of France as maintaining communications with Italy, which
+endangered the peace of the country. You are accused of being engaged
+in a plot to control from Paris the insurrectionary movements of the
+two Sicilies. You may," said she, "be innocent of those crimes, but
+you have left terrible recollections behind you in Naples, and your
+name will long continue a standard of revolt and sedition."</p>
+
+<p>"The court of Naples," said the Count, "does me honor by believing me
+thus powerful and formidable. I do not see, however, the use of
+bringing so dangerous a person to Italy."</p>
+
+<p>The Duchess said, "At home, it will be able to watch you more closely
+than at a distance. I trust, however, we will be able to defeat their
+plans and keep you here."</p>
+
+<p>"What say you?" said the Count.</p>
+
+<p>"I say that I am willing to abandon many schemes, but will not be
+diverted from being useful to you&mdash;from defending you against your
+enemies&mdash;nor cease to be what I once was, a secret providence, an &AElig;gis
+against danger. You know I learned this long ago, and am happy to be
+again able to assume the part."</p>
+
+<p>The Count did not know what to think, and his face expressed doubt and
+incredulity.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well," said she bitterly, "you suspect, you doubt me, and do
+not think me generous enough to return good for evil. So be it; judge
+me by my actions rather than my words. The former will soon convince
+you of my devotion."</p>
+
+<p>"What devotion, Signora, do you speak of?" said the Count with
+curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>"Plainly speaking, of the most sublime of all devotion&mdash;of making you
+happy at the expense of myself. I wish to retain you here in France,
+where the happiness of which I speak exists, to keep you by her who
+loves you and by whom you are loved."</p>
+
+<p>"What say you?" said the Count, "would you do so?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I will try," said Felina. "I have been forced to adopt strange and
+extreme means," added she, with a smile. "You know serious cases
+require violent remedies, and I had no choice."</p>
+
+<p>"Felina," said the Count, with emotion, "I have just committed an
+offence against you, for which I blush, and which my frankness alone
+can excuse. When you were busy in my behalf I fancied you the cause of
+my troubles."</p>
+
+<p>"That is very natural, and I am not at all surprised," said the
+Duchess. "People in this world are not apt to repay evil with good. I,
+however, do not wish to appear to you to be better than I am. Perhaps
+I am less deserving than you think. Time, it is said, cures the
+greatest mortifications, and dissipates the deepest passions. Three
+months ago I did not think it possible that I could have acted thus on
+your behalf. Then I was but a poor despised woman, passionate and
+deserted. Now I am your friend, sincere and devoted."</p>
+
+<p>"You are an angel," said the Count, with a deep transport of
+gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>"An angel," said the Duchess. "Then there are only good angels. But,"
+continued she, as if she were unwilling to suffer the Count to think
+on what she had said, "let us descend from heaven, where you give me
+so excellent a resting place, to earth. Speak to me of your plans and
+of her you love."</p>
+
+<p>"Of her I love!" said the Count, with hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly; have not all your old hopes returned? Has not the death of
+the Marquis revived your old passion?"</p>
+
+<p>"Felina," said the Count, "should I talk to you of such matters?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why not? am I not the first to mention them? You must, from my
+<i>sang-froid</i>, see that I can now listen to your confessions and hear
+all your tender sentiments. The French proverb says: <i>'Il n'y a que le
+premier pas qui coute</i>;'<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> I have already taken that. Treat me as a
+sister, but as a sister you love, and let me at least have the
+satisfaction of knowing that my self-denial has made you happy."</p>
+
+<p>"Happy!" said the Count, relapsing into sad thoughts, "may I always be
+happy, as you seem to wish me! I do not know that I may not hope some
+day for her to share my fate. She once refused my hand. I do not know
+but that her heart at last listens to mine; but that which Count
+Monte-Leone, amid all his luxury, once could offer, the poor and
+exiled Italian does not now propose."</p>
+
+<p>"Really," said Felina, "I am predestined to make you happy. By a
+single word I am about to dissipate the clouds around you, and light
+up your brow and heart with joy."</p>
+
+<p>"That is impossible," said the Count. "I henceforth have nothing, and
+have lost even hope."</p>
+
+<p>"The present," said the Duchess, "is less sombre than you think it.
+You are yet rich, almost as you ever were."</p>
+
+<p>The features of the Count expressed the greatest astonishment.</p>
+
+<p>"Listen to me," said the Duchess. "Yesterday one of my Neapolitan
+friends came to see me. He spoke of you, and I did not conceal the
+interest with which you had inspired me. He told me he had a
+confidential letter for Count Monte-Leone from his banker, Antonio
+Lamberti. The man is not so bad as he is thought to be; for, forced to
+give way before the burden of his obligations, he only pretended to
+fail. United by friendship, and especially by political opinions, with
+you, he has saved your fortune, and will send you the income until he
+can arrange his affairs and send you the capital."</p>
+
+<p>"Can this be true?" said the Count, beside himself.</p>
+
+<p>"All this can be effected only on certain conditions, that you will
+answer the letter of Lamberti, which now should be at your hotel."</p>
+
+<p>Monte-Leone could not repress his joy. "Rich," said he; "yet rich!
+Fortune has now its value for <i>her</i> sake."</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had he uttered the last word when the face of the Duchess
+changed its expression. Her eyes glared with madness, and a mortal
+pallor covered her face.</p>
+
+<p>"Excuse me," said the Count, as he saw this change. This was however
+but a flash, and by her powerful self-control Mme. de Palma became
+calm and smiling. She said "convalescents sometimes have relapses.
+Time is indispensable for a radical cure. The storm has passed, and
+the old nature reappears but for a moment, and gives place to the new
+but true friend, who rejoices with you at your unanticipated good
+fortune. It will secure your happiness."</p>
+
+<p>"My friend," added she, reaching out her hand to Monte-Leone, "you
+must be impatient to ascertain if what I have said is true. Go home,
+and you will find my prediction correct."</p>
+
+<p>"Felina," said the Count, "if your hopes are not realized, if you be
+not again my good star, I shall not be less grateful to you."</p>
+
+<p>"Gratitude is cold, indeed," said Felina. "I ask your friendship."</p>
+
+<p>"It is all yours," said the Count.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, go now," said the Duchess, with a smile.</p>
+
+<p>She was right, for when he reached his hotel, his old and faithful
+Giacomo, who, since his master's misfortune, had discharged his
+servants, and now performed all his functions, with the addition of
+those of valet, factotum, and cook, was busy with preparations for the
+departure of Monte-Leone. The old man gave him a letter, saying that
+it had been brought during his absence. The Count opened it, and read
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Count Monte-Leone</span>: You will lose nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> by Antonio Lamberti. He is
+not a person to destroy one of our great association. You will find
+within a check for fifty thousand livres, drawn in your favor by one
+of the first houses in Naples, on the house of Casimer P&eacute;rier of
+Paris. This is the interest at five per cent. on the million deposited
+by you with Antonio Lamberti. Every year the same sum will be paid
+down, and before six months you will receive security for your
+principal. One condition only is interposed on the return of your
+fortune. This is indispensable&mdash;that you maintain the most profound
+secrecy in relation to your new resources, and attribute them to any
+other than the real cause. The least indiscretion on your part will
+awake attention in relation to means employed to save from the wreck
+of Antonio Lamberti your own fortune."</p>
+
+<p>This letter was signed, <i>A Brother of the Venta of Castel-&agrave;-Mare</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Count Monte-Leone, though master of himself in adversity, could not
+repress his joy as he read this saving letter. As he had said at the
+house of La Felina, it was not for himself but for another that he
+rejoiced at this return of prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>"A fine time, indeed, to be laughing," said Giacomo, ill-tempered as
+possible, "when we are being driven from the country as if we were
+spotted with plague. Only think, a Monte-Leone expelled, when his
+ancestor, Andrea Monte-Leone, Viceroy of Sicily, received royal honors
+in every town he passed through. You, however, have no shame. No,
+Signor," added he, as he saw Monte-Leone smiling. "Had I been in your
+place, I would have picked a quarrel and killed the damned minister
+who has forced us to resume our wandering gipsy life. Besides we are
+ruined gipsies. At my age to begin my wanderings, to be badly lodged,
+badly fed, like the servant of a pedler. If I were only twenty I would
+undertake a game of dagger-play with my minister."</p>
+
+<p>"That is very fine, Giacomo," said Monte-Leone, "but the dagger is not
+the fashion in France. As for your apprehensions of the future, you
+may get rid of them by leaving me."</p>
+
+<p>The wrath of the old man disappeared at these words of his master, and
+great tears streamed down his furrowed cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>"Leave you! I leave you, when you are lost and ruined, Count?" said
+the good man. "Your father would not have spoken thus to me."</p>
+
+<p>"Come, come, old boy, you know well enough I cannot get on without
+you. If you did not scold me every day, if you did not bark
+everlastingly at me, like those old servants to whom age gives
+impunity&mdash;if I did not hear every morning and night your magisterial
+reprimands, I would have fancied I missed some luxury. Be easy,
+however, Giacomo. You saw me happy just now because my sky began to
+grow bright, because our fortune is about to change, because we are
+nearer good fortune than you thought."</p>
+
+<p>Full of these happy ideas, and anxious to take advantage of the few
+hours yet under his control, in case his departure should be enforced,
+the Count went to the hotel of the Prince. His heart beat violently
+when he was shown into the saloon of the Marquise, and he was glad
+that her not being in the room enabled him to repress his agitation.
+Aminta came in soon after. When Monte-Leone was announced, she felt
+almost as he had done.</p>
+
+<p>She spoke first, but with a voice full of agitation. "We had almost
+despaired of seeing you, Count, for the Prince told me you were about
+to go. You have however neglected us for so long a time that we knew
+not whether we might expect you to bid us adieu."</p>
+
+<p>The fact was, that since the news of his ruin the Count had not called
+to see Aminta. He felt that every interview made his departure more
+painful and the wreck of his hopes more terrible.</p>
+
+<p>"Madame," said he, without replying immediately to her kind reproach,
+"you are not mistaken, for an exile comes to bid you farewell. That
+exile, however, will bear away a perpetual memory of your kindness."</p>
+
+<p>"You will see <i>our</i> country," said the Marquise, with an effort.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall see my country, but not that which made it dear to me."</p>
+
+<p>"You will find many friends there," said the Marquise, becoming more
+and more troubled.</p>
+
+<p>"Friends are like swallows, Signora, they love the summer, but leave
+when winter comes."</p>
+
+<p>"You must have thought the Prince and myself were like them," said
+Aminta, "and that winter was come. You have not been for a long time
+to see us."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Signora, had I known&mdash;had I guessed&mdash;such a sympathy would have
+made me wish for misfortune."</p>
+
+<p>"No, Count, not so. It should, however, aid you to bear it."</p>
+
+<p>"There are misfortunes," said the Count, "which often disturb the
+strongest mind and destroy the greatest courage."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Signor, should the loss of a fortune cause such regret?"</p>
+
+<p>"But what if the loss of fortune," continued the Count, "involved that
+of the only blessing dreamed of&mdash;if this loss deprived you even of the
+right to be happy&mdash;then, Signora, do you understand, what would be the
+effect of such a loss?"</p>
+
+<p>The future fate of the Count was thus exhibited to Aminta. She saw at
+once that this noble and energetic man, born to command, must be
+proscribed, wandering, and wretched. The idea was too much for her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+heart, already crushed by the idea of a separation which became every
+moment more painful to her, and she therefore formed in her mind a
+generous resolution.</p>
+
+<p>"Signor," said she, "there are hearts which are attracted rather than
+alienated by misfortune, and sentiments which they would conceal from
+the happy, they confess to those who suffer."</p>
+
+<p>Monte-Leone, perfectly overcome, fell at the Marquise's feet. He was
+about to confess the unexpected good fortune which had befallen him.
+He, however, forgot all, and covered the hand which the Marquise
+abandoned to him with kisses. The Prince de Maulear entered, and
+appeared surprised but not offended by what he saw. "Do not disturb
+yourself, dear Count,&mdash;I know the meaning of all that, and expected
+it. But if, however, you are making an exhibition of your despair and
+misery, you have lost your time; for you will not go. The King places
+a high estimate on you, and will not forget you. He told me so."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XXI.&mdash;THE SECRET PANEL.</h4>
+
+<p>Three hours after the revelation made to M. H&mdash;&mdash; by his mysterious
+visitor in the cabinet of the chief of the political police, a man
+about fifty years of age rang at the door of a room on the second
+story of a furnished house in Jacob-street. He looked like a
+substantial citizen with a property of fifty thousand francs&mdash;or an
+income of 2,500 francs at five per cent. The mulberry frock of this
+man, over a vest of yellow silk, spotted with snuff, and a cravat of
+white mousseline, with gloves of sea-green, and pantaloons of brown
+cloth twisted like a cork-screw around his legs, an ivory-headed cane,
+and all the <i>et cetera</i>, might appropriately belong to a shopkeeper,
+retired from business, living in some <i>thebaide</i> of the streets
+d'Enfer or Vaugirard, and sustaining their intellects by the leaders
+of "The White Flag" of Martainville, and by witnessing once a year
+some chef-d'&oelig;uvre of Picard at the Odeon.</p>
+
+<p>We will make no conjectures about the social position of this
+gentleman,&mdash;he will hereafter explain himself. Almost before the bell
+he rang had ceased to sound, the door was opened by another person.
+The latter was tall, dark and athletic, so that we would really have
+taken him for the lover of Mlle. Celestine Crepineau, had he worn the
+magnificent moustache and voluminous whiskers of the bear-hunter,
+which the lady admired so much. His costume, too, was different from
+that of the Spaniard. He wore a blue frock over his chest, at the
+bottom hole of which was a bit of red ribbon, not a little discolored.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! M. Morisseau," said the inmate of the room, "you are welcome, but
+late. The dinner is cold. And," added he in a low tone, "the dinner of
+<i>a brigand of the Loire</i>, as they call such fragments of the imperial
+guard as myself, must be hot, it being too small to eat in any other
+way."</p>
+
+<p>"I think it always excellent, Monsieur <i>Rhinoceros</i>," said Morisseau.</p>
+
+<p>"Permit me," said the brigand of the Loire,&mdash;for so the man called
+himself&mdash;"My name is not Rhinoceros. A certain African animal has that
+beautiful name, as I have often told you during the many games of
+<i>dominoes</i> we have played together at the <i>Caf&eacute; Lemblin</i>, whither you
+are attracted by my company. My name is <i>Rinoccio&mdash;Paolo Rinoccio</i>,
+born in Corsica, as my foreign accent tells you. I am the countryman
+of <i>him</i>." He made a military salute. "I served ten years beneath the
+Eagles. You, too, adore our Emperor. Each Buonapartist has a hand for
+his brother," continued he, shaking that of Morisseau. "Already
+thinking alike, eight days ago, over M. Lemblin's cognac, we swore
+eternal friendship. You, therefore, deigned to visit the warrior in
+his tent, in Jacob-street, to share the bread and soup of the soldier,
+and drink to the return of <i>him</i> of Austerlitz."</p>
+
+<p>"M. Rhinoceros,&mdash;no, no, Rhino,&mdash;damn the name," said the Corsican's
+guest, "it is indeed an honor for me to sit at the table of so brave a
+man&mdash;for that reason, I accepted your invitation."</p>
+
+<p>"Sit down, then, and let us drink to the health of the little
+corporal."</p>
+
+<p>As he spoke he filled two glasses and emptied his own. M. Morisseau
+simply moistened his lips. "The Emperor," he said, on receiving his
+part of the soup, "the Emperor, M. Rhino, was my god."</p>
+
+<p>"And that of France," said the Corsican.</p>
+
+<p>"He was my god and my best customer; I had the honor to be his
+furrier."</p>
+
+<p>"His what?"</p>
+
+<p>"His furrier. I furnished his majesty's robes&mdash;not only his own, but
+those of all the kings he made. You know the Emperor used to make a
+king a year, and he used to insist that all his brothers and friends
+should reign only in my robes. I had the honor, therefore, of wrapping
+up the august forms of Kings Louis, Joseph, Jerome, Bernadotte and
+Murat, without particularizing the sovereign princes, grand dukes, and
+grand judges, who to please <i>him</i> dealt with me."</p>
+
+<p>"To <i>his</i> health," said the Corsican, and he emptied the second glass.
+"You never served, Monsieur Morisseau?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said the furrier, "I marched beneath the imperial eagles. I
+belonged to the glorious army of the <i>Sambre</i> and <i>Meuse</i>. I even now
+suffer in my <i>femur</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"From a ball?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, from the rheumatism, contracted during a forced march during the
+winter of '93. Having been surprised during the night by the enemy, I
+had not time to dress myself comfortably, and was compelled to march
+fifteen leagues barefooted, and in my drawers. That, by the bye, was
+the usual uniform of our army. Those who were best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> dressed only wore
+shoes and pantaloons. To dress thus, though, something more than our
+pay was necessary, which we never got."</p>
+
+<p>"You were then discharged?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, for my rheumatism became very severe. But for it I might now be
+a general. I asked a pension as having been wounded in service. It
+was, however, refused me&mdash;a great injustice."</p>
+
+<p>"The soup is gone. It is a very indigestible food, and we must
+therefore attack the enemy in his strong-holds. Two glasses of vin de
+Beaume will settle him."</p>
+
+<p>"But," said Morisseau, as he saw his host filling up his glass, "my
+head is very weak, and I have not gotten drunk since I left the
+service."</p>
+
+<p>"So be it, dear Morisseau. I will go for the second service, which the
+restorateur leaves in the kitchen. Excuse my having no servant, but
+two old soldiers like us can do without attendants."</p>
+
+<p>Rinoccio went into the next room. When Morisseau was alone he took a
+little vial from his pocket, opened it, and poured a few drops into
+the Corsican's glass, the third portion of the contents of which he
+had swallowed. Scarcely had he replaced the vial when the Corsican
+entered, having a plate on which were two large pork chops, with a
+gravy of <i>cornichons</i>. "The second entry will make a man drink like a
+fish," said the Corsican.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us drink, then," said Morisseau, knocking his glass against his
+host's.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us drink," said the latter; and Morisseau's eyes glared as he saw
+him bear the glass to his lips. His joy, however, was short. "Let us
+drink something better than this," said the Corsican, who, as he
+spoke, threw away the contents of his glass. "I have some champagne
+given me by my General, one of the old guard, and I shall never find a
+more suitable occasion to uncork it." He took from a shelf near the
+table a long wire-fastened bottle, covered with a venerable dust.</p>
+
+<p>Morisseau was not yet in despair, for he relied for an opportunity to
+use his vial on the third service. Paolo dexterously uncorked the
+bottle, and poured out a glass of perfumed wine to the imperial
+furrier, who, when he had knocked his glass against the Corsican's,
+drank it down, while the latter, just when he got it to his mouth, saw
+a fragment of cork on its brim. He took it out with his knife, lifted
+up the glass, and said: "To the Emperor. May he whom the enemies call
+the Corsican Ogre, soon eat up the Prussians, Austrians, and beggarly
+Cossacks. May he cut them into cat's-meat. May he cut off the <i>ailles
+de Pigeon</i> of all the <i>Voltigeurs de Louis XVI.</i> restored by the
+Bourbons. May he&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Rinoccio paused in his speech, for his guest looked pale and
+disturbed, and seemed about to go to sleep.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Per Bacco!</i>" said M. Morisseau, at once speaking the purest Italian,
+"what did that devil give me to drink?"</p>
+
+<p>"Probably," said the Corsican, in the same tongue, "what you would
+have given me, had I not taken care to empty in the fireplace the
+glass into which you had poured some narcotic or other."</p>
+
+<p>"Christ!" said the furrier, "the beggar saw me!"</p>
+
+<p>"Perfectly, Signor Pignana."</p>
+
+<p>"He knows me," said the false furrier, attempting to rise.</p>
+
+<p>The Corsican, however, pushed him back, and Pignana sank stupidly on
+his seat.</p>
+
+<p>"Curse you, Stenio, you shall pay for this!..."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, ah," said the Corsican, "so two played at the same game. Funny!
+and we were both good actors. I do not ask you," continued he,
+ironically, "why you came hither, and why you consented to share my
+frugal meal, for I know already, and will tell you. You met me in
+Paris, my presence annoyed you and your friends, and I know why. You
+watched and pursued me to find where I lived, and you succeeded. You
+joined me at the Caf&eacute; Lemblin, and we neither seemed to recognize each
+other. I asked you to dine, and you accepted my invitation, for with
+the drug you have you intended to put me to sleep, and expected then
+to be able to examine all my plans. You would have failed, Signor
+Pignana, for I do not live in this house. I took this room only for
+your especial benefit, and intend to give it up to-morrow. Do not,
+therefore, be disturbed, my good fellow; but go to sleep, and digest
+your dinner."</p>
+
+<p>"But I will not go to sleep," said Signor Pignana, attempting again to
+rise, "I will not go to sleep here, in the house of a man I think
+capable of any thing."</p>
+
+<p>"Not exactly that," said the Corsican, "but I am capable of much."</p>
+
+<p>"What do you wish to do with me?" said Pignana, articulating with
+great pain, for his tongue began to grow heavy and his ideas confused.</p>
+
+<p>"That you must not know; but do not be afraid, your life and health
+being dear to me. I would not deprive the Carbonari of so skilful an
+agent, who is so daring and prudent as you are. Lest, however, you
+should be uneasy and your sleep be troubled, I will tell you what I
+mean, and you will yourself admire my plan."</p>
+
+<p>Half stupid with sleep and terror, Pignana glared at Stenio Salvatori.</p>
+
+<p>"Here," said he, lifting up Pignana from the floor and placing him on
+a kind of sofa, "lie there, and then you can both sleep better and
+hear me more at your ease. You will for twelve hours have the most
+pleasant dreams imaginable. A glass will make you sleep twelve
+hours&mdash;a bottle for eternity." Pignana made a gesture expressive of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
+the greatest terror. "Do not be so uneasy," said Stenio, "and remember
+you have had only a glass. To-morrow, at six o'clock, you will wake
+up, with a slight headache, but in other respects perfectly well. Then
+the master of the house will come to ask after you. If you are
+generous, you will give him something to drink your health. Otherwise
+you will thank him and go, for all has been paid for. You see I do
+things genteelly, and know how to receive my friends. You will then
+leave this house, and go about your usual business, and will never
+mention this matter."</p>
+
+<p>"Eh? who will prevent me?" muttered Pignana.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, you will take care not to do so. For if you own that you have
+been duped, your confederates will think you a fool, and dismiss you
+without wages. Now this would be bad&mdash;just on the eve of their
+success. If you tell them how long you have slept, they will think you
+an idiot, for I never saw any one take to champagne so kindly as you
+did just now, my dear Pignana. Now, adieu, for I must go. Be still,"
+said he, pushing Pignana down with all his strength. "No, no, do not
+take the trouble to go with me&mdash;you are too kind. Go to sleep, go to
+sleep, go to sleep, my dear fellow." He left the room, and sleep took
+possession of its prey. Pignana felt his ideas grow gradually more
+confused, and his real life pass away. A few minutes after Stenio's
+departure, M. Pignana was sound asleep. Stenio then slowly opened the
+door of the room, and glided like a shadow over the floor to the
+sleeper, into whose pockets he placed his hand. "Nothing here&mdash;not
+here. The devil, can it be that it is not about him!" A smile of
+triumph, however, soon appeared on his lips, for he had found what he
+wanted. He discovered a kind of pocket in the waistcoat of the false
+tradesman, and felt in it. "Here it is!" said he. Pignana moved.
+Stenio paused, and then took from the sleeper's pocket a door-key. He
+then left, and did not return....</p>
+
+<p>While the events recorded above were transpiring, about eight o'clock
+on the evening, in Jacob-street, Mlle. Celestine Crepineau waited as
+Desdemona might have done for Othello, singing the melancholy romance
+of "The Willow." This was to console her for the prolonged absence of
+the bear-hunter, who had not been during the whole day in her lodge.
+The finger of Celestine furtively wiped away the tears which dripped
+down her long aquiline nose. Hope now and then arose in her heart, but
+that hope was betrayed. A man with a stern voice asked for Dr.
+Matheus, and went to his room. Seven times hope was enkindled in her
+heart only to be disappointed. She became angry, and as she could not
+confess to that passion in relation to the bear-hunter, and must have
+some pretext, she vented her temper on the Doctor's visitors. "How
+soon will this be over?" said she. "All Paris has come this evening to
+see my handsome lodger. What brings all these <i>savans</i> hither? They
+will keep me awake until late hours, and then Mr. Nu&ntilde;ez will say
+maliciously in the morning, 'Your eyes, Mlle. Celestine, are very
+heavy this morning. What have you been dreaming?' Then he will take
+liberties altogether inconvenient to a person of my sex."</p>
+
+<p>The seven blows on the knocker had announced the union of eight
+persons, including Von Apsberg, in the ground-floor parlor, the
+apartment through which the unfortunate Pignana used to go and come.
+Two of the Doctor's friends were d'Harcourt and Taddeo Rovero. The
+others we will tell by and by.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, when they were in council, "our meeting
+should, as usual, be presided over by Count Monte-Leone. Since,
+however, the order of expulsion, of which he was notified and which
+almost immediately was revoked, for some unknown reason, it seemed
+best that he should not be present. Monte-Leone is the head of the
+great brotherhood of Carbonarism. We therefore propose to render a
+succinct account of its situation in Europe, and particularly in
+France. Its position is peculiar, and we cannot deny that its
+existence is threatened on all sides. Secret and shrewd spies have
+penetrated in Germany the secret labors of our three societies, <i>The
+Tugenbund</i> at Berlin, <i>The Burschenschaft</i> and <i>The Teutonia</i> at
+Vienna and Leipsic. Their chiefs, Johan and Plischer, have been
+arrested."</p>
+
+<p>"Death to spies!" said Matheus's seven hearers.</p>
+
+<p>"This is not all," continued Matheus. "The plans of Count Labisbel
+have failed in Spain, and the Italian <i>vente</i> have been discovered by
+a shrewd police. The prisons of Naples, Venice, and Milan are already
+filled with our brethren."</p>
+
+<p>There was consternation on every face.</p>
+
+<p>"We are assured," said Matheus, "that the informations on which these
+arrests have been made have come from Paris. Now, this information
+could only have been obtained from our secret papers, as we alone in
+France correspond with the supreme venta of Europe. To these papers
+none have access but four brothers, Monte-Leone, Rovero, d'Harcourt,
+and myself. We inform you of these facts in obedience to our articles
+of association, that you may place us four on trial."</p>
+
+<p>These words were uttered with deep excitement. The three persons
+present of the four mentioned by Von Apsberg sat still, and the others
+rose.</p>
+
+<p>"On my honor and conscience," said General A&mdash;&mdash;, "I declare that such
+an idea is unworthy of you and us." The banker F&mdash;&mdash;, Count de Ch&mdash;&mdash;,
+a Peer of France, Ober<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> the merchant, the lawyer B&mdash;&mdash;, and professor
+C&mdash;&mdash;, said the same. They then gave their hands affectionately to the
+three friends, who acknowledged their salute.</p>
+
+<p>"Let the denunciation come whence it may, our brothers yet are victims
+of it. They suffer for us," said Taddeo, "and we will act for them."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Von Apsberg, "we will act, and decidedly, for time presses
+us, and we must anticipate our enemies unless we would be anticipated.
+Let all opinions centre, then, without hesitation, on the one
+principle which is the basis and keystone of Carbonarism, viz., '<i>That
+might is not right&mdash;that the kings of Europe reign either by virtue of
+a convention or by virtue of arms. The Bourbons in France reign by
+virtue of the allied sovereigns. We therefore declare that the
+Carbonari have associated to restore to all the nations of the
+continent, and to France especially, the free exercise of the right to
+choose the government which suits them best. We all swear to maintain
+this principle!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"We swear," said the Carbonari.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, "the time of action will be fixed by
+Count Monte-Leone at a meeting to take place January 25th, 1820, in
+the masonic lodge of <i>The Friends of Truth</i>. Until then let each one
+individually contribute to do all he can towards the reconstruction of
+our new edifice from the ruins of the old."</p>
+
+<p>"I take charge of the army," said General A&mdash;&mdash;, "the regiments in
+garrison at Befort are ours, and the others will follow their
+example."</p>
+
+<p>"I take charge of the colleges," said professor C&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>The lawyer B&mdash;&mdash; said, "We have many friends in the bar."</p>
+
+<p>Count Ch&mdash;&mdash; said, "And in the chamber of peers."</p>
+
+<p>The banker F&mdash;&mdash; added, "There will be no scarcity of money."</p>
+
+<p>The last who spoke was the merchant Ober, who said, "The influence of
+trade is on our side."</p>
+
+<p>Von Apsberg said, "We will not meet again till the twenty-fifth of
+January, 1820. The supreme <i>vente</i>, composed of the Count, Rovero, the
+Viscount, and myself, will communicate only with the five central
+<i>ventas</i> of Paris, the representative of which you are. Be active,
+then, in the <i>ventas</i> which depend on you, members of which are
+ignorant of your identity. Make yourself known to but one member of
+each venta, and communicate with Count Monte-Leone only in that
+brilliant society to which the high position of him and of yourselves
+gives access, and where the government will least suspect the
+existence of treason. Confide the rolls of our ventas, and of our new
+associates to him alone, for it is his duty to deposit them among our
+archives. Now, brethren of right and duty, confide alone in
+Monte-Leone, the soul of honor and of prudence. To all others, silence
+or death."</p>
+
+<p>"Silence or death," repeated his seven associates, and their voices
+sounded like the chorus of a solemn hymn....</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes after the room was deserted. The Carbonari had gone, and
+Matheus returned to his laboratory. The door of the library was then
+opened gently, and two men were seen concealed behind the secret
+panel. They were H&mdash;&mdash;, the chief of the political police, and the
+bear-hunter, the brigand of the Loire, or Stenio Salvatori.</p>
+
+<p>"I have them," said M. H&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>"Not yet," said Stenio, "but thanks to our associate, Count
+Monte-Leone, by whose aid I have brought you hither...."</p>
+
+<p>The door was shut without noise....</p>
+
+<p>The next day, when he awoke, Pignana found the key of the room in his
+pocket.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BOOK II.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>PART II.&mdash;I. CLOUDS IN THE HORIZON.</h4>
+
+<p>A month had rolled by since the Carbonari had met at the house of Von
+Apsberg. They were as prudent as possible. There was no meeting of the
+members of this vast society, yet such were the advantages of its
+mechanism, that communication and intercourse was never interrupted
+for a day. All action emanated from the high <i>venta</i>, which was known
+only to the presidents of the seven central ventas, through whom its
+instructions were communicated by means of <i>agents</i> to the secondary
+ventas; a few men where thus enabled to discipline ten thousand. Count
+Monte-Leone was the soul of all this enterprise, and on him all the
+threads of this huge net united. The Count, the invisible providence
+of this invisible world, alone could give it external life and utter
+the <i>fiat lux</i> of eternity. More pleasant and delightful ideas had
+possession of the Count. The future occupied him with a force and
+intensity he thought most contradictory to his political duties. Since
+Aminta had unveiled her heart to him, she had, as it were, returned to
+her usual bearing. The life of Monte-Leone, though, was entirely
+changed. The happiness he had long desired was about to dawn on him.
+In a few months he would be the husband of that Aminta he had so much
+loved and so regretted. The Count was received almost as a son by the
+Prince, and as a husband by Aminta. Taddeo looked on him entirely as a
+brother, and began to realize the happiest dream of his life&mdash;the
+marriage he had so desired. Gladly availing himself of the liberty
+accorded him, of coming familiarly to the hotel of the Prince de
+Maulear, the Count was perfectly happy. He passed the whole day there,
+and when night came mingled most unwillingly with society. The order
+of expulsion which he had received, and which had been so mysteriously
+revoked, added to the interest which had been entertained for him by
+all Paris. The opposition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> was especially attentive to him, for he was
+esteemed a decided enemy of the French Government, and of all
+monarchies. This ostracism which he had escaped, attracted the
+attention to him, for which the people of Paris were already prepared,
+by the history of his Neapolitan adventures. In 1850 he would have
+been called the lion of the day, and the greatest curiosity would have
+been paid to all his adventures. So great was the attention excited by
+the account of Monte-Leone's loss of fortune, that people were
+surprised to see him resume his usual mode of life, keep possession of
+his hotel, indulge in the same expenses of carriages, attendants, etc.
+He altered nothing, not even the luxury of his house, from what had
+been its condition before the papers and he himself had announced that
+the failure of Lamberti made him entirely poor, and forced him to sell
+his diamonds and other personal property to be able to live, as
+cheaply as possible.</p>
+
+<p>The Count, who had been forced to conceal the manner in which his
+property had been restored, told his friends, Taddeo, d'Harcourt and
+Von Apsberg, that certain important funds had been recovered from the
+general wreck; and they, delighted with his good fortune, did not fail
+to congratulate him. The world was more curious; the enemies of the
+Count especially, who were ultra-monarchists, were numerous, active,
+and malicious. They wrote to Naples, and ascertained that the ruin of
+Monte-Leone was total, acquiring also certainty that he had no funds
+in any European bank, and no property. They therefore made an outcry
+of astonishment when they saw all the external appearance of opulence
+in the possession of one they knew without the means of so splendid
+and imposing an establishment. The Count knew nothing of this, and
+continued his old life. It is, all know, true that rumors of this kind
+reach their object last of all, when they are calculated to be
+injurious.</p>
+
+<p>One of the dominant ideas which actuated us in the preparation of this
+history, we can here dwell upon, and we ask leave to do so briefly.
+There exists in French society, polished and elegant as it is, a
+hideous monster known to all, though no one disturbs it. Its ravages
+are great; almost incalculable. It saps reputations, poisons,
+dishonors, and defiles the splendor of the most estimable fame. This
+minotaurus, which devours so many innocent persons, is especially
+fearful, because its blows are terrible. It presents itself under the
+mildest and gentlest forms, and is received every where in the city.
+We find it in our rooms, in the interior of our families, in the
+palaces of the opulent, and the garrets of the poor. It has no name,
+being a mere figure of speech, a very word. It is composed of but one
+phrase, and is called&mdash;<span class="smcap">They say</span>. "Do you know such a one?" is often
+asked, and the person is pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>No</i>; but they say his morals are very bad. He has had strange
+adventures, and his family is very unhappy."</p>
+
+<p>"Are you sure?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, I know nothing about it. But they say so."</p>
+
+<p>"This young woman, so beautiful, so brilliant, so much admired&mdash;Do you
+know her?"</p>
+
+<p>"No. <i>They say</i> that it is not difficult to please her, and that more
+than one has done so."</p>
+
+<p>"But she appears so decent, so reserved."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly; but <i>they say</i>&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Do not trust that gentleman who has such credit and is thought so
+rich. Be on your guard&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Bah! his fortune is immense: see what an establishment he has."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes! But <i>they say</i> he is very much involved."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you know the fact?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not I. <i>They say</i> though&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>This <i>they say</i> is heard in every relation of life. It is deadly
+mortal, and not to be grasped. It goes hither and thither, strikes and
+kills manly honor, female virtue, without either sex being ever
+conscious of the injury done. Each as he reads these lines will
+remember cases illustrating the truth of what we say. The Count
+suffered from the influence of the evil we mention; and as all were
+ignorant whence his fortune came, each one adopted a thousand
+conjectures and suspicions, which, as is always the case, were most
+malicious. This is the way of the world. Now the consequences of this
+<i>they say</i> are plain. By its means they had dared to attack a
+reputation which hitherto had been considered unassailable. This <i>they
+say</i> came in the end. The Marquise de Maulear was the only person who
+knew whence came the resources of Monte-Leone; and after he had
+confided to her, the charming woman had said, "It was very wrong in
+you not to tell me previously of your good fortune. For instance, when
+I thought you a fugitive and ruined, I suffered you to read my heart.
+Had you told me this before, you would not have seen within it."</p>
+
+<p>"Do not make me regret my misery which procured me such exquisite
+pleasure as knowing that you loved me."</p>
+
+<p>In the long and pleasant conversations of the Count and Marquise, he
+was frequently embarrassed in relation to the duties imposed on him as
+chief of the <i>Carbonari</i>. Aminta never dared to speak to him in
+relation to that subject, though she was more anxious about it. On
+this point alone the Count was impenetrable, avoiding with care all
+that related to his political plans, and giving the Marquise no
+information about them.</p>
+
+<p>One day Aminta, the Prince de Maulear, the Countess of Grandmesnil,
+and Taddeo, were in the drawing-room. The Countess did not love the
+young Marquise, whom she looked on as the indirect cause of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+nephew's death. Neither did she love the Count, whose attentions to
+Aminta were by no means to her taste. The old lady was aware of
+Monte-Leone's opinions, and lost no opportunity to open all her
+batteries on liberals, jacobins and foreigners, who sought to make
+France the receptacle of the trouble and contests of which it had
+already drank so deeply. The Countess said&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You know the news, brother?" The Prince de Maulear was then playing a
+game of chess with Monte-Leone. "We have now, thank God and M. Angles,
+one miserable Jacobin the less to deal with."</p>
+
+<p>"Check to your king!" said the Prince to Monte-Leone.</p>
+
+<p>"To be sure," said she, following out the tenor of her own thoughts,
+"it would be check to the King, if the opinions of those persons were
+to triumph. M. Angles, however, watches over them and us."</p>
+
+<p>For an instant the Count neglected his game. He as well as Taddeo
+heard what she had said, and both seemed anxious to hear her out.</p>
+
+<p>"May I venture to inquire, Countess," said the Count, holding his
+piece in his hand, and hesitating to place it on the board, "who is
+the terrible Jacobin from whom the world is delivered?"</p>
+
+<p>"One of the most dangerous alive, Count," said the old lady, with an
+air of triumph. "The man, it is said, had his connections established
+through the whole army."</p>
+
+<p>"Check to your king," said the Prince, who was weary of the delay.</p>
+
+<p>"True," said the Count, with visible abstraction; and he played his
+game so badly that the Prince won it without difficulty. The latter
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"Check-mate&mdash;victory&mdash;victory!"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, brother," said the Countess, "a great victory. For the Jacobin
+is a general. General B&mdash;&mdash;, one of those vile Buonapartists, to whom,
+at a time like this, a regiment should never have been trusted."</p>
+
+<p>The Count and Taddeo grew pale when they heard the General's name. He
+was one of the seven chiefs of ventas at the house of Von Apsberg.</p>
+
+<p>"Why was the General arrested?" said the Prince.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, some plot. The Jacobins and Buonapartists are always at that
+business. The details are not yet known. It is certain, however, that
+he was arrested this morning at his hotel. I heard so at the Duchess
+de Feltre's, whom I visited to-day."</p>
+
+<p>"Strange!" said the Prince; "on the day before yesterday he gave a
+ball. Were you not there, Count?" said he to Monte-Leone.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said the Count; "I was one of the last to leave. It was then
+two o'clock in the morning."</p>
+
+<p>"At noon his generalship was in the Conciergerie. A bad business for
+him, for the government has decided to use the greatest severity
+against all conspirators. Happily, the police is very expert, and it
+is said of every three conspirators one is a spy. A thing very
+satisfactory to society, but decidedly unfortunate for the plotters."</p>
+
+<p>"I think," said the Count, indignantly, "that the conspirators are
+calumniated. They are bound by such oaths, and are so devoted to their
+opinions, that there can be but few traitors among them."</p>
+
+<p>"My dear Count," said the Prince, "the spirit of Monte-Leone of Castle
+del Uovo is yet visible, and you do not seem to have recovered from
+your old disease. When you speak of conspirators you seem to defend
+your friends. I hope, however, for your sake, and for the sake of
+those who love you," said he, pointing to Aminta, "that you have
+renounced for ever your old enterprises. His Majesty, Louis XVIII.,
+the other day spoke highly of you, relying much on your devotion, and
+he cannot have to do with an ingrate."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah!" said Taddeo, with stupefaction, as he looked at his associate,
+"the King of France relies on the devotion of Monte-Leone!"</p>
+
+<p>"I know not why," said the Count, not a little moved by this <i>brevet</i>
+of royalism. "I confess, though, that I shall be surprised to give any
+chagrin or uneasiness to my friends."</p>
+
+<p>These words were in a manner wrung from the Count by the paleness and
+agitation of Aminta since the commencement of the conversation. This
+new declaration increased Taddeo's surprise.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, well," said the Prince, "there is pardon for every sin. We
+know, and we look on you as a wandering sheep returned to the fold.
+See, however, what are the consequences of a bad reputation. An
+insurrection breaks out in Italy, and you are at once thought to be
+its accomplice in France. You are about to be expelled from the
+country and treated as an enemy, when we acquire a certainty. What do
+I say? when the King of France and his ministers swear by you alone!"</p>
+
+<p>This series of praises in relation to his royalty evidently increased
+the bad humor of the Count, as well as the astonishment of Taddeo.
+Monte-Leone was about to reply, even though he destroyed his influence
+with the Prince and Marquise. He was about to repel the fanciful
+compliments to his loyalty, when the Countess of Grandmesnil folded up
+her work. This was the usual signal for dispersion, and all were about
+to leave, when the Marquise said to Monte-Leone, "Count, will you
+remain here a few moments? I wish to speak to you of the charity in
+which you were kind enough to unite with me."</p>
+
+<p>The Count went anxiously to Aminta's side.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince said, with a smile, "No one ever refuses to speak with a
+pretty woman. That is even the weak side of our ministers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> Talk,
+then, with my daughter-in-law, and neither the Countess nor I will
+trouble you." He then took the Countess's arm, and led her from the
+room. Taddeo remained, for his interest with the Count was too grave
+to permit him to leave thus. Aminta said but a few words to
+Monte-Leone. The deep emotion of the young woman, however, gave them a
+serious character. "Listen," said she. "I do not know what is about to
+happen, but your agitation, and that of Taddeo, when the Countess
+spoke of General B&mdash;&mdash;, did not escape me. A painful presentiment
+assures me that you are involved in some secret plot, and that new
+dangers menace you. In the name of all that is dear to you, in the
+name of your love to me, I conjure you to abandon those ideas, or I
+shall die of terror and despair." She then, without speaking a word
+more, kissed her brother, and retired. The Count stood as if he were
+struck with a thunderbolt. Taddeo took his hand, and said, "Come,
+come," wresting the Count from the painful thoughts Aminta had called
+up. "Come, the arrest of General B&mdash;&mdash; may ruin all." They entered
+Monte-Leone's carriage, and drove to the Duke d'Harcourt. They hoped
+to find the Vicomte, and take him to Matheus, for the opinion of each
+of the four was necessary in considering the best means of warding off
+the peril which menaced the association. D'Harcourt was in, but
+Monte-Leone and Taddeo had not expected the spectacle which awaited
+them. The Vicomte had one of those sudden attacks, forerunners of the
+cruel disease which had devastated his family. The pleasures of the
+winter, in which the imprudent young man madly indulged, and perhaps
+also the cares and anxieties of his political relations, the nocturnal
+ventas he was often obliged to attend, had severely shaken his already
+feeble health, and caused a cough, every utterance of which sounded to
+his father like a funeral knell. The Count and Taddeo found him in
+bed. Von Apsberg was by his side, and opposite the doctor was the
+charming Marie, glancing alternately from the doctor to the patient.
+The Duke leaned on the fireplace, and gently scolded Ren&eacute; for his
+folly and imprudence. The arrival of the two friends produced a
+cessation to this, but the Duke continued: "Come, gentlemen, and
+assist me to produce some effect on your friend; for, unassisted, even
+I cannot. Tell him that such an exposure of his life, in folly and
+dissipation, is a double crime, when his health is so dear to an old
+man who has no other son." Tears came into the Duke's eyes as he
+spoke, which Marie kissed away.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, Ren&eacute;," said she, "you see how unhappy you make us all. Promise,
+then, to be more reasonable."</p>
+
+<p>"Father," said Ren&eacute;, giving the Duke his hand, "I will promise you to
+do the impossible thing, to be prudent. Besides, you have a powerful
+auxiliary in my friend Monte-Leone, who has committed not a few
+follies in his time. He has however begun a new life, and will soon be
+entirely converted by Hymen."</p>
+
+<p>"What," said Marie, "is the Count about to be married?"</p>
+
+<p>"Mademoiselle," said the Count, "your brother is indiscreet, and you
+can never take half that he says as literal."</p>
+
+<p>"Then," said Marie, "you are in love&mdash;that is about the half of his
+statement." And Marie blushed.</p>
+
+<p>Von Apsberg said, as he remarked the embarrassment of the young girl,
+"Our patient needs the warmth and mildness of the south. Magnetism
+with the Vicomte will be powerless, and he must avoid cold and
+dampness. He must also be prudent, and that is the greatest
+difficulty. I however rely on his promise and his devotion to us.
+Adieu, Messieurs," said he, bowing to Taddeo and Monte-Leone. "Do not
+make him talk, or suffer him to sit up too long." The Duke left,
+accompanied by Marie, whose last look seemed to recommend her brother
+to the doctor. Perhaps, though, this glance had another signification,
+for the eyes of young women mean a great deal. As soon as the four
+associates were alone, the Count told Matheus of the arrest.</p>
+
+<p>Von Apsberg thought: "The General cannot be in danger. Only one
+evidence of his participation could have been found, and that
+Monte-Leone gave me on the day before yesterday. I am sure I placed it
+in the secret drawer of my laboratory, the key of which I alone keep."</p>
+
+<p>"What proof do you mean?" asked d'Harcourt, whose memory was troubled
+by illness.</p>
+
+<p>"A proof," said Monte-Leone, "which would be overwhelming in the case
+of the General and a number of our brethren&mdash;the roll of the venta
+over which he presides. This roll he has signed. He gave it to me at
+two in the morning of the day before yesterday, and I gave it to Von
+Apsberg on the next day."</p>
+
+<p>"Then it matters not. Though the General has been arrested, the
+mystery of ventas has not been penetrated. I am assured that skilful
+and incessant espionage hovers around us, and the time for action
+should be no longer delayed."</p>
+
+<p>"But," said the Count, to whom this idea recalled what the Marquise
+had said, "we should not raise a flag we cannot defend. The forces the
+General controlled are indispensable to our success."</p>
+
+<p>"To replace soldiers," said Von Apsberg, "we shall have opinion on our
+side. Our various ventas will be valiant soldiers, and will be
+encouraged when they see themselves so much more numerous than they
+expect."</p>
+
+<p>"Do not let us be hasty," said Monte-Leone. "The six chiefs of the
+principal ventas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> like the brave General, must give me the lists of
+ventas, and only when we are sure of their number will we act."</p>
+
+<p>His three friends then adopted Monte-Leone's opinion, and they
+separated, mutually recommending prudence to each other. There
+remained, however, a species of surprise, and an injurious impression
+in relation to Monte-Leone's hesitation. He had usually been the most
+decided of the four.</p>
+
+<p>When Von Apsberg returned home, he went to his laboratory, and opened
+the bureau in which the papers of the association were kept. He
+satisfied himself that the lists of the various ventas were safe. He
+breathed freely and slept soundly, without any trouble on account of
+the arrest of the General. On the next day, however, a letter, hastily
+written with a pencil, was brought him by a man who at once
+disappeared. It was from General A&mdash;&mdash;, and was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The list of our associates, certified by myself, is in the possession
+of the prefect of police. I saw it myself, and I am ruined."</p>
+
+<p>Von Apsberg uttered a cry of terror. He was utterly confounded.</p>
+
+
+<h4>II.&mdash;THEY SAY.</h4>
+
+<p>The arrest of General A&mdash;&mdash; produced a double effect in Paris. The
+city began to have confidence in the vigilant police, which sought for
+and arrested the enemies of order every where and in every rank, while
+the chiefs of the great association of Carbonarism trembled when they
+saw the government on the track of their plans and projects. They then
+asked on all sides what could have been the motive of the
+incarceration of the General, and how they had discovered the
+criminal, or rather the criminals, for the principal associates of the
+<i>venta</i> over which the General presided, were arrested after their
+chief. Still other arrests were subsequently made. Nothing, however,
+transpired, either in relation to the offence of which the General was
+accused, or the secret means by which the police had acquired
+information of them. The police acted prudently and with great skill,
+for the General and his associates were but a small part of an immense
+plot. Time and secret service alone would give the government a clue
+to follow all the secret labyrinths of this vast plot, which menaced
+France and Europe. A conspiracy and military plot was talked of, and
+the trial of the affair was understood to be postponed until time
+should throw more light on the matter. The authorities were not in a
+hurry, they needed other aims, and waited patiently to procure them.
+Thus passed a month; and as in Paris every thing is soon forgotten,
+people paid no attention to General A&mdash;&mdash; and his imprisonment. Public
+attention, however, was reattracted to this mysterious affair. The
+entertainments, concerts, and receptions of the court, made the city
+joyous. The gold of countless visitors from foreign nations gave
+activity to commerce, and there was an universal spirit of rivalry in
+luxury and opulence. Then the Duchess de Berri gave those charming
+balls, of which those who were admitted even now talk of.</p>
+
+<p>The mystery of the note written to Von Apsberg by General A&mdash;&mdash;, in
+which he assured him he had seen the list of the venta, he had himself
+certified to in the hands of the prefect of police, remained
+impenetrable to the supreme <i>venta</i>, for Von Apsberg had the list the
+Count had given him. The General was in close confinement, and no
+intercourse could be had with him. The six other chiefs of the ventas
+were ignorant of this incident of the arrest of their confederate. The
+four brothers of the central venta had resolved not to suffer the
+circumstance to transpire, because the Count fancied this circumstance
+would chill their zeal, and make them uneasy about the new lists. On
+these lists, as we have said, the decision of the time of action was
+made to depend, as it would reveal to the four chiefs the exact number
+of their confederates in Paris. According to the statutes of
+carbonarism, the signatures of the brethren were sacred engagements,
+which made it indispensable for them to give their aid to the
+undertaking when the hour and day should be appointed. The lists were,
+then, a kind of declaration of war against the government, in which
+they must either conquer or die. This is the prudence of all bad
+causes. Persons thus involved have no confidence that their associates
+will keep their oaths, and put remorse and repentance out of the
+question by allowing no alternative between ruin and safety. The
+Vicomte d'Harcourt, but slightly recovered from his indisposition,
+seldom left his father's house, and participated but slightly in the
+pleasures of the season. Taddeo, whose devotion to the Neapolitan
+ambassadress constantly increased, visited her every day, and went
+nowhere else. Though aware that she was constantly anxious to speak of
+the Count, he did not despair of being able some day to touch her
+heart. So great were his attentions, that in society he was looked on
+as the <i>cicisb&eacute;o</i> of the Duchess. The Duke of Palma, devoted to his
+opera-loves, seemed not at all offended at the frequent visits of
+Taddeo Rovero, whose attentions did not at all shock his Italian
+ideas. Von Apsberg lived more retired than ever, and rarely left his
+laboratory except when he went to the Duke d'Harcourt's. There the
+intelligent doctor was kindly received by all the family, Marie
+included, and his fair patient's health seemed visibly to improve, as
+those flowers which have been too long neglected always do when
+attended to by a skilful horticulturist. Monte-Leone devoted to the
+society of Paris, of which he was passionately fond, all the hours
+which he passed away from the Marquise. This, however, was a duty, for
+there only could he meet the Carbonari who belonged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> to the upper
+class without giving rise to suspicion. The trial of General A&mdash;&mdash; was
+soon to take place, and the preparations for it had already been
+begun. Revelations or anxious inquiries might destroy the association.
+Concert was required to avoid this, and Count Monte-Leone gave this
+information to MM. C&mdash;&mdash;, the lawyer B&mdash;&mdash;, the baron de Ch&mdash;&mdash;, the
+banker F&mdash;&mdash;, and the rich merchant Ober, who was perhaps from his
+extended commercial relations, the most important of the Carbonari.</p>
+
+<p>A great dinner was given by the banker F&mdash;&mdash; to enable the chiefs to
+confer with Monte-Leone. But in addition to these personages, and in
+order that public attention should not be fixed on them alone, F&mdash;&mdash;
+had invited the <i>&eacute;lite</i> of the capital, several peers of France, some
+illustrious soldiers, many deputies, and several women famous for
+their rank and beauty. Insensibly conversation assumed a political
+tone, as at that time every thing did. Monte-Leone, whom the abuses of
+the French government and the <i>camarilla</i> of the Tuilleries made most
+indignant, gave vent to his opinions and complained bitterly of the
+acts of the ministry. He compassionated the people, whose liberties
+were being swept away, and reprobated the censorship of the liberty of
+the press and of freedom of speech&mdash;the only resource of the oppressed
+and the only means of reaching the oppressors. The master of the
+house, M. F&mdash;&mdash;, agreed with the Count in the liberal opinions he had
+expressed. Led on by the example, B&mdash;&mdash; and C&mdash;&mdash; testified their
+sympathy with what the Count had said, and their wish to see a change
+in the fortune of a country where the institutions satisfied neither
+the wants nor the rights of the oppressed. This discussion, which had
+been provoked by the Count, was so bold and so decided that many of
+the guests looked on with terror, fearing they would be compromised by
+the expression of such revolutionary ideas. Just then many of the
+guests of M. F&mdash;&mdash;, taking him aside from the table, asked anxiously
+if he was satisfied of the discretion of all the persons present, and
+also of their honor. M. F&mdash;&mdash; energetically repelled such fears,
+saying: "The people whom I receive are not all friends of the
+government. Nothing, however, said here will be repeated, for the
+minister of police has no representative at my table." The words of
+their host in a degree satisfied some of the most timid. It was then
+said openly that amid the most eminent persons met with in society
+were found individuals in the secret pay of M. Angles, and that many
+ruined and extravagant nobleman did not hesitate to exist in this
+manner. People said that in the drawing-room of M. F&mdash;&mdash; Monte-Leone
+had determined to defy the government, and they looked on his conduct
+under existing circumstances as most imprudent.</p>
+
+<p>During the evening, and when all were engaged, the chiefs of <i>ventas</i>
+took occasion, one by one, to isolate themselves from company and gave
+the Count the rolls. It was then agreed, also, that the last of these
+documents being complete, notice should be given without delay, and
+during the trial of the General, of the day for the commencement of
+the insurrectionary movement by which Carbonarism was to be revealed
+to France and to Europe. The terrible plan, however, was foiled by
+various events which attacked the society unexpectedly.</p>
+
+<p>Four days after the dinner of M. F&mdash;&mdash;, he, the lawyer B&mdash;&mdash;, the
+baron Ch&mdash;&mdash;, who had taken so decided a part in the discussion
+provoked by Monte-Leone, and who, on that very evening, had given him
+the fatal lists of his associates, were arrested. The first was taken
+in his office, the second just as he left his cabinet, and the third
+on his way to the opera. The capital was amazed at this news. All the
+other guests of F&mdash;&mdash; began to examine their consciences, and sought
+to recall whether or not they had given utterance to any governmental
+heresy at the fatal dinner, and whether they had not uttered something
+rash. They were doubtful if any opinion at all might not expose them
+to the resentment and vigilance of an adroit and secret police. It
+seemed beyond a doubt that the remarks of the persons who had been
+arrested had provoked this rigorous action, and that some ear in the
+pay of the police had heard their dangerous conversation, and noted
+the violent expression of their opinions. The conduct of all the
+guests was then passed in review, and the public and private life of
+each examined. Their domestic history and life were inquired into, and
+their weak points, habits, errors, and tastes, were scrutinized.</p>
+
+<p>No rank, family, sex, or social position, was neglected, and not even
+intrigues, life, nor money, were considered sufficient to shield the
+informer. All were anxious to tear away the mask from the common
+enemy, to crush the serpent, who, sliding stealthily into society,
+gnawed its very heart and lacerated that bosom which sheltered it.</p>
+
+<p>The arrest of General A&mdash;&mdash; then recurred to the memory of all. This
+event had taken place after a ball which the General had given. It was
+after an entertainment given by F&mdash;&mdash; that he, too, had lost his
+liberty. On this occasion two other important men had shared the fate
+of the rich banker, and, like him, they had both been energetic,
+violent, and pitiless denouncers of a ministry which defied public
+opinion and outraged the nation. People then remembered that Count
+Monte-Leone had provoked the conversation&mdash;that he had gone farther
+than any one else on the dangerous ground&mdash;and that his daring had
+surpassed that of the master of the house and his guests. All expected
+he would be arrested also. This fear was especially well founded, as
+Monte-Leone concealed neither his liberal opinions nor his
+revolutionary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> doctrines, and in fact every thing in his previous
+conduct pointed him out as one of the persons to whom the attention of
+the police would especially be directed. People were, therefore,
+amazed to see Monte-Leone preserve his liberty, and that one of the
+four speakers who had been most imprudent enjoyed entire impunity.
+Astonishment, however, was not all, for strange reports were soon
+circulated, and rumors were heard in every direction. The impunity of
+the Count became the universal subject of conversation. His private
+life was taken in hand, and his whole career, as it were, extended on
+the anatomical table of moral anatomy. The scalpel of public opinion,
+it is well known, pitilessly dissects every subject it wishes
+thoroughly to understand. The <span class="smcap">They Say</span>, that terrible creature to
+which we have already referred, began to play its part. It was heard
+every where. "<span class="smcap">They Say</span> Count Monte-Leone cannot be a stranger to what
+is passing. He was seen to talk to General A&mdash;&mdash; on the night of the
+ball for a long time."</p>
+
+<p>"What! Count Monte-Leone?&mdash;a man of his rank?"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, these Italian noblemen are all suspicious."</p>
+
+<p>"He&mdash;a liberal&mdash;a revolutionist!"</p>
+
+<p>"Listen to me. People often change their opinions in this world,
+especially when fortune disappears, and want of money and care
+supervene. <i>They say</i> he is completely ruined, yet he is still very
+luxurious in his mode of life."</p>
+
+<p>"True&mdash;that is strange."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, no, not at all. <i>They say</i> the strong box of the police enables
+him to maintain his style."</p>
+
+<p>"That may be."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>They say</i>, also, that the order to leave France given by the
+minister was but a trick to divert suspicion and keep him here
+usefully."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think so? Then he is a villain, and should be avoided. He is
+a&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, I know nothing of it&mdash;but <i>they say</i> so."</p>
+
+<p><i>They</i> did say so, but when that awful rumor was first pronounced
+<i>they</i> did not. These words were produced by the terror which the
+events of the day produced on the mind of every friend, even of the
+three imprisoned Carbonari. Perhaps some malevolent spirit
+disseminated them. This rumor was circulated from house to house, like
+a drop of oil, which though first scarcely perceptible, sullies the
+fairest fabrics utterly. A trifling fault is thus made to do the part
+of an atrocious crime. At first the rumor was whispered. It then grew
+bolder, and finally fortified itself by a thousand corroborations
+furnished by chance or gossip. Every person who detailed it added to
+its incidents and arguments. Within one month after the dinner all
+Paris heard of the terrible offence against society attributed to
+Count Monte-Leone. As is always the case, however, the three friends
+of the Count were the last to hear of this slander. Every one who was
+aware of their intimacy took care not to speak to them of the rumor,
+for no one wished to involve himself by repeating a story entirely
+unsubstantiated, and the origin of which was unknown. The consequence
+was that the three persons who could have refuted the calumny were
+entirely ignorant of the stigma attached to their friend. Monte-Leone
+had no more suspicion than his friends had in relation to the horrible
+fable.</p>
+
+<p>The other chiefs of the principal ventas, who might have told him what
+was said, terrified at the fate of their associates, lived apart,
+refused to see any one, and thus heard none of the imputations against
+the high-priest of Carbonarism. Then commenced a series of mistakes,
+surprises, and mortifications, in which Monte-Leone would see no
+insult. His life, however, became an enigma, the explanation of which
+he could not divine. Certain rooms under various pretexts were closed
+to him. Often persons who once had been most anxious to secure his
+attendance at their entertainments pretended to forget him. The world
+did not dare, however, to brave an enemy whose secret power it was
+ignorant of, but it exhibited a certain coldness and oblivion which
+deeply wounded him. His most intimate acquaintances avoided him with
+studied care, and when they accepted his hand did so with a marked
+expression of annoyance. An immense void existed around him. His hotel
+was a solitude, and the houses of others were shut to him. The Count
+at first thought he found a motive for this in the apprehension all
+entertained of his affiliation with some secret association. When he
+saw that the police paid no attention to him, he was compelled to seek
+some other reason for his public proscription. What this cause was he
+did not divine and could not ask, for a position of this kind is such
+that an honorable man thinks it beneath him to ask for an explanation
+of merely natural occurrences. Wounded, disgusted, and grieved by the
+strange existence created for him, Monte-Leone felt himself at once a
+prey to the distrust which ostracism of this kind creates in the bosom
+of all who are subject to it. The world thought that by avoiding
+society Count Monte-Leone confessed the justice of its allegations. He
+became every day more attentive to the charming woman he adored, and
+who only waited the time when the proprieties of society would permit
+her to make him her husband. In her affection he found a consolation
+for all the external chagrin which annoyed him, for a mute terror had
+taken possession of the Carbonari since the occurrence of the many
+arrests, the motives of which were as yet wrapped in such impenetrable
+mystery. An event which was altogether unexpected made his position
+yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> more complicated. He was one evening in one of the few houses to
+which he was yet invited. This was the house of M. L&mdash;&mdash;, where the
+Marquis de Maulear had lost such immense sums to the Englishman who
+subsequently ruined him. M. L&mdash;&mdash;, either more prudent or circumspect
+than others, had not listened to the reports which were circulated
+about Monte-Leone, and had invited him to his magnificent hotel in the
+Rue d'Antin.</p>
+
+<p>Monte-Leone had avoided the crowd, and walked down the long avenue of
+exotic flowers and camelias, then almost unknown in Paris. He came
+upon a boudoir where several men were speaking. The Count was about to
+go back, when his name struck on his ear. "Yes, gentlemen," said one
+of the speakers, in a most indignant tone, "you may well be astonished
+at my presence here, while my family is in tears, and my prospects
+blasted and made desperate. Only eight days since I came to Paris, and
+am here to find Count Monte-Leone, my challenge to whom, to deliver
+which I have sought him every where, should be as solemn as the
+vengeance I will exact."</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had the Count heard these words than he rushed into the
+boudoir, and stood face to face with the speaker, who was a young man
+of twenty-eight or thirty, wearing the uniform of the royal navy. His
+countenance was mild and noble, but bore an expression of perfect fury
+when he saw Monte-Leone.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur," said the Count, "you will not have to look farther for the
+person of whom you have dared to speak thus. I am thankful that I am
+here to spare you farther trouble in looking for me, though why you do
+so I cannot conceive."</p>
+
+<p>"He was listening to us," said the young man to his friends, in a tone
+of the deepest contempt. "Well, after all, that is right enough."</p>
+
+<p>"Chance," said the Count, resuming his <i>sang-froid</i> and control over
+himself, which he always maintained in such emergencies, "led me
+within sound of your voice. You and I also should be glad that this is
+the case, for it seems to me a ball is a bad place for such an
+explanation as you seem to wish."</p>
+
+<p>"All places are good," said the naval officer, in a most insolent
+tone, "to tell you what I think of you. To repeat to you the epithet
+you have overheard, and which I am willing yet again to declare to all
+in these rooms."</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," said Monte-Leone, with the same calmness, "will you tell me
+first to whom I speak?"</p>
+
+<p>"My name is A&mdash;&mdash;, and I am a lieutenant of the royal navy. My father
+is the person whom your infamous denunciations have caused to be
+imprisoned in the Conciergerie!"</p>
+
+<p>"What!" said the Count, "are you the son of General A&mdash;&mdash;?"</p>
+
+<p>"What influences me I cannot and will not tell you; for then it would
+be out of the question for me to meet you."</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," said the Count, speaking to those who witnessed this
+scene, to which the attention of many others had now been called,
+"this young man is mad. I, more than any person, have pitied his
+father, and I wish to give General A&mdash;&mdash; a new proof of my sympathy,
+by granting his son a delay until to-morrow, to enable him to repair
+the incredible injury he has done me. Here is my card," said he,
+placing it on a table, "and I shall wait until to-morrow for an
+explanation of the unintelligible conduct of Lieutenant A&mdash;&mdash;."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the Count had finished he left the boudoir, and the
+Lieutenant's friends kept possession of him, taking him out of the
+hotel. On the next day Monte-Leone received the following note:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Count</span>&mdash;Instead of making an apology to you, I maintain all I said.
+You are a coward and a scoundrel, and you know why. I repeat, that if
+my voice articulated or my hand traced, why I speak thus, it would be
+impossible for me to kill you and avenge myself. Do not therefore ask
+me to make an explanation of what you know perfectly well. If you are
+unmoved by what I now say, and if I do not bring you out, I will have
+recourse to other means. I will await you and your witnesses to-day at
+two o'clock, at the <i>bois de Bologne</i>, behind Longchamp. I have
+selected this hour in order that I might previously see my father.</p>
+
+<p>
+"<span class="smcap">Gustave A</span>&mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+<br />
+"Lieutenant, Royal Navy."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"All hell is let loose against me," said the Count, as he perused this
+letter. "Why can I not penetrate the awful mystery which enshrouds
+me!"</p>
+
+<p>Taking a pen, he wrote the following words, which he gave to the
+bearer of the challenge:</p>
+
+<p>"I will be at the <i>bois de Bologne</i> at two o'clock."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year
+1850, by Stringer &amp; Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District
+Court of the United States for the Southern District of New-York.
+</p><p>
+Continued from page 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Anglice.</i> Only the first step is troublesome.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Tr.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Fraser's Magazine.</h4>
+<h2><a name="POULAILLER_THE_ROBBER" id="POULAILLER_THE_ROBBER"></a>POULAILLER, THE ROBBER.</h2>
+
+<p>Cartouche had been arrested, tried, condemned, and executed, some
+seven or eight years, and no longer occupied the attention of the good
+people of Paris, to whom his almost melodramatic life and death had
+afforded a most interesting and enduring topic. They were languishing,
+like the Athenians of old, for something new, when there arose a rumor
+that another robber, more dexterous, more audacious, more
+extraordinary, ay, and more cruel than Cartouche, was roaming about
+the streets of their city. What was his name? whence did he come? were
+questions in the mouth of every one, as each of his numerous daring
+acts was made public,&mdash;questions which no one could answer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In vain was every arm of the police put in requisition&mdash;crime after
+crime was committed with impunity, and terror reigned supreme.</p>
+
+<p>At last the criminal himself disdained concealment, and all
+Paris&mdash;nay, a considerable portion of Europe&mdash;trembled at the name of
+<span class="smcap">Poulailler</span>.</p>
+
+<p>He appeared about the year 1730, and astonished the world by deeds,
+some of them so shocking, and at the same time so wonderful, that they
+gave some color to the belief of many that he was aided by
+supernatural agency.</p>
+
+<p>This belief was supported by a history of the circumstances attending
+his birth.</p>
+
+<p>There lived in a village on the coast of Brittany a man, poor but of
+good repute, and well beloved by his neighbors,&mdash;an intrepid mariner,
+but poor as Job himself when his friends came to comfort him. A robust
+and well-knit frame, combined with a fine frank countenance, well
+bronzed by the sea-breezes, was looked on favorably by all, and by
+none more than by the young lasses whose furtive glances rested with
+pleasure on the manly form and gallant bearing of Jacques Poulailler.</p>
+
+<p>His strength was prodigious, and his temerity upon the ocean
+incredible.</p>
+
+<p>Such qualities are appreciated in every country; and among the
+beauties of the village, one remarkable for her superiority in wealth,
+as well as natural gifts, was attracted by them, and Jacques
+Poulailler had the good fortune to find favor in the eyes of her who
+was known in her little world as <i>La belle Isabeau Colomblet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At no great distance from this maritime village, on the crest of a
+rock lashed by the waves, which at high tides was perfectly insulated,
+dwelt a personage of whose origin every one was ignorant. The building
+where he had established himself had long been of evil fame throughout
+the country, and was only known as <i>La Tour Maudite</i>. The firesides
+resounded with tales of terror enacted in this lonely and ominous
+theatre. Fiends, in the olden time had made it their abode, as was
+currently reported and believed. From that time, it was asserted that
+no human being could dwell there without having previously entered
+into a compact with the evil one. The isolation of the place, the
+continued agitation of the waves at its base, the howlings of the wind
+around its frowning battlements, the traces of the thunderbolts that
+from time to time had blackened and almost charred its walls, the
+absence of bush or tree, or any thing in the shape of blossom or
+verdure&mdash;for neither wall-flower nor even moss would grow there&mdash;had
+produced their effect on the superstitious spirit of the neighbors,
+and the accursed place had remained untenanted by any thing earthly
+for forty or fifty years.</p>
+
+<p>One gloomy day, however, a man was seen prowling about the vicinity.
+He came and went over the sands, and, just as a storm was rising, he
+threw himself into a boat, gained the offing, and disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Every one believed that he was lost; but next morning there he was.
+Surprised at this, the neighbors began to inquire who he could be; and
+at last learned that he had bought the tower of the proprietor, and
+had come to dwell there. This was all the information that their
+restless curiosity could obtain. Whence did he come, and what had he
+done? In vain were these questions asked. All were querists, and none
+found a respondent. Two or three years elapsed before his name
+transpired. At last it was discovered, nobody knew how, that his name
+was Roussart.</p>
+
+<p>He appeared to be a man above six feet in height, strongly built, and
+apparently about thirty years of age. His countenance was all but
+handsome, and very expressive. His conduct was orderly, and without
+reproach, and, proving himself to be an experienced fisherman, he
+became of importance in that country.</p>
+
+<p>No one was more weatherwise than Roussart, and no one turned his
+foreknowledge to such good account. He had been seen frequently to
+keep the sea in such fearful tempests, that all agreed that he must
+have been food for fishes if he had not entered into some agreement
+with Satan. When the stoutest hearts quailed, and ordinary men
+considered it suicidal to venture out, Roussart was to be seen braving
+the tumult of winds and waves, and always returned to the harbor safe
+and sound.</p>
+
+<p>People began to talk about this, and shook their heads ominously.
+Little cared Roussart for their words or gestures; but he was the only
+one in the commune who never went to church. The cur&eacute; at last gave out
+that he was excommunicated; and from that time his neighbors broke off
+all communication with him.</p>
+
+<p>Things had arrived at this point, when it was rumored that the gallant
+fisherman, Jacques Poulailler, had touched the heart of <i>La belle
+Isabeau</i>. Soon their approaching marriage became the topic of the
+village; and, finally, one Sunday, after mass, the bans were first
+published by the vicar. The lads of the village, congregated on the
+shore, were congratulating Poulailler on the auspicious event, when
+Roussart suddenly appeared among them.</p>
+
+<p>His presence was a surprise. He had always avoided the village
+meetings as much as others had sought them; and this sudden change in
+his habits gave a new impulse to curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>The stranger appeared to seek some one with his eyes, and presently
+walked straight up to the happy Jacques, who, intoxicated with joy,
+was giving and receiving innumerable shakes of the hand.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Master Poulailler," said Roussart, "you are going to be married,
+then?"</p>
+
+<p>"That seems sure," replied Poulailler.</p>
+
+<p>"Not more sure than that your first-born will belong to the evil one.
+I, Roussart, tell you so."</p>
+
+<p>With that he turned on his heel, and regained his isolated dwelling,
+leaving his auditors amazed by his abrupt and extraordinary
+announcement, and poor Jacques more affected by it than any one else.</p>
+
+<p>From that moment Roussart showed himself no more in the neighborhood,
+and soon disappeared altogether, without leaving a trace to indicate
+what had become of him.</p>
+
+<p>Most country people are superstitious,&mdash;the Bretons eminently so, and
+Jacques Poulailler never forgot the sinister prophecy of Roussart. His
+comrades were not more oblivious; and when, a year after his marriage,
+his first-born came into the world, a universal cry saluted the infant
+boy as devoted to Satan. <i>Donn&eacute; au diable</i> were the words added to the
+child's name whenever it was mentioned. It is not recorded whether or
+no he was born with teeth, but the gossips remarked that during the
+ceremony of baptism the new-born babe gave vent to the most fearful
+howlings. He writhed, he kicked, his little face exhibited the most
+horrible contortions; but as soon as they carried him out of the
+church, he burst out into laughter as unearthly as it was unnatural.</p>
+
+<p>After these evil omens every body expected that the little Pierre
+Poulailler would be ugly and ill-formed. Not a bit of it&mdash;on the
+contrary, he was comely, active, and bold. His fine fresh complexion
+and well-furnished mouth were set off by his brilliant black eyes and
+hair, which curled naturally all over his head. But he was a sad
+rogue, and something more. If an oyster-bed, a warren, or an orchard
+was robbed, Pierre Poulailler was sure to be the boy accused. In vain
+did his father do all that parent could to reform him&mdash;he was
+incorrigible.</p>
+
+<p>Monsieur le cur&eacute; had some difficulty to bring him to his first
+communion. The master of the village exhausted his catalogue of
+corrections&mdash;and the catalogue was not very short&mdash;without succeeding
+in inculcating the first notions of the Christian faith and the
+doctrine of the cross. "What is the good of it?" would the urchin say.
+"Am not I devoted to the devil, and will not that be sufficient to
+make my way?"</p>
+
+<p>At ten years of age Pierre was put on board a merchant-ship, as
+cabin-boy. At twelve he robbed his captain, and escaped to England
+with the spoil. In London he contrived to pass for the natural son of
+a French Duke; but his numerous frauds forced him again to seek his
+native land, where, in his sixteenth year, he enlisted as a drummer in
+the regiment of Champagne, commanded by the Count de Varicl&egrave;res.
+Before he had completed his eighteenth year he deserted, joined a
+troop of fortune-telling gipsies, whom he left to try his fortune with
+a regular pilferer, and finally, engaged himself to a rope-dancer. He
+played comedy, sold orvietan with the success of Doctor Dulcamara
+himself, and in a word, passed through all the degrees which lead to
+downright robbery.</p>
+
+<p>Once his good angel seemed to prevail. He left his disreputable
+companions and entered the army honorably. For a short time there were
+hopes of him; it was thought that he would amend his life, and his
+superiors were satisfied with his conduct. But the choicest weapon in
+the armory of him to whom he had been devoted was directed against
+him. A <i>vivandiere</i>&mdash;the prettiest and most piquante of her
+tribe&mdash;raised a flame in his heart that burnt away all other
+considerations; but he might still have continued in a comparatively
+respectable course, if the sergeant-major had not stood forward as his
+rival. The coquette had in her heart a preference for Pierre; and the
+sergeant, taking advantage of his rank, insulted his subordinate so
+grossly that he was repaid by a blow. The sergeant's blood was up, and
+as he rushed to attack Pierre, the soldier, drawing his sabre,
+dangerously wounded his superior officer, who, after lingering a few
+days, went the way of all flesh. Pierre would have tasted the tender
+mercies of the provost-marshal; but fortunately the regiment was lying
+near the frontier, which our hero contrived to cross, and then
+declared war against society at large.</p>
+
+<p>The varied knowledge and acquirements of the youth&mdash;his courage, true
+as steel, and always equal to the occasion&mdash;the prudence and foresight
+with which he meditated a <i>coup de main</i>&mdash;the inconceivable rapidity
+of his execution&mdash;his delicate and disinterested conduct towards his
+comrades&mdash;all contributed to render him famous, in the <i>famosus</i>
+sense, if you will, and to raise him to the first place.</p>
+
+<p>Germany was the scene of his first exploits. The world had condemned
+him to death, and he condemned the world to subscribe to his living.</p>
+
+<p>At this period, he had posted himself in ambush on the crest of a
+hill, whence his eye could command a great extent of country; and
+certainly the elegance of his mien, his graceful bearing, and the
+splendor of his arms, might well excuse those who did not take him for
+what he really was. He was on the hillside when two beautiful young
+women appeared in sight. He lost no time in joining them; and, as
+youth is communicative, soon learnt, in answer to his questions, that,
+tired of remaining in the carriage, they had determined to ascend the
+hill on foot.</p>
+
+<p>"You are before the carriage, then, mademoiselle?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; cannot you hear the whip of the postillions?"</p>
+
+<p>The conversation soon became animated,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> and every moment made a deeper
+inroad into the heart of our handsome brigand: but every moment also
+made the situation more critical. On the other side of the hill was
+the whole band, ranged in order of battle, and ready to pounce upon
+the travellers. Having ascertained the place of abode of his fair
+companions, and promised to avail himself of the first opportunity to
+pay his compliments to them there, he bade them politely adieu; and
+having gained a path cut through the living rock, known but to few,
+descended with the agility of a chamois to his party, whom he implored
+not to attack the carriage which was approaching.</p>
+
+<p>But, if Poulailler had his reasons for this chivalrous conduct, his
+band were actuated by no such motives, and they demurred to his
+prayer. He at once conquered their hesitation by bidding them name the
+value that they put on their expected booty, purchased the safety of
+the travellers by the sum named, and the two fair daughters of the
+Baron von Kirbergen went on their way full of the praises of the
+handsome stranger whose acquaintance they had made, and in blissful
+ignorance of the peril they had passed.</p>
+
+<p>That very day, Poulailler left his lieutenant in the temporary command
+of the band, mounted his most beautiful horse, followed his beloved to
+the castle of her father, and introduced himself as the Count Petrucci
+of Sienna, whom he had lately robbed, and whose papers he had taken
+care to retain with an eye to future business.</p>
+
+<p>His assumed name, backed by his credentials, secured for him a
+favorable reception, and he well knew how to improve the occasion. An
+accomplished rider, and bold in the chase, he won the good opinion of
+the Baron; while his musical and conversational talent made him the
+pet of the drawing-room. The young and charming Wilhelmina surrendered
+her heart to the gay and amiable cavalier; and all went merrily, till
+one fine morning Fortune, whose wheel is never stationary, sent the
+true count to the castle. It was no case of the two Sosias, for no two
+persons could well be more unlike; and as soon as the real personage
+saw his representative, he recognized him as the robber who had stolen
+his purse as well as his name.</p>
+
+<p>Here was a pretty business. Most adventurers would have thrown up the
+game as desperate; but our hero, with a front worthy of Fathom
+himself, boldly proclaimed the last visitor to be an impostor, and
+argued the case so ably, and with such well-simulated indignation at
+the audacity of the newcomer, that the Baron was staggered, and
+despatched messengers to the partners of a mercantile house at
+Florence, to whom the true Petrucci was well known.</p>
+
+<p>To wait for the result of the inquiry would have been a folly of which
+Poulailler was not likely to be guilty; so he made a moonlight
+flitting of it that very night&mdash;but not alone. Poor Wilhelmina had
+cast in her lot with her lover for good or for evil, and fled with
+him.</p>
+
+<p>The confusion that reigned in the best of all possible castles, the
+next morning, may be conceived; but we must leave the Baron
+blaspheming, and the Baroness in hysterics, to follow the fugitives,
+who gained France in safety, and were soon lost in the labyrinths of
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p>There he was soon joined by his band, to the great loss and terror of
+the honest people of the good city. Every day, M. H&eacute;rault, the
+lieutenant of police, was saluted by new cases of robbery and
+violence, which his ablest officers could neither prevent nor punish.
+The organization of the band was so complete, and the head so ably
+directed the hands, that neither life nor property was considered safe
+from one moment to another. Nor were accounts of the generosity of the
+chief occasionally wanting to add to his fame.</p>
+
+<p>One night, as Poulailler was traversing the roofs with the agility of
+a cat, for the purpose of entering a house whose usual inmates were
+gone into the country, he passed the window of a garret whence issued
+a melancholy concert of sobs and moans. He stopped, and approached the
+apartment of a helpless family, without resources, without bread, and
+suffering the pangs of hunger. Touched by their distress, and
+remembering his own similar sufferings before Fortune favored him, he
+was about to throw his purse among them, when the door of the chamber
+opened violently, and a man, apparently beside himself, rushed in with
+a handful of gold, which he cast upon the floor.</p>
+
+<p>"There," cried he, in a voice broken by emotion, "there,
+take&mdash;buy&mdash;eat; but it will cost you dear. I pay for it with my honor
+and peace of mind. Baffled in all my attempts to procure food for you
+honestly, I was on my despairing return, when I beheld, at a short
+distance from me, a tall but slight-made man, who walked hurriedly,
+but yet with an air as if he expected some one. Ah! thought I, this is
+some lover; and yielding to the temptation of the fiend, I seized him
+by the collar. The poor creature was terrified, and, begging for
+mercy, put into my hands this watch, two gold snuff-boxes, and those
+Louis, and fled. There they are; they will cost me my life. I shall
+never survive this infamy."</p>
+
+<p>The starving wife re-echoed these sentiments; and even the hungry
+children joined in the lamentations of the miserable father.</p>
+
+<p>All this touched Pierre to the quick. To the great terror of the
+family, he entered the room, and stood in the midst.</p>
+
+<p>"Be comforted," said he to the astonished husband; "you have robbed a
+robber. The infamous coward who gave up to you this plunder is one of
+Poulailler's sentinels. Keep it; it is yours."</p>
+
+<p>"But who are you?" cried the husband<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> and wife;&mdash;"who are you, and by
+what right is it that you thus dispose of the goods of another?"</p>
+
+<p>"By the right of a chief over his subalterns. I am Poulailler."</p>
+
+<p>The poor family fell on their knees, and asked what they could do for
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Give me a light," said Pierre, "that I may get down into the street
+without breaking my neck."</p>
+
+<p>This reminds one of the answer which Rousseau gave to the Duc de
+Praslin, whose Danish dog, as it was running before the carriage, had
+upset the peripatetic philosopher.</p>
+
+<p>"What can I do for you?" said the Duke to the fallen author of <i>La
+Nouvelle Heloise</i>, whose person he did not know.</p>
+
+<p>"You can tie up your dog," replied Jean-Jacques, gathering himself up,
+and walking away.</p>
+
+<p>Poulailler having done his best to render a worthy family happy, went
+his way, to inflict condign punishment on the poltroon who had so
+readily given up the purse and the watches.</p>
+
+<p>The adventures of this accomplished robber were so numerous and
+marvellous, that it is rather difficult to make a selection. One
+evening, at the <i>bal de l'Op&eacute;ra</i>, he made the acquaintance of a
+charming woman, who, at first, all indignation, was at length induced
+to listen to his proposal, that he should see her home; and promised
+to admit him, "if Monseigneur should not be there."</p>
+
+<p>"But who is this Monseigneur?" inquired Pierre.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't ask," replied the fair lady.</p>
+
+<p>"Who is he, fairest?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, how curious you are; you make me tell all my secrets. If you
+must know, he is a prince of the church, out of whose revenues he
+supports me; and I cannot but show my gratitude to him."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly not; he seems to have claims which ought to be attended
+to."</p>
+
+<p>By this time they had arrived at an elegantly furnished house, which
+they entered, the lady having ascertained that the coast was clear;
+and Poulailler had just installed himself, when up drove a
+carriage&mdash;Monseigneur in person.</p>
+
+<p>The beauty, in a state of distraction, threw herself at the feet of
+her spark, and implored him to pass into a back cabinet. Poulailler
+obeyed, and had hardly reached his hiding-place, when he beheld,
+through the glazed door, Monseigneur, who had gone to his Semele in
+all his apostolical magnificence. A large and splendid cross of
+diamonds, perfect in water, shot dazzling rays from his breast, where
+it was suspended by a chain of cat's-eyes, of great price, set in
+gold; the button and loop of his hat blazed with other precious
+stones; and his fingers sparkled with rings, whose brilliants were
+even greater and more beautiful than those that formed the
+constellation of his cross.</p>
+
+<p>It is very seldom that the human heart, however capacious, has room
+for two grand passions in activity at the same time. In this instance,
+Poulailler no sooner beheld the rich and tempting sight, than he found
+that the god of Love was shaking his wings and flying from his bosom,
+and that the demon of Cupidity was taking the place of the more
+disinterested deity. He rushed from his hiding-place, and presented
+himself to the astonished prelate with a poinard in one hand and a
+pistol in the other, both of which he held to the sacred breast in the
+presence of the distracted lady. The bishop had not learnt to be
+careless of life, and had sufficient self-possession in his terror not
+to move, lest he should compromise his safety, while Poulailler
+proceeded to strip him with a dexterity that practice had rendered
+perfect. Diamonds, precious stones, gold, coined and ornamental,
+rings, watch, snuff-box, and purse, were transferred from the priest
+to the robber with marvellous celerity; then turning to the lady, he
+made her open the casket which contained the price of her favors, and
+left the house with the plunder and such a laugh as those only revel
+in who win.</p>
+
+<p>The lieutenant of police began to take the tremendous success of our
+hero to heart, and in his despair at the increasing audacity of the
+robber, caused it to be spread amongst his spies, archers, and
+sergeants, that he who should bring Poulailler before him should be
+rewarded with one hundred pistoles, in addition to a place of two
+thousand livres a year.</p>
+
+<p>M. H&eacute;rault was seated comfortably at his breakfast, when the Count de
+Villeneuve was announced. This name was&mdash;perhaps is&mdash;principally borne
+by two celebrated families of Provence and Languedoc. M. H&eacute;rault
+instantly rose and passed into his cabinet, where he beheld a
+personage of good mien, dressed to perfection, with as much luxury as
+taste, who in the best manner requested a private interview. Orders
+were immediately issued that no one should venture to approach till
+the bell was rung; and a valet was placed as sentinel in an adjoining
+gallery to prevent the possibility of interruption.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Monsieur le Comte, what is your business with me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, a trifle;&mdash;merely a thousand pistoles, which I am about to take
+myself from your strong box, in lieu of the one hundred pistoles, and
+the snug place, which you have promised to him who would gratify you
+by Poulailler's presence. I am Poulailler, who will dispatch you to
+the police of the other world with this poisoned dagger, if you raise
+your voice or attempt to defend yourself. Nay, stir not&mdash;a scratch is
+mortal."</p>
+
+<p>Having delivered himself of this address, the audacious personage drew
+from his pocket some fine but strong whip-cord, well hackled and
+twisted, and proceeded to bind the lieutenant of police hand and foot,
+finishing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> by making him fast to the lock of the door. Then the robber
+proceeded to open the lieutenant's secr&eacute;taire, the drawers of which he
+well rummaged, and having filled his pockets with the gold which he
+found there, turned to the discomfited lieutenant with a profound bow,
+and after a request that he would not take the trouble to show him
+out, quietly took his departure.</p>
+
+<p>There are some situations so confounding, that they paralyze the
+faculties for a time; and the magistrate was so overcome by his
+misfortune, that, instead of calling for aid, as he might have done
+when the robber left him, he set to work with his teeth, in vain
+endeavors to disengage himself from the bonds which held him fast. An
+hour elapsed before any one ventured to disturb M. H&eacute;rault, who was
+found in a rage to be imagined, but not described, at this daring act.
+The loss was the least part of the annoyance. A cloud of epigrams flew
+about, and the streets resounded with the songs celebrating
+Poulailler's triumph and the defeat of the unfortunate magistrate, who
+dared not for some time to go into society, where he was sure to find
+a laugh at his expense.</p>
+
+<p>But ready as the good people of Paris were with their ridicule, <i>they</i>
+were by no means at their ease. The depredations of Poulailler
+increased with his audacity, and people were afraid to venture into
+the streets after nightfall. As soon as the last rays of the setting
+sun fell on the Boulevards, the busy crowds began to depart; and when
+that day-star sank below the horizon, they were deserted. Nobody felt
+safe.</p>
+
+<p>The H&ocirc;tel de Brienne was guarded like a fortress, but difficulty
+seemed to give additional zest to Poulailler. Into this h&ocirc;tel he was
+determined to penetrate, and into it he got. While the carriage of the
+Princess of Lorraine was waiting at the Opera, he contrived to fix
+leathern bands, with screws, under the outside of the bottom of the
+body, while his associates were treating the coachman and footman at a
+<i>cabaret</i>, slipped under the carriage in the confusion of the
+surrounding crowd when it drew up to the door of the theatre, and,
+depending on the strength of his powerful wrists, held on underneath,
+and was carried into the h&ocirc;tel under the very nose of the Swiss
+Cerberus.</p>
+
+<p>When the stable-servants were all safe in their beds, Poulailler
+quitted his painful hiding-place, where the power of his muscles and
+sinews had been so severely tested, and mounted into the hay-loft,
+where he remained concealed three nights and four days, sustaining
+himself on cakes of chocolate. No one loved good cheer better than he,
+or indulged more in the pleasures of the table; but he made himself a
+slave to nothing, save the inordinate desire of other men's goods, and
+patiently contented himself with what would keep body and soul
+together till he was enabled to make his grand <i>coup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At last, Madame de Brienne went in all her glory to the Princess de
+Marsan's ball, and nearly all the domestics took advantage of the
+absence of their mistress to leave the h&ocirc;tel in pursuit of their own
+pleasures. Poulailler then descended from the hay-loft, made his way
+to the noble dame's cabinet, forced her secr&eacute;taire, and possessed
+himself of two thousand Louis d'or and a port-folio, which he
+doubtless wished to examine at his ease; for, two days afterwards, he
+sent it back, (finding it furnished with such securities only as he
+could not negotiate with safety,) and a polite note signed with his
+name, in which he begged the Princess graciously to receive the
+restitution, and to accept the excuses of one who, had he not been
+sorely pressed for the moderate sum which he had ventured to take,
+would never have thought of depriving the illustrious lady of it;
+adding, that when he was in cash, he should be delighted to lend her
+double the amount, should her occasions require it.</p>
+
+<p>This impudent missive was lauded as a marvel of good taste at
+Versailles, where, for a whole week, every one talked of the
+consummate cleverness and exquisite gallantry of the <i>Chevalier</i> de
+Poulailler.</p>
+
+<p>This title of honor stuck, and his fame seemed to inspire him with
+additional ardor and address. His affairs having led him to Cambray,
+he happened to have for a travelling companion the Dean of a
+well-known noble Belgian chapter. The conversation rolled on the
+notorieties of the day, and Poulailler was a more interesting theme
+than the weather. But our chevalier was destined to listen to
+observations that did not much flatter his self-esteem, for the Dean,
+so far from allowing him any merit whatever as a brigand,
+characterized him as an infamous and miserable cutpurse, adding, that
+at his first and approaching visit to Paris, he would make it his
+business to see the lieutenant of police, and reproach him with the
+small pains he took to lay so vile a scoundrel by the heels.</p>
+
+<p>The journey passed off without the occurrence of any thing remarkable;
+but about a month after this colloquy M. H&eacute;rault received a letter,
+informing him that on the previous evening, M. de Potter,
+<i>chanoine-doyen</i> of the noble chapter of Brussels, had been robbed and
+murdered by Poulailler, who, clad in the habits of his victim, and
+furnished with his papers, would enter the barrier St. Martin. This
+letter purported to have been written by one of his accomplices, who
+had come to the determination of denouncing him in the hope of
+obtaining pardon.</p>
+
+<p>The horror of M. H&eacute;rault at the death of this dignified ecclesiastic,
+who was personally unknown to him, was, if the truth must be told,
+merged in the delight which that magistrate felt in the near prospect
+of avenging society and himself on this daring criminal. A cloud of
+police officers hovered in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> ambush at each of the barriers, and
+especially at that which bore the name of the saint who divided his
+cloak with the poor pilgrim, with directions to seize and bring into
+the presence of M. H&eacute;rault a man habited as an ecclesiastic, and with
+the papers of the Dean of the Brussels chapter. Towards evening the
+Lille coach arrived, was surrounded and escorted to the h&ocirc;tel des
+Messageries, and at the moment when the passengers descended, the
+officers pounced upon the personage whose appearance and vestments
+corresponded with their instructions.</p>
+
+<p>The resistance made by this personage only sharpened the zeal of the
+officers who seized him, and, in spite of his remonstrances and cries,
+carried him to the h&ocirc;tel of the police, where M. H&eacute;rault was prepared
+with the proofs of Poulailler's crimes. Two worthy citizens of
+Brussels were there, anxious to see the murderer of their friend, the
+worthy ecclesiastic, whose loss they so much deplored: but what was
+their joy, and, it must be added, the disappointment of M. H&eacute;rault,
+when the supposed criminal turned out to be no other than the good
+Dean de Potter himself, safe and sound, but not a little indignant at
+the outrage which he had sustained. Though a man of peace, his ire so
+far ruffled a generally calm temper, that he could not help asking M.
+H&eacute;rault whether Poulailler (from whom a second letter now arrived,
+laughing at their beards) or he, M. H&eacute;rault, was the chief director of
+the police?</p>
+
+<p>William of Deloraine, good at need&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">By wily turns, by desperate bounds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Five times outlawed had he been,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By England's king and Scotland's queen.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But he was never taken, and had no occasion for his</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;neck-verse at Hairibee,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>even if he could have read it. Poulailler was arrested no less than
+five times, and five times did he break his bonds. Like Jack Sheppard
+and Claude du Val, he owed his escape in most instances to the frail
+fair ones, who would have dared any thing in favor of their favorite,
+and who, in Jack's case, joined on one occasion without jealousy in a
+successful effort to save him.</p>
+
+<p>Poulailler was quite as much the pet of the petticoats as either of
+these hempen heroes. With a fine person and accomplished manners, he
+came, saw, and overcame, in more instances than that of the fair
+daughter of the Baron von Kirbergen; but, unlike John Sheppard or
+Claude Du Val, Poulailler was cruel. Villains as they were, John and
+Claude behaved well, after their fashion, to those whom they robbed,
+and to the unhappy women with whom they associated. In their case, the
+"ladies" did their utmost to save them, and men were not wanting who
+endeavored to obtain a remission of their sentence. But Poulailler
+owed his fall to a woman whom he had ruined, ill-treated, and scorned.
+The ruin and ill-treatment she bore, as the women, poor things, will
+bear such atrocities; but the scorn roused all the fury which the
+poets, Latin and English, have written of; and his cruelties were so
+flagrant, that he could find no man to say, "God bless him."</p>
+
+<p>Wilhelmina von Kirbergen had twice narrowly escaped from a violent
+death. Poulailler, in his capricious wrath, once stabbed her with such
+murderous will, that she lay a long time on the verge of the grave,
+and then recovered to have the strength of her constitution tried by
+the strength of a poison which he had administered to her in
+insufficient quantities. Henry the Eighth forwarded his wives, when he
+was tired of them, to the other world by form of what was in his time
+English law; but when Poulailler "felt the fulness of satiety," he got
+rid of his mistresses by a much more summary process. But it was not
+till this accomplished scoundrel openly left Wilhelmina for a younger
+and more beautiful woman, that she, who had given up station, family,
+and friends, to link herself with his degrading life, abandoned
+herself to revenge.</p>
+
+<p>She wrote to him whom she had loved so long and truly, to implore that
+they might once more meet before they parted in peace for ever.
+Poulailler, too happy to be freed on such terms, accepted her
+invitation, and was received so warmly that he half repented his
+villainous conduct, and felt a return of his youthful affection. A
+splendid supper gave zest to their animated conversation; but towards
+the end of it, Poulailler observed a sudden change in his companion,
+who manifested evident symptoms of suffering. Poulailler anxiously
+inquired the cause.</p>
+
+<p>"Not much," said she; "a mere trifle&mdash;I have poisoned myself, that I
+may not survive you."</p>
+
+<p>"Quoi, coquine! m'aurais-tu fait aussi avaler le boucon?" cried the
+terrified robber.</p>
+
+<p>"That would not have sufficiently avenged me. Your death would have
+been too easy. No, my friend, you will leave this place safe and well;
+but it will be to finish the night at the Conciergerie; and,
+to-morrow, as they have only to prove your identity, you will finish
+your career on the wheel in the Place de Gr&egrave;ve."</p>
+
+<p>So saying, she clapped her hands, and, in an instant, before he had
+time to move, the Philistines were upon him. Archers and other
+officers swarmed from the hangings, door, and windows. For a few
+moments, surrounded as he was, his indomitable courage seemed to
+render the issue doubtful; but what could one man do against a host
+armed to the teeth? He was overpowered, notwithstanding his brave and
+vigorous resistance.</p>
+
+<p>His death, however, was not so speedy as his wretched mistress
+prophesied that it would be. The love of life prevailed, and in the
+hope of gaining time which he might turn to account in effecting his
+escape, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> promised to make revelations of importance to the state.
+The authorities soon found out that he was trifling with them, and the
+<i>procureur-g&eacute;n&eacute;ral</i>, after having caused him to be submitted to the
+most excruciating torture, left him to be broken on the wheel alive.
+He was executed with all the accursed refinement of barbarity which
+disgraced the times; and his tormenters, at last, put the finishing
+stroke to his prolonged agonies, by throwing him alive into the fire
+that blazed at his feet.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can justify such penal atrocities. If any thing could,
+Poulailler, it must be admitted, had wrought hard to bring down upon
+himself the whole sharpness of the law of retaliation. Upwards of one
+hundred and fifty persons had been murdered by him and his band.
+Resistance seemed to rouse in him and them the fury of devils. Nor was
+it only on such occasions that his murderous propensities were
+glutted.</p>
+
+<p>At the village of St. Martin, he caused the father, the mother, two
+brothers, a newly-married sister, her husband, and four relations, or
+friends, to be butchered in cold blood.</p>
+
+<p>One of his band was detected in an attempt to betray him. Poulailler
+had him led to a cellar. The traitor was placed upright in an angle of
+the wall, gagged, and there they built him in alive. Poulailler, with
+his own hand, wrote the sentence and epitaph of the wretch on the soft
+plaster; and there it was found some years afterward, when the cellar
+in which this diabolical act of vengeance was perpetrated passed into
+the hands of a new proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>It was current in the country where Poulailler first saw the light,
+and where his father, mother, brethren, and sisters, still lived an
+honorable life, embittered only by the horrible celebrity of their
+relation, that, on the night which followed the day of Pierre's
+execution, the isolated tower, which had been uninhabited since its
+last occupant had so mysteriously disappeared, seemed all on fire,
+every window remaining illuminated by the glowing element till morning
+dawned. During this fearful nocturnal spectacle, it was affirmed that
+infernal howlings and harrowing cries proceeded from the apparently
+burning mass, and some peasants declared that they heard Pierre
+Poulailler's name shouted from the midst of the flames in a voice of
+thunder.</p>
+
+<p>The dawn showed the lonely tower unscathed by fire; but a fearful
+tempest arose, and raged with ceaseless fury for thrice twenty-four
+hours. The violence of the hurricane was such, that it was impossible
+during that time for any vessel to keep the sea; and when at length
+the storm subsided, the coast was covered with pieces of wreck, while
+the waves continued for many days to give up their dead at the base of
+the rock, from whose crest frowned <i>La Tour Maudite</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Hogg's Instructor.</h4>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_LATE_D_M_MOIR" id="THE_LATE_D_M_MOIR"></a>THE LATE D. M. MOIR.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY GEORGE GILFILLAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Pleasant and joyous was the circle wont to assemble now and then (not
+<i>every</i> night, as the public then fondly dreamed) in Ambrose's, some
+twenty-five years ago: not a constellation in all our bright sky, at
+present, half so brilliant. There sat John Wilson, "lord of the
+lion-heart and eagle-eye," his hair somewhat thicker, and his eye
+rather brighter, and his complexion as fresh, and his talk as
+powerful, as now. There Lockhart appeared, with his sharp face,
+<i>adunco naso</i>, keen poignant talk, and absence of all enthusiasm.
+There Maginn rollicked and roared, little expecting that he was ever
+destined to stand a bankrupt and ruined man over Bunyan's dust, and
+cry, "Sleep on, thou Prince of Dreamers!" There De Quincey bowed and
+smiled, while interposing his mild but terrible and unanswerable
+"buts," and winding the subtle way of his talk through all subjects,
+human, infernal, and divine. There appeared the tall military form of
+old Syme, alias Timothy Tickler, with his pithy monosyllables, and
+determined <i>nil admirari</i> bearing. There the Ettrick Shepherd told his
+interminable stories, and drank his interminable tumblers. There sat
+sometimes, though seldom, a young man of erect port, mild gray eye,
+high head, rich quivering lips, and air of simple dignity, often
+forgetting to fill or empty his glass, but never forgetting to look
+reverently to the "Professor," curiously and admiringly to De Quincey,
+and affectionately to all: it was Thomas Aird. There occasionally
+might be seen Macnish of Glasgow, with his broad fun; Doubleday of
+Newcastle, then a rising litterateur; Leitch, the ventriloquist, (not
+professionally so, and yet not much inferior, we believe, to the
+famous Duncan Macmillan); and even a stray Cockney or two who did not
+belong to the Cockney school. There, too, the "Director-general of the
+Fine Arts," old Bridges, (uncle to our talented friend, William
+Bridges, Esq. of London,) was often a guest, with his keen black eye,
+finely-formed features, rough, ready talk, and a certain smack audible
+on his lips when he spoke of a beautiful picture, a "leading article"
+in "Maga," or of some of the queer adventures (<i>quorum pars fuit</i>) of
+Christopher North. And there, last, not least, was frequently seen the
+fine fair-haired head of Delta, the elegant poet, the amiable man, and
+the author of one of the quaintest and most delightful of our Scottish
+tales, "Mansie Wauch."</p>
+
+<p>That brilliant circle was dissolved long ere we knew any of its
+members. We question if it was ever equalled, except thrice: once by
+the Scriblerus Club, composed of Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and
+Bolingbroke; again by the "Literary Club," with its Johnson, Burke,
+Garrick, Beauclerk, Gibbon, and Fox: and more recently by the
+"Round-table," with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> its Hazlitt, Hunt, Lamb, and their minor
+companions. It is now, we need not say, entirely dissolved, although
+most of its members are yet alive, and although its doings and sayings
+have been of late imitated in certain symposia, reminding us, in
+comparison with the past, of the shadowy feasts of the dead beside
+real human entertainments. The "nights" of the North are diviner than
+the "days."</p>
+
+<p>From this constellation, we mean, at present, to cut out one "bright,
+particular star," and to discourse of him. This is Delta, the
+delightful. We have not the happiness of Dr. Moir's acquaintance, nor
+did we ever see him, save once. It was at the great Edinburgh
+Philosophic Feed of 1846, when Macaulay, Whately, and other lions,
+young and old, roared, on the whole, rather feebly, and in vulgar
+falsetto, over their liberal provender. Delta, too, was a speaker, and
+his speech had two merits, at least, modesty and brevity, and
+contrasted thus well with Whately's egotistical rigmarole, Macaulay's
+labored paradox, and Maclagan's inane bluster. He was, we understood
+afterwards, in poor health at the time, and did not do justice to
+himself. But we have been long familiar with his poems in "Blackwood"
+and the "Dumfries Herald," to which he occasionally contributed. We
+remember well when, next to a paper by North, or a poem by Aird, we
+looked eagerly for one by Delta in each new number of "Ebony;" and we
+now cheerfully proceed to say a few words about his true and exquisite
+genius.</p>
+
+<p>We may call Delta the male Mrs. Hemans. Like her, he loved principally
+the tender, the soft, and the beautiful. Like her, he excelled in
+fugitive verses, and seldom attempted, and still more seldom
+succeeded, in the long or the labored poem. Like her, he tried a great
+variety of styles and measures. Like her, he ever sought to interweave
+a sweet and strong moral with his strains, and to bend them all in by
+a graceful curve around the Cross. But, unlike her, his tone was
+uniformly glad and genial, and he exhibited none of that morbid
+melancholy which lies often like a dark funeral edge around her most
+beautiful poems: and this, because he was a <i>masculine</i> shape of the
+same elegant genus.</p>
+
+<p>Delta's principal powers were cultured sensibility, fine fancy, good
+taste, and an easy, graceful style and versification. He sympathized
+with all the "outward forms of sky and earth, with all that was
+lovely, and pure, and of a good report" in the heart and the history
+of humanity, and particularly with Scottish scenery, and Scottish
+character and manners. His poetry was less a distinct power or vein,
+than the general result and radiance of all his faculties. These
+exhaled out of them a fine genial enthusiasm, which expressed itself
+in song. We do not think, with Carlyle, that it is the same with <i>all</i>
+high poets. <i>He</i> says&mdash;"Poetry, except in such cases as that of Keats,
+where the whole consists in a weak-eyed maudlin sensibility, and a
+certain vague tunefulness of nature, is no separate faculty, no organ
+which can be superadded to the rest, or disjoined from them, but
+rather the result of their general harmony and completion." Now, 1st,
+Carlyle is here grossly unjust to Keats. Had the author of Hyperion
+nothing but maudlin sensibility? If ever man was devoured, body and
+soul, by that passion for, and perception of, the beauty and glory of
+the universe, which is the essence of poetry, it was poor Keats. He
+was poetry incarnate&mdash;the wine of the gods poured into a frail earthy
+vessel, which split around it. Nor has Burns, of whom Carlyle is here
+writing, left any thing to be compared, in ideal qualities, in depth,
+and massiveness, and almost Miltonic magnificence, with the
+descriptions of Saturn, and the Palace of the Sun, and the Senate of
+the Gods in "Hyperion." Burns was the finest lyrist of his or any age;
+but Keats, had he lived, would have been one of the first of <i>epic</i>
+poets. 2dly, We do not very well comprehend what Carlyle means by the
+words "no organ, which can be superadded to, or disjoined from the
+rest." If he means that no culture can add, or want of it take away,
+poetic faculty, he is clearly right. But, if he means that nature
+never confers a poetic vein distinct from, and superior to, the
+surrounding faculties of the man, we must remind him of certain
+stubborn facts. Gay and Fontaine were "fable-trees," Goldsmith was an
+"inspired idiot." Godwin's powerful philosophic and descriptive genius
+seemed scarcely connected with the man; he had to <i>write</i> himself
+<i>into</i> it, and his friends could hardly believe him the author of his
+own works! Even Byron was but a common man, except at his desk, or "on
+his stool" as he himself called it. He had to "<i>call</i>" his evil spirit
+from the vasty deep, and to lash himself very often into inspiration
+by a whip of "Gin-<i>twist</i>." And James Hogg was little else than a
+<i>haverer</i>, till he sat down to write poetry, when the "faery queen"
+herself seemed to be speaking from within him. Nay, 3dly, we are
+convinced that many men, of extraordinary powers otherwise, have in
+them a vein of poetry as distinct from the rest as the bag of honey in
+the bee is from his sting, his antenn&aelig;, and his wings, and which
+requires some special circumstance or excitement to develop it. Thus
+it was, we think, with Burke, Burns, and Carlyle himself. All these
+had poetry in them, and have expressed it; but any of them might have
+<i>avoided</i>, in a great measure, its expression, and might have solely
+shone in other spheres. For example, Burke has written several works
+full, indeed, of talent, but without a single gleam of that real
+imagination which other of his writings display. What a contrast
+between his "Thoughts on the Present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> Discontents," or his "Essay on
+the Sublime and Beautiful," (an essay containing not one sublime, and
+not two beautiful sentences in it all,) and the "rare and regal"
+rhetorical and poetic glories of his "Essay on the French Revolution,"
+or his "Letters on a Regicide Peace!" Burns might have been a
+philosopher of the Dugald Stewart school, as acute and artificially
+eloquent as any of them, had he gone to Edinburgh College instead of
+going to Irvine School. Carlyle might have been a prime-minister of a
+somewhat original and salvage sort, had it been so ordered. None of
+the three were so essentially poetical, that all their thoughts were
+"twin-born with poetry," and rushed into the reflection of metaphor,
+as the morning beams into the embrace and reflection of the lake. All
+were <i>stung</i> into poetry: Burke by political zeal and personal
+disappointment, Burns by love, and Carlyle by that white central heat
+of dissatisfaction with the world and the things of the world, which
+his temperament has compelled him to express, but which his Scottish
+common sense has taught him the wisdom of expressing in earnest
+masquerade and systematic metaphor. But, 4thly, there is a class of
+poets who have possessed more than the full complement of human
+faculties, who have added to these extensive accomplishments and
+acquirements, and yet who have been so constituted, that imaginative
+utterance has been as essential to their thoughts as language itself.
+Such were Dante, Milton, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, &amp;c., and such
+are Wilson, Bailey, Aird, and Yendys. These are "nothing, if not
+poetical." All their powers and acquisitions turn instinctively toward
+poetic expression, whether in verse or prose. And near them, although
+on a somewhat lower plane, stood Delta.</p>
+
+<p>Poetry, with Delta, was rather the natural outflow of his whole soul
+and culture combined, than an art or science. His poetry was founded
+on feelings, not on principles. Indeed, we fancy that little true
+poetry, in any age, has been systematic. It is generally the work of
+sudden enthusiasm, wild and rapid ecstasy acting upon a nature
+<i>prefitted</i> for receiving the afflatus, whether by gift or by
+accomplishment, or by both united. Even the most thoroughly furnished
+have been as dependent on moods and happy hours as the least. The wind
+of inspiration bloweth where it listeth. Witness Milton and Coleridge,
+both of whom were masters of the theory of their art, nay, who had
+studied it scientifically, and with a profound knowledge of cognate
+sciences, and yet both of whom could only build up the lofty rhyme at
+certain seasons, and in certain circumstances, and who frequently
+perpetrated sheer dulness and drivel. The poetry of Homer, of
+Eschylus, of Lucretius, of Byron, of Shelley, of Festus&mdash;in short, the
+most of powerful poetry&mdash;has owed a vast deal more to excitement and
+enthusiasm than to study or elaborate culture. The rhapsodists were
+the first, have been the best, and shall be the last of the poets. And
+with what principles of poetic art were the bards of Israel
+conversant? And what systems of psychology or &aelig;sthetics had Shakspeare
+studied? And in what college were trained the framers of the
+ballad-poetry of the world&mdash;the lovers who soothed with song their
+burning hearts&mdash;the shepherds who sang amid their green
+wildernesses&mdash;the ploughmen who modulated to verse the motion of their
+steers&mdash;the kings of the early time who shouted war-poetry from their
+chariots&mdash;the Berserkars whose long hair curled and shook as though
+life were in it, to the music of their wild melodies&mdash;and the "men of
+sturt and strife," the rough Macpherson-like heroes, whose spirits
+sprang away from the midst of flood and flame, from the gallows or the
+scaffold, on whirlwinds of extempore music and poetry? Poetry, with
+them, was the irresistible expression of passion and of imagination,
+and hence its power; and to nothing still, but the same rod, can its
+living waters flow amain. Certain fantastic fribbles of the present
+day may talk of "principles of art," and "principles of
+versification," and the necessity of studying poetry as a science, and
+may exhaust the resources of midnight darkness in expressing their
+bedrivelled notions; but <i>our</i> principle is this&mdash;"Give us a gifted
+intellect, and warm true heart, and stir these with the fiery rod of
+passion and enthusiasm, and the result will be genuine, and high, and
+lasting poetry, as certainly as that light follows the sun."</p>
+
+<p>It may, perhaps, be objected, besides, that Delta has left no large or
+great poem. Now, here we trace the presence of another prevalent
+fallacy. Largeness is frequently confounded with greatness. But,
+because Milton's Paradise Lost is both large and great, it does not
+follow that every great poem must be large, any more than that every
+large poem must be great. Pollok's Course of Time is a large and a
+clever, but scarcely a great poem. Hamlet and Faust may be read each
+in an hour, and yet both are great poems. Heraud's Judgment of the
+Flood is a vast folio in size, but a very second-rate poem in
+substance. Thomas Aird's Devil's Dream covers only four pages, yet who
+ever read it without the impression "this is a great effort of
+genius." Lalla Rookh was originally a quarto, but, although brilliant
+in the extreme, it can hardly be called a poem at all. Burns's Vision
+of Liberty contains, in the space of thirty-two lines, we hesitate not
+to say, all the elements of a great poem. Although Delta's poems be
+not large, it is not a necessary corollary that they are inferior
+productions. And if none of them, perhaps, fill up the whole measure
+of the term "great," many of them are beautiful, all are genuine, and
+some, such as Casa Wappy, are exquisite.</p>
+
+<p>Health is one eminent quality in this pleasing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> writer. Free
+originally from morbid tendencies, he has nursed and cherished this
+happy tone of mind by perusing chiefly healthy authors. He has acted
+on the principle that the whole should be kept from the sick. He has
+dipped but sparingly into the pages of Byron and Shelley, whereas
+Wordsworth, Wilson, Southey, and Scott, are the gods of his idolatry.
+Scott is transcendently clear. Indeed, we think that he gives to him,
+<i>as a poet</i>, a place beyond his just deserts. His ease, simplicity,
+romantic interest, and Border fire, have blinded him to his faults,
+his fatal facility of verse, his looseness of construction, and his
+sad want of deep thought and original sentiment. To name him beside or
+above Wordsworth, the great consecrated bard of his period, is
+certainly a heresy of no small order. One or two of Wordsworth's
+little poems, or of his sonnets, are, we venture to say, in genuine
+poetical depth and beauty, superior to Scott's <i>five</i> larger poems put
+together. <i>They</i> are long, lively, rambling, shallow, and blue,
+glittering streams. Wordsworth's ballads are deep and clear as those
+mountain pools over which bends the rowan, and on which smiles the
+autumn sky, as on the fittest reflector of its own bright profundity
+and solemn clearness.</p>
+
+<p>Well did Christopher North characterize Delta as the poet of the
+spring. He was the darling of that darling season. In all his poetry
+there leaped and frolicked "vernal delight and joy." He had in some of
+his verses admirably, and on purpose, expressed the many feelings or
+images which then throng around the heart, like a cluster of bees
+settling at once upon flower&mdash;the sense of absolute newness, blended
+with a faint, rich thrill of recollection&mdash;the fresh bubbling out of
+the blood from the heart-springs&mdash;the return of the reveries of
+childhood or youth&mdash;the intolerance of the fireside&mdash;the thirst after
+nature renewed within the soul&mdash;the strange glory shed upon the earth,
+all red and bare though it yet be&mdash;the attention excited by every
+thing, "even by the noise of the fly upon the sunny wall, or the
+slightest murmur of creeping waters"&mdash;the springing up of the sun from
+his winter declinature&mdash;the softer and warmer lustre of the stars&mdash;and
+the new emphasis with which men pronounce the words "hope" and "love."
+To crown a spring evening, there sometimes appears in the west the
+planet Venus, bright yellow-green, shivering as with ecstasy in the
+orange or purple sky, and rounding off the whole scene into the
+perfection of beauty. The Scottish poet of spring did not forget this
+element of its glory, but sung a hymn to that fair star of morn and
+eve worthy of its serene, yet tremulous splendor.</p>
+
+<p>Delta was eminently a national writer. He did not gad abroad in search
+of the sublime or strange, but cultivated the art of staying at home.
+The scenery of his own neighborhood, the traditions or the histories
+of his own country, the skies and stars of Scotland, the wild or
+beautiful legends which glimmer through the mist of its past&mdash;these
+were "the haunt and the main region of his song," and hence, in part,
+the sweetness and the strength of his strains. Indeed, it is
+remarkable that nearly all our Scottish poets have been national and
+descriptive. Scotland has produced no real epic, few powerful
+tragedies, few meditative poems of a high rank, but what a mass of
+poetry describing its own scenery and manners, and recording its own
+traditions. King James the Sixth, Gawin Douglas, Davie Lyndsay,
+Ramsay, Fergusson, Ross of the "Faithful Shepherdess," Burns, Beattie,
+Sir Walter Scott, Wilson, Aird, Delta, and twenty more, have been all
+more or less national in their subject, or language, or both. We
+attribute this, in a great measure, to the extreme peculiarity of
+Scottish manners, <i>as they were</i>, and to the extreme and romantic
+beauty of Scottish scenery. The poetic minds, in a tame country like
+England, are thrown out upon foreign topics, or thrown in upon
+themselves; whereas, in Scotland, they are arrested and detained
+within the circle of their own manners and mountains. "Paint <i>us</i>
+first," the hills seem to cry aloud. A reason, too, why we have had
+few good tragedies or meditative poems, may be found in our national
+narrowness of creed, and in our strong prejudice against dramatic
+entertainments. As it is, we have only Douglas, and three or four good
+plays of Miss Baillie's, to balance Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and all
+that galaxy&mdash;not to speak of the multitudes who have followed&mdash;and
+only the "Grave," the "Minstrel," and the "Course of Time," to compare
+with the works of George Herbert, Giles Fletcher, Quarles, Milton,
+Young, Cowper, and Wordsworth.</p>
+
+<p>We find in Delta little meditative power or tendency. His muse had no
+"speculation" in her eye. Whether from caution, or from want of the
+peculiar faculty, he never approached those awful abysses of thought
+which are now attracting so many poets&mdash;attracting them, partly from a
+desire to look down into their darkness, and partly from a passion for
+those strange and shivering flowers which grow around their sides.
+Leigh Hunt, in his late autobiography, when speaking of Blanco White,
+seems to blame all religious speculation, as alike hopeless and
+useless. But, in the present day, unless there be religious
+speculation, there can, with men of mind, be little religion&mdash;no
+creed&mdash;nor even an approximation toward one. Would Mr. Hunt destroy
+that link, which in every age has bound us to the infinite and
+eternal? Would he bring us back to mere brute worship, and brute
+belief? Because we cannot at present form an infallible creed, should
+we beware of seeking to form a creed at all? Because we cannot see all
+the stars, must we never raise our eyes, or our telescopes, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> the
+midnight heavens? Because <span class="smcap">HE</span> has been able to reach no consistent and
+influential faith, ought all men to abandon the task? So far from
+agreeing with this dogmatic denunciation, we hold that it argues on
+the part of its author&mdash;revered and beloved though he be&mdash;a certain
+shallowness and levity of spirit&mdash;that its tendency is to crush a
+principle of aspiration in the human mind, which may be likened to an
+outspringing angel pinion, and that it indirectly questions the use
+and the truth of all revelation. We honor, we must say, Blanco White,
+in his noble struggles, and in his divine despair, more than Leigh
+Hunt, in his denial that such struggles are wiser than a maniac's
+trying to leap to the sun, and in the ignoble conceptions of man's
+position and destiny which his words imply. And, notwithstanding his
+chilling criticism, so unlike his wont, we believe still, with
+Coleridge, that not Wordsworth, nor Milton, have written a sonnet,
+embodying a thought so new and magnificent, in language so sweet and
+musical, and perfectly fitted to the thought, like the silvery new
+moon sheathed in a transparent fleecy cloud, as that of Blanco White's
+beginning with "Mysterious Night."</p>
+
+<p>Delta, we have already said, gained reputation, in prose, as well as
+in verse. His <i>Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith</i>, is one of the most
+delightful books in the language. It is partly, it is true, imitated
+from Galt; but, while not inferior to him in humor, it has infused a
+far deeper vein of poetry into the conception of common Scottish life.
+Honor to thee, honest Mansie! Thou art worth twenty Alton Lockes, the
+metaphysical tailor (certainly one of the absurdest creations, and
+surrounded by the most asinine story of the age, although redeemed by
+some glorious scenes, and <i>one</i> character, Sandy Mackay, who is just
+Thomas Carlyle <i>humanized</i>). But better than thee still, is thy
+'prentice, Mungo Glen, with decline in his lungs, poetry in his heart,
+and on his lips one of the sweetest laments in the language! Many
+years have elapsed since we read thy life, but our laughter at thy
+adventures, and our tears at the death of thy poor 'prentice, seem as
+fresh as those of yesterday!</p>
+
+<p>Why did Delta only open, and never dig out, this new and rich vein? He
+alone seemed adequate to follow, however far off, in the steps of the
+Great Wizard. Aird seemed to have exhausted his tale-writing faculty,
+exquisite as it was. Wilson's tales, with all their power, lack
+repose; they are too troubled, tearful, monotonous, and tempestuous.
+Galt, Miss Ferrier, the authoress of the Odd Volume, Macnish, &amp;c., are
+dead....</p>
+
+<p>We had not the pleasure of hearing Delta's recent lectures. They were,
+chatty, conversational, lively, full of information, although neither
+very eloquent, nor very profound. He knew too well the position in
+which he stood, and the provender which his audience required! Nor, we
+confess, did we expect to meet in them with a comprehensive or final
+vidimus of the poetry of the last fifty years. His Edinburgh eye has
+been too much dazzled and overpowered by the near orbs of Walter Scott
+and Wilson, to do justice to remoter luminaries. Nor was criticism
+exactly Delta's forte. He had not enough of subtility&mdash;perhaps not
+enough of profound native instinct&mdash;and, perhaps, <i>some</i> will think,
+not enough of bad blood. But his criticism must, we doubt not, be
+always sincere in feeling, candid in spirit, and manly in language.
+Still, we repeat, that his power and mission were in the description
+of the woods and streams, the feelings and customs, the beauties and
+peculiarities, of 'dear Auld Scotland.'</p>
+
+<p>It may, perhaps, be necessary to add, that the name Delta was applied
+to Dr. Moir, from his signature in "Black wood," which was always
+&#916;; that he was a physician in
+Musselburgh, and the author of some excellent treaties on subjects
+connected with his own profession; and that while an accomplished
+litterateur and beautiful poet, he never neglected his peculiar
+duties, but stood as high in the medical as in the literary world.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Fraser's Magazine.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_DESERTED_MANSION" id="THE_DESERTED_MANSION"></a>THE DESERTED MANSION.</h2>
+
+<p>A few years ago, a picture appeared in the Exhibition of the Royal
+Academy, which peculiarly impressed my imagination; it represented an
+ancient ruinous dwelling, surrounded by dilapidated gardens, set in
+sombre woods. The venerable trees, the moat filled with nettles and
+rubbish, the broken fences, green stagnant waters, the gabled,
+turreted, many-windowed, mouldering mansion, a perfect medley of
+chaotic architecture. The <i>visible silence</i>, the spirit of supreme
+desolation brooding over the precincts, filled my mind with
+involuntary sadness; while fancy conjured up strange, wild tales of
+other days, in connection with the scene. I could not shake off the
+belief that reality was portrayed on the canvas; and writing an
+account of the various pictures to a friend who resided in the
+country, I dwelt on this particular one, and my singular impressions
+respecting it. When I next received a letter from my friend, she
+remarked how unaccountable my fancies were; fancies which were,
+however, based on the foundation of truth.</p>
+
+<p>She went on to say, that reading my letter to Mrs. L&mdash;&mdash;, an
+octogenarian in wonderful preservation, that lady informed her of the
+locality of my deserted mansion, and also of its history; the picture
+being actually painted for Mrs. L&mdash;&mdash;'s son; and the tale attached to
+it, which my friend eventually gave me in the old lady's own words,
+was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Fifty years ago, the mansion of St. Elan's Wood was reckoned ancient,
+but it was a healthful, vigorous age, interesting and picturesque.
+Then, emerald turf lined the sides<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> of the moat, and blooming flowers
+clustered within its sloping shelter; white drapery fluttered within
+the quaint latticed windows, and delicate climbers festooned them
+without; terraced walks and thick hollow hedges were in trim order,
+fountains sparkled in the sunshine, and blushing roses bent over and
+kissed the clear rejoicing waters.</p>
+
+<p>"Fifty years ago, joyous laughter resounded amid the greenwood glades,
+and buoyant footsteps pressed the greensward; for the master of St.
+Elan's had brought home a bride, and friends and relatives hastened
+thither to offer congratulations, and to share the hospitalities of
+the festive season.</p>
+
+<p>"Lady St. Elan was a very young wife; a soft-eyed, timid creature; her
+mother had died during her daughter's infancy, and her father (an
+officer of high rank in the army) being abroad, a lady whom we shall
+call Sabina, by whom she had been educated, accompanied her beloved
+pupil, now Lady St. Elan, to this new home. The death of Lady St.
+Elan's father, and the birth of a daughter, eventually mingled
+rejoicing and mourning together, while great anxiety was felt for the
+young mother, whose recovery was extremely tedious. The visits of
+eminent physicians, who were sent for from great distances, evinced
+the fears which were still entertained, even when the invalid roamed
+once more in the pleasant garden and woods around. Alas! it was not
+for the poor lady's bodily health they feared; the hereditary mental
+malady of her family on the maternal side, but which had slumbered for
+two generations, again darkly shadowed forth its dread approaches.
+Slight, indeed, had been the warning as yet, subtle the demonstrations
+of the deadly enemy, but enough to alarm the watchful husband, who was
+well acquainted with the facts. But the alarm passed away, the
+physicians came no more, and apparent health and strength, both mental
+and physical, were fully restored to the patient, while the sweet babe
+really deserved the epithets lavished on it by the delighted mother of
+the 'divinest baby in the world.'</p>
+
+<p>"During the temporary absence of her husband, on affairs of urgent
+business, Lady St. Elan requested Sabina to share her chamber at
+night, on the plea of timidity and loneliness; this wish was
+cheerfully complied with, and two or three days passed pleasantly
+away.</p>
+
+<p>"St. Elan was expected to return home on the following morning, and
+when the friends retired to rest on the previous night, Sabina
+withdrew the window curtains, to gaze upon the glorious landscape
+which stretched far away, all bathed in silver radiance, and she soon
+fell into a tranquil slumber, communing with holy thoughts and
+prayerful aspirations. She was suddenly awakened by a curious kind of
+sound in the room, accompanied by a half-stifled jeering laugh. She
+knew not how long sleep had lulled her in oblivion, but when Sabina
+turned round to see from whence the sound proceeded, imagine her
+horror and dismay at beholding Lady St. Elan standing near the door,
+sharpening a large knife on her slipper, looking wildly round now and
+then, muttering and jibing.</p>
+
+<p>"'Not sharp enough yet&mdash;not sharp enough yet,' she exclaimed, intently
+pursuing her occupation.</p>
+
+<p>"Sabina felt instinctively, that this was no practical <i>joke</i>; she
+knew instinctively the dread reality&mdash;by the maniac's eye&mdash;by the tone
+of voice&mdash;and she sprang from the bed, darting towards the door. It
+was locked. Lady St. Elan looked cunningly up, muttering&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'So you thought I was so silly, did you? But I double-locked it, and
+threw the key out of the window; and perhaps you may spy out in the
+moonshine you're so fond of admiring,' pointing to an open casement,
+at an immense height from the ground&mdash;for this apartment was at the
+summit of a turret, commanding an extensive view, chosen for that
+reason, as well as for its seclusion and repose, being so far distant
+from the rest of the household.</p>
+
+<p>"Sabina was not afflicted with weak nerves, and as the full danger of
+her position flashed across her mind, she remembered to have heard
+that the human eye possesses extraordinary power to quell and keep in
+abeyance all unruly passions thus terrifically displayed. She was also
+aware, that in a contest where mere bodily energy was concerned, her
+powers must prove utterly inadequate and unavailing, when brought into
+competition with those of the unfortunate lady during a continuance of
+the paroxysm. Sabina feigned a calmness which she was far from feeling
+at that trying moment, and though her voice trembled, yet she said
+cheerfully, and with a careless air&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'I think your knife will soon be sharp enough, Lady St. Elan; what do
+you want it for?'</p>
+
+<p>"'What do I want it for?' mimicked the mad woman; 'why what should I
+want it for, Sabina, but to cut your throat with?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, that is an odd fancy,' exclaimed Sabina, endeavoring not to
+scream or to faint: 'but you had better sit down, for the knife is not
+sharp enough for that job&mdash;there&mdash;there's a chair. Now give me your
+attention while you sharpen, and I'll sit opposite to you; for I have
+had such an extraordinary dream, and I want you to listen to it.'</p>
+
+<p>"The lady looked maliciously sly, as much as to say, 'You shall not
+cheat me, if I <i>do</i> listen.' But she sat down, and Sabina opposite to
+her, who began pouring forth a farrago of nonsense, which she
+pretended to have dreamt. Lady St. Elan had always been much addicted
+to perusing works of romantic fiction, and this taste for the
+marvellous was, probably, the means of saving Sabina's life, who,
+during that long and awful night, never flagged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> for one moment,
+continuing her repetition of marvels in the <i>Arabian Night's</i> style.
+The maniac sat perfectly still, with the knife in one hand, the
+slipper in the other, and her large eyes intently fixed on the
+narrator. Oh, those weary, weary hours! When, at length, repeated
+signals and knocks were heard at the chamber-door, as the morning sun
+arose, Sabina had presence of mind not to notice them, as her terrible
+companion appeared not to do so; but she continued her sing-song,
+monotonous strain, until the barrier was fairly burst open, and St.
+Elan himself, who had just returned, alarmed at the portentous murmurs
+within, and accompanied by several domestics, came to the rescue.</p>
+
+<p>"Had Sabina moved, or screamed for help, or appeared to recognize the
+aid which was at hand, ere it could have reached her, the knife might
+have been sheathed in her heart. This knife was a foreign one of
+quaint workmanship, usually hanging up in St. Elan's dressing-room;
+and the premeditation evinced in thus secreting it was a mystery not
+to be solved. Sabina's hair which was black as the raven's wing, when
+she retired to rest on that fearful night, had changed to the
+similitude of extreme age when they found her in the morning. Lady St.
+Elan never recovered this sudden and total overthrow of reason, but
+died&mdash;alas! it was rumored, by her own hand&mdash;within two years
+afterwards. The infant heiress was entrusted to the guidance of her
+mother's friend and governess; she became an orphan at an early age,
+and on completing her twenty-first year was uncontrolled mistress of
+the fortune and estates of her ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>"But long ere that period arrived, a serious question had arisen in
+Sabina's mind respecting the duty and expediency of informing Mary St.
+Elan what her true position was, and gently imparting the sad
+knowledge of that visitation overshadowing the destinies of her race.
+It was true that in her individual case the catastrophe might be
+warded off, while, on the other hand, there was lurking, threatening
+danger; but a high religious principle seemed to demand a sacrifice,
+or self-immolation, in order to prevent the possibility of a
+perpetuation of the direful malady.</p>
+
+<p>"Sabina felt assured that were her noble-hearted pupil once to learn
+the facts, there would be no hesitation on her part in strictly
+adhering to the prescribed line of right; it was a bitter task for
+Sabina to undertake, but she did not shrink from performing it when
+her resolution became matured, and her scruples settled into decision,
+formed on the solid basis of duty to God and man. Sabina afterwards
+learnt that the sacrifice demanded of Mary St. Elan was far more
+heroic than she had contemplated; and when that sweet young creature
+devoted herself to a life of celibacy, Sabina did not know, that
+engrossed by 'first love,' of which so much has been said and sung,
+Mary St. Elan bade adieu to life's hope and happiness.</p>
+
+<p>"With a woman's delicate perception and depth of pity, Sabina gained
+that knowledge; and with honor unspeakable she silently read the
+treasured secrets of the gentle heart thus fatally wounded&mdash;the evil
+from which she had sedulously striven to guard her pupil, had not been
+successfully averted&mdash;Mary St. Elan had already given away her
+guileless heart. But her sorrows were not doomed to last; for soon
+after that period when the law pronounced her free from control
+respecting her worldly affairs, the last of the St. Elans passed
+peacefully away to a better world, bequeathing the mansion house and
+estate of St. Elan's Wood to Sabina and her heirs. In Sabina's
+estimation, however, this munificent gift was the 'price of blood:' as
+but for <i>her</i> instrumentality, the fatal knowledge would not have been
+imparted; but for <i>her</i> the ancestral woods and pleasant home might
+have descended to children's children in the St. Elan's
+line,&mdash;tainted, indeed, and doomed; but now the race was extinct.</p>
+
+<p>"There were many persons who laughed at Sabina's sensitive feelings on
+this subject, which they could not understand; and even well-meaning,
+pious folk, thought that she carried her strict notions, too far. Yet
+Sabina remained immovable; nor would she ever consent that the wealth
+thus left should be enjoyed by her or hers.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus the deserted mansion still remains unclaimed, though it will not
+be long ere it is appropriated to the useful and beneficent purpose
+specified in Mary St. Elan's will&mdash;namely, failing Sabina and her
+issue, to be converted into a lunatic asylum&mdash;a kind of lunatic
+alms-house for decayed gentlewomen, who, with the requisite
+qualifications, will here find refuge from the double storms of life
+assailing them, poor souls! both from within and without."</p>
+
+<p>"But what became of Sabina, and what interest has your son in this
+picture?" asked my friend of old Mrs. L&mdash;&mdash;, as that venerable lady
+concluded her narration; "for if none live to claim the property, why
+does it still remain thus?"</p>
+
+<p>"Your justifiable curiosity shall be gratified, my dear," responded
+the kindly dame. "Look at my hair&mdash;it did not turn white from age: I
+retired to rest one night with glossy braids, black as the raven's
+wing, and they found me in the morning as you now behold me! Yes, it
+is even so; and you no longer wonder that Sabina's son desired to
+possess this identical painting; my pilgrimage is drawing towards its
+close&mdash;protracted as it has been beyond the allotted age of man&mdash;but,
+according to the tenor of the afore-named will, the mansion and estate
+of St. Elan must remain as they now stand until I am no more; while
+the accumulated funds will amply endow the excellent charity. Were my
+son less honorable or scrupulous, he might,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> of course, claim the
+property on my decease; but respect for his mother's memory, with firm
+adherence to her principles, will keep him, with God's blessing, from
+yielding to temptation. He is not a rich man, but with proud humility
+he may gaze on this memorial picture, and hand it down to posterity
+with the traditionary lore attached; and may none of our descendants
+ever lament the use which will be made, nor covet the possession, of
+this deserted mansion."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4>From Hogg's Instructor.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS_OF_MOTIVES" id="ILLUSTRATIONS_OF_MOTIVES"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS OF MOTIVES.</h2>
+
+<p>Certain it is, that in the universe there can be but one infallible
+Judge of motives. None but its Maker can see into the secret springs,
+and clearly comprehend the motions, of the mind. Nevertheless, "the
+will for the deed" is an old understanding among mankind, in virtue of
+that inward life whose world and workings they know to extend so far
+beyond the visible. It is, indeed, the privilege, and in some sense a
+necessity of human reason, to inquire after, at least, obvious
+motives, since the smallest acquaintance with character or history
+cannot be formed without taking them into account. Thus, in the
+biographies of notable men, in the histories of nations, and in the
+gossip which constitutes the current history of most neighborhoods,
+and is relished alike by the denizens of court and hamlet, nobody is
+satisfied with knowing merely what was done, for the demand invariably
+follows, Why they did it? That query is often necessary to legal, and
+always to moral justice. It must be, so to speak, a most mechanical
+and surface life, whose daily doings the beholder can fully explain,
+independent of any reference to inward feelings, unuttered memories,
+or concealed hopes. How many deeds and whole courses of action,
+chameleon-like, utterly change their complexions, according to the
+light of attributed motives! Through that medium, the patriot of one
+party becomes the heartless and designing knave of another; and the
+fanatical revolutionists of their own generation turn to fearless
+reformers with the next. Many an act, on the details of which most
+historians are agreed, is held up by one to the world's praise, and by
+another to universal censure. Henri Quatre, says the first, conformed
+to Catholicism rather than continue a civil war in his kingdom; while
+a second remarks of the same monarch, that he sacrificed his faith for
+a crown. When Frederick-William of Prussia was just at the hottest of
+that persecution of his celebrated son, for which, together with his
+love of tall soldiers, he is best known to the world, the grand
+dispute amongst his favorite guards at Potsdam was, whether the kicks,
+cuffs, and imprisonments, which the old king bestowed so liberally on
+his heir-apparent, were intended to prevent young Fritz turning an
+infidel, or arose from his father's fears that he might be a greater
+man than himself! On no subject are mankind more apt to differ,
+probably because there are few on which observation affords so much
+inferential and so little direct evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Approaching the innermost circles of private life, we find that the
+views entertained of motives exercise a still greater influence in
+determining our estimation of kindred, friends, or lovers. Volpone, in
+Ben Jonson's play, even had he been capable of it, could have no cause
+for gratitude to his numerous friends for all their gifts and
+attentions, knowing so perfectly as he did, that they came but in
+expectation of a legacy; and many a well-portioned dame has seen cause
+for applying to her most attentive suitor those lines of a homely
+Scottish song&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"My lad is sae muckle in love wi' my siller,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He canna hae love to spare for me."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There is a strange difference of opinion existing at times between the
+principals and the spectators of these particular affairs. Few, it has
+been said, can penetrate the motives of others in matters regarding
+themselves. Yet most people are wonderfully sharp-sighted where their
+neighbors are concerned; and the world&mdash;as every one of us is apt to
+call that fraction of society in which we live, and move, and have our
+associations&mdash;though generally not over charitable, is rarely wrong in
+its conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>He was a keen observer of life who remarked that the rapid changes to
+which most of human friendships and enmities are liable, could be no
+matter of surprise to one who took note of the motives from which they
+generally originate. Poor and unsubstantial enough these doubtless
+are, in many a case. There have been friendships that owed their
+growth solely to showers of flattery, and bitter enmities have
+spontaneously sprung up in the soil of envy. It was said of Goldsmith,
+that he could never hear a brother poet, or, indeed, any citizen of
+the world of letters, praised, without entertaining a temporary
+aversion to that individual, and a similar effect was always produced
+by the smallest sign of increasing literary consequence. A report that
+M&mdash;&mdash; had been taken particular notice of by such a nobleman of those
+patronizing times, or that his works had been admired in some segment
+of the fashionable circle, was sufficient to make the author of the
+"Deserted Village" find all manner of faults with him and his, till
+time, or his habitual good nature, wiped the circumstance out of
+Goldsmith's remembrance.</p>
+
+<p>This reminds one of Madame de Montespan, a belle of that order which
+reigned most triumphantly at the court of Louis XIV., who never could
+forgive her rival, even when disgraced and dead, because she had once
+got a ride in the royal carriage. It is curious that the learned and
+the fair, far as their general pursuits, and visibilities, too, are
+known to be apart, should, according to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> common report, approximate so
+nearly in their motives to enmity or friendship. George Colman used to
+say, that, if one had any interest in getting up a quarrel between
+either two fine ladies or two literary men, he had nothing to do but
+to praise the one energetically to the other, and the higher his
+enthusiasm rose, the fiercer would be the war.</p>
+
+<p>It was asserted of both the elder and younger Scaliger, that they
+never applauded any scholar with all their might, but one who was
+manifestly inferior to themselves; and of Madame de Maintenon, that
+she never honored any one with her special friendship who was not, in
+some considerable point, beneath her. There is still a large class of
+characters, in all whose attachments a something to despise seems the
+indispensable ingredient. The perpetual triumph of being always "king
+of the company" has a binding attraction for such minds. It confers a
+kind of dictatorship to have the advantage of one's friends. Nothing
+else can explain the amount of patronage and befriending generally
+lavished on the most worthless members of families or societies; and
+the half-grudge, half-surveillance, which, under the covert of mere
+mouth-honor, often surrounds great or successful abilities.</p>
+
+<p>A strange motive to enmity is illustrated in the life of General
+Loudoun, one of the Scotch Jacobites, who, on the defeat of his party,
+entered the Austrian service, and rose to the rank of field-marshal in
+the wars of Maria Theresa. He had taken the town of Seidlitz from the
+Prussians. It was a great stroke in favor of the empress queen, and
+might have been rewarded with a coronet, but, in his haste to send her
+majesty the intelligence, Loudoun transmitted it through her husband,
+the Emperor Francis, who had a private interest in the matter, having
+long carried on a speculation of his own in victualling not only his
+wife's troops, but those of her Prussian enemy. King Maria, as she was
+styled by her Hungarian subjects, had also some special reasons for
+allowing him to have neither hand nor voice in her concerns&mdash;a fact
+which the marshal had never learned, or forgotten; and her majesty was
+so indignant at receiving the news through such a channel, that,
+though she struck a medal to commemorate the taking of Seidlitz,
+Loudoun was rewarded only with her peculiar aversion throughout the
+remaining seventeen years of her reign, for which the good wishes of
+that imperial speculator in forage and flour afforded but poor
+consolation.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the important steps of human life, that by which two are made
+one appears to be taken from the greatest variety of motives.
+Doubtless, from the beginning it was not so; but manifold and
+heterogeneous are those which have been alleged for it in the
+civilized world. Goethe said he married to attain popular
+respectability. Wilkes, once called the Patriot, when sueing his wife,
+who chanced to have been an heiress, for the remains of her property,
+declared that he had wedded at twenty-two, solely to please his
+friends; and Wycherly the poet, in his very last days, worshipped and
+endowed with all his worldly goods, as the English service hath it, a
+girl whom poverty had made unscrupulous, in order to be revenged on
+his relations.</p>
+
+<p>Princes of old were in the habit of marrying to cement treaties, which
+were generally broken as soon after as possible; and simple citizens
+are still addicted to the same method of amending their fortunes and
+families. There was an original motive to double blessedness set forth
+in the advice of a veteran sportsman in one of the border counties.
+His niece was the heiress of broad lands, which happened to adjoin an
+estate belonging to a younger brother of the turf; and the senior
+gentleman, when dilating to her on the exploits they had performed
+together by wood and wold, wound up with the following sage
+counsel&mdash;"Maria, take my advice, and marry young Beechwood, and you'll
+see this county hunted in style."</p>
+
+<p>The numbers who, by their own account, have wedded to benefit society,
+in one shape or another, would furnish a strong argument against the
+accredited selfishness of mankind, could they only be believed. The
+general good of their country was the standing excuse of classic
+times, and philosophers have occasionally reproduced it in our own.
+Most people seem to think some apology necessary, but none are so
+ingenious in showing cause why they should enter the holy state, as
+those with whom it is the second experiment. The pleas of the widowed
+for casting off their weeds are generally prudent, and often
+singularly commendable. Domestic policy or parental affection supply
+the greater part of them; and the want of protectors and step-mothers
+felt by families of all sizes is truly marvellous, considering the
+usual consequences of their instalment.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be admired, as the speakers of old English would say, for
+what noble things men will give themselves credit in the way of
+motives, and how little resemblance their actions bear to them.
+Montaigne was accustomed to tell of a servant belonging to the
+Archbishop of Paris, who, being detected in privately selling his
+master's best wine, insisted that it was done out of pure love to his
+grace, lest the sight of so large a stock in his cellar might tempt
+him to drink more than was commendable for a bishop. A guardian care
+of their neighbors' well-being, somewhat similar, is declared by all
+the disturbers of our daily paths. Tale-bearers and remarkers, of
+every variety, have the best interests of their friends at heart; and
+what troublesome things some people can do from a sense of duty is
+matter of universal experience. Great public criminals, tyrants, and
+persecutors in old times, and the abusers of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> power in all ages, have,
+especially in the fall of their authority, laid claim to most exalted
+motives. Patriotism, philanthropy, and religion itself, have been
+quoted as their inspirers. The ill-famed Judge Jeffries said, his
+judicial crimes were perpetrated to maintain the majesty of the law.
+Robespierre affirmed that he had lived in defence of virtue and his
+country. But perhaps the most charitable interpretation that ever man
+gave to the motives of another, is to be found in the funeral sermon
+of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George III. The preacher,
+after several judicious remarks on the virtues of the royal deceased,
+concludes, "That in the extreme to which these were carried, they
+appeared like vices; for so great was his generosity, that he ruined
+half the tradesmen in London; and so extraordinary his condescension,
+that he kept all sorts of bad company."</p>
+
+<p>It is strange, that while motives abstractly virtuous have produced
+large additions to the sum of mortal ills, little of private, and
+still less of public, good has sprung, even casually, from those that
+are evil in themselves. "If either the accounts of history, or the
+daily reports of life, are to be at all credited," said one who had
+learned and thought much on this subject, "the greatest amount of
+crime and folly has been committed from motives of religion and love,
+as men, for the most part, know them; while those of avarice, revenge,
+and fear, have originated the most extraordinary actions and important
+events."</p>
+
+<p>The sins of revenge have usually a leaven of what Bacon calls "wild
+justice" in them. Those of avarice are, from their very nature,
+notorious; but perhaps no motive has ever prompted men to such varied
+and singular actions as that of fear. The working of fear was
+singularly exhibited in the conduct of a certain Marquis of
+Montferrat, who lived at the period of the famous Italian wars, waged
+between Charles V. of Germany and Francis I. of France. The marquis
+was an Alpine feudatory of the former, and served him long and
+faithfully, till a German astrologer of high repute in those days
+assured him, from the stars, that the emperor would be eventually
+overthrown, and all his partisans utterly ruined. To avoid his
+probable share in that prediction, the marquis turned traitor to his
+friend and sovereign, for Charles had trusted him beyond most men; but
+the next year, the emperor was completely victorious, by both sea and
+land. The marquis had fallen, fighting in vain for Francis, and his
+fief was bestowed on a loyal vassal of the emperor.</p>
+
+<p>Divines and philosophers have had many controversies concerning
+motives. A great dispute on this subject is said to have engaged the
+learned of Alexandria, about the accession of the emperor Julian,
+whom, says a biographer, "some of his subjects named the Apostate, and
+some the Philosopher." The controversy occupied not only the Christian
+Platonists, for whose numbers that city was so celebrated, but also
+the Pagan wisdom, then shedding its last rays under favor of the new
+emperor. Yet neither Christians nor Pagans could entirely agree with
+each other, and such a division of opinion had never been heard, even
+in Alexandria. Things were in this state, says the tradition, when
+there arrived in the capital of Egypt a Persian, whose fame had long
+preceded him. He had been one of the Magi, at the base of the
+Caucasus, till the Parthians laid waste his country, when he left it,
+and travelled over the world in search of knowledge, and, in both east
+and west, they called him Kosro the Wise. Scarce was the distinguished
+stranger fairly within their gates when the chiefs of the parties
+determined to hear his opinion on matter; and a deputation, consisting
+of a Christian bishop, a Jewish rabbi, a Platonist teacher, and a
+priest of Isis, waited on the Persian one morning, when he sat in the
+portico of a long-deserted temple, which some forgotten Egyptian had
+built to Time, the instructor. The rabbi and the priest were for
+actions. The Platonist and the bishop were motive men, but in the
+manner of those times, for even philosophy has its fashions, the four
+had agreed that each should propose a question to Kosro, as his own
+wisdom dictated. Accordingly, after some preparatory compliments,
+touching the extent of his fame and travels, the Platonist, who was
+always notable for circumlocution, opened the business by inquiring
+what he considered the chief movers of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>"Gain and vanity," replied Kosro.</p>
+
+<p>"Which is strongest?" interposed the rabbi, in whom the faculty of
+beating about in argument was scarcely less developed.</p>
+
+<p>"Gain was the first," said the Persian. "Its worship succeeded the
+reign of Ormuz, which western poets call the golden age, and I know
+not when it was; but, in later ages, vanity has become the most
+powerful, for every where I have seen men do that for glory which they
+would not do for gain; and many even sacrifice gain to glory, as they
+think it."</p>
+
+<p>"But, wise Kosro," demanded the priest, impatient with what he
+considered a needless digression, "tell us your opinion&mdash;Should men be
+judged by their motives or their actions?"</p>
+
+<p>"Motives," said Kosro, "are the province of divine, and actions of
+human, judgment. Nevertheless, because of the relation between them it
+is well to take note of the former when they become visible in our
+light, yet not to search too narrowly after them, but take deeds for
+their value; seeing, first, that the inward labyrinth is beyond our
+exploring; secondly, that most men act from mingled motives; and,
+thirdly, that if, after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> the thought of a western poet, there were a
+crystal pane set in each man's bosom, it would mightily change the
+estimation of many."</p>
+
+<p>And the bishop made answer&mdash;"Kosro, thou hast seen the truth; man must
+at times perceive, but God alone can judge of, motives."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Sharpe's London Journal.</h4>
+<h2><a name="THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_THE_EMPEROR_ALEXANDER" id="THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_THE_EMPEROR_ALEXANDER"></a>THE LAST DAYS OF THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER.</h2>
+
+<h3>FROM THE FRENCH OF ALEX. DUMAS, BY MISS STRICKLAND.</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The knowledge of an extensively organized conspiracy embittered the
+last years of the Emperor Alexander, and increased his constitutional
+melancholy. His attachment to Tzarsko Zelo made him linger longer at
+his summer palace than was prudent in a man subject to erysipelas. The
+wound in his leg reopened with very unfavorable symptoms, and he was
+compelled to leave his favorite residence in a closed litter for St.
+Petersburgh; and the skill and firmness of Mr. Wyllie, his Scotch
+surgeon, alone saved the diseased limb from amputation. As soon as he
+was cured, he returned again to Tzarsko Zelo, where the spring found
+him as usual alone, without a court or chamberlain, only giving
+audience to his ministers twice a-week. His existence resembled rather
+that of an anchorite weeping for the sins of his youth, than that of a
+great Emperor who makes the happiness of his people.</p>
+
+<p>He regulated his time in the following manner:&mdash;in summer he rose at
+five, and in winter at six o'clock every morning, and as soon as the
+duties of the toilette were ended, entered his cabinet, in which the
+greatest order was observed. He found there a cambric handkerchief
+folded, and a packet of new pens. He only used these pens in signing
+his name, and never made use of them again. As soon as he concluded
+this business, he descended into the garden, where, notwithstanding
+the report of a conspiracy which had existed two years against his
+life and government, he walked alone with no other guards than the
+sentinels always stationed before the palace of Alexander. At five he
+returned, to dine alone, and after his solitary meal was lulled to
+sleep by the melancholy airs played by the military band of the guard
+regiment on duty. The selection of the music was always made by
+himself, and he seemed to sink to repose, and to awake, with the same
+sombre dispositions and feelings which had been his companions
+throughout the day.</p>
+
+<p>His empress Elizabeth lived like her consort, in profound solitude,
+watching over him like an invisible angel. Time had not extinguished
+in her heart the profound passion with which the youthful Czarowitz
+had inspired her at first sight, and which she had preserved in her
+heart, pure and inviolate. His numerous and public infidelities could
+not stifle this holy and beautiful attachment, which formed at once
+the happiness and misery of a delicate and sensitive woman.</p>
+
+<p>At this period of her life, the Empress at five-and-forty retained her
+fine shape and noble carriage, while her countenance showed the
+remains of considerable beauty, more impaired by sorrow than time.
+Calumny itself had never dared to aim her envenomed shafts at one so
+eminently chaste and good. Her presence demanded the respect due to
+virtue, still more than the homage proper to her elevated rank. She
+resembled indeed more an angel exiled from heaven, than the imperial
+consort of a Prince who ruled a large portion of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1825, the last he was destined to see, the physicians
+of the Emperor unanimously recommended a journey to the Crimea, as the
+best medicine he could take. Alexander appeared perfectly indifferent
+to a measure which regarded his individual benefit, but the Empress,
+deeply interested in any event likely to restore her husband's health,
+asked and obtained permission to accompany him. The necessary
+preparations for this long absence overwhelmed the Emperor with
+business, and for a fortnight he rose earlier, and went to bed later,
+than was customary to him.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of June, no visible alteration was observed in his
+appearance, and he quitted St. Petersburgh, after a service had been
+chanted, to bring down a blessing from above on his journey. He was
+accompanied by the Empress, his faithful coachman, Ivan, and some
+officers belonging to the staff of General Diebitch. He stopped at
+Warsaw a few days, in order to celebrate the birthday of his brother,
+the Grand-Duke Constantine, and arrived at Tangaroff in the end of
+August 1825. Both the illustrious travellers found their health
+benefitted by the change of scene and climate. Alexander took a great
+liking to Tangaroff, a small town on the borders of the sea of Azof,
+comprizing a thousand ill-built houses, of which a sixth-part alone
+are of brick and stone, while the remainder resemble wooden cages
+covered with dirt. The streets are large, but then they have no
+pavement, and are alternately loaded with dust, or inundated with mud.
+The dust rises in clouds, which conceals alike man and beast under a
+thick veil, and penetrates every where the carefully closed jalousies
+with which the houses are guarded, and covers the garments of their
+inhabitants. The food, the water, are loaded with it; and the last
+cannot be drunk till previously boiled with salt of tartar, which
+precipitates it; a precaution absolutely necessary to free it from
+this disagreeable and dangerous deposit.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor took possession of the governor's house, where he
+sometimes slept and took his meals. His abode there in the daytime
+rarely exceeded two hours. The rest of his time was passed in
+wandering about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> the country on foot, in the hot dust or wet mud. No
+weather put any stop to his outdoor exercise, and no advice from his
+medical attendant nor warning from the natives of Tangaroff, could
+prevail upon him to take the slightest precaution against the fatal
+autumnal fever of the country. His principal occupation was, planning
+and planting a great public garden, in which undertaking he was
+assisted by an Englishman whom he had brought with him to St.
+Petersburgh for that purpose. He frequently slept on the spot on a
+camp-bed, with his head resting upon a leather pillow.</p>
+
+<p>If general report may be credited, planting gardens was not the
+principal object that engrossed the Russian Emperor's attention. He
+was said to be employed in framing a new Constitution for Russia, and
+unable to contend at St. Petersburgh with the prejudices of the
+aristocracy, had retired to this small city, for the purpose of
+conferring this benefit upon his enslaved country.</p>
+
+<p>However this might be, the Emperor did not stay long at a time at
+Tangaroff, where his Empress, unable to share with him the fatigues of
+his long journeys, permanently resided, during his frequent absences
+from his head quarters. Alexander, in fact, made rapid excursions to
+the country about the Don, and was sometimes at Tcherkask, sometimes
+at Donetz. He was on the eve of departure for Astracan, when Count
+Woronzoff in person came to announce to his sovereign the existence of
+the mysterious conspiracy which had haunted him in St. Petersburgh,
+and which extended to the Crimea, where his personal presence could
+alone appease the general discontent.</p>
+
+<p>The prospect of traversing three hundred leagues appeared a trifle to
+Alexander, whom rapid journeys alone diverted from his oppressive
+melancholy. He announced to the Empress his departure, which he only
+delayed till the return of a messenger he had sent to Alapka. The
+expected courier brought new details of the conspiracy, which aimed at
+the life, as well as the government of Alexander. This discovery
+agitated him terribly. He rested his aching head on his hands, gave a
+deep groan, and exclaimed, "Oh, my father, my father!" Though it was
+then midnight, he caused Count Diebitch to be roused from sleep and
+summoned into his presence. The general, who lodged in the next house,
+found his master in a dreadfully excited state, now traversing the
+apartment with hasty strides, now throwing himself upon the bed with
+deep sighs and convulsive starts. He at length became calm, and
+discussed the intelligence conveyed in the dispatches of Count
+Woronzoff. He then dictated two, one addressed to the Viceroy of
+Poland, the other to the Grand-Duke Nicholas.</p>
+
+<p>With these documents all traces of his terrible agitation disappeared.
+He was quite calm, and his countenance betrayed nothing of the emotion
+that had harassed him the preceding night.</p>
+
+<p>Count Woronzoff, notwithstanding his apparent calmness, found him
+difficult to please, and unusually irritable, for Alexander was
+constitutionally sweet-tempered and patient. He did not delay his
+journey on account of this internal disquietude, but gave orders for
+his departure from Tangaroff, which he fixed for the following day.</p>
+
+<p>His ill-humor increased during the journey; he complained of the
+badness of the roads and the slowness of the horses. He had never been
+known to grumble before. His irritation became more apparent when Sir
+James Wyllie, his confidential medical attendant, recommended him to
+take some precaution against the frozen winds of the autumn; for he
+threw away with a gesture of impatience the cloak and pelisse he
+offered, and braved the danger he had been entreated to avoid. His
+imprudence soon produced consequences. That evening he caught cold,
+and coughed incessantly, and the following day, on his arrival at
+Orieloff, an intermittent fever appeared, which soon after, aggravated
+by the obstinacy of the invalid, turned to the intermittent fever
+common to Tangaroff and its environs in the autumn.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor, whose increasing malady gave him a presage of his
+approaching death, expressed a wish to return to the Empress, and once
+more took the route to Tangaroff; contrary to the prayers of Sir James
+Wyllie, he chose to perform a part of the journey on horseback, but
+the failure of his strength finally forced him to re-enter his
+carriage. He entered Tangaroff on the fifth of November, and swooned
+the moment he came into the governor's house. The Empress, who was
+suffering with a complaint of the heart, forgot her malady, while
+watching over her dying husband. Change of place only increased the
+fatal fever which preyed upon his frame, which seemed to gather
+strength from day to day. On the eight, Wyllie called in Dr.
+Stephiegen, and on the thirteenth they endeavored to counteract the
+affection of the brain, and wished to bleed the imperial patient. He
+would not submit to the operation, and demanded iced water, which they
+refused. Their denial irritated him, and he rejected every thing they
+offered him, with displeasure. These learned men were unwise, to
+deprive the suffering prince of the water, a safe and harmless
+beverage in such fevers. In fact, nature herself sometimes, in
+inspiring the wish, provides the remedy. The Emperor on the afternoon
+of that day wrote and sealed a letter, when perceiving the taper
+remained burning, he told his attendant to extinguish it, in words
+that plainly expressed his feelings in regard to the dangerous nature
+of his malady. "Put out that light, my friend, or the people will take
+it for a bier candle, and will suppose I am already dead."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the fourteenth of November, the physicians again urged their
+refractory patient to take the medicines they prescribed, and were
+seconded by the prayers of the Empress. He repulsed them with some
+haughtiness, but quickly repenting of his hastiness of temper, which
+in fact was one of the symptoms of the disease, he said, "Attend to
+me, Stephiegen, and you too, Sir Andrew Wyllie. I have much pleasure
+in seeing you, but you plague me so often about your medicine, that
+really I must give up your company if you will talk of nothing else."
+He however was at last induced to take a dose of calomel.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening, the fever had made such fearful progress that it
+appeared necessary to call in a priest. Sir Andrew Wyllie, at the
+instance of the Empress, entered the chamber of the dying prince, and
+approaching his bed, with tears in his eyes advised him "to call in
+the aid of the Most High, and not to refuse the assistance of religion
+as he had already done that of medicine."</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor instantly gave his consent. Upon the fifteenth, at five
+o'clock in the morning, a humble village priest approached the
+imperial bed to receive the confession of his expiring sovereign.&mdash;"My
+father, God must be merciful to kings," were the first words the
+Emperor addressed to the minister of religion; "indeed they require it
+so much more than other men." In this sentence all the trials and
+temptations of the despotic ruler of a great people&mdash;his territorial
+ambition, his jealousy, his political ruses, his distrusts and
+over-confidences, seem to be briefly comprehended. Then, apparently
+perceiving some timidity in the spiritual confessor his destiny had
+provided for him, he added, "My father, treat me like an erring man,
+not as an Emperor." The priest drew near the bed, received the
+confession of his august penitent, and administered to him the last
+sacraments. Then having been informed of the Emperor's pertinacity in
+rejecting medicine, he urged him to give up this fatal obstinacy,
+remarking, "that he feared God would consider it absolutely suicidal."
+His admonitions made a deep impression upon the mind of the prince,
+who recalled Sir Andrew Wyllie, and, giving him his hand, bade him do
+what he pleased with him. Wyllie took advantage of this absolute
+surrender, to apply twenty leeches to the head of the Emperor; but the
+application was too late, the burning fever continually increased, and
+the sufferer was given over. The intelligence filled the dying chamber
+with weeping domestics, who tenderly loved their master.</p>
+
+<p>The Empress still occupied her place by the bed-side, which she had
+never quitted but once, in order to allow her dying husband to unbosom
+himself in private to his confessor. She returned to the post assigned
+her by conjugal tenderness directly the priest had quitted it.</p>
+
+<p>Two hours after he had made his peace with God, Alexander experienced
+more severe pain than he had yet felt. "Kings," said he, "suffer more
+than others." He had called one of his attendants to listen to this
+remark with the air of one communicating a secret. He stopped, and
+then, as if recalling something he had forgotten, said in a whisper,
+"they have committed an infamous action." What did he mean by these
+words? Was he suspicious that his days had been shortened by poison?
+or did he allude, with the last accents he uttered, to the barbarous
+assassination of the Emperor Paul? Eternity can alone reveal the
+secret thoughts of Alexander I. of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>During the night, the dying prince lost consciousness. At two o'clock
+in the morning, Count Diebitch came to the Empress, to inform her that
+an old man, named Alexandrowitz, had saved many Tartars in the same
+malady. A ray of hope entered the heart of the imperial consort at
+this information, and Sir Andrew Wyllie ordered him to be sent for in
+haste. This interval was passed by the Empress in prayer, yet she
+still kept her eyes fixed upon those of her husband, watching with
+intense attention the beams of life and light fading in their
+unconscious gaze. At nine in the morning, the old man was brought into
+the imperial chamber almost by force. The rank of the patient,
+perhaps, inspiring him with some fear respecting the consequences that
+might follow his prescriptions, caused his extreme unwillingness. He
+approached the bed, looked at his dying sovereign, and shook his head.
+He was questioned respecting this doubtful sign. "It is too late to
+give him medicine; besides, those I have cured were not sick of the
+same malady."</p>
+
+<p>With these words of the peasant physician, the last hopes of the
+Empress vanished; but if pure and ardent prayers could have prevailed
+with God, Alexander would have been saved.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixteenth of November, according to the usual method of
+measuring time, but on the first of December, if we follow the Russian
+calendar, at fifty minutes after ten in the morning, Alexander
+Paulowitz, Emperor of all the Russias, expired. The Empress, bending
+over him, felt the departure of his last breath. She uttered a bitter
+cry, sank upon her knees, and prayed. After some minutes passed in
+communion with heaven, she rose, closed the eyes of her deceased lord,
+composed his features, kissed his cold and livid hands, and once more
+knelt and prayed. The physicians entreated her to leave the chamber of
+death, and the pious Empress consented to withdraw to her own.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+<p>The body of the Emperor lay in state, on a platform raised in an
+apartment of the house where he died. The presence-chamber was hung
+with black, and the bier was covered with cloth of gold. A great many
+wax tapers lighted up the gloomy scene. A priest at the head of the
+bier prayed continually for the repose of his deceased sovereign's
+soul. Two sentinels with drawn swords watched day and night beside the
+dead, two were stationed at the doors, and two stood on each step
+leading to the bier. Every person received at the door a lighted
+taper, which he held while he remained in the apartment. The Empress
+was present during these masses, but she always fainted at the
+conclusion of the service. Crowds of people united their prayers to
+hers, for the Emperor was adored by the common people. The corpse of
+Alexander I. lay in state twenty-one days before it was removed to the
+Greek monastery of St. Alexander, where it was to rest before its
+departure for interment in St. Petersburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the 25th December, the remains of the Emperor were placed on a
+funeral car drawn by eight horses, covered to the ground with black
+cloth ornamented with the escutcheons of the empire. The bier rested
+on an elevated dais, carpeted with cloth of gold; over the bier was
+laid a flag of silver tissue, charged with the heraldic insignia
+proper to the imperial house. The imperial crown was placed under the
+dais. Four major-generals held the cords which supported the diadem.
+The persons composing the household of the Emperor and Empress
+followed the bier dressed in long black mantles, bearing in their
+hands lighted torches. The Cossacks of the Don every minute discharged
+their light artillery, while the sullen booming of the cannon added to
+the solemnity of the imposing scene.</p>
+
+<p>Upon its arrival at the church, the body was transferred to a
+catafalco covered with red cloth, surmounted by the imperial arms in
+gold, displayed on crimson-velvet. Two steps led up to the platform on
+which the catafalco was placed. Four columns supported the dais upon
+which the imperial crown, the sceptre, and the globe, rested.</p>
+
+<p>The catafalco was surrounded by curtains of crimson velvet and cloth
+of gold, and four massy candelabra, at the four corners of the
+platform, bore wax tapers sufficient to dispel the darkness, but not
+to banish the gloom pervading the church, which was hung with black
+embroidered with white crosses. The Empress made an attempt to assist
+at this funeral service, but her feelings overpowered her, and she was
+borne back to the palace in a swoon; but as soon as she came to
+herself she entered the private chapel, and repeated there the same
+prayers then reciting in the church of St. Alexander.</p>
+
+<p>While the remains of the Emperor Alexander were on their way to their
+last home, the report of his dangerous state, which had been forwarded
+officially to the Grand-Duke Nicholas, was contradicted by another
+document, which bore date of the 29th of November, announcing that
+considerable amendment had taken place in the Emperor's health, who
+had recovered from a swoon of eight hours' duration, and had not only
+appeared collected, but declared himself improved in health.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this was a political ruse of the conspirators or the new
+Emperor remains quite uncertain; however, a solemn <i>Te Deum</i> was
+ordered to be celebrated in the cathedral of Casan, at which the
+Empress Mother and the Grand-Dukes Nicholas and Michael were present.
+The joyful crowds assembled at this service scarcely left the imperial
+family and their suite a free space for the exercise of their
+devotions. Towards the end of the <i>Te Deum</i>, while the sweet voices of
+the choir were rising in harmonious concert to heaven, some official
+person informed the Grand-Duke Nicholas that a courier from Tangaroff
+had arrived with the last dispatch, which he refused to deliver into
+any hand but his own. Nicholas was conducted into the sacristy, and
+with one glance at the messenger divined the nature of the document of
+which he was the bearer. The letter he presented was sealed with
+black. Nicholas recognized the handwriting of the Empress Consort,
+and, hastily opening it, read these words:</p>
+
+<p>"Our angel is in heaven; I still exist on earth, but I hope soon to be
+re-united to him."</p>
+
+<p>The bishop was summoned into the sacristy by the new Emperor, who gave
+him the letter, with directions to break the fatal tidings it
+contained to the Empress Mother with the tenderest care. He then
+returned to his place by the side of his august parent, who alone, of
+the thousands assembled there, had perceived his absence.</p>
+
+<p>An instant after, the venerable bishop re-entered the choir, and
+silenced the notes of praise and exultation with a motion of his hand.
+Every voice became mute, and the stillness of death reigned throughout
+the sacred edifice. In the midst of the general astonishment and
+attention he walked slowly to the altar, took up the massy silver
+crucifix which decorated it, and throwing over that symbol of earthly
+sorrow and divine hope a black veil, he approached the Empress Mother,
+and gave her the crucifix in mourning to kiss.</p>
+
+<p>The Empress uttered a cry, and fell with her face on the
+pavement;&mdash;she comprehended at once that her eldest son was dead.</p>
+
+<p>The Empress Elizabeth soon realized the sorrowful hope she had
+expressed. Four months after the death of her consort she died on the
+way from Tangaroff, at Beloff, and soon rejoined him she had
+pathetically termed "<i>her</i> angel in heaven."</p>
+
+<p>The historical career of the Emperor Alexander<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> is well known to every
+reader, but the minor matters of every-day life mark the man, while
+public details properly denote the sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>The faults of Alexander are comprised in his infidelity to a
+beautiful, accomplished, and affectionate wife. He respected her even
+while wounding her delicate feelings by his criminal attachments to
+other women. After many years of mental pain, the injured Elizabeth
+gave him the choice of giving her up, or banishing an imperious
+mistress, by whom the Emperor had a numerous family.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander could not resolve to separate for ever from his amiable and
+virtuous consort,&mdash;he made the sacrifice she required of him.</p>
+
+<p>His gallantry sometimes placed him in unprincely situations, and
+brought him in contact with persons immeasurably beneath him. He once
+fell in love with a tailor's wife at Warsaw, and not being well
+acquainted with the character of the pretty grisette, construed her
+acceptance of the visit he proposed making her, into approbation of
+his suit. The fair Pole was too simple, and had been too virtuously
+brought up, to comprehend his intentions. Her husband was absent, so
+she thought it would not be proper to receive the imperial visit
+alone; she made, therefore, a re-union of her own and her husband's
+relations&mdash;rich people of the bourgeoisie class&mdash;and when the emperor
+entered her saloon, he found himself in company with thirty or forty
+persons, to whom he was immediately introduced by his fair and
+innocent hostess. The astonished sovereign was obliged to make himself
+agreeable to the party, none of whom appeared to have divined his
+criminal intentions. He made no further attempt to corrupt the
+innocence of this beautiful woman, whose simplicity formed the
+safeguard of her virtue.</p>
+
+<p>A severe trial separated him for ever from his last mistress, who had
+borne him a daughter; this child was the idol of his heart, and to
+form her mind was the pleasure of his life. At eighteen the young lady
+eclipsed every woman in his empire by her dazzling beauty and graceful
+manners. Suddenly she was seized with an infectious fever, for which
+no physician in St. Petersburgh could find a remedy. Her mother,
+selfish and timid, deserted the sick chamber of the suffering girl,
+over whom the bitter tears of a father were vainly shed, while he kept
+incessant vigils over one whom he would have saved from the power of
+the grave at the expense of his life and empire. The dying daughter
+asked incessantly for her mother, upon whose bosom she desired to
+breathe her last sigh; but neither the passionate entreaties nor the
+commands of her imperial lover could induce the unnatural parent to
+risk her health by granting the interview for which her poor child
+craved, and she expired in the arms of her father, without the
+consolation of bidding her mother a last adieu.</p>
+
+<p>Some days after the death of his natural daughter, the Emperor
+Alexander entered the house of an English officer to whom he was much
+attached. He was in deep mourning and appeared very unhappy. "I have
+just followed to the grave," said he, "as a private person the remains
+of my poor child, and I cannot yet forgive the unnatural woman who
+deserted the death-bed of her daughter. Besides, my sin, which I never
+repented of, has found me out, and the vengeance of God has fallen
+upon its fruits. Yes, I deserted the best and most amiable of wives,
+the object of my first affection, for women who neither possessed her
+beauty nor merit. I have preferred to the Empress even this unnatural
+mother, whom I now regard with loathing and horror. My wife shall
+never again have cause to reproach my broken faith."</p>
+
+<p>Devotion and his strict adherence to his promise balmed the wound,
+which, however, only death could heal. To the secret agony which
+through life had haunted the bosom of the son was added that of the
+father, and the return of Alexander to the paths of virtue and
+religion originated in the loss of this beloved daughter, smitten, he
+considered, for his sins.</p>
+
+<p>The friendship of this prince for Madam Krudener had nothing criminal
+in its nature, though it furnished a theme for scandal to those who
+are apt to doubt the purity of Platonic attachments between
+individuals of opposite sexes.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to this Emperor's political career, full of ambition and
+stratagem, we can only re-echo his dying words to his confessor:&mdash;"God
+must be merciful to kings?" His career, however varied by losses on
+the field or humiliated by treaties, ended triumphantly with the
+laurels of war and the olives of peace, and he bore to his far
+northern empire the keys of Paris as a trophy of his arms. His
+moderation demands the praise of posterity, and excited the admiration
+of the French nation at large.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> His immoral conduct as a man and a
+husband was afterwards effaced by his sincere repentance, and he died
+in the arms of the most faithful and affectionate of wives, who could
+not long survive her irreparable loss. His death was deeply lamented
+by his subjects, who, if they did not enrol his name among the
+greatest of their rulers, never have hesitated to denote him as the
+best and most merciful sovereign who ever sat upon the Russian throne.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The autopsy exhibited the same appearance generally
+discovered in those subjects whose death has been caused by the fever
+of the country: the brain was watery, the veins of the head were
+gorged, and the liver was soft. No signs of poison were discovered;
+the death of the Emperor was in the course of nature.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The French authorities would have removed the trophies
+of Napoleon's victories, and the commemoration of the Russian share in
+the disastrous days of Jena and Austerlitz. The Emperor Alexander
+magnanimously replied, "No, let them remain: it is sufficient that I
+have passed over the bridge with my army!" A noble and generous reply.
+Few princes have effaced public wrongs so completely, or used their
+opportunity of making reprisals so mercifully. (See Chateaubriand's
+Autobiography.)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FALLEN_GENIUS" id="FALLEN_GENIUS"></a>FALLEN GENIUS.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY MISS ALICE CAREY.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No tears for him!&mdash;he saw by faith sublime<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through the wan shimmer of life's wasted flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Across the green hills of the future time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The golden breaking of the morn of fame.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Faded by the diviner life, and worn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The dust has fallen away, and ye but see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ruins of the house wherein were borne<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The birth-pangs of an immortality.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His great life from the wondrous life to be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Clasped the bright splendors that no sorrow mars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As some pale, shifting column of the sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Mirrors the awful beauty of the stars.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">What was Love's lily pressure, what the light<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of its pleased smile, that a chance breath may chill?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His soul was mated with the winds of night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And wandered through the universe at will.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oft in his heart its stormy passion woke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yet from its bent his soul no more was stirred,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than is the broad green bosom of the oak<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By the light flutter of the summer bird.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His loves were of forbidden realms, unwrought<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In poet's rhyme, the music of his themes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hovering about the watch-fires of his thought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the dim borders of the land of dreams.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For while his hand with daring energy<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fed the slow fire that, burning, must consume,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ravishing joys of unheard harmony<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beat like a living pulse within the tomb.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Pillars of fire that wander through life's night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Children of genius! ye are doomed to be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the embrace of your far-reaching light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Locking the radiance of eternity.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From the London Times.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="COPENHAGEN" id="COPENHAGEN"></a>COPENHAGEN.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>A more stately city than Copenhagen can scarcely be imagined. The
+streets, wide and long, filled with spacious and lofty houses of
+unspotted whiteness, and built with great regularity, remind one
+somewhat of Bath, but that the ground is level; many of them
+all but equal, in breadth, to the Irishman's test of street
+architecture&mdash;Sackville-street, Dublin. But large squares break up
+their continuous lines, and the eye rests on fine statues, noble
+palaces, and splendid buildings devoted to the arts, to amusement, to
+justice, or to the purposes of religion in every quarter of the city.
+Copenhagen is but a creation of the last century, and, after a little
+time spent there, a large portion of it gives the idea that it was
+built all of a sudden, by some Danish Grissell and Peto, according to
+contract. Surrounded by a deep foss, by ramparts and intrenchments,
+defended by formidable forts and batteries, filled with the halls of
+kings, with churches, museums, and castles, it combines the appearance
+of a new cut made by the royal commissioners through some old London
+rookery, with the air of an old feudal town. The moat prohibits any
+considerable extension. Seen under a bright cold sky, the blanched
+fronts of the houses, the white walls of the public edifices, the
+regularity of the streets, conveyed an impression of cleanliness,
+which could only be destroyed when one happened to look down at his
+feet, or ceased to keep guard over his nose. The paving is of the
+style which may be called Titanic, and was never intended for any foot
+garb less defensive than a <i>sabot</i> or a <i>caliga</i>. The drainage is
+superficial,&mdash;that is, all the liquid refuse of the city runs, or
+rather walks very leisurely, along grooves in the pavement aforesaid,
+which are covered over by boards in various stages of decomposition.
+In summer, the city must be worse than Berlin (which, by the by, it
+very much resembles in many respects). In spring time, after rain, my
+own experience tells me it suggests forcible reminiscences of the
+antique odors of Fleet Ditch. One thing which soon strikes the
+stranger is the apparent want of shops. But they are to be found by
+those who want them. Nearly every trader carries on his business very
+modestly in his front parlor, and makes a moderate display of his
+stock in the ordinary window, so that the illusory and enchanting
+department of trade is quite gone. A Danish gentleman can walk out
+with his wife without the least fear that he will fall a victim to "a
+stupendous sacrifice," or be immolated on the altar of "an imperative
+necessity to clear out in a week."</p>
+
+<p>Moving through these streets is a quiet, soberly-attired population.
+Bigger than most foreigners, and with great roundness of muscle and
+size of bone, your Dane wants the dapper air of the Frenchman, or the
+solemnity of the Spaniard, while he is not so bearded or so dirty as
+the German. But then he smokes prodigiously, dresses moderately in the
+English style, is addicted to jewelry in excess, and has a habit of
+plodding along, straight in the middle of the road, with his head
+down, which must be a matter of considerable annoyance to the native
+cabman. He is, however, amazingly polite. He not only takes off his
+hat to every one he knows, but gives any lady-acquaintance the trouble
+of recognizing him, by bowing to her before she has made up her mind
+whether the individual is known or not. Another of his peculiarities
+is, that he always has a dog. I should say, more correctly, there is
+always a dog following him,&mdash;for I have seen an animal, which seemed
+to be bound by the closest ties to a particular gentleman, placidly
+leave him at the corner of a street, and set off on an independent
+walk by itself. These dogs are, in fact, a feature of the place by
+themselves. In number they can only be excelled by the canine
+scavengers of Cairo or Constantinople, and in mongrelness and ugliness
+by no place in the world&mdash;not even in Tuum before the potato rot. They
+get up little extemporary hunts through the squares, the trail being
+generally the remnant of an old rat, carried away by the foremost, and
+dash between your legs from unexpected apertures in walls and houses,
+so as to cause very unpleasant consequences to the nervous or feeble
+sojourner. On seeking for an explanation of their great abundance, I
+was informed that they were kept to kill rats. But this is a mere
+delusion. These dogs are far too wise to lose their health by keeping
+late hours in pursuit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> of vermin. No, they retire as soon as darkness
+sets in, and with darkness, out come the rats in the most perfect
+security. Such rats! they are as big as kittens, and their squeaking
+under the wooden planks of the gutters as you walk home is perfectly
+amazing. The celebrated dog Billy would have died in a week of violent
+exercise in any one street in Copenhagen, giving him his usual
+allowance of murder. I must say that, in the matters of paving, dogs,
+rats, sewers, water, and lights, Copenhagen is rather behind the rest
+of the world. As to the lights, they are sparely placed, and as yet
+gas is not used. With a laudable economy, the oil-wicks are
+extinguished when the moon shines, and the result is, that sometimes
+an envious cloud leaves the whole city in Cimmerian darkness for the
+rest of the night, in consequence of five minutes' moonshine in the
+early part, as, once put out, they are not again relumed.</p>
+
+<p>In the crowd you meet many pale, sorrow-stricken women in mourning,
+and now and then a poor soldier limps before you, with recent bandages
+on his stump, or hobbles along limpingly, with perhaps a sabre-cut
+across the face, or an empty coat-sleeve dangling from his shoulder;
+and then you remember all the horrors the late war must have caused
+Denmark, when, out of her small population, 90,000 men were under arms
+in the field. It can scarcely atone for this sight to meet dashing
+hussars, with their red coats and sheepskin calpacks; heavy dragoons
+in light-blue and dark-green; jagers in smart frocks of olive-green,
+decorated with stars and ribands, and swaggering along in all the
+pride of having smelt powder and done their duty. They are numerous
+enough, indeed every third man is a soldier; but one of these sad
+widows or orphans is an antidote to the glories of these fine heroes,
+scarcely less powerful than that of the spectacle of their mutilated
+and mangled comrades. This war has roused the national spirit of
+Denmark; it has caused her to make a powerful effort to shake off all
+connection with Germany, or dependence on her Germanic subjects, but
+it has cost her &pound;5,000,000 of money, and it has left many a home
+desolate for ever.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Household Words.</h4>
+<h2><a name="THE_SHADOW_OF_LUCY_HUTCHINSON" id="THE_SHADOW_OF_LUCY_HUTCHINSON"></a>THE SHADOW OF LUCY HUTCHINSON.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>There are some books that leave upon the mind a strange impression,
+one of the most delightful reading can produce&mdash;a haunting of the
+memory, it may be, by one form or by several, strangely real, having a
+positive personal presence and identity, yet always preserving an
+immaterial existence, and occupying a "removed ground," from which
+they never stir to mingle with the realities of recollection. These
+shadows hold their place apart, as some rare dreams do, claiming from
+us an indescribable tenderness.</p>
+
+<p>The "Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson" is such a book. In many passages
+it is tedious&mdash;a record of petty strategies of partisan warfare&mdash;and,
+more dreary still, of factious jealousies and polemical hatreds. The
+absolute truth of the book is fatal, in one direction to our
+hero-worship. The leaders of the Great Rebellion, in such minute
+details, appear as mere schemers, as rival agents at a borough
+election; and the most fervent in professions of religious zeal are as
+bitter in their revenges as the heroes of a hundred scalps; but there
+arises out of the book, and is evermore associated with it, the calm
+quiet shadow of a woman of exquisite purity, of wondrous constancy, of
+untiring affection&mdash;Lucy Hutchinson, its writer.</p>
+
+<p>John Hutchinson is at Richmond, lodging at the house of his
+music-master. He is twenty-two years of age. The village is full of
+"good company," for the young Princes are being educated in the
+palace, and many "ingenious persons entertained themselves at that
+place." The music-master's house is the resort of the king's
+musicians; "and divers of the gentlemen and ladies that were affected
+with music came thither to hear." There was a little girl "tabled" in
+the same house with John Hutchinson, who was taking lessons of the
+lutanist&mdash;a charming child, full of vivacity and intelligence. She
+told John she had an elder sister&mdash;a studious and retiring person&mdash;who
+was gone with her mother, Lady Apsley, into Wiltshire&mdash;and Lucy was
+going to be married, she thought. The little girl ever talked of
+Lucy&mdash;and the gentlemen talked of Lucy&mdash;and one day a song was sung
+which Lucy had written&mdash;and John and the vivacious child walked,
+another day, to Lady Apsley's house, and there, in a closet, were
+Lucy's Latin books. Mr. Hutchinson grew in love with Lucy's image; and
+when the talk was more rife that she was about to be married&mdash;and some
+said that she was indeed married&mdash;he became unhappy&mdash;and "began to
+believe there was some magic in the place, which enchanted men out of
+their right senses; but the sick heart could not be chid nor advised
+into health." At length Lucy and her mother came home; and Lucy was
+not married. Then John and Lucy wandered by the pleasant banks of the
+Thames, in that spring-time of 1638, and a "mutual friendship" grew up
+between them. Lucy now talked to him of her early life; how she had
+been born in the Tower of London, of which her late father, Sir John
+Apsley, was the governor; how her mother was the benefactress of the
+prisoners, and delighted to mitigate the hard fortune of the noble and
+the learned, and especially Sir Walter Raleigh, by every needful help
+to his studies and amusements; how she herself grew serious amongst
+these scenes, and delighted in nothing but reading, and would never
+practise her lute or harpsichords, and absolutely hated her needle.
+John was of a like serious temper. Their fate was determined.</p>
+
+<p>The spring is far advanced into summer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> On a certain day the friends
+on both sides meet to conclude the terms of the marriage. Lucy is not
+to be seen. She has taken the small-pox. She is very near death. At
+length John is permitted to speak to his betrothed. Tremblingly and
+mournfully she comes into his presence. She is "the most deformed
+person that could be seen." Who could tell the result in words so
+touching as Lucy's own? "He was nothing troubled at it, but married
+her as soon as she was able to quit the chamber, when the priest and
+all that saw her were affrighted to look on her. But God recompensed
+his justice and constancy by restoring her; though she was longer than
+ordinary before she recovered to be as well as before."</p>
+
+<p>They were married on the 3d of July, 1638.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1641, John and Lucy Hutchinson are living in their
+own house of Owthorpe, in Nottinghamshire. They have two sons. They
+are "peaceful and happy." John has dedicated two years since his
+marriage to the study of "school divinity." He has convinced himself
+of "the great point of predestination." This faith has not, as his
+wife records, produced a "carelessness of life in him," but "a more
+strict and holy walking." He applies himself, in his house at
+Owthorpe, "to understand the things then in dispute" between the King
+and Parliament. He is satisfied of the righteousness of the
+Parliament's cause; but he then "contents himself with praying for
+peace." In another year the King has set up his standard in
+Nottingham; the battle of Edgehill has been fought; all hope of peace
+is at an end. John Hutchinson is forced out of his quiet habitation by
+the suspicions of his royalist neighbors. He is marked as a Roundhead.
+Lucy does not like the name. "It was very ill applied to Mr.
+Hutchinson, who having naturally a very fine thick-set head of hair,
+kept it clean and handsome, so that it was a great ornament to him;
+although the godly of those days, when he embraced their party, would
+not allow him to be religious because his hair is not in their cut."
+The divinity student now becomes a lieutenant-colonel. He raises a
+company of "very honest godly men." The Earl of Chesterfield is
+plundering the houses of the Puritans in the vale of Belvoir, near
+Owthorpe; and the young colonel has apprehensions for the safety of
+his family. In the depth of winter, a troop of horse arrive one night
+at the lonely house where Lucy and her children abide. They are
+hastily summoned to prepare for an instant journey. They are to ride
+to Nottingham before sunrise, for the soldiers are not strong enough
+to march in the day. Lucy is henceforth to be the companion of her
+husband in his perilous office&mdash;his friend, his comforter&mdash;a
+ministering angel amongst the fierce and dangerous spirits, whom he
+sways by a remarkable union of courage and gentleness.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look at the shadow of Lucy Hutchinson. She tranquilly sits in
+one of the upper chambers of the old and ruinous castle of which her
+husband is appointed governor. It is a summer evening of 1643. In that
+tower, built upon the top of the rock, tradition says that Queen
+Isabel received her paramour Mortimer; and at the base of the rock are
+still shown Mortimer's Well, and Mortimer's Hole, as Lady Hutchinson
+saw them two centuries ago. She looks out of the narrow windows by
+which her chamber is lighted. There is the Trent, peacefully flowing
+on one side, amid flat meadows. On the other is the town of
+Nottingham. The governor has made the ruinous castle a strong
+fortress, with which he can defy the Cavaliers should they occupy the
+town beneath. Opposite the towers is the old church of St. Nicholas,
+whose steeple commands the platform of the castle. The Governor has
+sent away his horse, and many of his foot, to guard the roads by which
+the enemy could approach Nottingham. There is no appearance of danger.
+The reveille is beat. Those who have been watching all night lounge
+into the town. It is in the possession of the Cavaliers. The scene is
+changed. The din of ordnance rouses Lucy from her calm gaze upon the
+windings of the Trent. For five days and nights there is firing
+without intermission. Within the walls of the castle there are not
+more than eighty men. The musketeers on St. Nicholas steeple pick off
+the cannoniers at their guns.</p>
+
+<p>Now and then, as the assailants are beaten from the walls, they leave
+a wounded man behind, and he is dragged into the castle. On the sixth
+day, after that terrible period of watchfulness, relief arrives. The
+Cavaliers are driven from the town with much slaughter, and the castle
+is filled with prisoners. Lucy has been idle during those six days of
+peril. There was a task to be performed,&mdash;a fitting one for woman's
+tenderness. Within the castle was a dungeon called the Lion's Den,
+into which the prisoners were cast; and as they were brought up from
+the town, two of the fanatical ministers of the garrison reviled and
+maltreated them. Lucy reads the commands of her Master after another
+fashion. As the prisoners are carried bleeding to the Lion's Den, she
+implores that they should be brought in to her, and she binds up and
+dresses their wounds. And now the two ministers mutter&mdash;and their
+souls abhor to see this favor done to the enemies of God&mdash;and they
+teach the soldiers to mutter. But Lucy says, "I have done nothing but
+my duty. These are our enemies, but they are our fellow-creatures. Am
+I to be upbraided for these poor humanities?" And then she breathes a
+thanksgiving to Heaven that her mother had taught her this humble
+surgery. There is a tear in John's eye as he gazes on this scene. That
+night the Cavalier officers sup with him, rather as guests than as
+prisoners.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the vale of Belvoir, about seven miles from Belvoir Castle, is the
+little village of Owthorpe. When Colonel Hutchinson returned to the
+house of his fathers, after the war was ended, he found it plundered
+of all its movables&mdash;a mere ruin. In a few years it is a fit dwelling
+for Lucy to enjoy a lifelong rest, after the terrible storms of her
+early married days. There is no accusing spirit to disturb their
+repose. John looks back upon that solemn moment when he signed the
+warrant for the great tragedy enacted before Whitehall without
+remorse. He had prayed for "an enlightened conscience," and he had
+carried out his most serious convictions. He took no part in the
+despotic acts that followed the destruction of the monarchy. He had no
+affection for the fanatics who held religion to be incompatible with
+innocent pleasures and tasteful pursuits. At Owthorpe, then, he lived
+the true life of an English gentleman. He built&mdash;he planted&mdash;he
+adorned his house with works of art&mdash;he was the first magistrate&mdash;the
+benefactor of the poor. The earnest man who daily expounded the
+Scriptures to his household was no ascetic. There was hospitality
+within those walls&mdash;with music and revelry. The Puritans looked
+gloomily and suspiciously upon the dwellers at Owthorpe. The Cavaliers
+could not forgive the soldier who had held Nottingham Castle against
+all assaults.</p>
+
+<p>The Restoration comes. The royalist connexions of Lucy Hutchinson have
+a long struggle to save her husband's life; but he is finally included
+in the Act of Oblivion. He is once more at Owthorpe, without the
+compromise of his principles. He has done with political strife for
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>On the 31st of October 1663, there is a coach waiting before the hall
+of Owthorpe. That hall is filled with tenants and laborers. Their
+benefactor cheerfully bids them farewell; but his wife and children
+are weeping bitterly. That coach is soon on its way to London with the
+husband and wife, and their eldest son and daughter. At the end of the
+fourth day's journey, at the gates of that fortress within which she
+had been born, Lucy Hutchinson is parted from him whose good and evil
+fortunes she had shared for a quarter of a century.</p>
+
+<p>About a mile from Deal stands Sandown Castle. In 1664, Colonel
+Hutchinson is a prisoner within its walls. It was a ruinous place, not
+weatherproof. The tide washed the dilapidated fortress; the windows
+were unglazed; cold, and damp, and dreary was the room where the proud
+heart bore up against physical evils. For even here there was
+happiness. Lucy is not permitted to share his prison; but she may
+visit him daily. In the town of Deal abides that faithful wife. She is
+with him at the first hour of the morning; she remains till the latest
+of night. In sunshine or in storm, she is pacing along that rugged
+beach, to console and be consoled.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven months have thus passed, when Lucy is persuaded by her husband
+to go to Owthorpe to see her children.</p>
+
+<p>"When the time of her departure came, she left with a very sad and
+ill-presaging heart." In a few weeks John Hutchinson is laid in the
+family vault in that Vale of Belvoir.</p>
+
+<p>Lucy Hutchinson sits in holy resignation in the old sacred home. She
+has a task to work out. She has to tell her husband's history, for the
+instruction of her children:&mdash;"I that am under a command not to grieve
+at the common rate of desolate women, while I am studying which way to
+moderate my woe, and, if it were possible, to augment my love, can,
+for the present, find out none more just to your dear father, nor
+consolatory to myself, than the preservation of his memory."</p>
+
+<p>So rests her shadow, ever, in our poor remembrance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Eliza Cook's Journal.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_WIVES_OF_SOUTHEY_COLERIDGE_AND_LOVELL" id="THE_WIVES_OF_SOUTHEY_COLERIDGE_AND_LOVELL"></a>THE WIVES OF SOUTHEY, COLERIDGE, AND LOVELL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Southey, Coleridge, and Lovell, three poets, married three sisters,
+the Misses Fricker of Bristol. They were all alike poor when they
+married. Southey's aunt shut her door in his face when she found he
+was resolved on marrying in such circumstances; and he, postponing
+entry upon the married life, though he had contracted the
+responsibility of husband, parted from his wife at the church door,
+and set out on a six months' visit to Portugal, preparatory to
+entering on the study of the legal profession. Southey committed his
+maiden wife to the care of Mr. Cottle's sisters during his absence.
+"Should I perish by shipwreck," he wrote from Falmouth to Mr. Cottle,
+"or by any other casualty, I have relations whose prejudice will yield
+to the anguish of affection, and who will love, cherish, and give all
+possible consolation to my widow." With these words Southey set sail
+for Portugal, and his wife, who had persuaded him to go, and cried
+when he was going, though she would not then have permitted him to
+stay, meekly retired to her place of refuge, wearing her wedding-ring
+round her neck.</p>
+
+<p>Southey returned to England, and commenced the study of the law, but
+after a year's drudgery gave it up. His wife joined him in a second
+visit to Portugal, and on his return he commenced the laborious
+literary career which he pursued till his death. He enjoyed on the
+whole a happy married life; took pleasure in his home and his family;
+loving his children and his wife Edith dearly. This is one of his own
+pictures:&mdash;"Glance into the little room where sits the gray-haired
+man, 'working hard and getting little&mdash;a bare maintenance, and hardly
+that; writing poems and history for posterity with his whole heart and
+soul; one daily progressing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> in learning, not so learned as he is
+poor, not so poor as proud, not so proud as happy.'" Great men have
+invited him to London, and he is now answering the invitation. The
+thought of the journey plagues him. "Oh dear, oh dear!" he writes,
+"there is such a comfort in one's old coat and old shoes, one's own
+chair and own fireside, one's own writing-desk and own library&mdash;with a
+little girl climbing up to my neck and saying, 'Don't go to London,
+papa, you must stay with Edith'&mdash;and a little boy whom I have taught
+to speak the language of cats, dogs, cuckoos, jackasses, &amp;c., before
+he can articulate a word of his own&mdash;there is such a comfort in all
+these things, that <i>transportation</i> to London seems a heavier
+punishment than any sins of mine deserve." But a sad calamity fell
+upon him in his old age. His dear Edith was suddenly bereft of reason.
+"Forty years," he writes to Grosvenor Bedford from York, "has she been
+the life of my life&mdash;and I have left her this day in a lunatic
+asylum." In the same letter he expresses the resignation of a
+Christian and the confident courage of a man. "God, who has visited me
+with this affliction," he says, "has given me strength to bear it, and
+will, <i>I know</i>, support me to the end, whatever that may be. To-morrow
+I return to my poor children. I have much to be thankful for under
+this visitation. For the first time in my life (he was sixty years
+old) I am so far beforehand with the world that my means are provided
+for the whole of next year, and that I can meet this expenditure,
+considerable in itself, without any difficulty."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Southey, after two years' absence, returned to Keswick, the
+family home, and closed her pitiable existence there. Southey was now
+a broken-down man. "There is no one," he mournfully writes, "to
+partake with me the recollections of the best and happiest portion of
+my life; and for that reason, were there no other, such recollections
+must henceforth be purely painful, except when I collect them with the
+prospects of futurity." Two years after, however, Southey married
+again: the marriage was one of respect on the part of Caroline Bowles,
+the gifted authoress, who was his choice, and probably of convenience
+and friendship on the part of Southey. We have heard that the union
+greatly tended to his comfort, and that his wife tenderly soothed and
+cheered his declining years.</p>
+
+<p>Southey, in addition to maintaining his own wife and family at Keswick
+by his literary labors, had the families of his two sisters-in-law
+occasionally thrown upon his hands. He was not two-and-twenty when Mr.
+Lovell, who married his wife's sister, fell ill of fever, died, and
+left his widow and child without the slightest provision. Robert
+Southey took mother and child at once to his humble hearth, and there
+the former found happiness until his death. Coleridge, not
+sufficiently instructed by a genius to which his contemporaries did
+homage, in a wayward and unpardonable mood withdrew himself from the
+consolations of home; and in their hour of desertion his wife and
+children were saved half the knowledge of their hardships by finding a
+second husband and another father in the sanctuary provided for them
+by Robert Southey.</p>
+
+<p>Coleridge was unpunctual, unbusiness-like, improvident, and dreamy, to
+the full extent to which poets are said proverbially to be. When he
+married&mdash;his pantisocratic Owenite scheme having just been exploded,
+and his lectures at Bristol having proved a failure&mdash;he retired with
+Sara Fricker, his wife, to a cottage at Clevedon, near Bristol. Though
+the cottage was a poor one, consisting of little more than four bare
+walls, for which he paid only &pound;5 annual rental, he and his wife made
+it pretty snug with the aid of the funds supplied by their constant
+friend, Mr. Cottle, the Bristol bookseller. Coleridge decorated this
+cottage with all the graces that his imagination and fancy could throw
+around it. It is alluded to in many of his poems:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Low was our pretty cot! our tallest rose<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Peep'd at the chamber window. We could hear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At silent noon, and eve, and early morn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sea's faint murmur. In the open air<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our myrtles blossom'd, and across the porch<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thick jasmines twin'd: the little landscape round<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was green and woody, and refreshed the eye.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It was a spot which you might aptly call<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The valley of seclusion."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But his loved young wife was not forgotten; for again he sings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"My pensive Sara! thy soft cheek reclin'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To sit beside our cot&mdash;our cot o'ergrown<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With white-flowered jasmine, and the broad leav'd myrtle<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Meet emblems they of innocence and love!)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And watch the clouds, that late were rich with light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slow saddening round, and mark the star of eve,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Serenely brilliant (such should wisdom be!)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shine opposite."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Here their first child was born&mdash;Hartley, the dreamer&mdash;on whom the
+happy parent shed tears of joy:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"But when I saw it on its mother's arm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hanging at her bosom (she the while<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bent o'er its features with a tearful smile,)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then I was thrill'd and melted, and most warm<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Impress'd a father's kiss; and all beguil'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of dark remembrance and presageful fear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I seem'd to see an angel's form appear&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twas even thine, beloved woman mild!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So for the mother's sake the child was dear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dearer was the mother for the child."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But writing poetry, reading Hartley and Condillac, would not make the
+poet's pot boil at all briskly, and so he had to go a little nearer to
+the world, and went back to Bristol. Coleridge, however, wanted
+application, and could scarcely be induced to work, even though the
+prospect of liberal remuneration was offered to him. Hence, a few
+years after marriage, in July, 1796, we find him thus groaning in the
+spirit to a friend: "It is my duty and business to thank God for all
+his dispensations, and to believe them the best possible; but, indeed,
+I think I should have been more thankful if He had made me a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+journeyman shoemaker, instead of an author, by trade. I have left my
+friends, I have left plenty," &amp;c. "So I am forced to write for bread!
+with the nights of poetic enthusiasm, when every minute I am hearing a
+groan from my wife&mdash;groans, and complaints, and sickness! The present
+hour I am in a quickset of embarrassments, and whichever way I turn, a
+thorn runs into me! The future is a cloud and thick darkness! Poverty,
+perhaps, and the thin faces of them that want bread looking up to me,"
+&amp;c. This was not the kind of spirit to make a wife happy&mdash;very
+different indeed from the manly, courageous, and self-helping
+Southey&mdash;and the poor wife suffered much. Whatever Coleridge touched
+failed: his fourpenny paper, the <i>Watchman</i>, was an abortion; and the
+verses he wrote for a London paper did little for him. He next
+preached for a short time among the Unitarians, deriving a very
+precarious living from that source; when at length the Messrs.
+Wedgwood, struck by his great talents, granted him an annuity of &pound;150
+to enable him to devote himself to study. Then he went to Germany,
+leaving his wife and little family to the hospitality of Southey; and
+returned and settled down to the precarious life of a writer for the
+newspapers: his eloquent conversation producing unbounded admiration,
+but very little "grist." He was often distressed for money, wasting
+what he had by indulgence in opium, to which he was at one time a
+fearful victim. The great and unquestionable genius of Coleridge was
+expended chiefly on projections. He was a man who was capable of
+greatly adorning the literature of his time, and of creating an
+altogether new era in its history; but he could not or would not work,
+and his life was passed in dreamy idleness, in self-inflicted poverty,
+often in poignant misery, in gloomy regrets, and in unfulfilled
+designs. We fear the life of Mrs. Coleridge was not a happy one, good
+and affectionate though she was as a wife and mother.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MY_NOVEL_OR_VARIETIES_IN_ENGLISH_LIFE11" id="MY_NOVEL_OR_VARIETIES_IN_ENGLISH_LIFE11"></a>MY NOVEL: OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIII.</h4>
+
+<p>Leonard and Helen settled themselves in two little chambers in a small
+lane. The neighborhood was dull enough&mdash;the accommodation humble; but
+their landlady had a smile. That was the reason, perhaps, why Helen
+chose the lodgings; a smile is not always found on the face of a
+landlady when the lodger is poor. And out of their windows they caught
+sight of a green tree, an elm, that grew up fair and tall in a
+carpenter's yard at the rear. That tree was like another smile to the
+place. They saw the birds come and go to its shelter; and they even
+heard, when a breeze arose, the pleasant murmur of its boughs.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard went the same evening to Captain Digby's old lodgings, but he
+could learn there no intelligence of friends or protectors for Helen.
+The people were rude and sturdy, and said that the Captain still owed
+them &pound;1 17s. The claim, however, seemed very disputable; and was
+stoutly denied by Helen. The next morning Leonard set off in search of
+Dr. Morgan. He thought his best plan was to inquire the address of the
+Doctor at the nearest chemist's, and the chemist civilly looked into
+the <i>Court Guide</i>, and referred him to a house in Bulstrode-street,
+Manchester Square. To this street Leonard contrived to find his way,
+much marvelling at the meanness of London. Screwstone seemed to him
+the handsomest town of the two.</p>
+
+<p>A shabby man-servant opened the door, and Leonard remarked that the
+narrow passage was choked with boxes, trunks, and various articles of
+furniture. He was shown into a small room, containing a very large
+round table, whereon were sundry works on hom&oelig;opathy, Parry's
+<i>Cymbrian Plutarch</i>, Davies' <i>Celtic Researches</i>, and a Sunday
+newspaper. An engraved portrait of the illustrious Hahnemann occupied
+the place of honor over the chimneypiece. In a few minutes the door to
+an inner room opened, and Dr. Morgan appeared, and said politely,
+"Come in, sir."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor seated himself at a desk, looked hastily at Leonard, and
+then at a great chronometer lying on the table. "My time's short,
+sir&mdash;going abroad; and now that I am going, patients flock to me. Too
+late. London will repent its apathy. Let it!"</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor paused majestically, and, not remarking on Leonard's face
+the consternation he had anticipated, he repeated peevishly&mdash;"I am
+going abroad, sir, but I will make a synopsis of your case, and leave
+it to my successor. Hum! Hair chestnut; eyes&mdash;what color? Look this
+way&mdash;blue,&mdash;dark blue. Hem! Constitution nervous. What are the
+symptoms?"</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," began Leonard, "a little girl&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p><i>Dr. Morgan</i>, (impatiently)&mdash;"Little girl! Never mind the history of
+your sufferings; stick to the symptoms&mdash;stick to the symptoms."</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"You mistake me, Doctor; I have nothing the matter with
+me. A little girl&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p><i>Dr. Morgan.</i>&mdash;"Girl again! I understand it! it is she who is ill.
+Shall I go to her? she must describe her own symptoms&mdash;I can't judge
+from your talk. You'll be telling me she has consumption, or
+dyspepsia, or some such disease that don't exist: mere allopathic
+inventions&mdash;symptoms, sir, symptoms."</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard</i>, (forcing his way)&mdash;"You attended her poor father, Captain
+Digby, when he was taken ill in the coach with you. He is dead, and
+his child is an orphan."</p>
+
+<p><i>Dr. Morgan</i>, (fumbling in his medical pocket-book.)&mdash;"Orphan!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+nothing for orphans, especially if inconsolable, like <i>aconite</i> and
+<i>chamomilla</i>."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>With some difficulty Leonard succeeded in bringing Helen to the
+recollection of the hom&oelig;opathist, stating how he came in charge of
+her, and why he sought Dr. Morgan.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor was much moved.</p>
+
+<p>"But really," said he after a pause, "I don't see how I can help the
+poor child. I know nothing of her relations. This Lord Les&mdash;whatever
+his name is&mdash;I know of no lords in London. I knew lords, and physicked
+them too, when I was a blundering allopathist. There was the Earl of
+Lansmere&mdash;has had many a blue pill from me, sinner that I was. His son
+was wiser; never would take physic. Very clever boy was Lord
+L'Estrange&mdash;I don't know if he was as good as he was clever&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Lord L'Estrange!&mdash;that name begins with Les&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Stuff! He's always abroad&mdash;shows his sense. I'm going abroad too. No
+development for science in this horrid city; full of prejudices, sir,
+and given up to the most barbarous allopathical and phlebotomical
+propensities. I am going to the land of Hahnemann, sir&mdash;sold my
+good-will, lease, and furniture, and have bought in on the Rhine.
+Natural life there, sir&mdash;hom&oelig;opathy needs nature; dine at one
+o'clock, get up at four&mdash;tea little known, and science appreciated.
+But I forget. Cott! what can I do for the orphan?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir," said Leonard rising, "Heaven will give me strength to
+support her."</p>
+
+<p>The doctor looked at the young man attentively. "And yet," said he in
+a gentler voice, "you, young man, are, by your account, a perfect
+stranger to her, or were so when you undertook to bring her to London.
+You have a good heart&mdash;always keep it. Very healthy thing, sir, a good
+heart&mdash;that is, when not carried to excess. But you have friends of
+your own in town?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"Not yet, sir; I hope to make them."</p>
+
+<p><i>Doctor.</i>&mdash;"Bless me, you do? How? I can't make any."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard colored and hung his head. He longed to say "Authors find
+friends in their readers&mdash;I am going to be an author." But he felt
+that the reply would savor of presumption, and held his tongue.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor continued to examine him, and with friendly interest. "You
+say you walked up to London&mdash;was that from choice or economy?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"Both, sir."</p>
+
+<p><i>Doctor.</i>&mdash;"Sit down again and let us talk. I can give you a quarter
+of an hour, and I'll see if I can help either of you, provided you
+tell all the symptoms&mdash;I mean all the particulars."</p>
+
+<p>Then with that peculiar adroitness which belongs to experience in the
+medical profession, Dr. Morgan, who was really an acute and able man,
+proceeded to put his questions, and soon extracted from Leonard the
+boy's history and hopes. But when the Doctor, in admiration at a
+simplicity which contrasted so evident an intelligence, finally asked
+him his name and connections, and Leonard told them, the
+hom&oelig;opathist actually started. "Leonard Fairfield, grandson of my
+old friend, John Avenel of Lansmere! I must shake you by the hand.
+Brought up by Mrs. Fairfield!&mdash;Ah, now I look, strong family
+likeness&mdash;very strong!"</p>
+
+<p>The tears stood in the Doctor's eyes. "Poor Nora!" said he.</p>
+
+<p>"Nora! Did you know my aunt?"</p>
+
+<p>"Your aunt! Ah&mdash;ah! yes&mdash;yes! Poor Norah!&mdash;she died almost in these
+arms&mdash;so young, so beautiful. I remember it as of yesterday."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor brushed his hand across his eyes, and swallowed a globule;
+and, before the boy knew what he was about, had in his benevolence
+thrust another between Leonard's quivering lips.</p>
+
+<p>A knock was heard at the door.</p>
+
+<p>"Ha! that's my great patient," cried the Doctor, recovering his
+self-possession&mdash;"must see him. A chronic case&mdash;excellent
+patient&mdash;tic, sir, tic. Puzzling and interesting. If I could take that
+tic with me, I should ask nothing more from Heaven. Call again on
+Monday; I may have something to tell you then as to yourself. The
+little girl can't stay with you&mdash;wrong and nonsensical. I will see
+after her. Leave me your address&mdash;write it here. I think I know a lady
+who will take charge of her. Good-bye. Monday next, ten o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>With this, the Doctor thrust out Leonard, and ushered in his grand
+patient, whom he was very anxious to take with him to the banks of the
+Rhine.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard had now only to discover the nobleman whose name had been so
+vaguely uttered by poor Captain Digby. He had again recourse to the
+<i>Court Guide</i>; and finding the address of two or three lords the first
+syllables of whose titles seemed similar to that repeated to him, and
+all living pretty near to each other, in the regions of May Fair, he
+ascertained his way to that quarter, and, exercising his mother-wit,
+inquired at the neighboring shops as to the personal appearance of
+these noblemen. Out of consideration for his rusticity, he got very
+civil and clear answers; but none of the lords in question
+corresponded with the description given by Helen. One was old, another
+was exceedingly corpulent, a third was bed-ridden&mdash;none of them was
+known to keep a great dog. It is needless to say that the name of
+L'Estrange (no habitant of London) was not in the <i>Court Guide</i>. And
+Dr. Morgan's assertion that that person was always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> abroad, unluckily
+dismissed from Leonard's mind the name the hom&oelig;opathist had so
+casually mentioned. But Helen was not disappointed when her young
+protector returned late in the day and told her of his ill success.
+Poor child! she was so pleased in her heart not to be separated from
+her new brother; and Leonard was touched to how she had contrived, in
+his absence, to give a certain comfort and cheerful grace to the bare
+room devoted to himself. She had arranged his few books and papers so
+neatly, near the window, in sight of the one green elm. She had coaxed
+the smiling landlady out of one or two extra articles of furniture,
+especially a walnut-tree bureau, and some odds and ends of
+ribbon&mdash;with which last she had looped up the curtains. Even the old
+rush-bottom chairs had a strange air of elegance, from the mode in
+which they were placed. The fairies had given sweet Helen the art that
+adorns a home, and brings out a smile from the dingiest corner of hut
+and attic.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard wondered and praised. He kissed his blushing ministrant
+gratefully, and they sat down in joy to their abstemious meal, when
+suddenly his face was overclouded&mdash;there shot through him the
+remembrance of Dr. Morgan's words&mdash;"The little girl can't stay with
+you&mdash;wrong and nonsensical. I think I know a lady who will take charge
+of her."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah," cried Leonard, sorrowfully, "how could I forget?" And he told
+Helen what grieved him. Helen at first exclaimed that she would not
+go. Leonard, rejoiced, then began to talk as usual of his great
+prospects; and, hastily finishing his meal, as if there were no time
+to lose, sat down at once to his papers. Then Helen contemplated him
+sadly, as he bent over his delighted work. And when, lifting his
+radiant eyes from his MS. he exclaimed, "No, no, you shall <i>not</i> go.
+<i>This</i> must succeed, and we shall live together in some pretty
+cottage, where we can see more than one tree"&mdash;<i>then</i> Helen sighed,
+and did not answer this time, "No, I will not go."</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after she stole from the room, and into her own; and there,
+kneeling down, she prayed, and her prayer was somewhat this&mdash;"Guard me
+against my own selfish heart. May I never be a burden to him who has
+shielded me."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps, as the Creator looks down on this world, whose wondrous
+beauty beams on us more and more, in proportion as our science would
+take it from poetry into law&mdash;perhaps He beholds nothing so beautiful
+as the pure heart of a simple loving child.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIV.</h4>
+
+<p>Leonard went out the next day with his precious MSS. He had read
+sufficient of modern literature to know the names of the principal
+London publishers; and to these he took his way with a bold step,
+though a beating heart.</p>
+
+<p>That day he was out longer than the last; and when he returned, and
+came into the little room, Helen uttered a cry, for she scarcely
+recognised him. There was on his face so deep, so concentrated a
+despondency. He sat down listlessly, and did not kiss her this time,
+as she stole towards him. He felt so humbled. He was a king deposed.
+<i>He</i> take charge of another life! He!</p>
+
+<p>She coaxed him at last into communicating his day's chronicle. The
+reader beforehand knows too well what it must be, to need detailed
+repetition. Most of the publishers had absolutely refused to look at
+his MSS.; one or two had good-naturedly glanced over and returned them
+at once, with a civil word or two of flat rejection. One publisher
+alone&mdash;himself a man of letters, and who in youth had gone through the
+same bitter process of dis-illusion that now awaited the village
+genius&mdash;volunteered some kindly though stern explanation and counsel
+to the unhappy boy. This gentleman read a portion of Leonard's
+principal poem with attention, and even with frank admiration. He
+could appreciate the rare promise that it manifested. He sympathized
+with the boy's history, and even with his hopes; and then he said, in
+bidding him farewell&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If I publish this poem for you, speaking as a trader, I shall be a
+considerable loser. Did I publish all that I admire, out of sympathy
+with the author, I should be a ruined man. But suppose that, impressed
+as I really am with the evidence of no common poetic gifts in this
+MS., I publish it, not as a trader, but a lover of literature, I shall
+in reality, I fear, render you a great disservice, and perhaps unfit
+your whole life for the exertions on which you must rely for
+independence."</p>
+
+<p>"How, sir?" cried Leonard&mdash;"Not that I would ask you to injure
+yourself for me," he added with proud tears in his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"How, my young friend? I will explain. There is enough talent in these
+verses to induce very flattering reviews in some of the literary
+journals. You will read these, find yourself proclaimed a poet, will
+cry 'I am on the road to fame.' You will come to me, 'And my poem, how
+does it sell?' I shall point to some groaning shelf, and say, 'not
+twenty copies!' The journals may praise, but the public will not buy
+it. 'But you will have got a name,' you say. Yes, a name as a poet
+just sufficiently known to make every man in practical business
+disinclined to give fair trial to your talents in a single department
+of positive life;&mdash;none like to employ poets;&mdash;a name that will not
+put a penny in your purse&mdash;worse still, that will operate as a barrier
+against every escape into the ways whereby men get to fortune. But,
+having once tasted praise, you will continue to sigh for it: you will
+perhaps never again get a publisher to bring forth a poem, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> you
+will hanker round the purlieus of the muses, scribble for periodicals,
+fall at last into a bookseller's drudge. Profits will be so precarious
+and uncertain, that to avoid debt may be impossible; then, you who now
+seem so ingenuous and so proud, will sink deeper still into the
+literary mendicant&mdash;begging, borrowing&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Never&mdash;never&mdash;never!" cried Leonard, veiling his face with his hands.</p>
+
+<p>"Such would have been my career," continued the publisher. "But I
+luckily had a rich relative, a trader, whose calling I despised as a
+boy, who kindly forgave my folly, bound me as an apprentice, and here
+I am; and now I can afford to write books as well as sell them.</p>
+
+<p>"Young man, you must have respectable relations&mdash;go by their advice
+and counsel; cling fast to some positive calling. Be any thing in this
+city rather than poet by profession."</p>
+
+<p>"And how, sir, have there ever been poets? Had <i>they</i> other callings?"</p>
+
+<p>"Read their biography, and then envy them!"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard was silent a moment; but, lifting his head, answered loud and
+quickly,&mdash;"I <i>have</i> read their biography. True, their lot
+poverty&mdash;perhaps hunger. Sir, I envy them!"</p>
+
+<p>"Poverty and hunger are small evils," answered the bookseller, with a
+grave kind smile. "There are worse,&mdash;debt and degradation,
+and&mdash;despair."</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir, no&mdash;you exaggerate; these last are not the lot of all
+poets."</p>
+
+<p>"Right, for most of our greatest poets had some private means of their
+own. And for others, why, all who have put into a lottery have not
+drawn blanks. But who could advise another man to set his whole hope
+of fortune on the chance of a prize in a lottery? And such a lottery!"
+groaned the publisher, glancing towards sheets and reams of dead
+authors lying like lead upon his shelves.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard clutched his MSS. to his heart, and hurried away.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," he muttered, as Helen clung to him and tried to console&mdash;"yes,
+you were right: London is very vast, very strong, and very cruel;" and
+his head sank lower and lower yet upon his bosom.</p>
+
+<p>The door was flung widely open, and in, unannounced, walked Dr Morgan.</p>
+
+<p>The child turned to him, and at the sight of his face she remembered
+her father; and the tears that, for Leonard's sake, she had been
+trying to suppress, found way.</p>
+
+<p>The good Doctor soon gained all the confidence of these two young
+hearts. And, after listening to Leonard's story of his paradise lost
+in a day, he patted him on the shoulder and said, "Well, you will call
+on me on Monday, and we will see. Meanwhile, borrow these of me,"&mdash;and
+he tried to slip three sovereigns into the boy's hand. Leonard was
+indignant. The bookseller's warning flashed on him. Mendicancy! Oh no,
+he had not yet come to that! He was almost rude and savage in his
+rejection; and the Doctor did not like him the less for it.</p>
+
+<p>"You are an obstinate mule," said the hom&oelig;opathist, reluctantly
+putting up his sovereigns. "Will you work at something practical and
+prosy, and let the poetry rest awhile?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Leonard doggedly, "I will work."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well, then. I know an honest bookseller, and he shall give you
+some employment; and meanwhile, at all events, you will be among
+books, and that will be some comfort."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard's eyes brightened&mdash;"A great comfort, sir." He pressed the hand
+he had before put aside to his grateful heart.</p>
+
+<p>"But," resumed the Doctor seriously, "you really feel a strong
+predisposition to make verses?"</p>
+
+<p>"I did, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Very bad symptom indeed, and must be stopped before a relapse! Here,
+I have cured three prophets and ten poets with this novel specific."</p>
+
+<p>While thus speaking, he had got out his book and a globule. "<i>Agaricus
+muscarius</i> dissolved in a tumbler of distilled water&mdash;tea-spoonful
+whenever the fit comes on. Sir, it would have cured Milton himself."</p>
+
+<p>"And now for you, my child," turning to Helen&mdash;"I have found a lady
+who will be very kind to you. Not a menial situation. She wants some
+one to read to her and tend on her&mdash;she is old and has no children.
+She wants a companion, and prefers a girl of your age to one older.
+Will this suit you?"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard walked away.</p>
+
+<p>Helen got close to the Doctor's ear, and whispered, "No, I cannot
+leave <i>him</i> now&mdash;he is so sad."</p>
+
+<p>"Cott!" grunted the Doctor, "you two must have been reading <i>Paul and
+Virginia</i>. If I could but stay in England, I would try what <i>ignatia</i>
+would do in this case&mdash;interesting experiment! Listen to me&mdash;little
+girl; and go out of the room, you, sir."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard, averting his face, obeyed. Helen made an involuntary step
+after him&mdash;the Doctor detained and drew her on his knee.</p>
+
+<p>"What is your Christian name?&mdash;I forget."</p>
+
+<p>"Helen."</p>
+
+<p>"Helen, listen. In a year or two you will be a young woman, and it
+would be very wrong then to live alone with that young man. Meanwhile,
+you have no right to cripple all his energies. He must not have you
+leaning on his right arm&mdash;you would weigh it down. I am going away,
+and when I am gone there will be no one to help you, if you reject the
+friend I offer you. Do as I tell you, for a little girl so peculiarly
+susceptible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> (a thorough <i>pulsatilla</i> constitution) cannot be
+obstinate and egotistical."</p>
+
+<p>"Let me see him cared for and happy, sir," said she firmly, "and I
+will go where you wish."</p>
+
+<p>"He shall be so; and to-morrow, while he is out, I will come and fetch
+you. Nothing so painful as leave-taking&mdash;shakes the nervous system,
+and is a mere waste of the animal economy."</p>
+
+<p>Helen sobbed aloud; then, writhing from the Doctor, she exclaimed,
+"But he may know where I am? We may see each other sometimes? Ah, sir,
+it was at my father's grave that we first met, and I think Heaven sent
+him to me. Do not part us for ever."</p>
+
+<p>"I should have a heart of stone if I did," cried the Doctor
+vehemently, "and Miss Starke shall let him come and visit you once a
+week. I'll give her something to make her. She is naturally
+indifferent to others. I will alter her whole constitution, and melt
+her into sympathy&mdash;with <i>rhododendron</i> and <i>arsenic</i>!"</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XV.</h4>
+
+<p>Before he went, the Doctor wrote a line to Mr. Prickett, bookseller,
+Holborn, and told Leonard to take it, the next morning, as addressed.
+"I will call on Prickett myself to-night, and prepare him for your
+visit. And I hope and trust you will only have to stay there a few
+days."</p>
+
+<p>He then turned the conversation, to communicate his plans for Helen.
+Miss Starke lived at Highgate&mdash;a worthy woman, stiff and prim, as old
+maids sometimes are. But just the place for a little girl like Helen,
+and Leonard should certainly be allowed to call and see her.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard listened and made no opposition; now that his day-dream was
+dispelled, he had no right to pretend to be Helen's protector. He
+could have bade her share his wealth and his fame; his penury and his
+drudgery&mdash;no.</p>
+
+<p>It was a very sorrowful evening&mdash;that between the adventurer and the
+child. They sat up late, till their candle had burned down to the
+socket; neither did they talk much; but his hand clasped hers all the
+time, and her head pillowed itself on his shoulder. I fear, when they
+parted, it was not for sleep.</p>
+
+<p>And when Leonard went forth the next morning, Helen stood at the
+street door, watching him depart&mdash;slowly, slowly. No doubt, in that
+humble lane there were many sad hearts; but no heart so heavy as that
+of the still quiet child, when the form she had watched was to be seen
+no more, and, still standing on the desolate threshold, she gazed into
+space&mdash;and all was vacant.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVI.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett was a believer in hom&oelig;opathy, and declared, to the
+indignation of all the apothecaries round Holborn, that he had been
+cured of a chronic rheumatism by Dr. Morgan. The good Doctor had, as
+he promised, seen Mr. Prickett when he left Leonard, and asked him as
+a favor to find some light occupation for the boy, that would serve as
+an excuse for a modest weekly salary. "It will not be for long," said
+the Doctor; "his relations are respectable and well off. I will write
+to his grandparents, and in a few days I hope to relieve you of the
+charge. Of course, if you don't want him, I will repay what he costs
+meanwhile."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett, thus prepared for Leonard, received him very graciously,
+and, after a few questions, said Leonard was just the person he wanted
+to assist him in cataloguing his books, and offered him most
+handsomely &pound;1 a-week for the task.</p>
+
+<p>Plunged at once into a world of books vaster than he had ever before
+won admission to, that old divine dream of knowledge, out of which
+poetry had sprung, returned to the village student at the very sight
+of the venerable volumes. The collection of Mr. Prickett was, however,
+in reality by no means large; but it comprised not only the ordinary
+standard works, but several curious and rare ones. And Leonard paused
+in making the catalogue, and took many a hasty snatch of the contents
+of each tome, as it passed through his hands. The bookseller, who was
+an enthusiast for old books, was pleased to see a kindred feeling
+(which his shop-boy had never exhibited) in his new assistant; and he
+talked about rare editions and scarce copies, and initiated Leonard in
+many of the mysteries of the bibliographist.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could be more dark and dingy than the shop. There was a booth
+outside, containing cheap books and odd volumes, round which there was
+always an attentive group; within, a gas-lamp burned night and day.</p>
+
+<p>But time passed quickly to Leonard. He missed not the green fields, he
+forgot his disappointments, he ceased to remember even Helen. O
+strange passion of knowledge! nothing like thee for strength and
+devotion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett was a bachelor, and asked Leonard to dine with him on a
+cold shoulder of mutton. During dinner the shop-boy kept the shop, and
+Mr. Prickett was really pleasant as well as loquacious. He took a
+liking to Leonard&mdash;and Leonard told him his adventures with the
+publishers, at which Mr. Prickett rubbed his hands and laughed as at a
+capital joke. "Oh give up poetry, and stick to a shop," cried he;
+"and, to cure you for ever of the mad whim to be an author, I'll just
+lend you the <i>Life and Works of Chatterton</i>. You may take it home with
+you and read before you go to bed. You'll come back quite a new man
+to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>Not till night, when the shop was closed, did Leonard return to his
+lodging. And when he entered the room, he was struck to the soul by
+the silence, by the void. Helen was gone!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was a rose-tree in its pot on the table at which he wrote, and
+by it a scrap of paper, on which was written&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Dear, dear Brother Leonard, God bless you. I will let you know when
+we can meet again. Take care of this rose, Brother, and don't forget
+poor</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Helen</span>."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Over the word "forget" there was a big round blistered spot that
+nearly effaced the word.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard leant his face on his hands, and for the first time in his
+life he felt what solitude really is. He could not stay long in the
+room. He walked out again, and wandered objectless to and fro the
+streets. He passed that stiller and humbler neighborhood, he mixed
+with the throng that swarmed in the more populous thoroughfares.
+Hundreds and thousands passed him by, and still&mdash;still such solitude.</p>
+
+<p>He came back, lighted his candle, and resolutely drew forth the
+"Chatterton" which the bookseller had lent him. It was an old
+edition in one thick volume. It had evidently belonged to some
+contemporary of the Poet's&mdash;apparently an inhabitant of
+Bristol&mdash;some one who had gathered up many anecdotes respecting
+Chatterton's habits, and who appeared even to have seen him, nay, been
+in his company; for the book was interleaved, and the leaves covered with
+notes and remarks in a stiff clear hand&mdash;all evincing personal knowledge
+of the mournful immortal dead. At first,Leonard read with an effort; then
+the strange and fierce spell of that dread life seized upon him&mdash;seized
+with pain, and gloom, and terror&mdash;this boy dying by his own hand, about
+the age Leonard had attained himself. This wondrous boy, of a genius beyond
+all comparison&mdash;the greatest that ever yet was developed and extinguished
+at the age of eighteen&mdash;self-taught&mdash;self-struggling&mdash;self-immolated.
+Nothing in literature like that life and that death!</p>
+
+<p>With intense interest Leonard perused the tale of the brilliant
+imposture, which had been so harshly and so absurdly construed into
+the crime of a forgery, and which was (if not wholly innocent) so akin
+to the literary devices always in other cases viewed with indulgence,
+and exhibiting, in this, intellectual qualities in themselves so
+amazing&mdash;such patience, such forethought, such labor, such courage,
+such ingenuity&mdash;the qualities that, well directed, make men great, not
+only in books, but action. And, turning from the history of the
+imposture to the poems themselves, the young reader bent before their
+beauty, literally awed and breathless. How had this strange Bristol
+boy tamed and mastered his rude and motley materials into a music that
+comprehended every tune and key, from the simplest to the sublimest?
+He turned back to the biography&mdash;he read on&mdash;he saw the proud, daring,
+mournful spirit, alone in the Great City like himself. He followed its
+dismal career, he saw it falling with bruised and soiled wings into
+the mire. He turned again to the later works, wrung forth as tasks for
+bread,&mdash;the satires without moral grandeur, the politics without
+honest faith. He shuddered and sickened as he read. True, even here
+his poet mind appreciated (what perhaps only poets can) the divine
+fire that burned fitfully through that meaner and more sordid fuel&mdash;he
+still traced in those crude, hasty, bitter offerings to dire
+Necessity, the hand of the young giant who had built up the stately
+verse of Rowley. But, alas! how different from that "mighty line." How
+all serenity and joy had fled from these later exercises of art
+degraded into journey-work. Then rapidly came on the catastrophe&mdash;the
+closed doors&mdash;the poison&mdash;the suicide&mdash;the manuscripts torn by the
+hands of despairing wrath, and strewed round the corpse upon the
+funeral floors. It was terrible! The spectre of the Titan boy, (as
+described in the notes written on the margin,) with his haughty brow,
+his cynic smile, his lustrous eyes, haunted all the night the baffled
+and solitary child of song.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVII.</h4>
+
+<p>It will often happen that what ought to turn the human mind from some
+peculiar tendency produces the opposite effect. One would think that
+the perusal in the newspaper of some crime and capital punishment
+would warn away all who had ever meditated the crime, or dreaded the
+chance of detection. Yet it is well known to us that many a criminal
+is made by pondering over the fate of some predecessor in guilt. There
+is a fascination in the Dark and Forbidden, which, strange to say, is
+only lost in fiction. No man is more inclined to murder his nephews,
+or stifle his wife, after reading Richard the Third or Othello. It is
+the <i>reality</i> that is necessary to constitute the danger of contagion.
+Now, it was this reality in the fate, and life, and crowning suicide
+of Chatterton, that forced itself upon Leonard's thoughts, and sat
+there like a visible evil thing, gathering evil like cloud around it.
+There was much in the dead poet's character, his trials, and his doom,
+that stood out to Leonard like a bold and colossal shadow of himself
+and his fate. Alas! the bookseller, in one respect, had said truly.
+Leonard came back to him the next day a new man, and it seemed even to
+himself as if he had lost a good angel in losing Helen. "Oh that she
+had been by my side," thought he. "Oh that I could have felt the touch
+of her confiding hand&mdash;that, looking up from the scathed and dreary
+ruin of this life, that had sublimely lifted itself from the plain,
+and sought to tower aloft from a deluge, her mild look had spoken to
+me of innocent, humble, unaspiring childhood! Ah! If indeed I were
+still necessary to her&mdash;still the sole guardian and protector&mdash;then
+could I say to myself, 'Thou must not despair and die!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> Thou hast her
+to live and to strive for.' But no, no! Only this vast and terrible
+London&mdash;the solitude of the dreary garret, and those lustrous eyes
+glaring alike through the throng and through the solitude."</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVIII.</h4>
+
+<p>On the following Monday, Dr. Morgan's shabby man-servant opened the
+door to a young man in whom he did not at first remember a former
+visitor. A few days before, embrowned with healthful travel&mdash;serene
+light in his eye, simple trust in his careless lip&mdash;Leonard Fairfield
+had stood at that threshold. Now again he stood there pale and
+haggard, with a cheek already hollowed into those deep anxious lines
+that speak of working thoughts and sleepless nights; and a settled
+sullen gloom resting heavily on his whole aspect.</p>
+
+<p>"I call by appointment," said the boy testily, as the servant stood
+irresolute. The man gave way. "Master is just called out to a patient;
+please to wait, sir;" and he showed him into the little parlor. In a
+few moments two other patients were admitted. These were women, and
+they began talking very loud. They disturbed Leonard's unsocial
+thoughts. He saw that the door into the Doctor's receiving-room was
+half open, and, ignorant of the etiquette which holds such
+<i>penetralia</i> as sacred, he walked in to escape from the gossips. He
+threw himself into the Doctor's own well-worn chair, and muttered to
+himself, "Why did he tell me to come? What new can he think of for me?
+And if a favor, should I take it? He has given me the means of bread
+by work: that is all I have a right to ask from him, from any man&mdash;all
+I should accept."</p>
+
+<p>While thus soliloquizing, his eye fell on a letter lying open on the
+table. He started. He recognized the handwriting&mdash;the same as the
+letter which had enclosed &pound;50 to his mother&mdash;the letter of his
+grandparents. He saw his own name: he saw something more&mdash;words that
+made his heart stand still, and his blood seem like ice in his veins.
+As he thus stood aghast, a hand was laid on the letter, and a voice,
+in an angry growl, muttered, "How dare you come into my room, and be
+reading my letters? Er&mdash;r&mdash;r!"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard placed his own hand on the Doctor's firmly, and said in a
+fierce tone, "This letter relates to me&mdash;belongs to me&mdash;crushes me. I
+have seen enough to know that. I demand to read all&mdash;learn all."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor looked round, and seeing the door into the waiting-room
+still open, kicked it to with his foot, and then said, under his
+breath, "What have you read? Tell me the truth."</p>
+
+<p>"Two lines only, and I am called&mdash;I am called"&mdash;Leonard's frame shook
+from head to foot, and the veins on his forehead swelled like cords.
+He could not complete the sentence. It seemed as if an ocean was
+rolling up through his brain, and roaring in his ears. The Doctor saw,
+at a glance, that there was physical danger in his state, and hastily
+and soothingly answered,&mdash;"Sit down, sit down&mdash;calm yourself&mdash;you
+shall know all&mdash;read all&mdash;drink this water;" and he poured into a
+tumbler of the pure liquid a drop or two from a tiny phial.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard obeyed mechanically, for indeed he was no longer able to
+stand. He closed his eyes, and for a minute or two life seemed to pass
+from him; then he recovered, and saw the good Doctor's gaze fixed on
+him with great compassion. He silently stretched forth his hand
+towards the letter. "Wait a few moments," said the physician
+judiciously, "and hear me meanwhile. It is very unfortunate you should
+have seen a letter never meant for your eye, and containing allusions
+to a secret you were never to have known. But, if I tell you more,
+will you promise me, on your word of honor, that you will hold the
+confidence sacred from Mrs. Fairfield, the Avenels&mdash;from all? I myself
+am pledged to conceal a secret, which I can only share with you on the
+same condition."</p>
+
+<p>"There is nothing," announced Leonard indistinctly, and with a bitter
+smile on his lip,&mdash;"nothing, it seems, that I should be proud to boast
+of. Yes, I promise&mdash;the letter, the letter!"</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor placed it in Leonard's right hand, and quietly slipped to
+the wrist of the left his forefinger and thumb, as physicians are said
+to do when a victim is stretched on the rack. "Pulse decreasing," he
+muttered; "wonderful thing, <i>Aconite</i>!" Meanwhile Leonard read as
+follows, faults in spelling and all:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. <span class="smcap">Morgan</span>&mdash;Sir: I received your favur duly, and am glad to hear that
+the pore boy is safe and Well. But he has been behaving ill, and
+ungrateful to my good son Richard, who is a credit to the whole
+Family, and has made himself a Gentleman, and Was very kind and good
+to the boy, not knowing who and What he is&mdash;God forbid! I don't want
+never to see him again&mdash;the boy. Pore John was ill and Restless for
+days afterwards.&mdash;John is a pore cretur now, and has had paralytiks.
+And he Talked of nothing but Nora&mdash;the boy's eyes were so like his
+Mother's. I cannot, cannot see the Child of Shame. He can't cum
+here&mdash;for our Lord's sake, sir, don't ask it&mdash;he can't, so Respectable
+as we've always been!&mdash;and such disgrace! Base born&mdash;base born. Keep
+him where he is, bind him prentis, I'll pay anything for That. You
+says, sir, he's clever, and quick at learning; so did Parson Dale, and
+wanted him to go to Collidge, and make a Figur&mdash;then all would cum
+out. It would be my death, sir; I could not sleep in my grave, sir.
+Nora that we were all so proud of. Sinful creturs that we are! Nora's
+good name that we've saved now, gone, gone. And Richard, who is so
+grand, and who was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> so fond of pore, pore Nora! He would not hold up
+his Head again. Don't let him make a Figur in the world&mdash;let him be a
+tradesman, as we were afore him&mdash;any trade he Takes to&mdash;and not cross
+us no more while he lives. Then I shall pray for him, and wish him
+happy. And have not we had enuff of bringing up children to be above
+their birth? Nora, that I used to say was like the first lady o' the
+land&mdash;oh, but we were rightly punished! So now, sir, I leave all to
+you, and will pay all you want for the boy. And be Sure that the
+secret's kep. For we have never heard from the father, and, at least,
+no one knows that Nora has a living son but I and my daughter Jane,
+and Parson Dale and you&mdash;and you Two are good Gentlemen&mdash;and Jane will
+keep her word, and I am old, and shall be in my grave Soon, but I hope
+it won't be while pore John needs me. What could he do without me? And
+if <i>that</i> got wind, it would kill me straght, sir. Pore John is a
+helpless cretur, God bless him. So no more from your servant in all
+dooty,</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">M. Avenel</span>."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Leonard laid down this letter very calmly, and, except by a slight
+heaving at his breast, and a death-like whiteness of his lips, the
+emotions he felt were undetected. And it is a proof how much exquisite
+goodness there was in his heart that the first words he spoke were,
+"Thank Heaven!"</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor did not expect that thanksgiving, and he was so startled
+that he exclaimed, "For what?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have nothing to pity or excuse in the woman I knew and honored as a
+mother. I am not her son&mdash;her&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>He stopped short.</p>
+
+<p>"No; but don't be hard on your true mother&mdash;poor Nora!"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard staggered, and then burst into a sudden paroxysm of tears.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, my own mother!&mdash;my dead mother! Thou for whom I felt so
+mysterious a love&mdash;thou, from whom I took this poet soul&mdash;pardon me,
+pardon me! Hard on thee! Would that thou wert living yet, that I might
+comfort thee! What thou must have suffered!"</p>
+
+<p>These words were sobbed forth in broken gasps from the depth of his
+heart. Then he caught up the letter again, and his thoughts were
+changed as his eyes fell upon the writer's shame and fear, as it were,
+of his very existence. All his native haughtiness returned to him. His
+crest rose, his tears dried.&mdash;"Tell her," he said, with a stern
+unfaltering voice&mdash;"tell Mrs. Avenel that she is obeyed&mdash;that I will
+never seek her roof, never cross her path, never disgrace her wealthy
+son. But tell her, also, that I will choose my own way in life&mdash;that I
+will not take from her a bribe for concealment. Tell her that I am
+nameless, and will yet make a name."</p>
+
+<p>A name! Was this but an idle boast, or was it one of those flashes of
+conviction which are never belied, lighting up our future for one
+lurid instant, and then fading into darkness?</p>
+
+<p>"I do not doubt it, my prave poy," said Dr. Morgan, growing
+exceedingly Welsh in his excitement; "and perhaps you may find a
+father, who&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Father&mdash;who is he&mdash;what is he? He lives then! But he has deserted
+me&mdash;he must have betrayed her? I need him not. The law gives me no
+father."</p>
+
+<p>The last words were said with a return of bitter anguish; then in a
+calmer tone, he resumed, "But I should know who he is&mdash;as another one
+whose path I may not cross."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Morgan looked embarrassed, and paused in deliberation. "Nay," said
+he at length, "as you know so much, it is surely best that you should
+know all."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor then proceeded to detail, with some circumlocution, what we
+will here repeat from his account more succinctly.</p>
+
+<p>Nora Avenel, while yet very young, left her native village, or rather
+the house of Lady Lansmere, by whom she had been educated and brought
+up, in order to accept the place of governess or companion in London.
+One evening she suddenly presented herself at her father's house, and
+at the first sight of her mother's face she fell down insensible. She
+was carried to bed. Dr. Morgan (then the chief medical practitioner of
+the town) was sent for. That night Leonard came into the world, and
+his mother died. She never recovered her senses, never spoke
+intelligibly from the time she entered the house. "And never therefore
+named your father," said Dr. Morgan. "We know not who he was."</p>
+
+<p>"And how," cried Leonard, fiercely,&mdash;"how have they dared to slander
+this dead mother? How knew they that I&mdash;was&mdash;was&mdash;was not the child of
+wedlock?"</p>
+
+<p>"There was no wedding-ring on Nora's finger&mdash;never any rumor of her
+marriage&mdash;her strange and sudden appearance at her father's house&mdash;her
+emotions on entrance, so unlike those natural to a wife returning to a
+parent's home: these are all the evidence against her. But Mr. Avenel
+deemed them strong, and so did I. You have a right to think we judged
+too harshly&mdash;perhaps we did."</p>
+
+<p>"And no inquiries were ever made?" said Leonard mournfully, and after
+long silence&mdash;"no inquiries to learn who was the father of the
+motherless child?"</p>
+
+<p>"Inquiries!&mdash;Mrs. Avenel would have died first. Your grandmother's
+nature is very rigid. Had she come from princes, from Cadwallader
+himself," said the Welshman, "she could not more have shrunk from the
+thought of dishonor. Even over her dead child, the child she had loved
+the best, she thought but how to save that child's name and memory
+from suspicion. There was luckily no servant in the house, only Mark
+Fairfield and his wife (Nora's sister): they had arrived the same day
+on a visit.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Fairfield was nursing her own infant, two or three months old;
+she took charge of you; Nora was buried, and the secret kept. None out
+of the family knew of it, but myself and the curate of the town&mdash;Mr.
+Dale. The day after your birth, Mrs. Fairfield, to prevent discovery,
+moved to a village at some distance. There her child died; and when
+she returned to Hazeldean, where her husband was settled, you passed
+as the son she had lost. Mark, I know, was a father to you, for he had
+loved Nora; they had been children together."</p>
+
+<p>"And she came to London&mdash;London is strong and cruel," muttered
+Leonard. "She was friendless and deceived. I see all&mdash;I desire to know
+no more. This father, he must indeed have been like those whom I have
+read of in books. To love, to wrong her&mdash;<i>that</i> I can conceive; but
+then to leave, to abandon; no visit to her grave&mdash;no remorse&mdash;no
+search for his own child. Well, well; Mrs. Avenel was right. Let us
+think of <i>him</i> no more."</p>
+
+<p>The man-servant knocked at the door, and then put in his head. "Sir,
+the ladies are getting very impatient, and say they'll go."</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," said Leonard, with a strange calm return to the things about
+him, "I ask your pardon for taking up your time so long. I go now. I
+will never mention to my moth&mdash;I mean to Mrs. Fairfield&mdash;what I have
+learned, nor to any one. I will work my way somehow. If Mr. Prickett
+will keep me, I will stay with him at present; but I repeat, I cannot
+take Mrs. Avenel's money and be bound apprentice. Sir, you have been
+good and patient with me&mdash;Heaven reward you."</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor was too moved to answer. He wrung Leonard's hand, and in
+another minute the door closed upon the nameless boy. He stood alone
+in the streets of London; and the sun flashed on him, red and
+menacing, like the eye of a foe!</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIX.</h4>
+
+<p>Leonard did not appear at the shop of Mr. Prickett that day. Needless
+it is to say where he wandered&mdash;what he suffered&mdash;what thought&mdash;what
+felt. All within was storm. Late at night he returned to his solitary
+lodging. On his table, neglected since the morning, was Helen's
+rose-tree. It looked parched and fading. His heart smote him: he
+watered the poor plant&mdash;perhaps with his tears.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Dr. Morgan, after some debate with himself whether or not to
+apprise Mrs. Avenel of Leonard's discovery and message, resolved to
+spare her an uneasiness and alarm that might be dangerous to her
+health, and unnecessary in itself. He replied shortly, that she need
+not fear Leonard's coming to her house&mdash;that he was disinclined to
+bind himself an apprentice, but that he was provided for at present;
+and in a few weeks, when Dr. Morgan heard more of him through the
+tradesman by whom he was employed, the Doctor would write to her from
+Germany. He then went to Mr. Prickett's&mdash;told the willing bookseller
+to keep the young man for the present&mdash;to be kind to him, watch over
+his habits and conduct, and report to the Doctor in his new home, on
+the Rhine, what avocation he thought Leonard would be best suited for,
+and most inclined to adopt. The charitable Welshman divided with the
+bookseller the salary given to Leonard, and left a quarter of his
+moity in advance. It is true that he knew he should be repaid on
+applying to Mrs. Avenel; but, being a man of independent spirit
+himself, he so sympathized with Leonard's present feelings, that he
+felt as if he should degrade the boy did he maintain him, even
+secretly, out of Mrs. Avenel's money&mdash;money intended not to raise, but
+keep him down in life. At the worst, it was a sum the doctor could
+afford, and he had brought the boy into the world.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus, as he thought, safely provided for his two young charges,
+Helen and Leonard, the Doctor then gave himself up to his final
+preparations for departure. He left a short note for Leonard with Mr.
+Prickett, containing some brief advice, some kind cheering; a
+postscript to the effect that he had not communicated to Mrs. Avenel
+the information Leonard had acquired, and that it were best to leave
+her in that ignorance; and six small powders to be dissolved in water,
+and a tea-spoonful every fourth hour&mdash;"Sovereign against rage and
+sombre thoughts," wrote the Doctor. By the evening of the next day Dr.
+Morgan, accompanied by his pet patient with the chronic tic, whom he
+had talked into exile, was on the steamboat on his way to Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard resumed his life at Mr. Prickett's; but the change in him did
+not escape the bookseller. All his ingenious simplicity had deserted
+him. He was very distant, and very taciturn; he seemed to have grown
+much older. I shall not attempt to analyze metaphysically this change.
+By the help of such words as Leonard may himself occasionally let
+fall, the reader will dive into the boy's heart, and see how there the
+change had worked, and is working still. The happy dreamy
+peasant-genius, gazing on glory with inebriate, undazzled eyes, is no
+more. It is a man, suddenly cut off from the old household holy
+ties&mdash;conscious of great powers, and confronted on all sides by
+barriers of iron&mdash;alone with hard reality, and scornful London; and if
+he catches a glimpse of the lost Helicon, he sees, where he saw the
+muse, a pale melancholy spirit veiling its face in shame&mdash;the ghost of
+the mournful mother, whose child has no name, not even the humblest,
+among the family of men.</p>
+
+<p>On the second evening after Dr. Morgan's departure, as Leonard was
+just about to leave the shop, a customer stepped in with a book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> in
+his hand which he had snatched from the shop-boy, who was removing the
+volumes for the night from the booth without.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Prickett, Mr. Prickett!" said the customer, "I am ashamed of you.
+You presume to put upon this work, in two volumes, the sum of eight
+shillings."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett stepped forth from the Cimmerian gloom of some recess,
+and cried, "What! Mr. Burley, is that you? But for your voice I should
+not have known you."</p>
+
+<p>"Man is like a book, Mr. Prickett; the commonalty only look to his
+binding. I am better bound, it is very true."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard glanced towards the speaker, who now stood under the gas-lamp,
+and thought he recognized his face. He looked again; yes, it was the
+perch-fisher whom he had met on the banks of the Brent, and who had
+warned him of the lost fish and the broken line.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley</i> (continuing).&mdash;"But 'The Art of Thinking,'&mdash;you charge
+eight shillings for 'The Art of Thinking?'"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Prickett.</i>&mdash;"Cheap enough, Mr. Burley. A very clean copy."</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley.</i>&mdash;"Usurer! I sold it to you for three shillings. It is
+more than 150 per cent. you propose to gain from my 'Art of
+Thinking.'"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Prickett</i>, (stuttering and taken aback.)&mdash;"<i>You</i> sold it to me!
+Ah! now I remember. But it was more than three shillings I gave. You
+forget&mdash;two glasses of brandy and water."</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley.</i>&mdash;"Hospitality, sir, is not to be priced. If you sell
+your hospitality, you are not worthy to possess my 'Art of Thinking.'
+I resume it. There are three shillings, and a shilling more for
+interest. No&mdash;on second thoughts, instead of that shilling, I will
+return your hospitality; and the first time you come my way you shall
+have two glasses of brandy and water."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett did not look pleased, but he made no objection; and Mr.
+Burley put the book into his pocket, and turned to examine the
+shelves. He bought an old jest-book, a stray volume of the Comedies of
+Destouches&mdash;paid for them&mdash;put them also into his pocket, and was
+sauntering out, when he perceived Leonard, who was now standing at the
+doorway.</p>
+
+<p>"Hem! who is that?" he asked, whispering to Mr. Prickett.</p>
+
+<p>"A young assistant of mine, and very clever."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burley scanned Leonard from top to toe.</p>
+
+<p>"We have met before, sir. But you look as if you had returned to the
+Brent, and had been fishing for my perch."</p>
+
+<p>"Possibly, sir," answered Leonard. "But my line is tough, and is not
+yet broken, though the fish drags it amongst the weeds, and buries
+itself in the mud."</p>
+
+<p>He lifted his hat, bowed slightly, and walked on.</p>
+
+<p>"He <i>is</i> clever," said Mr. Burley to the bookseller: "he understands
+allegory."</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Prickett.</i>&mdash;"Poor youth! He came to town with the idea of turning
+author: you know what <i>that</i> is, Mr. Burley."</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley</i>, (with an air of superb dignity.)&mdash;"Bibliopole, yes! An
+author is a being between gods and men, who ought to be lodged in a
+palace, and entertained at the public charge on ortolans and tokay. He
+should be kept lapped in down, and curtained with silken awnings from
+the cares of life&mdash;have nothing to do but to write books upon tables
+of cedar, and fish for perch from a gilded galley. And that's what
+will come to pass when the ages lose their barbarism, and know their
+benefactors. Meanwhile, sir, I invite you to my rooms, and will regale
+you upon brandy and water as long as I can pay for it; and when I
+cannot, you shall regale me."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prickett muttered, "A very bad bargain, indeed," as Mr. Burley,
+with his chin in the air, stepped into the street.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XX.</h4>
+
+<p>At first Leonard had always returned home through the crowded
+thoroughfares&mdash;the contact of numbers had animated his spirits. But
+the last two days, since the discovery of his birth, he had taken his
+way down the comparatively unpeopled path of the New Road. He had just
+gained that part of this outskirt in which the statuaries and
+tomb-makers exhibit their gloomy wares&mdash;furniture alike for gardens
+and for graves&mdash;and, pausing, contemplated a column, on which was
+placed an urn half covered with a funeral mantle, when his shoulder
+was lightly tapped, and, turning quickly, he saw Mr. Burley standing
+behind him.</p>
+
+<p>"Excuse me, sir, but you understand perch-fishing; and since we find
+ourselves on the same road, I should like to be better acquainted with
+you. I hear you once wished to be an author. I am one."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard had never before, to his knowledge, seen an author, and a
+mournful smile passed his lips as he surveyed the perch-fisher. Mr.
+Burley was indeed very differently attired since the first interview
+by the brooklet. He looked less like an author, but more perhaps like
+a perch-fisher. He had a new white hat, stuck on one side of his
+head&mdash;a new green overcoat&mdash;new gray trousers, and new boots. In his
+hand was a whalebone stick, with a silver handle. Nothing could be
+more fragrant, devil-me-carish, and to use a slang word, <i>tigrish</i>,
+than his whole air. Yet, vulgar as was his costume, he did not himself
+seem vulgar, but rather eccentric, lawless, something out of the pale
+of convention. His face looked more pale and more puffed than before,
+the tip of his nose redder; but the spark in his eye was of livelier
+light, and there was self-enjoyment in the corners of his sensual
+humorous lip.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"You are an author, sir," repeated Leonard. "Well, and what is the
+report of your calling? Yonder column props an urn. The column is
+tall, and the urn is graceful. But it looks out of place by the
+roadside: what say you?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley.</i>&mdash;"It would look better in the churchyard."</p>
+
+<p><i>Leonard.</i>&mdash;"So I was thinking. And you are an author!"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Burley.</i>&mdash;"Ah, I said you had a quick sense of allegory. And so
+you think an author looks better in a churchyard, when you see him but
+as a muffled urn under the moonshine, than standing beneath the
+gas-lamp, in a white hat, and with a red tip to his nose.
+Abstractedly, you are right. But, with your leave, the author would
+rather be where he is. Let us walk on." The two men felt an interest
+in each other, and they walked some yards in silence.</p>
+
+<p>"To return to the urn," said Mr. Burley, "you think of fame and
+churchyards. Natural enough, before illusion dies; but I think of the
+moment, of existence&mdash;and I laugh at fame. Fame, sir&mdash;not worth a
+glass of cold without! And as for a glass of warm, with sugar&mdash;and
+five shillings in one's pocket to spend as one pleases&mdash;what is there
+in Westminster Abbey to compare with it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Talk on, sir&mdash;I should like to hear you talk. Let me listen and hold
+my tongue." Leonard pulled his hat over his brows, and gave up his
+moody, questioning, turbulent mind to his new acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>And John Burley talked on. A dangerous and a fascinating talk it
+was&mdash;the talk of a great intellect fallen. A serpent trailing its
+length on the ground, and showing bright, shifting, glorious hues as
+it grovelled. A serpent, yet without the serpent's guile. If John
+Burley deceived and tempted, he meant it not&mdash;he crawled and glittered
+alike honestly. No dove could be more simple.</p>
+
+<p>Laughing at fame, he yet dwelt with an elegant enthusiasm on the joy
+of composition. "What do I care what men without are to say and think
+of the words that gush forth on my page?" cried he. "If you think of
+the public, of urns, and laurels, while you write, you are no genius;
+you are not fit to be an author. I write because it rejoices me,
+because it is my nature. Written, I care no more what becomes of it
+than the lark for the effect that the song has on the peasant it wakes
+to the plough. The poet, like the lark, sings 'from his watch-tower in
+the skies.' Is this true?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, very true."</p>
+
+<p>"What can rob us of this joy! The bookseller will not buy, the public
+will not read. Let them sleep at the foot of the ladder of the
+angels&mdash;we climb it all the same. And then one settles down into such
+good-tempered Lucianic contempt for men. One wants so little from
+them, when one knows what one's self is worth, and what they are. They
+are just worth the coin one can extract from them in order to live.
+Our life&mdash;<i>that</i> is worth so much to us. And then their joys, so
+vulgar to them, we can make them golden and kingly. Do you suppose
+Burns drinking at the ale-house, with his boors around him, was
+drinking, like them, only beer and whisky? No, he was drinking
+nectar&mdash;he was imbibing his own ambrosial thoughts&mdash;shaking with the
+laughter of the gods. The coarse human liquid was just needed to
+unlock his spirit from the clay&mdash;take it from jerkin and corduroys,
+and wrap it in the 'singing-robes' that floated wide in the skies: the
+beer or the whisky was needed but for that, and then it changed at
+once into the drink of Hebe. But come, you have not known this
+life&mdash;you have not seen it. Come, give me this night. I have moneys
+about me&mdash;I will fling them abroad as liberally as Alexander himself,
+when he left to his share but hope. Come!"</p>
+
+<p>"Whither?"</p>
+
+<p>"To my throne. On that throne last sate Edmund Kean&mdash;mighty mime. I am
+his successor. We will see whether in truth these wild sons of genius,
+who are cited but 'to point a moral and adorn a tale,' were objects of
+compassion. Sober-suited cits to lament over a Savage and a Morland&mdash;a
+Porson and a Burns!&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Or a Chatterton," said Leonard, gloomily.</p>
+
+<p>"Chatterton was an impostor in all things; he feigned excesses that he
+never knew. <i>He</i> a bacchanalian&mdash;a royster! He!&mdash;No. We will talk of
+him. Come!"</p>
+
+<p>Leonard went.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXI.</h4>
+
+<p>The Room! And the smoke-reek, and the gas-glare of it. The whitewash
+of the walls, and the prints thereon of the actors in their
+mime-robes, and stage postures; actors as far back as their own lost
+Augustan era, when the stage was a real living influence on the
+manners and the age. There was Betterton in wig and gown&mdash;as Cato,
+moralising on the soul's eternity, and halting between Plato and the
+dagger. There was Woodward as "The Fine Gentleman," with the
+inimitable rakehell air in which the heroes of Wycherly and Congreve
+and Farquhar live again. There was jovial Quin as Falstaff, with round
+buckler and "fair round belly." There was Colley Cibber in
+brocade&mdash;taking snuff as with "his Lord," the thumb and forefinger
+raised in air&mdash;and looking at you for applause. There was Macklin as
+Shylock, with knife in hand; and Kemble, in the solemn weeds of the
+Dane; and Kean in the place of honor over the chimneypiece.</p>
+
+<p>When we are suddenly taken from practical life, with its real workday
+men, and presented to the portraits of those sole heroes of a
+World&mdash;Phantastic and Phantasmal, in the garments wherein they did
+"strut and fret<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> their hour upon the stage," verily there is something
+in the sight that moves an inner sense within ourselves&mdash;for all of us
+have an inner sense of some existence, apart from the one that wears
+away our days: an existence that, afar from St. James's and St.
+Giles's, the Law Courts and Exchange, goes its way in terror or mirth,
+in smiles or in tears, through a vague magic land of the poets. There,
+see those actors! They are the men who lived it&mdash;to whom our world was
+the false one, to whom the Imaginary was the Actual. And did
+Shakspeare himself, in his life, ever hearken to the applause that
+thundered round the Personators of his airy images? Vague children of
+the most transient of the arts, fleet shadows of running waters,
+though thrown down from the steadfast stars, were ye not happier than
+we who live in the Real? How strange you must feel in the great
+circuit that ye now take through eternity! No prompt-books, no lamps,
+no acting Congreve and Shakspeare there! For what parts in the skies
+have your studies on the earth fitted you? Your ultimate destinies are
+very puzzling. Hail to your effigies, and pass we on!</p>
+
+<p>There, too, on the whitewashed walls, were admitted the portraits of
+ruder rivals in the arena of fame&mdash;yet they, too, had known an
+applause warmer than his age gave to Shakespeare; the champions of the
+ring&mdash;Cribb, and Molyneux, and Dutch Sam. Interspersed with these was
+an old print of Newmarket in the early part of the last century, and
+sundry engravings from Hogarth. But poets, oh! they were there, too:
+poets who might be supposed to have been sufficiently good fellows to
+be at home with such companions. Shakspeare, of course, with his
+placid forehead; Ben Jonson, with his heavy scowl; Burns and Byron
+cheek by jowl. But the strangest of all these heterogeneous specimens
+of graphic art was a full-length print of William Pitt!&mdash;William Pitt,
+the austere and imperious. What the deuce did he do there amongst
+prize-fighters, and actors, and poets? It seemed an insult to his
+grand memory. Nevertheless there he was, very erect, and with a look
+of ineffable disgust in his upturned nostrils. The portraits on the
+sordid walls were very like the crambo in the minds of ordinary
+men&mdash;very like the motley pictures of the <span class="smcap">Famous</span> hung up in your
+parlour, O my Public! Actors and prize-fighters, poets and statesmen,
+all without congruity and fitness, all whom you have been to see or to
+hear for a moment, and whose names have stared out in your newspapers,
+O my Public!</p>
+
+<p>And the company? Indescribable! Comedians from small theatres, out of
+employ: pale haggard-looking boys, probably the sons of worthy
+traders, trying their best to break their fathers' hearts; here and
+there the marked features of a Jew. Now and then you might see the
+curious puzzled face of some greenhorn about town, or perhaps a
+Cantab; and men of grave age, and gray-haired, were there, and amongst
+them a wondrous proportion of carbuncled faces and bottle noses. And
+when John Burley entered there was a shout, that made William Pitt
+shake in his frame. Such stamping and hallooing, and such hurrahs for
+"Burly John." And the gentleman who had filled the great high leathern
+chair in his absence gave it up to John Burley; and Leonard, with his
+grave observant eye, and lip half sad and half scornful, placed
+himself by the side of his introducer. There was a nameless expectant
+stir through the assembly, as when some great singer advances to the
+lamps, and begins "<i>Di tanti palpiti</i>." Time flies. Look at the Dutch
+clock over the door. Half-an-hour! John Burley begins to warm. A yet
+quicker light begins to break from his eye; his voice has a mellow
+luscious roll in it.</p>
+
+<p>"He will be grand to-night," whispered a thin man who looked like a
+tailor, seated on the other side of Leonard.</p>
+
+<p>Time flies&mdash;an hour! Look again at the Dutch clock, John Burley <i>is</i>
+grand, he is in his zenith, at his culminating point. What magnificent
+drollery!&mdash;what luxuriant humor! How the Rabelais shakes in his easy
+chair! Under the rush and the roar of this fun, (what word else shall
+describe it,) the man's intellect is as clear as a gold sand under a
+river. Such wit, and such truth, and, at times, such a flood of quick
+eloquence. All now are listeners, silent, save in applause. And
+Leonard listened too. Not, as he would some nights ago, in innocent
+unquestioning delight. No; his mind has passed through great sorrow,
+great passion, and it comes out unsettled, inquiring, eager, brooding
+over joy itself as over a problem. And the drink circulates, and faces
+change; and there are gabbling and babbling; and Burley's head sinks
+in his bosom, and he is silent. And up starts a wild, dissolute,
+bacchanalian glee for seven voices. And the smoke-reek grows denser
+and thicker, and the gas-light looks dizzy through the haze. And John
+Burley's eyes reel.</p>
+
+<p>Look again at the Dutch clock. Two hours have gone. John Burley has
+broken out again from his silence, his voice thick and husky, and his
+laugh cracked; and he talks, O ye gods! such rubbish and ribaldry; and
+the listeners roar aloud, and think it finer than before. And Leonard,
+who had hitherto been measuring himself, in his mind, against the
+giant, and saying inly, "He soars out of my reach," finds the giant
+shrink smaller and smaller, and saith to himself, "He is but of man's
+common standard after all."</p>
+
+<p>Look again at the Dutch clock. Three hour have passed. Is John Burley
+now of man's common standard? Man himself seems to have vanished from
+the scene; his soul stolen from him, his form gone away with the fumes
+of the smoke, and the nauseous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> steam from that fiery bowl. And
+Leonard looked round, and saw but the swine of Circe&mdash;some on the
+floor, some staggering against the walls, some hugging each other on
+the tables, some fighting, some bawling, some weeping. The divine
+spark had fled from the human face; the beast is everywhere growing
+more and more out of the thing that had been man. And John Burley,
+still unconquered, but clean lost to his senses, fancies himself a
+preacher, and drawls forth the most lugubrious sermon upon the brevity
+of life that mortal ever heard, accompanied with unctuous sobs; and
+now and then, in the midst of balderdash, gleams out a gorgeous
+sentence, that Jeremy Taylor might have envied; drivelling away again
+into a cadence below the rhetoric of a Muggletonian. And the waiters
+choked up the doorway, listening and laughing, and prepared to call
+cabs and coaches; and suddenly some one turned off the gas light, and
+all was dark as pitch&mdash;howls and laughter as of the damned, ringing
+through the Pandemonium. Out from the black atmosphere stept the
+boy-poet; and the still stars rushed on his sight, as they looked over
+the grimy roof-tops.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXII.</h4>
+
+<p>Well, Leonard, this is the first time thou hast shown that thou hast
+in thee the iron out of which true manhood is forged and shaped. Thou
+hast <i>the power to resist</i>. Forth, unebriate, unpolluted, he came from
+the orgy, as yon star above him came from the cloud.</p>
+
+<p>He had a latch key to his lodging. He let himself in, and walked
+noiselessly up the creaking wooden stair. It was dawn. He passed on to
+his window, and threw it open. The green elm-tree from the carpenter's
+yard looked as fresh and fair as if rooted in solitudes, leagues away
+from the smoke of Babylon.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;"Nature, Nature!" murmured Leonard, "I hear thy voice now. This
+stills&mdash;this strengthens. But the struggle is very dread. Here,
+despair of life&mdash;there, faith in life. Nature thinks of neither, and
+lives serenely on."</p>
+
+<p>By-and-by a bird slid softly from the heart of the tree, and dropped
+on the ground below out of sight. But Leonard heard its carol. It
+awoke its companions&mdash;wings began to glance in the air, and the clouds
+grew red toward the east.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard sighed and left the window. On the table, near Helen's
+rose-tree, which bent over wistfully, lay a letter. He had not
+observed it before. It was in Helen's hand. He took it to the light,
+and read it by the pure healthful gleams of morn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, my dear brother Leonard, will this find you well, and (more happy
+I dare not say, but) less sad than when we parted? I write kneeling,
+so that it seems to me as if I wrote and prayed at the same time. You
+may come and see me to-morrow evening, Leonard. Do come, do&mdash;we shall
+walk together in this pretty garden; and there is an arbor all covered
+with jessamine and honeysuckle, from which we can look down on London.
+I have looked from it so many times&mdash;so many&mdash;trying if I can guess
+the roofs in our poor little street; and fancying that I do see the
+dear elm-tree. Miss Starke is very kind to me; and I think, after I
+have seen you, that I shall be happy here&mdash;that is, if you are happy.
+Your own grateful sister,</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">Helen</span>.<br />
+<br />
+"Ivy Lodge.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"P. S.&mdash;Any one will direct you to our house; it lies to the left,
+near the top of the hill, a little way down a lane that is overhung on
+one side with chestnut trees and lilies. I shall be watching for you
+at the gate."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard's brow softened, he looked again like his former self. Up from
+the dark sea at his heart smiled the meek face of a child, and the
+waves lay still as at the charm of a spirit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXIII.</h4>
+
+<p>"And what is Mr. Burley, and what has he written?" asked Leonard of
+Mr. Prickett when he returned to the shop. Let us reply to that
+question in our own words, for we know more about Mr. Burley than Mr.
+Prickett does.</p>
+
+<p>John Burley was the only son of a poor clergyman, in a village near
+Ealing, who had scraped and saved and pinched, to send his son to an
+excellent provincial school in a northern country, and thence to
+college. At the latter, during his first year, young Burley was
+remarked by the undergraduates for his thick shoes and coarse linen,
+and remarkable to the authorities for his assiduity and learning. The
+highest hopes were entertained of him by the tutors and examiners. At
+the beginning of the second year his high animal spirits, before kept
+down by study, broke out. Reading had become easy to him. He knocked
+off his tasks with a facile stroke, as it were. He gave up his leisure
+hours to symposia by no means Socratical. He fell into an idle
+hard-drinking set. He got into all kinds of scrapes. The authorities
+were at first kind and forbearing in their admonitions, for they
+respected his abilities, and still hoped he might become an honor to
+the university. But at last he went drunk into a formal examination,
+and sent in papers after the manner of Aristophanes, containing
+capital jokes upon the Dons and Bigwigs themselves. The offence was
+the greater, and seemed the more premeditated, for being clothed in
+Greek. John Burley was expelled. He went home to his father's a
+miserable man, for with all his follies he had a good heart. Removed
+from ill example, his life for a year was blameless. He got admitted
+as usher into the school in which he had received instruction as a
+pupil. This school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> was in a large town. John Burley became member of
+a club formed among the tradesmen, and spent three evenings a week
+there. His astonishing convivial and conversational powers began to
+declare themselves. He grew the oracle of the club; and from being the
+most sober peaceful assembly in which grave fathers of a family ever
+smoked a pipe or sipped a glass, it grew under Mr. Burley's auspices
+the parent of revels as frolicking and frantic as those out of which
+the old Greek Goat Song ever tipsily rose. This would not do. There
+was a great riot in the streets one night, and the next morning the
+usher was dismissed. Fortunately for John Burley's conscience, his
+father had died before this happened&mdash;died believing in the reform of
+his son. During his ushership Mr. Burley had scraped acquaintance with
+the editor of the county newspaper, and given him some capital
+political articles; for Burley was like Parr and Porson, a notable
+politician. The editor furnished him with letters to the journalists
+in London, and John came to the metropolis and got employed on a very
+respectable newspaper. At college he had known Audley Egerton, though
+but slightly; that gentleman was then just rising into repute in
+Parliament. Burley sympathized with some questions on which Audley had
+distinguished himself, and wrote a very good article thereon&mdash;an
+article so good that Egerton inquired into the authorship, found out
+Burley, and resolved in his own mind to provide for him whenever he
+himself came into office. But Burley was a man whom it was impossible
+to provide for. He soon lost his connection with the newspaper. First,
+he was so irregular that he could never be depended upon. Secondly, he
+had strange honest eccentric twists of thinking, that could coalesce
+with the thoughts of no party in the long run. An article of his,
+inadvertently admitted, had horrified all the proprietors, staff, and
+readers of the paper. It was diametrically opposite to the principles
+the paper advocated, and compared its pet politician to Catiline. Then
+John Burley shut himself up and wrote books. He wrote two or three
+books, very clever, but not at all to the popular taste&mdash;abstract and
+learned, full of whims that were <i>caviare</i> to the multitude, and
+larded with Greek. Nevertheless, they obtained for him a little money,
+and among literary men some reputation.</p>
+
+<p>Now Audley Egerton came into power, and got him, though with great
+difficulty&mdash;for there were many prejudices against this scampish
+harum-scarum son of the Muses&mdash;a place in a public office. He kept it
+about a month, and then voluntarily resigned it. "My crust of bread
+and liberty!" quoth John Burley, and he vanished into a garret. From
+that time to the present he lived&mdash;Heaven knows how. Literature is a
+business, like everything else; John Burley grew more and more
+incapable of business. "He could not do task-work," he said; he wrote
+when the whim seized him, or when the last penny was in his pouch, or
+when he was actually in the spunging-house or the Fleet&mdash;migrations
+which occurred to him, on an average, twice a year. He could generally
+sell what he had positively written, but no one would engage him
+beforehand. Magazines and other periodicals were very glad to have his
+articles, on the condition that they were anonymous; and his style was
+not necessarily detected, for he could vary it with the facility of a
+practised pen. Audley Egerton continued his best supporter, for there
+were certain questions on which no one wrote with such force as John
+Burley&mdash;questions connected with the metaphysics of politics, such as
+law reform and economical science. And Audley Egerton was the only man
+John Burley put himself out of the way to serve, and for whom he would
+give up a drinking-bout and do <i>task-work</i>; for John Burley was
+grateful by nature, and he felt that Egerton had really tried to
+befriend him. Indeed, it was true, as he had stated to Leonard by the
+Brent, that, even after he had resigned his desk in the London office,
+he had had the offer of an appointment in Jamaica, and a place in
+India from the Minister. But probably there were other charms then
+than those exercised by the one-eyed perch, that kept him to the
+neighborhood of London. With all his grave faults of character and
+conduct, John Burley was not without the fine qualities of a large
+nature. He was most resolutely his own enemy, it is true, but he could
+hardly be said to be any one else's. Even when he criticised some more
+fortunate writer, he was good-humored in his very satire; he had no
+bile, no envy. And as for freedom from malignant personalities, he
+might have been a model to all critics. I must except politics,
+however, for in these he could be rabid and savage. He had a passion
+for independence, which, though pushed to excess, was not without
+grandeur. No lick-platter, no parasite, no toadeater, no literary
+beggar, no hunter after patronage and subscriptions; even in his
+dealings with Audley Egerton, he insisted on naming the price for his
+labors. He took a price, because, as the papers required by Audley
+demanded much reading and detail, which was not at all to his taste,
+he considered himself entitled fairly to something more than the
+editor of the journal, wherein the papers appeared, was in the habit
+of giving. But he assessed this extra price himself, and as he would
+have done to a bookseller. And, when in debt and in prison, though he
+knew a line to Egerton would have extricated him, he never wrote that
+line. He would depend alone on his pen, dipped it hastily in the ink,
+and scrawled himself free. The most debased point about him was
+certainly the incorrigible vice of drinking, and with it the usual
+concomitant of that vice&mdash;the love of low company. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> be King of the
+Bohemians&mdash;to dazzle by his wild humor, and sometimes to exalt, by his
+fanciful eloquence, the rude gross nature that gathered round
+him&mdash;this was a royalty that repaid him for all sacrifice of solid
+dignity; a foolscap crown that he would not have changed for an
+emperor's diadem. Indeed, to appreciate rightly the talents of John
+Burley, it was necessary to hear him talk on such occasions. As a
+writer, after all, he was only capable now of unequal desultory
+efforts. But as a talker, in his own wild way, he was original and
+matchless. And the gift of talk is one of the most dangerous gifts a
+man can possess for his own sake&mdash;the applause is so immediate, and
+gained with so little labor. Lower, and lower, and lower, had sunk
+John Burley, not only in the opinion of all who knew his name, but in
+the habitual exercise of his talents. And this seemed wilfully&mdash;from
+choice. He would write for some unstamped journal of the populace, out
+of the pale of the law, for pence, when he could have got pounds from
+journals of high repute. He was very fond of scribbling off penny
+ballads, and then standing in the street to hear them sung. He
+actually once made himself the poet of an advertising tailor, and
+enjoyed it excessively. But that did not last long, for John Burley
+was a Pittite&mdash;not a Tory, he used to say, but a Pittite. And if you
+had heard him talk of Pitt, you would never have known what to make of
+that great statesman. He treated him as the German commentators do
+Shakspeare, and invested him with all imaginary meanings and objects,
+that would have turned the grand practical man into a sybil. Well, he
+was a Pittite; the tailor a fanatic for Thelwall and Cobbett. Mr.
+Burley wrote a poem, wherein Britannia appeared to the tailor,
+complimented him highly on the art he exhibited in adorning the
+persons of her sons; and, bestowing upon him a gigantic mantle, said
+that he, and he alone, might be enabled to fit it to the shoulders of
+living men. The rest of the poem was occupied in Mr. Snip's unavailing
+attempts to adjust this mantle to the eminent politicians of the day,
+when, just as he had sunk down in despair, Britannia reappeared to
+him, and consoled him with the information that he had done all mortal
+man could do, and that she had only desired to convince pigmies that
+no human art could adjust to <i>their</i> proportions the mantle of William
+Pitt. <i>Sic itur ad astra</i>. She went back to the stars, mantle and all.
+Mr. Snip was exceedingly indignant at this allegorical effusion, and
+with wrathful shears cut the tie between himself and his poet.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, then, the reader has, we trust, a pretty good idea of John
+Burley&mdash;a specimen of his genus, not very common in any age, and now
+happily almost extinct, since authors of all degrees share in the
+general improvement in order, economy, and sober decorum, which has
+obtained in the national manners. Mr. Prickett, though entering into
+less historical detail than we have done, conveyed to Leonard a
+tolerably accurate notion of the man, representing him as a person of
+great powers and learning, who had thoroughly thrown himself away.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard did not, however, see how much Mr. Burley himself was to be
+blamed for his waste of life; he could not conceive a man of genius
+voluntarily seating himself at the lowest step in the social ladder.
+He rather supposed he had been thrust down there by Necessity.</p>
+
+<p>And when Mr. Prickett, concluding, said, "Well, I should think Burley
+would cure you of the desire to be an author even more than
+Chatterton," the young man answered gloomily, "Perhaps," and turned to
+the book-shelves.</p>
+
+<p>With Mr. Prickett's consent, Leonard was released earlier than usual
+from his task, and a little before sunset he took his way to Highgate.
+He was fortunately directed to take the new road by the Regent's Park,
+and so on through a very green and smiling country. The walk, the
+freshness of the air, the songs of the birds, and, above all, when he
+had got half-way, the solitude of the road, served to rouse him from
+his stern and sombre meditations. And when he came into the lane
+overhung with chestnut trees, and suddenly caught sight of Helen's
+watchful and then brightening face, as she stood by the wicket, and
+under the shadow of cool murmurous boughs, the blood rushed gayly
+through his veins, and his heart beat loud and gratefully.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXIV.</h4>
+
+<p>She drew him into the garden with such true childlike joy!</p>
+
+<p>Now behold them seated in the arbor&mdash;a perfect bower of sweets and
+blossoms; the wilderness of roof-tops and spires stretching below,
+broad and far; London seen dim and silent, as in a dream.</p>
+
+<p>She took his hat from his brows gently, and looked him in the face
+with tearful penetrating eyes.</p>
+
+<p>She did not say, "You have changed."&mdash;She said, "Why, why did I leave
+you?" and then turned away.</p>
+
+<p>"Never mind me, Helen. I am man, and rudely born&mdash;speak of yourself.
+This lady is kind to you, then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Does she not let me see you? Oh! very kind&mdash;and look here."</p>
+
+<p>Helen pointed to fruits and cakes set out on the table. "A feast,
+brother."</p>
+
+<p>And she began to press her hospitality with pretty winning ways, more
+playful than was usual for her, and talking very fast, and with forced
+but silvery laughter.</p>
+
+<p>By degrees she stole him from his gloom and reserve; and, though he
+could not reveal to her the cause of his bitterest sorrow,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> he owned
+that he had suffered much. He would not have owned <i>that</i> to another
+living being. And then, quickly turning from this brief confession,
+with assurances that the worst was over, he sought to amuse her by
+speaking of his new acquaintance with the perch-fisher. But when he
+spoke of this man with a kind of reluctant admiration, mixed with
+compassionate yet gloomy interest, and drew a grotesque though subdued
+sketch of the wild scene in which he had been spectator, Helen grew
+alarmed and grave.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, brother, do not go there again&mdash;do not see more of this bad man."</p>
+
+<p>"Bad!&mdash;no! Hopeless and unhappy, he has stooped to stimulants and
+oblivion;&mdash;but you cannot understand these things, my pretty
+preacher."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes I do, Leonard. What is the difference between being good and bad?
+The good do not yield to temptations, and the bad do."</p>
+
+<p>The definition was so simple and so wise that Leonard was more struck
+with it than he might have been by the most elaborate sermon by Parson
+Dale.</p>
+
+<p>"I have often murmured to myself since I lost you, 'Helen was my good
+angel;'&mdash;say on. For my heart is dark to myself, and while you speak
+light seems to dawn on it."</p>
+
+<p>This praise so confused Helen that she was long before she could obey
+the command annexed to it. But, by little and little, words came to
+both more frankly. And then he told her the sad tale of Chatterton,
+and waited, anxious to hear her comments.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," he said, seeing that she remained silent, "how can <i>I</i> hope,
+when this mighty genius labored and despaired? What did he want, save
+birth and fortune, and friends, and human justice."</p>
+
+<p>"Did he pray to God?" said Helen, drying her tears.</p>
+
+<p>Again Leonard was startled. In reading the life of Chatterton, he had
+not much noted the scepticism, assumed or real, of the ill-fated
+aspirer to earthly immortality. At Helen's question, that scepticism
+struck him forcibly.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you ask that, Helen?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because, when we pray often, we grow so very, very patient," answered
+the child. "Perhaps, had he been patient a few months more all would
+have been won by him, as it will be by you, brother; for you pray, and
+you will be patient."</p>
+
+<p>Leonard bowed his head in deep thought, and this time the thought was
+not gloomy. Then out from that awful life there glowed another
+passage, which before he had not heeded duly, but regarded rather as
+one of the darkest mysteries in the fate of Chatterton.</p>
+
+<p>At the very time the despairing poet had locked himself up in his
+garret, to dismiss his soul from its earthly ordeal, his genius had
+just found its way into the light of renown. Good and learned and
+powerful men were preparing to serve and save him. Another year,&mdash;nay,
+perchance, another month&mdash;and he might have stood acknowledged and
+sublime in the foremost front of his age.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh Helen!" cried Leonard, raising his brows from which the cloud had
+passed,&mdash;"Why, indeed, did you leave me?"</p>
+
+<p>Helen started in her turn as he repeated this regret, and in her turn
+grew thoughtful. At length she asked him if he had written for the box
+which had belonged to her father, and been left at the inn.</p>
+
+<p>And Leonard, though a little chafed at what he thought a childish
+interruption to themes of graver interest, owned with self-reproach
+that he had forgotten to do so. Should he not write now to order the
+box to be sent to her at Miss Starke's.</p>
+
+<p>"No; let it be sent to you. Take care of it. I should like to know
+that something of mine is with you; and perhaps I may not stay here
+long."</p>
+
+<p>"Not stay here? That you must, my dear Helen&mdash;at least as long as Miss
+Starke will keep you, and is kind. By-and-by, (added Leonard, with
+something of his former sanguine tone) I may yet make my way, and we
+shall have our cottage to ourselves. But&mdash;Oh Helen!&mdash;I forgot&mdash;you
+wounded me; you left your money with me. I only found it in my drawers
+the other day. Fie!&mdash;I have brought it back."</p>
+
+<p>"It was not mine&mdash;it is yours. We were to share together&mdash;you paid
+all; and how can I want it here, too?"</p>
+
+<p>But Leonard was obstinate; and as Helen mournfully received back all
+that of fortune her father had bequeathed to her, a tall female figure
+stood at the entrance of the harbor, and said, that scattered all
+sentiment to the winds&mdash;"Young man, it is time to go."</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXV.</h4>
+
+<p>"Already!" said Helen, with faltering accents, as she crept to Miss
+Starke's side, while Leonard rose and bowed. "I am very grateful to
+you, Madam," said he, with the grace that comes from all refinement of
+idea, "for allowing me to see Miss Helen. Do not let me abuse your
+kindness." Miss Starke seemed struck with his look and manner, and
+made a stiff half curtsey.</p>
+
+<p>A form more rigid than Miss Starke's it was hard to conceive. She was
+like the grim white woman in the nursery ballads. Yet, apparently,
+there was a good nature in allowing the stranger to enter her trim
+garden, and providing for him and her little charge those fruit and
+cakes which belied her aspect. "May I go with him to the gate?"
+whispered Helen, as Leonard had already passed up the path.</p>
+
+<p>"You may, child; but do not loiter. And then come back, and lock up
+the cakes and cherries, or Patty will get at them."</p>
+
+<p>Helen ran after Leonard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Write to me, brother&mdash;write to me; and do not, do not be friends with
+this man who took you to that wicked, wicked place."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Helen, I go from you strong enough to brave worse dangers than
+that," said Leonard almost gaily.</p>
+
+<p>They kissed each other at the little wicket gate, and parted.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard walked home under the summer moonlight, and on entering his
+chamber, looked first at his rose-tree. The leaves of yesterday's
+flowers lay strewn round it; but the tree had put forth new buds.</p>
+
+<p>"Nature ever restores," said the young man. He paused a moment, and
+added, "It is that Nature is very patient?"</p>
+
+<p>His sleep that night was not broken by the fearful dreams he had
+lately known. He rose refreshed, and went his way to his day's
+work&mdash;not stealing along the less crowded paths, but with a firm step,
+through the throng of men. Be bold, adventurer&mdash;thou hast more to
+suffer! Wilt thou sink? I look into thy heart, and I cannot answer.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Continued from page 97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> It may be necessary to observe, that hom&oelig;opathy
+professes to deal with our moral affections as well as our physical
+maladies, and has a globule for every sorrow.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Sharpe's Magazine.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="EGYPT_UNDER_ABBAS_PASHA" id="EGYPT_UNDER_ABBAS_PASHA"></a>EGYPT UNDER ABBAS PASHA.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY BAYLE ST. JOHN.</h3>
+
+
+<p>When the late Mohammed Ali heard at length of the taking of Acre by
+his troops under Ibrahim, he exclaimed, "That place," adding an
+energetic but somewhat unsavory expression, "that place has cost me,"
+not the lives of so many thousand men, but, "so many thousand cantars
+of gunpowder." These words illustrate pretty forcibly the narrow and
+selfish views of that celebrated but overrated man. We do not believe,
+indeed, that during the whole period of his sway in Egypt, the thought
+ever crossed his mind that he was bound to govern for any other
+purpose than his own personal aggrandisement, or that he was to regard
+in the slightest degree the feelings, the comfort, the property or the
+lives of his people.</p>
+
+<p>The system which arose from this wretchedly egotistical state of mind
+was to a certain extent successful. Although great schemes of
+conquest, which even a more magnanimous species of selfishness might
+have carried out, were destined to end in comparative shame and
+disgrace, yet a somewhat brilliant <i>de facto</i> sovereignty was erected
+and maintained to the termination of the old man's life; and he died
+regretting only that he had not been allowed to march to
+Constantinople. To the end of his days he was rolling in wealth, and
+possessed of arbitrary power in dominions of great extent, where he
+was not the less arbitrary because he was compelled to acknowledge a
+superior, and to send a tribute, instead of a fleet and an army, to
+the shores of the Bosphorus. The provinces which he called his own,
+lay sleeping in a death-like tranquillity; and because he could ride
+through the streets without a guard, his flatterers told him that he
+had secured the fear, respect and love of the people. For he had many
+flatterers, this ancient of days;&mdash;not merely his own minions, whose
+business it was, but European gentlemen, who affected to be awe-struck
+in his presence, and gathered and treasured up and repeated his wise
+sayings, his profound observations, and, save the mark! his wit; but
+they never could impress on any impartial hearer the belief in any of
+these things. His sayings and observations were sometimes very
+foolish, sometimes distinguished by respectable common-sense; and his
+wit consisted in prefacing a very silly or impertinent remark with a
+peculiar grunt. Whenever, therefore, his courtiers, being in a
+narrative mood, began to tell how on a certain occasion the pasha
+said, "Hunk!" &amp;c., a crowd of admirers were ready to smile, and one or
+two disinterested lookers-on were compelled to smile likewise, though,
+perhaps, for a very different reason.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is easier than to surround a man who has sufficient talents to
+fight or wheedle himself into a position of authority with a halo of
+false reputation; but it is rather more difficult to impress a
+character on the civilization of a country, and, now-a-days, to found
+an enduring dynasty. We shall not here recapitulate the enormous
+blunders of Mohammed Ali, in political and economical questions, nor
+explain how these blunders arose from a selfish desire to make what is
+vulgarly called a "splash," nor waste an anathema on his crafty
+cruelty and abominable tyranny. We wish merely to remind the reader
+that his period of power having come to a close, little good had been
+done, except, perhaps, improving the method of transacting public
+business.</p>
+
+<p>Well, there were plenty of people to succeed him. The pasha had a
+large family of children and grandchildren, to whom he had behaved
+sometimes with indulgence, but generally with unreasoning and perverse
+severity. There was scarcely a member of his family with whom he had
+not had many little quarrels, and who did not avoid his presence as
+they did the plague. Even the favorite Ibrahim could not bear to live
+in the same city as his presumed father; and the rest would have been
+little less startled by the last summons of all, than they were by an
+occasional order to appear in the presence of the angry and savage old
+man. One feeling, however, was pretty general amongst them,&mdash;they
+regarded the pasha as a wonderfully important personage, and
+themselves consequently, being his children, as little less wonderful
+and important. Their hopes were in the uncertainty of life; and very
+many of them, in their own minds, had arranged what they would do in
+case they came to be viceroy&mdash;how they would make the money spin, and
+what mighty devices they would put in practice, to emulate and surpass
+the splendors of "Effendina"&mdash;"Our Lord," <i>par excellence</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It must be confessed that Abbas Pasha alone had the good sense to take
+up a position of his own. Whether he was as crafty and politic as some
+pretend before his elevation to power, it is difficult to decide; but
+the plan, at that time generally ascribed to him, of forming what was
+called a Turkish or bigoted party&mdash;a party of discontented great
+folks, and fanatical Ulemas&mdash;a party which should appeal to the
+religious prejudices of the good Caireens, and oppose itself to the
+inroad of European adventurers and improvements,&mdash;this plan, if
+distinctly formed, was certainly a very sagacious one. Let us be
+frank: Europeans have done more harm than good in Egypt; that is to
+say, whenever they have appeared, except as mere commercial men,
+bringing the goods of their own countries, and anxious to take away
+the surplus of the luxuriant crops of the valley of the Nile. As
+political advisers, partly, perhaps, because men undertook to advise
+who were fit only for the counting-house, partly because their own
+interests were concerned, their intermeddling has been most
+pernicious. Even the benefits, for some such there are, which have
+been conferred by their wisdom, have been mingled with an immense
+amount of misery. There is one fact which has attained an almost
+mythological dignity, from its notoriety, and the admirable manner in
+which it symbolises European meddling in Egypt. An English merchant,
+who ought to have known the manners of the country, advised the
+construction of the Mahmoudiyeh Canal. It has been most useful to
+commerce; but twenty thousand people were starved or worked to death
+within six weeks, in order to complete it. Fifty illustrations of the
+same kind might be given; but we wish merely to have our meaning
+understood, when we say that, if Abbas Pasha or his party ever
+contemplated, as there is reason to suppose they did, the utter
+destruction of foreign influence, the total change of a system, under
+which French and English measures alternated like whig and tory
+administrations, we must candidly admit they had some very good
+grounds to go upon.</p>
+
+<p>The creation of the party was a long and laborious work; very likely
+it was brought and kept together more by mutual discontents, ambitious
+hopes, and straightforward bigotry, than by any very Machiavellian
+policy. Probably Abbas Pasha really liked ram-fighting, and was a
+pigeon-fancier, and did not assume these tastes, as the elder Brutus
+played the fool, in order to accomplish his ends. But, however this
+may be, he certainly occupied a more respectable position than his
+uncle Ibrahim, whose whole ideas of the duties of government were
+getting money and playing at soldiers; and than any of the other
+members of this most obese and heavy-headed family. Even if it be true
+that he meditated a revolt against the broken-down conqueror of Syria,
+and was only withheld by fear of the European powers, this fact gives
+an impression of his energy, and by no means derogates from his
+character in this country. The Saids and the Ahmeds, the Ismains and
+the Mustaphas, would, each and all of them, strike a blow and rid the
+country of their beloved relations, if the little word <i>impossible</i>
+did not stare them in the face. As it is, they are in perpetual feud
+with the head of the family, and there is no end to their bickerings,
+heart-burnings, jealousies, and hatreds. Abbas is haughty and
+overbearing to them; they as insolent as they may be to him. Be sure
+that, on all sides, direful causes of affront have been given; but
+probably Abbas has been provoked by unbecoming pretensions. What else
+could be expected from a set of ignorant, debauched adventurers, who
+have got a temporary footing in the country, and actually talk with
+the pride of an ancient respectable line of hereditary princes of
+their rights, and their expectations, and their rank, and so forth!
+Abbas, of course, has not the same natural influence over this unruly
+brotherhood as had the ruthless old man, and his more savage immediate
+successor; and probably, in attempting to exert his rightful
+authority, has been betrayed into undignified squabbles. It is certain
+that many members of his family have fled or retired to
+Constantinople; among others, Mohammed Ali Bey, and the notorious
+Hazlet Hanem. Some remarks have been made on this subject, to the
+effect that Abbas is frightening away his dutiful relations by his
+violent and unreasonable conduct; but if Egypt never loses two of its
+natives whom it can worse spare than these, it will be fortunate.
+Without further inquiry than into their character, one would be
+inclined to admire and respect the man who had quarrelled with them.
+Mohammed Ali is a debauched worthless lad; and Madame Nazlet cannot
+have justice done to her without details into which our pen is not at
+liberty to enter.</p>
+
+<p>It is a sad thing, certainly, to view the breaking up of a large
+family; but it would be a sadder thing to witness vice unpunished, and
+harmony arising out of the reckless indulgence of unbridled passions.
+Abbas Pasha himself, if report speaks true, has little in his private
+life to plead for lenity in judging of his public character. His taste
+leads him to the most trifling amusements. Just as of old, when he was
+the supposed head of a kind of Conservative Turkish party, when he was
+Governor of Cairo, and silently nourishing his ambitious schemes, he
+spends time and money in the undignified, though not inelegant, and
+certainly innocent, occupation of a pigeon-fancier. Near the new
+palace which he is building (none of these Turkish princes seem to
+care about living where their fathers lived before them) rises a
+magnificent square tower, entirely devoted to the loyal winged
+favorites of his Highness the Viceroy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> who is reported to be quite
+learned in this department of natural history. Another of his tastes,
+for which Englishmen will have more sympathy, is for horses; and the
+public will remember his bold challenge to the Jockey Club. In what
+way he passes the remainder of his leisure hours we do not inquire;
+but we give him, in common with his relatives, the advantage of an
+excuse that has before been urged in their favor&mdash;namely, that of an
+infamous education.</p>
+
+<p>Abbas Pasha has not exactly carried out the views which were
+attributed to him before he reached his present elevation. He has not,
+for example, done all that his fanatical anti-Frank friends could
+expect in shaking off foreign influence. He began, it is true, by
+getting rid, in rather a hasty and shabby manner, of many Europeans,
+chiefly English, in his employ; and showed a disposition entirely to
+put a stop to that enormous blunder of the Barrage. His first, and
+very wise impulse, was either to destroy the works altogether, or,
+abandoning them, simply allow the river to work its own majestic will.
+But a clamor was raised on all sides! After throwing so many millions
+of dollars into the river, why should not a few millions more be
+thrown? I believe the French, who have a fondness for this undertaking
+because it was suggested by or through Napoleon&mdash;(the Osiris of his
+day is parent of all wonderful inventions)&mdash;I believe, I say, that
+France made it almost a national question; and so this work, which
+already impedes the navigation of one of the finest rivers in the
+world, and which, if successful, would only achieve an object that one
+quarter of the expense in the establishment of steam-engines at
+various points for raising water would effectually accomplish, is
+allowed to drag on slowly towards its conclusion. We must give Abbas
+credit for the courageous good sense which suggested to him that the
+first loss was the best; and yet we must not withhold from him some
+praise for yielding to the influence of friendly persuasion, and
+refraining from carrying out his own opinion, however well founded,
+when he was told that, by doing so, he would incur the risk of being
+accused of treason to his grandfather's fame. The old man had fondly
+believed that his Barrage would join the Pyramids that look down upon
+it in that restricted category of the "Wonders of the World," and
+might well be supposed to lie uneasily in his grave if all the piles
+which he had caused to be driven, all the mighty walls, and piers, and
+arches, which he had caused to be raised with a disregard of expense
+and human labor worthy of Cheops, were allowed to sink and lie
+forgotten in the slimy bed of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first point on which it appeared that Abbas Pasha was not
+disposed to act up fully to his presumed plan of destroying European
+influence altogether; but, on many occasions, he early showed a
+disposition to temporize between his prejudices and his interest. We
+cannot here enter into details of minor importance, but, coming down
+to a recent period, we may mention another instance of a similar
+nature. For many years before his death, Mohammed Ali had held out
+hopes that he would construct, or allow to be constructed, a railway
+from Cairo to Suez. This was pre&euml;minently an English project&mdash;not
+likely to be unuseful to the country at large, it is true, but
+calculated chiefly to promote the more expeditious and comfortable
+transit of passengers to and from India. The Pasha, however, deceived
+by an excess of cunning, really entertained no intention of performing
+his promise. With great want of sagacity, he confounded the proposed
+stations on the line of railway, which he might have held in his own
+hands if he chose, with the counters which he was told had formed the
+nuclei of the British power in India. He believed the English had some
+sinister designs upon his country, and were engaged in all sorts of
+schemes for introducing themselves into it. The same policy which made
+him refuse to deepen the entrance of the port of Alexandria, lest a
+British fleet might come in, made him unwilling to throw a railway
+across the Desert of Suez, even if he kept the whole management in his
+own hands. The recommendations, he saw, came all from one country: the
+objections, nearly all, from another. France was opposed to the
+railway because it had another darling Neapolitan project in
+hand&mdash;namely, the cutting of the Isthmus of Suez, which was much
+talked of once, but which now nobody mentions but to laugh at. The
+difficulties of execution, immense as they were found to be by the
+Austrian commission, were not the most decisive objections. The real
+ones were contained in an answer to the very appropriate
+question&mdash;<i>Cui bono?</i> However, the railway was shelved for a time. It
+has lately come again upon the tapis; and although it is now proposed
+to lay down a line in the first instance between Alexandria and Cairo,
+to compensate for the water communication which M. Moujel is spoiling
+by his Barrage, yet there is every probability of proper extensions
+and branches being made in due time.</p>
+
+<p>If, indeed, the project be really a serious one. Many say, in spite of
+the official manner in which the announcement has been made, that it
+is only a <i>ruse</i>, a piece of policy in order to propitiate English
+influence, and that as soon as certain man&oelig;uvres shall have been
+successful or otherwise, nothing more will be said about the railway.
+There is no answering for the diplomacy of Eastern courts; but this
+explanation seems a little too Machiavellian. I have no doubt the
+promise has been made, in part, because it is thought to be agreeable
+to the English; but I can hardly imagine Abbas Pasha is so foolish as
+not to know that if he coaxes Lord Palmerston<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> with a sugar-plum, and
+when his lordship opens his mouth, puts a finger in instead, Lord
+Palmerston will bite pretty sharply.</p>
+
+<p>Be these things as they may, it seems admitted on all hands that Abbas
+Pasha has now completely thrown overboard the party which he courted
+so assiduously as heir-apparent, and is seeking foreign, especially
+English, support. All this is fair enough provided he does not fall
+into the old error of sacrificing the natives entirely to strangers,
+as did his great predecessor, and provided he do not allow himself to
+be persuaded by flatterers&mdash;and he has flatterers; what man in power
+has not?&mdash;to engage in grand undertakings for the purpose of emulating
+the renown of the old Pharaohs. Egypt wants neither a resuscitation of
+old times, nor a hasty imitation of the new. She has to find out the
+form of its own civilization: and modern improvements, as they have
+been hitherto introduced, will only weigh her down into despair.</p>
+
+<p>But it is said that Abbas Pasha has no views at all about the progress
+of the arts, and manufactures, and commerce; no thought of the
+amelioration of the country; but that in endeavoring to gain the
+good-will of Europe, he wants to serve some ambitious projects of his
+own. There may be something in this. Not that it is probable he
+intends to play the old game over again and throw off the yoke of
+Stamboul; but there is certainly a very arduous struggle now carrying
+on, both by open and underhand means, between Egypt and the Porte.
+There is an infinity of points of difference between the vassal and
+his lord; but the gist of the matter is, that the former wishes to
+preserve all the privileges, to be treated with the same indulgence,
+to be left with the same freedom of action, as his grandfather; he
+wishes to remain, in fact, a vassal little more than in name, free to
+indulge any arbitrary whims; whilst the latter is attempting, with
+some reason,&mdash;with great reason indeed, but perhaps in too precipitate
+a manner, and actuated by feelings that resemble private grudge,&mdash;to
+reduce Egypt to the same subjection as the rest of the Ottoman Empire.</p>
+
+<p>The discussion is a serious one, and much may be said on both sides;
+but it must be accorded at once in favor of the Porte, that the
+Viceroy of Egypt is not to be considered as an independent sovereign
+merely paying tribute to a superior power, but as an officer of the
+Empire. Certainly, he holds a distinguished position; and his case is
+an exceptional one; but very imprudent would be any who should advise
+him to take the same ground as Mohammed Ali, even after his defeat and
+expulsion from Syria, was allowed to assume. He has been levying
+troops, and is said even to have victualled his fleet to give more
+weight to his negotiations; but it is not probable he will draw the
+sword when, by giving way a little, he may establish a character for
+moderation, and be left undisturbed in a position sufficiently
+splendid to satisfy a very respectable ambition.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, it is hoped that no undue heat, no petty jealousy,
+no minor considerations of self-love&mdash;excited and encouraged by the
+numerous runagates from Egypt, as Artin Bey and his fellows&mdash;will
+finally govern the councils of Constantinople. Many missions have
+passed from this country to the Porte with the object of warding off
+the blows that are being aimed at the authority of Abbas Pasha.
+Probably they ask too much, as is always done in such cases; but, if
+reports speak true, they have been answered with an asperity which
+seems calculated rather to provoke a quarrel than to lead to a
+satisfactory settlement. The great question now is about the Tanzamat
+promulgated by the Porte, which may be briefly described as a
+well-intended attempt to introduce some kind of order into the
+administration of the empire, to substitute certain rules in place of
+arbitrary will, and generally to control the actions of what are
+called the great men in their relations with those who, we suppose,
+may be described as the little men. Such a scheme, even if imperfect
+in its details and difficult to be applied, must command our
+sympathies. The provinces of the Turkish empire&mdash;and Egypt is at least
+as great in degree as the remainder&mdash;have been too long the sport of
+caprice; and if it be the secret object of Abbas Pasha utterly to
+prevent the introduction of this new system&mdash;to refuse it even a fair
+trial&mdash;he will most certainly, whatever may be the effect of obstinate
+passive resistance, receive no countenance or support from England.</p>
+
+<p>It is said, however, that he merely desires&mdash;and such is the purport
+of his remonstrances&mdash;that certain modifications, adapted to the
+peculiar situation of Egypt, shall be made. The Porte is the best
+judge as to how far these modifications are compatible with the spirit
+of its decree; and as the communications that have taken place have
+been chiefly verbal, we will not take upon ourselves to say whether
+they are even suggested by any peculiar necessity. The negotiations
+are in progress; and all we can say is, that unless Abbas Pasha be
+considered too dangerous a subject, and his removal be desired, it
+will be better to make up by amenity of procedure for the inexorable
+requirements of principle.</p>
+
+<p>There was one great grievance in Mohammed Ali's time, namely, the
+existence of the <i>ferdeh</i>, or tax of one-twelfth upon income of all
+kinds, down to that of the poorest fellah. This was a great outrage on
+legality. It was opposed to all the constitutions of the Turkish
+empire; and it was understood that, after the Syrian affair, it should
+be voluntarily done away with by the Pasha. But an easy source of
+revenue is not easily given up; and, in spite of all remonstrances,
+the tax was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> maintained. There was no burden to which the people
+objected more than this. They paid,&mdash;but they murmured somewhat
+loudly; and even in the coffee-houses many were sometimes bold enough
+to say the ferdeh was illegal. On one occasion, when Ibrahim Pasha was
+in Cairo, not long before his father's death, there was the semblance
+of a riot on the subject; but the stick and the halter were brought
+into play, and the conviction produced that, legal or not legal, the
+tax must be paid. Abbas Pasha himself for some time allowed this
+copious fountain to gush into his treasury; but it now suited the
+policy of the Porte to return vigorously to the charge in favor of
+legality; and towards the end of last year the ferdeh was finally
+abolished to the infinite delight of the whole population. The
+long-wished-for event was celebrated by illuminations in Alexandria
+and Cairo; and the general joy might have risen to something like
+enthusiasm had not a fresh, though temporary, cause of discontent
+accompanied the boon.</p>
+
+<p>This was the conscription, which nearly drove Egypt into a revolt last
+winter. In old times, when soldiers were wanted, men were pounced upon
+suddenly wherever they could be found, and marched off, leaving great
+grief behind; but before any dangerous excitement could be got up.
+This was justly considered a barbarous and inartificial method; and
+when, for what purposes remains a mystery, a certain levy of men was
+required, it was determined to proceed with regularity, and to make
+each district furnish its quota according to the number of
+inhabitants. The idea, at first sight, seems both fair and wise; and
+if the people could have been got to acquiesce in the necessity of
+their supplying soldiers in any proportion at all, would have worked
+very well. But as nobody in Egypt wants to shoulder a musket, as
+everybody has the utmost hatred and abhorrence of military service,
+arising partly from constitutional want of energy, but chiefly from
+the knowledge that the soldier is ill-paid<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and ill-fed, and
+rarely, if ever, returns&mdash;we never met but one old discharged
+campaigner in the country&mdash;it is not surprising if the public
+announcement of the intentions of Government produced the greatest
+possible perturbation. The first impulse of the whole adult
+population, except those who could boast of some very undoubted claim
+of exemption, was to fly to the mountains; and every defile, every
+cavern, every catacomb, every quarry in the Libyan and Arabian chains,
+were soon tenanted by people running away from enlistment. Wherever we
+went in our excursions, we became accustomed to see lines of human
+beings perched like crows on the summit of seemingly inaccessible
+cliffs, on the look-out for the enemy in the shape of the
+Sheikh-el-Beled; for the task of catching and forwarding the
+prescribed number of "strong active young men" devolved on the civil
+authority, aided sometimes by that estimable rural police, the Arnaout
+irregular cavalry. On many occasions we surprised these poor people in
+their retreats; and once, when they mistook us for recruiters, were
+assailed with slings diverted from their original purpose, namely,
+that of frightening the sparrows away from the crops. Accounts reached
+us at several places that blood had been shed; and the affair in
+various ways rendered our journey somewhat melancholy. Now we came
+upon a large town, as Geneh, seemingly deserted by its whole
+population, with closed shops and silent streets; then we met a party
+of recruits, chained neck and neck, going to their destination; and
+anon we saw a crowd of women, driven to despair by the loss of son, or
+husband, or brother, tossing up their arms, tearing their garments,
+and invoking curses on their oppressors. Public opinion in all
+despotic countries finds utterance through the weaker sex; they dare
+to say what would perhaps bring condign punishment on the men; they
+nearly made a revolt once in Cairo under Mohammed Ali, and on the
+present occasion they expressed their mind pretty freely. Some of the
+more noisy brought a good beating on themselves from some irascible
+Sheikh; but in general their anathemas were received with a kind of
+sheepish deprecating good-humor. It was difficult to ascertain how
+many recruits were at last got together, but, as near as I could
+gather, the number ordered was one in about every 180 souls.</p>
+
+<p>The sight of so much unhappiness naturally excited great indignation
+and disgust; but not so much perhaps on reflection as the permanent
+misery and ill-treatment of a great proportion of the population.
+Abbas Pasha has taken the old system as he found it, and, with the
+exception of the abolition of the ferdeh, has done nothing to
+alleviate the condition of the fellah. It is especially on the lands
+of the great men, the pashas and the beys, that these poor serfs are
+worst off. Their profession is that of agricultural laborers, but it
+must not be supposed that they have freedom to carry their services to
+what master they will. They belong to the land as much as do the
+palm-trees; and the nature of their occupation, their hours of labor,
+and their pay, are regulated by their lord and master in a perfectly
+arbitrary way. At Randa, opposite Sheikh Abadeh, we found a sugar
+estate occupying 1,300 men, and endeavored to ascertain in as exact a
+manner as possible how they were treated. We found that, in the first
+place, they were, of course, forced to work, both on the land and in
+the factory, at a nominal pay of twenty-five paras, or three-halfpence
+a head, and that some of them were in active employment nearly
+eighteen hours a day. Now it <i>is</i> possible for a man to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> exist on such
+wages in that part of Egypt, even with a family; and as bare existence
+is considered in most countries an adequate reward for unintelligent
+labor, there seemed not so much reason to complain. But then came the
+question, how was the payment made? The answer in substance was, the
+men are paid twenty-five paras a day, but they never get the money;
+they receive what is called its value in the refuse molasses; but this
+only when it can be of little service to them, when the owner of the
+estate has glutted the market, and they can only sell at a loss of
+forty or fifty per cent. They would be only too happy to receive
+fifteen paras in hard cash; as it is, some of them necessarily eke out
+their living by stealing, and others by the produce of little plots of
+land, which they cultivate at night when they should be reposing after
+the fatigues of the day. The women and children assist them, when the
+latter are not pressed into what is called the service of the state;
+that is, compelled to dig canals, and perform other light work for
+which they receive neither pay nor food. Their parents bring them
+food, or some charitable person flings them a morsel of coarse bread,
+otherwise they would perish.</p>
+
+<p>Such is pretty nearly the state of things in the private possessions
+of all the descendants of Mohammed Ali. In fairness, however, we must
+remind the reader that Abbas Pasha is only answerable for acquiescing
+in customs handed down. He has not established any new pernicious
+regulation that we have heard of; and even if he remain perfectly
+quiescent and leave things to go their own gait, King Log is better
+than King Stork. The mischievous activity of Mohammed Ali is not to be
+regretted; and if, by the influence of Constantinople prudently
+exercised, some little check is gradually put upon the caprices and
+violence of the proprietors who call themselves princes&mdash;and it is for
+the interest of Abbas Pasha that this should be the case&mdash;Egypt,
+though not possessed of all the happiness she wants, might not be very
+discontented, and would have no reason to look back with regret on the
+time of the old pasha. According to all accounts, some classes of the
+agricultural laborers are gradually enriching themselves in spite of
+the burdens which they bear; and, although wealth is timid to show
+itself, a great amelioration in the state of the country may soon be
+perceptible.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Soldiers will often stop a European in a by-place and
+beg. They get about twenty paras (a penny farthing) a day.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4>From Household Words.</h4>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_JEWS_IN_CHINA" id="THE_JEWS_IN_CHINA"></a>THE JEWS IN CHINA.</h2>
+
+<p>There is a quaintness in the notion of a Jewish colony surrounded by
+Chinese; the fixed among the fixed. The fact that such a colony
+exists, or has existed when found, ought to be especially remarked,
+for to ethnologists and others it may prove a valuable opportunity for
+speculation. Jews in China, what will they be like? Will the Jew stand
+out from the surrounding uniformity of Chinese life, like the one tree
+of the desert (for which, see Panorama of Overland Mail, and hear
+lecture upon same); or will he become non-entity, like among like,
+adding nothing to the first idea&mdash;silence in a calm? In the Jewish
+synagogue in Kai-foung-fou, concerning which we have presently to
+speak, there are Chinese inscriptions. The first placed there in 1444,
+by a literary Jew, is intended to prove the close analogy between
+Jewish and Chinese points of doctrine. "The author," it says, "of the
+law of Yse-lo-ye (Israel) is Ha-vou-lo-han (Abraham). His law was
+translated by tradition to Nich&egrave; (Moses). He received his book on Mt.
+Sinai. His book has fifty-four sections. The doctrine which is therein
+contained is much like that of the Kings," (which are sacred volumes
+of the Chinese). The author of the inscription repeats many passages
+to prove that in their worship to heaven, their ceremonies, their
+behavior to the old and young, their patriarchal character, their
+prayers, and their mode of honoring dead ancestors, the Jews resemble
+the Chinese.</p>
+
+<p>The author of a second inscription, a grand mandarin in his own time,
+speaks to the same purpose. "From the time of Han," says this
+gentleman, whose name is Too-tang, "from the time of Han, the Jews
+fixed themselves in China; and in the twentieth year of the cycle 65,
+(which is, by interpretation, 1163,) they offered to the Emperor
+Hiao-tsong a tribute of cloth from India. He received them well, and
+permitted them to live in Kai-foung-fou. They formed then sixty-six
+families. They built a synagogue where they placed their Kings, or
+Divine Scriptures." This mandarin concludes with an eulogium of Jewish
+virtue, after the approved manner of epitaphs.</p>
+
+<p>The Jews emphatically cultivated agriculture, commerce, were faithful
+in the armies, upright as magistrates, and rigid in observance of
+their ceremonies. One only wants to wind up with the scrap,
+"Affliction sore, long time they bore;" but affliction on the part of
+the Chinese, at any rate, they certainly did not bear; they were more
+than tolerated, they were understood; ceremony-men to ceremony-men
+were ceremoniously polite to one another. The Jews and Chinese even
+intermarried; on their first introduction by way of Persia to the
+Chinese Empire, they had settled here and there in sundry Chinese
+cities; but by the marriage with Chinese disciples of Confucius or
+Mahomet, the Jewish colonies were melted down into the pure Chinese
+metal; and when this history begins, nothing is known of any synagogue
+in China, save the synagogue at Kai-foung-fou, which is a city in the
+heart of the Flowery Land, the capital of the central province of
+Honan; and for an account of which we are indebted to Father Ricci,
+one of the Jesuit Missionaries.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Father Ricci died in the year 1610, at Pekin, which was his station.
+Father Ricci, at Pekin, first heard of the Jewish synagogue at
+Kai-foung-fou, and the information startled him exceedingly. The young
+Jew who enlightened Father Ricci on the subject told him that there
+were then at Kai-foung-fou barely a dozen Jewish families, and that
+for five or six hundred years they had preserved in their synagogue a
+very ancient copy of the Pentateuch. The father produced a Hebrew
+Bible, and the young man recognized the characters, although he could
+not read them, for he knew no language but Chinese. Four years after
+this, Father Ricci (whose business at Pekin would not permit him to go
+gadding) had an opportunity of sending off to Kai-foung-fou a Chinese
+Jesuit, with a letter written in Chinese, to the chief of the
+synagogue. He explained to the rabbi his own reverence for the books
+of the Old Testament, and informed him of its fulfilled predictions,
+and the advent of a Messiah. The rabbi shook his head at that, saying,
+"that so it could not be, because they had yet to expect the Messiah
+for ten thousand years." The good natured rabbi nevertheless did
+homage to Father Ricci's great abilities. He was an old man, and saw
+none about him fit to guide his people; he therefore besought the
+learned Jesuit to come to Kai-foung-fou, and undertake the guidance of
+the synagogue, under one only condition, a true Chinese-Jewish one,
+that he would pledge himself to abstinence from all forbidden meats.
+However, that was very much as if Dr. Jones of Bettws-y-Coed should
+offer his practice to Sir B. Brodie of London. Father Ricci had a
+larger work in hand, and so he stopped at Pekin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1613, Father Aleni (such an uncommonly wise man, that the Chinese
+called him the Confucius of Europe) was directed to proceed to
+Kai-foung-fou and make investigation. Father Aleni, being well up in
+his Hebrew, was a promising man to send on such an errand, but he
+found the rabbi dead, and the Jews, though they let him see the
+synagogue, would not produce their books. The particulars of nothing
+having been done on this occasion are to be found related by Father
+Trigaut, in choice Latin, and choicer Italian, (<i>de Expedit. Sinic&acirc;,
+lib. 1., cap. 2, p. 118</i>,) and by Father Samedo (<i>Relatione della
+China, part 1., cap. 30, p. 193</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>A residence was established by the Jesuits in Kai-foung-fou. <i>Now</i>,
+thought those who thought at all upon such matters, we shall have
+something done. If we can only compare our Old Testament texts with an
+ancient exemplar, that will be no small gain. A certain father Gozani
+went zealously into the whole subject, entered the synagogue, copied
+the inscriptions, and transmitted them to Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The Jews told Father Gozani that in a temple at Pekin was a large
+volume, wherein were inscribed the sacred books of foreigners resident
+in China. That volume was sought afterwards by Europeans at Pekin, but
+not found. Certainly such a volume does exist among the Chinese
+records. The Jews, however, told Father Gozani not only about what
+existed in Pekin, but all about themselves at Kai-foung-fou. The
+Father wrote a letter, dated 1704, containing what he learned in this
+manner. It appears that by that application of "soft sawder" which is
+or ought to be well understood by men of the world and Jesuits, the
+Father gratified the Jews, so that they paid him voluntary visits. He
+returned their visits by a call upon them at their synagogue, where,
+he says&mdash;"I had a long conversation with them; and they showed me
+their inscriptions; some of which are in Chinese, and others in their
+own tongue. I saw also their <i>Kims</i>, or religious books, and they
+suffered me to enter even the most secret place of their synagogue, to
+which they can have no access themselves. That place is reserved for
+their <i>Chian-Kiao</i>; that is to say, chief of the synagogue, who never
+approaches it but with the most profound respect.</p>
+
+<p>"There were thirteen tabernacles placed upon tables, each of which was
+surrounded by small curtains. The sacred <i>Kim</i> of Moses (the
+Pentateuch) was shut up in each of these tabernacles, twelve of which
+represented the Twelve Tribes of Israel; and the thirteenth, Moses.
+The books were written on long pieces of parchment, and folded up on
+rollers. I obtained leave from the chief of the synagogue to draw the
+curtains of one of these tabernacles, and to unroll one of the books,
+which appeared to me to be written in a hand exceedingly neat and
+distinct. One of these books had been luckily saved from the great
+inundation of the river <i>Hoang-ho</i>, which overflowed the city of
+Kai-foung-fou, the capital of the province. As the letters of the book
+have been wetted, and on that account are almost effaced, the Jews
+have been at great pains to get a dozen copies made, which they
+carefully preserve in the twelve tabernacles above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>"There are to be seen also in two other places of the synagogue,
+coffers, in which are shut up with great care several other little
+books, containing different divisions of the Pentateuch of Moses,
+which they call <i>Ta-Kim</i>, and other parts of their law. They use these
+books when they pray; they showed me some of them, which appeared to
+be written in Hebrew. They were partly new and partly old, and half
+torn. They, however, bestow as much attention on guarding them as if
+they were gold or silver.</p>
+
+<p>"In the middle of the synagogue stands a magnificent chair, raised
+very high, and ornamented with a beautiful embroidered cushion. This
+is the chair of Moses, in which every Saturday, and days of great
+solemnity, they place their Pentateuch, and read some portions of it.
+There also may be seen a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> <i>Van-sui-pai</i>, or painting, on which is
+inscribed the Emperor's name; but they have neither statues nor
+images. This synagogue fronts the west, and when they address their
+prayers to the Supreme Being, they turn towards that quarter, and
+adore him under the name of <i>Tien</i>, <i>Cham-Tien</i>, <i>Cham-ti</i>, and
+<i>Kao-van-voe-tche</i>; that is to say, <i>Creator of all things</i>; and
+lastly, of <i>Van-voe-tchu-tcai, Governor of the Universe</i>. They told me
+that they had taken these names from the Chinese books, and that they
+used them to express the Supreme Being and First Cause.</p>
+
+<p>"In going out from the synagogue, I observed a hall, which I had the
+curiosity to enter, but I found nothing remarkable in it, except a
+great number of censers. They told me that in this hall they honored
+their <i>Chim-gins</i>, or the great men of their law. The largest of these
+censers, which is intended for the Patriarch Abraham, stands in the
+middle of the hall, after which come those of Isaac, and Jacob, and
+his twelve branches, or the Twelve Tribes of Israel; next are those of
+Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Esdras, and several other illustrious persons,
+both male and female.</p>
+
+<p>"After quitting this apartment, they conducted us to the Hall of
+Strangers, in order to give us an entertainment. As the titles of the
+books of the Old Testament were printed in Hebrew at the end of my
+Bible, I showed them to <i>Cham-Kiao</i>, or chief of the synagogue; he
+immediately read them, though they were badly printed, and he told me
+that they were the names of their <i>Chin-Kim</i>, or Pentateuch. I then
+took my Bible, and the <i>Cham-Kiao</i> took his <i>Beresith</i> (thus they name
+the Book of Genesis); we compared the descendants of Adam, until Noah,
+with the age of each, and we found the most perfect conformity between
+both. We afterwards ran over the names and chronology in Genesis,
+Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, which compose the
+Pentateuch, or five Books of Moses. The chief of the synagogue told me
+that they named these five books <i>Beresith</i>, <i>Veelesemoth</i>, <i>Vaiiora</i>,
+<i>Vaiedabber</i>, and <i>Haddebarim</i>, and that they divided them into
+fifty-three volumes; <i>viz.</i>, Genesis into twelve, Exodus into eleven,
+and the three following books into ten volumes each, which they call
+<i>Kuen</i>. Some of these they opened, and presented to me to read; but it
+was to no purpose, as I was unacquainted with the Hebrew language.</p>
+
+<p>"Having interrogated them respecting the titles of the other books of
+the Bible, the chief of the synagogue replied, that they were in
+possession of some of them, but that they wanted a great many, and of
+others they had no knowledge. Some of his assistants added, that they
+had lost several books in the inundation of the Hoang-ho, of which I
+have spoken."</p>
+
+<p>Father Gozani has spoken of the inundation, but we have not, and so we
+will do so now. Previously, however, we may call attention to the
+distinct adoption of the Chinese "Hall of Ancestors" among these Jews,
+and of a place for showing hospitality to strangers as an appendage to
+their place of worship. It is in this way that, without violating
+their own opinions, they became assimilated more completely to their
+neighbors. Father Gozani also notes that their accounts of sacred
+history were grossly disfigured with Talmudical legends, or other
+stories of that class&mdash;a fact not to be lost sight of by the
+speculator. The Jews, in the time of Father Gozani, composed seven
+families&mdash;Phao, Kin, Che, Kao, The-Man, Li, Ngai&mdash;including in all
+about one thousand souls. They intermarried with each other, and had
+their own fashion of hair-cutting. These seven families of
+Kai-foung-fou were the remains of seventy who had of old established
+themselves in that capital. Now for the inundation. That event took
+place in the year 1642, and it occurred as follows:&mdash;Li-cong-tse, a
+rebel, with a big army, besieged the city. The inhabitants, after
+defending themselves for six months, still refused to succumb, because
+they expected rescue from the Emperor. The Emperor did come, a vastly
+clever fellow, who determined to destroy the enemy by a great
+master-stroke. "I'll drown every man-jack!" he said, and broke the
+dikes that confined the Hoang-ho, or Yellow River, a league distant
+from the city. Out poured the stream and drowned the besiegers, and
+besieged the city in its turn, knocked down its walls, and destroyed
+thirty thousand of its inmates. The Emperor, a cockney sportsman on
+the largest scale, shot at the pigeon and killed the crow. It was in
+this inundation that the number of the Jews was thinned; diluted by
+the waters of the river, their Pentateuch was damaged and some other
+portions of their scripture altogether lost.</p>
+
+<p>Before passing down from Father Gozani, we must extract his rough
+picture of the Jewish synagogue, as it existed in his day. He says of
+the Jews&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"They have no other synagogue but this, in the capital of the province
+of Ho-Nan. I perceived in it no altar, nor any other furniture, but
+the chair of Moses, with a censer, a long table, and large
+chandeliers, in which were placed candles made of tallow. This
+synagogue has some resemblance to our European churches; it is divided
+into three aisles; that in the middle is occupied by the table of
+incense, the chair of Moses, the painting, and the tabernacles already
+mentioned, in which are preserved the thirteen copies of the
+Pentateuch. These tabernacles are constructed in the form of an arch,
+and the middle aisle is like the choir of the synagogue; the two
+others are set apart as places of prayer, and for the adoration of the
+Supreme Being. Within the building there is a passage which runs quite
+round.</p>
+
+<p>"As there formerly were, and still are,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> among them Bachelors and
+<i>Kien-sens</i>, which is a degree different from that of a Bachelor, I
+took the liberty of asking them if they rendered homage to Confucius;
+they replied that they honored him in the same manner as the rest of
+the literati, and that they assisted them in solemn ceremonies, which
+are performed in halls dedicated to their great men. They added, that
+in spring and autumn they practised certain rites in honor of their
+ancestors, according to the manner of Chinese, in the hall next to
+their synagogue; that they did not present them the flesh of hogs, but
+of other animals; that in other ceremonies they were contented with
+offering them porcelain dishes filled with dainties and sweetmeats,
+which they accompanied with perfumes and profound reverences or
+prostrations. I asked them, likewise, if in their houses or Hall of
+Ancestors, they had tablets in honor of their departed relations; they
+replied that they used neither tablets, images, nor any thing else,
+but only a few censers. We must, however, except their mandarins, for
+whom alone they place in the Hall of Ancestors a tablet inscribed with
+their name and rank."</p>
+
+<p>Father Gozani adds, that "these Jews, in their inscriptions, call
+their law the Law of Israel, <i>Yselals-Kiao</i>, which they name also
+<i>Kon-Kiao</i>, Ancient Law; <i>Tien-Kiao</i>, Law of God, and <i>Tien-Kin-Kiao</i>,
+to signify that they abstain from blood, and cut the nerves and veins
+of the animals they kill, in order that the blood may flow more easily
+from them."</p>
+
+<p>This custom gives to the Jews in China, at the present day, the name
+of Cut-Nerves. To the present day our story now descends; for, after
+the time of Father Gozani, blank follows in the way of action. Father
+Etienne, who meditated a work upon the Sacred Scriptures in reply to
+the <i>Critici Sacri</i>, was eager to push on investigations. From the
+letters of Father Gozani, and from those which Father Domingo and
+Gambil wrote upon it, material was obtained for the memoir published
+under the direction of M. L. Aim&eacute; Martin, in which he remarks that the
+detail would be regarded with the more curiosity, as it had been often
+demanded, and as Father du Halde had contented himself with merely
+promising it in his great work, "Description de la Chine." So we have
+fairly got out of the past into the present, where our story thus runs
+on.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1815, the Chinese Jews endeavored unsuccessfully to
+communicate with Europe by means of a Hebrew letter addressed to
+London, which seems not to have been delivered. Last year the Jewish
+Society of London determined, however, to communicate with them. Miss
+Cooks, an energetic and devoted Jewess, placed her purse in the hands
+of the Society; nothing impeded fresh research; the English bishop at
+Hong Kong co-operated, Dr. Medhurst was consulted, and two Chinese
+Christians were at length appointed to proceed to Kai-foung-fou. The
+elder of these two was a bachelor; the younger was a student from the
+Missionaries' College at Batavia; but the junior was named to head the
+enterprise, because he had previously displayed zeal and ability, and
+also because he could write English fluently, and would journalize in
+that language. His journals, therefore, could be laid before Miss
+Cooks, uninjured by translation.</p>
+
+<p>Our heroes&mdash;for so we will call the two adventurers&mdash;set out from
+Shanghae, on the 15th of last November, by boat to Toing-kiang-tou. In
+a car, drawn by mules, they were then jolted along, following the
+track of the Hoang-ho, rising at three o'clock on winter mornings, to
+save time&mdash;a proceeding which involves almost supererogatory
+self-denial. Population near the Yellow River they found rare and
+unhealthy. Localities which figure in the geographical charts of the
+empire as principal places, or as towns of the second class, are but
+huge piles of rubbish, surrounded by crumbling walls. Here and there a
+gate, with its inscription half-effaced, informs the traveller that he
+is entering a mighty town.</p>
+
+<p>Perseverance, and a mule car, brought the travellers to Kai-foung-fou.
+They found there many Mahometans, openly exercising right of
+conscience, and flying their religion on a flag displayed over their
+gate. These Mahometans are, for the most part, hotel-keepers, and with
+one of them our heroes lodged. Of him they began asking about
+Cut-Nerves. Mine host of the Crescent said there were still some Jews
+in Kai-foung-fou, and offered himself as a cicerone to their
+synagogue. Thither they went. They found its outer wall in ruins;
+briers and dirt filled the grand entrance; "the pillars of the
+building, the inscribed marbles, the stone balustrade, before the
+peristyle of the temple, the ornamental sculpture&mdash;all were cracked,
+broken, and overturned." Under the wings of the synagogue, the chapels
+built in honor of the patriarchs&mdash;nestled together, cold and naked,
+sleeping on the bare stones, those objects of our European interest,
+"the Jews in China." Poor and miserable as they are, they had begun to
+sell the stones of their temple for bread, and a portion of land
+within their sacred inclosure had been already sold to an adjacent
+temple of the Buddhists.</p>
+
+<p>Still, there were the cylinders inclosing the sacred rolls of the Old
+Testament, which, luckily, had not proved eatable. In number, these
+rolls were about a dozen, each thirty feet long by three feet wide.
+They are of white sheep-skin, inscribed with very small Hebrew
+characters.</p>
+
+<p>For fifty years these poor Jews have been without the guidance of a
+rabbi, and there is not one left who can read a word of Hebrew. In a
+dozen years, probably, the last trace of the Jews in China will
+expire. The travellers gave money to the mournful congregation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> in the
+synagogue, and received leave to copy the inscriptions, about which
+the Jesuits had previously informed us. Moreover, they obtained, and
+have brought home, eight Hebrew manuscripts; six contain portions of
+the Old Testament, namely, of Exodus, chapters 1-6, and 38-40; of
+Leviticus, chapters 19, 20; of Numbers, chapters 13, 14, 15; of
+Deuteronomy, chapters 11-16, and chapter 32; with portions of the
+Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Prophets. The other two manuscripts are of
+the Jewish Liturgy. The leaves of these manuscripts "are of a species
+of card-board, on which the words, as it were, are engraved with a
+point; the binding is in silk, and bears evident marks of being of
+foreign origin. Two Israelitish merchants, to whom these books were
+shown at Shanghae, spoke of having seen similar ones at Aken, and the
+presence here and there upon the margins of Persian words,
+interspersed with Hebrew annotations, seemed to indicate that the
+books came originally from some western country of Asia, perhaps
+Persia, or some of the high provinces of India, where Persic has from
+time immemorial been the language used among people of education.
+Although the annotations mentioned are numerous, and apparently
+referring to different epochs, no trace of any Chinese character is to
+be discovered, nor any of those marks or signs which immediately
+betray Chinese origin. No date exists by which the age can be
+determined."</p>
+
+<p>We hope the statement is correct which tells us that these manuscripts
+are to be deposited in the British Museum. Fac-similes are at the same
+time promised, printed in Hebrew, accompanied with a plan of the
+synagogue, made on the spot by the Chinese travellers, and the journal
+of our junior hero, written in English and Chinese. The journal in
+English would not be a very ponderous affair, the entire expedition
+having occupied only two months&mdash;the residence at Kai-foung-fou, five
+days. We may usefully remember how the good Chinese, rising so
+fearfully betimes, did justice to the generosity and zeal of their
+patroness. Are there not men of might at work upon investigations for
+the public, who, at their ordinary rate, might have come to abandon
+this business in forty years, after eliminating fifty pounds of
+blue-book?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Authors_and_Books" id="Authors_and_Books"></a><i>Authors and Books.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ludwig Fuerbach</span>, the last great philosopher of Young Germany, whose
+doctrines have been complacently declared as "more utterly
+irreconcilable with pietism or orthodox Christianity than those of any
+of his predecessors," has at length published his course of lectures
+"On the Existence of Religion," delivered at Heidelberg, from the
+month of December 1848 to March 1849. With regard to the apparent
+apathy with which he has regarded the great political events of these
+latter days, and the reproach that he has taken no active part
+therein&mdash;in which he forms a somewhat unfavorable contrast with Fichte
+and other great thinkers of the last generation&mdash;he remarks: "It will
+not appear strange that these lectures have not before been published;
+for what could, at the present day, be more seasonable than a
+remembrance of the year 1848? And by this souvenir I would also
+remark, that these lectures have been my only public intimations of
+activity during the so-called time of the Revolution. My own share in
+all the political and unpolitical deeds and movements of those times,
+was merely that of a critical beholder and listener, for the very
+simple reason that I could take no part in aimless, and consequently
+headless (silly) undertakings, having foreseen, or at least felt, from
+the very beginning of the whole movement, that such would be its
+result. A well-known Frenchman lately put me the question, Why I took
+no active part in the revolution of 1848? I replied, Mr.
+Taillandier,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> if another revolution should break forth, and I take
+an active part therein, then may you, to the terror of your
+God-believing soul, be certain that this would be an overpowering
+revolution, bringing with it the judgment-day of monarchy and
+hierarchy. This revolution I should, alas! never survive. But I now
+also take an active part in a great revolution, but one whose true
+effects and results will be first developed in the course of
+centuries. For you know, Mr. Taillandier, according to my
+theory&mdash;which recognizes no Gods, and, consequently, no miracles in
+the sphere of politics&mdash;according to my theory, of which you know and
+understand nothing, though you assume to pass judgment on me instead
+of studying me, if <span class="smcap">time</span> and <span class="smcap">space</span> are the fundamental conditions of
+all being and existence, of all thought and action, of all prosperity
+and success. Not that believers in God were wanting to the parliament,
+as some one humorously asserted in the Bavarian State
+council-chamber&mdash;the majority, at least, were believers, and the good
+Lord always sides with the majority&mdash;but because it had no
+comprehension of place or time, on which account it came to such a
+disgraceful and resultless end."</p>
+
+<p>This, certainly, will appear to most readers to be, despite its
+bitterness, a lame and weak<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> apology for neutrality, though we imagine
+that but little good could result from the intensest activity, when
+directed by such principles. Taillandier has also, in his own
+unassuming way, done, for so young a man, a full share of work "in the
+great revolution, whose true effects and results will be first
+developed in the course of centuries."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August Kopisch</span>, well known as the collector and translator of
+<i>Agrumi</i>&mdash;a choice selection of Italian Popular Songs&mdash;has recently
+published by Ernest and Korn of Berlin, a <i>Description and Explanation
+of the Monument to Frederic the Second</i>. A far more elegant work on
+the same subject, with no less than twenty excellent views of the
+monument, taken from as many points, appears from Decker, to which we
+may add another by Kohlheim, illustrated with a selection of ancient
+and modern poems relative to the memory of "Old Fritz."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We observe from a prospectus recently sent forth by the publisher, J.
+G. Muller, in Gotha, that the <i>Janus</i>, a well known and ably edited
+quarterly, devoted to medical literature, history, biographies, and
+statistics, the publication of which was suspended in 1848, on account
+of the political difficulties which then agitated Germany, is again to
+make its appearance, under the editorial charge of Doctors
+Bretschneider, Henschel, Hensinger, and Thierfelder, who will be aided
+in their efforts by many learned correspondents and contributors in
+different countries. Like most revived publications, it will be
+published in a style superior to its original, and to judge from the
+type and paper of the prospectus, which is given as a specimen of that
+with which the work is to be issued, its appearance will be truly
+exquisite.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Franz Kugler</span> the great historian and critic of Art, has made his
+appearance in a small <i>brochure</i> of thirty pages, entitled, <i>Three
+Articles upon Theatrical Affairs</i>,&mdash;which, however, appears to have
+met with but little admiration, if we may judge from the hard knock
+which a reviewer gives it with the word&mdash;"Unpractical as the
+suggestions are, which we find allied to these observations, they
+would still give us no occasion for remark, had not Herr Kugler made
+them a pretence for political discussion." Apropos of Kugler we may
+observe that a very excellent work entitled <i>Denkmaler der Kunst</i>
+(Souvenirs of Art), consisting of very neatly engraved and very
+extensive illustrations of Art in all ages and nations, intended
+specially as a companion work to the Berlin professor's <i>History</i>, has
+just been published for the first time in a compact form by Ebner and
+Seubert of Stuttgart. Among its authors or contributors we see the
+names of Dr. Ernst Guhl, Jos. Caspar, and Professor Voit of Munich.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The conclusion of the late <span class="smcap">Johann Von Muller's</span> <i>History of the Swiss
+Confederation</i> has just appeared from the hands of MM. <span class="smcap">Vulliemin</span> and
+<span class="smcap">Monnard</span>. The work was commenced in 1786; when Von Muller died it was
+brought down to the year 1489; and it has since been continued by four
+other authors in succession. Robert Glutz-Blozheim took up the
+narrative where Von Muller stopped, and continued it to 1516; after
+his death, John Jacob Hottinger described the progress of the
+reformation in the German cantons; but on coming to the part which the
+French cantons took in this great movement, it was decided to employ a
+native of that part of the Confederation, and the work was accordingly
+given to Louis Vulliemin, who completed the history of the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries. He was followed by E. Monnard, Professor in
+the University of Bonn, who carried it as far as the second peace of
+Paris, in 1815. Both he and M. Vulliemin had already translated into
+French the volumes of their German predecessors. Their own volumes are
+now being translated into German, and the entire performance will soon
+be printed in both languages.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An interesting contribution to the religious and metaphysical history
+of Germany in the last generation will be found in the <i>Autobiography</i>
+of <span class="smcap">Bretschneider</span>, now being published in parts, by his son-in-law
+Horst. It is described as a faithful as well as interesting narrative
+of the life of its deceased author and subject, who must fill a
+prominent place in the history of that great theological development
+of which his country has recently been the scene. He was a
+rationalist, but without aiming at the rejection or annihilation of
+the Christian supernaturalism. The sense of dependence on God, which
+was the foundation of Schleiermacher's theory, he regarded as stupid
+mysticism, and the general tendency of the more recent philosophy as
+obscure, abstruse, scholastic, and useless. He was a vigorous and
+unsparing controversialist, and the greater part of his writings are
+of that character.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Wurth</span>, the dramatist and theatrical director, has published a play
+"with choruses, dances, <i>and melodramas</i> (<i>?</i>) entitled <i>The Gipsey
+Queen of Hungary in the year 1849</i>."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Those of our Philadelphia friends, who are conversant with foreign
+literature, will do well to patronise Herr <span class="smcap">Christern</span>, who has recently
+opened an establishment of French, German, and Italian works at No.
+232 Chesnut-st. Mr. Christern has been for several years the
+superintendant of the extensive bookstore of Kaisar, the eminent
+bibliographist in Berlin. We are happy thus to recommend Herr
+Christern as a scholar, well acquainted with something more than the
+mere titles of his wares.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Among "divers diversities," we note that the passion for Slavonic
+literature, which has received such an impetus during the last two
+years, has induced <span class="smcap">Herr Siegfried Kapper</span> to write, after ancient
+Servian legends and heroic lyrics, a poem entitled <i>Lazar der
+Serbencar</i>. A new edition of <span class="smcap">Clemens Brentano's</span> <i>History of the brave
+Kasperl and fair Annerl</i>, has also been published at Berlin by the
+"United Bookselling Establishment," with an illustration.
+<span class="smcap">Glassbrenner</span>, the humorist, (who is, however, we believe, not
+identical with his Rabel&aelig;sian pen-brother <span class="smcap">Brennglaser</span>,) publishes by
+Simion of Berlin a third edition of his poems, while the more recent
+numbers of <i>Die Grenzboten</i>, the <i>Monatscrift</i> and the <i>Europa</i> are
+rich in a variety of articles surpassing in general interest any thing
+of the kind which we have for a long time witnessed in German
+periodical literature. It is to be wished that our own literati and
+miscellaneous intellectual purveyors would make a far more extended
+use of these German monthlies than they have hitherto done. Except the
+<i>International</i>, the <i>Tribune</i> is almost the only periodical in the
+country that makes any considerable use of the German literary
+journals.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Imresi</span>, <i>die Ungarischen Fl&uuml;chtlinge in d. T&uuml;rkei</i>, (Imresi, or the
+Hungarian Refugees in Turkey), being a collection of data relative to
+the history of the emigration of 1849, from the journal of an exile,
+returned from Turkey, translated from the Hungarian, with additions by
+<span class="smcap">Vasfi</span>, has just appeared at Leipzig. "The <i>data</i> alluded to in this
+article," remarks a German review, "principally concern the personal
+history of the Hungarian exiles in Turkey. In point of time it reaches
+to their departure from Widdin to Shumla. Many articles are added
+drawn from newspapers and private sources, relative to their
+adventures, to the fortune of those who have emigrated to America, and
+to the influence of England in these matters. A certain chapter on
+Turkish manners and customs, containing nothing which has not been
+already better described by other writers, might as well have been
+omitted."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thorwaldsen's</span> <i>Jugend</i> (or The Youth of Thorwaldsen) is the title of a
+work composed from the correspondence, manuscripts and notes of the
+illustrious artist, written originally in Danish by Hans Wachenhufen,
+and translated by J. M. Thiele, (if we mistake not, the eminent
+theologian). "The style and execution is somewhat stiff and dry, which
+may, however, be partly the fault of the translator, who appears to
+have deemed it his duty to condense as much as possible; and has in
+consequence apparently detracted in a degree from the easy,
+confidential tone with which it is inspired. Nor is the translation
+entirely free from errors and provincial expressions."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Among the most exquisite works recently published in Germany we
+observe a second greatly augmented and improved edition of <i>Alte und
+neue Kinderlieder Fabeln, Spr&uuml;che und Rathseln</i>, or, Old and New
+Songs, Fables, Sayings, and Riddles for Children, with illustrations
+by W. von Kaulbach, C. v. Aeideck, G. Konig, A. Kreling, E.
+Neureuther, the humorous and popular Graf. v. Poeci, L. Richter, C. H.
+Schmolze, M. v. Schwind, Stauber, &amp;c. We have been thus particular in
+mentioning these names, that those who have not as yet seen the work
+may form some idea of the excellence of its illustrations. The only
+objection indeed which we have to find is, that the text (despite its
+title) is too far subordinate to the illustrations. A work of this
+description should at least have comprised <i>a majority</i> of those songs
+heard in every Germany nursery, and which are given with such <i>na&iuml;ve</i>
+truthfulness in <i>Des Knaben Wonderhorn</i>. In several instances these
+old songs were evidently the sources whence the spirit of the
+illustration was derived, which illustration is here applied to a
+limited scrap of the original; as for instance, in the exquisitely
+spirited and droll picture of <i>das bucklig's Mannlein</i>, or the
+hump-backed dwarf, by <i>Schwind</i>, which is far more applicable to the
+droll, demi, diabolical popular ballad of that name, than to the old
+scrap of verse which it over-illustrates. But as an album of admirable
+designs the work is unrivalled. The engraving of the mother and child
+illustrating the ballad of <i>Schlof Kindlein</i> is truly beautiful,
+conceived in a spirit of na&iuml;ve fantasie, peculiarly applicable to the
+odd yet childlike song. <i>Das Glocklein im Hersen</i>, in which Christ is
+represented as opening the gate of Heaven to a child, by W. Kaulbach,
+in its pious, gentle beauty, almost transcends praise. Our notice
+already exceeds limit, yet we cannot leave this gem-book without
+specially and further commending The Toy-dealer of Nuremberg, a
+masterpiece of domestic life, by L. Richter, and <i>Es staig eim Herr zu
+Rosse</i>, or A Rider mounting his Horse, by Schwind, which forcibly
+recall the romantic etchings of Albert Durer.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A convention of Sclavic scholars, under the auspices of the Servian
+literary society of <i>Matica Ilirska</i>, in Agram, will probably soon be
+held, to consider the possibility of combining the different Sclavic
+dialects into one language. This will be extremely difficult, if not
+impossible, on account of the degree of cultivation which the
+languages of the Sclavic stock have attained.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A translation of <span class="smcap">John Milton's</span> <i>Areopagitica</i>, a Speech for the
+Liberty of unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England, in 1644,
+has recently been executed by Dr. <span class="smcap">Richard R&ouml;pell</span>, Professor of History
+at the University of Breslau, and published by Veit and Co. of
+Berlin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"In every revolution, good or bad, there are blind fanatics and
+selfish intriguers ready to take part, and loafers and vagabonds
+(<i>Bummler und Gamins</i>) willing to raise their voices." This is the
+remark of a German medical critic on a recent hydropathically insane
+composition, entitled <i>The Sin-register of the Medical Art of
+Healing</i>. In this work the <i>servum pecus</i> of allopathic physicians are
+richly abused, partly with biblical quotations and partly with
+original anathemas. Another on the same subject and in the same
+curious style, is entitled, <i>Gustav Schwab, the noble bard of Suabia</i>,
+by <span class="smcap">Gottlob Wasserman</span> (or Praise-God Water-man). In this work the
+anti-Sangrado author proves to his own satisfaction, that the <i>noble
+bard</i> came to his death in consequence of having been imprudently
+bled, on one occasion, some six months previous to his death.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>At the end of June an eighth edition of <span class="smcap">Oscar von Reduitz's</span>
+<i>Amaranth</i>, was announced, and it has already been succeeded by a
+ninth. Many of the poems in this collection are in Uhland's romantic
+vein, and abound in the artistic spirit. To this we may add a
+<i>Mahrchen</i> in verse, (or Child's Tale,) a beautiful fantasie of birds,
+brooks, leaves, and sunshine, reminding us at times of <i>The Story
+without an End</i>, at others of Sara Coleridge's <i>Phantasmion</i>. But as
+it is one of those gilded fascinations which invariably charm on a
+first perusal, we leave to some more accurate reader the task of
+judging more critically as to its literary merit.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A translation of Shakspeare's Plays into the Swedish language by
+<span class="smcap">Hagberg</span>, Professor of Greek in the University of Lund, is now in
+course of publication. Of this twelve volumes have appeared; and
+although the first edition consisted of no less than two thousand
+copies, the whole have been sold off, and a second edition is in
+preparation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The lectures of <span class="smcap">Neander</span>, <i>On Church History</i>, etc., are soon to
+appear, in fifteen volumes, edited by Professor <span class="smcap">Julius Muller</span>, of
+Halle. The Interpretation of the Gospel of St. John, will form the
+first part of the work.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>German books and pamphlets on the Crystal Palace and the Great
+Exhibition, are already in the market, or have indeed been extant for
+some time. <i>Der Krystall Palast im Hyde Park</i>, is among the last in
+this line.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>M. <span class="smcap">Poussin</span>, recently the minister of France to this country, has in
+preparation a volume for popular circulation on the comparative merits
+of the French and American constitutions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Prussian minister <span class="smcap">Von Radowitz</span> has published a second series of
+his <i>Dialogues on Church and State</i>, of which the first series
+appeared in 1846.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baron Dudevant</span>, husband of <span class="smcap">George Sand</span>, the French papers lately
+declared had died in an obscure apartment in Paris; but it appears, on
+the contrary, that he is still living, in true baronial style, at his
+chateau on the Garonne. A correspondent of the <i>Tribune</i> says, "he
+never reads his wife's romances, and that his decease was believed in
+Paris, for several literary gentlemen of eminence are said to have
+laid their hands and fortunes at the feet of the large-hearted woman"
+who was supposed to be a widow.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Auguste Comte</span> has just published the first volume of a new work, his
+<i>Systeme de Politique Positive</i>. In his great work, <i>Philosophie
+Positive</i>, he was forced by his method to proceed objectively&mdash;from
+the world up to man; he now proceeds subjectively&mdash;from man to the
+world. This system of Positive Polity he calls a Treatise of
+Sociology, instituting the Religion of Humanity.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Emile de Girardin</span> announces a new pamphlet, the title of which sets
+one thinking, <i>La R&eacute;volution L&eacute;gale par la Pr&eacute;sidence d'un Ouvrier</i>.
+(The Revolution Legal through the Presidency of a Workman.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lamartine</span> has published the first volume of <i>The History of the
+Restoration of the Monarchy in France</i>. It is intended as a sequel to
+his History of the Girondins, and this initial volume comprises the
+closing days of the Empire, the last great struggle of Napoleon with
+the combined armies in 1814, and the abdication at Fontainbleau. The
+tone throughout is derived from the partizan feelings of the present
+time. Its characteristic is an elaborate and determined depreciation
+of the emperor. The author's apparent ambition is to be striking, and
+he sometimes is successful: to be just or wise is scarcely in his
+nature. For ourselves, we are so well acquainted with the life of
+Napoleon&mdash;with the workings of that most powerful practical
+intelligence that God has yet suffered to exist among mankind&mdash;that we
+are not in any way affected by these efforts of a hungry rhetorician
+to disparage him. In his new book, as in his <i>Girondins</i>, M. Lamartine
+has not chosen to give us any authorities. What he says as to facts
+may be true, but we have only his word for it; and long ago, before M.
+Lamartine became a great man in affairs, we learned from his
+<i>Pilgrimage to the Holy Land</i>, that his word is of very little value.
+We confess an admiration for parts of his <i>Elvire</i> and for some of his
+minor poems, but it is the youthful poet we admire, not the author of
+the sickly sentimentalism in his recent romantic memoirs, far less the
+historian, who to get himself out of difficulties induced by early
+extravagancies can play marketable tricks with the most awful shade
+that moves in the twilight of men's memories about the world.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michelet</span>, driven from his chair in the University, is publishing in
+the <i>Ev&eacute;nement</i> his new work, <i>L&eacute;gendes de la D&eacute;mocratie</i>. The preface
+is remarkable for its na&iuml;vet&eacute;. "This book," he says, "is the true
+<i>L&eacute;gendes d'Or</i> (golden legend)&mdash;free from all alloy, and in it will
+be found nothing but the truth.&mdash;Nay more, every one who reads it will
+become a wiser and a better man." A happy author, to have such faith
+in his book!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Guizot's</span> <i>History of the Representative Form of Government</i>, is
+prepared from a course of lectures delivered by the author in the
+reign of Louis the Eighteenth. The preface contains frequent allusions
+to the politics of the day, and the eminent author refers in it to his
+attempts to reconcile authority with liberty. M. Guizot's style is
+clear, but destitute of warmth or ornament, and his works have
+reputation chiefly for their judicial carefulness and
+honesty&mdash;qualities not so common in France as to be reasonably
+neglected there.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Proudhon</span>, the socialist "philosopher," has written, in the prison,
+in which it has been deemed necessary to shut him up, a new work,
+entitled <i>General Idea of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Among
+the topics of which it treats are the Reaction of Revolutions, the
+Sufficient Reason of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, the
+Principle of Association, the Principle of Authority, Organization of
+Economical Forces, and Dissolution of Government under an Economical
+Organization. The elements of every revolutionary history, according
+to Proudhon, are the previous r&eacute;gime which the revolution seeks to
+abolish, and which, by the instinct of self-preservation, may become a
+counter-revolution; the parties which, according to their different
+prejudices and interests, endeavor to turn it to their own advantage;
+and the revolution itself.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Bushnan</span>, of Edinburgh, under the title of <i>Miss Martineau and her
+Master</i>, has published a temperate but conclusive refutation of the
+<i>Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development</i>, by Miss
+<span class="smcap">Martineau</span> and Mr. <span class="smcap">George Atkinson</span>. The shallow performance in which
+these persons displayed their atheism was treated by the learned with
+contempt. Douglass Jerrold said the sum of their doctrine was
+contained in the formula, "There is no God, and Miss Martineau is his
+prophet," and those who considered the <i>Letters</i> more seriously, for
+the most part expressed surprise and pity&mdash;never any one an
+apprehension that such wretched stuff could unsettle a conviction of
+the feeblest, or confirm a doubt of the most skeptical.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Taylor</span>, whose "Natural History of Enthusiasm," has been much
+read in this country, has in press <i>Wesley and Methodism</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Not long ago it was stated that a Mr. <span class="smcap">Simonides</span> had discovered at the
+foot of Mount Athos a great number of important Greek MSS. We ventured
+to express some doubts on the subject, and we now perceive that Mr.
+<span class="smcap">Rhangabe</span>, Professor of Archaiology in the University of Athens, has
+published a critical examination of these pretended discoveries, in
+which he proves very satisfactorily that every manuscript of an
+ancient work which Mr. Simonides has allowed others to examine, and
+every work which he has published, has turned out to be a modern
+fabrication. A more real discovery has been made by persons engaged in
+removing the earth for the foundations of a house near the Acropolis.
+Fragments of inscriptions, and several relics of sculpture and
+architecture, have been dug up, and it is thought they prove that the
+senate house, metroon, and other buildings in which the Athenian
+archives were preserved, stood in the vicinity. Apropos of M.
+Simonides, in a letter from Constantinople it is alleged that from the
+examination of ancient manuscripts in different Greek convents, he has
+discovered an indication that the original of the <i>Acts of the
+Apostles</i> is buried in an island in the Sea of Marmora, and that he
+has caused an application to be made to the Turkish government for
+leave to search after it, which, it is said, is opposed by the Greek
+Patriarch, from fear that the discovery of the important document may
+lead to new schisms in the church!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We mentioned in a recent number of the <i>International</i> the discovery
+and publication of a supposed MS. work by Origen. In the June number
+of the <i>Quarterly</i> it is carefully reviewed, and in several of the
+theological journals it has received the attention due to a work of
+its pretensions. We see now that the Chevalier <span class="smcap">Bunsen</span> has in the press
+of the Longmans <i>Five Letters to Archdeacon Hare, on Hypolitus,
+Presbyter of the Church of Rome, author of the recently discovered
+book ascribed to Origen, and the bearing of this work on the leading
+Questions of Ecclesiastical History and Polity</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Dr. <span class="smcap">Croly</span> has just published a new volume of poems, under the title of
+<i>Scenes from Scripture</i>. The greater part of them had previously
+appeared in annuals, &amp;c. C. B. <span class="smcap">Cayley</span> has given to the world a new
+version of the <i>Divine Comedy</i>, in the original terza rhyme; <span class="smcap">Edmund
+Peel</span>, a poet of Mr. Robert Montgomery's class, has published <i>The Fair
+Island</i>, descriptive of the Isle of Wight; <span class="smcap">Robert Montgomery</span> himself
+has nearly ready his some-time promised <i>Poetical Works</i>, for the
+first time collected into one volume, similar to the octavo editions
+of Southey, Wordsworth, &amp;c., including some original minor poems, and
+a general preface, (only the printing being in the style of
+Wordsworth.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The first of the old historians to be edited in the light of the
+modern discoveries in Assyria, is <i>Herodotus</i>, to appear in a new
+English version, translated from the text of Gaisford, and edited by
+Rev. <span class="smcap">George Rawlinson</span>, assisted by Col. <span class="smcap">Rawlinson</span> and Sir J. G.
+<span class="smcap">Wilkinson</span>, with copious notes, illustrating the history and geography
+by Herodotus, from the most recent sources of information, and
+embodying the chief results, historical and ethnographical, which have
+been arrived at in the progress of cuneiform and hieroglyphical
+discovery. This edition will be printed for Mr. Murray in four octavo
+volumes. The translation has been undertaken from a conviction of the
+inadequacy of any existing version to the wants of the time. The
+unfaithfulness of Beloe, and the unpleasantness of his style, render
+his version insufficient in an age which dislikes affectation and
+requires accuracy; while the only others which exist are at once too
+close to the original to be perused with pleasure by the general
+reader, and defective in respect of scholarship.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir James Stephen</span>, whose brilliant contributions to the Edinburgh
+Review are familiar through Mr. Hart's Philadelphia edition, has
+nearly ready <i>Lectures on the History of France</i>, and <i>The History of
+France</i>, compiled, translated and abridged from the works of De
+Sismondi, and of other recent French authors, and illustrated with
+historical maps and chronological and other tables.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. S. Buckingham</span>, the author of fifty volumes of <i>Travels</i>, (of which
+eight large octavos are about our own unfortunate country,) has at
+length succeeded in his long contest with the East India Company for
+indemnification for his losses as an oriental journalist. The bill
+before parliament for restitution has been withdrawn, the court of
+directors and the government having agreed to settle upon him a
+pension of four hundred pounds per annum.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We perceive that the British government has bestowed a pension of five
+hundred dollars a year on Mrs. <span class="smcap">Jameson</span>. We think of no Englishwoman
+who is more deserving of such distinction. Mrs. Jameson has spent a
+pretty long life in the most judicious exercise of her literary
+abilities, and as a critic of art she is unquestionably superior to
+any woman who has ever written on the subject. One of her most popular
+works, the <i>Beauties of the Court of Charles the Second</i>, will be
+issued in a splendid edition, with all the original portraits, in a
+few weeks, by the Appletons of this city.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir William Hamilton</span> has published <i>Critical Discussions in
+Philosophy, Literature, and Education with University Reform</i>, chiefly
+from the Edinburgh Review, but now corrected, vindicated, and
+enlarged.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Several new books of <i>Travels</i> have lately appeared or are in press in
+London. Among them are <i>Eight Years in Palestine, Syria, and Asia
+Minor, from 1842 to 1850</i>, by F. A. <span class="smcap">Neale</span>, late of the Consular
+service; <i>A Naturalist's Sojourn in America</i>, by P. H. <span class="smcap">Gosse</span>; a
+<i>Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert's Land, and along the Central
+Arctic Coasts of America</i>, in Search of the Discovery Ships under
+command of Sir John Franklin, with an Appendix on the Physical
+Geography of North America, by Sir <span class="smcap">John Richardson</span>, C. B., F. R. S.,
+&amp;c.; the <i>Personal Narrative of an Englishman Domesticated in
+Abyssinia</i>, by <span class="smcap">Mansfield Parkins</span>; <i>Contrasts of Foreign and English
+Society</i>, or, records and recollections of a residence in various
+parts of the Continent and of England, by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Austin</span>; <i>Narrative of
+Travels to Nineveh, in 1850</i>, by Hon. <span class="smcap">Frederick Walpole</span>, R. N. author
+of "Four Years in the Pacific;" <i>Recollections of Manilla and the
+Philippines, in 1848-50</i>, by <span class="smcap">Robert MacMicking</span>; <i>Recollections of a
+Ramble from Sidney to Southampton, via Panama, the West Indies, the
+United States, and Niagara</i>, (anonymous.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. J. Garth Wilkinson</span> has just published in London <i>The Human Body and
+its Connection with Man, illustrated by the Principal Organs</i>, and it
+is dedicated to Mr. Henry James of New-York, the author of <i>Moralism
+and Christianity</i>. "My dear James," says the author, "this book is
+indebted to you for its appearance, for without you it would neither
+have been conceived nor executed. I dedicate it to you as a feeble
+tribute of friendship and gratitude that would gladly seek a better
+mode of expressing themselves. It may remind you of happy hours that
+we have spent together, and seem to continue some of the tones of our
+long correspondence. <i>Valeat quantum!</i> It could not lay its head upon
+the shelf without a last thought of affection directed to its foster
+parent. That prosperity may live with you and yours, and your great
+commonwealth, is the prayer of, my dear James, your faithful friend,"
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Of new novels the most noticeable appear to be <i>The Lady and the
+Priest</i>, by Mrs. Maberly; <i>The Tutor's Ward</i>; <i>Clare Abbey</i>, by author
+of "The Dicipline of Life;" <i>Marion Wethers</i>, by Miss Jewsbury;
+<i>Castle Deloraine, or the Ruined Peer</i>, by Miss <span class="smcap">Priscilla Smith</span>; and
+<i>Quakerism, or the Story of My Life</i>, a splenetic attack on the
+society of Friends.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The recent work of Dr. <span class="smcap">Gregory</span> on Animal Magnetism has attracted much
+attention, and from some intimations in the papers we suspect it is to
+be criticised in <i>Letters on the Truths contained in Popular
+Superstitions, with an Account of Mesmerism</i>, by Dr. <span class="smcap">Herbert Mayo</span>,
+F.R.S., to be published by Blackwood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Two new works on the <i>Apocalypse</i> are to be added to the immense
+number already printed, for New-York publishers. We not long ago
+undertook to ascertain how many expositions of the great mystery had
+been written in this country, and paused at the sixty-fifth
+title-page. One of the forthcoming works is an ingenious composition
+by the Rev. Mr. James of the western part of this state, and the other
+(to be published by Mr. Dodd) is by a clergyman in Connecticut.
+Longmans advertise in London <i>The Spiritual Exposition of the
+Apocalypse</i>, as derived from the writings of Swedenborg, and
+illustrated and confirmed by ancient and modern authorities, by the
+Rev. Augustus Clissold, of Exeter College; and the Rivingtons have in
+press a <i>Commentary on the Apocalypse</i> by the Rev. <span class="smcap">Isaac Williams</span>, of
+Trinity College. England indeed is quite as prolific of such works as
+the United States.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Finchman</span>, "master shipwright of her Majesty's Dockyard, at
+Portsmouth," has published a <i>History of Naval Architecture</i>, which is
+praised as a just exposition of the progress and supremacy of English
+ship-building. Our Mr. Collins could have furnished him, as
+illustrations for an additional and very interesting chapter, drawings
+of the <i>Pacific</i> and the <i>Baltic</i>, which would perhaps make the work a
+"just exposition of the supremacy" of American ship-building, of which
+this Mr. Finchman seems never to have been informed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Of collections of Letters on Affairs, that to be published immediately
+by Mr. Murray, under the title of the <i>Grenville Papers</i>, promises to
+be among the most important. It will comprise the Private
+Correspondence of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and his Brother, the
+Right Honorable George Grenville, and their friends and
+cotemporaries&mdash;formerly preserved at Stowe and now for the first time
+made public, and it is given out that it will contain material for the
+formation of a pretty conclusive judgment as to the authorship of
+Junius.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Among books that will bear a republication, if written with even
+average ability and fairness, is <i>The Present State of the Republic of
+the Rio de la Plata</i> (<i>Buenos Ayres</i>), its Geography, Resources,
+Statistics, Commerce, Debt, etc. described, with the History of the
+Conquest of the Country by the Spaniards, by Sir <span class="smcap">Woodbine Parish</span>,
+F.R.S. Formerly British Consul General and Charg&eacute; d' Affaires in that
+country.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lord Mahon's</span> <i>History of England, from, the Peace of Utrecht</i>, volumes
+5 and 6&mdash;the First Years of the American War: 1763 to 1780&mdash;was to
+appear in August.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A new book has just appeared in London on the Pitcairn's Islanders.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An advertisement of the works of Archbishop <span class="smcap">Whateley</span> contains
+thirty-six titles. He appears to be one of the most voluminous writers
+among the bishops, as well as one of the most sensible and learned.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Macauley</span> has at length completed two more volumes of his <i>History
+of England</i>, and they will be published the coming autumn by Longmans.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Poems of Edith May</i>, from the press of E. H. Butler of
+Philadelphia, will be one of the most beautiful of the illustrated
+books of the season. Mr. Butler is an artist in book-making, and he
+has never published anything more elegant. The lady who writes under
+the pseudonym of "Edith May" is a genuine poet, and the volume will be
+popular.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Ware</span>, one of those delightful authors whose names are always
+uttered by appreciating readers in tones of affection, has just
+published (Phillips, Sampson, &amp; Co., of Boston,) <i>Sketches of European
+Capitals</i>. The work includes his views of Ancient Rome, St. Peters and
+the Vatican, Florence, Naples, the Italians of Middle Italy, and
+London, and in his preface he tells us that "the volume comes into
+existence, like so many others now-a-days, as a convenient way of
+disposing of matter previously used in the form of lectures;" and
+adds, modestly, "It is a volume of light reading for the summer
+roadside, and though, like the flowers of that season, perishing with
+them, one may be permitted to hope that, like some of them, at least
+it may exhale a not unpleasing fragrance while it lasts." Such a fate
+awaits no book by the author of <i>Probus</i> and <i>Zenobia</i>, of whom this
+performance is by no means unworthy.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Harpers</span> have in press <i>Drayton, a Tale of American Life</i>, in which
+is traced the career of a young American from the workshop to places
+of trust and honor; and a friend, who has read the manuscript, speaks
+in warm terms of the frequent beauty of the style, the warmth of the
+coloring, the animation of the narrative, and the general progress and
+development of the story. The author is <span class="smcap">Thomas H. Shreve</span>, for the last
+ten or twelve years one of the editors of the <i>Louisville Daily
+Journal</i>, and for twenty years well and most favorably known by
+frequent and elegant contributions to western literature. <i>Drayton</i>,
+we are advised, is not one of those easy pieces of writing which are
+known as very hard reading, but has engaged the attention of the
+author, at periods of comparative leisure, for several years past.
+Within a few months it has been entirely recast and rewritten; and, if
+our correspondent be not very partial in his judgment of the merits of
+the work, the public will find in its patriotic and democratic pages a
+mine of poetry and fine reflection.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A few words more of <i>American Reviews</i>. The subject is important; a
+great periodical in which the best intelligence of the country shall
+have expression, is necessary, for many purposes, and never was more
+necessary than now. The <i>Princeton Review</i>, the <i>Christian Review</i>,
+the <i>Biblical Repository</i>, the <i>Bibliotheca Sacra</i>, the <i>Methodist
+Quarterly Review</i>, the <i>Church Review</i>, <i>Brownson's Quarterly Review</i>,
+and several others, are in large degrees devoted to particular
+religious interests, and though for the most part conducted with much
+learning and discretion, do not altogether serve the purpose for which
+an American Review of Literature and Affairs is demanded. The <i>North
+American</i>, as we have before intimated, has no character; it
+occasionally has good articles, but it has no principles; it is
+sectional, which is pardonable, but displays neither the knowledge nor
+the tact necessary to a sectional organ. The mineral riches of our
+lake region, plans for connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, the
+Cuban question, our relations with other republics, the extraordinary
+phenomena of Mormonism, the efforts of certain American women to unsex
+themselves, and numerous other subjects of present interest in this
+country, have been amply discussed in British and other European
+Reviews during the last year, but not one of them has been mentioned
+in the work to which, from its pretentions, readers would naturally
+look for its most masterly exposition. It may be said that the <i>North
+American</i> is devoted to philosophy, learning, and literature rather
+than to affairs: we have heard this defence, even in the face of its
+elaborate papers on Hungary and Austria; but let us see how it
+occupies such a ground: the bright and especial intellectual boast and
+glory of New England is Jonathan Edwards, of whom Dr. Chalmers says
+that he was "the greatest of theologians," Sir James Mackintosh that
+"in power of subtle argument he was perhaps unmatched, certainly was
+unsurpassed among men," Dugald Stewart that "he cannot be answered,"
+and Robert Hall that he was the "mightiest of mankind:" such a
+character was undoubtedly worthy of its criticism, but in the half
+century of its existence the <i>North American</i> has never once noticed
+him! We have an illustration much more pertinent, especially in as far
+as the present editor of the <i>Review</i> is concerned: The late Hartley
+Coleridge was a man of peculiar and very interesting qualities, and it
+may be admitted that he possessed considerable genius; but a pretence
+that his life was as remarkable or that his abilities as displayed in
+his writings were as eminent as those of Edgar A. Poe, who died about
+the same time, would be simply ridiculous; yet we believe every
+quarterly and nearly every monthly Review published in Great Britain
+has had its article on Hartley Coleridge, while even the name of Edgar
+A. Poe has never appeared in our self-styled "great national journal."
+And Maria Brooks, admitted by Southey, Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, Fitz
+Greene Halleck, and many other masters of literary art, to have been
+the greatest poet of her sex who ever wrote in any language or in any
+age, though she was born and educated in the shadow of the college in
+which more than one of the editors of the <i>North American</i> have been
+professors, was never once honored with its recognition.</p>
+
+<p>We do not know that it will strike others so, but it seems to us that
+John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Hugh S. Legar&eacute;, R. H. Wilde, J. J.
+Audubon, Mathew L. Davis, Albert Gallatin, Henry Inman, Chancellor
+Kent, Dr. Judson, Dr. Jarvis, Dr. Morton, Dr. Troost, M. M. Noah, Mrs.
+Osgood, and many other Americans who have recently completed variously
+illustrious lives, and so come before the world for a final judgment,
+are subjects quite as deserving and appropriate for the <i>North
+American Review</i>, as those which it has been accustomed to pick up in
+the byways of the literary world abroad; and we cannot understand why
+the facts connected with our own development and destiny, facts which
+engross and baffle the attention of the profoundest thinkers in the
+older nations, should give place in the only Review we possess, to
+such foreign, antiquated, and altogether unimportant topics as
+continually occupy its pages.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. James W. Ward</span>, of Cincinnati, a short time ago delivered before
+one of the literary institutions of Ohio, a poem on <i>Woman</i>, which has
+been noticed in terms of high commendation. A correspondent who heard
+it says it was devoted in about equal parts to the foibles and the
+virtues of the sex, the former of which it laid bare with a most
+trenchant blade, while the latter it portrayed with elegance of
+diction, and an evident love for all that is pure, elevated, and
+beautiful in woman's proper character. The slave of fashion, the
+politician in petticoats, and the "bloomer" in br&mdash;&mdash; pettiloons, the
+female "progressive," the scold, the slattern, and the butterfly, were
+all held up to merited rebuke: then came "the true woman," whose
+character as sister, wife, mother, friend, and "comforter," was dwelt
+on long and fondly, and portrayed in the language of true poetry and
+manly devotion. Mr. Ward is not much known out of the literary circles
+of the West, but several of his short poems have had a wide
+circulation in this country and in England.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A volume entitled <i>Novellettes of the Musicians</i>, has been published
+by Cornish, Lamport, &amp; Co., with Mrs. <span class="smcap">Ellet</span>'s name on the title-page
+as its author, but most of its contents are translated from the
+German, and the rest are hardly worth claiming. Yet the book
+altogether is entertaining, and is handsomely executed, with several
+striking portraits.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. <span class="smcap">Huntington</span>, once a village doctor, then a congregational
+minister, next an Episcopal clergyman, and now a Catholic priest, made
+his mark a year or two ago in the novel of <i>Alice or the Mysteries</i>,
+in which there was displayed a great deal of talent as well as a very
+peculiar morality. He has just added to his works (by Putnam) a tale
+called <i>Alban</i>, in which a hero somewhat like himself is conducted
+through various pursuits into the faith, and by pleasantly related
+vicissitudes to a good condition. The scene is in New-York and
+New-Haven, and of Roman Catholic novels we know of scarcely one more
+readable. Mr. Huntington perhaps gives us a reflection of his
+experience in this advice addressed to one of his characters:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That is why I turn to literature with such predilection,"
+said the young man, greatly excited by Mr. De Groot's way of
+talking. "Letters," resumed Mr. De Groot, after a long
+glance around his endless book-shelves, "are a pursuit that
+surpasses every other, in enjoyment, and nearly every other
+in dignity. We must have our own literary men. We can't
+afford to let other nations write our books for us. That
+were worse than policy which would hire them to fight our
+battles. There is a thought and there is a sentiment which
+belongs to <i>us</i>, and which we are in a manner bound to
+elicit. But&mdash;I am sorry to interpose so many <i>buts</i>, young
+sir&mdash;you are to consider that you must live. You cannot live
+by literature. It is difficult any where, but in this
+country it is impossible. As pride distinguishes the
+Spaniard, revenge the Italian, lust the Saxon, and
+sanguinary violence (they say) the Celt, so pecuniary
+injustice is our national trait, we steal the author's right
+in every book we publish, native or foreign. Now, Atherton,
+you can't live by a craft where people hold themselves at
+liberty to <i>steal</i> what you have produced."</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We mentioned a month or two ago the intention of Mr. Russell, of
+Charleston, to publish the <i>Poetical Writings</i> of <span class="smcap">William Gilmore
+Simms</span>, and we are pleased to see in the <i>Southern Literary Gazette</i>
+the announcement that they will appear in two handsome duodecimos of
+from three to four hundred pages each. The publisher remarks very
+justly in his advertisement that "the works of Mr. Simms recommended
+themselves peculiarly to the South, as illustrating its history, its
+traditions and legends, its scenery and its sentiments." In the North
+they will be welcomed by the author's numerous friends, and by all
+lovers of poetry, for their manly tone, imagination, and frequent
+elaborate elegance.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Tyng</span> has added to the <i>Memoir of the late Rev. Edward
+Bickersteth</i>, by the Rev. T. R. <span class="smcap">Birks</span>, an introductory chapter, and
+the work has been published in two volumes, by the Harpers. Mr.
+Bickersteth was one of the most excellent and most interesting men in
+the English church, and this well-written memoir will have a place
+among standard religious biographies.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Home Book of the Picturesque</i>, to be published by Mr. Putnam,
+will be upon the whole the most beautiful souvenir volume of the year.
+The engravings are from pictures of the Bay of New York, by H.
+Beckwith; the Clove, Cattskill, by Durand; the Alleghanies, North
+Carolina, by Richards; Snow Scene on the Housatonic, by Gignoux;
+Cattskill Scenery, by Kensett; Schroon Lake, by Cole; West Rock, New
+Haven, by Church; Adirondach Mountains, by Durand; the Juniatta,
+Pennsylvania, by Talbot; Cascade Bridge on the Erie Railroad, by
+Talbott; the Rondout, by Huntington; Church at West Point, by Weir;
+Wa-wa-yanda Lake, by Cropsey, &amp;c., and these are illustrated with
+letter-press by Miss Cooper, Fenimore Cooper, Irving, Bryant, Willis,
+Bayard Taylor, Magoon, Bethune, and one or two persons quite unworthy
+of the association to which the publisher admits them. The <i>Book of
+Home Beauty</i>, also to be issued by Mr. Putnam, we judge from a few
+proofs of Mr. Martin's pictures which we have seen, will be a much
+more attractive volume than any "Book of Beauty" ever published
+abroad. The text of this is all from the pen of Mrs. Kirkland.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature</i>, by the Rev. Dr.
+<span class="smcap">Kitto</span>, has been republished in a fine large octavo, with numerous
+illustrations by Gould, Kendall &amp; Lincoln, of Boston. We have had
+frequent occasion to praise the abilities, learning, and excellent
+taste of Dr. Kitto, who is one of the most attractive writers and most
+judicious editors engaged in the illustration of the Scriptures. We
+think the present work will become the most common of all the Bible
+Dictionaries, as it probably is the best.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. Redfield has reprinted in a style quite equal to that of the
+original London edition, the second series of <i>Episodes of Insect
+Life</i>, by <span class="smcap">Acheta Domestica</span>. This volume relates to insect life in the
+summer, and is as entertaining as a romance. We have never read a more
+attractive book in natural history.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy Jones</span>, of Westmoreland, in this state, has in press at
+Utica, a <i>History of Oneida County</i>, in the preparation of which he
+has been engaged several years, and the professors of Hamilton College
+have in preparation a Natural History of the County, embracing its
+Geology, Botany, Zoology, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A volume of <i>Poems</i> by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Rebecca S. Nichols</span>, of Cincinnati, will,
+we understand, be issued for the next holidays. Mrs. N. has some warm
+admirers, and this volume is to contain her best productions. We hope
+its success may equal its deserts.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The fine, thoughtful <i>Essays Written in the Intervals of Business</i>,
+have been reprinted by A. D. F. Randolph, of this city.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Isaac Leeser</span>, one of the Jewish ministers of Philadelphia,
+whom we have long known as a scholar and man of talents, is engaged on
+a new translation of the Old Testament, on the basis of the common
+English version, carefully corrected and improved according to the
+best Jewish authorities. It is intended by Mr. Leeser so to render the
+Hebrew text that but few explanatory notes will be needed, and he
+reasonably hopes that his edition will be commonly adopted by the Jews
+of this country. Dr. <span class="smcap">Kenrick</span>, the Roman Catholic Bishop of
+Philadelphia, has just published (by Dunigan &amp; Brother, New-York,)
+<i>The Epistles and the Apocalypse</i>, from the Vulgate, having previously
+given to the public a translation of the Gospels; and Dr. Alexander of
+Princeton, and several other men of learning, have lately been
+occupied with new versions of particular portions of the sacred
+volume. It is well known, too, that a society, composed for the most
+part of members of one of the largest and most respectable
+denominations of Christians, has been established mainly for the
+purpose of publishing a revised version of the Bible, but it is not
+probable that this society will ever accomplish any thing more than an
+increased "contempt for God's word and commandment." The specimens we
+have of its scholarship might justify some merriment if they were
+connected with something less venerable and sacred.</p>
+
+<p>For ourselves we are content with the Bible as it is, and cannot help
+a feeling of regret that any who profess to be governed by its wisdom
+are disposed to treat it with so little reverence. Undoubtedly there
+are some slight verbal inaccuracies in the common version, but they
+are understood, or may be easily explained in notes: we want here no
+innovations, no improvements, no progress, except in the observance of
+the good we understand. Nevertheless, we see with pleasure all the
+studies with which really learned men illustrate their convictions of
+the significance of the original. For the chief portion of mankind, in
+this night in which we live, the sun does not shine with its original
+splendor, but it is reflected on us by the moon, and we care not how
+many thousand stars reflect it also according to their capacity.</p>
+
+<p>A new version, by which it is <i>not proposed to displace the common
+one</i>, is to appear from the press of Mr. Colby, in this city, and the
+high reputation of its author for learning and judgment, is a
+sufficient assurance that what he does at all he will do in a very
+masterly manner. The Rev. Dr. Conant, Professor of Biblical Literature
+in the University of Rochester, says in a letter to his publisher:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It has long been a favorite object with me to furnish a
+translation of the Holy Scriptures for unlearned readers,
+which should accurately express the meaning of the original
+by the aids of modern scholarship in the style and manner of
+the early English versions. The translation is intended,
+therefore, for the benefit of the common reader of the
+Scriptures, to aid him in more clearly understanding them
+wherever our common version is for any reason obscure. In
+other words, it is to do directly by a translation what has
+long been attempted by the awkward and circuitous method of
+a commentary; viz. to make the Scriptures plain to the
+unlearned reader. I should for many reasons regard it as
+undesirable, and it certainly is impracticable, to supplant
+the common version to any extent as the received version for
+the church and the people, or the common English Bible and
+common standard of appeal for those who use only the English
+language."</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Conant will preserve as nearly as may be the manner of the old
+translations, endeavoring only to combine the fidelity and exactness
+of modern scholarship with the simplicity and strength of the common
+version. To such an effort, by such a man, we see no objections. The
+reputation most at stake is that of Dr. Conant himself, and those who
+know him do not fear that that will suffer. It will at least be
+interesting to mark the differences between his renderings and those
+of King James's translators.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. Putnam publishes for the coming holidays a new impression of the
+<i>Memorial</i>, which is incomparably the most interesting literary
+miscellany ever printed as a gift-book in this country. The proceeds
+of the sale, it is known, are to be appropriated for the erection of a
+monument to the late Mrs. Osgood, in Mount Auburn Cemetery. The book
+is made up of original articles by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Chancellor
+Walworth, N. P. Willis, Bishop Doane, G. P. R. James, S. G. Goodrich,
+John Neal, W. G. Simms, Richard B. Kimball, George P. Morris, Dr.
+Mayo, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Embury, Mrs. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Hewitt, Mrs.
+Lynch, and indeed all the best and most brilliant writers of the time;
+and it is beautifully illustrated.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The well-known private library of the late Rev. Dr. <span class="smcap">Samuel Farmer
+Jarvis</span> is to be sold in this city, by Messrs. Lyman &amp; Rawdon, about
+the beginning of October. In several departments of sacred and
+classical literature it is one of the finest collections in America,
+and it will probably attract large numbers of buyers, especially from
+among the lovers of medi&aelig;val scholarship and theology.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mitchell's</span> new book, the <i>Diary of a Dreamer</i>, is in press by
+Charles Scribner, and the same publisher will issue for the holidays
+an edition of the <i>Reveries of a Bachelor</i>, admirably illustrated by
+Darley, who seems indeed never to have done better than in some of his
+designs for it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Longfellow</span> has in the press of Ticknor, Reed and Fields, of
+Boston, a new poem, entitled <i>The Golden Legend</i>. It is the longest of
+his poetical works, making some 350 pages, and will soon be given to
+the public.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is this year a very remarkable number of new books illustrative
+of the applications of science to mechanics. Every man seems
+determined to master the learning which can be turned to account in
+his vocation, and the booksellers are quite willing to aid them. We
+suppose the most generally and importantly useful work of this kind
+ever printed is Appleton's <i>Dictionary of Machinery, Mechanics, Engine
+Work, and Engineering</i>, just completed in two very large compactly
+printed and profusely illustrated octavo volumes. In this great work
+are gathered the best results of the study and experiment of the
+workers of the world. It is a cyclopedia of inventions, in which one
+may be sure of finding described the best processes yet discovered for
+doing every thing that is to be done by means of mechanics. The
+benefits conferred on the country by this publication must be very
+great; its general circulation would mark a new period in our physical
+advancement, and to a degree influence our civilization, since there
+is no country in the world in which every resource is so readily
+applied to purposes of comfort and culture. If knowledge is power, as,
+misquoting Lord Bacon, it is every day asserted, the truth is most
+conspicuous in the range of those arts and occupations illustrated by
+these incomparable volumes, which should be in the house of every man
+who has already provided himself with the Bible and Shakspere. The
+Appletons also publish a <i>Mechanics' Magazine</i>, edited in a very
+admirable manner, and we understand it is largely sold.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the Appletons, we believe the largest publisher in this line
+is Henry C. Baird, of Philadelphia, who has now in press a <i>Handbook
+of Locomotive Engineers</i>, by <span class="smcap">Septimus Norris</span>, of the celebrated house,
+Norris &amp; Brother, engine manufactures; <i>The Practical Metal Worker's
+Assistant</i>, by M. <span class="smcap">Holtzaphfel</span>, illustrated with many engravings, and
+enlarged by the addition of American matters; <span class="smcap">Scott</span>'s <i>Cotton
+Spinner</i>, thoroughly revised by an American editor; a new edition of
+Mr. <span class="smcap">Overman</span>'s important book on <i>Iron; The Practical Model
+Calculator</i>, for the engineer, machinest, manufacturer, &amp;c., by Mr.
+<span class="smcap">Byrne</span>, (to be issued in twelve semi-monthly numbers); a <i>Treatise on
+the American Steam-Engine</i>, by the same author; and several other
+books of this class.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Appletons will publish in a few weeks <i>The Women of Early
+Christianity</i>, one of that series of splendidly illustrated volumes
+composed of <i>Our Saviour and his Apostles</i>, <i>The Women of the Bible,
+&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Braithwaite's</span> <i>Retrospect of Practical Medicine</i>, in consequence of an
+arrangement just entered into, will hereafter be published by Stringer
+&amp; Townsend, who will issue it with promptness, correctness, and
+general mechanical excellence.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>James Munroe &amp; Co. of Boston are proceeding regularly with Mr.
+<span class="smcap">Hudson</span>'s excellent edition of Shakspeare, and they have lately issued
+among several handsome volumes an edition of the works of George
+Herbert. They have in press <i>The Philippics of Demosthenes</i>, with
+notes critical and explanatory, by Professor M. J. Smead; <i>The Camel
+Hunt</i>, a narrative of personal adventures, by Joseph Warren Fabius;
+<i>Companions of my Solitude</i>, by the author of "Friends in Council,"
+&amp;c., &amp;c.; <i>The Greek Girl</i>, and other poems, by James W. Simmons;
+<i>Epitaphs</i>, taken from Copp's Hill Burying Ground in Boston, by Thomas
+Bridgman; and <i>Domestic Pets</i>, their habits and management, with
+illustrative anecdotes, by Mrs. Loudon.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The second and concluding volume of the <i>Life of Calvin</i>, by Dr.
+<span class="smcap">Henry</span>, has just been issued by Carter &amp; Brothers, and it is quite
+equal in every respect to the first volume. Such a careful history was
+well-deserved of a Christian whom even Voltaire admitted to be one in
+the list of the world's twenty greatest men, and it was especially
+needed for the vindication of one who had in so extraordinary a degree
+been a subject of partisan hatred and calumny.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. William R. Williams</span> of this city has just published a volume of
+<i>Lectures on the Lord's Prayer</i>, (Gould &amp; Lincoln, Boston,) which we
+shall notice more appropriately hereafter. At present we can only
+remark that it is a work of extraordinary merit, worthy of an author
+whose abilities and virtues render his name illustrious.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. <span class="smcap">Wainwright</span> has in the press of the Appletons a work
+descriptive of his Travels in Egypt. It will appear in a large and
+luxuriously embellished volume, some time before Christmas.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The third, fourth, and fifth volumes of the <i>Works of John Adams</i> have
+been issued by Little and Brown, and the fifth and sixth volumes of
+the <i>Works of Alexander Hamilton</i>, by C. S. Francis.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Frederic Saunders</span> is publishing in the <i>New-York Recorder</i> a
+series of papers under the title of <i>Bookcraft</i> which will make a
+volume not unworthy of D'Israeli.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>M. W. <span class="smcap">Dodd</span> has published a new edition of <span class="smcap">Cruden</span>'s great <i>Concordance
+of the Bible</i>, a book which every body knows is perfect in its kind.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Jewett &amp; Co. have in press the works of the Rev. <span class="smcap">Lyman Beecher</span>, D.D.
+which they will publish in some half-dozen octavo volumes.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The approaching Trade Sales will be the largest ever held in
+New-York.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> R&eacute;n&eacute; Taillandier, Professor of Belles Lettres at the
+College of Montpellier, declared by the <i>Allgemeine Zeitung</i> to be
+more familiar with German politics and literature than any other
+Frenchman living.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_Fine_Arts" id="The_Fine_Arts"></a><i>The Fine Arts.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Powers</span>, in a letter to a friend in this city, says with satirical
+humor, of his favorite work, "Eve is an old-fashioned body, and not so
+well formed and attractive as are her granddaughters,&mdash;at least some
+of them. She wears her hair in a natural and most primitive manner,
+drawn back from the temples, and hanging loose behind, thus exposing
+those very ugly features in women. <i>Her waist is quite too large for
+our modern notions of beauty</i>, and her feet, they are so very broad
+and large! And did ever one see such long toes! they have never been
+wedged into form by the nice and pretty little shoes worn by her
+lovely descendents. But Eve is very stiff and unyielding in her
+disposition: <i>she will not allow her waist to be reduced by bandaging,
+because she is far more comfortable as she is</i>, and besides, she has
+<i>some regard for her health, which might suffer from such restraints
+upon her lungs, heart, liver, &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c.</i> I could never prevail
+upon her to wear modern shoes, for she dreads corns, which, she says,
+are neither convenient nor ornamental. But some allowance ought to be
+made for these crude notions of hers,&mdash;founded as they are in the
+prejudices and absurdities of <i>primitive</i> days. Taking all these
+things into consideration, I think it best that she should not be
+exhibited, as it might subject me to censure, and severe criticisms,
+and these, too, without pecuniary reward."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>After the death of <span class="smcap">Wordsworth</span>, a committee was formed among his
+friends for the purpose of setting up a tablet to his memory in
+Grassmere Church, where he is buried. The work intrusted to Mr. Thomas
+Woolner, has been completed. Surmounted by a band of laurel leaves is
+the inscription, written by Professor Keble; under which the poet's
+head is sculptured in relief. The likeness to the man has received
+praise from persons whose verdict is final; the intellectual likeness
+to the poet will be more widely appreciated, and recognized with
+cordial admiration. The meditative lines of the face, the thoughtful
+forehead and eye, the compressed, sensitive mouth, are rendered with
+refined intelligence. In two narrow spaces at each side of the head,
+are introduced the crocus and celandine, and the snowdrop and violet,
+treated with a rare union of natural beauty and sculpturesque method
+and subordination. Throughout, the delicately studied execution shows
+that the work has been a labor of love.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leutze's</span> great historical picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware
+before the Battle of Trenton, has been received in this city by
+Messrs. Goupil &amp; Co. and will soon be exhibited to the public. These
+publishers will give us a large and fine engraving of it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greenough's</span> noble group for the capitol, upon which he has been
+engaged nearly twenty years, is so nearly finished that it may be
+expected in the United States before the end of November. The subject
+is a contrast of the Anglo-Saxon with the Indian. The group is
+composed of an American Hunter, in the act of seizing an Indian who
+was about to tomahawk a mother and her infant. The white man has
+approached the savage from behind, and, having seized him by the arms,
+and pressed him with bending knees to the ground, stands frowning
+above his subjugated foe, who, with his head thrown back, gazes upward
+at his conqueror with surprise and terror. At their feet a woman,
+pressing a child to her bosom, sinks in alarm and agony. The effect is
+very imposing, having something of the dignity and grandeur which
+belong to the works of Michael Angelo. In Italy the work has much
+increased Greenough's previous great reputation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A monument is to be erected at Dresden to the composer <span class="smcap">Von Weber</span>. To
+defray the expenses, performances are to be given at the various
+theatres in Germany, and the proceeds formed into a fund for that
+purpose. Large sums are expected from this source, as also from
+private contributions throughout Europe. The monument is to be
+surmounted by a statue of the composer, by Rietschel, who was an
+intimate friend of his. It will be of bronze, eight feet high, and
+placed on a pedestal of the same metal, ornamented with bas-reliefs.
+The site chosen for its erection is immediately opposite the principal
+entrance to the Royal Theatre of Dresden.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The distinguished painter <span class="smcap">Cornelius</span> has been solicited by the Belgian
+Academy of Art to send the grand cartoons on which he is employed, to
+the great Belgian Exhibition. Cornelius, however, fears to risk these
+drawings, the work of ten years, on a journey of such length, since
+their loss could not be replaced. They already fill two large halls,
+and will remain a lasting monument of the painter's genius, even if
+the Cathedral, in which they are to appear as frescoes, should not be
+erected during his life.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The publication of a work entitled <i>The Twelve Virgins of Raphael</i>,
+has been commenced in Paris. It will be in twelve numbers, each
+containing an engraving and letter-press description and history.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A sculptor of Paris has received orders from the Greek Government to
+execute marble busts of Admirals de Rigny and Codington, to be placed
+in the Salle where the Senate holds its sittings.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Historical_Review_of_the_Month" id="Historical_Review_of_the_Month"></a><i>Historical Review of the Month.</i></h2>
+
+
+<h4>THE UNITED STATES.</h4>
+
+<p>The August elections, though in general not very warmly contested,
+have attracted much attention. We have attempted, in the following
+carefully prepared table, to exhibit the results, as well as the
+character of the next Congress at large&mdash;a task somewhat difficult on
+account of the diversity of parties and the frequent disregard which
+has been shown for old divisions:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h4>XXXII CONGRESS&mdash;SENATE.</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Commenced March 4, 1851, and ends March 4, 1852.</i></h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><i>Term Expires.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">ALABAMA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Clemens</span>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William R. King, S. R.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">ARKANSAS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. K. Sebastian, S. R.,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Solon Borland</span>.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">CALIFORNIA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wm. M. Gwinn</span>,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elean Heydenfeldt, L. R.[A]</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">CONNECTICUT.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Truman Smith</i>,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A vacancy.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">DELAWARE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Presley Spruance</i>,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James A. Bayard, L. R.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">FLORIDA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jackson Morton</span>,[B]</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Stephen R. Mallory.</span>[A]</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">GEORGIA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>John McP. Berrien</i>, S. R.,[C]</td><td align='left'> 1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wm. C. Dawson</span>.[B]</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">INDIANA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Whitcomb, L. R.,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jesse D. Bright</span>.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">ILLINOIS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stephen A. Douglas,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Shields, L. R.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">IOWA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George W. Jones, L. R.,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Augustus C. Dodge, L. R.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">KENTUCKY.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Joseph R. Underwood,</i></td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Henry Clay.</i></td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">LOUISIANA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sol. W. Downs</span>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pierre Soul&eacute;, S. R.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MAINE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James W. Bradbury,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hannibal Hamlin, F. S.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MARYLAND.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>James A. Pierce,</i></td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Thomas G. Pratt.</i></td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>John Davis</i>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles Sumner, F. S.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MISSISSIPPI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Henry S. Foote</span>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jefferson Davis, S. R.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MICHIGAN.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Alpheus Felch</span>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lewis Cass.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MISSOURI.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>David R. Atchison, S. R.,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hen. S. Geyer</span>.[B]</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW HAMPSHIRE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John P. Hale, F. S.,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Moses Harris</span>, jr.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW-YORK.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>William H. Seward,</i></td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hamilton Fish.</i></td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW JERSEY.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Jacob W. Miller</i>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robert F. Stockton</span>.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NORTH CAROLINA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Willie P. Mangum,</i></td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>George E. Badger.</i></td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">OHIO.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Salmon P. Chase, F. S.,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>B. Franklin Wade</i>.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>James Cooper</i>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Richard Brodhead</span>, jr.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>John H. Clarke</i>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles T. Jarves, L. R.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>R. Barnwell Rhett (Sec.),</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. P. Butler, S. R.</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">TENNESSEE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>John Bell</i>,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A vacancy.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">TEXAS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sam Houston,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas J. Rusk.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">VERMONT.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>William Upham,</i></td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Solomon Foote.</i></td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">VIRGINIA.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert M. T. Hunter,</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James M. Mason.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">WISCONSIN.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Isaac P. Walker,</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry Dodge.</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>
+
+<p>
+ALABAMA.<br />
+1. John Bragg, S. R.,<br />
+2. <span class="smcap">James Abercrombie</span>,[B]<br />
+3. Sampson W. Harris, S. R.,<br />
+4. <span class="smcap">Wm. R. Smith</span>,<br />
+5. <span class="smcap">Geo. S. Houston</span>,<br />
+6. <span class="smcap">W. R. W. Cobb</span>,<br />
+7. <span class="smcap">Alex White</span>.[B]<br />
+<br />
+ARKANSAS.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<br />
+CALIFORNIA.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<br />
+CONNECTICUT.<br />
+1. <i>Charles Chapman</i>,<br />
+2. C. M. <span class="smcap">Ingersoll</span>,[B]<br />
+3. Chauncey F. Cleveland, F. S.,<br />
+4. O. S. <span class="smcap">Seymour</span>.[B]<br />
+<br />
+DELAWARE.<br />
+1. George Read Riddle, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+FLORIDA.<br />
+<i>Edward C. Cabell, L. R.</i><br />
+<br />
+GEORGIA.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+3. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+4. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+5. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+6. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+7. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+8. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+ILLINOIS.<br />
+1. Wm. H. Bissell, L. R.,<br />
+2. Willis Allen, L. R.,<br />
+3. O. R. Ficklin, L. R.,<br />
+4. R. S. Maloney, F. S.,<br />
+5. Wm. A. Richardson, L. R.,<br />
+6. T. Campbell, F. S.,<br />
+7. <i>Richard Yates</i>.<br />
+<br />
+INDIANA.<br />
+1. James Lockhart,<br />
+2. Cyrus L. Dunham, L. R.,<br />
+3. John L. Robinson,<br />
+4. <i>Samuel W. Parker</i>,<br />
+5. Thomas H. Hendricks, L. R.,<br />
+6. Willis A. Gorman,<br />
+7. John G. Davis, F. S.,<br />
+8. Daniel Mace, F. S.,<br />
+9. Graham N. Fitch,<br />
+10. <i>Samuel Brenton</i>.<br />
+<br />
+IOWA.<br />
+1. Lincoln Clark, L. R.,<br />
+2. Bernhardt Henn, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+KENTUCKY.<br />
+1. <span class="smcap">Linn Boyd</span>,<br />
+2. <i>Ben. Edward Grey, L. R.</i>,<br />
+3. <i>Presley Ewing</i>,<br />
+4. <i>William T. Ward</i>,<br />
+5. James N. Stone (rep.),<br />
+6. <i>Addison White</i>,<br />
+7. <i>Humphrey Marshall</i>,<br />
+8. John C. Breckenridge, L. R.,<br />
+9. John C. Mason,<br />
+10. Richard H. Stanton.<br />
+<br />
+LOUISIANA.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+3. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+4. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+MAINE.<br />
+1. Moses McDonald, L. R.,<br />
+2. John Appleton,[A]<br />
+3. <i>Robert Goodenow</i>,<br />
+4. Charles Andrews, F. S.,<br />
+5. Ephraim K. Smart, F. S.,<br />
+6. <i>Israel Washburn, jr.</i>,<br />
+7. <span class="smcap">Thomas J. D. Fuller</span>.<br />
+<br />
+MARYLAND.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+3. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+4. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+5. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+6. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS.<br />
+1. <i>William Appleton</i>,<br />
+2. Robert Rantoul, jr., F. S.,<br />
+3. <i>James H. Duncan</i>,<br />
+4. <i>B. Thompson</i>,<br />
+5. <i>Charles Allen, F. S.</i>,<br />
+6. George T. Davis,<br />
+7. John Z. Goodrich,<br />
+8. Horace Mann, F. S.,<br />
+9. <i>Oron Fowler</i>,<br />
+10. <i>Zeno Scudder</i>.<br />
+<br />
+MICHIGAN.<br />
+1. <i>Ebenezer J. Penniman, F. S.</i>,<br />
+2. Charles E. Stuart, L. R.,<br />
+3. <i>James L. Conger, F. S.</i><br />
+<br />
+MISSISSIPPI.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+3. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+4. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+MISSOURI.<br />
+1. <i>John F. Darby</i>,<br />
+2. <i>Gilchrist Porter</i>,<br />
+3. <i>John G. Miller</i>,<br />
+4. Willard P. Hall, Anti-Benton,<br />
+5. John S. Phelps, Benton.<br />
+<br />
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.<br />
+1. <i>Amos Tuck</i>,<br />
+2. <span class="smcap">Charles H. Peaslee</span>,<br />
+3. <i>Jared Perkins</i>,<br />
+4. Harry Hibbard, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+NEW JERSEY.<br />
+1. Nathan T. Stratten,<br />
+2. Charles D. Skelton, L. R.,<br />
+3. <span class="smcap">Isaac Wildrick</span>,<br />
+4. George H. Brown,<br />
+5. Rodman M. Price, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+NEW-YORK.<br />
+1. John G. Floyd, F. S.,<br />
+2. <i>Obadiah Bowne</i>,<br />
+3. Emanuel B. Hart, L. R.,<br />
+4. <i>J. H. Hobart Haws</i>,<br />
+5. <i>George Briggs</i>,<br />
+6. <i>James Brooks</i>,<br />
+7. Abraham P. Stevens, L. R.,<br />
+8. Gilbert Dean, F. S.,<br />
+9. William Murray, F. S.,<br />
+10. <i>Marius Schoonmaker</i>,<br />
+11. Josiah Sutherland, F. S.,<br />
+12. David L. Seymour, L. R.,<br />
+13. <i>John L. Schoolcraft</i>,<br />
+14. <i>John H. Boyd</i>,<br />
+15. Joseph Russell, F. S.,<br />
+16. <i>John Wells</i>,<br />
+17. Alexander H. Buel, F. S.,<br />
+18. Preston King, F. S.,<br />
+19. Willard Ives, F. S.,<br />
+20. Timothy Jenkins, F. S.,<br />
+21. William W. Snow, F. S.,<br />
+22. <i>Henry Bennett</i>,<br />
+23. Leander Babcock, F. S.,<br />
+24. Daniel T. Jones, F. S.,<br />
+25. Thomas Y. How, Jr., F. S.,<br />
+26. <i>Henry S. Walbridge</i>,<br />
+27. <i>William A. Sacket</i>,<br />
+28. <i>Ab. M. Schermerhorn</i>,<br />
+29. <i>Jerediah Horsford</i>,<br />
+30. Reuben Robie, F. S.,<br />
+31. <i>Frederick S. Martin</i>,<br />
+32. <i>Solomon G. Haven</i>,<br />
+33. <i>Aug. P. Hascall</i>,<br />
+34. <i>Lorenzo Burrows</i>.<br />
+<br />
+NORTH CAROLINA.<br />
+1. <i>Thomas L. Clingman</i>,[C]<br />
+2. <i>Joseph P. Caldwell, L. R.</i>,<br />
+3. <i>Alfred Dackery</i>,<br />
+4. <i>James T. Morehead</i>,<br />
+5. Abraham W. Venable, S. R., L. R.,<br />
+6. John R. J. Daniel, S. R.,<br />
+7. <span class="smcap">William S. Ashe</span>,<br />
+8. <i>Edward Stanley</i>,<br />
+9. <i>David Outlaw</i>.<br />
+<br />
+OHIO.<br />
+1. David T. Disney, L. R.,<br />
+2. <i>Lewis D. Campbell, L. R.</i>,<br />
+3. <i>Hiram Bell</i>,<br />
+4. <i>Benjamin Stanton</i>,<br />
+5. Alfred P. Edgerton,<br />
+6. Frederick Green,<br />
+7. <i>Nelson Barrere</i>,<br />
+8. <i>John L. Taylor, L. R.</i>,<br />
+9. Edson B. Olds, L. R.,<br />
+10. Charles Sweetser,<br />
+11. George H. Busby,<br />
+12. <i>John Welsh</i>,<br />
+13. James M. Gaylord,<br />
+14. <i>Alexander Harper</i>,<br />
+15. <i>William F. Hunter</i>,<br />
+16. <i>John Johnson, Md. L. R.</i>,<br />
+17. Joseph Cable, L. R.,<br />
+18. David K. Cartter,<br />
+19. <i>Eben Newton, F. S.</i>,<br />
+20. Josh R. Giddings, F. S.,<br />
+21. N. S. Townshend, F. S., L. R.<br />
+<br />
+PENNSYLVANIA.<br />
+1. Thomas B. Florence, L. R.,[A]<br />
+2. <i>Joseph R. Chandler</i>,<br />
+3. <i>Henry D. Moore</i>, L. R.,<br />
+4. John Robbins, jr., L. R.,<br />
+5. John McNair,<br />
+6. Thomas Ross,<br />
+7. John A. Morrison, L. R.,<br />
+8. <i>Thaddeus Stevens</i>,<br />
+9. J. Glancy Jones,<br />
+10. Milo M. Dimmick,<br />
+11. <i>Henry M. Fuller</i>,[A]<br />
+12. Galusha A. Grow, F. S.,<br />
+13. James Gamble,<br />
+14. <i>T. M. Bibighaus</i>,<br />
+15. William H. Kurtz,<br />
+16. J. X. McLanahan,<br />
+17. Andrew Parker,<br />
+18. John L. Dawson,<br />
+19. <i>Joseph H. Kuhns</i>,<br />
+20. <i>John Allison</i>,<br />
+21. <i>Thomas M. Howe</i>,<br />
+22. <i>John W. Howe</i>,<br />
+23. Carlton B. Curtis, L. R.,<br />
+24. Alfred Gilmore, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+RHODE ISLAND.<br />
+1. <i>George G. King</i>,<br />
+2. Benj. B. Thurston, F. S.<br />
+<br />
+SOUTH CAROLINA.<br />
+1. Daniel Wallace,<br />
+2. James L. Orr,<br />
+3. Jos. A. Woodard,<br />
+4. John McQueen,<br />
+5. Armistead Burt,<br />
+6. William Aiken,<br />
+7. William F. Colcock.<br />
+<br />
+TENNESSEE.<br />
+1. Andrew Johnson, L. R.,<br />
+2. <i>Albert G. Watkins</i>, L. R.,<br />
+3. <i>Josiah M. Anderson</i>, L. R.,<br />
+4. John H. Savage, S. R., L. R.,<br />
+5. <span class="smcap">George W. Jones</span>, L. R.,<br />
+6. William H. Polk, L. R.,<br />
+7. <i>Meredith P. Gentry</i>, L. R.,<br />
+8. <i>William Cullom</i>,<br />
+9. Isham G. Harris, S. R., L. R.,<br />
+10. Frederick P. Stanton, L. R.,<br />
+11. <i>Christopher H. Williams</i>, L. R.<br />
+<br />
+TEXAS.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+VERMONT.<br />
+1. <i>Ahiman L. Miner</i>,<br />
+2. <i>William Hebard</i>,<br />
+3. <i>James Meacham</i>,<br />
+4. Thos. Bartlett, jr., F. S.<br />
+<br />
+VIRGINIA.<br />
+1. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+2. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+3. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+4. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+5. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+6. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+7. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+8. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+9. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+10. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+11. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+12. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+13. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+14. &mdash;&mdash;,<br />
+15. &mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+NEBRASKA.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+OREGON.<br />
+1. Joseph Lane, Ind. L. R.<br />
+<br />
+WISCONSIN.<br />
+1. Charles Durkee, F. S.,<br />
+2. Ben. C. Eastman, L. R.,<br />
+3. James D. Doty, Md., F. S., L. R.<br />
+<br />
+MINNESOTA.<br />
+1. H. H. Sibley, Ind.<br />
+<br />
+NEW MEXICO.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+<br />
+UTAH.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, in <i>italics</i>; "Union"-men in
+<span class="smcap">small-capitals</span>.</p>
+
+<p>[A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig
+Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land
+Reform.</p>
+
+<p>So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States
+are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas
+to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six
+remaining States.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>THE ELECTIONS FOR STATE OFFICERS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alabama.</span>&mdash;Hon. <span class="smcap">Henry W. Collier</span>, a Southern Rights Democrat,
+is re-elected Governor of this State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tennessee.</span>&mdash;Gen. <span class="smcap">William B. Campbell</span>, Union Whig, is elected
+Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent,
+Gen. William Trowsdale.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kentucky.</span>&mdash;Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is
+elected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> Governor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut.
+Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig)
+Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party
+contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional
+District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends
+of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but
+Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>RECAPITULATION OF CONGRESS.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Senate.</span></td><td colspan="3"> <span class="smcap">House.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>States.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Dem.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Whig.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Vac.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Dem.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Whig.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Vac.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Louisiana</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maine</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total,</td><td align='right'>39</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>111</td><td align='right'>80</td><td align='right'>42</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>In New-York, the Democratic party will meet in convention on the 10th
+of this present month of September, to prepare for approaching
+elections, and, on the following day, the United Whig party will hold
+its annual convention in the same city&mdash;the State Central Committee of
+both sections of it having united in a call for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention of Virginia, which has been sitting at Richmond during
+the last eight months, have at length agreed upon the form of a new
+Constitution for that State, and brought its session to a close. The
+Constitution has yet to be submitted to a vote of the people, but of
+its acceptance no doubt appears to be entertained. It is to be voted
+for on the 23d of October.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the United States, accompanied by the Secretaries of
+War and Interior, has been received with much enthusiasm in various
+places in eastern Virginia, through which he passed on his way to the
+White Sulphur Springs. The Secretary of State has been passing a few
+weeks among the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire, where he will
+remain probably till October; and the Secretary of the Treasury has
+been detained by ill health at his residence in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Reports from the various agricultural districts of the Union indicate
+that the wheat harvest of 1851 will be the heaviest ever raised. In
+New-York, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the yield is very large,
+and the wheat excellent. In the Northern and Central Illinois, heavy
+rains have destroyed a portion of the crop, but in the Southern
+portion of the State it will be abundant. In Ohio, advices from all
+quarters of the State show that the wheat crop of the present season
+will be the largest ever grown in the State. In Iowa, the yield is
+indifferent. Of corn there will probably be an average crop. Potatoes
+in several parts of the country have suffered from the rot.</p>
+
+<p>The cholera prevails to some extent in the valley of the Mississippi,
+and other parts of the Southern and Western States. Among the Sioux
+Indians it has been very fatal. The treaty just formed with the Sioux
+Indians, secures to the United States all the land in the entire
+valley of the Minnesota, and the eastern tributaries of the Sioux,
+estimated at 21,000,000 of acres.</p>
+
+<p>From Texas, we learn that there has been great excitement at Rio
+Grande, in consequence of the Mexicans refusing to surrender a
+fugitive slave. It is said that 2,000 slaves have made their escape
+into Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>There have been several arrivals from California, and by every one
+evidence has been furnished of a very unfortunate condition of
+affairs. Dissatisfied with the manner in which justice is executed, or
+perhaps with a view to the complete overthrow of the government, large
+numbers of men have associated themselves at San Francisco and
+elsewhere, and assumed all the functions of a magistracy, treating the
+constituted authorities with contempt, and, in secret assemblies,
+deciding questions of life and of all the highest interests of
+society. By their directions, several persons accused of crimes have
+been murdered, and all the officers of the law have been set at
+defiance. In other respects, the news from California and other parts
+of the Pacific coast is without remarkable features; the general
+prosperity continues in mining, agriculture, and trade; and such is
+the energy of the inhabitants of that city, that San Francisco has
+nearly recovered from the effects of the disastrous fires with which
+it has been visited. The arrival at New-York, on the 13th of August,
+of the steamer Prometheus, in 29 days from San Francisco, by the new
+route of Lake Nicaragua and the river San Juan, establishes the
+practicability and advantages of this route. The shortest trip ever
+made by the Panama route, it is said, was in 31 days.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CUBA.</h4>
+
+<p>The people of the United States have been kept in a state of
+excitement during a portion of the last month by reports of a
+revolution in the Island of Cuba. It is not yet possible to discover
+very clearly, what are the facts, but it is certain, that there were
+insurrectionary movements commencing about the 4th of July, in several
+parts of the Island; that they were badly planned, and inefficiently
+executed, and that the whole attempt, having caused the ruin of a vast
+number of persons, is at an end, and has resulted in the firmer
+establishment of the Spanish authority.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRITISH AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<p>The Provincial Government persists in its refusal to concede the
+navigation of the St. Lawrence to foreign vessels till it obtains an
+equivalent from the United States. A motion against removing the
+Executive Government to Quebec, until after the expiration of four
+years from the time of its removal to Toronto, has been negatived the
+House of Commons by a vote of 48 to 12. It is believed that the
+removal will be decided on during the present season.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MEXICO.</h4>
+
+<p>The financial embarrassments of the government and people engross the
+general attention, and though it has been believed that a scheme of
+administration for augmenting the revenue would be successful, yet the
+country is so unsettled, and the dissatisfaction with the government
+so common, and the spirit of revolution so diffused, that only
+confusion and accelerated ruin can very reasonably be predicted of the
+country. Insurrectionary movements by parties having in view the
+recall and dictatorship of Santa Anna, have been put down in Chiapos
+and Tobasco.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTH AMERICA.</h4>
+
+<p>In Buenos Ayres Rosas had been disturbed by the disaffection of
+General Urquiza. Rosas was making active preparations to oppose
+hostile attacks. The fortieth Anniversary of the Independence of
+Venezuela was celebrated at Caraccas with great enthusiasm. Venezuela
+remains perfectly tranquil. The insurrection in the Southern Provinces
+of New-Grenada has not yet been quelled, and the troops of the
+Government have suffered a defeat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EUROPE AND ASIA.</h4>
+
+<p>We are compelled to abridge our notices of foreign events to a mere
+statement of dates. In ENGLAND the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill finally
+passed the House of Lords on the 28th of July, and receiving the royal
+signature became a law. Little other business of importance was
+accomplished before the prorogation of Parliament, which took place on
+the 8th of August. In <span class="smcap">France</span> the motion for a revision of the
+constitution was rejected in the Assembly at Paris on Saturday, July
+19. Out of 736 members, in the Assembly, 724 were present and
+voted&mdash;446 in favor of the revision and 278 against it; but as a
+majority of three quarters was required to carry the motion, it
+failed. On the 31st of July the Assembly elected a Committee of
+Permanence, consisting of twenty-five of the most dignified of its
+members, to sit during the vacation, which it was decided should last
+from the 10th of August to the 4th of November. From <span class="smcap">Russia</span> we have
+news of an important victory of the Turkomans over the Russian troops
+in the harbor of Astrabad, and the Russians have also suffered an
+extraordinary and most important defeat in the Caucasus. In <span class="smcap">Italy</span>
+every thing is calm, but the oppressions of the ecclesiastical
+government are more and more intolerable and outrageous. The Pope has
+returned from his residence at Castel Gandolfo to Rome. The rebellion
+in the southern provinces of <span class="smcap">China</span> appears to be still unchecked.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Recent_Deaths" id="Recent_Deaths"></a><i>Recent Deaths.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The Rev. <span class="smcap">Stephen Olin</span>, D.D. president of the Wesleyan University, died
+at Middletown on the 16th of August. He was a native of Vermont, and
+was educated at Middlebury College. He entered the itinerant ministry
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1824, uniting himself with the
+South Carolina conference. His next two years were spent in
+Charleston. His labors proved too severe, and in 1826 he became what
+is called in the Methodist Church a supernumerary, with permission to
+travel for the benefit of his health. He was a local preacher for the
+same reason until 1828, but in 1829 resumed his itinerant labors. In
+1832 he was again compelled to relinquish the labors the itinerancy
+imposed, and was appointed by the Georgia conference a professor in
+Franklin College. In 1833 he was elected president of Randolph
+College, Macon, Geo., which position he held until elected President
+of the Wesleyan University. In 1837 he travelled in Europe and the
+East, and on his return published an account of his Travels, in two
+volumes, which were very popular.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Baron de Ledeirir, the celebrated Russian botanist, died at Munich on
+the 23d of July, aged sixty-five. At the early age of nineteen he was
+appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dorpat, and in 1820
+he obtained the botanical chair in the University of St. Petersburg.
+In 1821 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and
+by order of the Emperor Alexander undertook to compile the <i>Russian
+Flora</i>. To collect materials for this great work he spent sixteen
+years in visiting different parts of the vast Empire of Russia, and
+went as far as the frontiers of China and into Siberia. In 1848 the
+state of his health obliged him to take up his residence at Munich.
+There he labored at his <i>Flora</i>, and had the satisfaction of
+completing it two months before his death.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Edward Quillinan, son-in-law to Wordsworth, and known in the select
+rather than in the wide world of letters, as a poet, a scholar, a
+contributor to more than one literary publication, and the author of
+one or two separate works, died in July.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Harriet Lee, the celebrated writer of the "Canterbury Tales," was the
+youngest sister of Sophia Lee, the author of <i>The Recess</i>, and of many
+popular dramas and novels. These ladies were daughters of John Lee,
+who had been bred to the law, but became an actor of much repute at
+Covent Garden Theatre, and ended his life as manager of the Bath
+Theatre. Sophia Lee, the elder daughter, who was born more than one
+hundred years ago (her sister Harriet, the subject of this notice,
+being a few years her junior), produced, in 1780, a comedy, entitled,
+"The Chapter of Accidents," which was performed with considerable
+success. The profits enabled the two sisters to open a school at Bath,
+which they carried on for many years with high credit and prosperity.
+In 1782 Sophia Lee brought out her most popular novel, <i>The Recess</i>,
+which was followed by other tales, and by <i>Almayda, Queen of Grenada</i>,
+a tragedy, in which Mrs. Siddons acted. Soon after, Harriet Lee
+published the first five volumes of her <i>Canterbury Tales</i>. Two of the
+stories, <i>The Young Lady's Tale</i>, and the <i>The Clergyman's Tale</i>, were
+written by her sister Sophia; the rest by herself. One of these
+Canterbury Tales, by Harriet Lee, named <i>Kruitzner</i>, became afterwards
+famous for having formed the subject and the plot of Byron's gloomy
+tragedy of <i>Werner</i>. Harriet Lee's other principal works were the
+<i>Error of Innocence</i>, a novel; the <i>Mysterious Marriage</i>, a play;
+<i>Clara Lennox</i>, a novel; and a <i>New Peerage</i>, begun in 1787. The last
+days of the sisters were passed near Bristol, where Sophia died in
+1824, and Harriet on the first of August, 1851.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Dr. Julius, the author of an able work on the Prisons and Criminal Law
+in the United States, died about the end of July, in London. Dr.
+Julius was editor of the Berlin <i>Zeitungshalle</i> during the revolution
+of 1848, and was greatly respected for his talents and courage. Kinkel
+pronounced a touching <i>oraison funebre</i> over his grave.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Rev Azariah Smith, M.D., missionary of A.B.C.F.M. to the Armenians,
+died at Aintab, Syria, in the early part of June, in the 35th year of
+his age.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>General Henry A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, died suddenly at Portland,
+Me., on the twenty-ninth of July. He was a native of New-Hampshire,
+and was born March 3d, 1783, and removed with his father to the county
+of Kennebec in Maine in 1784. His father having been twice elected to
+Congress from the Kennebec district, prior to 1801, and on the
+accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, appointed Secretary of
+War, his son Henry was taken to Washington, and educated at the
+College of William and Mary in Virginia. In 1806 he established
+himself in the profession of law, in which he continued but few years,
+the excitements of public life having more attractions for him than
+the quiet pursuit of that profession. He took a prominent part in the
+politics, of the country, filled many important public stations, among
+which was the collectorship of Boston, in which he succeeded his
+father in 1812, and remained many years. He also distinguished himself
+in literature, and by efforts for the promotion of public
+improvements. He was a member of the Convention of Massachusetts for
+revising the constitution of that state, in 1821, a member of the
+Governor's Council in 1831, member of Congress in 1832,
+Adjutant-General of Massachusetts in 1835, and at the time of his
+death Mayor of Roxbury. He was a man of fine manners, cultivated mind,
+and liberal views. While he held the office of Collector of Boston, he
+improved the favorable opportunity to collect statistics relative to
+the commerce of the country, and particularly that to countries
+connected with the Mediterranean, which he embodied in a valuable
+work, entitled <i>The Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea</i>, in
+three volumes octavo. In 1839 he published a series of letters <i>To the
+Secretary of the State of Massachusetts, on the Internal Improvements
+and the Commerce of the West</i>, containing extremely valuable
+information on those subjects. He recently published a life of the
+<i>Apostle Elliot</i>, to aid in the construction of a monument in Roxbury
+to the memory of that celebrated missionary, and among his other
+published writings is a <i>Life of Commodore Bainbridge</i>. He left in MS.
+a work on Architecture, another on Flowers, and an extended Memoir of
+his Father, embodying all his journal in his expedition through Maine
+to Canada, his imprisonment in Quebec, and a vast deal of other
+Revolutionary matter. He was constantly throwing off essays in various
+periodicals, to promote the interests of society. Among other claims
+upon public gratitude, was his untiring zeal in the cause of
+horticultural and agricultural improvements. Few did more than he to
+elevate this important branch of industry. As a politician he was most
+prominent for his connection with the Native American party, by which
+he was nominated for the Vice Presidency of the United States.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In another part of this magazine we have given a sketch of the late
+Dr. <span class="smcap">Moir</span>, from the pen of Mr. Gilfillan. The deceased physician and
+litterateur died at Dumfries, on the 6th of July, in the fifty-third
+year of his age, having left his home in Musselburg, near Edinburgh,
+to visit in Dumfries his friend, Mr. Aird. Of the poems of "Delta,"
+Professor Wilson says: "Delicacy and grace characterize his happiest
+composition; some of them are beautiful, in a cheerful spirit that has
+only to look on nature to be happy, and others breathe to simplest and
+purest pathos." Similar praise was given him by Lord Jeffrey. We do
+not think so highly of his abilities. In verse, Dr. Moir had the fatal
+gift of facility, and he cultivated it at the ordinary penalty. His
+poetry is not made to survive him. He was a man, however, of varied
+accomplishments; and is the author, besides his considerable body of
+verse, of a prose narrative, <i>Mansie Wauch, Tailor of Dalkieth</i>, a
+very excellent book of <i>Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine</i>,
+being a View of the Progress of the <i>Healing Art among the Egyptians,
+Greeks, Romans, and Arabians</i>, and of <i>Sketches of the Poetical
+Literature of the past Half Century, in Six Lectures</i>, a work which
+has the sketchy character and incompleteness common to its class. The
+<i>Legend of G&eacute;n&eacute;vi&egrave;ve, with other Tales and Poems</i>, and <i>Domestic
+Verses</i>, are the two poetical volumes of his which have been published
+in a collected form.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., died on the 17th July, at
+Edinburgh, at the advanced age of 88 years. He entered the army in
+1778. In 1798 he became a lieut. colonel, and the next year served in
+Holland. He served in the expedition to the Baltic in 1801 under Sir
+Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson. He also served in North America, and, in
+1812, the Americans having invaded Upper Canada, at Queenston, when
+General Brock, commanding in the province, fell in an effort to oppose
+the enemy, they posted themselves on a woody height above Queenston.
+Major-General Sheaffe, upon whom the command devolved, assembled some
+regular troops and militia, with a few Indians, and on the same day
+attacked and completely defeated the Americans, their general
+delivering his sword to Major-General Sheaffe, and surrendering the
+surviving troops on the field of battle, their number far exceeding
+the assailants. For these brilliant services Sir Roger Sheaffe was
+created a baronet of the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre, whose name is for ever associated with
+the photographic process, of which he was the discoverer, died on the
+tenth of July, in Paris, in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a
+man of extreme modesty and great personal worth, and was devoted to
+art. He was favorably known to the world before the announcement of
+his discovery of the Daguerreotype. His attempts to improve panoramic
+painting, and the production of dioramic effects, were crowned with
+the most eminent success. Among his pictures, which attracted much
+attention at the time of their exhibition were, The Midnight Mass,
+Land-slip in the Valley of Goldau, The Temple of Solomon, and The
+Cathedral of Sainte Marie de Montreal. In these the alternate effects
+of night and day, and storm and sunshine, were beautifully produced.
+To these effects of light were added others, from the decomposition of
+form, by means of which, for example, in The Midnight Mass, figures
+appeared where the spectators had just beheld seats, altars, &amp;c., and
+again, as in The Valley of Goldau, in which rocks tumbling from the
+mountains replaced the prospect of a smiling valley. The methods
+adopted in these pictures were published at the same time with the
+process of the Daguerreotype, by order of the French Government, who
+awarded an annual pension<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> of ten thousand francs to Daguerre and M.
+Niepce, jr., whose father had contributed towards the discovery of the
+Daguerreotype. Daguerre was led to experiments on chemical changes by
+solar radiations, with the hope of being able to apply the phenomena
+to the production of effects in his dioramic paintings. As the
+question of the part taken by him in the process to which he has given
+his name, has been discussed sometimes to his disadvantage, it appears
+important that his position should be correctly determined. In 1802,
+Wedgwood, of Etruria, the celebrated potter, made the first recorded
+experiments in photography; and these, with some additional ones by
+Sir Humphrey Davy, were published in the journals of the royal
+institution. In 1814, Mr. Joseph Nicephore Niepce was engaged in
+experiments to determine the possibility of fixing the images obtained
+in the camera obscura; but there does not appear any evidence of
+publication of any kind previously to 1827, when Niepce was in
+England. He there wrote several letters to Mr. Bauer, the microscopic
+observer, which are preserved and printed in Hunt's <i>Researches on
+Light</i>. He also sent specimens of results obtained to the Royal
+Society, and furnished some to the cabinets of the curious, a few of
+which are yet in existence. These were pictures on metallic plates
+covered with a fine film of resin. In 1824 Daguerre commenced his
+researches, starting at that point at which Wedgwood left the process.
+He soon abandoned the employment of the nitrate and chloride of
+silver, and proceeded with his inquiry, using plates of metal and
+glass to receive his sensitive coatings. In 1829 M. Vincent Chevalier
+brought Niepce and Daguerre together, when they entered into
+partnership to prosecute the subject in common. For a long time they
+appear to have used the resinous surfaces only, when the contrast
+between the resin and the metal plates not being sufficiently great to
+give a good picture, endeavors were made to blacken that part of the
+plate from which the resin was removed in the process of <i>heliography</i>
+(sun-drawing), as it was most happily called. Amongst other materials,
+iodine was employed; and Daguerre certainly was the first to notice
+the property possessed by the iodine coating of changing under the
+influence of the sun's rays. The following letter from Niepce to
+Daguerre is on this subject:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"81, <span class="smcap">Loup de Varennes</span>, June 23, 1831.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Sir, and dear Partner</i>: I had long expected to hear from you with
+too much impatience not to receive and read with the greatest pleasure
+your letters of the tenth and twenty-first of last May. I shall
+confine myself in this reply to yours of the twenty-first, because,
+having been engaged ever since it reached me in your experiments on
+iodine, I hasten to communicate to you the results which I have
+obtained. I had given my attention to similar researches previous to
+our connection, but without hope of success, from the impossibility,
+or nearly so, in my opinion, of fixing in any durable manner the
+images received on iodine, even supposing the difficulty surmounted of
+replacing the lights and shadows in their natural order. My results in
+this respect have been entirely similar to those which the oxide of
+silver gave me; and promptitude of operation was the sole advantage
+which these substances appeared to offer. Nevertheless, last year,
+after you left this, I subjected iodine to new trials, but by a
+different mode of application. I informed you of the results, and your
+answer, not at all encouraging, decided me to carry these experiments
+no farther. It appears that you have since viewed the question under a
+less desperate aspect, and I do not hesitate to reply to the appeal
+which you have made.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">J. N. Niepce.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>From this and other letters it is evident that Niepce had used iodine,
+and abandoned it on account of the difficulty of reversing the lights
+and shadows. Daguerre employed it also, and, as it appears, with far
+more promise of success than any obtained by M. Niepce. On the fifth
+of July, 1833, Niepce died; in 1837 Daguerre and Isodore Niepce, the
+son and heir of Nicephore Niepce, entered into a definite agreement;
+and in a letter written on the first November, 1837, to Daguerre,
+Isodore Niepce says, "What a difference, also, between the method
+which you employ and the one by which I toil on! While I require
+almost a whole day to make one design, you ask only four minutes! What
+an enormous advantage! It is so great, indeed, that no person, knowing
+both methods, would employ the old one." From this time it is
+established, that although both Niepce and Daguerre used iodine, the
+latter alone employed it with any degree of success, and the discovery
+of the use of mercurial vapor to produce the positive image clearly
+belongs to Daguerre. In January, 1839, the Daguerreotype pictures were
+first shown to the scientific and artistic public of Paris. The
+sensation they created was great, and the highest hopes of its utility
+were entertained. On the 15th June, M. Duchatel, Minister of the
+Interior, presented a bill to the Chamber of Deputies relative to the
+purchase of the process of M. Daguerre for fixing the images of the
+camera. A commission appointed by the Chamber, consisting of Arago,
+Etienne, Carl, Vatout, de Beaumont, Toursorer, Delessert (Fran&ccedil;ois),
+Combarel de Leyval, and Vitet, made their report on the third of July,
+and a special commission was appointed by the Chamber of Peers,
+composed of the following peers: Barons Athalin, Besson, Gay Lussac,
+the Marquis de Laplace, Vicomte Simeon, Baron Thenard, and the Comte
+de Noe, who reported favorably on the thirtieth July, 1839, and
+recommended unanimously that the "bill be adopted simply and without
+alteration." On the nineteenth of August the secret was for the first
+time publicly announced in the Institute by M. Arago, the English
+patent having been completed a few days before, in open defiance and
+contradiction of the statement of M. Duchatel to the Chamber of
+Deputies, who used these words, "Unfortunately for the authors of this
+beautiful discovery, it is impossible for them to bring their labor
+into the market, and thus indemnify themselves for the sacrifices
+incurred by so many attempts so long fruitless. This invention does
+not admit of being secured by patent." In conclusion, the Minister of
+the Interior said, "You will concur in a sentiment which has already
+awakened universal sympathy; you will never suffer us to leave to
+foreign nations the glory of endowing the world of science and of art
+with one of the most wonderful discoveries that honor our native
+land." Daguerre never did much towards the improvement of his process.
+The high degree<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> of sensibility which has been attained has been due
+to the experiments of others.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" width="450" height="449" alt="M. DAGUERRE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">M. DAGUERRE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Daguerre is said to have been always averse to sitting for his own
+picture, and there are but few photographs of him in existence. The
+one from which our engraving is copied was taken by Mr. Meade, of this
+city, and first appeared in the <i>Daguerrean Journal</i>, a monthly
+periodical conducted with marked ability by S. D. Humphrey and L. L.
+Hill, who are distinguished for their improvements upon Daguerre's
+process. We can refer to no more striking illustration of the advance
+of the beautiful art which the deceased discovered, than the existence
+of such a work, with more than two thousand subscribers among those
+who are occupied in the production of Daguerreotypes in this country.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Rev. John Lingard, D. D., one of the most deservedly eminent
+scholars and writers of the Roman Catholic church in England, and one
+of the most distinguished historians of the time, died at Hornby, in
+Lancashire, on the 17th of July, at the advanced age of 81 years, and
+his remains were buried at Ushaw College, Durham, with which he was
+once officially connected. The deceased priest has left a reputation
+that will probably survive that of any of the persons of his sect who
+have been brought into notice by the recent agitations in England. His
+career as a controversial writer commenced while he was a young man,
+and was continued through a large portion of his laborious life. He
+was an unknown priest at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when, in 1804, he issued
+from the local press in that town his <i>History of the Anglo-Saxon
+Church</i>, a work which constituted the first and most efficient effort
+to attract popular attention to those ecclesiastical institutions of
+the Saxons, which are now familiar objects of study and speculation.
+In 1805 he published Catholic Loyalty Vindicated. The next year, the
+bishop of Durham, in a charge to his clergy, having attacked the Roman
+Catholics, Mr. Lingard answered him, in Remarks on a Charge. This
+brought on a sharp controversy, in which several persons of ability
+took part, and Mr. Lingard published a General Vindication of the
+Remarks, with Replies to the Reverend T. Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and
+others (1808). These two pamphlets were followed, on the same subject,
+by Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in
+former Ages (1812); a Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications
+(1813); and Strictures on Doctor Marsh's Comparative View of the
+Churches of England and Rome (1815). In the last of these
+publications, Mr. Lingard asserted that the church of England was
+modern, compared with that of Rome; an assertion which so much
+irritated the late Doctor Kipling, that he was absurd enough to
+threaten the author with a process in Westminster-hall, if he did not
+prove the truth of what he had stated. In 1809 Mr. Lingard published
+the Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church in an enlarged edition.
+Doctor Lingard is principally known in foreign countries as the author
+of a History of England till the Revolution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> of 1688, of which ten
+editions have appeared and which has been translated into several
+languages. Although the object of this work is the vindication of the
+Roman Catholic church and clergy in England from the alleged
+misrepresentations of Protestant writers, yet it is allowed to be
+written in a candid and dispassionate tone. As a historian, the author
+is acute and perspicuous, judicious in the selection and arrangement
+of his materials, and clear and interesting in his narrative. He wrote
+from original sources, which he examined with care and diligence, and
+on many points gave new and more correct views of manners, events and
+characters. In 1826, he published a Vindication, &amp;c., in reply to two
+articles in the Edinburgh Review (Nos. 83 and 87, written by Dr.
+Allen), charging him with inaccuracy and misrepresentation. A more
+favorable notice of the History appeared in No. 105 of the same
+Review.</p>
+
+<p>The editions of his History, an English version of the Gospels, and
+other learned publications, in pamphlet form, consumed the time
+unoccupied by religious duty, or by converse with the neighbors and
+friends, who continually courted his society.</p>
+
+<p>For the last forty years Dr. Lingard held the small and retired
+preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in the village of
+Hornby, and there the historian resided, near to Hornby Castle, the
+seat of his attached and constant friend, Mr. Pudsey Dawson. After a
+lingering illness, he closed in this retirement his mortal career.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Lingard's residence was a small unpretending building, with three
+windows, connected with a little chapel built by himself, where, till
+last autumn, he regularly officiated. A door of communication opened
+into it from his house, the lower window of which lighted the room
+where he usually sat, and where he wrote the History of England. His
+garden consisted of a long strip, taken off a small grass field of
+about half an acre in extent. Here he passed much of his time, in the
+indulgence of his taste for rural occupations.</p>
+
+<p>The private virtues of Dr. Lingard were as remarkable as his public
+talents. His whole habits of life were charmingly simple; his nature
+was kind, his disposition most affectionate. Always they were
+agreeable and profitable hours passed in his society, his mind was so
+richly stored, his knowledge so varied, his fund of anecdote so
+inexhaustible: a pleasantry and good humor pervaded his conversation
+at all times. He never sought controversy in visits among his friends.
+When questioned on the matters of his own faith, he would speak
+freely; those warmly attached to the Established Church or other
+creeds, widely differing from him in religious principles, never felt
+restraint in his society, or anticipated any sharpness or acrimony. In
+personal appearance he was rather above the middle height, and of
+slender frame; and though he had reached to full four-score years, his
+dark brown hair was but slightly tinged with gray: his small dark
+twinkling eye was singularly expressive, and his countenance bright
+and animated. The annexed portrait is from the miniature taken in
+1849, by Mr. Scaife, and engraved for the last edition of the History
+of England.</p>
+
+<p>It has been reported, though on doubtful authority, that very high
+positions in the Roman Catholic Church were more than once offered to
+Dr. Lingard. There is, it is believed, little or no truth in this; but
+those who knew his simple habits, and his love of retirement, would
+not be surprised at his preferring, even to the purple, his peaceful
+residence in the loveliest locality of the loveliest of England's
+northern valleys.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image15.jpg" width="450" height="477" alt="REV. JOHN LINGARD, D. D." title="" />
+<span class="caption">REV. JOHN LINGARD, D. D.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image16.jpg" width="500" height="487" alt="MARSHAL SEBASTIANI." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MARSHAL SEBASTIANI.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Horace Fran&ccedil;ois della Porta Sebastiana, Marshal of France, and for
+some time Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis Phillippe, died in
+Paris on the 14th of July. He was born in Corsica, in 1775, and having
+entered the French service in 1792, rose rapidly through the different
+ranks to that of colonel. Colonel Sebastiani took an active part in
+the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and, in 1802, the First Consul
+sent him on a mission to the Levant. After having brought about a
+reconciliation of the differences between the court of Sweden and the
+regency of Tripoli, and compelled the Pacha to acknowledge the Italian
+republic and salute its flag, he repaired to Alexandria, and had an
+interview with General Stewart, in order to insist on the terms of the
+treaty of Amiens for the evacuation of Alexandria. To this demand the
+English general replied that he had not received any orders from his
+court. M. Sebastiani went therefore to Cairo, and in conferences with
+the pacha offered to open a communication with the beys; but the offer
+was not accepted, the orders of the Porte being to make it a war of
+extermination. He afterwards went to St. Jean d'Acre, with the object
+of settling with the pacha a treaty of commerce, and found him
+pacifically inclined. In November he set out on his return to France,
+having accomplished all the objects of his mission. He was, after his
+arrival, employed on various services, and, among the rest in a
+diplomatic mission to Germany. He distinguished himself in the
+campaign of 1804, was wounded at the battle of Austerlitz, and
+obtained the rank of general of division. Napoleon entertained a high
+opinion of his diplomatic talents, and named him, in 1806, ambassador
+to the Ottoman Porte&mdash;a mission which he filled for some years, with
+much ability. He established at Constantinople a printing-office for
+the Turkish and Arabic languages, and by this means contributed not a
+little to the French influence in that country. The English having
+forced the passage of the Dardanelles, and menaced Constantinople,
+Sebastiani immediately organized a plan of defence, marked out the
+batteries, and prepared for the most vigorous resistance; but the
+inhabitants broke out into insurrection, and he was obliged to depart
+for France. He was subsequently sent to Spain, where he distinguished
+himself on numerous occasions; and he served in the Russian-German war
+under Murat. July 15, 1812, he was surprised by the Russians at
+Drissa, but he recovered his character by his exertions at the battle
+of Borodino. On the invasion of France, he had a command in Champagne,
+and defended Chalons. April 10, M. Sebastiani sent to M. Talleyrand
+his adhesion to the provisional government, and, June 1, received from
+the king the cross of St. Louis. On the return of Napoleon, in 1815,
+he was elected deputy of the lower chamber, and after the second
+abdication of Napoleon was one of the commissioners to treat for peace
+with the allies. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Chamber of
+Deputies, by the island of Corsica. His lucid and manly eloquence was
+employed to throw light over all the great questions of finance, war,
+foreign politics, and domestic administration, and he evinced at once
+the talents of an orator and the knowledge of a statesman. After the
+revolution of 1830, General Sebastiani received the port-folio of the
+marine in the Guizot ministry, and in November that of foreign affairs
+under Laffitte, which he retained under P&eacute;rier. He received the baton
+of Marshal from Louis Phillippe, and had retired from active political
+life, when, in 1847, the assassination of his daughter, the Duchess de
+Praslin, by her husband, affected him so much that he never recovered
+from the blow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Ladies_Midsummer_Fashions" id="Ladies_Midsummer_Fashions"></a>Ladies' Midsummer Fashions.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image17.jpg" width="450" height="561" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>There are few changes to notice in the modes de Paris. Every thing at
+this season is, of course, made in an airy style, and of very light
+materiel. We copy two of the most graceful costumes in the recent
+books of patterns.</p>
+
+<p>I. <i>Morning Dress</i> of white muslin, with flounces, ornamented with
+needlework. Many dresses intended for n&eacute;glig&eacute; morning costume in the
+country consists of a skirt of checkered or striped silk, printed
+muslin, or some other light material. For morning n&eacute;glig&eacute; a variety of
+very pretty caps have appeared; they are of worked muslin, and are
+trimmed with ribbon and fine Valenciennes.</p>
+
+<p>II. <i>Visiting Dress</i> of glace or rich silk, with three flounces,
+embroidered. Mantelet of a splendid black lace, lined with pink silk,
+and richly trimmed with a deep fall of black lace, which also
+encircles the open sleeve. Bonnets of white <i>paille de riz</i>, decorated
+in the interior with red and white flounces.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coiffures</i> are extremely simple in form. A wreath of ivy leaves
+intermixed with small clusters of jewelry, and attached at the back
+with a long lappet of gold lace, fastened by n&oelig;uds of pearls and
+emeralds, has a fine effect. Head-dresses of blonde are extremely
+becoming, forming three points. These are fashionable for concerts,
+&amp;c. They are placed backward on the head, the points at the side being
+attached with a profusion of flowers, the centre one falling over the
+back comb. Another style is of a lappet of white blonde, and another
+of plain pink tulle; the lappet of blonde being fastened just over the
+shoulder, and a little backward, with a bunch of grapes&mdash;the pink one,
+which is very wide, covering the bosom like a veil, and drooping as
+low as the waist.</p>
+
+<p>Fashionable colors are of all light mixtures, such as gray, lilac,
+fawn, mauve, green, and peach color&mdash;white, pink, and blue
+predominating for evening toilette.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;">
+<img src="images/image18.jpg" width="384" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4,
+No. 2, September, 1851, by Various
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2,
+September, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 2, September, 1851
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2011 [EBook #36405]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, SEPT. 1851 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+Of Literature, Art, and Science.
+
+Vol. IV. NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 1, 1851. No. II.
+
+
+
+
+INSTITUTIONS FOR SAILORS, IN NEW-YORK.
+
+
+[Illustration: HEALTH-OFFICER BOARDING AN IMMIGRANT SHIP, QUARANTINE,
+STATEN ISLAND.]
+
+The maritime commerce of New-York has increased so rapidly that it has
+continually outgrown the space appropriated for its accommodation, so
+that the docks, wharves, warehouses, and landings, have been found
+wholly inadequate to the reception of the business which has poured in
+upon them. But the benevolent institutions of the "Empire City,"
+designed to meliorate the condition of sea-faring men, have been fully
+equal to the exigencies of this improvident class of laborers, and are
+among the noblest and best conducted of the many charitable
+institutions in this great and growing metropolis of the New World.
+Commerce is the life and soul of New-York, and the most selfish
+motives should lead to the establishment of suitable retreats and
+hospitals for the benefit of the class of men without whose labors its
+wheels could not revolve; but it is not to those who are most
+benefited by the labors of seamen that they are indebted for the
+existence of safe havens of retreat, where they may cast anchor in
+repose, where they can no longer follow their dangerous and
+storm-tost business. Seamen are the only class who have asylums
+provided expressly for their use, either in sickness or old age. The
+nation provides no hospital like that of Greenwich, where the tars who
+are disabled in the public service find a home and an honorable
+support, but it lays a capitation tax on all the seamen in the navy
+for the creation of a fund, out of which the Naval Asylum, the
+Wallabout Hospital, &c., for the disabled, invalid, and superannuated
+of the navy have, at their own cost, not altogether disagreeable
+homes. New-York, however, from the munificence of private individuals
+and the creation of a fund from a tax on seamen, can boast of
+excellent institutions for the ample and comfortable accommodation of
+all the sick and infirm sailors who have earned a right of admission
+by sailing from this port. In this respect there is no other city in
+the world that can equal New-York.
+
+The quarantine ground of the port of New-York, which is on the
+north-eastern point of Staten Island, five and a half miles from the
+Battery, is admirably located for the purposes of purification, and
+liberally endowed with all the necessary means for the cure of the
+sick and the prevention of the spread of disease. The ground
+appropriated for the purposes of a lazaretto has a frontage on the bay
+of about fourteen hundred feet, and extends back twelve hundred feet.
+It is inclosed by a high brick wall, and includes suitable hospitals
+for the accommodation of the sick, houses for the resident physician,
+and offices for the numerous persons employed about the grounds. The
+largest hospital, appropriated for fever patients, is that nearest the
+water. It is constructed of brick, is three stories high, and one
+hundred and thirty-six feet long by twenty-eight feet wide. The
+building on the rising ground next above this is intended for
+convalescents. It is built of brick, three stories high, fifty feet
+long, and forty-five feet high, with two wings sixty-six by twenty-six
+feet each. Higher up, beyond this, is the small-pox hospital, which
+generally has the largest number of patients. It is but two stories,
+eighty feet long and twenty-eight feet wide; like the other hospitals,
+it is built of brick, and has open galleries on the outside, in front,
+and rear. The quarantine hospitals, although forming no unimportant
+part of the maritime institutions of New-York, do not properly come
+under the head of those denominated benevolent, as they are merely
+sanitary and for the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
+diseases.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEAMEN'S RETREAT.]
+
+The Seamen's Retreat is also on Staten Island, a mile below the
+quarantine ground, built upon a natural terrace, about one hundred
+feet above the water, and fronting the Narrows. The location is one of
+exceeding beauty, being surrounded by sylvan scenery of unsurpassed
+loveliness, and commanding a prospect of great extent, which embraces
+the city, the shore of New Jersey, the Palisades, Long Island, and the
+highlands of Neversink and Sandy Hook. The Hospital is a noble
+building, constructed of rough granite, three stories high, and
+surrounded by piazzas, upon which the patients may inhale the pure
+air, and beguile their confinement by watching the ever-changing
+panorama presented by the bay, with its countless ships and steamers.
+The Retreat is intended solely for sick but not disabled seamen. It is
+supported by a fund derived from a state capitation tax, levied upon
+all seamen sailing from this port, and is the only establishment of
+the kind in the United States, or, we believe, in the world. Seamen
+are the only class who are compelled by the law of the state to
+contribute to a fund to form a provision for them in case of sickness.
+The income for the support of the Retreat is ample, and the most
+liberal provision is allowed for all whose necessities compel them to
+seek admission. On the grounds are houses for the residence of the
+physician and keeper.
+
+[Illustration: SAILOR'S SNUG HARBOR.]
+
+This noble Charity is situated on the north side of Staten Island,
+about three miles from the Quarantine, and commands a magnificent
+view, with the city in the distance. It is surrounded with elegant
+villas, pretty cottages, and well cultivated farms, and is in the
+midst of the loveliest rural scenery that the neighborhood of New-York
+can boast of. The grounds belonging to the institution comprise about
+one hundred and sixty acres of land, which is inclosed by a handsome
+iron fence that cost, a few years since, thirty-five thousand dollars.
+The principal building is constructed of brick and faced with white
+marble, with a marble portico. The corner-stone was laid in 1831, and
+the institution opened for the reception of its inmates in 1833. The
+centre building is sixty-five by one hundred feet, with two wings
+fifty-one by one hundred feet, connected with the main building by
+corridors. There are two handsome houses for the residences of the
+governor of the institution, and the physician, and numerous offices
+and outhouses.
+
+This noble institution owes its existence to Captain James Randall,
+who, in the year 1801, bequeathed a piece of land in the upper part of
+the city, for the foundation of a retreat for worn-out seamen, who had
+sailed from the port of New-York; it was called most appropriately the
+SNUG HARBOR, and many a poor mariner has since found safe moorings
+there, when no longer able to follow his perilous calling. The
+benevolent-hearted sailor who founded this noble charity could hardly
+have dreamed that the small property which he bequeathed for that
+purpose, could ever increase to the magnificent sum which it is now
+valued at. The income from the estate in the year 1806 was but a
+little more than four thousand dollars; it is now thirty-seven
+thousand dollars, and will be, next year, when the leases of the
+property have to be renewed, at least sixty thousand dollars a year,
+an income abundantly large to support even in luxurious comfort the
+worn-out tars who may be compelled by misfortune to seek this
+magnificent asylum. The trustees of the Snug Harbor are about to build
+extensive additions to the present accommodations for it inmates, and
+among the new buildings will be a hospital for the insane. There is no
+chapel attached to the Snug Harbor, but there is a regular chaplain
+who performs religious services every Sunday in the large hall in the
+centre building.
+
+In front of the principal edifice a plain monument of white marble has
+been erected by the trustees in memory of Captain Randall, the founder
+of the institution, which is chiefly remarkable for the omission, in
+the inscription, of any information respecting the birth or death of
+the person in whose honor it was erected.
+
+[Illustration: THE SAILOR'S HOME.]
+
+It is somewhat remarkable that New-York has originated every system
+for bettering the temporal and spiritual condition of seamen, that now
+exists, and furnished the models of the various institutions for the
+benefit of sea-faring men which have been successfully copied in other
+maritime cities of the new and the old world. It was here that the
+first chapel was built for the exclusive use of sailors and their
+families, the Mariner's chapel in Roosevelt-street; and it was here,
+too, that the first Home was erected for the residence, while on
+shore, of homeless sailors. The corner-stone of the Home in
+Cherry-street was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 14th of
+October, 1841, just twenty-two years from the day on which the
+corner-stone of the Mariner's chapel was laid in Roosevelt-street. The
+building is a well constructed house of brick with a granite basement,
+plain and substantial, without any pretensions to architectural
+ornamentation. It is six stories high, fifty feet front, and one
+hundred and sixty feet deep. It contains one hundred and thirty
+sleeping-rooms, a dining-room one hundred by twenty-five feet, and a
+spacious reading-room, in which are a well selected library, and a
+museum of natural curiosities; there are also suitable apartments for
+the overseer and officers. About five hundred boarders can be
+accommodated in the Home, but it is not often filled. The Sailor's
+Home was built by the Seaman's Friend Society, and is intended to
+furnish sailors with a comfortable and orderly home, where they will
+not be subject to the rapacities of unprincipled landlords, nor the
+temptations which usually beset this useful but improvident class of
+men when they are on shore.
+
+[Illustration: U.S. MARINE HOSPITAL, BROOKLYN.]
+
+The Marine Hospital at the Wallabout, Brooklyn, near the Navy Yard,
+belongs to the government of the United States, and is intended for
+the use of the sailors and officers of the navy, and none others. It
+was built from a fund called the hospital fund, which is created by a
+payment of twenty cents a month by all the officers and seamen of the
+navy. The Hospital stands on high ground, on one of the healthiest and
+pleasantest spots in the vicinity of New-York, commands a superb view
+of the East River as it sweeps toward the Sound, and overlooks both
+Brooklyn and New-York. The buildings constituting the Hospital are two
+fine large airy edifices constructed of white marble, with galleries
+and piazzas, and surrounded by well-kept grounds which abound with
+choice fruit trees, and every requisite for the health and comfort of
+the invalids. The patients remain there only while under treatment for
+disease. Our government has no asylum for the support of the sailors
+or soldiers who lose their health or limbs in its service, like the
+hospitals of Greenwich and Chelsea, and, in this respect at least, we
+are behind the government of Great Britain, which makes ample and
+generous provision for all classes and grades of public servants.
+
+As New-York was the first maritime city that built a chapel expressly
+for seamen, so it was the first to build a floating church, for
+although there had been previously in London and Liverpool old hulks
+fitted up as chapels, and moored in the docks for the use of sailors,
+there had never been an actual church edifice put afloat before the
+FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR, which now lies moored at the foot of
+Pike-street, in the East River. This novel edifice was finished and
+consecrated in February, 1844. It is under the charge of the Young
+Men's Church Missionary Society of the City of New-York, by whom it
+was built, and has been under the pastoral care of the Rev. B. C. C.
+Parker, of the Episcopal church, from its consecration to the present
+time. It is seventy feet long, and thirty feet wide, and will
+comfortably seat five hundred persons. It has an end gallery, in which
+is an organ. A beautiful baptismal font of white marble, in the shape
+of a capstan, surmounted by a seashell, chiselled from the same block
+with the shaft--the gift of St. Mark's church in the Bowery,
+New-York--stands in front of the chancel rail. The top of the
+communion-table is a marble slab, and the Ten Commandments are placed
+on the panels on each side in the recess over it. An anchor in gold,
+painted on the back-ground between these panels, rests upon the Bible
+and prayer-book. The roof, at the apex, is twenty-six feet high, and
+eleven feet at the eaves. The edifice is built on a broad deck,
+seventy-six by thirty-six feet, covering two boats of eighty tons
+each, placed ten feet apart. The spire contains a bell, and the top of
+the flag-staff is about seventy feet from the deck. Divine service is
+regularly performed on Sundays, commencing in the morning at half-past
+ten, and in the afternoon at three o'clock. Both the boats on which
+the edifice rests are well coppered, and protected from injury by
+booms placed around them.
+
+[Illustration: THE FLOATING CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR.]
+
+A similar floating church has been built and moored near
+Rector-street, in the North River, near which is another floating
+chapel, formed of an old hulk, after the manner of the first floating
+chapels in London. In addition to these houses of worship for seamen,
+there is a large and handsome church for sailors near the "Home," in
+Cherry-street, under the charge of the Baptists, and a small seamen's
+chapel in Brooklyn, near the Catharine Ferry. To complete this system
+of benevolent enterprises for the benefit of sailors, there is a
+Seaman's Savings Bank in Wall-street, a very handsome structure of
+brown free-stone, in the third story of which are the offices of the
+Seaman's Friend Society.
+
+In Franklin Square, which, at the time of Washington's last visit to
+New-York, bore about the same relation to the heart of the city that
+Union Square and Grammercy Park now do, being the Ultima Thule of
+fashion, and the very focus of gentility and aristocracy, there is the
+Sailor's Home for colored seamen, which has been most respectably
+conducted on the principle of the "Home" in Cherry-street, and under
+the supervision of, although not belonging to, the Seaman's Friend
+Society. The Colored Home consists of two respectable three-story
+brick buildings, and is next door to the old Walton House, which is
+the last remnant of ante-revolutionary splendor remaining in the
+commercial metropolis of the Union, which once abounded in stately old
+mansions full of historical mementoes of the days when we acknowledged
+to kingly authority.
+
+The principle of compelling men, when they have means, to lay up a
+trifle against the exigencies of a rainy day, has worked well, as we
+have seen, when applied to the most improvident of all the laboring
+classes, and we are not sure but the same principle applied to other
+classes would not prove equally beneficial. If the law should require
+every author, or merchant, or broker, or editor, to pay a monthly
+stipend to provide houses of refuge for the needy of their class, it
+would be only carrying out the principle of government which has been
+applied to seamen, and might save many a poor wretch from committing
+suicide to avoid the fate of a pauper.
+
+[Illustration: A CUB OF THE BARN-YARD]
+
+
+
+
+RURAL LIFE IN VIRGINIA: THE "SWALLOW BARN."
+
+
+We remember no book of its class altogether more delightful than the
+"Swallow Barn" of JOHN P. KENNEDY. In Irving's "Bracebridge Hall" we
+have exquisite sketches of English homes, such sketches as could be
+drawn only by that graceful and genial humorist, but Bracebridge Hall
+is not in our own country, and we scarcely feel "at our own" in it, as
+we do in every scene to which we are introduced by the author of
+"Swallow Barn," the best painter of manners who has ever tried his
+hand at their delineation in America. The love of nature, the fine
+appreciation of a country life, the delicate and quiet humor, and
+hearty joy in every one's enjoyment, which those who know Mr. Kennedy
+personally will recognize as principal elements of his own character,
+are reflected in the pages of the book, and with its other good
+qualities make it one of the most charming compositions in the
+literature of the present time.
+
+Mr. Putnam in a few days will publish a new edition of "Swallow Barn,"
+profusely illustrated by Mr. Strother, an artist who seems perfectly
+at home in the Old Dominion, as if--which may be the case--all his
+life had been spent there. Some of these we shall transfer to our own
+pages, but first we copy in full Mr. Kennedy's "Word in Advance to the
+Reader":
+
+     "Swallow Barn was written twenty years ago, and was
+     published in a small edition, which was soon exhausted. From
+     that date it has disappeared from the bookstores, being
+     carelessly consigned by the author to that oblivion which is
+     common to books and men--out of sight, out of mind. Upon a
+     recent reviewal of it, after an interval sufficiently long
+     to obliterate the partialities with which one is apt to
+     regard his own productions, I have thought it was worthy of
+     more attention than I had bestowed upon it, and was, at
+     least, entitled to the benefit of a second edition. In
+     truth, its republication has been so often advised by
+     friends, and its original reception was so prosperous, that
+     I have almost felt it to be a duty once more to set it
+     afloat upon the waters, for the behoof of that good-natured
+     company of idle readers who are always ready to embark on a
+     pleasure excursion in any light craft that offers. I have,
+     therefore, taken these volumes in hand, and given them a
+     somewhat critical revisal. Twenty years work sufficient
+     change upon the mind of an author to render him, perhaps
+     more than others, a fastidious critic of his own book. If
+     the physiologists are right, he is not the same person after
+     that lapse of time; and all that his present and former self
+     may claim in common, are those properties which belong to
+     his mental consciousness, of which his aspiration after fame
+     is one. The present self may, therefore, be expected to
+     examine more rigorously the work of that former and younger
+     person, for whom he is held responsible. This weighty
+     consideration will be sufficient to account for the few
+     differences which may be found between this and the first
+     edition. Some quaintness of the vocabulary has been got rid
+     of--some dialogue has been stript of its redundancy--some
+     few thoughts have been added--and others retrenched. I shall
+     be happy to think that the reader will agree with me that
+     these are improvements:--I mean the reader who may happen to
+     belong to that small and choice corps who read these volumes
+     long ago--a little troop of friends of both sexes, to whom I
+     have reason to be grateful for that modicum of good opinion
+     which cheered my first authorship. Health and joy to them
+     all--as many as are now alive! I owe them a thanksgiving for
+     their early benevolence.
+
+     "Swallow Barn exhibits a picture of country life in
+     Virginia, as it existed in the first quarter of the present
+     century. Between that period and the present day, time and
+     what is called "the progress," have made many innovations
+     there, as they have done every where else. The Old Dominion
+     is losing somewhat of the raciness of her once peculiar,
+     and--speaking in reference to the locality described in
+     these volumes--insulated cast of manners. The mellow, bland,
+     and sunny luxuriance of her home society--its good
+     fellowship, its hearty and constitutional
+     _companionableness_, the thriftless gayety of the people,
+     their dogged but amiable invincibility of opinion, and that
+     overflowing hospitality which knew no ebb--these traits,
+     though far from being impaired, are modified at the present
+     day by circumstances which have been gradually attaining a
+     marked influence over social life as well as political
+     relation. An observer cannot fail to note that the manners
+     of our country have been tending towards a uniformity which
+     is visibly effacing all local differences. The old states,
+     especially, are losing their original distinctive habits and
+     modes of life, and in the same degree, I fear, are losing
+     their exclusive American character. A traveller may detect
+     but few sectional or provincial varieties in the general
+     observances and customs of society, in comparison with what
+     were observable in the past generations, and the pride, or
+     rather the vanity, of the present day is leading us into a
+     very notable assimilation with foreign usages. The country
+     now apes the city in what is supposed to be the elegancies
+     of life, and the city is inclined to value and adopt the
+     fashions it is able to import across the Atlantic, and thus
+     the whole surface of society is exhibiting the traces of a
+     process by which it is likely to be rubbed down, in time, to
+     one level, and varnished with the same gloss. It may thus
+     finally arrive at a comfortable insipidity of character
+     which may not be willingly reckoned as altogether a due
+     compensation for the loss of that rough but pleasant flavor
+     which belonged to it in its earlier era. There is much good
+     sense in that opinion which ascribes a wholesome influence
+     to those homebred customs, which are said to strengthen
+     local attachments and expand them into love of country. What
+     belonged to us as characteristically American, seems already
+     to be dissolving into a mixture which affects us
+     unpleasantly as a plain and cosmopolitan substitute for the
+     old warmth and salient vivacity of our ancestors. We no
+     longer present in our pictures of domestic life so much as
+     an earnest lover of our nationality might desire of what
+     abroad is called the "red bird's wing"--something which
+     belongs to us and to no one else. The fruitfulness of modern
+     invention in the arts of life, the general fusion of thought
+     through the medium of an extra-territorial literature, which
+     from its easy domestication among us is scarcely regarded as
+     foreign, the convenience and comfort of European customs
+     which have been incorporated into our scheme of living,--all
+     these, aided and diffused by our extraordinary facilities of
+     travel and circulation, have made sad work, even in the
+     present generation, with those old _nationalisms_ that were
+     so agreeable to the contemplation of an admirer of the
+     picturesque in character and manners.
+
+[Illustration: THE "SWALLOW BARN."]
+
+     "Looking myself somewhat hopelessly upon this onward gliding
+     of the stream, I am not willing to allow these sketches of
+     mine entirely to pass away. They have already begun to
+     assume the tints of a relic of the past, and may, in another
+     generation, become archaeological, and sink into the chapter
+     of antiquities. Presenting, as I make bold to say, a
+     faithful picture of the people, the modes of life, and the
+     scenery of a region full of attraction, and exhibiting the
+     lights and shades of its society with the truthfulness of a
+     painter who has studied his subject on the spot, they may
+     reasonably claim their accuracy of delineation to be set off
+     as an extenuation for any want of skill or defect of finish
+     which a fair criticism may charge against the artist. Like
+     some sign-post painters, I profess to make a strong
+     likeness, even if it should be thought to be _hard_,--and
+     what better workmen might call a daub,--as to which I must
+     leave my reader to judge for himself when he has read this
+     book. The outward public award on this point was kind, and
+     bestowed quite as much praise as I could have desired--much
+     more than I expected--when the former edition appeared. But
+     "the progress" has brought out many competitors since that
+     day, and has, perhaps, rendered the public taste more
+     scrupulous. A book then was not so perilous an offering as
+     it is now in the great swarm of authorships. We run more
+     risk, just now, of being left alone--unread--untalked
+     of--though not, happily, unpuffed by newspapers, who are
+     favorites with the publisher, and owe him courtesies.
+
+     "I wish it to be noted that Swallow Barn is not a novel. I
+     confess this in advance, although I may lose by it. It was
+     begun on the plan of a series of detached sketches linked
+     together by the hooks and eyes of a traveller's notes; and
+     although the narrative does run into some by-paths of
+     personal adventure, it has still preserved its desultory,
+     sketchy character to the last. It is, therefore, utterly
+     unartistic in plot and structure, and may be described as
+     variously and interchangeably partaking of the complexion of
+     a book of travels, a diary, a collection of letters, a
+     drama, and a history,--and this, serial or compact, as the
+     reader may choose to compute it. Our old friend Polonius had
+     nearly hit it in his rigmarole of 'pastoral-comical,
+     tragical-comical-historical-pastoral'--which, saving 'the
+     tragical,' may well make up my schedule: and so I leave it
+     to the 'censure' of my new reader."
+
+[Illustration: VIRGINIA MILL-BOYS RACING.]
+
+Here the history of the book is admirably told. The work itself, so
+full of truthful and effective pictures, offers numerous passages for
+quotation, but though we have nothing better to give our readers, we
+shall limit our extracts to a few scenes illustrated by Mr. Strother's
+pencil. We present first the old barn itself.
+
+     "Beyond the bridge, at some distance, stands a prominent
+     object in the perspective of this picture,--the most
+     venerable appendage to the establishment--a huge barn with
+     an immense roof hanging almost to the ground, and thatched a
+     foot thick with sunburnt straw, which reaches below the
+     eaves in ragged flakes. It has a singularly drowsy and
+     decrepit aspect. The yard around it is strewed knee-deep
+     with litter, from the midst of which arises a long rack
+     resembling a chevaux de frise, which is ordinarily filled
+     with fodder. This is the customary lounge of half a score of
+     oxen and as many cows, who sustain an imperturbable
+     companionship with a sickly wagon, whose parched tongue and
+     drooping swingle-trees, as it stands in the sun, give it a
+     most forlorn and invalid character; whilst some sociable
+     carts under the sheds, with their shafts perched against the
+     walls, suggest the idea of a set of gossiping cronies taking
+     their ease in a tavern porch. Now and then a clownish
+     hobble-de-hoy colt, with long fetlocks and disordered mane,
+     and a thousand burs in his tail, stalks through this
+     company. But as it is forbidden ground to all his tribe, he
+     is likely very soon to encounter a shower of corn-cobs from
+     some of the negro men; upon which contingency he makes a
+     rapid retreat across the bars which imperfectly guard the
+     entrance to the yard, and with an uncouth display of his
+     heels bounds towards the brook, where he stops and looks
+     back with a saucy defiance; and after affecting to drink for
+     a moment, gallops away with a braggart whinny to the
+     fields."
+
+The life led by the young negroes on the plantations of Virginia is
+generally easy, and of course utterly free from the cares which beset
+their youthful masters, compelled to pore over "miserable books."
+
+     "There is a numerous herd of little negroes about the
+     estate; and these sometimes afford us a new diversion. A few
+     mornings since we encountered a horde of them, who were
+     darting about the bushes like untamed monkeys. They are
+     afraid of me because I am a stranger, and take to their
+     heels as soon as they see me. If I ever chance to get near
+     enough to speak to one of them, he stares at me with a
+     suspicious gaze, and, after a moment, makes off at full
+     speed, very much frightened, towards the cabins at some
+     distance from the house. They are almost all clad in a long
+     coarse shirt which reaches below the knee, without any other
+     garment. But one of the group we met on the morning I speak
+     of, was oddly decked in a pair of ragged trowsers,
+     conspicuous for their ample dimensions in the seat. These
+     had evidently belonged to some grown-up person, but were cut
+     short in the legs to make them fit the wearer. A piece of
+     twine across the shoulder of this grotesque imp, served for
+     suspenders, and kept his habiliments from falling about his
+     feet. Ned ordered this crew to prepare for a foot-race, and
+     proposed a reward of a piece of money to the winner. They
+     were to run from a given point, about a hundred paces
+     distant, to the margin of the brook. Our whole suite of dogs
+     were in attendance, and seemed to understand our pastime. At
+     the word, away went the bevy, accompanied by every dog of
+     the pack, the negroes shouting and the dogs yelling in
+     unison. The shirts ran with prodigious speed, their speed
+     exposing their bare, black, and meager shanks to the scandal
+     of all beholders; and the strange baboon in trowsers
+     struggled close in their rear, with ludicrous earnestness,
+     holding up his redundant and troublesome apparel with his
+     hand. In a moment they reached the brook with unchecked
+     speed, and, as the banks were muddy, and the dogs had become
+     entangled with the racers in their path, two or three were
+     precipitated into the water. This only increased the
+     merriment, and they continued the contest in this new
+     element by floundering, kicking, and splashing about, like a
+     brood of ducks in their first descent upon a pool. These
+     young negroes have wonderfully flat noses, and the most
+     oddly disproportioned mouths, which were now opened to their
+     full dimensions, so as to display their white teeth in
+     striking contrast with their complexions. They are a strange
+     pack of antic and careless animals, and furnish the
+     liveliest picture that is to be found in nature of that race
+     of swart fairies, which, in the old time, were supposed to
+     play their pranks in the forest at moonlight. Ned stood by,
+     enjoying this scene like an amateur--encouraging the negroes
+     in their gambols, and hallooing to the dogs, that by a
+     kindred instinct entered tumultuously into the sport and
+     kept up the confusion. It was difficult to decide the
+     contest. So the money was thrown into the air, and as it
+     fell to ground, there was another rush, in which the hero of
+     the trowsers succeeded in getting the small coin from the
+     ground in his teeth, somewhat to the prejudice of his
+     finery.
+
+[Illustration: DRILLING THE NEGRO BOYS.]
+
+     "Rip asserts a special pre-eminence over these young serfs,
+     and has drilled them into a kind of local militia. He
+     sometimes has them all marshalled in the yard, and
+     entertains us with a review. They have an old watering-pot
+     for a drum, and a dingy pocket handkerchief for a standard,
+     under which they are arrayed in military order, and parade
+     over the grounds with a riotous clamor."
+
+[Illustration: TREADING OUT WHEAT.]
+
+The farmers of Virginia are scarcely as far advanced in the
+application of science as the more active-minded Yankees, and among
+the ancient customs which still obtain among them is that of treading
+out grain with cattle. At Swallow Barn the operation is described:
+
+     "Within the farm-yard a party of negroes were engaged in
+     treading out grain. About a dozen horses were kept at full
+     trot around a circle of some ten or fifteen paces diameter,
+     which was strewed with wheat in the sheaf. These were
+     managed by some five or six little blacks, who rode like
+     monkey caricaturists of the games of the circus, and who
+     mingled with the labors of the place that comic air of
+     deviltry which communicated to the whole employment
+     something of the complexion of a pastime."
+
+We hope this edition of _Swallow Barn_ will be so well received that
+the author will give us all his other works in the same attractive
+style. _Horse-shoe Robinson_, _Rob of the Bowl_, _Quodlibet_, and all
+the rest, except the _Life of Wirt_, are now out of print, and all
+have been greeted on their first appearance with an approval that
+should satisfy a more ambitious writer than Mr. Kennedy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE H. BOKER.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Mr. Boker is one of the youngest of American authors. He is a native
+of Philadelphia, and was born, we believe, in the year 1824. After the
+usual preparatory studies in the city of his birth, he entered the
+college at Princeton, New Jersey, of which he is a graduate. In
+addition to the collegiate course, however, he devoted much time to
+the study of Anglo-Saxon, and to the perusal of the early masters of
+English literature, whose influence is discernible in all his earlier
+poems. Soon after leaving college he made a visit to France and
+England, but was obliged to return after having been but a short time
+abroad, owing to the critical state of his health. He was at that time
+suffering under a pulmonary disease which threatened to be fatal, but
+all symptoms of which, fortunately, have since disappeared. On his
+return he took up his residence in Philadelphia, which continues to be
+his home. Three or four years since he was married to an accomplished
+lady of that city.
+
+Mr. Boker first appeared as an author at the commencement of the year
+1848, when a volume of his poems, under the title of _The Lesson of
+Life_, was published in Philadelphia. The publication of a volume was
+no light ordeal to a young poet whose name was unknown, and who, we
+believe, had never before seen himself in print. The lack of
+self-observation and self-criticism, which can only be acquired when
+the author's thoughts have taken the matter-of-fact garb of type,
+would of itself be sufficient to obscure much real promise. In spite
+of these disadvantages, the book contained much that gave the reader
+the impression of a mind of genuine and original power. We remember
+being puzzled at its seeming incongruity, the bold, mature, and
+masculine character of its thought being so strikingly at variance
+with its frequent crudities of expression. It seemed to us the work of
+a man in the prime of life, whose poetic feeling had taken a sudden
+growth, and moved somewhat unskilfully in the unaccustomed trammels of
+words, rather than the first essay of a brain glowing with the fresh
+inspiration of youth.
+
+No one saw the author's imperfections sooner than himself; and before
+the year had closed, his tragedy of _Calaynos_ was published--a work
+so far in advance of what he had hitherto accomplished, so full, not
+only of promise for the future, but of actual performance, that it
+took his most confident friends by surprise. To write a five act
+tragedy is also a bold undertaking; but there is an old French proverb
+which, says, "if you would shoot lions, don't begin by aiming at
+hares," and we believe there are fewer failures from attempting too
+much than from being content with too little. The success of
+_Calaynos_ showed that the author had not aimed beyond his reach. The
+book attracted considerable attention, and its merits as a vigorous
+and original play, were very generally recognized. Although written
+with no view to its representation on the stage, it did not escape the
+notice of actors and managers, and a copy happening to fall into the
+hands of Mr. Phelps, a distinguished English tragedian, it was first
+performed under his direction at the Theatre Royal, Saddler's Wells,
+Mr. Phelps himself taking the part of Calaynos. Its success as an
+acting play was most decided, and after keeping the stage at Saddler's
+Wells twenty or thirty nights, it went the round of the provinces. It
+has already been performed more than a hundred times in different
+parts of Great Britain.
+
+_Calaynos_ gives evidence of true dramatic genius. The characters are
+distinct and clearly drawn, and their individualities carefully
+preserved through all the movements of the plot, which is natural and
+naturally developed. The passion on which the action hinges, is the
+prejudice of blood between the Spanish and Moorish families of Spain.
+The interest of the plot, while it never loses sight of the hero, is
+shared in the first three acts by the other personages of the story,
+but concentrates at the close on Calaynos, whose outbursts of love and
+grief and revenge are drawn with striking power and eloquence. The
+play is enlivened with many humorous passages, wherein the author
+shows his mastery of this element, so necessary to the complete
+dramatist.
+
+Mr. Boker's next publication was the tragedy of _Anne Boleyn_, which
+appeared in February, 1850. In this work he touched on more familiar
+ground, and in some instances, in his treatment of historical
+characters, came in conflict with the opinions or prejudices of the
+critics. The necessity of adhering to history in the arrangement of
+the plot and selection of the dramatis personae, imposed some restraint
+on the author's mind, and hence, while _Anne Boleyn_ exhibits a calmer
+and more secure strength, and a riper artistic knowledge than
+_Calaynos_, it lacks the fire and passionate fervor of some passages
+of the latter. We should not forget, however, that the Thames has a
+colder and sadder sun than the Guadalquiver. Objections have been made
+to Mr. Boker's King Henry, especially to his complaint of the torments
+of his conscience, and his moralizing over Norris's ingratitude. But
+those who cavil at these points seem to forget that however vile and
+heartless King Henry appears to them, he is a very different man to
+himself. The author's idea--and it is true to human nature--evidently
+is, that a criminal is not always guilty to his own mind. This marked
+insensibility of King Henry to his own false and corrupt nature is a
+subtle stroke of art.
+
+The language of the tragedy is strong, terse, and full of point,
+approaching the sturdy Saxon idiom of the early English dramatists. We
+might quote many passages in support of our opinion, as, for instance,
+the scene between the Queen and her brother, Lord Rochford; between
+the Queen and King Henry; Wyatt and Rochford, and King Henry and Jane
+Seymour. Two or three brief extracts we cannot avoid giving. Wyatt and
+Rochford are in "The Safety," the thieves' quarter of London--the St.
+Giles of that day. Wyatt speaks:
+
+    "I oft have thought the watchful eye of God
+    Upon this place ne'er rested; or that hell
+    Had raised so black a smoke of densest sin
+    That the All-Beautiful, appalled, shrunk back
+    From its fierce ugliness. I tell you, friend,
+    When the great treason, which shall surely come
+    To burst in shards law-bound society,
+    Gives the first shudder, ere it grinds to dust
+    Thrones, ranks, and fortunes, and most cunning law--
+    When the great temple of our social state
+    Staggers and throbs, and totters back to chaos--
+    Let men look here, here in this fiery mass
+    Of aged crime and primal ignorance,
+    For the hot heart of all the mystery!--
+    Here, on this howling sea, let fall the scourge,
+    Or pour the oil of mercy!
+
+    _Rochford._                    Pour the oil--
+    In God's name, pour the blessed oil! The scourge,
+    Bloody and fierce, has fallen for ages past
+    Upon the foreward crests within its reach;
+    Yet made no more impression on the mass
+    Than Persia's whips upon the Hellespont!"
+
+Wyatt's soliloquy on beholding Queen Anne led forth to execution is
+full of a rare and subtle beauty, both of thought and expression:
+
+                       "O Anne, Anne!
+    The world may banish all regard for thee,
+    Mewing thy fame in frigid chronicles,
+    But every memory that haunts my mind
+    Shall cluster round thee still. _I'll hide thy name
+    Under the coverture of even lines,
+    I'll hint it darkly in familiar songs_,
+    I'll mix each melancholy thought of thee
+    Through all my numbers: _so that heedless men
+    Shall hold my love for thee within their hearts,
+    Not knowing of the treasure_."
+
+The last scene, preceding the death of Anne Boleyn, is simple and
+almost homely in its entire want of poetic imagery; yet nothing could
+be more profoundly touching, and--in the highest sense of the
+word--tragic. The same tears which blur for us the lines of Browning's
+_Blot on the 'Scutcheon_, and the last words of Shelley's _Beatrice
+Cenci_, suffuse our eyes at this parting address of Anne Boleyn to her
+maidens, beside her on the scaffold:
+
+                  "And ye, my damsels,
+    Who whilst I lived did ever show yourselves
+    So diligent in service, and are now
+    To be here present in my latest hour
+    Of mortal agony--as in good times
+    Ye were most trustworthy, even so in this,
+    My miserable death, ye leave me not.
+    As a poor recompense for your rich love,
+    I pray you to take comfort for my loss--
+    And yet forget me not. To the king's grace,
+    And to the happier one whom you may serve
+    In place of me, be faithful as to me.
+    Learn from this scene, the triumph of my fate,
+    To hold your honors far above your lives.
+    When you are praying to the martyred Christ,
+    Remember me who, as my weakness could,
+    Faltered afar behind His shining steps,
+    And died for truth, forgiving all mankind.
+    The Lord have pity on my helpless soul!"
+
+Since the publication of _Anne Boleyn_, Mr. Boker has written two
+plays, _The Betrothal_, and _All the World a Mask_, both of which have
+been produced on the stage in Philadelphia with the most entire
+success. _Calaynos_ was also played for a number of nights, Mr.
+Murdoch taking the principal part. _The Betrothal_ was performed in
+New-York and Baltimore, with equal success. It is admirably adapted
+for an acting play. The plot is not tragic, though the closing scenes
+have a tragic air. The dialogue is more varied than in _Anne Boleyn_
+or _Calaynos_--now sparkling and full of point, now pithy, shrewd, and
+pregnant with worldly wisdom, and now tender, graceful, and poetic.
+_All the World a Mask_ is a comedy of modern life. We have not seen it
+represented, and it has not yet been published; yet no one familiar
+with the fine healthy humor displayed in portions of _Calaynos_ and
+_The Betrothal_ can doubt the author's ability to sustain himself
+through a five-act comedy.
+
+In addition to these plays, Mr. Boker has published from time to time,
+in the literary magazines, lyrics and ballads that would of themselves
+entitle him to rank among our most worthy poets. It is rare that a
+dramatic author possesses lyric genius, and _vice versa_, yet the true
+lyric inspiration is no less perceptible in Mr. Boker's _Song of the
+Earth_ and _Vision of the Goblet_, than the true dramatic faculty in
+his _Anne Boleyn_.
+
+There is a fresh, manly strength in his poetry, which may sometimes
+jar the melody a little, but never allows his verse to flag. The life
+which informs it was inhaled in the open air; it is sincere and
+earnest, and touched with that fine enthusiasm which is the
+heart's-blood of lyric poetry. Take, for instance, this glorious
+Bacchic, from the _Vision of the Goblet_:
+
+    "Joy! joy! with Bacchus and his satyr train,
+      In triumph throbs our merry Grecian earth;
+    Joy! joy! the golden time has come again,
+      A god shall bless the vine's illustrious birth!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "O breezes, speed across the mellow lands,
+      And breathe his coming to the joyous vine;
+    Let all the vineyards wave their leafy hands
+      Upon the hills to greet this pomp divine!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "O peaceful triumph, victory without tear,
+      Or human cry, or drop of conquered blood!
+    Save dew-beads bright, that on the vine appear,
+      The choral shouts, the trampled grape's red flood!
+                               Io, io, Bacche!
+
+    "Shout, Hellas, shout! the lord of joy is come,
+      Bearing the mortal Lethe in his hands,
+    To wake the wailing lips of Sorrow dumb,
+      To bind sad Memory's eyes with rosy bands:
+                               Io, io, Bacche!"
+
+In the _Song of the Earth_, which shows a higher exercise of the
+poetic faculty than any thing else Mr. Boker has written, he has
+enriched the language with a new form of versification. Except in this
+poem, we do not remember ever to have seen _dactylic_ blank verse
+attempted in the English language. The majestic and resonant harmonies
+of the measure are strikingly adapted to the poet's theme. The
+concluding _Chorus of Stars_, rebuking the Earth for her pride as the
+dwelling-place of the human soul, is a splendid effort of the
+imagination. We know not where to find surpassed the sounding sweep of
+the rhythm in the final lines:
+
+    "Heir of eternity, Mother of Souls,
+    Let not thy knowledge betray thee to folly!
+    Knowledge is proud, self-sufficient, and lone,
+    Trusting, unguided, its steps in the darkness.
+    Thine is the wisdom that mankind may win,
+    Gleaned in the pathway between joy and sorrow;
+    Ours is the wisdom that hallows the child
+    Fresh from the touch of his awful Creator,
+    Dropped like a star on thy shadowy realm,
+    Falling in splendor, but falling to darken.
+    Ours is the simple religion of Faith,
+    Trusting alone in the God who o'errules us;
+    Thine are the complex misgivings of Doubt,
+    Wrested to form by imperious Reason.
+    _Knowledge is restless, imperfect, and sad;
+    Faith is serene, and completed, and joyful._
+    Bow in humility, bow thy proud forehead,
+    Circle thy form with a mantle of clouds,
+    _Hide from the glittering cohorts of evening,
+    Wheeling in purity, singing in chorus:
+    Howl in the depths of thy lone, barren mountains,
+    Restlessly moan on the deserts of ocean,
+    Wail o'er thy fall in the desolate forests,
+    Lost star of Paradise, straying alone!_"
+
+In the flush of youth, fortunate in all the relations of life, and
+with a fame already secured, there is perhaps no American author to
+whom the future promises more than to Mr. Boker. He has that faithful
+reverence for his art which makes harmless the breath of praise, more
+dangerous to the poet than that of censure, and there are yet many
+years before him ere his mind attains its full scope and stature. That
+all these promises may be fulfilled, to his own honor and that of
+American literature, is the earnest hope of
+
+                                      BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+
+HERR FLEISCHMANN
+
+ON THE INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE AMERICANS.
+
+
+In the careful watch we keep of French, German, and other foreign
+literatures, for what will instruct or entertain the readers of the
+_International_, we are always sharp-sighted for any thing said of us
+or our institutions, whether it be in sympathy or in antipathy. So,
+for a recent number, we translated from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ a
+very clever paper on our American Female Poets, and on other occasions
+have reviewed or done into English a great many compositions which
+evinced the feeling of continental Europe in regard to our character
+and movements. We shall continue in this habit, as there is scarcely
+any thing ever more amusing than "what the world says" of our
+concerns, even when it is in the least amiable temper.
+
+Among the most interesting works published of late months in Germany,
+is FLEISCHMANN'S _Erwerbszweige der Vereinigten Staaten
+Nord-America's_, (or Branches of Industry in the United States.) The
+reader who anticipates from this title a mere mass of statistics
+relative to the industrial condition of our own country will find
+himself agreeably disappointed. Statistics are indeed there--lists of
+figures and relative annual arrays of products, sufficient to satisfy
+any one that Mr. Fleischmann has turned the several years during which
+he was connected with the Patent Office at Washington to good account.
+But in addition to this there is a mass of information and
+observation, which, though nearly connected with the subject, was yet
+hardly to be expected. It is doubtful whether the social and domestic
+peculiarities of others or of ourselves be most attractive, but to
+those who prefer the latter, and who have lived as many do under the
+impression that our own habits and ways of life present little that is
+marked or distinctive, this work will be found not only interesting,
+but even amusing. For among those practising branches of industry, he
+not only includes blacksmiths, coopers, architects, planters, and
+pin-makers, but also clergymen, actors, circus-riders, model-artists,
+midwives, and boarding-house keepers! The main object of the work
+being to inform his countrymen who propose emigration, of the true
+state of the most available branches of industry in this country, and
+prevent on their part undue anticipation or disappointment, even these
+items cannot be deemed out of place. Cherishing an enthusiastic
+admiration of our country, and better informed in all probability in
+the branches of which he treats than any foreigner who has before
+ventured upon the subject, it is not astonishing that he should have
+produced a work which not only fully answers the object intended, but
+in a faithful translation would doubtless be extensively read by our
+own countrymen.
+
+The reader will find in this book many _little_ traits of our domestic
+life, which, commonplace though they be, are not unattractive when
+thus reflected back on us, mirror-like, from another land. Take for
+example the following account of confectioners:
+
+     "All men are more or less fond of sweet food and dainties,
+     and the wealthier a people may be, and consequently in more
+     fit condition to add such luxuries to the necessaries of
+     life, the greater will be its consumption of sugar. If we
+     compare the sugar consumption of England with that of
+     Germany, we find the first consumes a far greater quantity
+     per head than the latter.
+
+     "And in this respect the Americans are in no wise behind the
+     English, since they not only at least twice a day drink
+     either tea or coffee, which they abundantly sweeten,
+     enjoying therewith vast quantities of preserved fruits, and
+     every variety of cakes, but they have universally a
+     remarkable appetite for sweets, which from childhood up is
+     nourished with all sorts of confectionery. And this appetite
+     is very generally retained even to an advanced age, so that
+     all the _cents_ of the children, and many of the dollars of
+     those more advanced in life, go to the _candy-shops_ and
+     _confectioneries_. Add to this the numerous balls,
+     marriages, and other festive occasions, particularly the
+     parties in private houses, at which pyramids, temples, and
+     other architectural and artistic works, founded on rocks of
+     candied sugar, and bonsbons, are never wanting, we can
+     readily imagine that in this country the confectioner's
+     trade is a flourishing and brilliant business.
+
+     "The Americans are, as is well known, universally a
+     remarkably hospitable people, not only frequently
+     entertaining guests in their homes, but also holding it as
+     an established point of _bon ton_, to give one or two
+     parties annually, to which _all_ their friends are invited.
+     The evening is then spent with music and dancing, concluded
+     with an extremely elegant (_hochst elegant_) supper, at
+     which the gentlemen wisely stick to the more substantial
+     viands and champagne, but where abundance of sugar-work for
+     the ladies is never wanting.
+
+     "And since no family will be surpassed by another, the most
+     incredible extravagance not infrequently results from this
+     unfortunate spirit of rivalry. Confectionery is often
+     brought for a certain party expressly from France, fresh
+     fruits from the West Indies, and the stairways and rooms are
+     adorned with the most exquisite flowers which Europe can
+     yield, while the guests are served on costly porcelain and
+     massive plate. In a word, the greatest imaginable expense is
+     lavished on these festive occasions, which prevail in every
+     class of society, and in none--be their degree what it
+     may--are sugared sweets wanting: the poorer confining
+     themselves, it is true, to such dainties as are the
+     production of the country, excepting indeed a few bottles of
+     champagne, which latter is absolutely indispensable.
+
+     "I have deemed it necessary to touch upon these
+     extravagances of American life, that I might show that while
+     on the one hand an expert confectioner may readily find
+     employment during the season, on the other that mere skill
+     and industry are by no means sufficient of themselves to
+     support an establishment grounded on credit.
+
+     "Nearly all the small shopkeepers, fruit-dealers, and
+     bar-keepers, sell candy and sugar-cakes, which they either
+     prepare themselves or obtain from confectioners who not only
+     carry on a wholesale business, _but even send large
+     quantities of their products to the country dealers_. In
+     Philadelphia, warm cakes are carried about for sale in the
+     streets,[1] the bearers thereof announcing their presence by
+     the sound of a bell. French confectioners have already done
+     much in this country toward improving the public taste, and
+     excellent _bonsbons a la francaise_ are now actually
+     manufactured here, though we must admit that in the country
+     there is a great consumption of confectionery and cakes by
+     no means of a very good quality. In these regions a taste
+     for '_horses_' (which are of cake greatly resembling
+     gingerbread and made in the form of a horse) universally
+     predominates, and not only children but even adults select
+     these as a favorite dainty. It is no unusual spectacle to
+     behold in the northern states an entire court--judge, jury,
+     and lawyers--regaling themselves during an important trial
+     on horse-cakes!"
+
+Whether Herr Fleischmann received this legal anecdote on hearsay, or
+whether his German soul was actually startled by stumbling upon such
+an extraordinary legal spectacle, we will not here inquire. In Germany
+the favorite dainty in this line is a _pretzel_, or carnival cake, in
+the form of a two-headed serpent, which antiquaries declare to be of
+oriental origin, and to conceal divers horrific mysteries of deeply
+metaphysical import. From the solemnity of tone with which Herr
+Fleischmann imparts this horse-cake story, we are half inclined to
+suspect that he inferred that a great ethical mystery, in some way
+connected with the administration of justice in America, might thus be
+conveyed.
+
+Under the head of spirit distilleries our author enters into a _naif_
+and enthusiastic defence of good brandy, but still highly approves of
+the American custom of substituting coffee for grog in merchant
+vessels, on which he remarks that it is not allowed to soldiers or
+sailors to bring spirits into the forts or ships. "But they are so
+extravagantly fond of liquor as to invent every imaginable method of
+evading the regulation. I have been told," he says, "by persons of the
+highest credibility that during the night whisky is not unfrequently
+brought to the vicinity of military stations, and that the sentinels,
+after filling the barrels of their muskets therewith, bring it into
+the 'watch-room,' and divide the _loading_ with their comrades."
+
+After remarking the melancholy fact, which the strictest examination
+would, we fear confirm, in a still higher degree, that the
+sewing-girls employed in our umbrella factories, tailor
+establishments, &c., are very inadequately paid, he makes a statement
+which is, however, glaringly false, that among these poor girls
+corruption of manners prevails to a degree unknown in any country of
+Europe, save indeed "merry England." Without being familiar with such
+statistics, we are on the contrary firmly convinced that though
+females in these employments are _not_ so well paid even as in
+Germany, there is no country on the face of the earth--most certainly
+not in Bavaria, Austria, or Prussia, where the standard of morals is
+in this respect so high as in our own. There are a thousand
+correlative facts in the state of society in our country which confirm
+our assertion. This opinion of our author's is, however, slightly at
+variance, as far as appearance is concerned, with a part of the
+following good advice to the more beautiful portion of his fair young
+countrywomen, who propose repairing to this country for the sake of
+catching husbands:
+
+     "And I deem this a fit place to give them a warning, which I
+     have before often repeated, namely, that these lovely
+     beings, when they forsake their homes, also leave behind
+     them their fantastic national dress. In this country long
+     dresses are worn--and not merely frocks which barely reach
+     the knee, as is usual in several parts of Germany. The same
+     may be applied to their head-dresses, which are not
+     unfrequently so eccentric as to give their wearers the
+     appearance of having escaped from a lunatic asylum. On which
+     account, I beg my _ladies_, or any women who design
+     emigrating to this land of equality, to buy themselves
+     French bonnets,[2] or a similar style of head covering, but
+     in no instance to run bareheaded about the streets, which is
+     here remarkably unpopular, since neither widow, wife, nor
+     maiden, ever appears in the public way without hat or
+     bonnet. And I moreover beg of them, on their first arrival
+     in the populous cities, to restrain their manifestations of
+     affection to the house, where walls are the only witnesses,
+     _and not to permit their lovers, fiancees, or husbands, to
+     clasp them about the waist, and lead them in this close
+     embrace about the streets_, since this would be for
+     Americans a scandalous spectacle. I will not assert that the
+     American is incapable of tender feeling, but he at least
+     observes decency in the public streets, and _apropos_ of
+     this, I would further remark, that in this country the wife
+     or maiden invariably walks by the side of her male
+     companion, and never follows after him in _Indian
+     file_--that is, like geese returning from pasture."
+
+In his chapter on hat-makers, we are informed that neither French,
+Germans, nor English, can in this country compete with the Americans
+in the manufacture of hats; and that he was informed by a very
+intelligent manufacturer that the work of Germans by no means suited
+our market, and further, that within a few years past the use of caps
+has increased at least two thirds, though these are by no means so
+well adapted to carry papers, &c., as hats, in which Americans are
+accustomed to convey their archives.
+
+Of boarding-houses:
+
+     "These extremely convenient establishments, in which
+     lodging, food, and all things requisite, are provided, may
+     be found in all the cities in the United States; but we
+     first learn to duly appreciate their value, when, on
+     returning to Germany, we find ourselves obliged either to
+     lodge in a hotel, or for a short stay in a place hire and
+     perhaps furnish rooms for ourselves.
+
+     "These communistic institutions, where one person or family
+     takes care of several, give the _boarder_ all the
+     conveniences of a hotel, united to the advantages of
+     dwelling in a private family. He has opportunities of
+     entering such society as is adapted to his habits and
+     tastes, in addition to which he has what may be termed a
+     _chez soi_--he feels that he is 'in house.'[3]
+
+     "Such boarding-houses are generally kept by widows or old
+     maids, and even ladies of the highest families take refuge
+     in this branch of industry, to maintain respectably
+     themselves and families.
+
+     "Fashionable houses of this sort are splendidly furnished,
+     and supplied with excellent dishes and attendance. In these
+     the price is naturally high, since for a room, without fuel,
+     from six to twelve dollars a week is generally paid. Rooms
+     in the upper part of the house are of course cheaper. The
+     parlor is common to all the persons in the house--they meet
+     there, before and after meals, pass the evening with
+     reading, music, &c., receive visits, and live in all
+     respects as if at home.
+
+     "The Americans are of a very accommodating
+     disposition--particularly the men, who, from a regard for
+     the lady of the house, are easily contented. The ladies, on
+     the contrary, very frequently indulge in little feuds,
+     produced by the _ennui_ resulting from a want of domestic
+     employment, and living in common; but all are on the whole
+     very circumspect, are careful to live _in Christian love and
+     unity_ with one another, and never offend external
+     propriety.
+
+     "It is not requisite in America to take a license from the
+     police to establish a boarding-house, unless a bar-room be
+     therewith connected. The person undertaking such an
+     enterprise rents a house, makes it known in newspapers or
+     among friends, or simply placards on the door
+     'Boarding'--and the establishment is opened without further
+     ceremony. Particular introductions and recommendations are
+     requisite to be received in a boarding-house of higher
+     rank."
+
+There is even yet a lingering prejudice prevailing in this country in
+favor of certain musical instruments of European manufacture, which
+this work is well adapted to dissipate, since the author appears to be
+in this particular an excellent judge. Take for example his chapter on
+pianos:
+
+     "The favorite musical instrument of the American ladies is
+     the piano, and in every family with the slightest
+     pretensions to education or refinement a piano may certainly
+     be found, upon which, of an evening, the young 'Miss' plays
+     to her parents the pieces which she has learned, or
+     accompanies them with her voice. If the stranger will walk
+     of an evening through the streets of an American city, he
+     can hear in almost every house a piano and the song of
+     youthful voices, often very agreeable, though the latter are
+     not unfrequently wanting in proper culture. Many of these
+     amateurs have beyond doubt remarkable talent, and would in
+     their art attain to a high degree of perfection if they had
+     better opportunities to hear the best music, to study more
+     industriously, and practice more than they do, but their
+     domestic audiences are unfortunately easily pleased, in
+     consequence of which their knowledge seldom extends beyond
+     well known opera pieces and favorite popular airs.
+
+     "A few years since, pianos were generally imported from
+     Germany, England, and France, but it was soon found that
+     their construction and material were by no means adapted to
+     withstand the changes of the American climate; and it was
+     also found that the enormous profit cleared by the
+     importers, might quite as well be retained in this country,
+     and there are consequently, at present, in Boston, New-York,
+     Philadelphia, and even Baltimore, excellent and extensive
+     'piano forte manufactories,' in which every portion of these
+     instruments is constructed. For this purpose the best
+     varieties of wood known are used, such as mahogany and
+     rosewood, which, however, in America are obtainable at cheap
+     rates. The cases are of the most solid construction
+     possible, and the legs massive, (by which especially the
+     firmest duration is insured) all constructed of the
+     above-mentioned material, which is quickly and accurately
+     cut into the requisite form by a machine.... By means of
+     these and other improvements, but particularly by means of
+     the material, are the American pianos not only far more
+     durable than the imported, but also infinitely less subject
+     to loss of tone.
+
+     "The American pianos are invariably of a table form, in
+     order to adapt them to small rooms. Their tone is sweet and
+     rich, and has been pronounced clear, full and pleasing, by
+     the best European performers. The pianos of Stottart
+     (Stoddard) and Nunns, in New-York, of Laud and Mayer, in
+     Philadelphia, and especially of Chickering, in Boston, enjoy
+     a high reputation. This latter enterprising individual
+     spares no expense to secure the best improvements, and apply
+     them to his instruments. Other excellent manufactories also
+     abound, among which are many German proprietors, who,
+     however, all follow the American style of construction.
+
+     "Previous to the year 1847, about sixty-four patents for
+     improvements in pianos were taken out.... The average price
+     of a splendid 'Chickering,' of 7-1/2 octaves, is from $350
+     to $400. I have purchased of Stoddard in New-York an
+     excellent and handsome instrument for $250; since which time
+     (A. D. 1848) the price for the same has sunk fifty dollars.
+     Instruments of a lighter construction may be bought for one
+     hundred and fifty dollars; nor will it be long ere the best
+     pianos may be had for a price ranging from $180 to $200.
+     There are in America men whose exclusive business it is to
+     tune pianos, for which they generally receive one dollar....
+
+     "While on the subject of music, I may be permitted to speak
+     of an outcast class of minstrels, namely, the harp girls;
+     who, after having wandered through Germany, or even England,
+     or having been turned out of the same, find their way to the
+     United States. Especially in New Orleans are they at home,
+     and there sing, in the coffee-houses and bar-rooms, most
+     blackguard (_zotenhaften lieder_) songs, in the English
+     language, learned either _at home or in England_--partly to
+     the delight and partly to the disgust of the mixed companies
+     there assembled. Germany can in truth take but little pride
+     in such representatives of her nationality. She is already
+     too little appreciated in America to render it necessary
+     that such females should still further degrade her--females,
+     for whom the American (who invariably holds in high respect
+     the sex) entertains an unconquerable disgust. Apropos of
+     those, I may mention the so-called 'broom girls,' who sell a
+     sort of little brooms or fly-brushes, singing therewith
+     fearful songs; and finally, the innumerable organ and
+     tambourine players, who frequently have with them a child
+     which dances like an ape to the sound of their horrible
+     music."
+
+From the practical and common-sense-like manner in which the subject
+is treated, the following chapter on boarding-schools will probably
+prove interesting to every American reader:
+
+     "Would not any one imagine that a nation like the German,
+     which is universally recognized as the best educated and
+     most erudite, which has written and effected so much for the
+     cause of education, would naturally be the one to supply the
+     world with accomplished teachers? Is there in the civilized
+     world another nation where so many men have made it the
+     entire business of a life, passed in the most zealous and
+     deeply grounded studies of all languages, living and dead,
+     or who have so fully succeeded in teaching even foreigners
+     their own language? Certainly not. 'Whence comes it then,'
+     any one may reasonably inquire, 'that these learned men, who
+     appear to be, in every respect, so peculiarly adapted to
+     teach, have not long since conducted the education of the
+     whole world? Or why is it, that in North America at least,
+     where a widely spread German element throws open so vast a
+     field to their exertions, they have not the direction of
+     every private school?'
+
+     "Incomprehensible as this may appear at a first glance, it
+     is still explicable in a few words. The American seeks, for
+     the education of his children, _practical men, who are not
+     only adapted to and skilled in their vocation, but also
+     familiar with the world--its progress and requirements_--men
+     not only capable of teaching their pupils the rules of
+     grammar and syntax, but who are also qualified to impart the
+     peculiarities and precepts of life in the world at
+     large--men of prepossessing manner and appearance, and whose
+     habits are adapted to the requirements of refined society.
+     This it is, in a few words, that the American requires. And
+     now, I ask--how many old and young teachers are there in
+     Germany thus qualified?
+
+     "I here speak, of course, in a general way; for I well know
+     that there are in Germany many teachers and learned men, who
+     could more than fulfil all of these requirements of the
+     American parent, but their number is unfortunately limited;
+     and I deem it important that I speak freely and fully on
+     this subject, since many a learned German, whose
+     acquirements and scientific knowledge would insure him an
+     independent and respectable station at home, nevertheless
+     frequently finds himself compelled by the pressure of
+     circumstances to seek America, in the hope of there opening
+     a school, or at least finding employment as teacher, and
+     there too frequently, in addition to the bitterest
+     disappointment, discovers too late that he is fit for no
+     other practical employment which will yield him his daily
+     bread.
+
+     "As a proof, however, that most of these so called
+     pedagogues must in America be necessarily deceived in their
+     expectations, I take the liberty of adding yet a few words.
+
+     "The American requires before all, as far as the moral
+     qualifications of the teacher are concerned, a firm
+     religious tendency--a requirement for which the scion of
+     'Young Germany,' fresh from his university career, has but
+     little taste; since his recollections of that life are yet
+     too fresh upon him to admit of a willing submission to such
+     rules,--and I advise any one who proposes to follow such a
+     course to become a farmer's man, rather than a hypocrite or
+     sham-saint....
+
+     "If we proceed in our examination of private schools in
+     America, we find that the majority are for the education of
+     girls. Upon which the question arises--Are German ladies
+     generally adapted to the superintendence of such
+     establishments?--a question which I must either answer with
+     No, or modify with the admission that if there be any
+     schools managed by German ladies, I am ignorant of their
+     existence. The cause for the negative being essentially the
+     same as with the male scholars.
+
+     "No man can better appreciate the worth of German women than
+     myself. I acknowledge perfectly their virtues and
+     excellencies--their domestic sphere is their world,
+     inhabited by their children and ruled by their husbands,
+     whose faithful, true-hearted, modest, obedient companions
+     they are. To be independent and free is not in their nature;
+     they are not so adapted either by origin or manner of life;
+     nor does their education embrace any thing cosmopolitan.
+     Born and brought up in a province, or court city, they have
+     never cast a glance beyond its limits or boundaries, or
+     those of the nearest town, and all that lies beyond is to
+     them unknown and uninteresting. Thus they generally lead,
+     according to ancient custom, (_nach altem brauch_) an
+     almost vegetable life; and nothing save the dictates of
+     fashion can ever disturb in the slightest degree the
+     equanimity of their quiet souls. They do not in the least
+     interest themselves in the progress of industry, literature,
+     science, or politics, even in Germany--much less for that of
+     foreign countries; but are content with learning in which
+     section of the place they inhabit this or that necessary
+     article may be best or most cheaply purchased; what late
+     foreign romance is current in the circulating library; and
+     what are the latest changes in bonnets, caps, chemisettes,
+     or dresses, in the kingdom of fashion--whose sovereign they
+     all obey. In politics they rest under the perpetual
+     conviction that all goes on in the old way, and pass their
+     leisure hours in coteries and parties, where knittings
+     exclude all _spirituelle_ entertainment. In the lower grades
+     of the middle class, they grow up with an unchangeable
+     feeling of social inferiority, and shudder at every free
+     glance into life, as if guilty of unheard of arrogance and
+     presumption.
+
+     "And how is it possible that a woman who has grown up in
+     such social relations should, despite the fullest possession
+     of all imaginable virtues and acquirements, be capable of
+     teaching high-minded and independent girls? The American
+     maiden regards most household employments as work requiring
+     but little intelligence, and for which even negroes are as
+     well qualified. She believes that she can better occupy the
+     time necessary to the acquisition of subordinate
+     acquirements, and prefers reading, music, and art, to
+     knitting stockings, and similar soul-killing business. She
+     recognizes, moreover, no distinction in rank, but strives to
+     acquire as many accomplishments and as refined manners as
+     any other person. In short, she strives to become _a lady_,
+     and regards it as no extraordinary assumption, particularly
+     when education or natural advantages adapt her thereto, to
+     consider herself quite as good as any other woman in the
+     republic. Nor does she forget that the time will come when,
+     as mother, the first development of her child's mind will
+     become a duty, and she remembers also that he will be a
+     republican whose sphere of action is without limit, if his
+     ability correspond only to the effort. Moreover, the
+     American maidens are materially very _wide awake_, (_sehr
+     auf gewecht_,) particularly in the large cities, where they
+     enjoy excellent opportunities for instruction, and are
+     proportionally highly educated.
+
+     "The American woman or girl highly esteems the _elegant_ and
+     _noble_, striving ever to form herself after this pattern,
+     on which account French female teachers are universally
+     preferred, even when very imperfectly qualified. The
+     revolutions in France have driven forth many well educated
+     persons to America, who have been compelled to seek by
+     teaching a livelihood. Louis Philippe himself was once among
+     the number. In addition to the fact that no nation surpasses
+     the French in personal accomplishments, they have for
+     Americans the further recommendation that their nation has
+     played an important part in modern history. The American is
+     impressed in favor of France, because she aided him in
+     freeing his country from the yoke of England; and this
+     inclination manifests itself continually in language.
+
+     "And when the American boy glances over his school-books, he
+     sees France represented in pictures as the _polite_ nation,
+     and reads in history that she aided his country in the war
+     of freedom, and that Lafayette was the _friend_ of
+     Washington; while the same work represents the German as a
+     merely agricultural race, portrayed in the caricature of an
+     Altenburger peasant and his wife, in their fantastic
+     national dress. From the same book he also learns that a
+     German prince sold his subjects for so many pounds per head
+     to aid England to subdue his country. Such contrasts cannot
+     but awake in the child's mind deeply-rooted prejudices, far
+     from favorable to the German race.
+
+     "And since there has been for years an emigration to America
+     of Germans who were very generally poor and
+     uneducated--people speaking a revolting dialect, employed in
+     the lowest offices, and not unfrequently much resembling the
+     pictures in the geographies, the prejudice formed in early
+     youth has been thus strengthened, that the Germans are a
+     rough, uncultivated race, industrious and domestic, it is
+     true, but yet very little improved by civilization--of all
+     which the native Pennsylvania Germans afford unfortunately
+     striking examples. The well-educated American, of course,
+     knows better how to appreciate the true value of the
+     Germans; he is aware of the value of their contributions to
+     literature, science, art, and music; only in politics, and
+     in the practical application of knowledge, he places (and
+     not without justice) but little confidence in them.
+
+     "But the personal appearance and bearing of many Germans,
+     who are in themselves truly worthy of respect, often induce
+     the well-educated and refined American to place in the back
+     ground their otherwise estimable qualities. There is often
+     something rough and harsh about the German, and his domestic
+     habits are not invariably in unison with his erudition and
+     excellent education, but frequently destroy the good
+     impression which the latter might produce; moreover, their
+     '_geselliges Leben_,' (social jovial life) as Germans term
+     it, with its accompaniments of pipe and mug, are in the
+     highest degree revolting to an American. And further, it is
+     taken ill of the German that he considers that regard for
+     the sex, entertained by the American, as carried somewhat
+     too far, and allows himself to form on this point a too
+     hasty, and not seldom unfavorable judgment, without seeking
+     to examine more accurately this domestic characteristic.
+     Many Germans find it impossible to enter into the spirit of
+     American life, customs, and manners, while on religious
+     subjects it appears impossible for either to adopt the same
+     views: so that there is apparently almost no point in common
+     between them."
+
+After stating that many educated Germans might succeed as teachers in
+this country, could they dispense with national peculiarities, and a
+description of the manner of establishing schools, in which he pays a
+high compliment to the general appearance of such institutions in our
+country, he adds:
+
+     "The superintendent of such an establishment must entirely
+     renounce all visits to bar-rooms and coffee-houses. He must
+     learn to impart to his system of instruction the elements of
+     novelty and attractiveness, and especially learn to make
+     friends of the children. It is utterly impossible in this
+     country to manage a school by the mere force of power and
+     authority, and the teacher attempting this, soon experiences
+     a revolution by which indeed he is not exactly _driven
+     forth_, but left _alone_ on his _cathedra_."
+
+With this extract we close, regretting that we have been obliged to
+leave untranslated many more practical and not less interesting items.
+We consider the entire work as the best possible answer which can be
+given to the question, '_Why has America done so little for England's
+fair?_' No one who contemplates in it the immense range of our
+manufactories--our incredible combinations of excellence and
+cheapness, and the almost superhuman rapidity of our progress in every
+branch of industrial and social life, will entertain for an instant
+the slightest regret that we have not done more to increase the
+profits of John Bull's raree-show.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Muffins?--_International._
+
+[2] _Pariser-tracht_--French dress--is the epithet usually applied in
+Germany to our ordinary style of costume, in contradistinction to the
+_Bauern-tracht_, or peasant's costume, which is so frequently seen among
+German immigrants.
+
+[3] _Zu hause_--at house, at home. In this sentence the reader finds a
+striking exemplification of the saying, that neither in French nor German
+is there a word for _home_.
+
+
+
+
+IN THE HAREM.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+
+    The scent of burning sandal-wood
+      Perfumes the air in vain;
+    A sweeter odor fills my sense,
+      A fiercer fire my brain!
+
+    O press your burning lips to mine!--
+      For mine will never part,
+    Until my heart has rifled all
+      The sweetness of your heart!
+
+    The lutes are playing on the lawn,
+      The moon is shining bright,
+    But we like stars are melting now
+      In clouds of soft delight!
+
+
+
+
+TO THE CICADA.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY H. J. CRATE.
+
+
+    Cicada sits upon a sprig,
+      And makes his song resound;
+    For he is happy when a twig
+      Lifts him above the ground.
+
+    And so am I, when lifted up
+      On hopes delusive wing;
+    I laugh, and quaff the flowing cup,
+      I love, I write, I sing!
+
+    Should clouds or cares obscure our sky,
+      And all be gloom around,
+    My merry little friend and I
+      Soon tumble to the ground.
+
+
+
+
+TRICKS ON TRAVELLERS AT WATERLOO.
+
+
+M. Leon Gozlan, one of the most esteemed magazinists in France, has
+lately paid a flying visit to the scene of his country's most glorious
+disasters, Waterloo, and has given a characteristic account of what he
+saw and heard there. We quote a part of it, in which he describes a
+knavish practice of which great numbers are every year made victims.
+M. Gozlan has just passed through the Brussels _faubourg_ Louisa, and
+is oppressed with most melancholy reflections, when his coachman
+addresses him--
+
+     "Sir," exclaimed my conductor, suddenly interrupting my
+     meditations, "excuse me if I am troublesome, but before
+     arriving at Mont-Saint-Jean I wish to warn you of a knavish
+     trade you have probably never heard of at Paris."
+
+     "A knavish trade unknown at Paris?" I replied,
+     incredulously; "that is rather surprising. But come, tell me
+     what is this new species of industry."
+
+     "You can easily suppose," pursued my loquacious coachman,
+     "that after the battle of Waterloo there remained on the
+     field a large quantity of cannon-balls, buttons, small brass
+     eagles, and broken weapons. Well, for the last thirty-four
+     years, the country people have been carrying on a famous
+     business in these articles."
+
+     "It seems to me, however, my friend," I observed, "that a
+     sale continued for so long a period, must have left very
+     little to be disposed of at present."
+
+     "True, sir; and this is precisely what I would guard you
+     against. Those who obtain a subsistence by such means,
+     purchase the goods new at a manufactory, in shares, and then
+     bury in different parts of the field, and for a wide space
+     around, pieces of imperial brass eagles, thousands of metal
+     buttons, and heaps of iron balls. This crop is allowed to
+     rest in the earth until summer, for few strangers visit
+     Waterloo in winter; and when the fine weather arrives, they
+     dig up their relics, to which a sojourn of eight months in a
+     damp soil gives an appearance of age, deceiving the keenest
+     observer, and awakening the admiration of pilgrims."
+
+     "But this is a shameful deceit."
+
+     "True again, sir; but the country is very poor about here;
+     and after all, perhaps," added the philosophic driver, "no
+     great harm is done. This year the harvest of brass eagles
+     has been very fair."
+
+     We entered the forest of Soignies by a narrow and naturally
+     covered alley, the two sides crowned with the most luxuriant
+     foliage. Poplars, elms, and plane-trees appeared to be
+     striving which should attain the highest elevation. One
+     peculiarity I could not avoid remarking in the midst of this
+     solemn and beautiful abode of nature, and that was the
+     perfect stillness prevailing around. The air itself seemed
+     without palpitation, and during a ride of nearly two hours
+     through this sylvan gallery, not even the note of a bird
+     broke on the solitude. A forest without feathered songsters
+     appeared unnatural, and the only possible reason that could
+     be imagined for such a circumstance might be, that since the
+     formidable day of Waterloo, they had quitted these shades,
+     never to return, frightened away by the roar of the cannon
+     and the dismal noise of war. What melancholy is impressed
+     upon the beautiful forest of Soignies! I cannot overcome the
+     idea, that since Providence destined it should become the
+     mute spectator of the great event in its vicinity, it has
+     retained the mysterious memory in the folding of its leaves
+     and the depths of its shades. Destiny designs the theatre
+     for grand actions. An army of one hundred thousand men
+     perished there. Such was the irrevocable decree.
+
+     "Do you think," I inquired of the coachman, wishing to
+     change the current of my thoughts, "there are persons so
+     unscrupulous as to speculate on the curiosity of tourists to
+     Waterloo in the manner you have described?"
+
+     "Ah, sir," he replied, "I have not told you half the tricks
+     they practice on the credulous. It would indeed fatigue you
+     if I mentioned all of them, but if you will permit me, I
+     will relate an instance I witnessed myself one day. I was
+     conducting from Waterloo to Brussels a French artist and a
+     Prussian tourist. The Prussian supported on his knee some
+     object very carefully enveloped in a handkerchief, and which
+     he seemed to value greatly. When we had arrived about midway
+     on the road, he inquired of the Frenchman whether he had
+     brought away with him any souvenir of his pilgrimage to
+     Waterloo.
+
+     "'In good faith no,' replied the other; and yet I was on the
+     point of making a certain acquisition, but the exorbitant
+     price demanded prevented me: one hundred francs, besides the
+     trouble of carrying off such an article.'
+
+     "'What could it have been?' demanded the Prussian,
+     curiously.
+
+     "'You must not feel offended if I tell you,' returned the
+     artist; 'it was the skull of a Prussian colonel, a
+     magnificent one! And what rendered it more valuable, it was
+     pierced by three holes, made by the balls of Waterloo. One
+     was in the forehead, the others were through the temples. I
+     should have had no objection to secure this, if I could have
+     afforded it, and have had a lamp made of the skull of a
+     Prussian officer killed by the French. And you, sir?' he
+     continued, looking at the packet carried by his
+     fellow-traveller, 'pray what luck have you had?'
+
+     "'I,' replied the Prussian, with an uneasy movement, and
+     looking greatly confused, 'I am astonished at the wonderful
+     resemblance of what has happened to both of us, for I
+     purchased this morning the skull of a French colonel killed
+     by a Prussian at Waterloo.'
+
+     "'You, sir?'
+
+     "'Y--e--s,' stammered the Prussian, 'and I thought of having
+     it made into a cup to drink the health of Blucher at each
+     anniversary of our victory.'
+
+     "'And is the skull pierced by three bullets?' demanded the
+     Frenchman, his suspicions becoming awakened.
+
+     "With a look of consternation the Prussian hastily unrolled
+     the handkerchief, and examined the contents. The skull bore
+     the same marks indicated by his travelling companion! It was
+     the identical relic that was French when offered to an
+     Englishman or Prussian, and had become Prussian or English
+     when offered to a Frenchman.
+
+     "This, sir," added Jehu, smacking his whip, "you will admit,
+     is worse than selling false brass buttons and the Emperor's
+     eagles."
+
+
+
+
+STUDIES OF AMERICAN LITERATURE,
+
+BY PHILARETE CHASLES.
+
+
+We have frequently been interested by the clever contributions of M.
+PHILARETE CHASLES to the _Revue des Deux Mondes_. They are chiefly on
+English and American literature, and among them are specimens of acute
+and genial criticism. M. Chasles has just published in Paris a
+collection of these papers, and we translate for _The International_ a
+reviewal of it which appears in a late number of the French journal,
+the _Illustration_. Says the writer, M. Hipolyte Babou:
+
+Books are becoming scarce. To be sure, volume upon volume is published
+every day, but a book that is a book is a _rara avis_, and if any one
+should inquire whose fault it is, we reply that it is the fault of the
+press, constantly requiring the first-fruits of a writer's
+meditations. The journalist has displaced the author. The fugitive
+page rules the great world of literature. Wit, talent, genius,
+science, have not time to consolidate their thoughts, before they are
+disseminated. They are like the folds of the birchen bark, thrown off
+as soon as formed, to give place to new ones. And these in their turn
+fall, and are scattered. But, when we wish it, we can collect our
+literary leaves. How many handsome volumes are made up of weekly and
+monthly pages! The binder runs his needle through a collection, and
+the book is made.
+
+What kind of book? Ah, truly, it is not the venerable work of past
+days, which took ten years to print and bring to perfection,
+establishing at once a literary fame. It is simply a series of
+articles written by steam, printed by steam, and some bright morning
+bound up under a common title. But what is the story and the
+attraction of such works? Bless you! there is no story. The attraction
+is in the style (when there is any) and in the variety of subjects,
+which generally produces a variety of impressions.
+
+For an ordinary reader, to whom continued attention produces headache,
+there is nothing more agreeable than those album-pages, or fragments
+of mosaic. Thinking and serious minds turn rather towards works of
+consecutive reflection, or whose details contribute to the beauty of
+some whole. Variety is the wind to the weather-cock; and unity is the
+inflexible pivot which every weather-cock requires to keep it from
+being blown away. Thoughtful minds prefer unity above every thing. And
+yet they are only heavier weather-cocks, which turn round with a
+grating.
+
+Nervous and discursive reader! logical and phlegmatic reader! here is
+a book which will suit you both. M. Philarete Chasles has just
+published expressly for you his _Studies upon the Literature and
+Manners of the Anglo-Americans in the Nineteenth Century_. It is a
+work by compartments, any of them interesting to the superficial
+reader, and forming at the same time a perfect whole.
+
+Under the influence of a spirit of order, which professors by their
+vocation are very apt to possess in an eminent degree, the author has
+composed his work, not of articles written for journals, but by
+detailing articles a work whose plan he had before considered. The
+general design, to which he is obedient, is clearly developed, page by
+page, in his curious studies upon the Anglo-Americans.
+
+It is a vile term--that of Anglo-American--a pedantic term--and rather
+surprising from the pen of Chasles. For, professor as he is, he
+despises pedantry as the plague. There is nothing doctoral in his
+literary costume; and if he has any pretension, it resembles in no
+particular the grave assumptions of the cathedrants of the university.
+It would be a mortification to him to belong to the school of the
+Sorbonne. He is a member of the free family of the College of France,
+where individual genius has triumphed more than once over the sterile
+routine of tradition.
+
+Before filling the chair of professor, the author of _Etudes_ had
+written much in journals and reviews. He writes still, and is always
+welcome to the public. For, it may be remarked without malice, he has
+always had a larger audience of readers than of listeners. And that it
+is so is rather complimentary than otherwise. How is it, indeed, that
+the intellectual humorist succeeds better as an author than as a
+teacher? What does he need to insure, if he wishes it, the
+enthusiastic admiration of the young public whom he instructs? Has he
+not at command those vivid flashings of the imagination which, by an
+electric sympathy, might bring down about him thunders of applause? Is
+he fearful that his gesture and his voice would not become his
+thought? Does he disdain to have recourse, hap-hazard, to the little
+artifices of eloquence? It is very easy to gain popularity by a
+juggle, when it cannot be done by the force of true oratory. Be
+enthusiastic of your merits. Mingle with the swellings of poetry a
+certain dogmatism of opinion--call to your aid assurance, impudence,
+and all the insipidities of the _style printanier_--fire, as it were,
+pistol-shots into the audience, and continue the fire by a brilliant
+musketry of little fulminating phrases--the victory is yours, unless
+you are essentially an ass. For youth--verdant youth--will always be
+carried away by the expression, true or false, of feeling.
+
+M. Philarete Chasles is said to want in some degree that great
+constituent of humanity--passion. He is one of those refined and
+delicate writers who employ all their genius to ridicule the mind, and
+all their reason to drive to shipwreck upon the beautiful waters of
+poesie the most charming flotillas of the imagination. He belongs to
+the breed of sharp raillers, whose skepticism points an epigram. In a
+word, there is no reverse side for his admiration on any question--a
+habit of judging quite common among many writers, genuine and
+charlatan.
+
+But this is not saying that the author of _Etudes_ does not feel
+deeply the irresistible attraction of the beau ideal; or that we are
+treating of one of those representatives of pompous and stupid
+criticism, who are so justly despised by the poets. Certainly not. On
+the contrary, M. Chasles combines a vigorous hate of ornate folly and
+vulgarity with a profound disgust towards tame or extravagant
+conventionalism. The academic style has no fascination for him. He
+likes elbow-room in the discussion of art, and if he finds himself
+confined by the close-fitting coat of the professor, he rips it
+asunder, stretching out his arms in a fit of restlessness. A
+protective literature regards him among its most resolute adversaries.
+No custom-houses in literature for him, and particularly no excisemen,
+who, under pretext of contraband, drive their brutal gauge-rods into
+the free productions of human intelligence.
+
+M. Philarete Chasles is a literary disciple of Cobden. He would not
+only lower the barriers between province and province, but wholly
+abolish them between nation and nation. His imagination carries him as
+a balloon beyond the tops of custom-houses; and after visiting the
+shores of England and America, he returns to France with some curious
+samples of foreign literature. By this come-and-go policy of
+importation and exportation, he has created, or at least developed, a
+noble spirit of commerce, which may be termed international criticism.
+
+This commerce is particularly useful for us who are always ready to
+proclaim ourselves in every thing and to every one the first nation of
+the globe. It is an auspicious time therefore to become acquainted
+with the weaknesses of our character without losing its force. The
+glory of the past obliges us to think of the glory of the future,
+which can be easily lost to us if ambition does not come in time to
+animate our courage. To deny that there are rivals is no way to
+conquer them. It is a great deal better to study them attentively, and
+to consider beforehand the perils of the combat. We are indeed the
+heroes of genius, but if we misapprehend the tactics, we say it
+frankly, we shall be beaten.
+
+The author of the _Etudes_ wishes to spare us such a humiliation, by
+telling us of the enemy as he is; and in this sense his work is truly
+patriotic, and cannot be unacceptable to any.
+
+Many writers have instituted a relation between us and the Latins and
+Greeks. M. Chasles thinks that to remember the glorious dead of the
+south is to engender contempt for the living. It is not then towards
+the south that he directs his attention. The Saxon race, beyond the
+British Sea and the Atlantic, preoccupies him. The nations in
+progress are those most hopeful for new and immortal productions of
+the muse. The rest of the world is given to an incurable imitation.
+And M. Chasles is right in bringing us into the presence of the
+English and the Americans. He is sufficiently conversant with their
+language to fulfil the delicate functions of interpreter.
+
+I know writers who, on account of studying foreign literature, so bear
+the imprints of it in their works, that one would say in reading them,
+that he had before him French translations of Italian or German, or
+English, or Spanish. The literary temperament of M. Chasles, however,
+is not changed, notwithstanding his migrations. The author of _Etudes_
+thinks in French, writes in French, and what is more, in French
+inherited from a Gaul. He preserves in his mind the brightness of his
+native sky, whether he wanders in the fogs of London, or is becoming a
+victim of ennui among the vapors of New-York. His pen seems to strike
+out sparks as he writes. He is active and bold, strong and light,
+independent and courteous. Nothing stops him. He runs oftener than he
+walks, and leaps over an obstacle that he may not lose time in going
+round it. Indeed, every thing is accomplished well by the intelligence
+that judges as it travels. Reflection itself is rapid, and logic
+hastens the step and smooths the way. A light and tripping foot
+belongs especially to criticism. If it raises a little brilliant dust
+in the road, it is no matter, it soon falls again. M. Chasles has no
+taste for old truths; he prefers much some kind of paradox which is
+now a truth and now a lie. It is for this reason that foreigners
+reproach him with being superficial. Very well! let him be so. He is a
+true Frenchman, for he touches only the flower of ideas, and, for a
+Frenchman, the flower and the surface are all one.
+
+It is not just, however, to regard this reproach as wholly merited,
+although (originating beyond the British Sea) it is reproduced among
+us by those would-be grave men who are dull writers. M. Chasles often
+allies lightness of expression with great profundity of thought. His
+style cuts as a blade of steel. He has eloquence, gayety, irony,
+caprice, and all in a perfect measure. No style resembles less the
+childish dashes of persons of wit, and who possess nothing else--who
+play the mountebank by a hundred tricks to astonish the gaping
+crowd--a light style, if you please, but empty as it is light.
+
+The _Etudes_ of M. Chasles are not of that superficial character
+adopted by many. The admiration of ninnies is not his desire. The
+object that he pursues continues ever a serious one, although a
+thousand graces ornament the way. He has vivacity without losing
+precision--two characteristics of good writing seldom found together.
+If he indulges in digressions, they are not perceptible until the
+reappearance of his subject shows us how gracefully he has departed
+from it. He passes rapidly over what is known, while with an especial
+care he dwells on what is unknown. Thus, in the history of American
+literature he does not amuse himself long with the popular names of
+Fenimore Cooper and Franklin. What could he say new respecting these
+two great ornaments of American science and literature? His instinct
+of observation and criticism suggested to him the works less known of
+Gouverneur Morris and Hermann Melville. Between these two writers, of
+whom one was the contemporary of Washington, and the other still
+living in some corner of Massachusetts, are ranged according to their
+date the productions of the writers of the great American nation.
+
+Gouverneur Morris was of a noble spirit. His _Memoires_ represent to
+us, with a full and attractive fidelity, the opinion which the young
+and tranquil republic of the United States entertained at the close of
+the eighteenth century, of the men and the events of our French
+Revolution. He was far from misunderstanding the abuses of our ancient
+society, but he deplored that it was necessary for violence to abolish
+them. A sensible and polished observer, he criticised them without
+passion, and with a benevolent irony. Let us hear him tell of a
+conversation he had, at Madame de la Suze's, with one of the most
+brilliant leaders of the gay world that had just perished. In a few
+lines, he presents an admirable sketch of the personage:
+
+     'The rest of our party were playing at cards, and quite
+     absorbed in the game, when M. de Boufflers, in want of
+     something better to do, spoke to me of America. The
+     carelessness with which he heard me proved that he did not
+     pay the least attention to what he had asked me.
+
+     --"But how could you defend your country from invasion
+     without fleets and armies?"
+
+     "Nothing could be more difficult," replied Morris, "than to
+     subjugate a nation composed of kings, and who, if looked
+     upon contemptuously, would respond: '_I am a man; are you
+     any thing more?_'"
+
+     "Very well," said M. de Boufflers. "But how would you like
+     it, if I should say to one of those citizen-kings: Monsieur,
+     the king, make me a pair of boots!"
+
+     "My compatriot," said Morris, "would not hesitate to reply:
+     'With great pleasure, sir. It is my duty and my vocation to
+     make boots, and I could wish that every one would do his
+     duty in this world."'
+
+M. de Boufflers looked up to the ceiling as if in search of a solution
+of this enigma, and Morris contemplated him, as much surprised as if,
+in the forests of the New World, he had heard a humming-bird reason of
+the affairs of the Republic. And it was thus with all that class of
+men--the same elegance--the same luxury--the same prattle--the same
+heedlessness. All these courtiers of the last hour resembled precisely
+M. de Boufflers. The same day, indeed, of the taking of the Bastile,
+Morris traced two lines upon the tablettes:
+
+     "It is very well that the court should appear to believe
+     that all is tranquil; but to-morrow, perhaps, when the
+     citadelle is in flames, they will agree that there has been
+     some noise in Paris."
+
+Some time before, the grave and gentle American had met Madame de
+Stael at Madame de Tesse's; the daughter of Necker conversed with him
+in another style than that of M. de Boufflers. However, quite serious
+as Corinne certainly was, the dignity of the compatriot of Washington
+surprised and diverted her.
+
+     "Monsieur," she said, after a moment's conversation, "you
+     have a very imposing air."
+
+     "I know it, Madame," replied Morris.
+
+The English literature constantly serves M. Chasles, to bring into
+relief the character of American literature. And thus, he opposes the
+peaceful inspirations of the work-girls of Lowell with the passionate
+dithyrambics of Ebenezer Elliott, the blacksmith of Sheffield--a
+chapter full of just remarks upon what Chasles calls the poetry of
+vengeance.
+
+The girls of Lowell--the Lucindas, the Alleghanias, the Tancredas, the
+Velledas--who, after a day's labor, pass into the street in silken
+dresses, with gold watches shining at their zone, and their beautiful
+faces shaded by parasols--those Massachusetts weavers, who have even
+instituted an academy among themselves--do not in their innocent
+verses, invoke the vengeful muses. They know nothing of that terrible
+Nemesis, with cheeks hollow and ghastly, armed hands, and eyes red
+with poverty and weeping, to whom the poor workers of British
+factories send up the cry of famine and despair. If the female
+operatives of Lowell read the work of M. Philarete Chasles, they will
+find there an encouragement to cultivate the smiling thoughts of
+poetry. He, no more than George Sand, notwithstanding her sympathies
+for the working classes, either loves or encourages the irritable
+singers of social sufferings.
+
+     "What," he exclaims, "has become of the glorious Apollo of
+     the Greek? Where is the sunny ideal of the hellenistic
+     heavens? Where the sacred sorrows of Christian perfection?
+     Poetry is no more a garden of roses; it is a wild field of
+     thorns, wherein he who walks leaves tracks of blood. At the
+     entrance of this Parnassus stands Poverty, whom Virgil
+     places _in faucibus orci_. Her complaints are in the midst
+     of curses. She holds in her hand a skull, with strings of
+     iron, and she sweeps them as a lyre with golden chords.
+     Behind her are Crabbe, the Juvenal of the hospitals;
+     Ebenezer Elliott, the singer of hunger; Cooper, the poet of
+     suicide, and the author of _Ernest_, followed by a miserable
+     train of children, whom manufacturers have famished, and
+     young women whom excessive labor has demoralized and
+     prostituted in the morning of their life. Mournful choir, to
+     which these poets worthily respond."
+
+It is not very pleasant, to be sure, for a reader to pass from some
+agreeable representation to a frightful array of evils. The spectacle
+but too true of social infirmities troubles the sleep of the happy,
+and awakes with a start the drowsy hate of the unhappy. But there is
+no reason why he who suffers, should not utter his complaint. The
+Bible itself is not a stranger to vehement protestations against the
+apparent injustice of destiny. When Job arose from the ashes, surely
+it was not to sing to the passers-by some touching idylle in the style
+of Ruth and Naomi. He accused heaven and life, he cursed his friends,
+and his mother, without troubling himself to know whether his sorrows
+reached the lovers' palm-groves, or disturbed the wooings of the
+daughters of Idumea. The Sheffield blacksmith, among flaming furnaces,
+cannot sing the voluptuous sweets of existence. He strikes the anvil
+with a ring, and exclaims in a rough voice, amid smoke and fire:
+
+     "Accursed be the muse of necessity and suffering! Who wishes
+     her acquaintance? The poor, so despised! Write not their
+     frightful history. Pride and vanity despise your labors. Who
+     is he, I pray you, that artizan who uses the pen? What right
+     has he to do so? Absurd rhymer, let him retire and pare his
+     nails--and renounce a species of industry for which he was
+     never made. You are accustomed only to oaths, and you are
+     only a rough worker in poetry."
+
+M. Chasles does not deny the right of artizans to employ the pen.
+Ignoble or noble--a serf or a lord--whether he is called Burns, or
+Chasles of Orleans--whether he is a porter, a laborer, or even a
+drunkard, from the moment that there is seen upon his brow the radiant
+sign of genius, he is known. To wonder that an artizan is a poet, is
+to think it marvellous that beauty should bloom upon the cheek of a
+village maid. The gift is natural, and not acquired; and the mechanic
+who writes either prose or poetry must be judged with as much severity
+as if he were a king. It is not astonishing, therefore, that the
+author of the _Etudes_ judges severely the blacksmith of Sheffield.
+But the latter seems to have anticipated the severity of the critic,
+when he says with an accent of the most mournful bitterness:
+
+     "Do not read me, ye who love elegance and grace. Alight not,
+     ye butterflies, among thorns--nor upon rocks burning in the
+     sun and beaten by the rains--you may tarnish the gauze of
+     your beautiful wings. But you who honor truth, follow me. I
+     will bring you wild flowers, gathered from the precipice,
+     amid howling tempests."
+
+While we inhale the perfume of the _flowers of the heath_, we can
+honor truth, without being _foolish flies_, and without renouncing the
+love of the _elegant and graceful_. Not less did M. Chasles write to
+the _Journal des Debats_, a little before the revolution, in those
+generous words which we are happy to see again in his book:
+
+     "It is for you, politicians, to find a remedy for the evils
+     of society. The interests of the masses are in your
+     hands--those who have not enough to eat, and too much work.
+     The verses of famished workmen, which we cannot sing, we
+     weep over. The muse of Cooper, of Elliott, and of Crabbe,
+     is not a muse, but a fury. You are reminded, that in
+     accumulating wealth in one direction, you are increasing
+     poverty in another; and that the poverty which complains at
+     first avenges itself afterward."
+
+I do not know whether these words were prophetic, but I see in them a
+noble sentiment, unfortunately too rare among those who love elegance
+and grace. Let us be elegant, if we can; gracious, if we know how.
+But, besides those desirable qualities of the old French society, let
+us show in the light of heaven that living active charity which only
+can strengthen by purifying the existence of the new order of society.
+The grandchildren of Boufflers, we expose ourselves no more to
+ridicule in saying: "Monsieur le roi, faite-moi une paire de
+souliers." The king will make the shoes if it is his vocation. The
+grandchildren of Boufflers should do their duty--that is to say:
+contribute with all their mind to find out, according to the
+expression of Chasles, efficacious remedies for social evils. When
+workmen are more happy, they will write less poetry, or at least they
+will write more calmly. See the American spinners of Lowell. Ah!
+Lucinda or Tancreda has never lifted up her voice to heaven with the
+despair of Elliott. An amorous complaint suffices her; a sonnet, or a
+love-sigh, breathed by the light of the stars, consoles her for the
+labors of the day. American society works first; when it has conquered
+an independence, it sings. All Americans do not accept the saying of
+one of their journalists: "Political and practical life is sufficient
+for man. Imagination is a peril--arts a misfortune." So far from
+proscribing the arts and imagination, Cooper, Irving, Audubon, and
+many others are among those who have magnified the literature of their
+country. But the greater part, with that fruitful wisdom which
+characterizes them, applaud the advice of Channing:
+
+     "I made a resolution of presenting a gift to my country in
+     the form of an epic. But I had prudence enough to postpone
+     it until I should have a fortune. I then commenced to make
+     my business known, after which I retired into solitude with
+     my imagination."
+
+In Europe it is just the contrary. We ask the imagination to make our
+business known, and we retire into solitude with our fortune or our
+poverty. Which course avails the more for our glory? Which for our
+repose?
+
+The conclusion of the work of M. Chasles is, that our literature, our
+manners, our nationality even, will some day disappear before the
+rising glory of the great Western Republic, but I can declare without
+emotion that I have no fear of my country. America offers us examples;
+we also have some to offer her. The future of the United States is
+developed day by day in a manner that astonishes Europe. But
+notwithstanding the _patriotes de clocher_, and French _humanitaires_
+who suppress the very word native country, I believe in the higher
+destinies of France.
+
+
+
+
+A PHANTASY.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+    "Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean."
+
+
+    The light of the summer noon
+      Bursts in a flood through the blind;
+    But few are the rays of joy
+      That shine in my darkened mind.
+
+    My heart is stirred to a storm,
+      And its passions intense and proud
+    Feed on themselves, like fires
+      Pent in a thunder-cloud!
+
+    I think of the days of youth,
+      And the fountains of love defiled,
+    Till I hide my face in my hands,
+      And weep like a little child!
+
+
+
+
+THE TIMES OF CHARLEMAGNE.
+
+
+Sir Francis Palgrave's _History of Normandy and of England_, of which
+the first volume has just appeared in London, is unquestionably a very
+important work, illustrating a period of which comparatively little
+has been known, and of which a knowledge is eminently necessary to the
+student of British institutions and manners. The subject has been
+partially handled by French authors--by Thierry, Guizot, Michelet, and
+in a desultory manner by M. Barante--but not one of these has shown
+the very intimate relation that exists between the history of Normandy
+and of England. That intermixture of the histories of the countries
+may indeed be inferred from old English works, such as Camden,
+Fortescue, Hale, Britton, Bracton, Fleta, Spelman, Somner, Chief Baron
+Gilbert, Daines Barrington, and others, and from labors of Bede,
+William of Malmesbury, Geoffry of Monmouth, and all the older
+chroniclers. But not one of these writers, in all their varied labors,
+has undertaken to show how the histories of the two countries act and
+re-act on each other, or how, represented in the popular mind by the
+epithets Norman and Saxon, French and English, they have been for a
+thousand years or more running against each other a perpetual race of
+rivalry and emulation. A worthy Picard lawyer indeed, of the name of
+Gaillard, who abandoned the law for literature about a century ago,
+wrote a work called _The Rivalry between France and England_, in
+eleven volumes; but who, in 1851, unless specially dedicated to
+historical studies, would read a French history on the subject of the
+rivalry between the two nations, written between 1771 and 1777,
+especially when it extends to eleven volumes? Independently of this,
+any French history on such subject is sure to be tinged with
+prejudice, passion, and vanity. It is true that the judicious Sharon
+Turner, in his _History of the Anglo-Saxons_, Henry Wheaton, in his
+_History of the Northmen_, and M. Capefigue, give us more or less
+insight into Norman history; but none of these authors attempt to show
+the general relations of mediaeval history, or that absolute need of
+uniting Norman to English history, which it is the chief aim of Sir
+Francis Palgrave to demonstrate. As deputy keeper of the public
+records of England, this learned historian has had the best possible
+opportunities of investigation, and he tells us in his preface that
+he has devoted to the work a full quarter of a century.
+
+The style of Sir Francis Palgrave is generally heavy, and his work
+will therefore be more prized by students than by the mere lovers of
+literature. His manner and spirit and the character of his performance
+may be most satisfactorily exhibited in a few specimen paragraphs,
+however, and we proceed to quote, first, from an introductory
+dissertation, some remarks on the arts, architecture, and civilization
+of Rome. He says:
+
+     "Roman taste gave the fashion to the garment, Roman skill
+     the models for the instruments of war. We have been told to
+     seek in the forests of Germany the origin of the feudal
+     system and the conception of the Gothic aisle. We shall
+     discover neither there. Architecture is the costume of
+     society, and throughout European Christendom that costume
+     was patterned from Rome. Unapt and unskilful pupils, she
+     taught the Ostrogothic workman to plan the palace of
+     Theodoric; the Frank, to decorate the hall of Charlemagne;
+     the Lombard, to vault the duomo; the Norman, to design the
+     cathedral. Above all, Rome imparted to our European
+     civilization her luxury, her grandeur, her richness, her
+     splendor, her exaltation of human reason, her spirit of free
+     inquiry, her ready mutability, her unwearied activity, her
+     expansive and devouring energy, her hardness of heart, her
+     intellectual pride, her fierceness, her insatiate cruelty,
+     that unrelenting cruelty which expels all other races out of
+     the very pale of humanity; whilst our direction of thought,
+     our literature, our languages, concur in uniting the
+     dominions, kingdoms, states, principalities, and powers,
+     composing our civilized commonwealth in the Old Continent
+     and the New, with the terrible people through whom that
+     civilized commonwealth wields the thunderbolts of the
+     dreadful monarchy, diverse from all others which preceded
+     amongst mankind."
+
+The following is our author's view of the real and the ideal
+Charlemagne:--
+
+     "It seems Charlemagne's fate that he should always be in
+     danger of shading into a mythic monarch--not a man of flesh
+     and blood, but a personified theory. Turpin's Carolus
+     Magnus, the Charlemagne of Roncesvalles; Ariosto's _Sacra
+     Corona_, surrounded by Palatines and Doze-Piers, are
+     scarcely more unlike the real rough, tough, shaggy, old
+     monarch, than the conventional portraitures by which his
+     real features have been supplanted.
+
+     "It is an insuperable source of fallacy in human observation
+     as well as in human judgment, that we never can sufficiently
+     disjoin our own individuality from our estimates of moral
+     nature. Admiring ourselves in others, we ascribe to those
+     whom we love or admire the qualities we value in ourselves.
+     We each see the landscape through our own stripe of the
+     rainbow. A favorite hero by long-established prescription,
+     few historical characters have been more disguised by fond
+     adornment than Charlemagne. Each generation or school has
+     endeavored to exhibit him as a normal model of excellence:
+     Courtly Mezeray invests the son of Pepin with the taste of
+     Louis Quatorze; the polished Abbe Velly bestows upon the
+     Frankish emperor the abstract perfection of a dramatic hero;
+     Boulainvilliers, the champion of the noblesse, worships the
+     founder of hereditary feudality; Mably discovers in the
+     capitulars the maxims of popular liberty; Montesquieu, the
+     perfect philosophy of legislation. But, generally speaking,
+     Charlemagne's historical aspect is derived from his
+     patronage of literature. This notion of his literary
+     character colors his political character, so that in the
+     assumption of the imperial authority, we are fain to
+     consider him as a true romanticist--such as in our own days
+     we have seen upon the throne--seeking to appease hungry
+     desires by playing with poetic fancies, to satisfy hard
+     nature with pleasant words, to give substance and body to a
+     dream.
+
+     "All these prestiges will vanish if we render to Charlemagne
+     his well deserved encomium:--he was a great warrior, a great
+     statesman, fitted for his own age. It is a very ambiguous
+     praise to say that a man is in advance of his age; if so, he
+     is out of his place; he lives in a foreign country. Equally
+     so, if he lives in the past. No innovator so bold, so
+     reckless, and so crude, as he who makes the attempt (which
+     never succeeds) to effect a resurrection of antiquity."
+
+The practical character of Charlemagne is thus sketched:--
+
+     "We may put by the book, and study Charlemagne's
+     achievements on the borders of the Rhine; better than in the
+     book may the traveller see Charlemagne's genuine character
+     pictured upon the lovely unfolding landscape: the huge
+     domminsters, the fortresses of religion; the yellow sunny
+     rocks studded with the vine; the mulberry and the peach,
+     ripening in the ruddy orchards; the succulent potherbs and
+     worts which stock the Bauer's garden,--these are the
+     monuments and memorials of Charlemagne's mind. The first
+     health pledged when the flask is opened at Johannisberg
+     should be the monarchs name who gave the song-inspiring
+     vintage. Charlemagne's superiority and ability consisted
+     chiefly in seeking and seizing the immediate advantages,
+     whatever they might be which he could confer upon others or
+     obtain for himself. He was a man of forethought, ready
+     contrivance, and useful talent. He would employ every
+     expedient, grasp every opportunity, and provide for each day
+     as it was passing by.
+
+     "The educational movement resulting from Charlemagne's
+     genius was practical. Two main objects had he therein upon
+     his conscience and his mind. The first, was the support of
+     the Christian Faith; his seven liberal sciences circled
+     round theology, the centre of the intellectual system. No
+     argument was needed as to the obligation of uniting sacred
+     and secular learning, because the idea of disuniting them
+     never was entertained. His other object in patronizing
+     learning and instruction was the benefit of the State. He
+     sought to train good men of business; judges well qualified,
+     ready penmen in his chancery; and this sage desire expanded
+     into a wide instructional field. Charlemagne's exertions for
+     promoting the study of the Greek language--his Greek
+     professorships at Osnaburgh or Saltzburgh--have been
+     praised, doubted, discussed, as something very paradoxical;
+     whereas, his motives were plain, and his machinery simple.
+     Greek was, to all intents and purposes, the current language
+     of an opulent and powerful nation, required for the
+     transaction of public affairs. A close parallel,
+     necessitated by the same causes, exists in the capital of
+     Charlemagne's successors. The Oriental Academy at Vienna is
+     constituted to afford a supply of individuals qualified for
+     the diplomatic intercourse, arising out of the vicinity and
+     relations of the Austrian and Ottoman dominions, without any
+     reference to the promotion of philology. We find the same at
+     home. If the Persian language be taught at Haileybury, it is
+     to fit the future Writer of his Indian office. He may study
+     Ferduzi or Hafiz, if he pleases, but the cultivation of
+     literature is not the intent with which the learning is
+     bestowed."
+
+Here is the manner in which Sir Francis Palgrave contrasts and
+compares the two emperors, Charlemagne and Napoleon:--
+
+     "Napoleon sought the creation of an anti-christian imperial
+     pontificate--the caliphate of positive civilization; his
+     aspiration was the establishment of absolute dominion,
+     corporeal and intellectual; mastery over body and soul;
+     faith respected only as an influential and venerable
+     delusion; the aiding powers of religion accepted until she
+     should be chilled out, and the unfed flame expire, and
+     positive philosophy complete her task of emancipating the
+     matured intellect from the remaining swathing bands which
+     had been needful during the infancy of human society. And
+     the theories of Charlemagne and Napoleon, though
+     irreconcileably antagonistic, in their conception, would,
+     were either fully developed, become identical in their
+     result, notwithstanding their contrarieties. They start in
+     opposite directions, but, circling round their courses,
+     would--were it permitted that they should persevere
+     continuously and consistently--meet at the same point of
+     convergence, and attain the same end.
+
+     "Moreover, the territorial empires of Napoleon and
+     Charlemagne had their organically fatal characteristics in
+     common. Each founder attempted to accomplish political
+     impossibilities--to conjoin communities unsusceptible of
+     amalgamation; to harmonize the discordant elements which
+     could only be kept together by external force, whilst their
+     internal forces sprung them asunder--a unity without
+     internal union. But even as the wonderful agencies revealed
+     to modern chemistry effect, in a short hour, the progresses
+     which nature silently elaborates during a long growth of
+     time, so in like manner did the energies of civilization
+     effect in three years that dissolution for which, in the
+     analogous precedent, seven generations were required."
+
+
+
+
+THE DECORATIVE ARTS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The growth of the fine arts, commonly so called, in this country, has
+been a fruitful subject of congratulatory observation in the last
+dozen years. The opera in that time has gained a permanent home here,
+and our sculptors and painters have gone out into the old fields of
+art, and claimed equality with their masters--an equality which Italy,
+Germany, France, and even England, slowly and reluctantly in some
+cases, but in the presence of the works of Powers, Crawford,
+Greenough, Leutze, and others, have, at length, confessed. In
+painting, as everybody knows, with few exceptions our best works have
+never been seen abroad, and the advance of design here is therefore to
+be studied only in our own exhibitions, hung with the productions of
+Durand, Huntington, Eliott, and the crowd of young painters coming
+forward every season to claim the approval of the people. The general
+taste keeps pace with every achievement. We hear that the Art-Union
+was never visited so much as this year; and private galleries, and
+those of every dealer in works of art, are thronged. The existence in
+our principal cities, under the control of men of cultivation, of
+stores for the sale of works in the fine arts, is a fact eminently
+significant. That of Williams & Stevens, in Broadway, for example,
+could be sustained only by a community in which there is a refinement
+of taste such as a few years ago could be found only in limited
+circles in this country. Beginning with efforts to introduce the
+finest forms and combinations in looking-glass and picture frames, the
+proprietors of this establishment have made it a great market-house
+for artists, and the display upon its walls and in its windows is
+frequently more attractive to the connoisseur than the exhibitions of
+the Academies or the Art-Unions. And it is astonishing how many of the
+best works of the European engravers--works which may justly be called
+copies of the master-pieces of contemporary foreign art--are sold
+here, to adorn houses from which the tawdry ornaments in vogue a few
+years ago have been discarded. The same observations may be made in
+regard to furniture. The graceful styles and high finish to be seen at
+many of our stores, and in our recently furnished houses, illustrate a
+progress in elegance, luxury, and taste, not dreamed of by the last
+generation. And in all these things it is observable that the advance
+is in cheapness as well as in beauty. In this respect indeed we have
+scarcely kept pace with the French and English, but the cost at which
+a man of taste and a little tact can now furnish a house, so that it
+shall illustrate not only his own refinement but the condition of the
+best civilization of the time, is astonishingly small, compared with
+what it was a few years ago. The fine engraving, with its appropriate
+frame, to be bought for thirty dollars, is to be much preferred before
+the portrait or indeed before any painting whatever that is
+purchasable for a hundred dollars; and though silver is unquestionably
+silver, the imitation table furniture, of the most classical shapes,
+that is sold now for a fifth of the cost of the coinable metal, looks
+quite as well upon a salver. The arts by which beauty is made familiar
+in the homes of all classes of people are of all arts most deserving
+of encouragement, and it is among the happiest of omens that they are
+receiving so much attention--far more attention now than they have
+ever before received in America. We shall hereafter attempt a more
+particular exhibition of this subject.
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE LATE DR. JOHN LINGARD.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY REV. J. C. RICHMOND.
+
+
+Noticing in the journals some brief but very just remarks upon the
+character of the eminent Roman Catholic historian of England, who died
+July 17th, at the good old age of more than four-score years, I am
+induced to think that an account of a visit which I had the honor to
+make this celebrated scholar, may not be altogether without interest
+for your readers.
+
+March 12, 1850, having a leisure day at Lancaster, and having already
+visited John of Gaunt's castle, in company with several of those
+genial spirits who afford me an unusually delightful social
+remembrance of the dingy buildings and narrow crooked streets of that
+famous old town, one of them happened to mention the name of Dr.
+Lingard. I instantly inquired after him with interest, and, observing
+my enthusiasm, Mr. T. J---- proposed a drive to his residence at
+Hornby, a village some twelve or thirteen miles distant. I of course
+gladly acceded to the proposal, and we were soon on our way, with a
+fleet horse, over the absolutely perfect English turnpike road--for
+the roads in England are always passable, and not "_improved_," like
+some of those around New-York, in so continued a manner as to be
+useless.
+
+After a fine rural drive, crossing the river Loon, and through
+Lonsdale, we came within sight of an old church and castle. I took the
+church to be that of the historian, but found, to my surprise, that
+the famous old sage was placed in entire seclusion, and ministered to
+a very few, and those very poor, sheep, in a little chapel, or room,
+under his own roof. In this remote and by no means picturesque
+village, at an antiquated house, we knocked, and were told by the aged
+domestic that the venerable historian had been very feeble of late,
+and had gone out, on this fine day in the spring, for a walk. After
+many inquiries among the villagers, by whom he was as well known as
+beloved, I proposed to take the line of the new railway, and, after
+quite a walk, met a feeble old man, with a scholar's face, a bright
+twinkling black eye, supporting his steps on a staff, and wrapped up
+with all the care which an aged and faithful housekeeper could bestow
+upon a long-tried and most indulgent master. I pronounced his name,
+and gave him my own; stated that I was a presbyter in the holy (though
+not Roman) Catholic church, that I had long admired his integrity and
+faithfulness as an historian, and that it was by no means the least of
+my happy days in England that I was now permitted to speak to him face
+to face. The kind and gentle old man seemed truly astonished that any
+one who had come so far, and seen so much, should care for seeing
+_him_, and rewarded my enthusiasm with a hearty grasp of the hand that
+had wielded so admired a pen. We then walked on together towards his
+house, and you will not blame me for saying, that I was proud to offer
+the support of my arm to this fine octogenarian, who had not suffered
+the spirit of the priest to becloud the candor of the historian. We
+conversed with the greatest freedom upon our points of difference, and
+he repeated to me, personally, _his entire disbelief in the fable of
+the nag's head ordination_. He seemed to be only _historically_ aware
+of a disruption between us, for the benevolence of his heart would
+acknowledge no actual difference.
+
+I cannot refrain from quoting a somewhat amusing illustration of his
+infinite and childlike simplicity of character, combined with an utter
+ignorance of those rudiments of modern science which would be much
+more familiar to our district school-boys than to many men educated in
+those classic homes of ancient learning, the English universities.
+Some posts had been set in the ground, and were bound together, for
+strength, by iron wires; and the venerable sage said, "I suppose this
+is the Electric Telegraph." I was obliged to insist with a kind of
+explanatory and playful pertinacity, that this supposition must be
+incorrect, because electricity could not be conducted, unless the
+wires were at least continued _through_ the thick posts, instead of
+being wound _around_ them. At his house, we found the study not very
+well supplied with books, for the aged scholar had now almost ceased
+to peruse these. At my request he wrote out very slowly, but in a
+wonderfully distinct hand for eighty, his own name and the date, "John
+Lingard, Hornby, March 12, 1850;" and voluntarily added a Latin
+punning inscription, which he had made the evening before, which he
+humorously proposed to have engraved upon the new Menai bridge. In
+this he had spoken of the _builder of the bridge_, the celebrated
+Stephens, as _Pontifex Maximus_. I need not say that I shall preserve
+these papers among the most precious of my English mementos. I was
+sorry I could have no hopes that the branch which he gave me from the
+tree that he had transplanted with his own hands from the battle-field
+of Cannae to the quiet of his garden at Hornby, would ever flourish in
+America. After many hospitable invitations, which other engagements
+obliged us to decline, and many modest expressions of the gratitude
+which he seemed deeply to feel for the pains that I had taken to come
+so far to visit him, we bade farewell to the candid priest, who began,
+as he told me, an essay to defend his Church against the aspersions of
+Hume, and had ended by producing a voluminous as well as luminous
+history.
+
+[For another part of this magazine we have compiled a more full and
+accurate account of the life of the deceased scholar than has hitherto
+appeared in this country. See _Recent Deaths_, _post_, 285-6.]
+
+
+
+
+PRIVATE LIFE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN.
+
+ADDRESSED TO HER BROTHER, AND COMMUNICATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL
+MAGAZINE,
+
+BY MISS M. BATES.
+
+
+The funeral rites of the lamented Calhoun have been performed. So
+deeply has the mournful pageant impressed me, so vividly have memories
+of the past been recalled, that I am incapable of thinking or writing
+on any other theme. My heart prompts me to garner up my recollections
+of this illustrious statesman. I can better preserve these invaluable
+memories by committing them to paper, and as you enjoyed but one brief
+interview with Mr. Calhoun, these pages shall be addressed to you.
+
+An eloquent member of the House of Representatives, from your state,
+has compared this southern luminary to that remarkable constellation
+the Southern Cross. A few years since, in sailing to a West Indian
+island, I had a perilous voyage, but have ever felt that the sight of
+that Southern Cross, which had long haunted my imagination, almost
+repaid me for its excitement and suffering. And thus do I regard an
+acquaintance with this intellectual star as one great compensation for
+a separation from my early home. It would have been a loss not to have
+seen that poetic group, which greets the traveller as he sails
+southward, but how much greater the loss, never to have beheld that
+unique luminary which has set to rise no more upon our visible
+horizon.
+
+Mr. Calhoun's public character is so well known to you that I shall
+speak of him principally in his private relations, and shall refer to
+his opinions only as expressed in conversation--for it was in the
+repose of his happy home, in the tranquillity of domestic life, and in
+the freedom of social intercourse, that I knew him.
+
+While the clarion-notes of his fame resound among the distant hills
+and valleys of our land, while those who in political strife crossed
+lances with this champion of the south nobly acknowledge his valor and
+his honor, while Carolina chants a requiem for her departed dead, may
+not one who knows his moral elevation, and who has witnessed his
+domestic virtues, have the consolation of adding an unaffected tribute
+to his memory? While his devoted constituents, with impressive symbols
+and mournful pageants, perform funereal rites, erect for him the
+costly marble, weave for him the brilliant chaplet, be it mine to
+scatter over his honored tomb simple but ever green leaflets. While in
+glowing colors the orator portrays him on his peerless career in the
+political arena, be it mine to delineate the daily beauty of his life.
+
+In Mr. Calhoun were united the simple habits of the Spartan lawgiver,
+the inflexible principles of the Roman senator, the courteous bearing
+and indulgent kindness of the American host, husband, and father. This
+was indeed a rare union. Life with him was solemn and earnest, and yet
+all about him was cheerful. I never heard him utter a jest; there was
+an unvarying dignity and gravity in his manner; and yet the playful
+child regarded him fearlessly and lovingly. Few men indulge their
+families in as free, confidential, and familiar intercourse as did
+this great statesman. Indeed, to those who had an opportunity of
+observing him in his own house, it was evident that his cheerful and
+happy home had attractions for him superior to those which any other
+place could offer. Here was a retreat from the cares, the observation,
+and the homage of the world. In few homes could the transient visitor
+feel more at ease than did the guest at Fort Hill. Those who knew Mr.
+Calhoun only by his senatorial speeches may suppose that his heart and
+mind were all engrossed in the nation's councils, but there were
+moments when his courtesy, his minute kindnesses, made you forget the
+statesman. The choicest fruits were selected for his guest; and I
+remember seeing him at his daughter's wedding take the ornaments from
+a cake and send them to a little child. Many such graceful attentions,
+offered in an unostentatious manner to all about him, illustrated the
+kindness and noble simplicity of his nature. His family could not but
+exult in his intellectual greatness, his rare endowments, and his
+lofty career, yet they seemed to lose sight of all these in their love
+for him. I had once the pleasure of travelling with his eldest son,
+who related to me many interesting facts and traits of his life. He
+said he had never heard him speak impatiently to any member of his
+family. He mentioned that as he was leaving that morning for his home
+in Alabama, a younger brother said, "Come soon again, and see us,
+brother A----, for do you not see that father is growing old, and is
+not father the dearest, best old man in the world!"
+
+Like Cincinnatus, he enjoyed rural life and occupation. It was his
+habit, when at home, to go over his grounds every day. I remember his
+returning one morning from a walk about his plantation, delighted with
+the fine specimens of corn and rice which he brought in for us to
+admire. That morning--the trifling incident shows his consideration
+and kindness of feeling, as well as his tact and power of
+adaptation--seeing an article of needlework in the hands of sister
+A----, who was then a stranger there, he examined it, spoke of the
+beauty of the coloring, the variety of the shade, and by thus showing
+an interest in her, at once made her at ease in his presence.
+
+His eldest daughter always accompanied him to Washington, and in the
+absence of his wife, who was often detained by family cares at Fort
+Hill, this daughter was his solace amid arduous duties, and his
+confidant in perplexing cases. Like the gifted De Stael, she loved her
+father with enthusiastic devotion. Richly endowed by nature, improved
+by constant companionship with the great man, her mind was in harmony
+with his, and he took pleasure in counselling with her. She said, "Of
+course, I do not understand as he does, for I am comparatively a
+stranger to the world, yet he likes my unsophisticated opinion, and I
+frankly tell him my views on any subject about which he inquires of
+me."
+
+Between himself and his younger daughter there was a peculiar and most
+tender union. As by the state of her health she was deprived of many
+enjoyments, her indulgent parents endeavored to compensate for every
+loss by their affection and devotion. As reading was her favorite
+occupation, she was allowed to go to the letter-bag when it came from
+the office, and select the papers she preferred. On one occasion, she
+had taken two papers, containing news of importance, which her father
+was anxious to see, but he would allow no one to disturb her until she
+had finished their perusal.
+
+In his social as well as in his domestic relations he was
+irreproachable. No shadow rested on his pure fame, no blot on his
+escutcheon. In his business transactions he was punctual and
+scrupulously exact. He was honorable as well as honest. Young men who
+were reared in his vicinity, with their eyes ever on him, say that in
+all respects, in small as well as in great things, his conduct was so
+exemplary that he might well be esteemed a model.
+
+His profound love for his own family, his cordial interest in his
+friends, his kindness and justice in every transaction, were not small
+virtues in such a personage.
+
+He was anti-Byronic. I never heard him ridicule or satirize a human
+being. Indeed, he might have been thought deficient in a sense of the
+ludicrous, had he not by the unvarying propriety of his own conduct
+proved his exquisite perception of its opposites. When he differed in
+opinion from those with whom he conversed, he seemed to endeavor by a
+respectful manner, to compensate for the disagreement. He employed
+reason rather than contradiction, and so earnestly would he urge an
+opinion and so fully present an argument, that his opponent could not
+avoid feeling complimented rather than mortified. He paid a tribute to
+the understandings of others by the force of his own reasoning, and by
+his readiness to admit every argument which he could, although
+advanced in opposition to one he himself had just expressed.
+
+On one occasion I declined taking a glass of wine at his table. He
+kindly said, "I think you carry that a little too far. It is well to
+give up every thing intoxicating, but not these light wines." I
+replied that wine was renounced by many, for the sake of consistency,
+and for the benefit of those who could not afford wine. He
+acknowledged the correctness of the principle, adding, "I do not know
+how temperance societies can take any other ground," and then defined
+his views of temperance, entered on a course of interesting argument,
+and stated facts and statistics. Of course, were all men like Mr.
+Calhoun temperance societies would be superfluous. Perhaps he could
+not be aware of the temptations which assail many men--he was so
+purely intellectual, so free from self-indulgence. Materiality with
+him was held subject to his higher nature. He did not even indulge
+himself in a cigar. Few spent as little time and exhausted as little
+energy in mere amusements. Domestic and social enjoyments were his
+pleasures--kind and benevolent acts were his recreations.
+
+He always seemed willing to converse on any subject which was
+interesting to those about him. Returning one evening from Fort Hill,
+I remarked to a friend, "I have never been more convinced of Mr.
+Calhoun's genius than to-day, while he talked to us of a flower." His
+versatile conversation evinced his universal knowledge, his quick
+perception, and his faculty of adaptation. A shower one day compelled
+him to take shelter in the shed of a blacksmith, who was charmed by
+his familiar conversation and the knowledge he exhibited of the
+mechanic arts. A naval officer was once asked, after a visit to Fort
+Hill, how he liked Mr. Calhoun. "Not at all," says he--"I never like a
+man who knows more about my profession than I do myself." A clergyman
+wished to converse with him on subjects of a religious nature, and
+after the interview remarked that he was astonished to find him better
+informed than himself on those very points wherein he had expected to
+give him information. I have understood that Mr. Calhoun avoided an
+expression of opinion with regard to different sects and creeds, or
+what is called religious controversy; and once, when urged to give his
+views in relation to a disputed point, he replied, "That is a subject
+to which I have never given my attention."
+
+Mr. Calhoun was unostentatious and ever averse to display. He did not
+appear to talk for the sake of exhibition, but from the overflowing of
+his earnest nature. Whether in the Senate or in conversation with a
+single listener, his language was choice, his style fervid, his manner
+impressive. Never can I forget his gentle earnestness when endeavoring
+to explain his views on some controverted subject, and observing that
+my mind could hardly keep pace with his rapid reasoning, he would
+occasionally pause and say, in his kind manner, "Do you see?"
+
+He did not seek to know the opinion of others with regard to himself.
+Anonymous letters he never read, and his daughters and nieces often
+snatched from the flames letters of adulation as well as censure which
+he had not read. Although he respected the opinions of his
+fellow-men, he did not seek office or worldly honor. A few years
+since, one to whom he ever spoke freely, remarked to him that some
+believed that he was making efforts to obtain the presidency. At that
+moment he had taken off his glasses, and was wiping them, and thus he
+replied: "M----, I think when a man is too old to see clearly through
+his glasses, he is too old to think of the presidency." And recently
+he said to her, "They may impute what motives they please to me, but I
+do not seek office." So much did he respect his country, that he might
+have been gratified by the free gift of the people; so much did he
+love his country, that he might have rejoiced at an opportunity to
+serve it, but would he have swerved one iota from his convictions to
+secure a kingdom? Who that knew him believes it?
+
+It has been said by that brilliant satirist Horace Walpole, that every
+man has his price. I never did believe so evil a thing; I have been
+too conversant with the great and good to believe this libel; and I
+doubt not there are others beside Mr. Calhoun who value truth and
+honor above all price or office.
+
+Highly as our great statesman regarded appreciation, yet he could
+endure to be misrepresented. While his glorious eye would light with
+more brilliant lustre at the greeting of friendship or the earnest
+expression of confidence, he rose superior to abuse or censure. I
+believe it was ever thus while in health. The last winter, dying in
+the Senate chamber, his feeble frame could ill repel the piercing
+shafts of his antagonists. The ebbing currents in his pulses were
+accelerated. He could not desert his post, though the contest raged
+fiercely, but his great soul was wounded. He loved his country, he
+loved the Union, and it was a great grief to him in his last hours to
+be misunderstood and misrepresented. Still, he was consoled by the
+thought that in the end he would be appreciated. Some one remarked to
+him that he was a very unpopular man. He replied, "I am, among
+politicians, but not among the people, and you will know this when I
+am dead."
+
+Though Mr. Calhoun acknowledged, in his own winning way, the
+involuntary tributes of friendship and admiration, he courteously
+declined, whenever he could with propriety, public testimonies of
+homage which were offered to him. His wife shared with him this
+unostentatious spirit, preferring the voice of friendship to the
+acclamations of the multitude. I have heard some of his family say
+that they coveted nothing, not even the presidency, for him. They,
+with many of us who knew him, felt that even the first gift of a great
+nation could not add one gem to his crown--that crown of genius and
+virtue, whose glorious beauty no mortal power could illumine with new
+effulgence.
+
+His sincerity was perfect. What he thought he said. He was no
+diplomatist. Some of his theories might seem paradoxical, but a
+paradox is not necessarily a contradiction. He has been accused of
+inconsistency. Those who thus accuse him do him grievous wrong.
+
+Nothing is more inconsistent than to persist in a uniform belief when
+changing circumstances demand its modification. How absurd to preserve
+a law which in the progress of society has become null and obsolete!
+for instance, granting to a criminal "the benefit of clergy."
+"Nothing," says a distinguished English writer, "is so revolutionary
+as to attempt to keep all things fixed, when, by the very laws of
+nature, all things are perpetually changing. Nothing is more arrogant
+than for a fallible being to refuse to open his mind to conviction."
+When Mr. Calhoun altered his opinion, consistency itself required the
+change.
+
+However some of his political sentiments might have differed from
+those of many of the great and good of the age, he was sincere in
+them, and believed what he asserted with all the earnestness of an
+enthusiastic nature, with all the faith of a close and independent
+thinker, and with all the confidence of one who draws his conclusions
+from general principles and not from individual facts. Time will test
+the truth of his convictions. It has been said that he was sectional
+in his feelings, but surely his heart was large enough to embrace the
+whole country. It has often been said that he wished to sever the
+Union, but he loved the Union, nor could he brook the thought of
+disunion if by any means unity could be preserved. Because he foresaw
+and frankly said that certain effects must result from certain causes,
+does this prove that he desired these effects? In his very last speech
+he speaks of disunion as a "great disaster." But he was not a man to
+cry "peace, peace, when there was no peace." Although like Cassandra
+he might not be believed, he would raise his warning voice; he was not
+a man to hide himself when a hydra had sprung up which threatened to
+devastate our fair and fertile land from its northern borders to its
+southern shores. And while he called on the south for union, did he
+not warn the conservative party at the north that this monster was not
+to be tampered with? And did he not call on them to unite, and arise
+in their strength, and destroy it?
+
+And how could he, with his wise philosophy, his knowledge of human
+nature, and universal benevolence, view with indifference that
+unreflecting and wild (or should I not say _savage_) philanthropy,
+which in order to sustain abstract principles loses sight of the
+happiness and welfare of every class of human beings? How often did he
+entreat that discussion on those subjects, beyond the right of
+legislation, should be prevented, that angry words and ungenerous
+recrimination should cease! Did he not foresee that such discussions
+would serve to develop every element of evil in all the sections of
+the country--a country with such capacities for good? Did he unwisely
+fear that the ancient fable of Cadmus would be realized--that
+dragon-teeth, recklessly scattered, would spring up armed? And did he
+not know that the southern heart could not remain insensible to
+reproach and aggression?
+
+    "Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni:
+    Nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit, ab urbe."
+
+And, ah, how earnestly did he plead for peace, and truth, and justice!
+As far as I understood him, he wished to benefit by his policy in
+affairs both the south and the north. I remember, in speaking to me of
+free trade, he expressed the opinion that the course he recommended
+would benefit the north as well as the south. This he did not merely
+assert, but sustained with frequent argument. In his conversation
+there was a remarkable blending of fact and theory, of a knowledge of
+the past and an insight into the future.
+
+Mr. Calhoun was a philanthropist in the most liberal sense of the
+word. He desired for man the utmost happiness, the greatest good, and
+the highest elevation. If he differed from lovers of the race in other
+parts of the world, with regard to the means of obtaining these
+results, it was not because he failed to study the subject; not
+because he lacked opportunities of observation and of obtaining facts;
+nor because he indulged in selfish prejudices. From every quarter he
+gleaned accessible information, and with conscientious earnestness he
+brought his wonderful powers of generalization to bear on the subject
+of human happiness and advancement--his pure unselfish heart aiding
+his powerful mind.
+
+The good of the least of God's creatures was not beneath his regard;
+but he did not believe that the least was equal to the greatest; he
+did not think the happiness or elevation of any class could be secured
+by a sentiment so unphilosophical. The attempt to reduce all to a
+level, to put all minds in uniform, to give all the same employment,
+he viewed as chimerical. He said that in every civilized society there
+must be division of labor, and he believed the slaves at the south
+more happy, more free from suffering and crime, than any corresponding
+class in any country. He had no aristocratic pride, but he desired for
+himself and others the highest possible elevation. He respected the
+artisan, the mechanic, and agriculturist, and considered each of these
+occupations as affording scope for native talent. He believed the
+African to be most happy and useful under the guidance of an
+Anglo-Saxon; he is averse to hard labor and responsible effort; he
+likes personal service, and identifies himself with those he serves.
+
+Mr. Calhoun spoke of the great inconsistency of English denunciations
+of American slavery, and said that to every man, woman, and child in
+England, two hundred and fifty persons were tributary. Although
+colonial possessions and individual possessions are by many regarded
+as different, he considered them involved in the same general
+principle. In considering the rights of man the great question is not,
+Has a master a right to hold a slave? but, Has one human being a right
+to hold another subordinate? The rights of man may be invaded, and the
+idol Liberty cast down, by those who are loudest in their
+philanthropic denunciations respecting slavery. Is there as much
+cruelty in holding slaves, even under the most unfavorable
+circumstances, as in selling into bondage a whole nation?[4] Let the
+brave chiefs of the Rohillas answer from the battle-field. Let cries
+reply from the burning cities of Rohilcund. Let the princesses of Oude
+speak from their prisons.
+
+Close observation, prompted by a kindly heart, had brought Mr. Calhoun
+to the opinion that the Africans in this country were happier in
+existing circumstances than they would be in any other; that they were
+improving in their condition, and that any attempt to change it, at
+least at present, would not only be an evil to the country but fraught
+with suffering to them. A state of freedom, so called, would be to
+them a state of care and disaster. To abolish slavery now would be to
+abolish the slave. The race would share the doom of the Indians.
+Although here nominally slaves, as a general thing they enjoy more
+freedom than any where else; for is not that freedom, where one is
+happiest and best, and where there is a correspondence between the
+situation and the desires, the condition and the capacities? May we
+not say with the angel Abdiel:
+
+    "Unjustly thou depravest it with the name
+    Of servitude, to serve whom God ordains,
+    Or Nature. God and Nature bid the same,
+    When he who rules is worthiest, and excels
+    Them whom he governs. This is servitude,
+    To serve the unwise."
+
+Mr. Calhoun found the local attachment of the slaves so strong, their
+relation to their owners so satisfying to their natures, and the
+southern climate so congenial to them, that he did not believe any
+change of place or state would benefit them.
+
+These, as nearly as I can recollect, were his opinions on the subject
+of slavery, and were expressed to me in several conversations.
+Sentiments similar to these are entertained by many high-minded and
+benevolent slave-holders. That this institution, like every other, is
+liable to abuse, is admitted, but every planter must answer, not for
+the institution--for which he is no more accountable than for the fall
+of Adam--but for his individual discharge of duty. If, through his
+selfishness, or indolence, or false indulgence, or severity, his
+servants suffer, then to his Master in heaven he must give account.
+But those who obey the divine mandate, "Give unto your servants that
+which is just and equal," need not fear. In the endeavor to perform
+their duty in the responsible sphere in which they were placed by no
+act of their own, they can repose even in the midst of the wild storm
+which threatens devastation to our fertile land; they can look away
+from the judgment of the world, nor will they, even if all the powers
+of earth bid them, adopt a policy which will ruin themselves, their
+children, and the dependent race in their midst; they will not cast a
+people they are bound to protect on the tender mercies of the cruel.
+In their conservative measures they are, and must be, supported at the
+north, by men of liberal and philosophical minds, of extended views,
+and benevolent hearts. But I have said far more on this subject than I
+intended, and will add only that those who do not, from personal
+observation, know this institution in its best estate, cannot easily
+understand the softened features it often wears, nor the high virtues
+exhibited by the master, and the confiding, dependent attachment of
+the servant. Often is the southern planter as a patriarch in olden
+times. Those who are striving to sever his household know not what
+they do.
+
+Well may we who live in these troubled times exclaim with Madame
+Roland, the martyr of the false principles of her murderers, "O
+Liberte! O Liberte! que de crimes on commet en ton nom!" This she
+said, turning to the statue of liberty beside the scaffold. Liberty
+unrestrained degenerates into license. There may be political freedom
+without social liberty. Says Lamartine, speaking of the inhabitants of
+Malta, "Ils sont esclaves de la loi immuable de la force que Dieu leur
+fait; nous sommes esclaves des lois variables et capricieuses que nous
+nous faisons."
+
+A few years' residence on this soil might teach even a Wilberforce to
+turn in his philanthropy to other and wider fields of action.
+
+Of Mr. Calhoun's character as a master much might be said, for all who
+knew him admit that it was exemplary. But we need not multiply
+examples to prove his unaffected goodness, and I will repeat only a
+circumstance or two, which, by way of illustrating some subjects
+discussed, he incidentally mentioned to me. One related to a free
+negro, formerly a slave in Carolina, but then living in one of our
+northern cities, who came to him in Washington, begging him to
+intercede for his return to Carolina. He represented his condition as
+deplorable, said that he could not support himself and family by his
+trade, (he was a shoemaker,) and that not being able to obtain
+sufficient food or fuel in that cold climate, they were almost frozen.
+"When I told him," said Mr. Calhoun, "that I would do all I could for
+him, he seized both my hands in his and expressed fervent gratitude."
+At another time, speaking of a family whom his son designed to take to
+Alabama, he told me that the mother of the family came to him and said
+she would prefer to stay with her master and mistress on the
+plantation, even if all her children went with master A. Mr. Calhoun
+added, "I could not think of her remaining without either of her
+children; and as she chose to stay, we retained her youngest son, a
+boy of twelve years."
+
+Mr. Calhoun required very little of any one, doing more for others
+than he asked of them. He seemed to act upon the principle that the
+strong should bear the burthens of the weak. In sickness he feared to
+give trouble, and unless his friends insisted, would have little done
+for him. "Energetic as he was," said a near relative, "he would lie
+patiently all day, asking for nothing." His sensibility was of the
+most unselfish nature. Some months before his death, and after he left
+Fort Hill the last time, he said he felt that death was near, much
+nearer than he was willing to have his family know, and added that he
+wished to give all the time he could spare from public duty to
+preparation for death. While suffering from increasing illness at
+Washington, still, as he hoped to return again to his family, he was
+unwilling, though they anxiously awaited his summons, that they should
+be alarmed, saying he could not bear to see their grief. No doubt his
+conscientious spirit felt that his country at that critical moment
+demanded his best energies, and that he should be unnerved by the
+presence of his nearest friends; and loving his own family as he did,
+and so beloved as he was by them, he serenely awaited the approach of
+the king of Terrors, and suffered his last sorrow far from his home,
+cheered only by one watcher from his household.
+
+There was a beautiful adaptation in his bearing--a just appreciation
+of what was due to others, and a nice sense of propriety. I have had
+opportunities to compare his manners with those of other great men.
+His kind and unaffected interest was expressed in a way peculiarly
+dignified and refined. Some men appear to think they atone for a low
+estimate of our sex by flattery. Not so with Mr. Calhoun. He paid the
+highest compliment which could be paid to woman, by recognizing in her
+a soul--a soul capable of understanding and appreciating. Of his
+desire for her improvement and elevation he gave substantial proofs.
+Although Fort Hill was five miles from the female academy he never
+suffered an examination to pass without honoring it with his presence.
+He came not for the sake of form, but he exhibited an interest in the
+exercises, and was heard to comment upon them afterwards in a manner
+which showed that he had given them attention. He never reminded you
+that his hours were more precious than yours. The question may be
+asked how could he, amid his great and stern duties, find time for
+attention to those things from which so many men excuse themselves on
+the plea of business. But he wasted no time, and by gathering up its
+fragments, he had enough and to spare. I have before said that his
+kind acts were his recreations.
+
+Were I asked wherein lay the charm which won the hearts of all who
+came within his circle, I could not at once reply. It was perhaps his
+perfect _abandon_, his sincerity, his confidential manner, his
+childlike simplicity, in union with his majestic intelligence, and his
+self-renunciation--the crowning virtue of his life: these imparted the
+vivid enjoyment and the delightful repose which his friends felt in
+his presence. It was often not so much what he said as his manner of
+saying it, that was so impressive. Never can I forget an incident
+which occurred at the time when a war with England, on account of
+Oregon, seemed impending. He arrived in Charleston during the
+excitement on that subject. He was asked in the drawing-room if he
+thought there would be a war. He waived an answer, saying that for
+some time he had been absent from home and had received no official
+documents; but as he passed with us from the drawing-room to the
+street door, he said to me in his rapid, earnest manner, "I anticipate
+a severe seven months' campaign. I have never known our country in
+such a state." War has a terror for me, and I said, "Oh, Mr. Calhoun,
+do not let a war arise. Do all you can to prevent it." He replied, "I
+will do all, in honor, I can do," and paused. A thousand thoughts
+seemed to pass over his face, his soul was in his eyes, and bending a
+little forward, as if bowed by a sense of his responsibility and
+insufficiency, he added, speaking slowly and with emphasis and with
+the deepest solemnity, as if questioning with himself, "_But what can
+one man do?_" I see him now. No painting or sculpture could remind me
+so truly of him as does my faithful memory. But I will not dwell on
+the subject, for I fear I can never by words convey to the mind of
+another the impression which I received of his sincerity, and of his
+devotion to his country and to the cause of humanity. How he redeemed
+his pledge to do all that he, in honor, could do, his efforts in the
+settlement of the Oregon question truly show. When next I saw him I
+told him how much I was delighted with his Oregon speech. In his
+kindest manner he replied, "I am glad I can say any thing to please
+you."
+
+The last time I saw Mr. Calhoun, you, my brother, were with me. You
+remember that his kind wife took us to his room, and that you remarked
+the cheerfulness and affability with which he received us, although
+his feeble health had obliged him to refuse almost every one that day.
+We shall see him no more, but his memory will linger with us.
+
+To you I would commend him as an example. Read his letter to a young
+law-student. As you are so soon to enter the profession of law, such a
+model as Mr. Calhoun may be studied with advantage. While I would
+never wish any one to lose his own individuality, or to descend to
+imitation, I believe that one gifted mind leaves its impress on
+another; while I would not deify or canonize a mortal, I would render
+homage to one who united such moral attainments to so rare a
+combination of intellectual gifts; while it is degrading to ourselves
+and injurious to others to lavish unmerited and extravagant praise, it
+is a loss not to appreciate a character like his, for it ennobles our
+own nature to contemplate the true and the beautiful.
+
+Although it is said that our country is in danger from its ideas of
+equality, and its want of reverence and esteem for age, and wisdom,
+and office, and talents, and attainments, and virtues--and this
+feature of the American character is so strongly impressed that Mar
+Yohannah, the Nestorian bishop, said in my presence, in his peculiar
+English, "Yes, I know this nation glory in its republicanism, but I am
+afraid it will become republican to God"--yet it is a cheering omen
+when a man like Mr. Calhoun is so beloved and reverenced. I think
+every one who was favored with a personal acquaintance with him will
+admit that I have not been guilty of exaggeration, and "will delight
+to do him honor."
+
+The question naturally arises, to what are we to ascribe the formation
+of such a character? There must have been causes for such effects.
+Whence came his temperance, his self-denial, his incorruptible
+integrity, his fidelity in every duty, his love for mankind, his
+indefatigable efforts for the good of others, and his superiority to
+those things which the natural heart most craves? Mr. Calhoun's
+childhood was spent among the glorious works of nature, and was
+sheltered from the temptations which abound in promiscuous society. He
+was the son of pious parents, and by them he was taught the Bible, and
+from that source undoubtedly his native gifts were perfected. I have
+understood that from early life he was an advocate for the doctrines
+of the Bible, as understood by orthodox Christians. I have been told
+by relatives of his who were on the most intimate terms with him, that
+for some time before his death his mind had seemed to be much occupied
+with religious subjects, and that he too often expressed confidence in
+the providence of God to leave any doubt as to his trust in Him. An
+eminent clergyman, now deceased, said in conversation with another,
+that he had often conversed with Mr. Calhoun on the subject of
+religion, and had no doubt as to his piety. I have remarked his
+reverential air in church, and have known him apparently much
+disturbed by any inattention in others. He never united with any
+church, and it is my opinion, formed not without some reason, that he
+was prevented, not by disregard to any Christian ordinances, but from
+personal and conscientious scruples with respect to his
+qualifications. He was a man who weighed every thing with mathematical
+precision.
+
+Although open as day on topics of general interest, he was reserved in
+respect to himself. I do not recollect ever to have heard him speak
+egotistically, for his mind seemed always engrossed by some great
+thought, and he appears, even at the close of life, to lose all
+personal solicitudes in his anxiety for his country. In one of his
+last letters he says, "But I must close. This may be my last
+communication to you. My end is probably near, perhaps very near.
+Before I reach it, I have but one serious wish to gratify--it is to
+see my country quieted under some arrangement (alas, I know not what!)
+that will be satisfactory to all and safe to the south." His country's
+peace, and quietness, and safety, he did not see; he perished in the
+storm; and there are many who knew and loved him who cherish the hope
+that he is removed to a higher sphere of action--that his noble spirit
+has meekly entered into the presence of its author, and that in the
+starry courts above he will receive an inheritance "incorruptible,
+undefiled, and that fadeth not away."
+
+When I saw the elaborate preparations which were made here in
+Charleston for his funeral, knowing his simple tastes and habits, and
+his benevolence, I was at first pained, and I thought he would not
+have sanctioned so much display. I feared too that solemnity would be
+lost in pageantry. But it was not so. There was nothing to jar upon
+the feelings of the most sensitive. All was in perfect and mournful
+harmony. Silently and reverently his sorrowing countrymen bore his
+remains from the steamer where they had reposed, under a canopy
+wearing its thirty stars, and when the hearse, so funereal with
+mournful drapery and sable plumes, entered the grounds of the citadel,
+deep silence brooded over the vast multitude; noiselessly were heads
+uncovered, banners dropped--not a sound but that of the tramp of
+horses was heard; statue-like was that phalanx, with every eye
+uplifted, to the sacred sarcophagus. If there was too much of show, it
+was redeemed by the spirit that prompted it: the symbols, significant
+and expressive, as they were, faintly shadowed forth the deep and
+universal grief; the mournful pageantry, the tolling bell, the muffled
+drum, the closed and shrouded stores and houses, gave external signs
+of wo, but more impressive and affecting was the peaceful sadness
+which brooded over the metropolis while it awaited the relics of the
+patriot, and the deep silence which pervaded the vast procession that
+followed to the City Hall, the subdued bearing of the crowd who
+resorted thither, and the solemnity expressed on every face--for these
+told that the great heart of the city and commonwealth wept in hushed
+and sincere sorrow over "the mighty fallen in the midst of the
+battle."
+
+One day and night the illustrious dead reposed in state in the draped
+and darkened Hall. An entrance was formed by the arching palmetto,
+that classic tree, under whose branches Dudon the crusader was placed,
+when slain in Palestine. On that tree--"altissima palma"--his comrades
+placed his trophies. With a spirit as sad as that of the crusaders
+when under the verdant foliage of the palm they mourned the noble
+Dudon, did those who loved our champion pass beneath that arch, dark
+with funereal gloom. The sarcophagus was within a magnificent
+catafalque; the canopy rested on Corinthian columns; the bier was
+apparently supported by six urns, while three pearl-colored eagles
+surmounted the canopy, holding in their beaks the swinging crape.
+Invisible lamps cast moonlight beams over the radiated upper surface
+of the canopy. Through the day numbers resorted to this hallowed spot,
+and at night vigils were held where the dead reposed. When morning
+came the chosen guards carried the remains of the great leader to the
+church. The funeral car was not allowed to bear these sacred remains
+to the tomb, but they were borne by sons of the state, with uncovered
+heads. Well might those who saw all these things feel that Carolina
+would never be wanting to herself. The body was placed upon the bier,
+surrounded by significant offerings, pure flowers and laurel-wreaths.
+A velvet pall, revealing in silver lines the arms of the state, the
+palmetto, covered the sarcophagus. Above it was a coronet woven of
+laurel-leaves, like that which crowned Tasso. Then, in that church,
+where columns, arches, and galleries were shrouded in the drapery of
+wo, the funeral rites were performed--the mighty dead was placed in
+his narrow tomb.
+
+Peerless statesman, illustrious counsellor, devoted patriot, generous
+friend, indulgent husband and father, thy humble, noble heart is still
+in death; thy life was yielded up at the post of duty; thou hast
+perished like a sentinel on guard, a watchman in his tower. "Thou wast
+slain in thy high places." Clouds gathered thick and fast about thy
+country's horizon, and even thy eagle eye failed in its mournful gaze
+to penetrate the gloom which hides its future from mortal eye. Thy
+work is finished--peacefully rest with thine own! Thy memory is
+enshrined in the hearts of those for whom thy heart ceased its
+beating. Thy grave is with us--
+
+    "Yet spirit immortal, the tomb cannot bind thee,
+      For like thine own eagle that soared to the sun,
+    Thou springest from bondage, and leavest behind thee
+      A name which before thee few mortals have won."
+
+In reviewing the character of Mr. Calhoun, we find a rare combination
+of mental and moral qualities--a union of contrasts. He had genius
+with common sense, the power of generalization with the habit of
+abstraction, rapidity of thought with application and industry. His
+mind was suggestive and logical, imaginative and practical. His noble
+ideal was embodied in his daily life. He was at once discursive and
+profound; he could soar like the eagle, or hover on unwearied wings
+around a minute circle. He meekly bore his lofty endowments; his
+childlike simplicity imparted a charm to his transcendent intellect;
+he united dignity with humility, sincerity with courtesy, decision
+with gentleness, stern inflexibility with winning urbanity, and keen
+sensibility with perfect self-command. He was indulgent to others,
+denying to himself; he was energetic in health, and patient in
+sickness; he combined strict temperance with social habits; he was
+reserved in communicating his personal feelings, but his heart was
+open on subjects of general interest; he prized the regard of his
+fellow-beings, but was superior to worldly pomps and flatteries; he
+honored his peers, but was not swayed by their opinions. Equal to the
+greatest, he did not despise the least of men. He did not neglect one
+duty to perform another. In the Senate he was altogether a senator, in
+private and domestic life he was as though he had never entered the
+halls of the nation, and had never borne an illustrious part in the
+councils of his country.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _Vide_ Macaulay's article on Warren Hastings, in the Edinburgh Review.
+
+
+
+
+STYLES OF PHILOSOPHIES.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY REV. J. R. MORELL,
+
+Translator of Fourier "On the Passions," &c.
+
+
+The history of literatures, like that of nations, has presented its
+varieties as well as its curiosities, and both alike furnish similar
+though not identical features.
+
+1st. Families and clans are traceable equally in each development, and
+the movements both of literatures and races have displayed a
+corresponding monotony and eccentricity, convergence and divergence,
+in proportion as they have progressed along the beaten track of
+opinion or performed outpost duty as the corps of guides.
+
+2d. Not only is this family likeness obvious in the general
+characteristics of ethnography and authorship, but the laws of lineage
+and the hereditary transmission of qualities are as strongly marked in
+one case as in the other. Letters as well as races have their
+hereditary sceptres and coronets; but whereas, in the latter case the
+fleshly heir of the great of other days may chance to be unworthy of
+his sires, the spiritual sonship of the patrician writer is
+stereotyped upon each line and lineament of his nature.
+
+3d. Nor is the connection between words and peoples confined to a law
+of analogy running through them both, but they have reacted upon and
+moulded each other in a manner curious to relate, and races and
+letters have mutually made and unmade each other.
+
+4th. The Indo-Germanic people have left monuments of their sinewy
+energy in the psycho-physical characteristics of affiliated races and
+tongues, and individual family likenesses may be readily traced
+between groups of thinkers and dreamers on the banks of the Ganges, in
+the Academy, and at Weimar. Again the mystical semitic world, groaning
+beneath the weight of an overwrought ideal, and lacking the ballast of
+science and patient thought, has ever and anon given birth to
+prodigies and monsters of cabalistic or Gnostic extravagance.
+
+5th. To follow the currents of peoples and tongues, the great
+subdivisions of the Teutonic and Romance tribes and literatures, their
+virtues and vices have stamped its present physical and moral
+character on the face of modern Europe. The Teutonic, representing
+strength and depth in word and work, has been the stronghold of
+emancipation in life and thought, yet tinctured with the savageness
+and chaos of unpolished and disordered nature. The Romance, fettered
+by the rhythm of Latinity, has yet possessed that voluptuous wealth of
+the ideal and that graceful tracery of thought and wit which have been
+denied to the other. The antagonism of the Catholic and Protestant
+mind is the result of this contrast, which has, moreover, been
+pictured in the tertian fevers of French revolution and in the
+mystical skepticism of modern Germany.
+
+As certain races, so also certain families of writers, have in thought
+transcended the bounds of the existing and actual, and thrown out from
+their brain an ideal past, present, or future, beyond the horizon, and
+free from the flaws of their experience. Thus, whilst the followers of
+Tao-tse were in China seeking for the drug of immortality, the Greek
+and Roman poets and historians were dreaming of a golden age that cast
+its radiance over the past, or of that fabled Atlantis and those sweet
+Islands of the Blest in the far west--dreams and fables that have been
+somewhat justified by modern discovery. Again sacred voices mingled
+with these aspirations, and the semitic bards and seers pronounced in
+their oracles an Eden for the past and a millenium for the future of
+man.
+
+Nor were these views confined to the old world, for the followers of
+Columbus found, among the cannibals of the gulf, the traditions of a
+fountain of eternal youth, and later travellers were regaled with
+gorgeous stories of El Dorado and his empire--traditions and stories
+that seemed to point, however obscurely, to the Sitzbath and
+Californian riches.
+
+There has likewise been a class of writers broad-cast through the
+nations who have sought to mend the present and make the future by
+holding the mirror to contemporaneous deformity, or painting the
+perspective of an earthly elysium with the rainbow tints of hope.
+Negatively or positively, directly or indirectly, these men had, in
+common, faith in the regeneration of humanity. Utopias are the
+familiar homes of such minds, either because they have a cast in their
+eyes, or because they are more clairvoyants than the vulgar herd. In
+the spring-time of our race, a Plato reflected on the poetical
+extravagancies of his day, and refracted the rays of golden fancy in
+the enchanted land of his Republic. The Hebrew seers in like manner,
+whilst they apply no measured castigations to the money-changers who
+converted the temple of God into a den of thieves, love to soar in
+sublimest rhapsody above the valley of dry bones and the shadow of
+death cast around them, and to indulge in visions of a vernal future,
+when earth should smile in the sunshine of infinite love, when the
+wolf should dwell with the lamb and the leopard lie down with the kid,
+and a little child should lead them. Affiliated members of this
+extensive and venerable company of cynics and seers have ever and anon
+in the current of ages lifted a frowning brow above the troubled
+waters round about them, and with the same breath that swept like a
+tempest over the wintry waste, their cradle and their home, have given
+utterance to strains of harmony that told of summer skies to come.
+Tracing the tides of the children of men in their eccentric ebbings
+and floodings, a little crew of rovers may be ever seen ploughing the
+world of waters, true to their principle of keeping aloof from the
+gulf-stream. Europe has been the chief nursery of these rovers, whose
+voices, though few and far between, have risen above the storms of
+evil passions howling about them, and have echoed through the ages.
+Thus a Rabelais could laugh the knell of monkery, and with his stentor
+voice, rich booming from the classic world of Nature, that had slept
+during the dark ages, could crack the babel of spiritual usurpation,
+and restore the balance of power between the seen and the unseen. A
+Cervantes in like manner could, in the fulness of time, inflict
+death-wounds with a stroke of his pen on a superannuated chivalry, and
+thus, by negatively giving a _coup de grace_ to the past, pave the way
+for an age of prose. Later in the day a Swift appears, in the heart of
+a rotten age, himself infected with the leprosy, yet he smites the
+idols of his time, of Stuart progeny, Lust and Lucre, and converts his
+fables into a house of correction for a nation's vices. The Tale of a
+Tub contains a stream of lustral water, and Gulliver is no mean adept
+at the photographic art. The Dean hath taught us how the "positive"
+fictions of a madman's brain may indirectly be a school to the nations
+at all times and in all seasons.
+
+Poesy has mixed its plaintive strains in the lamentations and oracles
+of insane or inspired reformers, and the aberration or illumination of
+a kindred spirit breaks forth in the wizard words of a prophet or a
+bard. Some favored scions of the royal priesthood and chosen
+generation of whom we speak seem to mingle these various and
+heterogeneous ingredients, the cynic's lash with the seer's lamp,
+mathematical squares and compasses with the conjurations of the
+diviner. Their proportions, both harmonious and deformed, bespeak
+their consanguinity with an extensive family, whose branches are
+scattered through broad lands, and are not confined to a single
+variety of the human race, though the quality and quantity of their
+_esprit de corps_ may be especially predicated of the Caucasian race.
+
+There are sovereign natures that bespeak the choice blood of rival and
+remote races mingling in their veins, and which may claim kinsmanship
+in opposite and conflicting clans of teachers. We have Indo-Germanic
+minds, whose massive substance is relieved by the arabesque of the
+Semitic style of thought, and which, though stamped with the
+characteristic mould of their parentage, fling aside much of its
+speciality, and stand forth as magnates in the universal aristocracy
+of humanity.
+
+An example of a rich nature cast in this mould has been presented of
+late years in France, in the person of Charles Fourier. Though
+indelibly French, he is still more human, and though Teutonic elements
+enter largely as component parts of his frame, and the Romance genius
+has cast its sunshine tints over his canvas, yet has he bravely shaken
+off the chains of generic and specific modes of thought and sight, and
+the priestly hieroglyphs and geometry of Egypt are seen to blend with
+Persian dualism and the prophetic wand of Hebrew seers in his pages.
+Nay, the mantle of Mohammed might seem to have fallen on his capacious
+shoulders, to judge from the strangely glorious flights of his fancy,
+and the tangible solids of his elysium. Thus the nations would appear
+to have converged towards and centred in this brain, and to have
+dropped in their pearls or their paste, as the case might be.
+Exaggerating the mathematical precision of French thought, it is yet
+tempered in a manner somewhat uncommon, by the most wholesale
+picture-writing on which man ever yet ventured. The flaming
+double-edged critic's sword is sometimes changed in his hands, after a
+manner wonderful to relate, into an Esculapian staff, which farther
+suffers a frequent conversion into Mercurian caduceus and Bacchanile
+Thyrsus, and at another time assumes the proportions of Midas's wand.
+Never was such a many-faced Janus seen in the flesh as this man, who
+exceeds Proteus and Hindoo avatars in multiplicity combined with
+unity.
+
+The bitter laugh still curls our lips, elicited by his merciless
+satire, when the tears of pity come coursing down our cheeks, as he
+touches with magic finger the most godlike fibres of the soul.
+Luxuriance, bordering on levity, follows fast a sense of justice and
+of truth, that might have put a Brutus and an Aristides to the blush.
+National contrasts, harmonies, and deformities, all seem reflected in
+this representative man.
+
+Yet it would be a very partial view that represented Fourier as
+nothing better than an expletive particle added to the genealogical
+list of idea-mongers, or a mosaic of valuable relics in earth's
+cabinet of curiosities. Though his pen inflicts wounds both broad and
+deep, yet a balm is ever at hand. Not satisfied with performing
+amputations for the good of the body corporate, he is a professor of
+the healing art, and affects to have discovered an elixir that shall
+wipe away all tears, by causing pain and sorrow to flee away. I do not
+profess to judge of the merits of the case, but one feature
+distinguishes Fourier from critics, reformers, and prophets, who are
+gathered to their fathers. He is a _scientific_ explorer, and the
+plans that he has designed for the future structure of humanity, from
+the high order of architecture and mechanics which they exhibit,
+discriminate him from the vulgar herd as an originator, and place him
+in the category either of eminent scientific adventurers or inventors.
+Daring and caution shake hands at every page, and seem exhausted by
+his pen. The Archimedian lever found a resting-place in his brain, and
+sundry of his thoughts seem not inapt to upheave the world.
+
+If Laplace deserves credit as the creator of a Mechanique Celeste,
+Fourier has equal claims to gratitude as the first and only propounder
+of a rigidly scientific system of mental mechanics. Though Pythagoras
+might smile complacently at his harmonies and sacred numbers, and
+Plato clap his hands on seeing so worthy a disciple of his Republic,
+yet the fiery Frenchman is but too apt to run counter to the past, and
+give a slap in the face to the wisdom of the fore-world. Though hope
+and faith ever brighten his pages, we could wish at times for a larger
+infusion of charity, to neutralize the gall in which his pen was
+dipped. Yet he nobly vindicates his claim as a reformer by the lash he
+applies with no measured hand to injustice, falseness, and hypocrisy,
+under whatever guise they may appear.
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PARIS, FROM 1817 TO 1848.
+
+
+On the original publication of this work, in German, at Berlin, we
+gave in the _International_ some account of it; and we avail ourselves
+of the notice in the _Athenaeum_ of an English translation of it which
+has just appeared in London, to give some of its best passages. In the
+capital of a nation which, above all others, has been wont to project
+its gravest interests into the circles of fashion and gayety, the
+period included between 1817 and 1848 must have been rich indeed in
+matter for observation of all kinds, by the foreigner admitted to its
+saloons. With Waterloo at one end of the line, and the overthrow of
+Louis Philippe at the other, what a world of change lies
+between!--what unexpected turns of fortune, each throwing some new
+tint on the chameleon-play of social existence! We may not expect a
+lady's eye to see more than its outward features. But these alone, in
+such a scene and period, are themselves enough to give some permanent
+historical value, as well as a present attraction to the survey, if
+only taken with common feminine intelligence.
+
+It is true that the retrospect is not actually so rich as the above
+dates would imply.--Connected notices of what might be seen in
+Parisian circles do not extend beyond the first seven years of the
+period in question. Afterwards, there is nearly a total hiatus, except
+in the two departments of music and painting--anecdotes of which are
+continued almost to the close of the Orleans dynasty. Of the persons
+and events which otherwise filled the scene from 1828 downwards, the
+_Reminiscences_ are wholly silent, or only introduce one or two
+figures by anticipation while dwelling on the period of the
+Restoration. The volume ends, indeed, with a story, in which some of
+the very latest exhibitions of somnambulism serve to introduce a
+Spanish romance, founded, it may be, on a basis of fact, but evidently
+dressed up for effect by one not well enough acquainted with the Spain
+of this century to give to the composition a probable air. But here
+the display in the Parisian saloon is merely an occasional overture to
+the melo-drama that follows; and we learn next to nothing of the new
+faces and new fashions which the writer may have seen during the
+second half of the term included in her title. What is now published,
+therefore, can only be taken as a fragment--destined, perhaps, to be
+further completed at some future time.
+
+The work appears anonymously; and it might be uncourteous to pry into
+the condition of the writer, beyond what it has pleased herself to
+reveal. This is to the effect that she came to Paris, unmarried, and
+hardly out of her teens, from some part of Germany, in the second year
+of the Restoration, and, at first, was chiefly conversant with the
+circles of the _haute finance_. We afterwards hear of her marriage, of
+journeyings and absences, and see her in contact with various circles,
+but, above all, with painters and musicians; intimate also with
+Henriette, the daughter of the celebrated Jewish philosopher,
+Mendelssohn. She left Paris, she further says, before the explosion of
+1848. More of her personal history she does not tell--and we shall not
+take the liberty of guessing.
+
+Her notes are penned without any attempt at order; and make no
+pretence to dive far beneath the surface of what she saw in the world.
+They contain such light, lady-like reflections as one may fancy taken
+down without effort from the kaleidoscope of Paris life, in its balls,
+_soirees_, and promenades; and such anecdotes of notable things and
+persons as were current in ordinary company--many of which are well
+known, having been already reported by others. Here and there a
+graphic trait, or a remark above the level of commonplace, gives token
+of more lively intelligence, but the general character of the
+reminiscence is merely gossipping--just on the ordinary level of such
+observations and ideas as prevail in the common talk of the saloons.
+It is only when she touches on the fine arts, especially on music,
+that the lady displays decidedly clever notions of her own. Gleanings
+of this easy kind, from any lesser field than Paris, might hardly have
+been worth preserving; here, the abundance of matter is so great, that
+even the most careless hand returns from that strange harvest with
+some gatherings of value.
+
+Among these we shall dip here and there, without attempting more order
+in selection than the author herself has observed in arranging her
+notes. Each may be read by and for itself without any disadvantage
+whatever.
+
+In no respect, perhaps, does the Paris of to-day differ more from that
+of thirty years since than in the article of domestic comfort. After
+praising Madame Thuret, one of the financial _lionnes_ of the
+Restoration, for her attention to neatness, the lady adds:--
+
+     In Paris generally there was a marked contrast to this; as
+     well as to the Parisian cleanliness of present times. In
+     those days, even the dwellings of people of competent means,
+     there was not a trace of comfort. I have a lively
+     recollection of what happened when one of the younger
+     partners of M. Thuret gave a ball soon after his marriage.
+     Although the youth was rich, and had married a wealthy young
+     lady, the young couple, according to the Parisian custom of
+     the time, lived with their parents; who, rich as they were,
+     desiring to be richer still, had let out their splendid
+     hotel up to the fourth story. In this fourth story the whole
+     family lived together. After the Parisian finery, I was not
+     less struck with the Parisian filth of those days; and, in
+     truth, I should vainly try to paint my amazement on finding
+     myself compelled, while ascending the staircase, which was
+     actually plastered with dirt, to hold up my dress as high as
+     possible in order to appear tolerably clean in the
+     ball-room.
+
+But if modern Paris has improved in this respect, it has, on the other
+hand, we are told, lost far more in the chapter of manners. The
+generation born during the first Revolution still preserved some of
+the older style of social bearing; but, in the present descendants, we
+may now vainly seek for any of the graces that once gave to France her
+European credit for politeness.
+
+The French, after lording it over the capitals of Europe for so many
+years, were impatient to the last degree of the retribution which the
+allied armies brought to their own doors in 1816. Even a returning
+_emigre_ could not restrain his rage on finding that--
+
+     foreigners held the fortresses, and that he had to submit
+     his passport for a _vise_ to Prussian, Russian, or English
+     authorities; and he lost all command of himself at the idea
+     of the prostration of the _grande gloire Francaise_.... The
+     same wrath at the occupation of France by foreign troops--an
+     occupation which lasted for hardly three years--whereas the
+     French had ravaged Germany for full twenty, from the siege
+     of Mentz to the battle of Leipsic, was then felt in Paris by
+     all classes. Every little theatre on the Boulevards played
+     some piece referring to it in all the _refrains_ urging the
+     foreigners to be off at once; all the print-shops were full
+     of caricatures of the English and Russians. The German
+     soldiers, by-the-by, were, without exception, called
+     Prussians. At that time there was less hatred expressed
+     towards the Russians; in the theatres even the people would
+     point with curiosity to Lostopchin, the author of the
+     conflagration at Moscow. The hatred of the Russians grew
+     much more decided under Nicholas. Alexander, on the
+     contrary, was personally popular. Strictly speaking, the
+     Prussians were detested; while the English, on the contrary,
+     served as a perpetual butt for ridicule and wit. Their
+     language, gestures, dress, afforded a complete series of
+     dramas and caricatures.
+
+This soreness of France under a very light application of her own
+Continental system, brings to mind an anecdote from the papers of the
+time, which is worth preserving:--
+
+     When the Prussian army entered Paris, one of its officers
+     made particular interest to be quartered in a certain hotel
+     in the Faubourg St Germain, the residence of a widow lady of
+     rank. On taking possession of his billet, the Colonel at
+     once haughtily refused the apartments offered him; and,
+     after a survey of the premises, insisted on having the best
+     suite on the first floor, then occupied by the lady of the
+     house herself. She protested and entreated in vain--the
+     Colonel was harsh and peremptory,--the lady had to abandon
+     her sitting-room, boudoir, and bed-room, and content herself
+     with the chambers intended for the officer. From these,
+     however, she was as rudely dislodged on the next day, the
+     Colonel demanding them for his orderly, and the lady had at
+     last to creep into a servant's garret. This was not all. On
+     first taking possession of his rooms the officer had
+     summoned the _maitre d'hotel_, and commanded a rich dinner
+     of twelve covers for the entertainment of a party of his
+     comrades. They came--the cellar had to yield its choicest
+     wines; the house was filled with bacchanalian uproar. The
+     orgy was repeated both on the next day and on the next
+     following. On the morning afterwards the officer presented
+     himself before the lady of the house. "You are perhaps
+     somewhat annoyed by my proceedings in your hotel?"
+     "Certainly," was the reply, "I think I have cause to
+     complain of the manner in which the law of the strongest has
+     been used here, in defiance of the commonest regard due to
+     my sex and age. I have been roughly expelled from every
+     habitable room in my own house, and thrust into a garret; my
+     servants have been maltreated; with my plate and provisions
+     and the best of my cellar, you have forced them to wait on
+     the riotous feasting of your comrades. I have appealed to
+     your generosity, to your courtesy, but in vain. I protest
+     against such conduct. It is unworthy of a soldier." "Madam,"
+     replied the Prussian, "what you say is perfectly true. Such
+     conduct is brutal and unbecoming. I have the honor to inform
+     you that what you have justly complained of for the last
+     three days is but a faint copy of the manner in which your
+     son daily behaved himself in my mother's house in Berlin
+     _for more than six months_ after the Battle of Jena. From me
+     you shall have no further annoyance. I shall now retire to
+     an inn. The hotel is entirely at your own disposal." The
+     lady blushed, and was silent.
+
+We can hardly choose amiss among the portrait sketches. Here is the
+Princess of Chimay, once celebrated as the fair Spanish Cabarus--or
+Madame Tallien of the "18th Brumaire." After giving up a name which
+she had no legal right to bear, she married the Count Caraman before
+he succeeded to a princely title. In 1818, this heroine--
+
+     was some forty years old. Her age was partly open to
+     positive proof, as in '94 she was known to have just reached
+     her twentieth year--it was partly shown by a fulness of
+     person, rather tending to corpulence, which betrayed the
+     retreat of her younger bloom; but still you would rarely
+     find another beauty so well preserved, or a general
+     appearance equally imposing. Tall, full, gorgeous, she
+     reminded you of the historical beauties of antiquity. Such a
+     figure you might imagine as an Ariadne, Dido, or Cleopatra.
+     With a perfect bust, arms, and shoulders; white as an
+     animated statue, regular features, beaming eyes, pearly
+     teeth, hair raven black--hearing, speech, motion, still
+     ravishingly perfect. Her costume, too, had a certain Grecian
+     character.
+
+Among the painters, Gerard was the lady's chosen intimate. When she
+first knew him, he had already been long famous and rich; but he seems
+to have taken pleasure in recalling the struggles of his early career.
+It was, in many respects, a strange one:--
+
+     His father was a Frenchman, who belonged to the domestic
+     establishment of the Cardinal de Bernis, then ambassador at
+     Rome. His mother, whose name was Tortoni, was the daughter
+     of a plain Roman citizen. In 1782, Gerard's parents, with
+     their three boys, of whom Francois, the eldest, was now
+     twelve, returned to France, where the father died in 1789. A
+     year afterwards the widow went back with her children to her
+     own country, but had to return to France once more, for the
+     preservation of a small income important in her narrow
+     circumstances. On this occasion, besides her sons, she came
+     back with her little brother Tortoni and his infant sister,
+     some years younger than her eldest son Francois. Thus there
+     was in the house an aunt younger than her nephew.
+
+The family found it hard enough to live at all in Paris: and when
+Francois's great talent for drawing revealed itself, the household
+means were further pinched to provide him with paper and pencils.
+Under all obstacles, however, his powers soon grew evident: he got at
+last an introduction to David, and became his pupil:--
+
+     Gerard was created the perfect opposite, both physically and
+     morally, of David. David was tall, with distorted features,
+     rough, furious, cruel. Gerard was small, with a pleasing,
+     regular physiognomy, delicate, soft, generous.... He would
+     often tell how he was forced in those days (during the reign
+     of terror) to deceive his master David, in order to preserve
+     his own life. David, who in his zeal for reforming the world
+     had become one of the most active members of the Committee
+     of Safety, was incessantly busied in providing that bloody
+     tribunal with familiars. Every one belonging to him, who
+     desired his own preservation, was forced either to adopt
+     republicanism in David's sense, or to evade it by some kind
+     of deception. Gerard, although in perfect health, escaped
+     the honor designed him by feigning sickness; and went about
+     in public on crutches, which, however, he threw down the
+     instant he knew himself safe from observation. Gerard's
+     mother had died in 1792. Her brother, the painter's uncle,
+     now a grown youth, took up the queer fancy of showing the
+     Parisians the excellent manner in which the Romans are
+     skilled in making confectioner's ices. The success of the
+     _Cafe Tortoni_, on the _Boulevard des Italiens_, has now
+     been for some fifty years known to all Europe. One of the
+     children (Gerard) was dead, the youngest provided for
+     elsewhere; and thus, after his mother's death, the young
+     painter of two-and-twenty was left alone with his aunt,
+     Mlle. Tortoni, who was but two years his junior. She became
+     his wife. When relating the above, she would add, with
+     _naivete_, "At that time my nephew was in a manner forced to
+     marry me, unless he chose to turn me out into the street. We
+     were poor, but contented. Gerard's talent, as yet little
+     known, and destitute of suitable means for its exercise,
+     supported us, however, barely; and I continued to sew, darn,
+     cook, carry water, and cut wood for our little household, as
+     I had been wont to do before, when assisting his mother, my
+     sister. In those days there was no marrying in the church,
+     no priest, no banns. A few days after the death of my
+     sister, we appeared in our poor work-a-day clothes, before
+     the _maire_. He joined our hands, and then we became a
+     couple."
+
+Some months were passed in this obscure poverty, until calmer times
+prevailed in Paris. Isabey had somehow become aware of the young
+painter's talent, and now urged him to exhibit a picture at the first
+Exhibition. Gerard produced the sketch of his _Belisaire_;[5] but
+declared he had no means to paint it on a grand scale. Isabey hereupon
+assisted him; and, after the picture was finished and exhibited with
+success, procured him a purchaser, at the price of 100 Louis d'or.
+
+     "On the receipt of this sum," Madame Gerard went on, "we
+     were nearly losing our wits for joy. We were ravished, like
+     mere children, by the glitter of the shining gold, which we
+     kept again and again rolling through our fingers. We, who
+     until now could not even afford to buy a common candlestick,
+     so that we had to cut a hole in our poor wooden table to
+     stick the rushlight in,--we now had a hundred louis!" By
+     degrees Gerard advanced to a high European name; but those
+     only who knew him personally could have any idea of his
+     amiable, refined nature, of his pleasant conversation, of
+     the various acquirements and highly intellectual
+     peculiarities of this eminent man, who took up with equal
+     clearness many of the most dissimilar sciences. You forgot
+     time with him, or gladly gave him up the whole night, as he
+     seldom made his appearance in company at his own house
+     before ten.
+
+Before leaving the grim figure of the old Revolution for more modern
+sketches, we must correct the lady's statement of its victims, in
+which she quite exceeds the utmost latitude of feminine gossip. "_Two
+millions of heads_" she assigns as the food of the devouring
+guillotine--a number transcendent, even for lady rhetoric. It is some
+_five hundred_ times more than the largest estimate of those even who
+have done their best to aggravate the tale of its horrors. The
+Convention, when grown Anti-Jacobin, and anxious, of course, to
+justify its destruction of Robespierre and his fellows, it published
+lists of the sufferers, could not bring the number of the guillotined
+up to a full _two_ thousand. Montgaillard, who complains that the
+returns were incomplete, may be taken as the author of the most
+extreme calculation on this subject: he does not get beyond a total of
+_four_ thousand victims, including those who perished by _fusillades_
+and _noyades_. Even an anonymous lady cannot be suffered to pass with
+such a terrific exaggeration unquestioned. In 1823, she was present at
+an opening of the Chambers by "Louis the Desired," now grown fatter,
+it seems, than was desirable for such an operation. Indeed--
+
+     he could no longer walk; on this account the session was
+     held in the Louvre; and the manner in which he suddenly
+     pushed out on his low rolling chair, from beneath a curtain,
+     which was quickly drawn back, as it is done on the stage,
+     and as rapidly closed again, had an effect at once painful
+     and ludicrous. Both these feelings were increased by the
+     shrill piping treble which came squeaking forth from this
+     unlucky corpulent body.... His brother, the Comte d'Artois,
+     afterwards Charles the Tenth, was tall and thin, and had
+     retained to his advanced age that habit of shuffling about
+     with his legs, which teachers and governors had vainly tried
+     to cure him of while young. He could not keep his body still
+     for a single instant. His protruded head, his mouth always
+     open, would of themselves have seemed to indicate mere
+     stupidity rather than cunning, had not this impression been
+     contradicted, partly by the vivacity of his eyes, and partly
+     by his too notorious habit of intriguing. This idiotic air
+     of poking forward the head, with the mouth always open--but
+     aggravated by quite lifeless and almost totally closed
+     eyes--was apparent in a still higher degree in his eldest
+     son, the Duke of Angouleme. In the face of his wife there
+     were still visible some traces, if not of a former beauty,
+     at least of something characteristic and noble. In spite of
+     her withered, lean figure, her gait was firm and majestic;
+     but the terrorists of the Revolution had heaped misery of
+     every kind in double and three-fold measure on this unhappy
+     daughter of Louis the Sixteenth, and their cannibal severity
+     had broken her heart for ever.... The Duchess of Berri, a
+     Neapolitan princess, wife of the youngest son of the Count
+     d'Artois, was young, but had been ill-treated by nature in
+     her outward appearance. She was short, thin, with hair
+     blonde almost to whiteness, and a kind of reddish fairness
+     of complexion. In her irregular features, in her eyes which
+     all but squinted, no kind of expression could be
+     detected--not even that of frivolity, which she was accused
+     of.... To both these ladies the rigorously-prescribed
+     court-dress, as worn in open day, without candlelight, was
+     very unbecoming. It consisted of a short white satin dress,
+     called _jupe_, which means a dress without a train; the
+     front breadth richly embroidered with gold, with a cut-out
+     body, and short sleeves, leaving the neck and arms
+     bare,--the effect of which was absolutely pitiable on the
+     superannuated, yellow, and withered Duchess of Angouleme.
+     Around the waist a golden ceinture held up a colored velvet
+     skirt, with an enormous train, but no body. In front, this
+     kind of outer dress, called _manteau de cour_, was open, and
+     trimmed all round with broad lace. The head was decorated,
+     or rather disfigured, by a thick upright plume of tall white
+     ostrich feathers, to which were attached behind two long
+     ends of blonde lace, called _barbes_, which hung down the
+     back. On the forehead a closely-fitting jewelled diadem was
+     worn, and diamond ornaments on the neck and arms, according
+     to the usual fashion.
+
+From such court scarecrows let us turn to keep a last corner for a
+figure of more modern and genial appearance--though this, too, was
+saddening, and is now, like the rest, grown a mere shadow. The lady
+saw much of the musician Chopin after 1832, and speaks of him with
+warm affection, and with a fine feeling of his genius:--
+
+     He was a delicate, graceful figure, in the highest degree
+     attractive--the whole man a mere breath--rather a spiritual
+     than a bodily substance,--all harmony, like his playing. His
+     way of speaking, too, was like the character of his
+     art--soft, fluctuating, murmuring. The son of a French
+     father and of a Polish mother, in him the Romance and
+     Sclavonic dialects were combined, as it were, in one perfect
+     harmony. He seemed, indeed, hardly to touch the piano; you
+     might have fancied he would do quite as well without as with
+     the instrument: you thought no more of the mechanism,--but
+     listened to flute-like murmurs, and dreamed of hearing
+     AEolian harps stirred by the ethereal breathings of the wind;
+     and with all this--in his whole wide sphere of talents given
+     to him alone--always obliging, modest, unexacting! He was no
+     pianoforte player of the modern sort: he had fashioned his
+     art quite alone in his own way, and it was something
+     indescribable. In private rooms as well as in concerts, he
+     would steal quietly, unaffectedly, to the piano; was content
+     with any kind of seat; showed at once, by his simple dress
+     and natural demeanor, that he abhorred every kind of grimace
+     and quackery; and began, without any prelude, his
+     performance. How feeling it was--how full of soul!... When I
+     first knew him, though far from strong, he still enjoyed
+     good health; he was very gay, even satirical, but always
+     with moderation and good taste. He possessed an
+     inconceivable comic gift of mimicry, and in private circles
+     of friends he diffused the utmost cheerfulness both by his
+     genius and his good spirits.... Halle has now the best
+     tradition of his manner.
+
+We pause, not for want of matter, but for want of room. Besides its
+lively sketches, the book contains some materials of a tragic
+interest--to which we may return.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] It is now, or was not long since, at Munich, in the Leuchtenburg
+Gallery.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAST JOSEPH IN EGYPT.
+
+
+A writer in the July number of _Bentley's Miscellany_ describes some
+official experiences in Egypt during the reign of Mehemet Ali, and
+among various curious incidents has the following of Boghos Bey, the
+prime minister of the Pacha, who then played a no inconsiderable part
+on the stage of European diplomacy, more particularly as relating to
+the, at that period, all-engrossing "Eastern Question."
+
+"By birth an Armenian, in early life Boghos Bey was dragoman or
+interpreter to Mr. Wherry, then English consul at Smyrna; but he gave
+up that appointment, to accompany, in a similar capacity, the Turkish
+army, which, during the occupation of Egypt by the French, was sent to
+co-operate at Alexandria with Sir Ralph Abercrombie's British force.
+At the close of the war, on the expulsion of the French, he remained
+in Egypt, where he attached himself to the rising fortunes of Mehemet
+Ali, with whom he successively occupied the post of interpreter,
+secretary, and finally that of prime minister, when his master--from
+the Albanian adventurer--became the self-elected successor of the
+Pharaohs and Ptolomies.
+
+"On one occasion, Boghos having got into disgrace, Mehemet Ali ordered
+his prime minister to be placed in a sack and thrown into the Nile. It
+was supposed that this cruel sentence had been duly carried into
+effect. However, the British consul in Egypt at that time, managed to
+get something else smuggled into the sack, whilst he smuggled old
+Boghos into his own residence, where the latter long remained
+concealed, until, on one occasion, the financial accounts got so
+entangled, that Mehemet Ali expressed to the British consul his regret
+that Boghos Bey was no longer there to unravel the complicated web of
+difficulties in which he found himself entangled: whereupon old Boghos
+was produced, pardoned, reinstated in his office, acquired more
+influence than ever, and was, at the time referred to, the very
+'Joseph' of the land."
+
+
+
+
+THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA: BY THE AUTHOR OF "SAM SLICK."
+
+
+Mr. Justice Haliburton obtained some notoriety and a certain degree of
+popularity by his broad caricatures of common life in New England.
+These books did not display very eminent ability even for the rather
+low and mean field in which the author found congenial occupation, but
+the old jokes transplanted into our republican soil had a seeming
+freshness in the eyes of buyers of cheap books, and they were
+profitable to paper-makers and printers, until the patience of the
+public could tolerate no more of their monotonous vulgarity. Judge
+Haliburton has since essayed a more serious vein, and being wholly
+without originality, has fallen into the old track of depreciation,
+sneering, and vituperation, in the expectation that any form of attack
+upon the people of the United States would sell, at least in England.
+The unfortunate gentleman was mistaken, as the following very kind
+reviewal of his book, which we transfer to _The International_ from
+_The Athenaeum_ of July 26, will show.
+
+     "THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA. _By the Author of 'Sam Slick,' &c._
+     This is a vulgar and violent political pamphlet, which will
+     fill no small part of the admirers of 'Sam Slick' with alarm
+     and astonishment. The 'English in America' are in these two
+     volumes set forth principally as a parcel of uncouth,
+     disingenuous, and repulsive Puritans, who emigrated to
+     America in the early part of the seventeenth century for the
+     sake of an easier indulgence in disloyalty and schism.
+     Confining himself almost wholly to the events which took
+     place in the colony of Massachusetts, Judge Haliburton has
+     thought it worth while to write a book, half declamation and
+     half treatise, against Democracy and Dissent,--which seem to
+     him to be the two giant evils that oppress mankind. It is no
+     part of our function to discuss the abstract merits of
+     either of these questions; but it is perfectly within our
+     province to point out the errors and faults of those writers
+     who imagine that they can serve a party purpose by making a
+     convenient and derogatory use of literature.
+
+     "In the first place, then, we say that the volumes before us
+     are essentially unfair. The 'English in America' have not
+     really and truly been _such_ English as are there
+     described,--nor has their career been such as is there
+     narrated,--nor generally are the actual facts of the case
+     logically and impartially stated in these volumes. Judge
+     Haliburton colors and distorts almost every event and
+     circumstance to which he refers; and there is a coarseness
+     and rancor in the manner in which he speaks of nearly all
+     persons and parties who differ from him in opinion, which
+     has surprised and shocked us. There was no occasion whatever
+     for all this vehemence. In the first place, the facts
+     connected with the early history of the British settlements
+     in America are too well known to permit any attempt at
+     systematic and unscrupulous disparagement of the early
+     Puritan colonists to be in any important degree successful.
+     In the next place, the questions which Judge Haliburton
+     professes to consider have been for all practical purposes
+     discussed and decided long ago. In the last place, we are
+     quite sure that no writer on questions of colonial policy
+     could more effectually cut himself off from all sympathy and
+     influence than by the adoption of an excited and menacing
+     tone.
+
+     "We find in the introductory chapter to these volumes a
+     statement to the effect that one of the chief objects in
+     writing them has been to inform Englishmen that Democracy
+     did not appear for the first time in America during the War
+     of Independence; and that the peculiar form of religion that
+     prevailed at an early period in the New England States
+     exerted a very powerful influence over their politics and
+     modes of government. Surely there is nothing new in all
+     this. There is no great discovery here which required for
+     its introduction the expenditure of so much labor and
+     vehemence. We had imagined that the great orations of Burke
+     on Conciliation with America had exhausted long ago not only
+     all the facts but most of the philosophy which is contained
+     in the general view now revived by the author of 'Sam
+     Slick.' There are a sentence or two in one of the most
+     famous passages of perhaps the greatest of these orations
+     which seem to anticipate the present volumes most
+     completely. 'All Protestantism,' said Burke more than
+     seventy years ago, 'even the most cold and passive, is a
+     sort of dissent. But the religion most prevalent in our
+     northern colonies is a refinement on the principle of
+     resistance; it is the dissidence of dissent, and the
+     Protestantism of the Protestant religion. This religion,
+     under a variety of denominations, agreeing in nothing but in
+     the communication of the spirit of liberty, is predominant
+     in most of the northern provinces; where the Church of
+     England, notwithstanding its legal rights, is in reality no
+     more than a sort of private sect, not composing, most
+     probably, the tenth of the people. The colonists left
+     England when this spirit was high, and in the emigrants was
+     the highest of all; and even that stream of foreigners which
+     has been constantly flowing into these colonies has for the
+     greatest part been composed of dissenters from the
+     establishments of their several countries, and have brought
+     with them a temper and character far from alien to that of
+     the people with whom they mixed.' The speech of Burke in
+     which these sentences occur ought surely to have passed for
+     something in the estimation of Judge Haliburton before he
+     committed himself to the task of writing this book.
+
+     "We are quite sensible that as far as the mere composition
+     is concerned there is very great merit in its publication.
+     The style is vigorous and lively--and not unfrequently the
+     animation rises into eloquence. The narrative parts of the
+     volumes are in general exceedingly well written; and we must
+     not omit to say, that during those short intervals when the
+     author permits himself to lose sight of his extreme opinions
+     he rarely fails to delight the reader with a page or two
+     distinguished by acute observation and good sense.
+
+     "Still, the faults of the book are of the most serious kind.
+     It is incomplete in plan: for it is neither a regular
+     narrative, nor a treatise, nor a commentary, nor a history,
+     nor an article for a review--but something of all five. As
+     we have said, it is written in a tone highly excited and
+     partial; and it has the misfortune to appear before the
+     world as the exponent of seemingly a new, but in reality of
+     an old and familiar, doctrine, by employing examples and
+     reasonings of which very few people indeed will not be able
+     to detect at once either the sophistry or the
+     incompleteness.
+
+     "We forbear to enter into any general discussion on the
+     well-worn topics of the Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritan
+     settlements. The verdict of an impartial age has been long
+     ago pronounced on these questions: and we may well deplore
+     the unsound judgment of any writer of the deserved eminence
+     of Judge Haliburton who gratuitously brings upon himself an
+     imputation of outrageous eccentricity by attempting to
+     unsettle, on his own single authority, conclusions so well
+     and so long established....
+
+     "There is a great deal said in these volumes in
+     disparagement of the early New Englanders. They are
+     stigmatized as turbulent, schismatic, dishonest,
+     revolutionary, bigoted, cruel, and so on. These are old
+     charges, which have been several times placed in their true
+     light; and it is needless again to undertake a defence and
+     to enter into explanations which are familiar to most
+     educated persons. We are not the indiscriminate admirers of
+     the policy pursued by the first colonists of Massachusetts
+     Bay; but the course which they adopted, the communities
+     which they built up, and the form of liberty which they
+     introduced into the New World can be adequately understood
+     only when surveyed from a comprehensive and impartial point
+     of view. It is at best a shallow criticism which contents
+     itself with the discovery that the settlers were religious
+     zealots, and had no particular respect for either kings or
+     bishops.
+
+     ... "We close these volumes. We regret that the author has
+     been so ill-advised as to publish them at all. They are well
+     written, as we have said--and in some respects possess great
+     merit; but truth compels us to add, that they are very
+     unworthy of the author and of the great questions they
+     profess to elucidate and discuss."
+
+
+
+
+A FEW QUESTIONS FROM A WORN-OUT LORGNETTE.
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY A. OAKEY HALL.
+
+
+I trust I am not _now_ impertinent, however much so I may have been
+heretofore. I have seen and observed a great deal. My observations
+have engendered experiences. My experiences have some point to them.
+And altogether, I think I am entitled to ask a few questions of those
+whom I have sometimes overlooked, but now address myself to most
+immediately. I am proud to say that I never belonged to but one
+mistress. I was of too much value to be exchanged, lost, lightly
+parted with, or--I feel prouder as I say it--_sold_. Moreover, I was a
+_gage d'amour_. That fascinating Dr. ----!
+
+But though curious, I will be discreet. This sole mistress of mine
+gave me plenty to do. Many thanks to her for it, since it has given me
+an insight into much that is wonderful. I am certain she preferred
+opera to the drama. I saw more of the stage at the first, and more of
+the audience at the last. I have found much in both to puzzle me. Some
+things I have solved. As for that which remains, I had hoped to
+determine for myself, but an unlucky fall from a nail has spoiled my
+sight. I have been now two months imprisoned in an _escrutoire_.
+Others must answer my questions.
+
+In the first place, I want to know why theatres and opera houses have
+such curious odors when empty? I have often perceived this fact when
+our carriage came announced the last of all. And why are the lights
+turned out when the audience have half-way reached the front doors?
+What becomes of the bills which are left behind? Do the rag-pickers
+ever break in? Where do the musicians go to through that little door
+in the stage? And why does the kettle drummer always glance around the
+house upon entering with such an air of satisfaction? As if any one
+cared for _him_! Why does the leader always stop to take a pinch of
+snuff, while the audience are breathing in their boots and gaiters to
+catch the first note of the new opera? Why does the fat man with the
+violoncello always saw upon two strings, and leave the two in the
+middle to such a contemptuous silence and exile? Why do the
+front-bench people get up ten minutes before the performances are
+over, and rush from the house as if the floor was on fire, while the
+galleries make twice as much noise by crying "hush!" and always stay
+to hear the speech (if there is any), although they have not paid as
+much by half as they who ran away? Why does the lover, rushing upon
+the stage to the embrace of his mistress, stop half way to bow to the
+ladies in the boxes? And why doesn't the aforesaid mistress box his
+ears for his impoliteness? And why did she say, just before he came,
+"Here comes my Alonzo! Hark! I hear his step," when every door upon
+the stage was shut, and nothing was heard but the confused trampling
+behind her, which might have been the galloping of donkeys? And why
+did this same lady wait for him by the side of a rosewood table,
+covered with satin damask, and ornamented with a Wellington
+inkstand--and she dressed in a robe of shot-silk, with laces and
+feathers--while he was dressed as a valiant knight of the sixteenth
+century should be? And now I think of it, why did _Mr. Anderson_, in
+the play of "Gisippus," visit the Roman centurion in a brick house,
+entered through a mahogany door, with a brass plate upon it? Why do
+the peasantry of Europe always dress with the most expensive ribbons
+about their legs and arms when they come out to dance at the wedding,
+or to drink from pewter mugs to the health of the bride? And why do
+they stand like mutes at a funeral, whilst two people in their midst
+are plotting some horrible murder? Why do the Italian banditti wear
+such steeple-crowned hats when they creep through small holes, or
+kneel for concealment behind rocks which only cover their foreheads?
+Why do the soldiers in _Fra Diavolo_ stand and sing, "We must away,
+'tis duty calls," while they sit at a table drinking punch, and seem
+in no more hurry to go than if they were paid for drinking? Why do the
+chamois-hunters in "Amilie" continue so urgent about going to the
+mountains away, after the prey, before the dawning of the day, when it
+is evident from the very nature of things that they couldn't be spared
+for such a severe service on any contingency?
+
+Why does the lover always sing tenor in an opera? What connection is
+there between villany and a bass voice? What's the necessity of a
+_prima donna_ singing towards the ceiling when she addresses a chorus
+behind her? By what right does the head man in the chorus do all the
+gesticulating, while his fellows stand like militia-men? Who ever saw
+an excited basso bid a "minion away," without trying to throw his fist
+behind him? Why does Ernani's mistress wear such splendid diamonds,
+and not sell them to give him release from persecution? I have seen a
+sentimental young lady swear to share the poverty and disgrace of her
+lover, when she was fool enough to lay aside most precious jewels and
+dresses, which would have purchased affluence, and then robe herself
+in calico! Now, why did he permit _that_?
+
+Why do stage heroines venture out into the woods in November in white
+silk dresses? Are there never any snakes about? And why are theatrical
+forests always green in the middle of winter? What kind of
+thermometers do managers have? Why is it that three or four stout men,
+with loaded pistols, allow themselves to be beaten off the stage by a
+slim man with a small stick? In my opinion--and I don't care who hears
+it--Richard the Third (whom I understand to be a natural son of one
+Shakespeare) was a great numskull to allow Richmond to beat him with
+the two dozen lanky-looking scoundrels who come in during the last
+scene!
+
+Why do the fairies shake so convulsively when they soar through the
+air over the stage? Are stage-fairies all over the world such unequal
+highflyers? Who made gaiter-boots for Juno and her attendant
+goddesses, in the many classical plays I have witnessed? Did the
+Egyptians and Persians know how to make cotton-cloth a yard wide--I
+have measured their costumes too often behind the footlights not to
+know the exact measurement.
+
+Why do people always cough in the theatre after a severe storm of
+thunder and lightning, and hold their handkerchiefs to their noses at
+such times? Why does the moon, in every opera wherein she condescends
+to show herself, stand still for half an hour immediately over a
+chimney? What is the necessity of a man dying for love, and singing
+himself to death like a swan, when he has strength enough of body and
+mind to pick up three or four pounds of _bouquets_? And why does he
+give them up to the spasmodic lady in white muslin, whom he has been
+abusing for half an hour, and declaring, in most emphatic terms, that
+they part from that time forward for ever? What wonderful
+hair-invigorator do some actors use in order to grow themselves a fine
+pair of bushy whiskers in fifteen minutes? How is it possible for a
+noble lord to have travelled over thousands of miles, to have
+encountered unheard-of perils, in order to return and marry the
+miller's maid, and yet to preserve, through years of absence, the same
+trousers, vest, coat, and hat, in which he first won her affections?
+Mentioning hats, why does the rich landholder, in modern comedy,
+sometimes go without a hat, when all his servants talk to him with
+_their_ hats upon their heads? Is there any forcible, necessary, or
+(to put it stronger) _absolute_, connection between a queen in
+distress and large quantities of pearls strung about the hair?
+
+These are but a twentieth part of the inquiries which crowd into my
+questioning-box. I know they are disjointed,--as I soon shall be. But
+I will see what can be done for me, as things here stand, before I
+venture to again pile "whys" upon "wherefores."
+
+
+
+
+FRAGMENTS:
+
+FROM "THE STORY OF A SOUL," AN UNPUBLISHED POEM, WRITTEN FOR THE
+INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+BY H. W. PARKER.
+
+
+A TOUR DE FORCE.
+
+    I felt myself alone--alone as one
+    Who leapt in joy from starry rock to rock
+    Across creations stream, and joyed to know
+    Himself alone in starry solitudes,
+    Communing with his soul and God; and clomb
+    The heights of glory, there amazed to see
+    The wilderness of worlds, and feel the want
+    Of other hearts to share excess of bliss.
+    Alone!--it startled me with such a fear--
+    A daring fear, as only spirits can have.
+    At once I would be every where--on all
+    The peopled globes where'er myself had been;
+    My lonely being would I spread through all.
+    I thought, with the velocity of thought
+    Which disembodied souls alone may know--
+    I thought, I willed, myself in thousand places
+    In quick and successive instants, quick as one;
+    And so around again, and still around,
+    Without an interval. Soon as a flash,
+    A thousand selves were scattered o'er the deep
+    Of distant space; and, urging on my soul,
+    Around and on, with energy immortal,
+    And swifter still, at last I seemed to grow
+    Ubiquitous--a multipresence dread,
+    A loneliness enlarged, more awful yet--
+    Until, in thought's extreme rapidity,
+    The distant selves were blended into one,
+    And space was gone! The universe was lost
+    In me--in nothingness.
+                          Soon it returned
+    And stood resplendent; space again became
+    A mode of thought, as thought resumed its calm,
+    And motion ceased with will. I found myself
+    Far off in outer coasts of light....
+
+
+MEMORY.
+
+    .... The vision changed; for still
+    The cherub Fancy sports beyond the grave,
+    Led by the hand of Reason. Once again,
+    My memory rose, a painted canvas, framed
+    In golden mouldings of immortal joy.
+    But now the perfect copy of a life,
+    With all the colors glorified, began
+    To melt in slow dissolving views of truth.
+    From out the crowded scene of mortal deeds,
+    A group enraged, colossal in its shapes:
+    Self--a dead giant, hideous and deformed,
+    Lay, slain with lightning, while, upon his head,
+    Stood holy Love, her eyes upturned to Heaven,
+    Her hands extended o'er the kneeling forms
+    Of Faith and Hope....
+
+
+MUSIC.
+
+    Nor were the splendors silent all. To spirits
+    'Tis ever one to see, to hear, to feel--
+    The music of the spheres is therefore truth,
+    And, now, no more I heard the noise confused
+    Of humming stars and murmuring moons, in tones
+    Discordant; but as in the focal point
+    Of whispering rooms, so here I found at last
+    The centre where the perfect chords combine--
+    Where the full harmonies of rolling worlds
+    Are poring evermore in billowy seas
+    Of sounds, that break in thundered syllables
+    Unutterable to men. A naked soul
+    Within the central court of space, to me
+    The trill of myriad stars, the heavy boom
+    Of giant suns that slowly came and went,
+    The whistlings, sweet and far, of lesser orbs,
+    And the low thunder of more distant deeps,
+    Ever commingling, grew to eloquence
+    No mortal brain may bear. The universe
+    Had found a voice....
+
+
+HEAVEN.
+
+    "Look to thy God." I flamed at Him with will intense,
+    And soon a sea of light and love arose
+    And bathed my soul, and filled the empty space
+    With overflowing glory. All was heaven;
+    And all the joy, the splendor, I had known
+    In space, to this was but the prelude harsh
+    Of brazen instruments, before the song
+    Of some incarnate seraph, breathes and rolls
+    A flood of fulness o'er a tranced world.
+    Enough to say, whate'er we wish of scene,
+    Society, occupation, pleasure--
+    Whenever wished, is ours; and this is Heaven;
+    This is the prize of earthly self-denial.
+    Freedom, the boundless freedom of the pure--
+    This the reward of holy self-restraint.
+
+
+
+
+A STORY WITHOUT A NAME.[6]
+
+WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+
+We must now turn once more to Sir Philip Hastings as he sat in his
+lonely room in prison. Books had been allowed him, paper, pen, and
+ink, and all that could aid to pass the time; but Sir Philip had
+matter for study in his own mind, and the books had remained unopened
+for several days. Hour after hour, since his interview with Secretary
+Vernon, and day after day he had paced that room to and fro, till the
+sound of his incessant footfall was a burthen to those below. His hair
+had grown very white, the wrinkles on his brow had deepened and become
+many, and his head was bowed as if age had pressed it down. As he
+walked, his eye beneath his shaggy eyebrow was generally bent upon the
+floor, but when any accidental circumstance caused him to raise it--a
+distant sound from without, or some thought passing through his own
+mind--there was that curious gleam in it which I have mentioned when
+describing him in boyhood, but now heightened and rendered somewhat
+more wild and mysterious. At those moments the expression of his eyes
+amounted almost to fierceness, and yet there was something grand, and
+fixed, and calm about the brow which seemed to contradict the
+impatient, irritable look.
+
+At the moment I now speak of there was an open letter on the table,
+written in his daughter's hand, and after having walked up and down
+for more than one hour, he sat down as if to answer it. We must look
+over his shoulder and see what he writes, as it may in some degree
+tend to show the state of his mind, although it was never sent.
+
+"MY CHILD" (it was so he addressed the dear girl who had once been the
+joy of his heart): "The news which has been communicated to you by
+Marlow has been communicated also to me, but has given small relief.
+The world is a prison, and it is not very satisfactory to leave one
+dungeon to go into a larger.
+
+"Nevertheless, I am desirous of returning to my own house. Your mother
+is very ill, with nobody to attend upon her but yourself--at least no
+kindred. This situation does not please me. Can I be satisfied that
+she will be well and properly cared for? Will a daughter who has
+betrayed her father show more piety towards a mother? Who is there
+that man can trust?"
+
+He was going on in the same strain, and his thoughts becoming more
+excited, his language more stern and bitter every moment, when
+suddenly he paused, read over the lines he had written with a
+gleaming eye, and then bent his head, and fell into thought. No one
+can tell, no pen can describe the bitter agony of his heart at that
+moment. Had he yielded to the impulse--had he spoken ever so
+vehemently and fiercely, it would have been happier for him and for
+all. But men will see without knowing it in passing through the world,
+conventional notions which they adopt as principles. They fancy them
+original thoughts, springing from their own convictions, when in
+reality they are bents--biases given to their minds by the minds of
+other men. The result is very frequently painful, even where the
+tendency of the views received is good. Thus a shrub forced out of its
+natural direction may take a more graceful or beautiful form, but
+there is ever a danger that the flow of the sap may be stopped, or
+some of the branches injured by the process.
+
+"No," said Sir Philip Hastings, at length, with a false sense of
+dignity thus acquired, "no, it is beneath me to reproach her. Punish
+her I might, and perhaps I ought; for the deed itself is an offence to
+society and to human nature more than to me. To punish her would have
+been a duty, even if my own heart's blood had flowed at the same time,
+in those ancient days of purer laws and higher principles; but I will
+not reproach without punishing. I will be silent. I will say nothing.
+I will leave her to her own conscience," and tearing the letter he had
+commenced to atoms, he resumed his bitter walk about the room.
+
+It is a terrible and dangerous thing to go on pondering for long
+solitary hours on any one subject of deep interest. It is dangerous
+even in the open air, under the broad, ever-varying sky, with the
+birds upon the bough, and the breeze amongst the trees, and a thousand
+objects in bright nature to breathe harmonies to the human heart. It
+is dangerous in the midst of crowds and gay scenes of active life so
+to shut the spirit up with one solitary idea, which, like the fabled
+dragon's egg, is hatched into a monster by long looking at it. But
+within the walls of a prison, with nothing to divert the attention,
+with nothing to solicit or compel the mind even occasionally to seek
+some other course, with no object in external nature, with the
+companionship of no fellow being, to appeal to our senses or to awake
+our sympathies, the result is almost invariable. An innocent man--a
+man who has no one strong passion, or dark, all-absorbing subject of
+contemplation, but who seeks for and receives every mode of relief
+from the monotony of life that circumstances can afford, may endure
+perfect solitude for years and live sane, but whoever condemns a
+criminal--a man loaded with a great offence--to solitary confinement,
+condemns him to insanity--a punishment far more cruel than death or
+the rack. Hour after hour again, day after day, Sir Philip Hastings
+continued to beat the floor of the prison with untiring feet. At the
+end of the third day, however, he received formal notice that he would
+be brought into court on the following morning, that the indictment
+against him would be read, and that the attorney-general would enter a
+_nolle prosequi_. Some of these forms were perhaps unnecessary, but it
+was the object of the government at that time to make as strong an
+impression on the public mind as possible without any unnecessary
+effusion of blood.
+
+The effect upon the mind of Sir Philip Hastings, however, was not
+salutary. The presence of the judges, the crowd in the court, the act
+of standing in the prisoners' dock, even the brief speech of the
+lawyer commending the lenity and moderation of government, while he
+moved the recording of the _nolle prosequi_, all irritated and excited
+the prisoner. His irritation was shown in his own peculiar way,
+however; a smile, bitter and contemptuous curled his lip. His eye
+seemed to search out those who gazed at him most and stare them down,
+and when he was at length set at liberty, he turned away from the dock
+and walked out of the court without saying a word to any one. The
+governor of the jail followed him, asking civilly if he would not
+return to his house for a moment, take some refreshment, and arrange
+for the removal of his baggage. It seemed as if Sir Philip answered at
+all with a great effort; but in the end he replied laconically, "No, I
+will send."
+
+Two hours after he did send, and towards evening set out in a hired
+carriage for his own house. He slept a night upon the road, and the
+following day reached the Court towards evening. By that time,
+however, a strange change had come over him. Pursuing the course of
+those thoughts which I have faintly displayed, he had waged war with
+his own mind--he had struggled to banish all traces of anger and
+indignation from his thoughts--in short, fearing from the sensations
+experienced within, that he would do or say something contrary to the
+rigid rule he had imposed upon himself, he had striven to lay out a
+scheme of conduct which would guard against such a result. The end of
+this self-tutoring was satisfactory to him. He had fancied he had
+conquered himself, but he was very much mistaken. It was only the
+outer man he had subdued, but not the inner.
+
+When the carriage drew up at his own door, and Sir Philip alighted,
+Emily flew out to meet him. She threw her arms around his neck and
+kissed his cheek, and her heart beat with joy and affection.
+
+For an instant Sir Philip remained grave and stern, did not repel her,
+but did not return her embrace. The next instant, however, his whole
+manner changed. A sort of cunning double-meaning look came into his
+eyes. He smiled, which was very unusual with him, assumed a sort of
+sportiveness, which was not natural, called her "dainty Mistress
+Emily," and asked after the health of "his good wife."
+
+His coldness and his sternness might not have shocked Emily at all,
+but his apparent levity pained and struck her with terror. A cold sort
+of shudder passed over her, and unclasping her arms from his neck, she
+replied, "I grieve to say mamma is very ill, and although the news of
+your safety cheered her much, she has since made no progress, but
+rather fallen back."
+
+"Doubtless the news cheered you too very much, my sweet lady," said
+Sir Philip in an affected tone, and without waiting for reply, he
+walked on and ascended to his wife's room.
+
+Emily returned to the drawing-room and fell into one of her profound
+fits of meditation; but this time they were all sad and tending to
+sadness. There Sir Philip found her when he came down an hour after.
+She had not moved, she had not ordered lights, although the sun was
+down and the twilight somewhat murky. She did not move when he
+entered, but remained with her head leaning on her hand, and her eyes
+fixed on the table near which she sat. Sir Philip gazed at her
+gloomily, and said to himself, "Her heart smites her. Ha, ha,
+beautiful deceitful thing. Have you put the canker worm in your own
+bosom? Great crimes deserve great punishments. God of heaven! keep me
+from such thoughts. No, no, I will never avenge myself on the plea of
+avenging society. My own cause must not mingle with such
+vindications."
+
+"Emily," he said in a loud voice, which startled her suddenly from her
+reverie, "Emily, your mother is very ill."
+
+"Worse? worse?" cried Emily with a look of eager alarm; "I will fly to
+her at once. Oh, sir, send for the surgeon."
+
+"Stay," said Sir Philip, "she is no worse than when you left her,
+except insomuch as a dying person becomes much worse every minute.
+Your mother wishes much to see Mrs. Hazleton, who has not been with
+her for two days, she says. Sit down and write that lady a note asking
+her to come here to-morrow, and I will send it by a groom."
+
+Emily obeyed, though with infinite reluctance; for she had remarked
+that the visits of Mrs. Hazleton always left her mother neither
+improved in temper nor in health.
+
+The groom was dispatched, and returned with a reply from Mrs. Hazleton
+to the effect that she would be there early on the following day.
+During his absence, Sir Philip had been but little with his daughter.
+Hardly had the note been written when he retired to his own small
+room, and there remained shut up during the greater part of the
+evening. Emily quietly stole into her mother's room soon after her
+father left her, fearing not a little that Lady Hastings might have
+remarked the strange change which had come upon her husband during his
+absence. But such was not the case. She found her mother calmer and
+gentler than she had been during the last week or ten days. Her
+husband's liberation, and the certainty that all charge against him
+was at an end, had afforded her great satisfaction; and although she
+was still evidently very ill, yet she conversed cheerfully with her
+daughter for nearly an hour.
+
+"As I found you had not told your father the hopes that Mr. Marlow
+held out when he went away, I spoke to him on the subject," she said.
+"He is a strange cynic, my good husband, and seemed to care very
+little about the matter. He doubt's Marlow's success too, I think, but
+all that he said was, that if it pleased me, that was enough for him.
+Mrs. Hazleton will be delighted to hear the news."
+
+Emily doubted the fact, but she did not express her doubt, merely
+telling her mother she had written to Mrs. Hazleton, and that the
+servant had been sent with the note.
+
+"She has not been over for two days," said Lady Hastings. "I cannot
+think what has kept her away."
+
+"Some accidental circumstance, I dare say," said Emily, "but there can
+be no doubt she will be here to-morrow early."
+
+They neither of them knew that on the preceding night but one Mrs.
+Hazleton had received a visit from John Ayliffe, which,
+notwithstanding all her self-command and assumed indifference, had
+disturbed her greatly.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton nevertheless was, as Emily anticipated, very early at
+the house of Sir Philip Hastings. She first made a point of seeing
+that gentleman himself; and though her manner was, as usual, calm and
+lady-like, yet every word and every look expressed the greatest
+satisfaction at seeing him once more in his home and at liberty. To
+Emily also she was all tenderness and sweetness; but Emily, on her
+part, shrunk from her with a feeling of dread and suspicion that she
+could not repress, and hardly could conceal. She had not indeed read
+any of the papers which Marlow had left with her, for he had not told
+her to read them; but he had directed her thoughts aright, and had led
+her to conclusions in regard to Mrs. Hazleton which were very painful,
+but no less just.
+
+That lady remarked a change in Emily's manner--she had seen something
+of it before;--but it now struck her more forcibly, and though she
+took no notice of it whatever, it was not a thing to be forgotten or
+forgiven; for to those who are engaged in doing ill there cannot be a
+greater offence than to be suspected, and Mrs. Hazleton was convinced
+that Emily did suspect her.
+
+After a brief interview with father and daughter, their fair guest
+glided quietly up to the room of Lady Hastings, and seated herself by
+her bed-side. She took the sick lady's hand in hers--that white,
+emaciated hand, once so beautiful and rosy-tipped, and said how
+delighted she was to see her looking a great deal better.
+
+"Do you think so really?" said Lady Hastings; "I feel dreadfully weak
+and exhausted, dear Mrs. Hazleton, and sometimes think I shall never
+recover."
+
+"Oh don't say so," replied Mrs. Hazleton; "your husband's return has
+evidently done you great good: the chief part of your malady has been
+mental. Anxiety of mind is often the cause of severe sickness, which
+passes away as soon as it is removed. One great source of uneasiness
+is now gone, and the only other that remains--I mean this unfortunate
+engagement of dear Emily to Mr. Marlow--may doubtless, with a little
+firmness and decision upon your part, be remedied also."
+
+Mrs. Hazleton was very skillful in forcing the subject with which she
+wished to deal, into a conversation to which it had no reference; and
+having thus introduced the topic on which she loved to dwell, she went
+on to handle it with her usual skill, suggesting every thing that
+could irritate the invalid against Marlow, and render the idea of his
+marriage with Emily obnoxious in her eyes.
+
+Even when Lady Hastings, moved by some feelings of gratitude and
+satisfaction by the intelligence of Marlow's efforts to recover her
+husband's property, communicated the hopes she entertained to her
+visitor, Mrs. Hazleton contrived to turn the very expectations to
+Marlow's disadvantage, saying, "If such should indeed be the result,
+this engagement will be still more unfortunate. With such vast
+property as dear Emily will then possess, with her beauty, with her
+accomplishments, with her graces, the hand of a prince would be hardly
+too much to expect for her; and to see her throw herself away upon a
+mere country gentleman--a Mr. Marlow--all very well in his way, but a
+nobody, is indeed sad; and I would certainly prevent it, if I were
+you, while I had power."
+
+"But how can I prevent it?" asked Lady Hastings; "my husband and Emily
+are both resolute in such things. I have no power, dear Mrs.
+Hastings."
+
+"You are mistaken, my sweet friend," replied her companion; "the power
+will indeed soon go from you if these hopes which have been held out
+do not prove fallacious. You are mistress of this house--of this very
+fine property. If I understand rightly, neither your husband nor your
+daughter have at present any thing but what they derive from you. This
+position may soon be altered if your husband be reinstated in the
+Hastings estates."
+
+"But you would not, Mrs. Hazleton, surely you would not have me use
+such power ungenerously?" said Lady Hastings.
+
+Mrs. Hazleton saw that she had gone a little too far--or rather
+perhaps that she had suggested that which was repugnant to the
+character of her hearer's mind; for in regard to money matters no one
+was ever more generous or careless of self than Lady Hastings. What
+was her's was her husband's and her child's--she knew no
+difference--she made no distinction.
+
+It took Mrs. Hazleton some time to undo what she had done, but she
+found the means at length. She touched the weak point, the failing of
+character. A little stratagem, a slight device to win her own way by
+an indirect method, was quite within the limits of Lady Hastings'
+principles; and after dwelling some time upon a recapitulation of all
+the objections against the marriage with Marlow, which could suggest
+themselves to an ambitious mind, she quietly and in an easy suggestive
+tone, sketched out a plan, which both to herself and her hearer,
+seemed certain of success.
+
+Lady Hastings caught at the plan eagerly, and determined to follow it
+in all the details, which will be seen hereafter.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+"I feel very ill indeed this morning," said Lady Hastings, addressing
+her maid about eleven o'clock. "I feel as if I were dying. Call my
+husband and my daughter to me."
+
+"Lord, my lady," said the maid, "had I not better send for the doctor
+too? You do not look as if you were dying at all. You look a good deal
+better, I think, my lady."
+
+"Do I?" said Lady Hastings in a hesitating tone. But she did not want
+the doctor to be sent for immediately, and repeated her order to call
+her husband and her daughter.
+
+Emily was with her in an instant, but Sir Philip Hastings was some
+where absent in the grounds, and nearly half an hour elapsed before he
+was found. When he entered he gazed in his wife's face with some
+surprise--more surprise indeed than alarm; for he knew that she was
+nervous and hypondriacal, and as the maid had said, she did not look
+as if she were dying at all. There was no sharpening of the
+features--no falling in of the temples--none of that pale ashy color,
+or rather that leaden grayness, which precedes dissolution. He sat
+down, however, by her bed-side, gazing at her with an inquiring look,
+while Emily stood on the other side of the bed, and the maid at the
+end; and after speaking a few kind but somewhat rambling words, he was
+sending for some restoratives, saying "I think, my dear, you alarm
+yourself without cause."
+
+"I do not indeed, Philip," replied Lady Hastings. "I am sure I shall
+die, and that before very long--but do not send for any thing. I would
+rather not take it. It will do me more good a great deal to speak what
+I have upon my mind--what is weighing me down--what is killing me."
+
+"I am sorry to hear there is any thing," said Sir Philip, whose
+thoughts, intensely busy with other things, were not yet fully
+recalled to the scene before him.
+
+"Oh, Philip, how can you say so?" said Lady Hastings, "when you know
+there is. You need not go," she continued, speaking to the maid, who
+was drawing back as if to quit the room, "I wish to speak to my
+husband and my daughter before some one who will remember what I say."
+
+Sir Philip however quietly rose, opened the door, and motioned to the
+girl to quit the room, for such public exhibitions were quite contrary
+to his notions of domestic economy. "Now, my dear," he said, "what is
+it you wish to tell me? If there be any thing that you wish done, I
+will do it if it is in my power."
+
+"It is in your power, Philip," replied Lady Hastings; "you know and
+Emily knows quite well that her engagement to Mr. Marlow was against
+my consent, and I must say the greatest shock I ever received in my
+life. I have never been well since, and every day I see more and more
+reason to object. It is in the power of either of you, or both, to
+relieve my mind in this respect--to break off this unhappy engagement,
+and at least to let me die in peace, with the thought that my daughter
+has not cast herself away. It is in your power, Philip, to--"
+
+"Stay a moment," said her husband, "it is not in my power."
+
+"Why, are you not her father?" asked Lady Hastings, interrupting him.
+"Are you not her lawful guardian? Have you not the disposal of her
+hand?"
+
+"It is not in my power," repeated Sir Philip coldly, "to break my
+plighted word, to violate my honor, or to live under a load of shame
+and dishonor."
+
+"Why in such a matter as this," said Lady Hastings, "there is no such
+disgrace. You can very well say you have thought better of it."
+
+"In which case I should tell a lie," said Sir Philip dryly.
+
+"It is a thing done every day," argued Lady Hastings.
+
+"I am not a man to do any thing because there are others who do it
+every day," answered her husband. "Men lie, and cheat, and swindle,
+and steal, and betray their friends, and relations, and parents, but I
+can find no reason therein for doing the same. It is not in my power,
+I repeat. I cannot be a scoundrel, whatever other men may be, and
+violate my plighted word, or withdraw from my most solemn engagements.
+Moreover, when Marlow heard of the misfortunes which have befallen us,
+and learned that Emily would not have one-fourth part of that which
+she had at one time a right to expect, he showed no inclination to
+withdraw from his word, even when there was a good excuse, and I will
+never withdraw from mine, so help me God."
+
+Thus speaking he turned his eyes towards the ground again and fell
+into a deep reverie.
+
+While this conversation had been passing, Emily had sunk upon her
+knees, trembling in every limb, and hid her face in the coverings of
+the bed. To her, Lady Hastings now turned. Whether it was that remorse
+and some degree of shame affected her, when she saw the terrible
+agitation of her child, I cannot tell, but she paused for a moment as
+if in hesitation.
+
+She spoke at length, saying "Emily, my child, to you I must appeal, as
+your father is so obdurate."
+
+Emily made no answer, however, but remained weeping, and Lady Hastings
+becoming somewhat irritated, went on in a sharper tone. "What! will
+not my own child listen to the voice of a dying mother?" she asked
+rather petulantly than sorrowfully, although she tried hard to make
+her tone gravely reproachful; "will she not pay any attention to her
+mother's last request?
+
+"Oh, my mother," answered Emily, raising her head, and speaking more
+vehemently than was customary with her, "ask me any thing that is
+just; ask me any thing that is reasonable; but do not ask me to do
+what is wrong and what is unjust. I have made a promise--do not ask me
+to break it. There is no circumstance changed which could give even an
+excuse for such a breach of faith. Marlow has only shown himself more
+true, more faithful, more sincere. Should I be more false, more
+faithless, more ungenerous than he thought me? Oh no! it is
+impossible--quite impossible," and she hid her streaming eyes in the
+bed-clothes again, clasping her hands tightly together over her
+forehead.
+
+Her father, with his arms crossed upon his chest, had kept his eyes
+fixed upon her while she spoke with a look of doubt and inquiry. Well
+might he doubt--well might he doubt his own suspicions. There was a
+truth, a candor, a straightforwardness, in that glowing face which
+gave the contradiction, plain and clear, to every foul, dishonest
+charge which had been fabricated against his child. It was impossible
+in fact that she could have so spoken and so looked, unless she had so
+felt. The best actress that ever lived could not have performed that
+part. There would have been something too much or too little,
+something approaching the exaggerated or the tame. With Emily there
+was nothing. What she said seemed but the sudden outburst of her
+heart, pressed for a reply; and as soon as it was spoken she sunk down
+again in silence, weeping bitterly under the conflict of two strong
+but equally amiable feelings.
+
+For a moment the sight seemed to rouse Sir Philip Hastings. "She
+should not, if she would," he said; "voluntarily, and knowing what she
+did, she consented to the promise I have made, and she neither can nor
+shall retract. To Marlow, indeed, I may have a few words to say, and
+he shall once more have the opportunity of acting as he pleases; but
+Emily is bound as well as myself, and by that bond we must abide."
+
+"What have you to say to Marlow?" asked Lady Hastings in a tone of
+commonplace curiosity, which did not at all indicate a sense of that
+terrible situation in which she assumed she was placed.
+
+"That matters not," answered Sir Philip. "It will rest between him and
+me at his return. How he may act I know not--what he may think I know
+not; but he shall be a partaker of my thoughts and the master of his
+own actions. Do not let us pursue this painful subject further. If you
+feel yourself ill, my love, let us send for further medical help. I do
+hope and believe that you are not so ill as you imagine; but if you
+are so there is more need that the physician should be here, and that
+we should quit topics too painful for discussion, where discussion is
+altogether useless."
+
+"Well, then, mark me," said Lady Hastings with an air of assumed
+melancholy dignity, which being quite unnatural to her, bordered
+somewhat on the burlesque; "mark me, Philip--mark me, Emily! your
+wife, your mother, makes it her last dying request--her last dying
+injunction, that you break off this marriage. You may or you may not
+give me the consolation on this sick bed of knowing that my request
+will be complied with; but I do not think that either of you will be
+careless, will be remorseless enough to carry out this engagement
+after I am gone. I will not threaten, Emily--I will not even attempt
+to take away from you the wealth for which this young man doubtless
+seeks you--I will not attempt to deter you by bequeathing you my curse
+if you do not comply with my injunctions; but I tell you, if you do
+not make me this promise before I die, you have embittered your
+mother's last moments, and--"
+
+"Oh, forbear, forbear," cried Emily, starting up. "For God's sake,
+dear mother, forbear," and clasping her hands wildly over her eyes,
+she rushed frantically out of the room.
+
+Sir Philip Hastings remained for nearly half an hour longer, and then
+descended the stairs and passed through the drawing-room. Emily was
+seated there with her handkerchief upon her eyes, and her whole frame
+heaving from the agonized sobs which rose from her bosom. Sir Philip
+paused and gazed at her for a moment or two, but Emily did not say a
+word, and seemed indeed totally unconscious of his presence. Some
+movements of compassion, some feeling of sympathy, some doubts of his
+preconceptions might pass through the bosom of Sir Philip Hastings;
+but the dark seeds of suspicion had been sown in his bosom--had
+germinated, grown up, and strengthened--had received confirmation
+strong and strange, and he murmured to himself as he stood and gazed
+at her, "Is it anger or sorrow? Is it passion or pain? All this is
+strange enough. I do not understand it. Her resolution is taken, and
+taken rightly. Why should she grieve? Why should she be thus moved,
+when she knows she is doing that which is just, and honest, and
+faithful?"
+
+He measured a cloud by an ell wand. He gauged her heart, her
+sensibilities, her mind, by the rigid metre of his own, and he found
+that the one could not comprehend the other. Turning hastily away
+after he had finished his contemplation, without proffering one word
+of consolation or support, he walked away into his library, and
+ringing a bell, ordered his horse to be saddled directly. While that
+was being done, he wrote a hasty note to Mr. Short, the surgeon, and
+when the horse was brought round gave it to a groom to deliver. Then
+mounting on horseback, he rode away at a quick pace, without having
+taken any further notice of his daughter.
+
+Emily remained for about half an hour after his departure, exactly in
+the same position in which he had left her. She noticed nothing that
+was passing around her; she heard not a horse stop at the door; and
+when her own maid entered the room and said,--"Doctor Short has come,
+ma'am, and is with my lady. Sir Philip sent Peter for him; but Peter
+luckily met him just down beyond the park gates;" Emily hardly seemed
+to hear her.
+
+A few minutes after, Mr. Short descended quietly from the room of Lady
+Hastings, and looked into the drawing-room as he passed. Seeing the
+beautiful girl seated there in that attitude of despondency, he
+approached her quietly, saying, "Do not, my dear mistress Emily,
+suffer yourself to be alarmed without cause. I see no reason for the
+least apprehension. My good lady, your mother is nervous and excited,
+but there are no very dangerous symptoms about her--certainly none
+that should cause immediate alarm; and I think upon the whole, that
+the disease is more mental than corporeal."
+
+Emily had raised her eyes when he had just begun to speak, and she
+shook her head mournfully at his last, words, saying, "I can do
+nothing to remedy it, Mr. Short--I would at any personal sacrifice,
+but this involves more--I can do nothing."
+
+"But I have done my best," said Mr. Short with a kindly smile; for he
+was an old and confidential friend of the whole family, and upon Emily
+herself had attended from her childhood, during all the little
+sicknesses of early life. "I asked your excellent mother what had so
+much excited her, and she told me all that has passed this morning. I
+think, my dear young lady, I have quieted her a good deal."
+
+"How? how?" exclaimed Emily eagerly. "Oh tell me how, Mr. Short, and I
+will bless you!"
+
+The good old surgeon seated himself beside her and took her hand in
+his. "I have only time to speak two words," he said, "but I think they
+will give you comfort. Your mother explained to me that there had been
+a little discussion this morning when she thought herself
+dying--though that was all nonsense--and it must have been very
+painful to you, my dear Mistress Emily. She told me what it was about
+too, and seemed half sorry already for what she had said. So, as I
+guessed how matters went--for I know that the dear lady is fond of
+titles and rank, and all that, and saw she had a great deal mistaken
+Mr. Marlow's position--I just ventured to tell her that he is the heir
+of the old Earl of Launceston--that is to say, if the Earl does not
+marry again, and he is seventy-three, with a wife still living. She
+had never heard any thing about it, and it seemed to comfort her
+amazingly. Nevertheless she is in a sad nervous state, and somewhat
+weak. I do not altogether like that cough she has either; and so, my
+dear young lady, I will send her over a draught to-night, of which you
+must give her a tablespoonful every three hours. Give it to her with
+your own hands; for it is rather strong, and servants are apt to make
+mistakes. But I think if you go to her now, you will find her in a
+very different humor from that which she was in this morning. Good
+bye, good bye. Don't be cast down, Mistress Emily. All will go well
+yet."
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+From the house of Sir Philip Hastings Mr. Short rode quickly on to the
+cottage of Mistress Best, which he had visited once before in the
+morning. The case of John Ayliffe, however, was becoming more and more
+urgent every moment, and at each visit the surgeon saw a change in the
+countenance of the young man which indicated that a greater change
+still was coming. He had had a choice of evils to deal with; for
+during the first day after the accident there had been so much fever
+that he had feared to give any thing to sustain the young man's
+strength. But long indulgence in stimulating liquors had had its usual
+effect in weakening the powers of the constitution, and rendering it
+liable to give way suddenly even where the corporeal powers seemed at
+their height. Wine had become to John Ayliffe what water is to most
+men, and he could not bear up without it. Exhaustion had succeeded
+rapidly to the temporary excitement of fever, and mortification had
+begun to show itself on the injured limb. Wine had become necessary,
+and it was administered in frequent and large doses; but as a
+stimulant it had lost its effect upon the unhappy young man, and when
+the surgeon returned to the cottage on this occasion, he saw not only
+that all hope was at an end, but that the end could not be very far
+distant.
+
+Good Mr. Dixwell was seated by John Ayliffe's side, and looked up to
+the surgeon with an anxious eye. Mr. Short felt his patient's pulse
+with a very grave face. It was rapid, but exceedingly feeble--went on
+for twenty or thirty beats as fast as it could go--then stopped
+altogether for an instant or two, and then began to beat again as
+quickly as before.
+
+Mr. Short poured out a tumbler full of port wine, raised John Ayliffe
+a little, and made him drink it down. After a few minutes he felt his
+pulse again, and found it somewhat stronger. The sick man looked
+earnestly in his face as if he wished to ask some question; but he
+remained silent for several minutes.
+
+At length he said, "Tell me the truth, Short. Am not I dying?"
+
+The surgeon hesitated, but Mr. Dixwell raised his eyes, saying, "Tell
+him the truth, tell him the truth, my good friend. He is better
+prepared to bear it than he was yesterday."
+
+"I fear you are sinking, Sir John," said the surgeon.
+
+"I do not feel so much pain in my leg," said the young man.
+
+"That is because mortification has set in," replied Mr. Short.
+
+"Then there is no hope," said John Ayliffe.
+
+The surgeon was silent; and after a moment John Ayliffe said, "God's
+will be done."
+
+Mr. Dixwell pressed his hand kindly with tears in his eyes; for they
+were the Christian words he had longed to hear, but hardly hoped for.
+
+There was a long and somewhat sad pause, and then the dying man once
+more turned his look upon the surgeon, asking, "How long do you think
+it will be?"
+
+"Three or four hours," replied Mr. Short. "By stimulants, as long as
+you can take them, it may be protracted a little longer, but not
+much."
+
+"Every moment is of consequence," said the clergyman. "There is much
+preparation still needful--much to be acknowledged and repented
+of--much to be atoned for. What can be done, my good friend to
+protract the time?"
+
+"Give small quantities of wine very frequently," answered the surgeon,
+"and perhaps some aqua vitae--but very little--very little, or you may
+hurry the catastrophe."
+
+"Well, well," said John Ayliffe, "you can come again, but perhaps by
+that time I shall be gone. You will find money enough in my pockets,
+Short, to pay your bill--there is plenty there, and mind you send the
+rest to my mother."
+
+The surgeon stared, and said to himself, "he is wandering;" but John
+Ayliffe immediately added, "Don't let that rascal Shanks have it, but
+send it to my mother;" and saying "Very well, Sir John," he took his
+leave and departed.
+
+"And now, my dear young friend," said Mr. Dixwell, the moment the
+surgeon was gone, "there is no time to be lost. You have the power of
+making full atonement for the great offence you have committed to one
+of your fellow creatures. If you sincerely repent, as I trust you do,
+Christ has made atonement for your offences towards God. But you must
+show your penitence by letting your last acts in this life be just and
+right. Let me go to Sir Philip Hastings."
+
+"I would rather see his daughter, or his wife," said John Ayliffe: "he
+is so stern, and hard, and gloomy. He will never speak comfort or
+forgiveness."
+
+"You are mistaken--I can assure you, you are mistaken," answered the
+clergyman. "I will take upon me to promise that he shall not say one
+hard word, and grant you full forgiveness."
+
+"Well, well," said the young man, "if it must be he, so be it--but
+mind to have pen and ink to write it all down--that pen won't write.
+You know you tried it this morning."
+
+"I will bring one with me," said Mr. Dixwell, rising eager to be gone
+on his good errand; but John Ayliffe stopped him, saying, "Stay,
+stay--remember you are not to tell him any thing about it till he is
+quite away from his own house. I don't choose to have all the people
+talking of it, and perhaps coming down to stare at me."
+
+Mr. Dixwell was willing to make any terms in order to have what he
+wished accomplished, and giving Mrs. Best directions to let the
+patient have some port wine every half hour, he hurried away to the
+Court.
+
+On inquiring for Sir Philip, the servant said that his master had
+ridden out.
+
+"Do you know where he is gone, and how long he will be absent?" asked
+Mr. Dixwell.
+
+"He is gone, I believe, to call at Doctor Juke's, to consult about my
+lady," replied the man; "and as that is hard upon twenty miles, he
+can't be back for two or three hours."
+
+"That is most unfortunate," exclaimed the clergyman. "Is your lady
+up?"
+
+The servant replied in the negative, adding the information that she
+was very ill.
+
+"Then I must see Mistress Emily," said Mr. Dixwell, walking into the
+house. "Call her to me as quickly as you can."
+
+The man obeyed, and Emily was with the clergyman in a few moments,
+while the servant remained in the hall looking out through the open
+door.
+
+After remaining in conversation with Mr. Dixwell for a few minutes,
+Emily hurried back to her room, and came down again dressed for
+walking. She and Mr. Dixwell went out together, and the servant saw
+them take their way down the road in the direction of Jenny Best's
+cottage: but when they had gone a couple of hundred yards, the
+clergyman turned off towards his own house, walking at a very quick
+pace, while Emily proceeded slowly on her way.
+
+When at a short distance from the cottage, the beautiful girl stopped,
+and waited till she was rejoined by Mr. Dixwell, who came up very
+soon, out of breath at the quickness of his pace. "I have ordered the
+wine down directly," he said, "and I trust we shall be able to keep
+him up till he has told his story his own way. Now, my dear young
+lady, follow me;" and walking on he entered the cottage.
+
+Emily was a good deal agitated. Every memory connected with John
+Ayliffe was painful to her. It seemed as if nothing but misfortune,
+sorrow, and anxiety, had attended her ever since she first saw him,
+and all connected themselves more or less with him. The strange sort
+of mysterious feeling of sympathy which she had experienced when first
+she beheld him, and which had seemed explained to her when she learned
+their near relationship, had given place day by day to stronger and
+stronger personal dislike, and she could not now even come to visit
+him on his death-bed with the clergyman without feeling a mixture of
+repugnance and dread which she struggled with not very successfully.
+
+They passed, however, through the outer into the inner room where
+Mistress Best was sitting with the dying man, reading to him the New
+Testament. But as soon as Mr. Dixwell, who had led the way, entered,
+the good woman stopped, and John Ayliffe turned his head faintly
+towards the door.
+
+"Ah, this is very kind of you," he said when he saw Emily, "I can tell
+you all better than any one else."
+
+"Sir Philip is absent," said Mr. Dixwell, "and will not be home for
+several hours."
+
+"Hours!" repeated John Ayliffe. "My time is reduced to minutes!"
+
+Emily approached quietly, and Mrs. Best quitted the room and shut the
+door. Mr. Dixwell drew the table nearer to the bed, spread some
+writing paper which he had brought with him upon it, and dipped a pen
+in the ink, as a hint that no time was to be lost in proceeding.
+
+"Well, well," said John Ayliffe with a sigh, "I won't delay, though it
+is very hard to have to tell such a story. Mistress Emily, I have done
+you and your family great wrong and great harm, and I am very, very
+sorry for it, especially for what I have done against you."
+
+"Then I forgive you from all my heart," cried Emily, who had been
+inexpressibly shocked at the terrible change which the young man's
+appearance presented. She had never seen death, nor was aware of the
+terrible shadow which the dark banner of the great Conqueror often
+casts before it.
+
+"Thank you, thank you," replied John Ayliffe; "but you must not
+suppose, Mistress Emily, that all the evil I have done was out of my
+own head. Others prompted me to a great deal; although I was ready
+enough to follow their guidance, I must confess. The two principal
+persons were Shanks the lawyer, and Mrs. Hazleton--Oh, that woman is,
+I believe, the devil incarnate."
+
+"Hush, hush," said Mr. Dixwell, "I cannot put such words as those
+down, nor should you speak them. You had better begin in order too,
+and tell all from the commencement, but calmly and in a Christian
+spirit, remembering that this is your own confession, and not an
+accusation of others."
+
+"Well, I will try," said the young man faintly, lifting his hand from
+the bed-clothes, as if to put it to his head in the act of thought.
+But he was too weak, and he fell back again, and fixing his eyes on a
+spot in the wall opposite the foot of the bed, he continued in a sort
+of dreamy commemorative way as follows: "I loved you--yes, I loved you
+very much--I feel it now more than ever--I loved you more than you
+ever knew--more than I myself knew then. (Emily bent her head and hid
+her eyes with her hands.) It was not," he proceeded to say, "that you
+were more beautiful than any of the rest--although that was true
+too--but there was somehow a look about you, an air when you moved, a
+manner when you spoke, that made it seem as if you were of a different
+race from the rest--something higher, brighter, better, and as if your
+nobler nature shone out like a gleam on all you did--I cannot help
+thinking that if you could have loved me in return, mine would have
+been a different fate, a different end, a different and brighter hope
+even now--"
+
+"You are wandering from the subject, my friend," said Mr. Dixwell.
+"Time is short."
+
+"I am not altogether wandering," said John Ayliffe, "but I feel faint.
+Give me some more wine." When he had got it, he continued thus: "I
+found you could not love me--I said in my heart that you would not
+love me; and my love turned into hate--at least I thought so--and I
+determined you should rue the day that you had refused me. Long before
+that, however, Shanks the lawyer had put it into my head that I could
+take your father's property and title from him, and I resolved some
+day to try, little knowing all that it would lead me into step by
+step. I had heard my mother say a hundred times that she had been as
+good as married to your uncle who was drowned, and that if right had
+been done I ought to have had the property. So I set to work with
+Shanks to see what could be done. Sometimes he led, sometimes I led;
+for he was a coward, and wanted to do all by cunning, and I was bold
+enough, and thought every thing was to be done by daring. We had both
+of us got dipped so deep in there was no going back. I tore one leaf
+out of the parish register myself, to make it seem that your
+grandfather had caused the record of my mother's marriage to be
+destroyed--but that was no marriage at all--they never were
+married--and that's the truth. I did a great number of other very evil
+things, and then suddenly Mrs. Hazleton came in to help us; and
+whenever there was any thing particularly shrewd and keen to be
+devised, especially if there was a spice of malice in it towards Sir
+Philip or yourself, Mrs. Hazleton planned it for us--not telling us
+exactly to do this thing or that, but asking if it could not be done,
+or if it would be very wrong to do it. But I'll tell you them all in
+order--all that we did."
+
+He went on to relate a great many particulars with which the reader is
+already acquainted. He told the whole villainous schemes which had
+been concocted between himself, the attorney, and Mrs. Hazleton, and
+which had been in part, or as a whole, executed to the ruin of Sir
+Philip Hastings' fortune and peace. The good clergyman took down his
+words with a rapid hand, as he spoke, though it was somewhat
+difficult; for the voice became more and more faint and low.
+
+"There is no use in trying now," said John Ayliffe in conclusion,
+"when I am going before God who has seen and known it all. There is no
+use in trying to conceal any thing. I was as ready to do evil as they
+were to prompt me, and I did it with a willing heart, though sometimes
+I was a little frightened at what I was doing, especially in the night
+when I could not sleep. I am sorry enough for it now--I repent from my
+whole heart; and now tell me--tell me, can you forgive me?"
+
+"As far as I am concerned, I forgive you entirely," said Emily, with
+the tears in her eyes, "and I trust that your repentance will be fully
+accepted. As to my father, I am sure that he will forgive you also,
+and I think I may take upon myself to say, that he will either come or
+send to you this night to express his forgiveness."
+
+"No, no, no," said the young man with a great effort. "He must not
+come--he must not send. I have made the atonement that he (pointing to
+Mr. Dixwell) required, and I have but one favor to ask. Pray, pray
+grant it to me. It is but this. That you will not tell any one of this
+confession so long as I am still living. He has got it all down. It
+can't be needed for a few hours, and in a few, a very few, I shall be
+gone. Mr. Dixwell will tell you when it is all over. Then tell what
+you like; but I would rather not die with more shame upon my head if I
+can help it."
+
+The good clergyman was about to reason with him upon the differences
+between healthful shame, and real shame, and false shame, but Emily
+gently interposed, saying, "It does not matter, my dear sir; a few
+hours can make no difference."
+
+Then rising, she once more repeated the words of forgiveness, and
+added, "I will now go and pray for you, my poor cousin--I will pray
+that your repentance may be sincere and true--that it may be accepted
+for Christ's sake, and that God may comfort you and support you even
+at the very last."
+
+Mr. Dixwell rose too, and telling John Ayliffe that he would return in
+a few minutes, accompanied Emily back towards her house. They parted,
+however, at the gates of the garden; and while Emily threaded her way
+through innumerable gravelled walks, the clergyman went back to the
+cottage, and once more resumed his place by the side of the dying man.
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+Sir Philip Hastings returned to his own house earlier than had been
+expected, bringing with him the physician he had gone to seek, and
+whom--contrary to the ordinary course of events--he had found at once.
+They both went up to Lady Hastings's room where the physician,
+according to the usual practice of medical men in consultation,
+approved of all that his predecessor had done, yet ordered some
+insignificant changes in the medicines in order to prove that he had
+not come there for nothing. He took the same view of the case that Mr.
+Short had taken, declaring that there was no immediate danger; but at
+the same time he inquired particularly how that lady rested in the
+night, whether she started in her sleep, was long watchful, and
+whether she breathed freely during slumber.
+
+The maid's account was not very distinct in regard to several of these
+points; but she acknowledged that it was her young lady who usually
+sat up with Lady Hastings till three or four o'clock in the morning.
+
+Sir Philip immediately directed Emily to be summoned, but the maid
+informed him she had gone out about an hour and a half before, and had
+not then returned.
+
+When the physician took his leave and departed, Sir Philip summoned
+the butler to his presence, and inquired, with an eager yet gloomy
+tone, if he knew where Mistress Emily had gone.
+
+"I really do not, Sir Philip," replied the man. "She went out with Mr.
+Dixwell, but they parted a little way down the road, and my young lady
+went on as if she were going to farmer Wallop's or Jenny Best's."
+
+At the latter name Sir Philip started as if a serpent had stung him,
+and he waved to the man to quit the room. As soon as he was alone he
+commenced pacing up and down in more agitation than he usually
+displayed, and once or twice words broke from him which gave some
+indications of what was passing in his mind.
+
+"Too clear, too clear," he said, and then after a pause exclaimed,
+holding up his hands; "so young, and so deceitful! Marlow must be told
+of this, and then must act as he thinks fit--it were better she were
+dead--far better! What is the cold, dull corruption of the grave, the
+mere rotting of the flesh, and the mouldering of the bones, to this
+corruption of the spirit, this foul dissolution of the whole moral
+nature?"
+
+He then began to pace up and down more vehemently than before, fixing
+his eyes upon the ground, and seeming to think profoundly, with a
+quivering lip and knitted brow. "Hard, hard task for a father," he
+said--"God of heaven that I should ever dream of such a thing!--yet it
+might be a duty. What can Marlow be doing during this long unexplained
+absence? France--can he have discovered all this and quitted her,
+seeking, in charity, to make the breach as little painful as possible?
+Perhaps, after all," he continued, after a few moments' thought, "the
+man may have been mistaken when he told me that he believed that this
+young scoundrel was lying ill of a fall at this woman's cottage; yet
+at the best it was bad enough to quit a sick mother's bed-side for
+long hours, when I too was absent. Can she have done it to show her
+spleen at this foolish opposition to her marriage?"
+
+There is no character so difficult to deal with--there is none which
+is such a constant hell to its possessor--as that of a moody man. Sir
+Philip had been moody, as I have endeavored to show, from his very
+earliest years; but all the evils of that sort of disposition had
+increased upon him rapidly during the latter part of his life.
+Unaware, like all the rest of mankind, of the faults of his own
+character, he had rather encouraged than struggled against its many
+great defects. Because he was stern and harsh, he fancied himself
+just, and forgot that it is not enough for justice to judge rightly of
+that which is placed clearly and truly before it, and did not
+remember, or at all events apply the principle, that an accurate
+search for truth, and an unprejudiced suspension of opinion till truth
+has been obtained, are necessary steps to justice. Suspicion--always a
+part and parcel of the character of the moody man--had of late years
+obtained a strong hold upon him, and unfortunately it had so happened
+that event after event had occurred to turn his suspicion against his
+own guiltless child. The very lights and shades of her character,
+which he could in no degree comprehend, from his own nature being
+destitute of all such impulsiveness, had not only puzzled him, but
+laid the foundation of doubts. Then the little incident which I have
+related in a preceding part of this work, regarding the Italian
+singing-master--Emily's resolute but unexplained determination to take
+no more lessons from that man, had set his moody mind to ponder and to
+doubt still more. The too successful schemes and suggestions of Mrs.
+Hazleton had given point and vigor to his suspicions, and the betrayal
+of his private conversation to the government had seemed a climax to
+the whole, so that he almost believed his fair sweet child a fiend
+concealed beneath the form of an angel.
+
+It was in vain that he asked himself, What could be her motives? He
+had an answer ready, that her motives had always been a mystery to
+him, even in her lightest acts. "There are some people," he thought,
+"who act without motives--in whom the devil himself seems to have
+implanted an impulse to do evil without any cause or object, for the
+mere pleasure of doing wrong."
+
+On the present occasion he had accidentally heard from the farmer, who
+was the next neighbor of Jenny Best, that he was quite certain Sir
+John Hastings, as he called him, was lying ill from a fall at that
+good woman's cottage. His horse had been found at a great distance on
+a wild common, with the bridle broken, and every appearance of having
+fallen over in rearing. Blood and other marks of an accident had been
+discovered on the road. Mr. Short, the surgeon, was seen to pay
+several visits every day to the old woman's house, and yet maintained
+the most profound secrecy in regard to his patient. The farmer argued
+that the surgeon would not be so attentive unless that patient was a
+person of some importance, and it was clear he was not one of Jenny
+Best's own family, for every member of it had been well and active
+after the surgeon's visits had been commenced.
+
+All these considerations, together with the absence of John Ayliffe
+from his residence, had led the good farmer to a right conclusion, and
+he had stated the fact broadly to Sir Philip Hastings.
+
+Sir Philip, on his part, had made no particular inquiries, for the
+very name of John Ayliffe was hateful to him; but when he heard that
+his daughter had gone forth alone to that very cottage, and had
+remained there for a considerable time in the same place with the man
+whom he abhorred, and remembered that the tale which had been boldly
+put forth of her having visited him in secret, the very blood, as it
+flowed through his heart, seemed turned into fire, and his brain
+reeled with anguish and indignation.
+
+Presently the hall door was heard to open, and there was a light step
+in the passage. Sir Philip darted forth from his room, and met his
+daughter coming in with a sad and anxious face, and as he thought with
+traces of tears upon her eyelids.
+
+"Where have you been?" asked her father in a stern low tone.
+
+"I have been to Jenny Best's down the lane, my father," replied Emily,
+startled by his look and manner, but still speaking the plain truth,
+as she always did. "Is my mother worse?"
+
+Without a word of reply Sir Philip turned away into his room again and
+closed the door.
+
+Alarmed by her father's demeanor, Emily hurried up at once to Lady
+Hastings's room, but found her certainly more cheerful and apparently
+better.
+
+The assurance given by the physician that there was no immediate
+danger, nor any very unfavorable symptom, had been in a certain degree
+a relief to Lady Hastings herself; for, although she had undoubtedly
+been acting a part when in the morning she had declared herself dying,
+yet, as very often happens with those who deceive, she had so far
+partially deceived herself as to believe that she was in reality very
+ill. She was surprised at Emily's sudden appearance and alarmed look,
+but her daughter did not think it right to tell her the strange
+demeanor of Sir Philip, but sitting down as calmly as she could by her
+mother's side, talked to her for several minutes on indifferent
+subjects. It was evident to Emily that, although her father's tone was
+so harsh, her mother viewed her more kindly than in the morning, and
+the information which had been given her by the surgeon accounted for
+the change. The conduct of Sir Philip, however, seemed not to be
+explained, and Emily could hardly prevent herself from falling into
+one of those reveries which have often been mentioned before. She
+struggled against the tendency, however, for some time, till at length
+she was relieved by the announcement that Mistress Hazleton was below,
+but when Lady Hastings gave her maid directions to bring her friend
+up, Emily could refrain no longer from uttering at least one word of
+warning.
+
+"Give me two minutes more, dear mamma," she said, in a low voice. "I
+have something very particular to say to you--let Mrs. Hazleton wait
+but for two minutes."
+
+"Well," said Lady Hastings, languidly; and then turning to the maid
+she added, "Tell dear Mrs. Hazleton that I will receive her in five
+minutes, and when I ring my bell, bring her up."
+
+As soon as the maid had retired Emily sank upon her knees by her
+mother's bed-side, and kissed her hand, saying, "I have one great
+favor to ask, dear mother, and I beseech you to grant it."
+
+"Well, my child," answered Lady Hastings, thinking she was going to
+petition for a recall of her injunction against the marriage with
+Marlow, "I have but one object in life, my dear Emily, and that is
+your happiness. I am willing to make any sacrifice of personal
+feelings for that object. What is it you desire?"
+
+"It is merely this," replied Emily, "that you would not put any trust
+or confidence whatever in Mrs. Hazleton. That you would doubt her
+representations, and confide nothing to her, for a short time at
+least."
+
+Lady Hastings looked perfectly aghast. "What do yon mean, Emily?" she
+said. "What can you mean? Put no trust in Mrs. Hazleton, my oldest and
+dearest friend?"
+
+"She is not your friend," replied Emily, earnestly, "nor my friend,
+nor my father's friend, but the enemy of every one in this house. I
+have long had doubts--Marlow changed those doubts into suspicions,
+and this day I have accidentally received proof positive of her cruel
+machinations against my father, yourself, and me. This justifies me in
+speaking as I now do, otherwise I should have remained silent still."
+
+"But explain, explain, my child," said Lady Hastings. "What has she
+done? What are these proofs you talk of? I cannot comprehend at all
+unless you explain."
+
+"There would be no time, even if I were not bound by a promise,"
+replied Emily; "but all I ask is that you suspend all trust and
+confidence in Mrs. Hazleton for one short day--perhaps it may be
+sooner; but I promise you that at the end of that time, if not before,
+good Mr. Dixwell shall explain every thing to you, and place in your
+hands a paper which will render all Mrs. Hazleton's conduct for the
+last two years perfectly clear and distinct."
+
+"But do tell me something, at least, Emily," urged her mother. "I hate
+to wait in suspense. You used to be very fond of Mrs. Hazleton and she
+of you. When did these suspicions of her first begin, and how?"
+
+"Do you not remember a visit I made to her some time ago," replied
+Emily, "when I remained with her for several days? Then I first
+learned to doubt her. She then plotted and contrived to induce me to
+do what would have been the most repugnant to your feelings and my
+father's, as well as to my own. But moreover she came into my room one
+night walking in her sleep, and all her bitter hatred showed itself
+then."
+
+"Good gracious! What did she say? What did she do?" exclaimed Lady
+Hastings, now thoroughly forgetting herself in the curiosity Emily's
+words excited.
+
+Her daughter related all that had occurred on the occasion of Mrs.
+Hazleton's sleeping visit to her room, and repeated her words as
+nearly as she could recollect them.
+
+"But why, my dearest child, did you not tell us all this before?"
+asked Lady Hastings.
+
+"Because the words were spoken in sleep," answered Emily, "and excited
+at the time but a vague doubt. Sleep is full of delusions; and though
+I thought the dream must be a strange one which could prompt such
+feelings, yet still it might all be a troublous dream. It was not till
+afterwards, when I saw cause to believe that Mrs. Hazleton wished to
+influence me in a way which I thought wrong, that I began to suspect
+the words that had come unconsciously from the depths of her secret
+heart. Since then suspicion has increased every day, and now has
+ripened into certainty. I tell you, dear mother, that good Mr.
+Dixwell, whom you know and can trust, has the information as well as
+myself. But we are both bound to be silent as to the particulars for
+some hours more. I could not let Mrs. Hazleton be with you again,
+however--remembering, as I do, that seldom has she crossed this
+threshold or we crossed hers, without some evil befalling us--and not
+say as much as I have said, to give you the only hint in my power of
+facts which, if you knew them fully, you could judge of much better
+than myself. Believe me, dear mother, that as soon as I am
+permitted--and a very few hours will set me free--I will fly at once
+to tell you all, and leave you and my father to decide and act as your
+own good judgment shall direct."
+
+"You had better tell me first, Emily," replied Lady Hastings; "a woman
+can always best understand the secrets of a woman's heart. I wish you
+had not made any promise of secrecy; but as you have, so it must be.
+Has Marlow had any share in this discovery?" she added, with some
+slight jealousy of his influence over her daughter's mind.
+
+"Not in the least with that which I have made to-day," replied Emily;
+"but I need not at all conceal from you that he has long suspected
+Mrs. Hazleton of evil feelings and evil acts towards our whole family;
+and that he believes that he has discovered almost to a certainty that
+Mrs. Hazleton aided greatly in all the wrong and injury that has been
+done my father. The object of his going to France was solely to trace
+out the whole threads of the intrigue, and he went, not doubting in
+the least that he should succeed in restoring to my parents all that
+has been unjustly taken from them. That such a restoration must take
+place, I now know; but what he has learned or what he has done I
+cannot tell you, for I am not aware. I am sure, however, that if he
+brings all he hopes about, it will be his greatest joy to have aided
+to right you even in a small degree."
+
+"I do believe he is a very excellent and amiable young man," said Lady
+Hastings thoughtfully.
+
+She seemed as if she were on the point of saying something farther on
+the subject of Marlow's merits; but then checked herself, and added,
+"But now indeed, Emily, I think I ought to send for Mrs. Hazleton."
+
+"But you promise me, dear mother," urged Emily eagerly, "that you will
+put no faith in any thing she tells you, and will not confide in her
+in any way till you have heard the whole?"
+
+"That I certainly will take care to avoid, my dear," replied Lady
+Hastings. "After what you have told me, it would be madness to put any
+confidence in her--especially when a few short hours will reveal all.
+You are sure, Emily, that it will not be longer!"
+
+"Perfectly certain, my dear mother," answered her daughter. "I would
+not have promised to refrain from speaking, had I not been certain
+that the time for such painful concealment must be very short."
+
+"Well, then, my dear child, ring the bell," said Lady Hastings. "I
+will be very guarded merely on your assurances, for I am sure that you
+are always candid and sincere whatever your poor father may think."
+
+Emily rung the bell, and retired to her own room, repeating
+mournfully to herself, "whatever my poor father may think!--Well,
+well," she added, "the time will soon come when he will be undeceived,
+and do his child justice. Alas, that it should ever have been
+otherwise!"
+
+She found relief in tears; and while she wept in solitude Lady
+Hastings prepared to receive Mrs. Hazleton with cold dignity. She had
+fully resolved when Emily left her to be as silent as possible in
+regard to every thing that had occurred that day, not to allude
+directly or indirectly to the warning which had been given her, and to
+leave Mrs. Hazleton to attribute her unwonted reserve to caprice or
+any thing else she pleased. But the resolutions of Lady Hastings were
+very fragile commodities when she fell into the hands of artful people
+who knew her character, and one was then approaching not easily
+frustrated in her designs.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by G. P. R.
+James, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+the Southern District of New-York.
+
+Continued from page 41.
+
+
+
+
+NEWSPAPER POETS: CHARLES WELDON.
+
+
+Some of the best poetry in America makes its appearance in the
+newspapers, without pretension, and often without the names of its
+authors. It is enough for them to write, and publish, whoever will may
+take the fame. This indifference to public opinion does not arise from
+any want of autorial vanity perhaps, but in most cases from that
+modesty which an acquaintance with and self-measurement by the best
+standards never fails to produce in sincere lovers of art.
+
+Recently a series of noticeable poems has from time to time appeared
+in the _Tribune_, without any name or clue to their authorship except
+the enigmatical initials O. O. They are by Mr. Charles Weldon; he is
+still a young man, and the poems below, we have been told, are the
+first that he wrote. Their niceties of rhythm in many cases would
+reflect credit on the recognized masters of the poetic art. In this
+respect they are remarkable; but perhaps their greatest charm is a
+certain kind of subtle but masculine thought. They embody what most
+men feel, but lack words to express; strange facts of impression and
+consciousness, half-formed philosophies, and those glimpses of truth
+which are revealed to the mind in certain moods, as stray rays of the
+moon on a cloudy night. In this respect they resemble the best pieces
+of Emerson, who seems to be a favorite with Mr. Weldon. In others they
+remind us of the simplicity of "In Memoriam." By this we intend a
+compliment rather than a charge of imitation. Mr. Weldon's thoughts
+are too peculiar to come from any one but himself, and too original to
+be cast in other moulds. We shall watch his progress with interest,
+and are mistaken if he does not do something worthy to be long
+remembered.
+
+    Mysterious interpreter,
+      Dear Aid that God has given to me!
+    Instruct me, for I meanly err;
+      Inform me, for I dimly see.
+
+    I know thee not: How can I know?--
+      I sought thee long, and lately found,
+    Wearing the sable weeds of wo,
+      A figure cast upon the ground.
+
+    _Thou_ wert that figure. Face to face
+      We have not stood: I dare not see
+    Thy features. We did once embrace,
+      And all my being went to thee.
+
+    Henceforward never more apart
+      We wander. All thy steps are mine.
+    Thou hast my brain: thou hast my heart:
+      Thou hast my soul. And I am thine.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The Sun has his appointed place,
+      He never rests, and never tires;
+    And ever in serenest space
+      Burn the celestial, upper fires.
+
+    They shine into the soul of man--
+      Good works of God, but not the best--
+    And he adores them as he can,
+      Cherishing a supremer guest.
+
+    He does not know the alphabet
+      Of angel-language, who aspires
+    Against the sky his tube to set,
+      And spell them into worlds, those fires.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The Petrel, bird of storms, is found
+    Five hundred leagues from any ground:
+    He dwells upon the ocean-wave;
+    He screams above the sailor's grave.
+
+    How many tens of centuries
+    Ere mankind built their theories,
+    Skimming the foamy tracks of whales,
+    Did he outride the stoutest gales,
+
+    Upon three thousand miles of sea
+    From land to land perpetually
+    Rolling; and not a wave could stay,
+    From day to night, from night to day,
+
+    Without an anthem? Where are gone
+    The anthem, and the sea-bird's moan?
+    Where is the splendor of the morn
+    That rose on seas, ere man was born?
+
+    Where are the roses of the years,
+    Ere Mother Eve knew mother's cares?
+    Where is the clang of Tubal-Cain's
+    First brass, and where are Jubal's strains?
+
+    Where is the rainbow Noah saw
+    And heard a law, or thought a law?
+    The rainbow fades, the beauty lives;
+    The creature falls, the race survives.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    They tell us that the brain is mind,
+      Or the mind enters through the brain,
+    Even as light that is confined
+      And colored by the window pane.
+
+    The act is fashioned by the head,
+      And thus man does or cannot do;
+    Through the red glass the light is red.
+      Through the blue glass the light is blue.
+
+    They do not urge their world-machine
+      To sounder progress, nor explain
+    The difficulties that were seen
+      And felt before--pray what _is_ brain?
+
+    All undiscoverable, how
+      Can they resolve the Whence or Why
+    Man grew to being in the Now,
+      Or what is his Futurity.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    Down the world's steep, dread abysmal,
+      Icy as Spitzbergen's coast,
+    Through the night hours, long and dismal,
+      Ghost is calling unto ghost;
+    Crushed is every fairer promise,
+    And the good is taken from us;
+    Sorrow adds to former sorrow,
+    And, with every new to-morrow,
+      Some expected joy is lost.
+
+    But I will not shrink nor murmur.
+      Though a spectre leads me on;
+    Now I set my footsteps firmer,
+      Face me now, thou skeleton!
+    Trance me with thy fleshless eyeholes--
+    But I move to other viols
+    Than the rattling of thy bones,
+    As we tread the crazy stones,
+      For I see the risen sun.
+
+    With my face behind my shadow
+      Thrown before the risen sun,
+    Life I follow o'er the meadow,
+      And an angel thrusts me on.
+    Every little flower below me
+    Seems to see me, seems to know me;
+    Every bird and cloud above me
+    Seems (or do I dream?) to love me,
+      While the Angel thrusts me on.
+
+    Where the turf is softest, greenest,
+      Does that Angel thrust me on;
+    Where the landscape lies serenest
+      In the journey of the sun.
+    I shall pass through golden portals
+    With him, to the wise Immortals,
+    And behold the saints and sages
+    Who outshone their several ages,
+      For an Angel thrust them on.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The poem of the Universe
+      Nor rhythm has, nor rhyme;
+    Some god recites the wondrous song,
+      A stanza at a time.
+
+    Great deeds he is foredoomed to do,
+      With Freedom's flag unfurled,
+    Who hears the echo of that song,
+      As it goes down the world.
+
+    Great words he is compelled to speak,
+      Who understands the song;
+    He rises up like fifty men--
+      Fifty good men and strong.
+
+    A stanza for each century!
+      Now, heed it, all who can,
+    Who hears it, he, and only he,
+      Is the elected man.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The frost upon the window pane
+      Makes crystal pictures in the night;
+    The Earth, old mother, wears again
+      Her garment of the shining white.
+    We fly across the frozen snow
+      With bounding blood that will not pause.
+    Oh Heaven! we are far below--
+      Oh Earth! above thee, with thy laws.
+
+    The happy horses toss their bells;
+      The sleigh goes on into the far
+    And far away. (A whisper tells
+      Of flight to where the angels are.)
+    Glide forward. As a star that slips
+      Through space, we know a large desire;
+    And though our steeds are urged by whips,
+      We haste as they were urged by fire.
+
+    Dash forward, Let us know no rest--
+      But on, and on, and ever on,
+    Until the palace of the West
+      We enter, with the sinking sun.
+    And forward still, until the East
+      Releases the aspiring day;
+    And forward till the hours have ceased,
+      Oh Earth! now art thou far away.
+
+    ...*...*...*...*
+
+    The mountains truly have a glorious roughness;
+      I do not hear the pyramids are smooth;
+    The ocean grandly foams into abruptness;
+      Does God peal thunder down a well-oiled groove?
+    Thou, with a poet's roughness, friend, would'st quarrel;
+      Staggering o'er the ridges of ploughed speech,
+    You move uneasily. Well, the apparel
+      Of verse is trivial. Try the sense to reach.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT MONTE-LEONE: OR, THE SPY IN SOCIETY.[7]
+
+TRANSLATED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE FROM THE FRENCH OF
+H. DE ST. GEORGES.
+
+
+XX.--THE GOOD AND THE BAD ANGEL.
+
+The Count of Monte-Leone was cast down on receiving from the minister
+an order to leave France. So many interests bound him to his country;
+not that he cherished still the hope of being loved by Aminta, and of
+one day giving her his name. His ruin had dissipated all his bright
+dreams of future happiness. But he resided in the same place as the
+marquise; he breathed the same air that she breathed. To live near her
+thus, without seeing her, without telling her of that love which
+consumed his soul, was indeed cruel--it was a bitter sorrow to him
+every hour and every moment. But to remove himself from her and France
+was to die. And then, his political work--that work, his life and
+glory--that work which he loved because it avenged him of kings in
+avenging his father, the victim of a king--in which he believed he saw
+the regeneration of the world--that great work, in fine, of which the
+confidence of almost all the _Ventes_ of Europe rendered him in some
+way the master and arbiter--it was necessary to renounce at the very
+moment of accomplishment. He must abandon his associates, his
+brothers, who relied in the hour of danger on his devotion and energy,
+and on the firm and bold will with which he had often controlled
+chance, and by which he had produced safety from apparent shipwreck.
+Had the Count been denounced? was the plan for the completion of which
+he and his friends toiled known? He told Taddeo, Von Apsbery, and
+d'Harcourt, of the order he had received, and they had consulted about
+it. Their plans, as it will be seen, though difficult, were
+susceptible of penetration. The house of the false Matheus as yet
+appeared unsuspected, and that was a great point. It was the holy ark
+in which were deposited the archives of the association, and the names
+of the agents, and if it were violated, all was lost. The expulsion
+from France of the Count might be the signal of the persecutions about
+to be begun against Carbonarism. At once, by means of a spontaneity
+which was one of the characteristics of the association, all the
+_Vente_ of Paris were informed of the measures adopted against Count
+Monte-Leone. The mighty serpent then coiled up its innumerable rings
+and then its federal union apparently ceased in the whole capital. The
+orders were transmitted, received, and executed the very night after
+the decree of the minister had been signified to Monte-Leone. The
+friends during the night could not fancy why the order had been given.
+Monte-Leone seemed, as it were, struck by a new idea and said:
+"Perhaps it has no political motive, but has been dictated by private
+vengeance." He then paused, for he saw Taddeo's eyes fixed on him. He
+continued--"I have a few hours left to ascertain it, and will do so,
+not for my own sake, for whatever motive it may have, it will not
+trouble me less, but for your sake, my friends, who will remain here
+to defend the breach and to receive the enemy's attack."
+
+It was then resolved that up to the time of Monte-Leone's departure,
+he should not again visit Matheus's house, nor receive the adieus of
+his friends even at his hotel. All this took place on the night after
+the interview of the stranger and M. H----, and on the day Louis
+XVIII. received the visit of the Prince de Maulear. In relation to
+private revenge the Count could think of no one except the beautiful
+and passionate Duchess of Palma, who had loved him so devotedly that
+she wished even to die for him. This passionate woman he had driven to
+despair. For some time, though, calmness and resignation seemed to
+occupy her once desolate heart. The Count rarely visited her, but
+occasionally went to her hotel. Every time he did so, he found her
+more reasonable and calm. The Duchess evidently avoided all allusion
+to their old relations. She inquired calmly after his affairs, his
+pleasures, and his friends. When her mind recurred to the past, as a
+skiff drifts towards the river it has left, an effort of will was
+required again to push it into the wide stream of worldliness and
+indifference. The Count, however, was a delicate and acute observer,
+and sounded the abyss of her mind through the flowers which grew
+across its brink. The Count then went to his hotel at the _Champs
+Elysees_, to clear up his suspicions, and to ascertain if his
+expulsion had not been caused by the Duchess of Palma. Monte-Leone was
+ushered in and found her with a few visitors. The features of the
+Duchess evidently became flushed at the sound of Monte-Leone's name.
+This, however, was but a flash of light in the dark, and the pale and
+beautiful face of La Felina soon became cold and passionless. "I
+expected you, Signor," said she, "when I learned from the Duke the
+unpleasant event which has occurred. I did not think you would leave
+the city without seeing me."
+
+"Signora," said the Count, "you were right. But you are mistaken in
+calling the terrible blow, the almost humiliating attack to which I
+have been subjected, a disagreeable event."
+
+"Certainly," said La Felina, "it is a catastrophe, and I can
+understand how severe it must be. We will talk of it by and by,
+however, when we are _alone_."
+
+The last words of the Duchess were a dismissal to those in the room,
+and a few moments after they left. When the ambassadress had seen the
+last visitor leave, she rang the bell by her side. A footman came, to
+whom she said, "Remember I am at home to no one, not even to the Duke,
+if he take it into his head to ask for me. Now," said she to the
+Count, who was surprised at the precautions she had taken, "we are now
+alone, and can talk together safely. You tell me you are ordered to
+leave France?"
+
+"At once, without the assignment of any reason."
+
+"Have you not seen the Minister and asked an explanation?"
+
+"I did not think it dignified to do so. Besides, my legal protector in
+France, the Duke of Palma, the Neapolitan ambassador, alone can defend
+me. I am, too, unwilling to ask justice, even, far less a favor, from
+his excellency."
+
+"You are right," said the Duchess. "You would not have been
+successful, for at the instance of the Duke himself have you been
+ordered away."
+
+The reply of the Duchess was clear and precise. The Count had every
+reason to suspect she had participated in the affair, but wished to be
+sure of it.
+
+"And has not the Duchess discovered why the Duke has done so?"
+
+"Certainly," said La Felina. "The Duke has little confidence in me,
+not deigning to initiate me in the mysteries of diplomacy. This is not
+the case, though, with the secretaries. Now," said she kindly, "you
+must know that nothing which relates to you is uninteresting and I
+therefore sought to discover why such a stern course had been
+adopted."
+
+"Indeed."
+
+"Your Neapolitan enemies, or perhaps your _friends_, have caused this.
+The court of Naples had, by means of the Duke of Palma, pointed you
+out to that of France as maintaining communications with Italy, which
+endangered the peace of the country. You are accused of being engaged
+in a plot to control from Paris the insurrectionary movements of the
+two Sicilies. You may," said she, "be innocent of those crimes, but
+you have left terrible recollections behind you in Naples, and your
+name will long continue a standard of revolt and sedition."
+
+"The court of Naples," said the Count, "does me honor by believing me
+thus powerful and formidable. I do not see, however, the use of
+bringing so dangerous a person to Italy."
+
+The Duchess said, "At home, it will be able to watch you more closely
+than at a distance. I trust, however, we will be able to defeat their
+plans and keep you here."
+
+"What say you?" said the Count.
+
+"I say that I am willing to abandon many schemes, but will not be
+diverted from being useful to you--from defending you against your
+enemies--nor cease to be what I once was, a secret providence, an AEgis
+against danger. You know I learned this long ago, and am happy to be
+again able to assume the part."
+
+The Count did not know what to think, and his face expressed doubt and
+incredulity.
+
+"Well, well," said she bitterly, "you suspect, you doubt me, and do
+not think me generous enough to return good for evil. So be it; judge
+me by my actions rather than my words. The former will soon convince
+you of my devotion."
+
+"What devotion, Signora, do you speak of?" said the Count with
+curiosity.
+
+"Plainly speaking, of the most sublime of all devotion--of making you
+happy at the expense of myself. I wish to retain you here in France,
+where the happiness of which I speak exists, to keep you by her who
+loves you and by whom you are loved."
+
+"What say you?" said the Count, "would you do so?"
+
+"I will try," said Felina. "I have been forced to adopt strange and
+extreme means," added she, with a smile. "You know serious cases
+require violent remedies, and I had no choice."
+
+"Felina," said the Count, with emotion, "I have just committed an
+offence against you, for which I blush, and which my frankness alone
+can excuse. When you were busy in my behalf I fancied you the cause of
+my troubles."
+
+"That is very natural, and I am not at all surprised," said the
+Duchess. "People in this world are not apt to repay evil with good. I,
+however, do not wish to appear to you to be better than I am. Perhaps
+I am less deserving than you think. Time, it is said, cures the
+greatest mortifications, and dissipates the deepest passions. Three
+months ago I did not think it possible that I could have acted thus on
+your behalf. Then I was but a poor despised woman, passionate and
+deserted. Now I am your friend, sincere and devoted."
+
+"You are an angel," said the Count, with a deep transport of
+gratitude.
+
+"An angel," said the Duchess. "Then there are only good angels. But,"
+continued she, as if she were unwilling to suffer the Count to think
+on what she had said, "let us descend from heaven, where you give me
+so excellent a resting place, to earth. Speak to me of your plans and
+of her you love."
+
+"Of her I love!" said the Count, with hesitation.
+
+"Certainly; have not all your old hopes returned? Has not the death of
+the Marquis revived your old passion?"
+
+"Felina," said the Count, "should I talk to you of such matters?"
+
+"Why not? am I not the first to mention them? You must, from my
+_sang-froid_, see that I can now listen to your confessions and hear
+all your tender sentiments. The French proverb says: _'Il n'y a que le
+premier pas qui coute_;'[8] I have already taken that. Treat me as a
+sister, but as a sister you love, and let me at least have the
+satisfaction of knowing that my self-denial has made you happy."
+
+"Happy!" said the Count, relapsing into sad thoughts, "may I always be
+happy, as you seem to wish me! I do not know that I may not hope some
+day for her to share my fate. She once refused my hand. I do not know
+but that her heart at last listens to mine; but that which Count
+Monte-Leone, amid all his luxury, once could offer, the poor and
+exiled Italian does not now propose."
+
+"Really," said Felina, "I am predestined to make you happy. By a
+single word I am about to dissipate the clouds around you, and light
+up your brow and heart with joy."
+
+"That is impossible," said the Count. "I henceforth have nothing, and
+have lost even hope."
+
+"The present," said the Duchess, "is less sombre than you think it.
+You are yet rich, almost as you ever were."
+
+The features of the Count expressed the greatest astonishment.
+
+"Listen to me," said the Duchess. "Yesterday one of my Neapolitan
+friends came to see me. He spoke of you, and I did not conceal the
+interest with which you had inspired me. He told me he had a
+confidential letter for Count Monte-Leone from his banker, Antonio
+Lamberti. The man is not so bad as he is thought to be; for, forced to
+give way before the burden of his obligations, he only pretended to
+fail. United by friendship, and especially by political opinions, with
+you, he has saved your fortune, and will send you the income until he
+can arrange his affairs and send you the capital."
+
+"Can this be true?" said the Count, beside himself.
+
+"All this can be effected only on certain conditions, that you will
+answer the letter of Lamberti, which now should be at your hotel."
+
+Monte-Leone could not repress his joy. "Rich," said he; "yet rich!
+Fortune has now its value for _her_ sake."
+
+Scarcely had he uttered the last word when the face of the Duchess
+changed its expression. Her eyes glared with madness, and a mortal
+pallor covered her face.
+
+"Excuse me," said the Count, as he saw this change. This was however
+but a flash, and by her powerful self-control Mme. de Palma became
+calm and smiling. She said "convalescents sometimes have relapses.
+Time is indispensable for a radical cure. The storm has passed, and
+the old nature reappears but for a moment, and gives place to the new
+but true friend, who rejoices with you at your unanticipated good
+fortune. It will secure your happiness."
+
+"My friend," added she, reaching out her hand to Monte-Leone, "you
+must be impatient to ascertain if what I have said is true. Go home,
+and you will find my prediction correct."
+
+"Felina," said the Count, "if your hopes are not realized, if you be
+not again my good star, I shall not be less grateful to you."
+
+"Gratitude is cold, indeed," said Felina. "I ask your friendship."
+
+"It is all yours," said the Count.
+
+"Well, go now," said the Duchess, with a smile.
+
+She was right, for when he reached his hotel, his old and faithful
+Giacomo, who, since his master's misfortune, had discharged his
+servants, and now performed all his functions, with the addition of
+those of valet, factotum, and cook, was busy with preparations for the
+departure of Monte-Leone. The old man gave him a letter, saying that
+it had been brought during his absence. The Count opened it, and read
+as follows:
+
+"COUNT MONTE-LEONE: You will lose nothing by Antonio Lamberti. He is
+not a person to destroy one of our great association. You will find
+within a check for fifty thousand livres, drawn in your favor by one
+of the first houses in Naples, on the house of Casimer Perier of
+Paris. This is the interest at five per cent. on the million deposited
+by you with Antonio Lamberti. Every year the same sum will be paid
+down, and before six months you will receive security for your
+principal. One condition only is interposed on the return of your
+fortune. This is indispensable--that you maintain the most profound
+secrecy in relation to your new resources, and attribute them to any
+other than the real cause. The least indiscretion on your part will
+awake attention in relation to means employed to save from the wreck
+of Antonio Lamberti your own fortune."
+
+This letter was signed, _A Brother of the Venta of Castel-a-Mare_.
+
+Count Monte-Leone, though master of himself in adversity, could not
+repress his joy as he read this saving letter. As he had said at the
+house of La Felina, it was not for himself but for another that he
+rejoiced at this return of prosperity.
+
+"A fine time, indeed, to be laughing," said Giacomo, ill-tempered as
+possible, "when we are being driven from the country as if we were
+spotted with plague. Only think, a Monte-Leone expelled, when his
+ancestor, Andrea Monte-Leone, Viceroy of Sicily, received royal honors
+in every town he passed through. You, however, have no shame. No,
+Signor," added he, as he saw Monte-Leone smiling. "Had I been in your
+place, I would have picked a quarrel and killed the damned minister
+who has forced us to resume our wandering gipsy life. Besides we are
+ruined gipsies. At my age to begin my wanderings, to be badly lodged,
+badly fed, like the servant of a pedler. If I were only twenty I would
+undertake a game of dagger-play with my minister."
+
+"That is very fine, Giacomo," said Monte-Leone, "but the dagger is not
+the fashion in France. As for your apprehensions of the future, you
+may get rid of them by leaving me."
+
+The wrath of the old man disappeared at these words of his master, and
+great tears streamed down his furrowed cheeks.
+
+"Leave you! I leave you, when you are lost and ruined, Count?" said
+the good man. "Your father would not have spoken thus to me."
+
+"Come, come, old boy, you know well enough I cannot get on without
+you. If you did not scold me every day, if you did not bark
+everlastingly at me, like those old servants to whom age gives
+impunity--if I did not hear every morning and night your magisterial
+reprimands, I would have fancied I missed some luxury. Be easy,
+however, Giacomo. You saw me happy just now because my sky began to
+grow bright, because our fortune is about to change, because we are
+nearer good fortune than you thought."
+
+Full of these happy ideas, and anxious to take advantage of the few
+hours yet under his control, in case his departure should be enforced,
+the Count went to the hotel of the Prince. His heart beat violently
+when he was shown into the saloon of the Marquise, and he was glad
+that her not being in the room enabled him to repress his agitation.
+Aminta came in soon after. When Monte-Leone was announced, she felt
+almost as he had done.
+
+She spoke first, but with a voice full of agitation. "We had almost
+despaired of seeing you, Count, for the Prince told me you were about
+to go. You have however neglected us for so long a time that we knew
+not whether we might expect you to bid us adieu."
+
+The fact was, that since the news of his ruin the Count had not called
+to see Aminta. He felt that every interview made his departure more
+painful and the wreck of his hopes more terrible.
+
+"Madame," said he, without replying immediately to her kind reproach,
+"you are not mistaken, for an exile comes to bid you farewell. That
+exile, however, will bear away a perpetual memory of your kindness."
+
+"You will see _our_ country," said the Marquise, with an effort.
+
+"I shall see my country, but not that which made it dear to me."
+
+"You will find many friends there," said the Marquise, becoming more
+and more troubled.
+
+"Friends are like swallows, Signora, they love the summer, but leave
+when winter comes."
+
+"You must have thought the Prince and myself were like them," said
+Aminta, "and that winter was come. You have not been for a long time
+to see us."
+
+"Ah, Signora, had I known--had I guessed--such a sympathy would have
+made me wish for misfortune."
+
+"No, Count, not so. It should, however, aid you to bear it."
+
+"There are misfortunes," said the Count, "which often disturb the
+strongest mind and destroy the greatest courage."
+
+"Ah, Signor, should the loss of a fortune cause such regret?"
+
+"But what if the loss of fortune," continued the Count, "involved that
+of the only blessing dreamed of--if this loss deprived you even of the
+right to be happy--then, Signora, do you understand, what would be the
+effect of such a loss?"
+
+The future fate of the Count was thus exhibited to Aminta. She saw at
+once that this noble and energetic man, born to command, must be
+proscribed, wandering, and wretched. The idea was too much for her
+heart, already crushed by the idea of a separation which became every
+moment more painful to her, and she therefore formed in her mind a
+generous resolution.
+
+"Signor," said she, "there are hearts which are attracted rather than
+alienated by misfortune, and sentiments which they would conceal from
+the happy, they confess to those who suffer."
+
+Monte-Leone, perfectly overcome, fell at the Marquise's feet. He was
+about to confess the unexpected good fortune which had befallen him.
+He, however, forgot all, and covered the hand which the Marquise
+abandoned to him with kisses. The Prince de Maulear entered, and
+appeared surprised but not offended by what he saw. "Do not disturb
+yourself, dear Count,--I know the meaning of all that, and expected
+it. But if, however, you are making an exhibition of your despair and
+misery, you have lost your time; for you will not go. The King places
+a high estimate on you, and will not forget you. He told me so."
+
+
+XXI.--THE SECRET PANEL.
+
+Three hours after the revelation made to M. H---- by his mysterious
+visitor in the cabinet of the chief of the political police, a man
+about fifty years of age rang at the door of a room on the second
+story of a furnished house in Jacob-street. He looked like a
+substantial citizen with a property of fifty thousand francs--or an
+income of 2,500 francs at five per cent. The mulberry frock of this
+man, over a vest of yellow silk, spotted with snuff, and a cravat of
+white mousseline, with gloves of sea-green, and pantaloons of brown
+cloth twisted like a cork-screw around his legs, an ivory-headed cane,
+and all the _et cetera_, might appropriately belong to a shopkeeper,
+retired from business, living in some _thebaide_ of the streets
+d'Enfer or Vaugirard, and sustaining their intellects by the leaders
+of "The White Flag" of Martainville, and by witnessing once a year
+some chef-d'oeuvre of Picard at the Odeon.
+
+We will make no conjectures about the social position of this
+gentleman,--he will hereafter explain himself. Almost before the bell
+he rang had ceased to sound, the door was opened by another person.
+The latter was tall, dark and athletic, so that we would really have
+taken him for the lover of Mlle. Celestine Crepineau, had he worn the
+magnificent moustache and voluminous whiskers of the bear-hunter,
+which the lady admired so much. His costume, too, was different from
+that of the Spaniard. He wore a blue frock over his chest, at the
+bottom hole of which was a bit of red ribbon, not a little discolored.
+
+"Ah! M. Morisseau," said the inmate of the room, "you are welcome, but
+late. The dinner is cold. And," added he in a low tone, "the dinner of
+_a brigand of the Loire_, as they call such fragments of the imperial
+guard as myself, must be hot, it being too small to eat in any other
+way."
+
+"I think it always excellent, Monsieur _Rhinoceros_," said Morisseau.
+
+"Permit me," said the brigand of the Loire,--for so the man called
+himself--"My name is not Rhinoceros. A certain African animal has that
+beautiful name, as I have often told you during the many games of
+_dominoes_ we have played together at the _Cafe Lemblin_, whither you
+are attracted by my company. My name is _Rinoccio--Paolo Rinoccio_,
+born in Corsica, as my foreign accent tells you. I am the countryman
+of _him_." He made a military salute. "I served ten years beneath the
+Eagles. You, too, adore our Emperor. Each Buonapartist has a hand for
+his brother," continued he, shaking that of Morisseau. "Already
+thinking alike, eight days ago, over M. Lemblin's cognac, we swore
+eternal friendship. You, therefore, deigned to visit the warrior in
+his tent, in Jacob-street, to share the bread and soup of the soldier,
+and drink to the return of _him_ of Austerlitz."
+
+"M. Rhinoceros,--no, no, Rhino,--damn the name," said the Corsican's
+guest, "it is indeed an honor for me to sit at the table of so brave a
+man--for that reason, I accepted your invitation."
+
+"Sit down, then, and let us drink to the health of the little
+corporal."
+
+As he spoke he filled two glasses and emptied his own. M. Morisseau
+simply moistened his lips. "The Emperor," he said, on receiving his
+part of the soup, "the Emperor, M. Rhino, was my god."
+
+"And that of France," said the Corsican.
+
+"He was my god and my best customer; I had the honor to be his
+furrier."
+
+"His what?"
+
+"His furrier. I furnished his majesty's robes--not only his own, but
+those of all the kings he made. You know the Emperor used to make a
+king a year, and he used to insist that all his brothers and friends
+should reign only in my robes. I had the honor, therefore, of wrapping
+up the august forms of Kings Louis, Joseph, Jerome, Bernadotte and
+Murat, without particularizing the sovereign princes, grand dukes, and
+grand judges, who to please _him_ dealt with me."
+
+"To _his_ health," said the Corsican, and he emptied the second glass.
+"You never served, Monsieur Morisseau?"
+
+"Yes," said the furrier, "I marched beneath the imperial eagles. I
+belonged to the glorious army of the _Sambre_ and _Meuse_. I even now
+suffer in my _femur_."
+
+"From a ball?"
+
+"No, from the rheumatism, contracted during a forced march during the
+winter of '93. Having been surprised during the night by the enemy, I
+had not time to dress myself comfortably, and was compelled to march
+fifteen leagues barefooted, and in my drawers. That, by the bye, was
+the usual uniform of our army. Those who were best dressed only wore
+shoes and pantaloons. To dress thus, though, something more than our
+pay was necessary, which we never got."
+
+"You were then discharged?"
+
+"Yes, for my rheumatism became very severe. But for it I might now be
+a general. I asked a pension as having been wounded in service. It
+was, however, refused me--a great injustice."
+
+"The soup is gone. It is a very indigestible food, and we must
+therefore attack the enemy in his strong-holds. Two glasses of vin de
+Beaume will settle him."
+
+"But," said Morisseau, as he saw his host filling up his glass, "my
+head is very weak, and I have not gotten drunk since I left the
+service."
+
+"So be it, dear Morisseau. I will go for the second service, which the
+restorateur leaves in the kitchen. Excuse my having no servant, but
+two old soldiers like us can do without attendants."
+
+Rinoccio went into the next room. When Morisseau was alone he took a
+little vial from his pocket, opened it, and poured a few drops into
+the Corsican's glass, the third portion of the contents of which he
+had swallowed. Scarcely had he replaced the vial when the Corsican
+entered, having a plate on which were two large pork chops, with a
+gravy of _cornichons_. "The second entry will make a man drink like a
+fish," said the Corsican.
+
+"Let us drink, then," said Morisseau, knocking his glass against his
+host's.
+
+"Let us drink," said the latter; and Morisseau's eyes glared as he saw
+him bear the glass to his lips. His joy, however, was short. "Let us
+drink something better than this," said the Corsican, who, as he
+spoke, threw away the contents of his glass. "I have some champagne
+given me by my General, one of the old guard, and I shall never find a
+more suitable occasion to uncork it." He took from a shelf near the
+table a long wire-fastened bottle, covered with a venerable dust.
+
+Morisseau was not yet in despair, for he relied for an opportunity to
+use his vial on the third service. Paolo dexterously uncorked the
+bottle, and poured out a glass of perfumed wine to the imperial
+furrier, who, when he had knocked his glass against the Corsican's,
+drank it down, while the latter, just when he got it to his mouth, saw
+a fragment of cork on its brim. He took it out with his knife, lifted
+up the glass, and said: "To the Emperor. May he whom the enemies call
+the Corsican Ogre, soon eat up the Prussians, Austrians, and beggarly
+Cossacks. May he cut them into cat's-meat. May he cut off the _ailles
+de Pigeon_ of all the _Voltigeurs de Louis XVI._ restored by the
+Bourbons. May he--"
+
+Rinoccio paused in his speech, for his guest looked pale and
+disturbed, and seemed about to go to sleep.
+
+"_Per Bacco!_" said M. Morisseau, at once speaking the purest Italian,
+"what did that devil give me to drink?"
+
+"Probably," said the Corsican, in the same tongue, "what you would
+have given me, had I not taken care to empty in the fireplace the
+glass into which you had poured some narcotic or other."
+
+"Christ!" said the furrier, "the beggar saw me!"
+
+"Perfectly, Signor Pignana."
+
+"He knows me," said the false furrier, attempting to rise.
+
+The Corsican, however, pushed him back, and Pignana sank stupidly on
+his seat.
+
+"Curse you, Stenio, you shall pay for this!..."
+
+"Ah, ah," said the Corsican, "so two played at the same game. Funny!
+and we were both good actors. I do not ask you," continued he,
+ironically, "why you came hither, and why you consented to share my
+frugal meal, for I know already, and will tell you. You met me in
+Paris, my presence annoyed you and your friends, and I know why. You
+watched and pursued me to find where I lived, and you succeeded. You
+joined me at the Cafe Lemblin, and we neither seemed to recognize each
+other. I asked you to dine, and you accepted my invitation, for with
+the drug you have you intended to put me to sleep, and expected then
+to be able to examine all my plans. You would have failed, Signor
+Pignana, for I do not live in this house. I took this room only for
+your especial benefit, and intend to give it up to-morrow. Do not,
+therefore, be disturbed, my good fellow; but go to sleep, and digest
+your dinner."
+
+"But I will not go to sleep," said Signor Pignana, attempting again to
+rise, "I will not go to sleep here, in the house of a man I think
+capable of any thing."
+
+"Not exactly that," said the Corsican, "but I am capable of much."
+
+"What do you wish to do with me?" said Pignana, articulating with
+great pain, for his tongue began to grow heavy and his ideas confused.
+
+"That you must not know; but do not be afraid, your life and health
+being dear to me. I would not deprive the Carbonari of so skilful an
+agent, who is so daring and prudent as you are. Lest, however, you
+should be uneasy and your sleep be troubled, I will tell you what I
+mean, and you will yourself admire my plan."
+
+Half stupid with sleep and terror, Pignana glared at Stenio Salvatori.
+
+"Here," said he, lifting up Pignana from the floor and placing him on
+a kind of sofa, "lie there, and then you can both sleep better and
+hear me more at your ease. You will for twelve hours have the most
+pleasant dreams imaginable. A glass will make you sleep twelve
+hours--a bottle for eternity." Pignana made a gesture expressive of
+the greatest terror. "Do not be so uneasy," said Stenio, "and remember
+you have had only a glass. To-morrow, at six o'clock, you will wake
+up, with a slight headache, but in other respects perfectly well. Then
+the master of the house will come to ask after you. If you are
+generous, you will give him something to drink your health. Otherwise
+you will thank him and go, for all has been paid for. You see I do
+things genteelly, and know how to receive my friends. You will then
+leave this house, and go about your usual business, and will never
+mention this matter."
+
+"Eh? who will prevent me?" muttered Pignana.
+
+"Oh, you will take care not to do so. For if you own that you have
+been duped, your confederates will think you a fool, and dismiss you
+without wages. Now this would be bad--just on the eve of their
+success. If you tell them how long you have slept, they will think you
+an idiot, for I never saw any one take to champagne so kindly as you
+did just now, my dear Pignana. Now, adieu, for I must go. Be still,"
+said he, pushing Pignana down with all his strength. "No, no, do not
+take the trouble to go with me--you are too kind. Go to sleep, go to
+sleep, go to sleep, my dear fellow." He left the room, and sleep took
+possession of its prey. Pignana felt his ideas grow gradually more
+confused, and his real life pass away. A few minutes after Stenio's
+departure, M. Pignana was sound asleep. Stenio then slowly opened the
+door of the room, and glided like a shadow over the floor to the
+sleeper, into whose pockets he placed his hand. "Nothing here--not
+here. The devil, can it be that it is not about him!" A smile of
+triumph, however, soon appeared on his lips, for he had found what he
+wanted. He discovered a kind of pocket in the waistcoat of the false
+tradesman, and felt in it. "Here it is!" said he. Pignana moved.
+Stenio paused, and then took from the sleeper's pocket a door-key. He
+then left, and did not return....
+
+While the events recorded above were transpiring, about eight o'clock
+on the evening, in Jacob-street, Mlle. Celestine Crepineau waited as
+Desdemona might have done for Othello, singing the melancholy romance
+of "The Willow." This was to console her for the prolonged absence of
+the bear-hunter, who had not been during the whole day in her lodge.
+The finger of Celestine furtively wiped away the tears which dripped
+down her long aquiline nose. Hope now and then arose in her heart, but
+that hope was betrayed. A man with a stern voice asked for Dr.
+Matheus, and went to his room. Seven times hope was enkindled in her
+heart only to be disappointed. She became angry, and as she could not
+confess to that passion in relation to the bear-hunter, and must have
+some pretext, she vented her temper on the Doctor's visitors. "How
+soon will this be over?" said she. "All Paris has come this evening to
+see my handsome lodger. What brings all these _savans_ hither? They
+will keep me awake until late hours, and then Mr. Nunez will say
+maliciously in the morning, 'Your eyes, Mlle. Celestine, are very
+heavy this morning. What have you been dreaming?' Then he will take
+liberties altogether inconvenient to a person of my sex."
+
+The seven blows on the knocker had announced the union of eight
+persons, including Von Apsberg, in the ground-floor parlor, the
+apartment through which the unfortunate Pignana used to go and come.
+Two of the Doctor's friends were d'Harcourt and Taddeo Rovero. The
+others we will tell by and by.
+
+"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, when they were in council, "our meeting
+should, as usual, be presided over by Count Monte-Leone. Since,
+however, the order of expulsion, of which he was notified and which
+almost immediately was revoked, for some unknown reason, it seemed
+best that he should not be present. Monte-Leone is the head of the
+great brotherhood of Carbonarism. We therefore propose to render a
+succinct account of its situation in Europe, and particularly in
+France. Its position is peculiar, and we cannot deny that its
+existence is threatened on all sides. Secret and shrewd spies have
+penetrated in Germany the secret labors of our three societies, _The
+Tugenbund_ at Berlin, _The Burschenschaft_ and _The Teutonia_ at
+Vienna and Leipsic. Their chiefs, Johan and Plischer, have been
+arrested."
+
+"Death to spies!" said Matheus's seven hearers.
+
+"This is not all," continued Matheus. "The plans of Count Labisbel
+have failed in Spain, and the Italian _vente_ have been discovered by
+a shrewd police. The prisons of Naples, Venice, and Milan are already
+filled with our brethren."
+
+There was consternation on every face.
+
+"We are assured," said Matheus, "that the informations on which these
+arrests have been made have come from Paris. Now, this information
+could only have been obtained from our secret papers, as we alone in
+France correspond with the supreme venta of Europe. To these papers
+none have access but four brothers, Monte-Leone, Rovero, d'Harcourt,
+and myself. We inform you of these facts in obedience to our articles
+of association, that you may place us four on trial."
+
+These words were uttered with deep excitement. The three persons
+present of the four mentioned by Von Apsberg sat still, and the others
+rose.
+
+"On my honor and conscience," said General A----, "I declare that such
+an idea is unworthy of you and us." The banker F----, Count de Ch----,
+a Peer of France, Ober the merchant, the lawyer B----, and professor
+C----, said the same. They then gave their hands affectionately to the
+three friends, who acknowledged their salute.
+
+"Let the denunciation come whence it may, our brothers yet are victims
+of it. They suffer for us," said Taddeo, "and we will act for them."
+
+"Yes," said Von Apsberg, "we will act, and decidedly, for time presses
+us, and we must anticipate our enemies unless we would be anticipated.
+Let all opinions centre, then, without hesitation, on the one
+principle which is the basis and keystone of Carbonarism, viz., '_That
+might is not right--that the kings of Europe reign either by virtue of
+a convention or by virtue of arms. The Bourbons in France reign by
+virtue of the allied sovereigns. We therefore declare that the
+Carbonari have associated to restore to all the nations of the
+continent, and to France especially, the free exercise of the right to
+choose the government which suits them best. We all swear to maintain
+this principle!_"
+
+"We swear," said the Carbonari.
+
+"Gentlemen," said Von Apsberg, "the time of action will be fixed by
+Count Monte-Leone at a meeting to take place January 25th, 1820, in
+the masonic lodge of _The Friends of Truth_. Until then let each one
+individually contribute to do all he can towards the reconstruction of
+our new edifice from the ruins of the old."
+
+"I take charge of the army," said General A----, "the regiments in
+garrison at Befort are ours, and the others will follow their
+example."
+
+"I take charge of the colleges," said professor C----.
+
+The lawyer B---- said, "We have many friends in the bar."
+
+Count Ch---- said, "And in the chamber of peers."
+
+The banker F---- added, "There will be no scarcity of money."
+
+The last who spoke was the merchant Ober, who said, "The influence of
+trade is on our side."
+
+Von Apsberg said, "We will not meet again till the twenty-fifth of
+January, 1820. The supreme _vente_, composed of the Count, Rovero, the
+Viscount, and myself, will communicate only with the five central
+_ventas_ of Paris, the representative of which you are. Be active,
+then, in the _ventas_ which depend on you, members of which are
+ignorant of your identity. Make yourself known to but one member of
+each venta, and communicate with Count Monte-Leone only in that
+brilliant society to which the high position of him and of yourselves
+gives access, and where the government will least suspect the
+existence of treason. Confide the rolls of our ventas, and of our new
+associates to him alone, for it is his duty to deposit them among our
+archives. Now, brethren of right and duty, confide alone in
+Monte-Leone, the soul of honor and of prudence. To all others, silence
+or death."
+
+"Silence or death," repeated his seven associates, and their voices
+sounded like the chorus of a solemn hymn....
+
+A few minutes after the room was deserted. The Carbonari had gone, and
+Matheus returned to his laboratory. The door of the library was then
+opened gently, and two men were seen concealed behind the secret
+panel. They were H----, the chief of the political police, and the
+bear-hunter, the brigand of the Loire, or Stenio Salvatori.
+
+"I have them," said M. H----.
+
+"Not yet," said Stenio, "but thanks to our associate, Count
+Monte-Leone, by whose aid I have brought you hither...."
+
+The door was shut without noise....
+
+The next day, when he awoke, Pignana found the key of the room in his
+pocket.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+
+PART II.--I. CLOUDS IN THE HORIZON.
+
+A month had rolled by since the Carbonari had met at the house of Von
+Apsberg. They were as prudent as possible. There was no meeting of the
+members of this vast society, yet such were the advantages of its
+mechanism, that communication and intercourse was never interrupted
+for a day. All action emanated from the high _venta_, which was known
+only to the presidents of the seven central ventas, through whom its
+instructions were communicated by means of _agents_ to the secondary
+ventas; a few men where thus enabled to discipline ten thousand. Count
+Monte-Leone was the soul of all this enterprise, and on him all the
+threads of this huge net united. The Count, the invisible providence
+of this invisible world, alone could give it external life and utter
+the _fiat lux_ of eternity. More pleasant and delightful ideas had
+possession of the Count. The future occupied him with a force and
+intensity he thought most contradictory to his political duties. Since
+Aminta had unveiled her heart to him, she had, as it were, returned to
+her usual bearing. The life of Monte-Leone, though, was entirely
+changed. The happiness he had long desired was about to dawn on him.
+In a few months he would be the husband of that Aminta he had so much
+loved and so regretted. The Count was received almost as a son by the
+Prince, and as a husband by Aminta. Taddeo looked on him entirely as a
+brother, and began to realize the happiest dream of his life--the
+marriage he had so desired. Gladly availing himself of the liberty
+accorded him, of coming familiarly to the hotel of the Prince de
+Maulear, the Count was perfectly happy. He passed the whole day there,
+and when night came mingled most unwillingly with society. The order
+of expulsion which he had received, and which had been so mysteriously
+revoked, added to the interest which had been entertained for him by
+all Paris. The opposition was especially attentive to him, for he was
+esteemed a decided enemy of the French Government, and of all
+monarchies. This ostracism which he had escaped, attracted the
+attention to him, for which the people of Paris were already prepared,
+by the history of his Neapolitan adventures. In 1850 he would have
+been called the lion of the day, and the greatest curiosity would have
+been paid to all his adventures. So great was the attention excited by
+the account of Monte-Leone's loss of fortune, that people were
+surprised to see him resume his usual mode of life, keep possession of
+his hotel, indulge in the same expenses of carriages, attendants, etc.
+He altered nothing, not even the luxury of his house, from what had
+been its condition before the papers and he himself had announced that
+the failure of Lamberti made him entirely poor, and forced him to sell
+his diamonds and other personal property to be able to live, as
+cheaply as possible.
+
+The Count, who had been forced to conceal the manner in which his
+property had been restored, told his friends, Taddeo, d'Harcourt and
+Von Apsberg, that certain important funds had been recovered from the
+general wreck; and they, delighted with his good fortune, did not fail
+to congratulate him. The world was more curious; the enemies of the
+Count especially, who were ultra-monarchists, were numerous, active,
+and malicious. They wrote to Naples, and ascertained that the ruin of
+Monte-Leone was total, acquiring also certainty that he had no funds
+in any European bank, and no property. They therefore made an outcry
+of astonishment when they saw all the external appearance of opulence
+in the possession of one they knew without the means of so splendid
+and imposing an establishment. The Count knew nothing of this, and
+continued his old life. It is, all know, true that rumors of this kind
+reach their object last of all, when they are calculated to be
+injurious.
+
+One of the dominant ideas which actuated us in the preparation of this
+history, we can here dwell upon, and we ask leave to do so briefly.
+There exists in French society, polished and elegant as it is, a
+hideous monster known to all, though no one disturbs it. Its ravages
+are great; almost incalculable. It saps reputations, poisons,
+dishonors, and defiles the splendor of the most estimable fame. This
+minotaurus, which devours so many innocent persons, is especially
+fearful, because its blows are terrible. It presents itself under the
+mildest and gentlest forms, and is received every where in the city.
+We find it in our rooms, in the interior of our families, in the
+palaces of the opulent, and the garrets of the poor. It has no name,
+being a mere figure of speech, a very word. It is composed of but one
+phrase, and is called--THEY SAY. "Do you know such a one?" is often
+asked, and the person is pointed out.
+
+"_No_; but they say his morals are very bad. He has had strange
+adventures, and his family is very unhappy."
+
+"Are you sure?"
+
+"No, I know nothing about it. But they say so."
+
+"This young woman, so beautiful, so brilliant, so much admired--Do you
+know her?"
+
+"No. _They say_ that it is not difficult to please her, and that more
+than one has done so."
+
+"But she appears so decent, so reserved."
+
+"Certainly; but _they say_----"
+
+"Do not trust that gentleman who has such credit and is thought so
+rich. Be on your guard--"
+
+"Bah! his fortune is immense: see what an establishment he has."
+
+"Yes! But _they say_ he is very much involved."
+
+"Do you know the fact?"
+
+"Not I. _They say_ though--"
+
+This _they say_ is heard in every relation of life. It is deadly
+mortal, and not to be grasped. It goes hither and thither, strikes and
+kills manly honor, female virtue, without either sex being ever
+conscious of the injury done. Each as he reads these lines will
+remember cases illustrating the truth of what we say. The Count
+suffered from the influence of the evil we mention; and as all were
+ignorant whence his fortune came, each one adopted a thousand
+conjectures and suspicions, which, as is always the case, were most
+malicious. This is the way of the world. Now the consequences of this
+_they say_ are plain. By its means they had dared to attack a
+reputation which hitherto had been considered unassailable. This _they
+say_ came in the end. The Marquise de Maulear was the only person who
+knew whence came the resources of Monte-Leone; and after he had
+confided to her, the charming woman had said, "It was very wrong in
+you not to tell me previously of your good fortune. For instance, when
+I thought you a fugitive and ruined, I suffered you to read my heart.
+Had you told me this before, you would not have seen within it."
+
+"Do not make me regret my misery which procured me such exquisite
+pleasure as knowing that you loved me."
+
+In the long and pleasant conversations of the Count and Marquise, he
+was frequently embarrassed in relation to the duties imposed on him as
+chief of the _Carbonari_. Aminta never dared to speak to him in
+relation to that subject, though she was more anxious about it. On
+this point alone the Count was impenetrable, avoiding with care all
+that related to his political plans, and giving the Marquise no
+information about them.
+
+One day Aminta, the Prince de Maulear, the Countess of Grandmesnil,
+and Taddeo, were in the drawing-room. The Countess did not love the
+young Marquise, whom she looked on as the indirect cause of her
+nephew's death. Neither did she love the Count, whose attentions to
+Aminta were by no means to her taste. The old lady was aware of
+Monte-Leone's opinions, and lost no opportunity to open all her
+batteries on liberals, jacobins and foreigners, who sought to make
+France the receptacle of the trouble and contests of which it had
+already drank so deeply. The Countess said--
+
+"You know the news, brother?" The Prince de Maulear was then playing a
+game of chess with Monte-Leone. "We have now, thank God and M. Angles,
+one miserable Jacobin the less to deal with."
+
+"Check to your king!" said the Prince to Monte-Leone.
+
+"To be sure," said she, following out the tenor of her own thoughts,
+"it would be check to the King, if the opinions of those persons were
+to triumph. M. Angles, however, watches over them and us."
+
+For an instant the Count neglected his game. He as well as Taddeo
+heard what she had said, and both seemed anxious to hear her out.
+
+"May I venture to inquire, Countess," said the Count, holding his
+piece in his hand, and hesitating to place it on the board, "who is
+the terrible Jacobin from whom the world is delivered?"
+
+"One of the most dangerous alive, Count," said the old lady, with an
+air of triumph. "The man, it is said, had his connections established
+through the whole army."
+
+"Check to your king," said the Prince, who was weary of the delay.
+
+"True," said the Count, with visible abstraction; and he played his
+game so badly that the Prince won it without difficulty. The latter
+said:
+
+"Check-mate--victory--victory!"
+
+"Yes, brother," said the Countess, "a great victory. For the Jacobin
+is a general. General B----, one of those vile Buonapartists, to whom,
+at a time like this, a regiment should never have been trusted."
+
+The Count and Taddeo grew pale when they heard the General's name. He
+was one of the seven chiefs of ventas at the house of Von Apsberg.
+
+"Why was the General arrested?" said the Prince.
+
+"Oh, some plot. The Jacobins and Buonapartists are always at that
+business. The details are not yet known. It is certain, however, that
+he was arrested this morning at his hotel. I heard so at the Duchess
+de Feltre's, whom I visited to-day."
+
+"Strange!" said the Prince; "on the day before yesterday he gave a
+ball. Were you not there, Count?" said he to Monte-Leone.
+
+"Yes," said the Count; "I was one of the last to leave. It was then
+two o'clock in the morning."
+
+"At noon his generalship was in the Conciergerie. A bad business for
+him, for the government has decided to use the greatest severity
+against all conspirators. Happily, the police is very expert, and it
+is said of every three conspirators one is a spy. A thing very
+satisfactory to society, but decidedly unfortunate for the plotters."
+
+"I think," said the Count, indignantly, "that the conspirators are
+calumniated. They are bound by such oaths, and are so devoted to their
+opinions, that there can be but few traitors among them."
+
+"My dear Count," said the Prince, "the spirit of Monte-Leone of Castle
+del Uovo is yet visible, and you do not seem to have recovered from
+your old disease. When you speak of conspirators you seem to defend
+your friends. I hope, however, for your sake, and for the sake of
+those who love you," said he, pointing to Aminta, "that you have
+renounced for ever your old enterprises. His Majesty, Louis XVIII.,
+the other day spoke highly of you, relying much on your devotion, and
+he cannot have to do with an ingrate."
+
+"Ah!" said Taddeo, with stupefaction, as he looked at his associate,
+"the King of France relies on the devotion of Monte-Leone!"
+
+"I know not why," said the Count, not a little moved by this _brevet_
+of royalism. "I confess, though, that I shall be surprised to give any
+chagrin or uneasiness to my friends."
+
+These words were in a manner wrung from the Count by the paleness and
+agitation of Aminta since the commencement of the conversation. This
+new declaration increased Taddeo's surprise.
+
+"Well, well," said the Prince, "there is pardon for every sin. We
+know, and we look on you as a wandering sheep returned to the fold.
+See, however, what are the consequences of a bad reputation. An
+insurrection breaks out in Italy, and you are at once thought to be
+its accomplice in France. You are about to be expelled from the
+country and treated as an enemy, when we acquire a certainty. What do
+I say? when the King of France and his ministers swear by you alone!"
+
+This series of praises in relation to his royalty evidently increased
+the bad humor of the Count, as well as the astonishment of Taddeo.
+Monte-Leone was about to reply, even though he destroyed his influence
+with the Prince and Marquise. He was about to repel the fanciful
+compliments to his loyalty, when the Countess of Grandmesnil folded up
+her work. This was the usual signal for dispersion, and all were about
+to leave, when the Marquise said to Monte-Leone, "Count, will you
+remain here a few moments? I wish to speak to you of the charity in
+which you were kind enough to unite with me."
+
+The Count went anxiously to Aminta's side.
+
+The Prince said, with a smile, "No one ever refuses to speak with a
+pretty woman. That is even the weak side of our ministers. Talk,
+then, with my daughter-in-law, and neither the Countess nor I will
+trouble you." He then took the Countess's arm, and led her from the
+room. Taddeo remained, for his interest with the Count was too grave
+to permit him to leave thus. Aminta said but a few words to
+Monte-Leone. The deep emotion of the young woman, however, gave them a
+serious character. "Listen," said she. "I do not know what is about to
+happen, but your agitation, and that of Taddeo, when the Countess
+spoke of General B----, did not escape me. A painful presentiment
+assures me that you are involved in some secret plot, and that new
+dangers menace you. In the name of all that is dear to you, in the
+name of your love to me, I conjure you to abandon those ideas, or I
+shall die of terror and despair." She then, without speaking a word
+more, kissed her brother, and retired. The Count stood as if he were
+struck with a thunderbolt. Taddeo took his hand, and said, "Come,
+come," wresting the Count from the painful thoughts Aminta had called
+up. "Come, the arrest of General B---- may ruin all." They entered
+Monte-Leone's carriage, and drove to the Duke d'Harcourt. They hoped
+to find the Vicomte, and take him to Matheus, for the opinion of each
+of the four was necessary in considering the best means of warding off
+the peril which menaced the association. D'Harcourt was in, but
+Monte-Leone and Taddeo had not expected the spectacle which awaited
+them. The Vicomte had one of those sudden attacks, forerunners of the
+cruel disease which had devastated his family. The pleasures of the
+winter, in which the imprudent young man madly indulged, and perhaps
+also the cares and anxieties of his political relations, the nocturnal
+ventas he was often obliged to attend, had severely shaken his already
+feeble health, and caused a cough, every utterance of which sounded to
+his father like a funeral knell. The Count and Taddeo found him in
+bed. Von Apsberg was by his side, and opposite the doctor was the
+charming Marie, glancing alternately from the doctor to the patient.
+The Duke leaned on the fireplace, and gently scolded Rene for his
+folly and imprudence. The arrival of the two friends produced a
+cessation to this, but the Duke continued: "Come, gentlemen, and
+assist me to produce some effect on your friend; for, unassisted, even
+I cannot. Tell him that such an exposure of his life, in folly and
+dissipation, is a double crime, when his health is so dear to an old
+man who has no other son." Tears came into the Duke's eyes as he
+spoke, which Marie kissed away.
+
+"Now, Rene," said she, "you see how unhappy you make us all. Promise,
+then, to be more reasonable."
+
+"Father," said Rene, giving the Duke his hand, "I will promise you to
+do the impossible thing, to be prudent. Besides, you have a powerful
+auxiliary in my friend Monte-Leone, who has committed not a few
+follies in his time. He has however begun a new life, and will soon be
+entirely converted by Hymen."
+
+"What," said Marie, "is the Count about to be married?"
+
+"Mademoiselle," said the Count, "your brother is indiscreet, and you
+can never take half that he says as literal."
+
+"Then," said Marie, "you are in love--that is about the half of his
+statement." And Marie blushed.
+
+Von Apsberg said, as he remarked the embarrassment of the young girl,
+"Our patient needs the warmth and mildness of the south. Magnetism
+with the Vicomte will be powerless, and he must avoid cold and
+dampness. He must also be prudent, and that is the greatest
+difficulty. I however rely on his promise and his devotion to us.
+Adieu, Messieurs," said he, bowing to Taddeo and Monte-Leone. "Do not
+make him talk, or suffer him to sit up too long." The Duke left,
+accompanied by Marie, whose last look seemed to recommend her brother
+to the doctor. Perhaps, though, this glance had another signification,
+for the eyes of young women mean a great deal. As soon as the four
+associates were alone, the Count told Matheus of the arrest.
+
+Von Apsberg thought: "The General cannot be in danger. Only one
+evidence of his participation could have been found, and that
+Monte-Leone gave me on the day before yesterday. I am sure I placed it
+in the secret drawer of my laboratory, the key of which I alone keep."
+
+"What proof do you mean?" asked d'Harcourt, whose memory was troubled
+by illness.
+
+"A proof," said Monte-Leone, "which would be overwhelming in the case
+of the General and a number of our brethren--the roll of the venta
+over which he presides. This roll he has signed. He gave it to me at
+two in the morning of the day before yesterday, and I gave it to Von
+Apsberg on the next day."
+
+"Then it matters not. Though the General has been arrested, the
+mystery of ventas has not been penetrated. I am assured that skilful
+and incessant espionage hovers around us, and the time for action
+should be no longer delayed."
+
+"But," said the Count, to whom this idea recalled what the Marquise
+had said, "we should not raise a flag we cannot defend. The forces the
+General controlled are indispensable to our success."
+
+"To replace soldiers," said Von Apsberg, "we shall have opinion on our
+side. Our various ventas will be valiant soldiers, and will be
+encouraged when they see themselves so much more numerous than they
+expect."
+
+"Do not let us be hasty," said Monte-Leone. "The six chiefs of the
+principal ventas, like the brave General, must give me the lists of
+ventas, and only when we are sure of their number will we act."
+
+His three friends then adopted Monte-Leone's opinion, and they
+separated, mutually recommending prudence to each other. There
+remained, however, a species of surprise, and an injurious impression
+in relation to Monte-Leone's hesitation. He had usually been the most
+decided of the four.
+
+When Von Apsberg returned home, he went to his laboratory, and opened
+the bureau in which the papers of the association were kept. He
+satisfied himself that the lists of the various ventas were safe. He
+breathed freely and slept soundly, without any trouble on account of
+the arrest of the General. On the next day, however, a letter, hastily
+written with a pencil, was brought him by a man who at once
+disappeared. It was from General A----, and was as follows:
+
+"The list of our associates, certified by myself, is in the possession
+of the prefect of police. I saw it myself, and I am ruined."
+
+Von Apsberg uttered a cry of terror. He was utterly confounded.
+
+
+II.--THEY SAY.
+
+The arrest of General A---- produced a double effect in Paris. The
+city began to have confidence in the vigilant police, which sought for
+and arrested the enemies of order every where and in every rank, while
+the chiefs of the great association of Carbonarism trembled when they
+saw the government on the track of their plans and projects. They then
+asked on all sides what could have been the motive of the
+incarceration of the General, and how they had discovered the
+criminal, or rather the criminals, for the principal associates of the
+_venta_ over which the General presided, were arrested after their
+chief. Still other arrests were subsequently made. Nothing, however,
+transpired, either in relation to the offence of which the General was
+accused, or the secret means by which the police had acquired
+information of them. The police acted prudently and with great skill,
+for the General and his associates were but a small part of an immense
+plot. Time and secret service alone would give the government a clue
+to follow all the secret labyrinths of this vast plot, which menaced
+France and Europe. A conspiracy and military plot was talked of, and
+the trial of the affair was understood to be postponed until time
+should throw more light on the matter. The authorities were not in a
+hurry, they needed other aims, and waited patiently to procure them.
+Thus passed a month; and as in Paris every thing is soon forgotten,
+people paid no attention to General A---- and his imprisonment. Public
+attention, however, was reattracted to this mysterious affair. The
+entertainments, concerts, and receptions of the court, made the city
+joyous. The gold of countless visitors from foreign nations gave
+activity to commerce, and there was an universal spirit of rivalry in
+luxury and opulence. Then the Duchess de Berri gave those charming
+balls, of which those who were admitted even now talk of.
+
+The mystery of the note written to Von Apsberg by General A----, in
+which he assured him he had seen the list of the venta, he had himself
+certified to in the hands of the prefect of police, remained
+impenetrable to the supreme _venta_, for Von Apsberg had the list the
+Count had given him. The General was in close confinement, and no
+intercourse could be had with him. The six other chiefs of the ventas
+were ignorant of this incident of the arrest of their confederate. The
+four brothers of the central venta had resolved not to suffer the
+circumstance to transpire, because the Count fancied this circumstance
+would chill their zeal, and make them uneasy about the new lists. On
+these lists, as we have said, the decision of the time of action was
+made to depend, as it would reveal to the four chiefs the exact number
+of their confederates in Paris. According to the statutes of
+carbonarism, the signatures of the brethren were sacred engagements,
+which made it indispensable for them to give their aid to the
+undertaking when the hour and day should be appointed. The lists were,
+then, a kind of declaration of war against the government, in which
+they must either conquer or die. This is the prudence of all bad
+causes. Persons thus involved have no confidence that their associates
+will keep their oaths, and put remorse and repentance out of the
+question by allowing no alternative between ruin and safety. The
+Vicomte d'Harcourt, but slightly recovered from his indisposition,
+seldom left his father's house, and participated but slightly in the
+pleasures of the season. Taddeo, whose devotion to the Neapolitan
+ambassadress constantly increased, visited her every day, and went
+nowhere else. Though aware that she was constantly anxious to speak of
+the Count, he did not despair of being able some day to touch her
+heart. So great were his attentions, that in society he was looked on
+as the _cicisbeo_ of the Duchess. The Duke of Palma, devoted to his
+opera-loves, seemed not at all offended at the frequent visits of
+Taddeo Rovero, whose attentions did not at all shock his Italian
+ideas. Von Apsberg lived more retired than ever, and rarely left his
+laboratory except when he went to the Duke d'Harcourt's. There the
+intelligent doctor was kindly received by all the family, Marie
+included, and his fair patient's health seemed visibly to improve, as
+those flowers which have been too long neglected always do when
+attended to by a skilful horticulturist. Monte-Leone devoted to the
+society of Paris, of which he was passionately fond, all the hours
+which he passed away from the Marquise. This, however, was a duty, for
+there only could he meet the Carbonari who belonged to the upper
+class without giving rise to suspicion. The trial of General A---- was
+soon to take place, and the preparations for it had already been
+begun. Revelations or anxious inquiries might destroy the association.
+Concert was required to avoid this, and Count Monte-Leone gave this
+information to MM. C----, the lawyer B----, the baron de Ch----, the
+banker F----, and the rich merchant Ober, who was perhaps from his
+extended commercial relations, the most important of the Carbonari.
+
+A great dinner was given by the banker F---- to enable the chiefs to
+confer with Monte-Leone. But in addition to these personages, and in
+order that public attention should not be fixed on them alone, F----
+had invited the _elite_ of the capital, several peers of France, some
+illustrious soldiers, many deputies, and several women famous for
+their rank and beauty. Insensibly conversation assumed a political
+tone, as at that time every thing did. Monte-Leone, whom the abuses of
+the French government and the _camarilla_ of the Tuilleries made most
+indignant, gave vent to his opinions and complained bitterly of the
+acts of the ministry. He compassionated the people, whose liberties
+were being swept away, and reprobated the censorship of the liberty of
+the press and of freedom of speech--the only resource of the oppressed
+and the only means of reaching the oppressors. The master of the
+house, M. F----, agreed with the Count in the liberal opinions he had
+expressed. Led on by the example, B---- and C---- testified their
+sympathy with what the Count had said, and their wish to see a change
+in the fortune of a country where the institutions satisfied neither
+the wants nor the rights of the oppressed. This discussion, which had
+been provoked by the Count, was so bold and so decided that many of
+the guests looked on with terror, fearing they would be compromised by
+the expression of such revolutionary ideas. Just then many of the
+guests of M. F----, taking him aside from the table, asked anxiously
+if he was satisfied of the discretion of all the persons present, and
+also of their honor. M. F---- energetically repelled such fears,
+saying: "The people whom I receive are not all friends of the
+government. Nothing, however, said here will be repeated, for the
+minister of police has no representative at my table." The words of
+their host in a degree satisfied some of the most timid. It was then
+said openly that amid the most eminent persons met with in society
+were found individuals in the secret pay of M. Angles, and that many
+ruined and extravagant nobleman did not hesitate to exist in this
+manner. People said that in the drawing-room of M. F---- Monte-Leone
+had determined to defy the government, and they looked on his conduct
+under existing circumstances as most imprudent.
+
+During the evening, and when all were engaged, the chiefs of _ventas_
+took occasion, one by one, to isolate themselves from company and gave
+the Count the rolls. It was then agreed, also, that the last of these
+documents being complete, notice should be given without delay, and
+during the trial of the General, of the day for the commencement of
+the insurrectionary movement by which Carbonarism was to be revealed
+to France and to Europe. The terrible plan, however, was foiled by
+various events which attacked the society unexpectedly.
+
+Four days after the dinner of M. F----, he, the lawyer B----, the
+baron Ch----, who had taken so decided a part in the discussion
+provoked by Monte-Leone, and who, on that very evening, had given him
+the fatal lists of his associates, were arrested. The first was taken
+in his office, the second just as he left his cabinet, and the third
+on his way to the opera. The capital was amazed at this news. All the
+other guests of F---- began to examine their consciences, and sought
+to recall whether or not they had given utterance to any governmental
+heresy at the fatal dinner, and whether they had not uttered something
+rash. They were doubtful if any opinion at all might not expose them
+to the resentment and vigilance of an adroit and secret police. It
+seemed beyond a doubt that the remarks of the persons who had been
+arrested had provoked this rigorous action, and that some ear in the
+pay of the police had heard their dangerous conversation, and noted
+the violent expression of their opinions. The conduct of all the
+guests was then passed in review, and the public and private life of
+each examined. Their domestic history and life were inquired into, and
+their weak points, habits, errors, and tastes, were scrutinized.
+
+No rank, family, sex, or social position, was neglected, and not even
+intrigues, life, nor money, were considered sufficient to shield the
+informer. All were anxious to tear away the mask from the common
+enemy, to crush the serpent, who, sliding stealthily into society,
+gnawed its very heart and lacerated that bosom which sheltered it.
+
+The arrest of General A---- then recurred to the memory of all. This
+event had taken place after a ball which the General had given. It was
+after an entertainment given by F---- that he, too, had lost his
+liberty. On this occasion two other important men had shared the fate
+of the rich banker, and, like him, they had both been energetic,
+violent, and pitiless denouncers of a ministry which defied public
+opinion and outraged the nation. People then remembered that Count
+Monte-Leone had provoked the conversation--that he had gone farther
+than any one else on the dangerous ground--and that his daring had
+surpassed that of the master of the house and his guests. All expected
+he would be arrested also. This fear was especially well founded, as
+Monte-Leone concealed neither his liberal opinions nor his
+revolutionary doctrines, and in fact every thing in his previous
+conduct pointed him out as one of the persons to whom the attention of
+the police would especially be directed. People were, therefore,
+amazed to see Monte-Leone preserve his liberty, and that one of the
+four speakers who had been most imprudent enjoyed entire impunity.
+Astonishment, however, was not all, for strange reports were soon
+circulated, and rumors were heard in every direction. The impunity of
+the Count became the universal subject of conversation. His private
+life was taken in hand, and his whole career, as it were, extended on
+the anatomical table of moral anatomy. The scalpel of public opinion,
+it is well known, pitilessly dissects every subject it wishes
+thoroughly to understand. The THEY SAY, that terrible creature to
+which we have already referred, began to play its part. It was heard
+every where. "THEY SAY Count Monte-Leone cannot be a stranger to what
+is passing. He was seen to talk to General A---- on the night of the
+ball for a long time."
+
+"What! Count Monte-Leone?--a man of his rank?"
+
+"Ah, these Italian noblemen are all suspicious."
+
+"He--a liberal--a revolutionist!"
+
+"Listen to me. People often change their opinions in this world,
+especially when fortune disappears, and want of money and care
+supervene. _They say_ he is completely ruined, yet he is still very
+luxurious in his mode of life."
+
+"True--that is strange."
+
+"Oh, no, not at all. _They say_ the strong box of the police enables
+him to maintain his style."
+
+"That may be."
+
+"_They say_, also, that the order to leave France given by the
+minister was but a trick to divert suspicion and keep him here
+usefully."
+
+"Do you think so? Then he is a villain, and should be avoided. He is
+a----"
+
+"Oh, I know nothing of it--but _they say_ so."
+
+_They_ did say so, but when that awful rumor was first pronounced
+_they_ did not. These words were produced by the terror which the
+events of the day produced on the mind of every friend, even of the
+three imprisoned Carbonari. Perhaps some malevolent spirit
+disseminated them. This rumor was circulated from house to house, like
+a drop of oil, which though first scarcely perceptible, sullies the
+fairest fabrics utterly. A trifling fault is thus made to do the part
+of an atrocious crime. At first the rumor was whispered. It then grew
+bolder, and finally fortified itself by a thousand corroborations
+furnished by chance or gossip. Every person who detailed it added to
+its incidents and arguments. Within one month after the dinner all
+Paris heard of the terrible offence against society attributed to
+Count Monte-Leone. As is always the case, however, the three friends
+of the Count were the last to hear of this slander. Every one who was
+aware of their intimacy took care not to speak to them of the rumor,
+for no one wished to involve himself by repeating a story entirely
+unsubstantiated, and the origin of which was unknown. The consequence
+was that the three persons who could have refuted the calumny were
+entirely ignorant of the stigma attached to their friend. Monte-Leone
+had no more suspicion than his friends had in relation to the horrible
+fable.
+
+The other chiefs of the principal ventas, who might have told him what
+was said, terrified at the fate of their associates, lived apart,
+refused to see any one, and thus heard none of the imputations against
+the high-priest of Carbonarism. Then commenced a series of mistakes,
+surprises, and mortifications, in which Monte-Leone would see no
+insult. His life, however, became an enigma, the explanation of which
+he could not divine. Certain rooms under various pretexts were closed
+to him. Often persons who once had been most anxious to secure his
+attendance at their entertainments pretended to forget him. The world
+did not dare, however, to brave an enemy whose secret power it was
+ignorant of, but it exhibited a certain coldness and oblivion which
+deeply wounded him. His most intimate acquaintances avoided him with
+studied care, and when they accepted his hand did so with a marked
+expression of annoyance. An immense void existed around him. His hotel
+was a solitude, and the houses of others were shut to him. The Count
+at first thought he found a motive for this in the apprehension all
+entertained of his affiliation with some secret association. When he
+saw that the police paid no attention to him, he was compelled to seek
+some other reason for his public proscription. What this cause was he
+did not divine and could not ask, for a position of this kind is such
+that an honorable man thinks it beneath him to ask for an explanation
+of merely natural occurrences. Wounded, disgusted, and grieved by the
+strange existence created for him, Monte-Leone felt himself at once a
+prey to the distrust which ostracism of this kind creates in the bosom
+of all who are subject to it. The world thought that by avoiding
+society Count Monte-Leone confessed the justice of its allegations. He
+became every day more attentive to the charming woman he adored, and
+who only waited the time when the proprieties of society would permit
+her to make him her husband. In her affection he found a consolation
+for all the external chagrin which annoyed him, for a mute terror had
+taken possession of the Carbonari since the occurrence of the many
+arrests, the motives of which were as yet wrapped in such impenetrable
+mystery. An event which was altogether unexpected made his position
+yet more complicated. He was one evening in one of the few houses to
+which he was yet invited. This was the house of M. L----, where the
+Marquis de Maulear had lost such immense sums to the Englishman who
+subsequently ruined him. M. L----, either more prudent or circumspect
+than others, had not listened to the reports which were circulated
+about Monte-Leone, and had invited him to his magnificent hotel in the
+Rue d'Antin.
+
+Monte-Leone had avoided the crowd, and walked down the long avenue of
+exotic flowers and camelias, then almost unknown in Paris. He came
+upon a boudoir where several men were speaking. The Count was about to
+go back, when his name struck on his ear. "Yes, gentlemen," said one
+of the speakers, in a most indignant tone, "you may well be astonished
+at my presence here, while my family is in tears, and my prospects
+blasted and made desperate. Only eight days since I came to Paris, and
+am here to find Count Monte-Leone, my challenge to whom, to deliver
+which I have sought him every where, should be as solemn as the
+vengeance I will exact."
+
+No sooner had the Count heard these words than he rushed into the
+boudoir, and stood face to face with the speaker, who was a young man
+of twenty-eight or thirty, wearing the uniform of the royal navy. His
+countenance was mild and noble, but bore an expression of perfect fury
+when he saw Monte-Leone.
+
+"Monsieur," said the Count, "you will not have to look farther for the
+person of whom you have dared to speak thus. I am thankful that I am
+here to spare you farther trouble in looking for me, though why you do
+so I cannot conceive."
+
+"He was listening to us," said the young man to his friends, in a tone
+of the deepest contempt. "Well, after all, that is right enough."
+
+"Chance," said the Count, resuming his _sang-froid_ and control over
+himself, which he always maintained in such emergencies, "led me
+within sound of your voice. You and I also should be glad that this is
+the case, for it seems to me a ball is a bad place for such an
+explanation as you seem to wish."
+
+"All places are good," said the naval officer, in a most insolent
+tone, "to tell you what I think of you. To repeat to you the epithet
+you have overheard, and which I am willing yet again to declare to all
+in these rooms."
+
+"Sir," said Monte-Leone, with the same calmness, "will you tell me
+first to whom I speak?"
+
+"My name is A----, and I am a lieutenant of the royal navy. My father
+is the person whom your infamous denunciations have caused to be
+imprisoned in the Conciergerie!"
+
+"What!" said the Count, "are you the son of General A----?"
+
+"What influences me I cannot and will not tell you; for then it would
+be out of the question for me to meet you."
+
+"Gentlemen," said the Count, speaking to those who witnessed this
+scene, to which the attention of many others had now been called,
+"this young man is mad. I, more than any person, have pitied his
+father, and I wish to give General A---- a new proof of my sympathy,
+by granting his son a delay until to-morrow, to enable him to repair
+the incredible injury he has done me. Here is my card," said he,
+placing it on a table, "and I shall wait until to-morrow for an
+explanation of the unintelligible conduct of Lieutenant A----."
+
+As soon as the Count had finished he left the boudoir, and the
+Lieutenant's friends kept possession of him, taking him out of the
+hotel. On the next day Monte-Leone received the following note:
+
+"COUNT--Instead of making an apology to you, I maintain all I said.
+You are a coward and a scoundrel, and you know why. I repeat, that if
+my voice articulated or my hand traced, why I speak thus, it would be
+impossible for me to kill you and avenge myself. Do not therefore ask
+me to make an explanation of what you know perfectly well. If you are
+unmoved by what I now say, and if I do not bring you out, I will have
+recourse to other means. I will await you and your witnesses to-day at
+two o'clock, at the _bois de Bologne_, behind Longchamp. I have
+selected this hour in order that I might previously see my father.
+
+"GUSTAVE A----,
+
+"Lieutenant, Royal Navy."
+
+"All hell is let loose against me," said the Count, as he perused this
+letter. "Why can I not penetrate the awful mystery which enshrouds
+me!"
+
+Taking a pen, he wrote the following words, which he gave to the
+bearer of the challenge:
+
+"I will be at the _bois de Bologne_ at two o'clock."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by Stringer
+& Townsend, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United
+States for the Southern District of New-York.
+
+Continued from page 54.
+
+[8] _Anglice._ Only the first step is troublesome.--TR.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+POULAILLER, THE ROBBER.
+
+
+Cartouche had been arrested, tried, condemned, and executed, some
+seven or eight years, and no longer occupied the attention of the good
+people of Paris, to whom his almost melodramatic life and death had
+afforded a most interesting and enduring topic. They were languishing,
+like the Athenians of old, for something new, when there arose a rumor
+that another robber, more dexterous, more audacious, more
+extraordinary, ay, and more cruel than Cartouche, was roaming about
+the streets of their city. What was his name? whence did he come? were
+questions in the mouth of every one, as each of his numerous daring
+acts was made public,--questions which no one could answer.
+
+In vain was every arm of the police put in requisition--crime after
+crime was committed with impunity, and terror reigned supreme.
+
+At last the criminal himself disdained concealment, and all
+Paris--nay, a considerable portion of Europe--trembled at the name of
+POULAILLER.
+
+He appeared about the year 1730, and astonished the world by deeds,
+some of them so shocking, and at the same time so wonderful, that they
+gave some color to the belief of many that he was aided by
+supernatural agency.
+
+This belief was supported by a history of the circumstances attending
+his birth.
+
+There lived in a village on the coast of Brittany a man, poor but of
+good repute, and well beloved by his neighbors,--an intrepid mariner,
+but poor as Job himself when his friends came to comfort him. A robust
+and well-knit frame, combined with a fine frank countenance, well
+bronzed by the sea-breezes, was looked on favorably by all, and by
+none more than by the young lasses whose furtive glances rested with
+pleasure on the manly form and gallant bearing of Jacques Poulailler.
+
+His strength was prodigious, and his temerity upon the ocean
+incredible.
+
+Such qualities are appreciated in every country; and among the
+beauties of the village, one remarkable for her superiority in wealth,
+as well as natural gifts, was attracted by them, and Jacques
+Poulailler had the good fortune to find favor in the eyes of her who
+was known in her little world as _La belle Isabeau Colomblet_.
+
+At no great distance from this maritime village, on the crest of a
+rock lashed by the waves, which at high tides was perfectly insulated,
+dwelt a personage of whose origin every one was ignorant. The building
+where he had established himself had long been of evil fame throughout
+the country, and was only known as _La Tour Maudite_. The firesides
+resounded with tales of terror enacted in this lonely and ominous
+theatre. Fiends, in the olden time had made it their abode, as was
+currently reported and believed. From that time, it was asserted that
+no human being could dwell there without having previously entered
+into a compact with the evil one. The isolation of the place, the
+continued agitation of the waves at its base, the howlings of the wind
+around its frowning battlements, the traces of the thunderbolts that
+from time to time had blackened and almost charred its walls, the
+absence of bush or tree, or any thing in the shape of blossom or
+verdure--for neither wall-flower nor even moss would grow there--had
+produced their effect on the superstitious spirit of the neighbors,
+and the accursed place had remained untenanted by any thing earthly
+for forty or fifty years.
+
+One gloomy day, however, a man was seen prowling about the vicinity.
+He came and went over the sands, and, just as a storm was rising, he
+threw himself into a boat, gained the offing, and disappeared.
+
+Every one believed that he was lost; but next morning there he was.
+Surprised at this, the neighbors began to inquire who he could be; and
+at last learned that he had bought the tower of the proprietor, and
+had come to dwell there. This was all the information that their
+restless curiosity could obtain. Whence did he come, and what had he
+done? In vain were these questions asked. All were querists, and none
+found a respondent. Two or three years elapsed before his name
+transpired. At last it was discovered, nobody knew how, that his name
+was Roussart.
+
+He appeared to be a man above six feet in height, strongly built, and
+apparently about thirty years of age. His countenance was all but
+handsome, and very expressive. His conduct was orderly, and without
+reproach, and, proving himself to be an experienced fisherman, he
+became of importance in that country.
+
+No one was more weatherwise than Roussart, and no one turned his
+foreknowledge to such good account. He had been seen frequently to
+keep the sea in such fearful tempests, that all agreed that he must
+have been food for fishes if he had not entered into some agreement
+with Satan. When the stoutest hearts quailed, and ordinary men
+considered it suicidal to venture out, Roussart was to be seen braving
+the tumult of winds and waves, and always returned to the harbor safe
+and sound.
+
+People began to talk about this, and shook their heads ominously.
+Little cared Roussart for their words or gestures; but he was the only
+one in the commune who never went to church. The cure at last gave out
+that he was excommunicated; and from that time his neighbors broke off
+all communication with him.
+
+Things had arrived at this point, when it was rumored that the gallant
+fisherman, Jacques Poulailler, had touched the heart of _La belle
+Isabeau_. Soon their approaching marriage became the topic of the
+village; and, finally, one Sunday, after mass, the bans were first
+published by the vicar. The lads of the village, congregated on the
+shore, were congratulating Poulailler on the auspicious event, when
+Roussart suddenly appeared among them.
+
+His presence was a surprise. He had always avoided the village
+meetings as much as others had sought them; and this sudden change in
+his habits gave a new impulse to curiosity.
+
+The stranger appeared to seek some one with his eyes, and presently
+walked straight up to the happy Jacques, who, intoxicated with joy,
+was giving and receiving innumerable shakes of the hand.
+
+"Master Poulailler," said Roussart, "you are going to be married,
+then?"
+
+"That seems sure," replied Poulailler.
+
+"Not more sure than that your first-born will belong to the evil one.
+I, Roussart, tell you so."
+
+With that he turned on his heel, and regained his isolated dwelling,
+leaving his auditors amazed by his abrupt and extraordinary
+announcement, and poor Jacques more affected by it than any one else.
+
+From that moment Roussart showed himself no more in the neighborhood,
+and soon disappeared altogether, without leaving a trace to indicate
+what had become of him.
+
+Most country people are superstitious,--the Bretons eminently so, and
+Jacques Poulailler never forgot the sinister prophecy of Roussart. His
+comrades were not more oblivious; and when, a year after his marriage,
+his first-born came into the world, a universal cry saluted the infant
+boy as devoted to Satan. _Donne au diable_ were the words added to the
+child's name whenever it was mentioned. It is not recorded whether or
+no he was born with teeth, but the gossips remarked that during the
+ceremony of baptism the new-born babe gave vent to the most fearful
+howlings. He writhed, he kicked, his little face exhibited the most
+horrible contortions; but as soon as they carried him out of the
+church, he burst out into laughter as unearthly as it was unnatural.
+
+After these evil omens every body expected that the little Pierre
+Poulailler would be ugly and ill-formed. Not a bit of it--on the
+contrary, he was comely, active, and bold. His fine fresh complexion
+and well-furnished mouth were set off by his brilliant black eyes and
+hair, which curled naturally all over his head. But he was a sad
+rogue, and something more. If an oyster-bed, a warren, or an orchard
+was robbed, Pierre Poulailler was sure to be the boy accused. In vain
+did his father do all that parent could to reform him--he was
+incorrigible.
+
+Monsieur le cure had some difficulty to bring him to his first
+communion. The master of the village exhausted his catalogue of
+corrections--and the catalogue was not very short--without succeeding
+in inculcating the first notions of the Christian faith and the
+doctrine of the cross. "What is the good of it?" would the urchin say.
+"Am not I devoted to the devil, and will not that be sufficient to
+make my way?"
+
+At ten years of age Pierre was put on board a merchant-ship, as
+cabin-boy. At twelve he robbed his captain, and escaped to England
+with the spoil. In London he contrived to pass for the natural son of
+a French Duke; but his numerous frauds forced him again to seek his
+native land, where, in his sixteenth year, he enlisted as a drummer in
+the regiment of Champagne, commanded by the Count de Varicleres.
+Before he had completed his eighteenth year he deserted, joined a
+troop of fortune-telling gipsies, whom he left to try his fortune with
+a regular pilferer, and finally, engaged himself to a rope-dancer. He
+played comedy, sold orvietan with the success of Doctor Dulcamara
+himself, and in a word, passed through all the degrees which lead to
+downright robbery.
+
+Once his good angel seemed to prevail. He left his disreputable
+companions and entered the army honorably. For a short time there were
+hopes of him; it was thought that he would amend his life, and his
+superiors were satisfied with his conduct. But the choicest weapon in
+the armory of him to whom he had been devoted was directed against
+him. A _vivandiere_--the prettiest and most piquante of her
+tribe--raised a flame in his heart that burnt away all other
+considerations; but he might still have continued in a comparatively
+respectable course, if the sergeant-major had not stood forward as his
+rival. The coquette had in her heart a preference for Pierre; and the
+sergeant, taking advantage of his rank, insulted his subordinate so
+grossly that he was repaid by a blow. The sergeant's blood was up, and
+as he rushed to attack Pierre, the soldier, drawing his sabre,
+dangerously wounded his superior officer, who, after lingering a few
+days, went the way of all flesh. Pierre would have tasted the tender
+mercies of the provost-marshal; but fortunately the regiment was lying
+near the frontier, which our hero contrived to cross, and then
+declared war against society at large.
+
+The varied knowledge and acquirements of the youth--his courage, true
+as steel, and always equal to the occasion--the prudence and foresight
+with which he meditated a _coup de main_--the inconceivable rapidity
+of his execution--his delicate and disinterested conduct towards his
+comrades--all contributed to render him famous, in the _famosus_
+sense, if you will, and to raise him to the first place.
+
+Germany was the scene of his first exploits. The world had condemned
+him to death, and he condemned the world to subscribe to his living.
+
+At this period, he had posted himself in ambush on the crest of a
+hill, whence his eye could command a great extent of country; and
+certainly the elegance of his mien, his graceful bearing, and the
+splendor of his arms, might well excuse those who did not take him for
+what he really was. He was on the hillside when two beautiful young
+women appeared in sight. He lost no time in joining them; and, as
+youth is communicative, soon learnt, in answer to his questions, that,
+tired of remaining in the carriage, they had determined to ascend the
+hill on foot.
+
+"You are before the carriage, then, mademoiselle?"
+
+"Yes, sir; cannot you hear the whip of the postillions?"
+
+The conversation soon became animated, and every moment made a deeper
+inroad into the heart of our handsome brigand: but every moment also
+made the situation more critical. On the other side of the hill was
+the whole band, ranged in order of battle, and ready to pounce upon
+the travellers. Having ascertained the place of abode of his fair
+companions, and promised to avail himself of the first opportunity to
+pay his compliments to them there, he bade them politely adieu; and
+having gained a path cut through the living rock, known but to few,
+descended with the agility of a chamois to his party, whom he implored
+not to attack the carriage which was approaching.
+
+But, if Poulailler had his reasons for this chivalrous conduct, his
+band were actuated by no such motives, and they demurred to his
+prayer. He at once conquered their hesitation by bidding them name the
+value that they put on their expected booty, purchased the safety of
+the travellers by the sum named, and the two fair daughters of the
+Baron von Kirbergen went on their way full of the praises of the
+handsome stranger whose acquaintance they had made, and in blissful
+ignorance of the peril they had passed.
+
+That very day, Poulailler left his lieutenant in the temporary command
+of the band, mounted his most beautiful horse, followed his beloved to
+the castle of her father, and introduced himself as the Count Petrucci
+of Sienna, whom he had lately robbed, and whose papers he had taken
+care to retain with an eye to future business.
+
+His assumed name, backed by his credentials, secured for him a
+favorable reception, and he well knew how to improve the occasion. An
+accomplished rider, and bold in the chase, he won the good opinion of
+the Baron; while his musical and conversational talent made him the
+pet of the drawing-room. The young and charming Wilhelmina surrendered
+her heart to the gay and amiable cavalier; and all went merrily, till
+one fine morning Fortune, whose wheel is never stationary, sent the
+true count to the castle. It was no case of the two Sosias, for no two
+persons could well be more unlike; and as soon as the real personage
+saw his representative, he recognized him as the robber who had stolen
+his purse as well as his name.
+
+Here was a pretty business. Most adventurers would have thrown up the
+game as desperate; but our hero, with a front worthy of Fathom
+himself, boldly proclaimed the last visitor to be an impostor, and
+argued the case so ably, and with such well-simulated indignation at
+the audacity of the newcomer, that the Baron was staggered, and
+despatched messengers to the partners of a mercantile house at
+Florence, to whom the true Petrucci was well known.
+
+To wait for the result of the inquiry would have been a folly of which
+Poulailler was not likely to be guilty; so he made a moonlight
+flitting of it that very night--but not alone. Poor Wilhelmina had
+cast in her lot with her lover for good or for evil, and fled with
+him.
+
+The confusion that reigned in the best of all possible castles, the
+next morning, may be conceived; but we must leave the Baron
+blaspheming, and the Baroness in hysterics, to follow the fugitives,
+who gained France in safety, and were soon lost in the labyrinths of
+Paris.
+
+There he was soon joined by his band, to the great loss and terror of
+the honest people of the good city. Every day, M. Herault, the
+lieutenant of police, was saluted by new cases of robbery and
+violence, which his ablest officers could neither prevent nor punish.
+The organization of the band was so complete, and the head so ably
+directed the hands, that neither life nor property was considered safe
+from one moment to another. Nor were accounts of the generosity of the
+chief occasionally wanting to add to his fame.
+
+One night, as Poulailler was traversing the roofs with the agility of
+a cat, for the purpose of entering a house whose usual inmates were
+gone into the country, he passed the window of a garret whence issued
+a melancholy concert of sobs and moans. He stopped, and approached the
+apartment of a helpless family, without resources, without bread, and
+suffering the pangs of hunger. Touched by their distress, and
+remembering his own similar sufferings before Fortune favored him, he
+was about to throw his purse among them, when the door of the chamber
+opened violently, and a man, apparently beside himself, rushed in with
+a handful of gold, which he cast upon the floor.
+
+"There," cried he, in a voice broken by emotion, "there,
+take--buy--eat; but it will cost you dear. I pay for it with my honor
+and peace of mind. Baffled in all my attempts to procure food for you
+honestly, I was on my despairing return, when I beheld, at a short
+distance from me, a tall but slight-made man, who walked hurriedly,
+but yet with an air as if he expected some one. Ah! thought I, this is
+some lover; and yielding to the temptation of the fiend, I seized him
+by the collar. The poor creature was terrified, and, begging for
+mercy, put into my hands this watch, two gold snuff-boxes, and those
+Louis, and fled. There they are; they will cost me my life. I shall
+never survive this infamy."
+
+The starving wife re-echoed these sentiments; and even the hungry
+children joined in the lamentations of the miserable father.
+
+All this touched Pierre to the quick. To the great terror of the
+family, he entered the room, and stood in the midst.
+
+"Be comforted," said he to the astonished husband; "you have robbed a
+robber. The infamous coward who gave up to you this plunder is one of
+Poulailler's sentinels. Keep it; it is yours."
+
+"But who are you?" cried the husband and wife;--"who are you, and by
+what right is it that you thus dispose of the goods of another?"
+
+"By the right of a chief over his subalterns. I am Poulailler."
+
+The poor family fell on their knees, and asked what they could do for
+him.
+
+"Give me a light," said Pierre, "that I may get down into the street
+without breaking my neck."
+
+This reminds one of the answer which Rousseau gave to the Duc de
+Praslin, whose Danish dog, as it was running before the carriage, had
+upset the peripatetic philosopher.
+
+"What can I do for you?" said the Duke to the fallen author of _La
+Nouvelle Heloise_, whose person he did not know.
+
+"You can tie up your dog," replied Jean-Jacques, gathering himself up,
+and walking away.
+
+Poulailler having done his best to render a worthy family happy, went
+his way, to inflict condign punishment on the poltroon who had so
+readily given up the purse and the watches.
+
+The adventures of this accomplished robber were so numerous and
+marvellous, that it is rather difficult to make a selection. One
+evening, at the _bal de l'Opera_, he made the acquaintance of a
+charming woman, who, at first, all indignation, was at length induced
+to listen to his proposal, that he should see her home; and promised
+to admit him, "if Monseigneur should not be there."
+
+"But who is this Monseigneur?" inquired Pierre.
+
+"Don't ask," replied the fair lady.
+
+"Who is he, fairest?"
+
+"Well, how curious you are; you make me tell all my secrets. If you
+must know, he is a prince of the church, out of whose revenues he
+supports me; and I cannot but show my gratitude to him."
+
+"Certainly not; he seems to have claims which ought to be attended
+to."
+
+By this time they had arrived at an elegantly furnished house, which
+they entered, the lady having ascertained that the coast was clear;
+and Poulailler had just installed himself, when up drove a
+carriage--Monseigneur in person.
+
+The beauty, in a state of distraction, threw herself at the feet of
+her spark, and implored him to pass into a back cabinet. Poulailler
+obeyed, and had hardly reached his hiding-place, when he beheld,
+through the glazed door, Monseigneur, who had gone to his Semele in
+all his apostolical magnificence. A large and splendid cross of
+diamonds, perfect in water, shot dazzling rays from his breast, where
+it was suspended by a chain of cat's-eyes, of great price, set in
+gold; the button and loop of his hat blazed with other precious
+stones; and his fingers sparkled with rings, whose brilliants were
+even greater and more beautiful than those that formed the
+constellation of his cross.
+
+It is very seldom that the human heart, however capacious, has room
+for two grand passions in activity at the same time. In this instance,
+Poulailler no sooner beheld the rich and tempting sight, than he found
+that the god of Love was shaking his wings and flying from his bosom,
+and that the demon of Cupidity was taking the place of the more
+disinterested deity. He rushed from his hiding-place, and presented
+himself to the astonished prelate with a poinard in one hand and a
+pistol in the other, both of which he held to the sacred breast in the
+presence of the distracted lady. The bishop had not learnt to be
+careless of life, and had sufficient self-possession in his terror not
+to move, lest he should compromise his safety, while Poulailler
+proceeded to strip him with a dexterity that practice had rendered
+perfect. Diamonds, precious stones, gold, coined and ornamental,
+rings, watch, snuff-box, and purse, were transferred from the priest
+to the robber with marvellous celerity; then turning to the lady, he
+made her open the casket which contained the price of her favors, and
+left the house with the plunder and such a laugh as those only revel
+in who win.
+
+The lieutenant of police began to take the tremendous success of our
+hero to heart, and in his despair at the increasing audacity of the
+robber, caused it to be spread amongst his spies, archers, and
+sergeants, that he who should bring Poulailler before him should be
+rewarded with one hundred pistoles, in addition to a place of two
+thousand livres a year.
+
+M. Herault was seated comfortably at his breakfast, when the Count de
+Villeneuve was announced. This name was--perhaps is--principally borne
+by two celebrated families of Provence and Languedoc. M. Herault
+instantly rose and passed into his cabinet, where he beheld a
+personage of good mien, dressed to perfection, with as much luxury as
+taste, who in the best manner requested a private interview. Orders
+were immediately issued that no one should venture to approach till
+the bell was rung; and a valet was placed as sentinel in an adjoining
+gallery to prevent the possibility of interruption.
+
+"Well, Monsieur le Comte, what is your business with me?"
+
+"Oh, a trifle;--merely a thousand pistoles, which I am about to take
+myself from your strong box, in lieu of the one hundred pistoles, and
+the snug place, which you have promised to him who would gratify you
+by Poulailler's presence. I am Poulailler, who will dispatch you to
+the police of the other world with this poisoned dagger, if you raise
+your voice or attempt to defend yourself. Nay, stir not--a scratch is
+mortal."
+
+Having delivered himself of this address, the audacious personage drew
+from his pocket some fine but strong whip-cord, well hackled and
+twisted, and proceeded to bind the lieutenant of police hand and foot,
+finishing by making him fast to the lock of the door. Then the robber
+proceeded to open the lieutenant's secretaire, the drawers of which he
+well rummaged, and having filled his pockets with the gold which he
+found there, turned to the discomfited lieutenant with a profound bow,
+and after a request that he would not take the trouble to show him
+out, quietly took his departure.
+
+There are some situations so confounding, that they paralyze the
+faculties for a time; and the magistrate was so overcome by his
+misfortune, that, instead of calling for aid, as he might have done
+when the robber left him, he set to work with his teeth, in vain
+endeavors to disengage himself from the bonds which held him fast. An
+hour elapsed before any one ventured to disturb M. Herault, who was
+found in a rage to be imagined, but not described, at this daring act.
+The loss was the least part of the annoyance. A cloud of epigrams flew
+about, and the streets resounded with the songs celebrating
+Poulailler's triumph and the defeat of the unfortunate magistrate, who
+dared not for some time to go into society, where he was sure to find
+a laugh at his expense.
+
+But ready as the good people of Paris were with their ridicule, _they_
+were by no means at their ease. The depredations of Poulailler
+increased with his audacity, and people were afraid to venture into
+the streets after nightfall. As soon as the last rays of the setting
+sun fell on the Boulevards, the busy crowds began to depart; and when
+that day-star sank below the horizon, they were deserted. Nobody felt
+safe.
+
+The Hotel de Brienne was guarded like a fortress, but difficulty
+seemed to give additional zest to Poulailler. Into this hotel he was
+determined to penetrate, and into it he got. While the carriage of the
+Princess of Lorraine was waiting at the Opera, he contrived to fix
+leathern bands, with screws, under the outside of the bottom of the
+body, while his associates were treating the coachman and footman at a
+_cabaret_, slipped under the carriage in the confusion of the
+surrounding crowd when it drew up to the door of the theatre, and,
+depending on the strength of his powerful wrists, held on underneath,
+and was carried into the hotel under the very nose of the Swiss
+Cerberus.
+
+When the stable-servants were all safe in their beds, Poulailler
+quitted his painful hiding-place, where the power of his muscles and
+sinews had been so severely tested, and mounted into the hay-loft,
+where he remained concealed three nights and four days, sustaining
+himself on cakes of chocolate. No one loved good cheer better than he,
+or indulged more in the pleasures of the table; but he made himself a
+slave to nothing, save the inordinate desire of other men's goods, and
+patiently contented himself with what would keep body and soul
+together till he was enabled to make his grand _coup_.
+
+At last, Madame de Brienne went in all her glory to the Princess de
+Marsan's ball, and nearly all the domestics took advantage of the
+absence of their mistress to leave the hotel in pursuit of their own
+pleasures. Poulailler then descended from the hay-loft, made his way
+to the noble dame's cabinet, forced her secretaire, and possessed
+himself of two thousand Louis d'or and a port-folio, which he
+doubtless wished to examine at his ease; for, two days afterwards, he
+sent it back, (finding it furnished with such securities only as he
+could not negotiate with safety,) and a polite note signed with his
+name, in which he begged the Princess graciously to receive the
+restitution, and to accept the excuses of one who, had he not been
+sorely pressed for the moderate sum which he had ventured to take,
+would never have thought of depriving the illustrious lady of it;
+adding, that when he was in cash, he should be delighted to lend her
+double the amount, should her occasions require it.
+
+This impudent missive was lauded as a marvel of good taste at
+Versailles, where, for a whole week, every one talked of the
+consummate cleverness and exquisite gallantry of the _Chevalier_ de
+Poulailler.
+
+This title of honor stuck, and his fame seemed to inspire him with
+additional ardor and address. His affairs having led him to Cambray,
+he happened to have for a travelling companion the Dean of a
+well-known noble Belgian chapter. The conversation rolled on the
+notorieties of the day, and Poulailler was a more interesting theme
+than the weather. But our chevalier was destined to listen to
+observations that did not much flatter his self-esteem, for the Dean,
+so far from allowing him any merit whatever as a brigand,
+characterized him as an infamous and miserable cutpurse, adding, that
+at his first and approaching visit to Paris, he would make it his
+business to see the lieutenant of police, and reproach him with the
+small pains he took to lay so vile a scoundrel by the heels.
+
+The journey passed off without the occurrence of any thing remarkable;
+but about a month after this colloquy M. Herault received a letter,
+informing him that on the previous evening, M. de Potter,
+_chanoine-doyen_ of the noble chapter of Brussels, had been robbed and
+murdered by Poulailler, who, clad in the habits of his victim, and
+furnished with his papers, would enter the barrier St. Martin. This
+letter purported to have been written by one of his accomplices, who
+had come to the determination of denouncing him in the hope of
+obtaining pardon.
+
+The horror of M. Herault at the death of this dignified ecclesiastic,
+who was personally unknown to him, was, if the truth must be told,
+merged in the delight which that magistrate felt in the near prospect
+of avenging society and himself on this daring criminal. A cloud of
+police officers hovered in ambush at each of the barriers, and
+especially at that which bore the name of the saint who divided his
+cloak with the poor pilgrim, with directions to seize and bring into
+the presence of M. Herault a man habited as an ecclesiastic, and with
+the papers of the Dean of the Brussels chapter. Towards evening the
+Lille coach arrived, was surrounded and escorted to the hotel des
+Messageries, and at the moment when the passengers descended, the
+officers pounced upon the personage whose appearance and vestments
+corresponded with their instructions.
+
+The resistance made by this personage only sharpened the zeal of the
+officers who seized him, and, in spite of his remonstrances and cries,
+carried him to the hotel of the police, where M. Herault was prepared
+with the proofs of Poulailler's crimes. Two worthy citizens of
+Brussels were there, anxious to see the murderer of their friend, the
+worthy ecclesiastic, whose loss they so much deplored: but what was
+their joy, and, it must be added, the disappointment of M. Herault,
+when the supposed criminal turned out to be no other than the good
+Dean de Potter himself, safe and sound, but not a little indignant at
+the outrage which he had sustained. Though a man of peace, his ire so
+far ruffled a generally calm temper, that he could not help asking M.
+Herault whether Poulailler (from whom a second letter now arrived,
+laughing at their beards) or he, M. Herault, was the chief director of
+the police?
+
+William of Deloraine, good at need--
+
+    By wily turns, by desperate bounds,
+    Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds.
+    Five times outlawed had he been,
+    By England's king and Scotland's queen.
+
+But he was never taken, and had no occasion for his
+
+    ----neck-verse at Hairibee,
+
+even if he could have read it. Poulailler was arrested no less than
+five times, and five times did he break his bonds. Like Jack Sheppard
+and Claude du Val, he owed his escape in most instances to the frail
+fair ones, who would have dared any thing in favor of their favorite,
+and who, in Jack's case, joined on one occasion without jealousy in a
+successful effort to save him.
+
+Poulailler was quite as much the pet of the petticoats as either of
+these hempen heroes. With a fine person and accomplished manners, he
+came, saw, and overcame, in more instances than that of the fair
+daughter of the Baron von Kirbergen; but, unlike John Sheppard or
+Claude Du Val, Poulailler was cruel. Villains as they were, John and
+Claude behaved well, after their fashion, to those whom they robbed,
+and to the unhappy women with whom they associated. In their case, the
+"ladies" did their utmost to save them, and men were not wanting who
+endeavored to obtain a remission of their sentence. But Poulailler
+owed his fall to a woman whom he had ruined, ill-treated, and scorned.
+The ruin and ill-treatment she bore, as the women, poor things, will
+bear such atrocities; but the scorn roused all the fury which the
+poets, Latin and English, have written of; and his cruelties were so
+flagrant, that he could find no man to say, "God bless him."
+
+Wilhelmina von Kirbergen had twice narrowly escaped from a violent
+death. Poulailler, in his capricious wrath, once stabbed her with such
+murderous will, that she lay a long time on the verge of the grave,
+and then recovered to have the strength of her constitution tried by
+the strength of a poison which he had administered to her in
+insufficient quantities. Henry the Eighth forwarded his wives, when he
+was tired of them, to the other world by form of what was in his time
+English law; but when Poulailler "felt the fulness of satiety," he got
+rid of his mistresses by a much more summary process. But it was not
+till this accomplished scoundrel openly left Wilhelmina for a younger
+and more beautiful woman, that she, who had given up station, family,
+and friends, to link herself with his degrading life, abandoned
+herself to revenge.
+
+She wrote to him whom she had loved so long and truly, to implore that
+they might once more meet before they parted in peace for ever.
+Poulailler, too happy to be freed on such terms, accepted her
+invitation, and was received so warmly that he half repented his
+villainous conduct, and felt a return of his youthful affection. A
+splendid supper gave zest to their animated conversation; but towards
+the end of it, Poulailler observed a sudden change in his companion,
+who manifested evident symptoms of suffering. Poulailler anxiously
+inquired the cause.
+
+"Not much," said she; "a mere trifle--I have poisoned myself, that I
+may not survive you."
+
+"Quoi, coquine! m'aurais-tu fait aussi avaler le boucon?" cried the
+terrified robber.
+
+"That would not have sufficiently avenged me. Your death would have
+been too easy. No, my friend, you will leave this place safe and well;
+but it will be to finish the night at the Conciergerie; and,
+to-morrow, as they have only to prove your identity, you will finish
+your career on the wheel in the Place de Greve."
+
+So saying, she clapped her hands, and, in an instant, before he had
+time to move, the Philistines were upon him. Archers and other
+officers swarmed from the hangings, door, and windows. For a few
+moments, surrounded as he was, his indomitable courage seemed to
+render the issue doubtful; but what could one man do against a host
+armed to the teeth? He was overpowered, notwithstanding his brave and
+vigorous resistance.
+
+His death, however, was not so speedy as his wretched mistress
+prophesied that it would be. The love of life prevailed, and in the
+hope of gaining time which he might turn to account in effecting his
+escape, he promised to make revelations of importance to the state.
+The authorities soon found out that he was trifling with them, and the
+_procureur-general_, after having caused him to be submitted to the
+most excruciating torture, left him to be broken on the wheel alive.
+He was executed with all the accursed refinement of barbarity which
+disgraced the times; and his tormenters, at last, put the finishing
+stroke to his prolonged agonies, by throwing him alive into the fire
+that blazed at his feet.
+
+Nothing can justify such penal atrocities. If any thing could,
+Poulailler, it must be admitted, had wrought hard to bring down upon
+himself the whole sharpness of the law of retaliation. Upwards of one
+hundred and fifty persons had been murdered by him and his band.
+Resistance seemed to rouse in him and them the fury of devils. Nor was
+it only on such occasions that his murderous propensities were
+glutted.
+
+At the village of St. Martin, he caused the father, the mother, two
+brothers, a newly-married sister, her husband, and four relations, or
+friends, to be butchered in cold blood.
+
+One of his band was detected in an attempt to betray him. Poulailler
+had him led to a cellar. The traitor was placed upright in an angle of
+the wall, gagged, and there they built him in alive. Poulailler, with
+his own hand, wrote the sentence and epitaph of the wretch on the soft
+plaster; and there it was found some years afterward, when the cellar
+in which this diabolical act of vengeance was perpetrated passed into
+the hands of a new proprietor.
+
+It was current in the country where Poulailler first saw the light,
+and where his father, mother, brethren, and sisters, still lived an
+honorable life, embittered only by the horrible celebrity of their
+relation, that, on the night which followed the day of Pierre's
+execution, the isolated tower, which had been uninhabited since its
+last occupant had so mysteriously disappeared, seemed all on fire,
+every window remaining illuminated by the glowing element till morning
+dawned. During this fearful nocturnal spectacle, it was affirmed that
+infernal howlings and harrowing cries proceeded from the apparently
+burning mass, and some peasants declared that they heard Pierre
+Poulailler's name shouted from the midst of the flames in a voice of
+thunder.
+
+The dawn showed the lonely tower unscathed by fire; but a fearful
+tempest arose, and raged with ceaseless fury for thrice twenty-four
+hours. The violence of the hurricane was such, that it was impossible
+during that time for any vessel to keep the sea; and when at length
+the storm subsided, the coast was covered with pieces of wreck, while
+the waves continued for many days to give up their dead at the base of
+the rock, from whose crest frowned _La Tour Maudite_.
+
+
+
+
+From Hogg's Instructor.
+
+THE LATE D. M. MOIR.
+
+BY GEORGE GILFILLAN.
+
+
+Pleasant and joyous was the circle wont to assemble now and then (not
+_every_ night, as the public then fondly dreamed) in Ambrose's, some
+twenty-five years ago: not a constellation in all our bright sky, at
+present, half so brilliant. There sat John Wilson, "lord of the
+lion-heart and eagle-eye," his hair somewhat thicker, and his eye
+rather brighter, and his complexion as fresh, and his talk as
+powerful, as now. There Lockhart appeared, with his sharp face,
+_adunco naso_, keen poignant talk, and absence of all enthusiasm.
+There Maginn rollicked and roared, little expecting that he was ever
+destined to stand a bankrupt and ruined man over Bunyan's dust, and
+cry, "Sleep on, thou Prince of Dreamers!" There De Quincey bowed and
+smiled, while interposing his mild but terrible and unanswerable
+"buts," and winding the subtle way of his talk through all subjects,
+human, infernal, and divine. There appeared the tall military form of
+old Syme, alias Timothy Tickler, with his pithy monosyllables, and
+determined _nil admirari_ bearing. There the Ettrick Shepherd told his
+interminable stories, and drank his interminable tumblers. There sat
+sometimes, though seldom, a young man of erect port, mild gray eye,
+high head, rich quivering lips, and air of simple dignity, often
+forgetting to fill or empty his glass, but never forgetting to look
+reverently to the "Professor," curiously and admiringly to De Quincey,
+and affectionately to all: it was Thomas Aird. There occasionally
+might be seen Macnish of Glasgow, with his broad fun; Doubleday of
+Newcastle, then a rising litterateur; Leitch, the ventriloquist, (not
+professionally so, and yet not much inferior, we believe, to the
+famous Duncan Macmillan); and even a stray Cockney or two who did not
+belong to the Cockney school. There, too, the "Director-general of the
+Fine Arts," old Bridges, (uncle to our talented friend, William
+Bridges, Esq. of London,) was often a guest, with his keen black eye,
+finely-formed features, rough, ready talk, and a certain smack audible
+on his lips when he spoke of a beautiful picture, a "leading article"
+in "Maga," or of some of the queer adventures (_quorum pars fuit_) of
+Christopher North. And there, last, not least, was frequently seen the
+fine fair-haired head of Delta, the elegant poet, the amiable man, and
+the author of one of the quaintest and most delightful of our Scottish
+tales, "Mansie Wauch."
+
+That brilliant circle was dissolved long ere we knew any of its
+members. We question if it was ever equalled, except thrice: once by
+the Scriblerus Club, composed of Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and
+Bolingbroke; again by the "Literary Club," with its Johnson, Burke,
+Garrick, Beauclerk, Gibbon, and Fox: and more recently by the
+"Round-table," with its Hazlitt, Hunt, Lamb, and their minor
+companions. It is now, we need not say, entirely dissolved, although
+most of its members are yet alive, and although its doings and sayings
+have been of late imitated in certain symposia, reminding us, in
+comparison with the past, of the shadowy feasts of the dead beside
+real human entertainments. The "nights" of the North are diviner than
+the "days."
+
+From this constellation, we mean, at present, to cut out one "bright,
+particular star," and to discourse of him. This is Delta, the
+delightful. We have not the happiness of Dr. Moir's acquaintance, nor
+did we ever see him, save once. It was at the great Edinburgh
+Philosophic Feed of 1846, when Macaulay, Whately, and other lions,
+young and old, roared, on the whole, rather feebly, and in vulgar
+falsetto, over their liberal provender. Delta, too, was a speaker, and
+his speech had two merits, at least, modesty and brevity, and
+contrasted thus well with Whately's egotistical rigmarole, Macaulay's
+labored paradox, and Maclagan's inane bluster. He was, we understood
+afterwards, in poor health at the time, and did not do justice to
+himself. But we have been long familiar with his poems in "Blackwood"
+and the "Dumfries Herald," to which he occasionally contributed. We
+remember well when, next to a paper by North, or a poem by Aird, we
+looked eagerly for one by Delta in each new number of "Ebony;" and we
+now cheerfully proceed to say a few words about his true and exquisite
+genius.
+
+We may call Delta the male Mrs. Hemans. Like her, he loved principally
+the tender, the soft, and the beautiful. Like her, he excelled in
+fugitive verses, and seldom attempted, and still more seldom
+succeeded, in the long or the labored poem. Like her, he tried a great
+variety of styles and measures. Like her, he ever sought to interweave
+a sweet and strong moral with his strains, and to bend them all in by
+a graceful curve around the Cross. But, unlike her, his tone was
+uniformly glad and genial, and he exhibited none of that morbid
+melancholy which lies often like a dark funeral edge around her most
+beautiful poems: and this, because he was a _masculine_ shape of the
+same elegant genus.
+
+Delta's principal powers were cultured sensibility, fine fancy, good
+taste, and an easy, graceful style and versification. He sympathized
+with all the "outward forms of sky and earth, with all that was
+lovely, and pure, and of a good report" in the heart and the history
+of humanity, and particularly with Scottish scenery, and Scottish
+character and manners. His poetry was less a distinct power or vein,
+than the general result and radiance of all his faculties. These
+exhaled out of them a fine genial enthusiasm, which expressed itself
+in song. We do not think, with Carlyle, that it is the same with _all_
+high poets. _He_ says--"Poetry, except in such cases as that of Keats,
+where the whole consists in a weak-eyed maudlin sensibility, and a
+certain vague tunefulness of nature, is no separate faculty, no organ
+which can be superadded to the rest, or disjoined from them, but
+rather the result of their general harmony and completion." Now, 1st,
+Carlyle is here grossly unjust to Keats. Had the author of Hyperion
+nothing but maudlin sensibility? If ever man was devoured, body and
+soul, by that passion for, and perception of, the beauty and glory of
+the universe, which is the essence of poetry, it was poor Keats. He
+was poetry incarnate--the wine of the gods poured into a frail earthy
+vessel, which split around it. Nor has Burns, of whom Carlyle is here
+writing, left any thing to be compared, in ideal qualities, in depth,
+and massiveness, and almost Miltonic magnificence, with the
+descriptions of Saturn, and the Palace of the Sun, and the Senate of
+the Gods in "Hyperion." Burns was the finest lyrist of his or any age;
+but Keats, had he lived, would have been one of the first of _epic_
+poets. 2dly, We do not very well comprehend what Carlyle means by the
+words "no organ, which can be superadded to, or disjoined from the
+rest." If he means that no culture can add, or want of it take away,
+poetic faculty, he is clearly right. But, if he means that nature
+never confers a poetic vein distinct from, and superior to, the
+surrounding faculties of the man, we must remind him of certain
+stubborn facts. Gay and Fontaine were "fable-trees," Goldsmith was an
+"inspired idiot." Godwin's powerful philosophic and descriptive genius
+seemed scarcely connected with the man; he had to _write_ himself
+_into_ it, and his friends could hardly believe him the author of his
+own works! Even Byron was but a common man, except at his desk, or "on
+his stool" as he himself called it. He had to "_call_" his evil spirit
+from the vasty deep, and to lash himself very often into inspiration
+by a whip of "Gin-_twist_." And James Hogg was little else than a
+_haverer_, till he sat down to write poetry, when the "faery queen"
+herself seemed to be speaking from within him. Nay, 3dly, we are
+convinced that many men, of extraordinary powers otherwise, have in
+them a vein of poetry as distinct from the rest as the bag of honey in
+the bee is from his sting, his antennae, and his wings, and which
+requires some special circumstance or excitement to develop it. Thus
+it was, we think, with Burke, Burns, and Carlyle himself. All these
+had poetry in them, and have expressed it; but any of them might have
+_avoided_, in a great measure, its expression, and might have solely
+shone in other spheres. For example, Burke has written several works
+full, indeed, of talent, but without a single gleam of that real
+imagination which other of his writings display. What a contrast
+between his "Thoughts on the Present Discontents," or his "Essay on
+the Sublime and Beautiful," (an essay containing not one sublime, and
+not two beautiful sentences in it all,) and the "rare and regal"
+rhetorical and poetic glories of his "Essay on the French Revolution,"
+or his "Letters on a Regicide Peace!" Burns might have been a
+philosopher of the Dugald Stewart school, as acute and artificially
+eloquent as any of them, had he gone to Edinburgh College instead of
+going to Irvine School. Carlyle might have been a prime-minister of a
+somewhat original and salvage sort, had it been so ordered. None of
+the three were so essentially poetical, that all their thoughts were
+"twin-born with poetry," and rushed into the reflection of metaphor,
+as the morning beams into the embrace and reflection of the lake. All
+were _stung_ into poetry: Burke by political zeal and personal
+disappointment, Burns by love, and Carlyle by that white central heat
+of dissatisfaction with the world and the things of the world, which
+his temperament has compelled him to express, but which his Scottish
+common sense has taught him the wisdom of expressing in earnest
+masquerade and systematic metaphor. But, 4thly, there is a class of
+poets who have possessed more than the full complement of human
+faculties, who have added to these extensive accomplishments and
+acquirements, and yet who have been so constituted, that imaginative
+utterance has been as essential to their thoughts as language itself.
+Such were Dante, Milton, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, &c., and such
+are Wilson, Bailey, Aird, and Yendys. These are "nothing, if not
+poetical." All their powers and acquisitions turn instinctively toward
+poetic expression, whether in verse or prose. And near them, although
+on a somewhat lower plane, stood Delta.
+
+Poetry, with Delta, was rather the natural outflow of his whole soul
+and culture combined, than an art or science. His poetry was founded
+on feelings, not on principles. Indeed, we fancy that little true
+poetry, in any age, has been systematic. It is generally the work of
+sudden enthusiasm, wild and rapid ecstasy acting upon a nature
+_prefitted_ for receiving the afflatus, whether by gift or by
+accomplishment, or by both united. Even the most thoroughly furnished
+have been as dependent on moods and happy hours as the least. The wind
+of inspiration bloweth where it listeth. Witness Milton and Coleridge,
+both of whom were masters of the theory of their art, nay, who had
+studied it scientifically, and with a profound knowledge of cognate
+sciences, and yet both of whom could only build up the lofty rhyme at
+certain seasons, and in certain circumstances, and who frequently
+perpetrated sheer dulness and drivel. The poetry of Homer, of
+Eschylus, of Lucretius, of Byron, of Shelley, of Festus--in short, the
+most of powerful poetry--has owed a vast deal more to excitement and
+enthusiasm than to study or elaborate culture. The rhapsodists were
+the first, have been the best, and shall be the last of the poets. And
+with what principles of poetic art were the bards of Israel
+conversant? And what systems of psychology or aesthetics had Shakspeare
+studied? And in what college were trained the framers of the
+ballad-poetry of the world--the lovers who soothed with song their
+burning hearts--the shepherds who sang amid their green
+wildernesses--the ploughmen who modulated to verse the motion of their
+steers--the kings of the early time who shouted war-poetry from their
+chariots--the Berserkars whose long hair curled and shook as though
+life were in it, to the music of their wild melodies--and the "men of
+sturt and strife," the rough Macpherson-like heroes, whose spirits
+sprang away from the midst of flood and flame, from the gallows or the
+scaffold, on whirlwinds of extempore music and poetry? Poetry, with
+them, was the irresistible expression of passion and of imagination,
+and hence its power; and to nothing still, but the same rod, can its
+living waters flow amain. Certain fantastic fribbles of the present
+day may talk of "principles of art," and "principles of
+versification," and the necessity of studying poetry as a science, and
+may exhaust the resources of midnight darkness in expressing their
+bedrivelled notions; but _our_ principle is this--"Give us a gifted
+intellect, and warm true heart, and stir these with the fiery rod of
+passion and enthusiasm, and the result will be genuine, and high, and
+lasting poetry, as certainly as that light follows the sun."
+
+It may, perhaps, be objected, besides, that Delta has left no large or
+great poem. Now, here we trace the presence of another prevalent
+fallacy. Largeness is frequently confounded with greatness. But,
+because Milton's Paradise Lost is both large and great, it does not
+follow that every great poem must be large, any more than that every
+large poem must be great. Pollok's Course of Time is a large and a
+clever, but scarcely a great poem. Hamlet and Faust may be read each
+in an hour, and yet both are great poems. Heraud's Judgment of the
+Flood is a vast folio in size, but a very second-rate poem in
+substance. Thomas Aird's Devil's Dream covers only four pages, yet who
+ever read it without the impression "this is a great effort of
+genius." Lalla Rookh was originally a quarto, but, although brilliant
+in the extreme, it can hardly be called a poem at all. Burns's Vision
+of Liberty contains, in the space of thirty-two lines, we hesitate not
+to say, all the elements of a great poem. Although Delta's poems be
+not large, it is not a necessary corollary that they are inferior
+productions. And if none of them, perhaps, fill up the whole measure
+of the term "great," many of them are beautiful, all are genuine, and
+some, such as Casa Wappy, are exquisite.
+
+Health is one eminent quality in this pleasing writer. Free
+originally from morbid tendencies, he has nursed and cherished this
+happy tone of mind by perusing chiefly healthy authors. He has acted
+on the principle that the whole should be kept from the sick. He has
+dipped but sparingly into the pages of Byron and Shelley, whereas
+Wordsworth, Wilson, Southey, and Scott, are the gods of his idolatry.
+Scott is transcendently clear. Indeed, we think that he gives to him,
+_as a poet_, a place beyond his just deserts. His ease, simplicity,
+romantic interest, and Border fire, have blinded him to his faults,
+his fatal facility of verse, his looseness of construction, and his
+sad want of deep thought and original sentiment. To name him beside or
+above Wordsworth, the great consecrated bard of his period, is
+certainly a heresy of no small order. One or two of Wordsworth's
+little poems, or of his sonnets, are, we venture to say, in genuine
+poetical depth and beauty, superior to Scott's _five_ larger poems put
+together. _They_ are long, lively, rambling, shallow, and blue,
+glittering streams. Wordsworth's ballads are deep and clear as those
+mountain pools over which bends the rowan, and on which smiles the
+autumn sky, as on the fittest reflector of its own bright profundity
+and solemn clearness.
+
+Well did Christopher North characterize Delta as the poet of the
+spring. He was the darling of that darling season. In all his poetry
+there leaped and frolicked "vernal delight and joy." He had in some of
+his verses admirably, and on purpose, expressed the many feelings or
+images which then throng around the heart, like a cluster of bees
+settling at once upon flower--the sense of absolute newness, blended
+with a faint, rich thrill of recollection--the fresh bubbling out of
+the blood from the heart-springs--the return of the reveries of
+childhood or youth--the intolerance of the fireside--the thirst after
+nature renewed within the soul--the strange glory shed upon the earth,
+all red and bare though it yet be--the attention excited by every
+thing, "even by the noise of the fly upon the sunny wall, or the
+slightest murmur of creeping waters"--the springing up of the sun from
+his winter declinature--the softer and warmer lustre of the stars--and
+the new emphasis with which men pronounce the words "hope" and "love."
+To crown a spring evening, there sometimes appears in the west the
+planet Venus, bright yellow-green, shivering as with ecstasy in the
+orange or purple sky, and rounding off the whole scene into the
+perfection of beauty. The Scottish poet of spring did not forget this
+element of its glory, but sung a hymn to that fair star of morn and
+eve worthy of its serene, yet tremulous splendor.
+
+Delta was eminently a national writer. He did not gad abroad in search
+of the sublime or strange, but cultivated the art of staying at home.
+The scenery of his own neighborhood, the traditions or the histories
+of his own country, the skies and stars of Scotland, the wild or
+beautiful legends which glimmer through the mist of its past--these
+were "the haunt and the main region of his song," and hence, in part,
+the sweetness and the strength of his strains. Indeed, it is
+remarkable that nearly all our Scottish poets have been national and
+descriptive. Scotland has produced no real epic, few powerful
+tragedies, few meditative poems of a high rank, but what a mass of
+poetry describing its own scenery and manners, and recording its own
+traditions. King James the Sixth, Gawin Douglas, Davie Lyndsay,
+Ramsay, Fergusson, Ross of the "Faithful Shepherdess," Burns, Beattie,
+Sir Walter Scott, Wilson, Aird, Delta, and twenty more, have been all
+more or less national in their subject, or language, or both. We
+attribute this, in a great measure, to the extreme peculiarity of
+Scottish manners, _as they were_, and to the extreme and romantic
+beauty of Scottish scenery. The poetic minds, in a tame country like
+England, are thrown out upon foreign topics, or thrown in upon
+themselves; whereas, in Scotland, they are arrested and detained
+within the circle of their own manners and mountains. "Paint _us_
+first," the hills seem to cry aloud. A reason, too, why we have had
+few good tragedies or meditative poems, may be found in our national
+narrowness of creed, and in our strong prejudice against dramatic
+entertainments. As it is, we have only Douglas, and three or four good
+plays of Miss Baillie's, to balance Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and all
+that galaxy--not to speak of the multitudes who have followed--and
+only the "Grave," the "Minstrel," and the "Course of Time," to compare
+with the works of George Herbert, Giles Fletcher, Quarles, Milton,
+Young, Cowper, and Wordsworth.
+
+We find in Delta little meditative power or tendency. His muse had no
+"speculation" in her eye. Whether from caution, or from want of the
+peculiar faculty, he never approached those awful abysses of thought
+which are now attracting so many poets--attracting them, partly from a
+desire to look down into their darkness, and partly from a passion for
+those strange and shivering flowers which grow around their sides.
+Leigh Hunt, in his late autobiography, when speaking of Blanco White,
+seems to blame all religious speculation, as alike hopeless and
+useless. But, in the present day, unless there be religious
+speculation, there can, with men of mind, be little religion--no
+creed--nor even an approximation toward one. Would Mr. Hunt destroy
+that link, which in every age has bound us to the infinite and
+eternal? Would he bring us back to mere brute worship, and brute
+belief? Because we cannot at present form an infallible creed, should
+we beware of seeking to form a creed at all? Because we cannot see all
+the stars, must we never raise our eyes, or our telescopes, to the
+midnight heavens? Because HE has been able to reach no consistent and
+influential faith, ought all men to abandon the task? So far from
+agreeing with this dogmatic denunciation, we hold that it argues on
+the part of its author--revered and beloved though he be--a certain
+shallowness and levity of spirit--that its tendency is to crush a
+principle of aspiration in the human mind, which may be likened to an
+outspringing angel pinion, and that it indirectly questions the use
+and the truth of all revelation. We honor, we must say, Blanco White,
+in his noble struggles, and in his divine despair, more than Leigh
+Hunt, in his denial that such struggles are wiser than a maniac's
+trying to leap to the sun, and in the ignoble conceptions of man's
+position and destiny which his words imply. And, notwithstanding his
+chilling criticism, so unlike his wont, we believe still, with
+Coleridge, that not Wordsworth, nor Milton, have written a sonnet,
+embodying a thought so new and magnificent, in language so sweet and
+musical, and perfectly fitted to the thought, like the silvery new
+moon sheathed in a transparent fleecy cloud, as that of Blanco White's
+beginning with "Mysterious Night."
+
+Delta, we have already said, gained reputation, in prose, as well as
+in verse. His _Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith_, is one of the most
+delightful books in the language. It is partly, it is true, imitated
+from Galt; but, while not inferior to him in humor, it has infused a
+far deeper vein of poetry into the conception of common Scottish life.
+Honor to thee, honest Mansie! Thou art worth twenty Alton Lockes, the
+metaphysical tailor (certainly one of the absurdest creations, and
+surrounded by the most asinine story of the age, although redeemed by
+some glorious scenes, and _one_ character, Sandy Mackay, who is just
+Thomas Carlyle _humanized_). But better than thee still, is thy
+'prentice, Mungo Glen, with decline in his lungs, poetry in his heart,
+and on his lips one of the sweetest laments in the language! Many
+years have elapsed since we read thy life, but our laughter at thy
+adventures, and our tears at the death of thy poor 'prentice, seem as
+fresh as those of yesterday!
+
+Why did Delta only open, and never dig out, this new and rich vein? He
+alone seemed adequate to follow, however far off, in the steps of the
+Great Wizard. Aird seemed to have exhausted his tale-writing faculty,
+exquisite as it was. Wilson's tales, with all their power, lack
+repose; they are too troubled, tearful, monotonous, and tempestuous.
+Galt, Miss Ferrier, the authoress of the Odd Volume, Macnish, &c., are
+dead....
+
+We had not the pleasure of hearing Delta's recent lectures. They were,
+chatty, conversational, lively, full of information, although neither
+very eloquent, nor very profound. He knew too well the position in
+which he stood, and the provender which his audience required! Nor, we
+confess, did we expect to meet in them with a comprehensive or final
+vidimus of the poetry of the last fifty years. His Edinburgh eye has
+been too much dazzled and overpowered by the near orbs of Walter Scott
+and Wilson, to do justice to remoter luminaries. Nor was criticism
+exactly Delta's forte. He had not enough of subtility--perhaps not
+enough of profound native instinct--and, perhaps, _some_ will think,
+not enough of bad blood. But his criticism must, we doubt not, be
+always sincere in feeling, candid in spirit, and manly in language.
+Still, we repeat, that his power and mission were in the description
+of the woods and streams, the feelings and customs, the beauties and
+peculiarities, of 'dear Auld Scotland.'
+
+It may, perhaps, be necessary to add, that the name Delta was applied to
+Dr. Moir, from his signature in "Black wood," which was always [Symbol:
+Delta]; that he was a physician in Musselburgh, and the author of some
+excellent treaties on subjects connected with his own profession; and that
+while an accomplished litterateur and beautiful poet, he never neglected
+his peculiar duties, but stood as high in the medical as in the literary
+world.
+
+
+
+
+From Fraser's Magazine.
+
+THE DESERTED MANSION.
+
+
+A few years ago, a picture appeared in the Exhibition of the Royal
+Academy, which peculiarly impressed my imagination; it represented an
+ancient ruinous dwelling, surrounded by dilapidated gardens, set in
+sombre woods. The venerable trees, the moat filled with nettles and
+rubbish, the broken fences, green stagnant waters, the gabled,
+turreted, many-windowed, mouldering mansion, a perfect medley of
+chaotic architecture. The _visible silence_, the spirit of supreme
+desolation brooding over the precincts, filled my mind with
+involuntary sadness; while fancy conjured up strange, wild tales of
+other days, in connection with the scene. I could not shake off the
+belief that reality was portrayed on the canvas; and writing an
+account of the various pictures to a friend who resided in the
+country, I dwelt on this particular one, and my singular impressions
+respecting it. When I next received a letter from my friend, she
+remarked how unaccountable my fancies were; fancies which were,
+however, based on the foundation of truth.
+
+She went on to say, that reading my letter to Mrs. L----, an
+octogenarian in wonderful preservation, that lady informed her of the
+locality of my deserted mansion, and also of its history; the picture
+being actually painted for Mrs. L----'s son; and the tale attached to
+it, which my friend eventually gave me in the old lady's own words,
+was as follows:
+
+"Fifty years ago, the mansion of St. Elan's Wood was reckoned ancient,
+but it was a healthful, vigorous age, interesting and picturesque.
+Then, emerald turf lined the sides of the moat, and blooming flowers
+clustered within its sloping shelter; white drapery fluttered within
+the quaint latticed windows, and delicate climbers festooned them
+without; terraced walks and thick hollow hedges were in trim order,
+fountains sparkled in the sunshine, and blushing roses bent over and
+kissed the clear rejoicing waters.
+
+"Fifty years ago, joyous laughter resounded amid the greenwood glades,
+and buoyant footsteps pressed the greensward; for the master of St.
+Elan's had brought home a bride, and friends and relatives hastened
+thither to offer congratulations, and to share the hospitalities of
+the festive season.
+
+"Lady St. Elan was a very young wife; a soft-eyed, timid creature; her
+mother had died during her daughter's infancy, and her father (an
+officer of high rank in the army) being abroad, a lady whom we shall
+call Sabina, by whom she had been educated, accompanied her beloved
+pupil, now Lady St. Elan, to this new home. The death of Lady St.
+Elan's father, and the birth of a daughter, eventually mingled
+rejoicing and mourning together, while great anxiety was felt for the
+young mother, whose recovery was extremely tedious. The visits of
+eminent physicians, who were sent for from great distances, evinced
+the fears which were still entertained, even when the invalid roamed
+once more in the pleasant garden and woods around. Alas! it was not
+for the poor lady's bodily health they feared; the hereditary mental
+malady of her family on the maternal side, but which had slumbered for
+two generations, again darkly shadowed forth its dread approaches.
+Slight, indeed, had been the warning as yet, subtle the demonstrations
+of the deadly enemy, but enough to alarm the watchful husband, who was
+well acquainted with the facts. But the alarm passed away, the
+physicians came no more, and apparent health and strength, both mental
+and physical, were fully restored to the patient, while the sweet babe
+really deserved the epithets lavished on it by the delighted mother of
+the 'divinest baby in the world.'
+
+"During the temporary absence of her husband, on affairs of urgent
+business, Lady St. Elan requested Sabina to share her chamber at
+night, on the plea of timidity and loneliness; this wish was
+cheerfully complied with, and two or three days passed pleasantly
+away.
+
+"St. Elan was expected to return home on the following morning, and
+when the friends retired to rest on the previous night, Sabina
+withdrew the window curtains, to gaze upon the glorious landscape
+which stretched far away, all bathed in silver radiance, and she soon
+fell into a tranquil slumber, communing with holy thoughts and
+prayerful aspirations. She was suddenly awakened by a curious kind of
+sound in the room, accompanied by a half-stifled jeering laugh. She
+knew not how long sleep had lulled her in oblivion, but when Sabina
+turned round to see from whence the sound proceeded, imagine her
+horror and dismay at beholding Lady St. Elan standing near the door,
+sharpening a large knife on her slipper, looking wildly round now and
+then, muttering and jibing.
+
+"'Not sharp enough yet--not sharp enough yet,' she exclaimed, intently
+pursuing her occupation.
+
+"Sabina felt instinctively, that this was no practical _joke_; she
+knew instinctively the dread reality--by the maniac's eye--by the tone
+of voice--and she sprang from the bed, darting towards the door. It
+was locked. Lady St. Elan looked cunningly up, muttering--
+
+"'So you thought I was so silly, did you? But I double-locked it, and
+threw the key out of the window; and perhaps you may spy out in the
+moonshine you're so fond of admiring,' pointing to an open casement,
+at an immense height from the ground--for this apartment was at the
+summit of a turret, commanding an extensive view, chosen for that
+reason, as well as for its seclusion and repose, being so far distant
+from the rest of the household.
+
+"Sabina was not afflicted with weak nerves, and as the full danger of
+her position flashed across her mind, she remembered to have heard
+that the human eye possesses extraordinary power to quell and keep in
+abeyance all unruly passions thus terrifically displayed. She was also
+aware, that in a contest where mere bodily energy was concerned, her
+powers must prove utterly inadequate and unavailing, when brought into
+competition with those of the unfortunate lady during a continuance of
+the paroxysm. Sabina feigned a calmness which she was far from feeling
+at that trying moment, and though her voice trembled, yet she said
+cheerfully, and with a careless air--
+
+"'I think your knife will soon be sharp enough, Lady St. Elan; what do
+you want it for?'
+
+"'What do I want it for?' mimicked the mad woman; 'why what should I
+want it for, Sabina, but to cut your throat with?'
+
+"'Well, that is an odd fancy,' exclaimed Sabina, endeavoring not to
+scream or to faint: 'but you had better sit down, for the knife is not
+sharp enough for that job--there--there's a chair. Now give me your
+attention while you sharpen, and I'll sit opposite to you; for I have
+had such an extraordinary dream, and I want you to listen to it.'
+
+"The lady looked maliciously sly, as much as to say, 'You shall not
+cheat me, if I _do_ listen.' But she sat down, and Sabina opposite to
+her, who began pouring forth a farrago of nonsense, which she
+pretended to have dreamt. Lady St. Elan had always been much addicted
+to perusing works of romantic fiction, and this taste for the
+marvellous was, probably, the means of saving Sabina's life, who,
+during that long and awful night, never flagged for one moment,
+continuing her repetition of marvels in the _Arabian Night's_ style.
+The maniac sat perfectly still, with the knife in one hand, the
+slipper in the other, and her large eyes intently fixed on the
+narrator. Oh, those weary, weary hours! When, at length, repeated
+signals and knocks were heard at the chamber-door, as the morning sun
+arose, Sabina had presence of mind not to notice them, as her terrible
+companion appeared not to do so; but she continued her sing-song,
+monotonous strain, until the barrier was fairly burst open, and St.
+Elan himself, who had just returned, alarmed at the portentous murmurs
+within, and accompanied by several domestics, came to the rescue.
+
+"Had Sabina moved, or screamed for help, or appeared to recognize the
+aid which was at hand, ere it could have reached her, the knife might
+have been sheathed in her heart. This knife was a foreign one of
+quaint workmanship, usually hanging up in St. Elan's dressing-room;
+and the premeditation evinced in thus secreting it was a mystery not
+to be solved. Sabina's hair which was black as the raven's wing, when
+she retired to rest on that fearful night, had changed to the
+similitude of extreme age when they found her in the morning. Lady St.
+Elan never recovered this sudden and total overthrow of reason, but
+died--alas! it was rumored, by her own hand--within two years
+afterwards. The infant heiress was entrusted to the guidance of her
+mother's friend and governess; she became an orphan at an early age,
+and on completing her twenty-first year was uncontrolled mistress of
+the fortune and estates of her ancestors.
+
+"But long ere that period arrived, a serious question had arisen in
+Sabina's mind respecting the duty and expediency of informing Mary St.
+Elan what her true position was, and gently imparting the sad
+knowledge of that visitation overshadowing the destinies of her race.
+It was true that in her individual case the catastrophe might be
+warded off, while, on the other hand, there was lurking, threatening
+danger; but a high religious principle seemed to demand a sacrifice,
+or self-immolation, in order to prevent the possibility of a
+perpetuation of the direful malady.
+
+"Sabina felt assured that were her noble-hearted pupil once to learn
+the facts, there would be no hesitation on her part in strictly
+adhering to the prescribed line of right; it was a bitter task for
+Sabina to undertake, but she did not shrink from performing it when
+her resolution became matured, and her scruples settled into decision,
+formed on the solid basis of duty to God and man. Sabina afterwards
+learnt that the sacrifice demanded of Mary St. Elan was far more
+heroic than she had contemplated; and when that sweet young creature
+devoted herself to a life of celibacy, Sabina did not know, that
+engrossed by 'first love,' of which so much has been said and sung,
+Mary St. Elan bade adieu to life's hope and happiness.
+
+"With a woman's delicate perception and depth of pity, Sabina gained
+that knowledge; and with honor unspeakable she silently read the
+treasured secrets of the gentle heart thus fatally wounded--the evil
+from which she had sedulously striven to guard her pupil, had not been
+successfully averted--Mary St. Elan had already given away her
+guileless heart. But her sorrows were not doomed to last; for soon
+after that period when the law pronounced her free from control
+respecting her worldly affairs, the last of the St. Elans passed
+peacefully away to a better world, bequeathing the mansion house and
+estate of St. Elan's Wood to Sabina and her heirs. In Sabina's
+estimation, however, this munificent gift was the 'price of blood:' as
+but for _her_ instrumentality, the fatal knowledge would not have been
+imparted; but for _her_ the ancestral woods and pleasant home might
+have descended to children's children in the St. Elan's
+line,--tainted, indeed, and doomed; but now the race was extinct.
+
+"There were many persons who laughed at Sabina's sensitive feelings on
+this subject, which they could not understand; and even well-meaning,
+pious folk, thought that she carried her strict notions, too far. Yet
+Sabina remained immovable; nor would she ever consent that the wealth
+thus left should be enjoyed by her or hers.
+
+"Thus the deserted mansion still remains unclaimed, though it will not
+be long ere it is appropriated to the useful and beneficent purpose
+specified in Mary St. Elan's will--namely, failing Sabina and her
+issue, to be converted into a lunatic asylum--a kind of lunatic
+alms-house for decayed gentlewomen, who, with the requisite
+qualifications, will here find refuge from the double storms of life
+assailing them, poor souls! both from within and without."
+
+"But what became of Sabina, and what interest has your son in this
+picture?" asked my friend of old Mrs. L----, as that venerable lady
+concluded her narration; "for if none live to claim the property, why
+does it still remain thus?"
+
+"Your justifiable curiosity shall be gratified, my dear," responded
+the kindly dame. "Look at my hair--it did not turn white from age: I
+retired to rest one night with glossy braids, black as the raven's
+wing, and they found me in the morning as you now behold me! Yes, it
+is even so; and you no longer wonder that Sabina's son desired to
+possess this identical painting; my pilgrimage is drawing towards its
+close--protracted as it has been beyond the allotted age of man--but,
+according to the tenor of the afore-named will, the mansion and estate
+of St. Elan must remain as they now stand until I am no more; while
+the accumulated funds will amply endow the excellent charity. Were my
+son less honorable or scrupulous, he might, of course, claim the
+property on my decease; but respect for his mother's memory, with firm
+adherence to her principles, will keep him, with God's blessing, from
+yielding to temptation. He is not a rich man, but with proud humility
+he may gaze on this memorial picture, and hand it down to posterity
+with the traditionary lore attached; and may none of our descendants
+ever lament the use which will be made, nor covet the possession, of
+this deserted mansion."
+
+
+
+
+From Hogg's Instructor.
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF MOTIVES.
+
+
+Certain it is, that in the universe there can be but one infallible
+Judge of motives. None but its Maker can see into the secret springs,
+and clearly comprehend the motions, of the mind. Nevertheless, "the
+will for the deed" is an old understanding among mankind, in virtue of
+that inward life whose world and workings they know to extend so far
+beyond the visible. It is, indeed, the privilege, and in some sense a
+necessity of human reason, to inquire after, at least, obvious
+motives, since the smallest acquaintance with character or history
+cannot be formed without taking them into account. Thus, in the
+biographies of notable men, in the histories of nations, and in the
+gossip which constitutes the current history of most neighborhoods,
+and is relished alike by the denizens of court and hamlet, nobody is
+satisfied with knowing merely what was done, for the demand invariably
+follows, Why they did it? That query is often necessary to legal, and
+always to moral justice. It must be, so to speak, a most mechanical
+and surface life, whose daily doings the beholder can fully explain,
+independent of any reference to inward feelings, unuttered memories,
+or concealed hopes. How many deeds and whole courses of action,
+chameleon-like, utterly change their complexions, according to the
+light of attributed motives! Through that medium, the patriot of one
+party becomes the heartless and designing knave of another; and the
+fanatical revolutionists of their own generation turn to fearless
+reformers with the next. Many an act, on the details of which most
+historians are agreed, is held up by one to the world's praise, and by
+another to universal censure. Henri Quatre, says the first, conformed
+to Catholicism rather than continue a civil war in his kingdom; while
+a second remarks of the same monarch, that he sacrificed his faith for
+a crown. When Frederick-William of Prussia was just at the hottest of
+that persecution of his celebrated son, for which, together with his
+love of tall soldiers, he is best known to the world, the grand
+dispute amongst his favorite guards at Potsdam was, whether the kicks,
+cuffs, and imprisonments, which the old king bestowed so liberally on
+his heir-apparent, were intended to prevent young Fritz turning an
+infidel, or arose from his father's fears that he might be a greater
+man than himself! On no subject are mankind more apt to differ,
+probably because there are few on which observation affords so much
+inferential and so little direct evidence.
+
+Approaching the innermost circles of private life, we find that the
+views entertained of motives exercise a still greater influence in
+determining our estimation of kindred, friends, or lovers. Volpone, in
+Ben Jonson's play, even had he been capable of it, could have no cause
+for gratitude to his numerous friends for all their gifts and
+attentions, knowing so perfectly as he did, that they came but in
+expectation of a legacy; and many a well-portioned dame has seen cause
+for applying to her most attentive suitor those lines of a homely
+Scottish song--
+
+    "My lad is sae muckle in love wi' my siller,
+    He canna hae love to spare for me."
+
+There is a strange difference of opinion existing at times between the
+principals and the spectators of these particular affairs. Few, it has
+been said, can penetrate the motives of others in matters regarding
+themselves. Yet most people are wonderfully sharp-sighted where their
+neighbors are concerned; and the world--as every one of us is apt to
+call that fraction of society in which we live, and move, and have our
+associations--though generally not over charitable, is rarely wrong in
+its conclusions.
+
+He was a keen observer of life who remarked that the rapid changes to
+which most of human friendships and enmities are liable, could be no
+matter of surprise to one who took note of the motives from which they
+generally originate. Poor and unsubstantial enough these doubtless
+are, in many a case. There have been friendships that owed their
+growth solely to showers of flattery, and bitter enmities have
+spontaneously sprung up in the soil of envy. It was said of Goldsmith,
+that he could never hear a brother poet, or, indeed, any citizen of
+the world of letters, praised, without entertaining a temporary
+aversion to that individual, and a similar effect was always produced
+by the smallest sign of increasing literary consequence. A report that
+M---- had been taken particular notice of by such a nobleman of those
+patronizing times, or that his works had been admired in some segment
+of the fashionable circle, was sufficient to make the author of the
+"Deserted Village" find all manner of faults with him and his, till
+time, or his habitual good nature, wiped the circumstance out of
+Goldsmith's remembrance.
+
+This reminds one of Madame de Montespan, a belle of that order which
+reigned most triumphantly at the court of Louis XIV., who never could
+forgive her rival, even when disgraced and dead, because she had once
+got a ride in the royal carriage. It is curious that the learned and
+the fair, far as their general pursuits, and visibilities, too, are
+known to be apart, should, according to common report, approximate so
+nearly in their motives to enmity or friendship. George Colman used to
+say, that, if one had any interest in getting up a quarrel between
+either two fine ladies or two literary men, he had nothing to do but
+to praise the one energetically to the other, and the higher his
+enthusiasm rose, the fiercer would be the war.
+
+It was asserted of both the elder and younger Scaliger, that they
+never applauded any scholar with all their might, but one who was
+manifestly inferior to themselves; and of Madame de Maintenon, that
+she never honored any one with her special friendship who was not, in
+some considerable point, beneath her. There is still a large class of
+characters, in all whose attachments a something to despise seems the
+indispensable ingredient. The perpetual triumph of being always "king
+of the company" has a binding attraction for such minds. It confers a
+kind of dictatorship to have the advantage of one's friends. Nothing
+else can explain the amount of patronage and befriending generally
+lavished on the most worthless members of families or societies; and
+the half-grudge, half-surveillance, which, under the covert of mere
+mouth-honor, often surrounds great or successful abilities.
+
+A strange motive to enmity is illustrated in the life of General
+Loudoun, one of the Scotch Jacobites, who, on the defeat of his party,
+entered the Austrian service, and rose to the rank of field-marshal in
+the wars of Maria Theresa. He had taken the town of Seidlitz from the
+Prussians. It was a great stroke in favor of the empress queen, and
+might have been rewarded with a coronet, but, in his haste to send her
+majesty the intelligence, Loudoun transmitted it through her husband,
+the Emperor Francis, who had a private interest in the matter, having
+long carried on a speculation of his own in victualling not only his
+wife's troops, but those of her Prussian enemy. King Maria, as she was
+styled by her Hungarian subjects, had also some special reasons for
+allowing him to have neither hand nor voice in her concerns--a fact
+which the marshal had never learned, or forgotten; and her majesty was
+so indignant at receiving the news through such a channel, that,
+though she struck a medal to commemorate the taking of Seidlitz,
+Loudoun was rewarded only with her peculiar aversion throughout the
+remaining seventeen years of her reign, for which the good wishes of
+that imperial speculator in forage and flour afforded but poor
+consolation.
+
+Of all the important steps of human life, that by which two are made
+one appears to be taken from the greatest variety of motives.
+Doubtless, from the beginning it was not so; but manifold and
+heterogeneous are those which have been alleged for it in the
+civilized world. Goethe said he married to attain popular
+respectability. Wilkes, once called the Patriot, when sueing his wife,
+who chanced to have been an heiress, for the remains of her property,
+declared that he had wedded at twenty-two, solely to please his
+friends; and Wycherly the poet, in his very last days, worshipped and
+endowed with all his worldly goods, as the English service hath it, a
+girl whom poverty had made unscrupulous, in order to be revenged on
+his relations.
+
+Princes of old were in the habit of marrying to cement treaties, which
+were generally broken as soon after as possible; and simple citizens
+are still addicted to the same method of amending their fortunes and
+families. There was an original motive to double blessedness set forth
+in the advice of a veteran sportsman in one of the border counties.
+His niece was the heiress of broad lands, which happened to adjoin an
+estate belonging to a younger brother of the turf; and the senior
+gentleman, when dilating to her on the exploits they had performed
+together by wood and wold, wound up with the following sage
+counsel--"Maria, take my advice, and marry young Beechwood, and you'll
+see this county hunted in style."
+
+The numbers who, by their own account, have wedded to benefit society,
+in one shape or another, would furnish a strong argument against the
+accredited selfishness of mankind, could they only be believed. The
+general good of their country was the standing excuse of classic
+times, and philosophers have occasionally reproduced it in our own.
+Most people seem to think some apology necessary, but none are so
+ingenious in showing cause why they should enter the holy state, as
+those with whom it is the second experiment. The pleas of the widowed
+for casting off their weeds are generally prudent, and often
+singularly commendable. Domestic policy or parental affection supply
+the greater part of them; and the want of protectors and step-mothers
+felt by families of all sizes is truly marvellous, considering the
+usual consequences of their instalment.
+
+It is to be admired, as the speakers of old English would say, for
+what noble things men will give themselves credit in the way of
+motives, and how little resemblance their actions bear to them.
+Montaigne was accustomed to tell of a servant belonging to the
+Archbishop of Paris, who, being detected in privately selling his
+master's best wine, insisted that it was done out of pure love to his
+grace, lest the sight of so large a stock in his cellar might tempt
+him to drink more than was commendable for a bishop. A guardian care
+of their neighbors' well-being, somewhat similar, is declared by all
+the disturbers of our daily paths. Tale-bearers and remarkers, of
+every variety, have the best interests of their friends at heart; and
+what troublesome things some people can do from a sense of duty is
+matter of universal experience. Great public criminals, tyrants, and
+persecutors in old times, and the abusers of power in all ages, have,
+especially in the fall of their authority, laid claim to most exalted
+motives. Patriotism, philanthropy, and religion itself, have been
+quoted as their inspirers. The ill-famed Judge Jeffries said, his
+judicial crimes were perpetrated to maintain the majesty of the law.
+Robespierre affirmed that he had lived in defence of virtue and his
+country. But perhaps the most charitable interpretation that ever man
+gave to the motives of another, is to be found in the funeral sermon
+of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George III. The preacher,
+after several judicious remarks on the virtues of the royal deceased,
+concludes, "That in the extreme to which these were carried, they
+appeared like vices; for so great was his generosity, that he ruined
+half the tradesmen in London; and so extraordinary his condescension,
+that he kept all sorts of bad company."
+
+It is strange, that while motives abstractly virtuous have produced
+large additions to the sum of mortal ills, little of private, and
+still less of public, good has sprung, even casually, from those that
+are evil in themselves. "If either the accounts of history, or the
+daily reports of life, are to be at all credited," said one who had
+learned and thought much on this subject, "the greatest amount of
+crime and folly has been committed from motives of religion and love,
+as men, for the most part, know them; while those of avarice, revenge,
+and fear, have originated the most extraordinary actions and important
+events."
+
+The sins of revenge have usually a leaven of what Bacon calls "wild
+justice" in them. Those of avarice are, from their very nature,
+notorious; but perhaps no motive has ever prompted men to such varied
+and singular actions as that of fear. The working of fear was
+singularly exhibited in the conduct of a certain Marquis of
+Montferrat, who lived at the period of the famous Italian wars, waged
+between Charles V. of Germany and Francis I. of France. The marquis
+was an Alpine feudatory of the former, and served him long and
+faithfully, till a German astrologer of high repute in those days
+assured him, from the stars, that the emperor would be eventually
+overthrown, and all his partisans utterly ruined. To avoid his
+probable share in that prediction, the marquis turned traitor to his
+friend and sovereign, for Charles had trusted him beyond most men; but
+the next year, the emperor was completely victorious, by both sea and
+land. The marquis had fallen, fighting in vain for Francis, and his
+fief was bestowed on a loyal vassal of the emperor.
+
+Divines and philosophers have had many controversies concerning
+motives. A great dispute on this subject is said to have engaged the
+learned of Alexandria, about the accession of the emperor Julian,
+whom, says a biographer, "some of his subjects named the Apostate, and
+some the Philosopher." The controversy occupied not only the Christian
+Platonists, for whose numbers that city was so celebrated, but also
+the Pagan wisdom, then shedding its last rays under favor of the new
+emperor. Yet neither Christians nor Pagans could entirely agree with
+each other, and such a division of opinion had never been heard, even
+in Alexandria. Things were in this state, says the tradition, when
+there arrived in the capital of Egypt a Persian, whose fame had long
+preceded him. He had been one of the Magi, at the base of the
+Caucasus, till the Parthians laid waste his country, when he left it,
+and travelled over the world in search of knowledge, and, in both east
+and west, they called him Kosro the Wise. Scarce was the distinguished
+stranger fairly within their gates when the chiefs of the parties
+determined to hear his opinion on matter; and a deputation, consisting
+of a Christian bishop, a Jewish rabbi, a Platonist teacher, and a
+priest of Isis, waited on the Persian one morning, when he sat in the
+portico of a long-deserted temple, which some forgotten Egyptian had
+built to Time, the instructor. The rabbi and the priest were for
+actions. The Platonist and the bishop were motive men, but in the
+manner of those times, for even philosophy has its fashions, the four
+had agreed that each should propose a question to Kosro, as his own
+wisdom dictated. Accordingly, after some preparatory compliments,
+touching the extent of his fame and travels, the Platonist, who was
+always notable for circumlocution, opened the business by inquiring
+what he considered the chief movers of mankind.
+
+"Gain and vanity," replied Kosro.
+
+"Which is strongest?" interposed the rabbi, in whom the faculty of
+beating about in argument was scarcely less developed.
+
+"Gain was the first," said the Persian. "Its worship succeeded the
+reign of Ormuz, which western poets call the golden age, and I know
+not when it was; but, in later ages, vanity has become the most
+powerful, for every where I have seen men do that for glory which they
+would not do for gain; and many even sacrifice gain to glory, as they
+think it."
+
+"But, wise Kosro," demanded the priest, impatient with what he
+considered a needless digression, "tell us your opinion--Should men be
+judged by their motives or their actions?"
+
+"Motives," said Kosro, "are the province of divine, and actions of
+human, judgment. Nevertheless, because of the relation between them it
+is well to take note of the former when they become visible in our
+light, yet not to search too narrowly after them, but take deeds for
+their value; seeing, first, that the inward labyrinth is beyond our
+exploring; secondly, that most men act from mingled motives; and,
+thirdly, that if, after the thought of a western poet, there were a
+crystal pane set in each man's bosom, it would mightily change the
+estimation of many."
+
+And the bishop made answer--"Kosro, thou hast seen the truth; man must
+at times perceive, but God alone can judge of, motives."
+
+
+
+
+From Sharpe's London Journal.
+
+THE LAST DAYS OF THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER.
+
+FROM THE FRENCH OF ALEX. DUMAS, BY MISS STRICKLAND.
+
+
+The knowledge of an extensively organized conspiracy embittered the
+last years of the Emperor Alexander, and increased his constitutional
+melancholy. His attachment to Tzarsko Zelo made him linger longer at
+his summer palace than was prudent in a man subject to erysipelas. The
+wound in his leg reopened with very unfavorable symptoms, and he was
+compelled to leave his favorite residence in a closed litter for St.
+Petersburgh; and the skill and firmness of Mr. Wyllie, his Scotch
+surgeon, alone saved the diseased limb from amputation. As soon as he
+was cured, he returned again to Tzarsko Zelo, where the spring found
+him as usual alone, without a court or chamberlain, only giving
+audience to his ministers twice a-week. His existence resembled rather
+that of an anchorite weeping for the sins of his youth, than that of a
+great Emperor who makes the happiness of his people.
+
+He regulated his time in the following manner:--in summer he rose at
+five, and in winter at six o'clock every morning, and as soon as the
+duties of the toilette were ended, entered his cabinet, in which the
+greatest order was observed. He found there a cambric handkerchief
+folded, and a packet of new pens. He only used these pens in signing
+his name, and never made use of them again. As soon as he concluded
+this business, he descended into the garden, where, notwithstanding
+the report of a conspiracy which had existed two years against his
+life and government, he walked alone with no other guards than the
+sentinels always stationed before the palace of Alexander. At five he
+returned, to dine alone, and after his solitary meal was lulled to
+sleep by the melancholy airs played by the military band of the guard
+regiment on duty. The selection of the music was always made by
+himself, and he seemed to sink to repose, and to awake, with the same
+sombre dispositions and feelings which had been his companions
+throughout the day.
+
+His empress Elizabeth lived like her consort, in profound solitude,
+watching over him like an invisible angel. Time had not extinguished
+in her heart the profound passion with which the youthful Czarowitz
+had inspired her at first sight, and which she had preserved in her
+heart, pure and inviolate. His numerous and public infidelities could
+not stifle this holy and beautiful attachment, which formed at once
+the happiness and misery of a delicate and sensitive woman.
+
+At this period of her life, the Empress at five-and-forty retained her
+fine shape and noble carriage, while her countenance showed the
+remains of considerable beauty, more impaired by sorrow than time.
+Calumny itself had never dared to aim her envenomed shafts at one so
+eminently chaste and good. Her presence demanded the respect due to
+virtue, still more than the homage proper to her elevated rank. She
+resembled indeed more an angel exiled from heaven, than the imperial
+consort of a Prince who ruled a large portion of the earth.
+
+In the summer of 1825, the last he was destined to see, the physicians
+of the Emperor unanimously recommended a journey to the Crimea, as the
+best medicine he could take. Alexander appeared perfectly indifferent
+to a measure which regarded his individual benefit, but the Empress,
+deeply interested in any event likely to restore her husband's health,
+asked and obtained permission to accompany him. The necessary
+preparations for this long absence overwhelmed the Emperor with
+business, and for a fortnight he rose earlier, and went to bed later,
+than was customary to him.
+
+In the month of June, no visible alteration was observed in his
+appearance, and he quitted St. Petersburgh, after a service had been
+chanted, to bring down a blessing from above on his journey. He was
+accompanied by the Empress, his faithful coachman, Ivan, and some
+officers belonging to the staff of General Diebitch. He stopped at
+Warsaw a few days, in order to celebrate the birthday of his brother,
+the Grand-Duke Constantine, and arrived at Tangaroff in the end of
+August 1825. Both the illustrious travellers found their health
+benefitted by the change of scene and climate. Alexander took a great
+liking to Tangaroff, a small town on the borders of the sea of Azof,
+comprizing a thousand ill-built houses, of which a sixth-part alone
+are of brick and stone, while the remainder resemble wooden cages
+covered with dirt. The streets are large, but then they have no
+pavement, and are alternately loaded with dust, or inundated with mud.
+The dust rises in clouds, which conceals alike man and beast under a
+thick veil, and penetrates every where the carefully closed jalousies
+with which the houses are guarded, and covers the garments of their
+inhabitants. The food, the water, are loaded with it; and the last
+cannot be drunk till previously boiled with salt of tartar, which
+precipitates it; a precaution absolutely necessary to free it from
+this disagreeable and dangerous deposit.
+
+The Emperor took possession of the governor's house, where he
+sometimes slept and took his meals. His abode there in the daytime
+rarely exceeded two hours. The rest of his time was passed in
+wandering about the country on foot, in the hot dust or wet mud. No
+weather put any stop to his outdoor exercise, and no advice from his
+medical attendant nor warning from the natives of Tangaroff, could
+prevail upon him to take the slightest precaution against the fatal
+autumnal fever of the country. His principal occupation was, planning
+and planting a great public garden, in which undertaking he was
+assisted by an Englishman whom he had brought with him to St.
+Petersburgh for that purpose. He frequently slept on the spot on a
+camp-bed, with his head resting upon a leather pillow.
+
+If general report may be credited, planting gardens was not the
+principal object that engrossed the Russian Emperor's attention. He
+was said to be employed in framing a new Constitution for Russia, and
+unable to contend at St. Petersburgh with the prejudices of the
+aristocracy, had retired to this small city, for the purpose of
+conferring this benefit upon his enslaved country.
+
+However this might be, the Emperor did not stay long at a time at
+Tangaroff, where his Empress, unable to share with him the fatigues of
+his long journeys, permanently resided, during his frequent absences
+from his head quarters. Alexander, in fact, made rapid excursions to
+the country about the Don, and was sometimes at Tcherkask, sometimes
+at Donetz. He was on the eve of departure for Astracan, when Count
+Woronzoff in person came to announce to his sovereign the existence of
+the mysterious conspiracy which had haunted him in St. Petersburgh,
+and which extended to the Crimea, where his personal presence could
+alone appease the general discontent.
+
+The prospect of traversing three hundred leagues appeared a trifle to
+Alexander, whom rapid journeys alone diverted from his oppressive
+melancholy. He announced to the Empress his departure, which he only
+delayed till the return of a messenger he had sent to Alapka. The
+expected courier brought new details of the conspiracy, which aimed at
+the life, as well as the government of Alexander. This discovery
+agitated him terribly. He rested his aching head on his hands, gave a
+deep groan, and exclaimed, "Oh, my father, my father!" Though it was
+then midnight, he caused Count Diebitch to be roused from sleep and
+summoned into his presence. The general, who lodged in the next house,
+found his master in a dreadfully excited state, now traversing the
+apartment with hasty strides, now throwing himself upon the bed with
+deep sighs and convulsive starts. He at length became calm, and
+discussed the intelligence conveyed in the dispatches of Count
+Woronzoff. He then dictated two, one addressed to the Viceroy of
+Poland, the other to the Grand-Duke Nicholas.
+
+With these documents all traces of his terrible agitation disappeared.
+He was quite calm, and his countenance betrayed nothing of the emotion
+that had harassed him the preceding night.
+
+Count Woronzoff, notwithstanding his apparent calmness, found him
+difficult to please, and unusually irritable, for Alexander was
+constitutionally sweet-tempered and patient. He did not delay his
+journey on account of this internal disquietude, but gave orders for
+his departure from Tangaroff, which he fixed for the following day.
+
+His ill-humor increased during the journey; he complained of the
+badness of the roads and the slowness of the horses. He had never been
+known to grumble before. His irritation became more apparent when Sir
+James Wyllie, his confidential medical attendant, recommended him to
+take some precaution against the frozen winds of the autumn; for he
+threw away with a gesture of impatience the cloak and pelisse he
+offered, and braved the danger he had been entreated to avoid. His
+imprudence soon produced consequences. That evening he caught cold,
+and coughed incessantly, and the following day, on his arrival at
+Orieloff, an intermittent fever appeared, which soon after, aggravated
+by the obstinacy of the invalid, turned to the intermittent fever
+common to Tangaroff and its environs in the autumn.
+
+The Emperor, whose increasing malady gave him a presage of his
+approaching death, expressed a wish to return to the Empress, and once
+more took the route to Tangaroff; contrary to the prayers of Sir James
+Wyllie, he chose to perform a part of the journey on horseback, but
+the failure of his strength finally forced him to re-enter his
+carriage. He entered Tangaroff on the fifth of November, and swooned
+the moment he came into the governor's house. The Empress, who was
+suffering with a complaint of the heart, forgot her malady, while
+watching over her dying husband. Change of place only increased the
+fatal fever which preyed upon his frame, which seemed to gather
+strength from day to day. On the eight, Wyllie called in Dr.
+Stephiegen, and on the thirteenth they endeavored to counteract the
+affection of the brain, and wished to bleed the imperial patient. He
+would not submit to the operation, and demanded iced water, which they
+refused. Their denial irritated him, and he rejected every thing they
+offered him, with displeasure. These learned men were unwise, to
+deprive the suffering prince of the water, a safe and harmless
+beverage in such fevers. In fact, nature herself sometimes, in
+inspiring the wish, provides the remedy. The Emperor on the afternoon
+of that day wrote and sealed a letter, when perceiving the taper
+remained burning, he told his attendant to extinguish it, in words
+that plainly expressed his feelings in regard to the dangerous nature
+of his malady. "Put out that light, my friend, or the people will take
+it for a bier candle, and will suppose I am already dead."
+
+On the fourteenth of November, the physicians again urged their
+refractory patient to take the medicines they prescribed, and were
+seconded by the prayers of the Empress. He repulsed them with some
+haughtiness, but quickly repenting of his hastiness of temper, which
+in fact was one of the symptoms of the disease, he said, "Attend to
+me, Stephiegen, and you too, Sir Andrew Wyllie. I have much pleasure
+in seeing you, but you plague me so often about your medicine, that
+really I must give up your company if you will talk of nothing else."
+He however was at last induced to take a dose of calomel.
+
+In the evening, the fever had made such fearful progress that it
+appeared necessary to call in a priest. Sir Andrew Wyllie, at the
+instance of the Empress, entered the chamber of the dying prince, and
+approaching his bed, with tears in his eyes advised him "to call in
+the aid of the Most High, and not to refuse the assistance of religion
+as he had already done that of medicine."
+
+The Emperor instantly gave his consent. Upon the fifteenth, at five
+o'clock in the morning, a humble village priest approached the
+imperial bed to receive the confession of his expiring sovereign.--"My
+father, God must be merciful to kings," were the first words the
+Emperor addressed to the minister of religion; "indeed they require it
+so much more than other men." In this sentence all the trials and
+temptations of the despotic ruler of a great people--his territorial
+ambition, his jealousy, his political ruses, his distrusts and
+over-confidences, seem to be briefly comprehended. Then, apparently
+perceiving some timidity in the spiritual confessor his destiny had
+provided for him, he added, "My father, treat me like an erring man,
+not as an Emperor." The priest drew near the bed, received the
+confession of his august penitent, and administered to him the last
+sacraments. Then having been informed of the Emperor's pertinacity in
+rejecting medicine, he urged him to give up this fatal obstinacy,
+remarking, "that he feared God would consider it absolutely suicidal."
+His admonitions made a deep impression upon the mind of the prince,
+who recalled Sir Andrew Wyllie, and, giving him his hand, bade him do
+what he pleased with him. Wyllie took advantage of this absolute
+surrender, to apply twenty leeches to the head of the Emperor; but the
+application was too late, the burning fever continually increased, and
+the sufferer was given over. The intelligence filled the dying chamber
+with weeping domestics, who tenderly loved their master.
+
+The Empress still occupied her place by the bed-side, which she had
+never quitted but once, in order to allow her dying husband to unbosom
+himself in private to his confessor. She returned to the post assigned
+her by conjugal tenderness directly the priest had quitted it.
+
+Two hours after he had made his peace with God, Alexander experienced
+more severe pain than he had yet felt. "Kings," said he, "suffer more
+than others." He had called one of his attendants to listen to this
+remark with the air of one communicating a secret. He stopped, and
+then, as if recalling something he had forgotten, said in a whisper,
+"they have committed an infamous action." What did he mean by these
+words? Was he suspicious that his days had been shortened by poison?
+or did he allude, with the last accents he uttered, to the barbarous
+assassination of the Emperor Paul? Eternity can alone reveal the
+secret thoughts of Alexander I. of Russia.
+
+During the night, the dying prince lost consciousness. At two o'clock
+in the morning, Count Diebitch came to the Empress, to inform her that
+an old man, named Alexandrowitz, had saved many Tartars in the same
+malady. A ray of hope entered the heart of the imperial consort at
+this information, and Sir Andrew Wyllie ordered him to be sent for in
+haste. This interval was passed by the Empress in prayer, yet she
+still kept her eyes fixed upon those of her husband, watching with
+intense attention the beams of life and light fading in their
+unconscious gaze. At nine in the morning, the old man was brought into
+the imperial chamber almost by force. The rank of the patient,
+perhaps, inspiring him with some fear respecting the consequences that
+might follow his prescriptions, caused his extreme unwillingness. He
+approached the bed, looked at his dying sovereign, and shook his head.
+He was questioned respecting this doubtful sign. "It is too late to
+give him medicine; besides, those I have cured were not sick of the
+same malady."
+
+With these words of the peasant physician, the last hopes of the
+Empress vanished; but if pure and ardent prayers could have prevailed
+with God, Alexander would have been saved.
+
+On the sixteenth of November, according to the usual method of
+measuring time, but on the first of December, if we follow the Russian
+calendar, at fifty minutes after ten in the morning, Alexander
+Paulowitz, Emperor of all the Russias, expired. The Empress, bending
+over him, felt the departure of his last breath. She uttered a bitter
+cry, sank upon her knees, and prayed. After some minutes passed in
+communion with heaven, she rose, closed the eyes of her deceased lord,
+composed his features, kissed his cold and livid hands, and once more
+knelt and prayed. The physicians entreated her to leave the chamber of
+death, and the pious Empress consented to withdraw to her own.[9]
+
+The body of the Emperor lay in state, on a platform raised in an
+apartment of the house where he died. The presence-chamber was hung
+with black, and the bier was covered with cloth of gold. A great many
+wax tapers lighted up the gloomy scene. A priest at the head of the
+bier prayed continually for the repose of his deceased sovereign's
+soul. Two sentinels with drawn swords watched day and night beside the
+dead, two were stationed at the doors, and two stood on each step
+leading to the bier. Every person received at the door a lighted
+taper, which he held while he remained in the apartment. The Empress
+was present during these masses, but she always fainted at the
+conclusion of the service. Crowds of people united their prayers to
+hers, for the Emperor was adored by the common people. The corpse of
+Alexander I. lay in state twenty-one days before it was removed to the
+Greek monastery of St. Alexander, where it was to rest before its
+departure for interment in St. Petersburgh.
+
+Upon the 25th December, the remains of the Emperor were placed on a
+funeral car drawn by eight horses, covered to the ground with black
+cloth ornamented with the escutcheons of the empire. The bier rested
+on an elevated dais, carpeted with cloth of gold; over the bier was
+laid a flag of silver tissue, charged with the heraldic insignia
+proper to the imperial house. The imperial crown was placed under the
+dais. Four major-generals held the cords which supported the diadem.
+The persons composing the household of the Emperor and Empress
+followed the bier dressed in long black mantles, bearing in their
+hands lighted torches. The Cossacks of the Don every minute discharged
+their light artillery, while the sullen booming of the cannon added to
+the solemnity of the imposing scene.
+
+Upon its arrival at the church, the body was transferred to a
+catafalco covered with red cloth, surmounted by the imperial arms in
+gold, displayed on crimson-velvet. Two steps led up to the platform on
+which the catafalco was placed. Four columns supported the dais upon
+which the imperial crown, the sceptre, and the globe, rested.
+
+The catafalco was surrounded by curtains of crimson velvet and cloth
+of gold, and four massy candelabra, at the four corners of the
+platform, bore wax tapers sufficient to dispel the darkness, but not
+to banish the gloom pervading the church, which was hung with black
+embroidered with white crosses. The Empress made an attempt to assist
+at this funeral service, but her feelings overpowered her, and she was
+borne back to the palace in a swoon; but as soon as she came to
+herself she entered the private chapel, and repeated there the same
+prayers then reciting in the church of St. Alexander.
+
+While the remains of the Emperor Alexander were on their way to their
+last home, the report of his dangerous state, which had been forwarded
+officially to the Grand-Duke Nicholas, was contradicted by another
+document, which bore date of the 29th of November, announcing that
+considerable amendment had taken place in the Emperor's health, who
+had recovered from a swoon of eight hours' duration, and had not only
+appeared collected, but declared himself improved in health.
+
+Whether this was a political ruse of the conspirators or the new
+Emperor remains quite uncertain; however, a solemn _Te Deum_ was
+ordered to be celebrated in the cathedral of Casan, at which the
+Empress Mother and the Grand-Dukes Nicholas and Michael were present.
+The joyful crowds assembled at this service scarcely left the imperial
+family and their suite a free space for the exercise of their
+devotions. Towards the end of the _Te Deum_, while the sweet voices of
+the choir were rising in harmonious concert to heaven, some official
+person informed the Grand-Duke Nicholas that a courier from Tangaroff
+had arrived with the last dispatch, which he refused to deliver into
+any hand but his own. Nicholas was conducted into the sacristy, and
+with one glance at the messenger divined the nature of the document of
+which he was the bearer. The letter he presented was sealed with
+black. Nicholas recognized the handwriting of the Empress Consort,
+and, hastily opening it, read these words:
+
+"Our angel is in heaven; I still exist on earth, but I hope soon to be
+re-united to him."
+
+The bishop was summoned into the sacristy by the new Emperor, who gave
+him the letter, with directions to break the fatal tidings it
+contained to the Empress Mother with the tenderest care. He then
+returned to his place by the side of his august parent, who alone, of
+the thousands assembled there, had perceived his absence.
+
+An instant after, the venerable bishop re-entered the choir, and
+silenced the notes of praise and exultation with a motion of his hand.
+Every voice became mute, and the stillness of death reigned throughout
+the sacred edifice. In the midst of the general astonishment and
+attention he walked slowly to the altar, took up the massy silver
+crucifix which decorated it, and throwing over that symbol of earthly
+sorrow and divine hope a black veil, he approached the Empress Mother,
+and gave her the crucifix in mourning to kiss.
+
+The Empress uttered a cry, and fell with her face on the
+pavement;--she comprehended at once that her eldest son was dead.
+
+The Empress Elizabeth soon realized the sorrowful hope she had
+expressed. Four months after the death of her consort she died on the
+way from Tangaroff, at Beloff, and soon rejoined him she had
+pathetically termed "_her_ angel in heaven."
+
+The historical career of the Emperor Alexander is well known to every
+reader, but the minor matters of every-day life mark the man, while
+public details properly denote the sovereign.
+
+The faults of Alexander are comprised in his infidelity to a
+beautiful, accomplished, and affectionate wife. He respected her even
+while wounding her delicate feelings by his criminal attachments to
+other women. After many years of mental pain, the injured Elizabeth
+gave him the choice of giving her up, or banishing an imperious
+mistress, by whom the Emperor had a numerous family.
+
+Alexander could not resolve to separate for ever from his amiable and
+virtuous consort,--he made the sacrifice she required of him.
+
+His gallantry sometimes placed him in unprincely situations, and
+brought him in contact with persons immeasurably beneath him. He once
+fell in love with a tailor's wife at Warsaw, and not being well
+acquainted with the character of the pretty grisette, construed her
+acceptance of the visit he proposed making her, into approbation of
+his suit. The fair Pole was too simple, and had been too virtuously
+brought up, to comprehend his intentions. Her husband was absent, so
+she thought it would not be proper to receive the imperial visit
+alone; she made, therefore, a re-union of her own and her husband's
+relations--rich people of the bourgeoisie class--and when the emperor
+entered her saloon, he found himself in company with thirty or forty
+persons, to whom he was immediately introduced by his fair and
+innocent hostess. The astonished sovereign was obliged to make himself
+agreeable to the party, none of whom appeared to have divined his
+criminal intentions. He made no further attempt to corrupt the
+innocence of this beautiful woman, whose simplicity formed the
+safeguard of her virtue.
+
+A severe trial separated him for ever from his last mistress, who had
+borne him a daughter; this child was the idol of his heart, and to
+form her mind was the pleasure of his life. At eighteen the young lady
+eclipsed every woman in his empire by her dazzling beauty and graceful
+manners. Suddenly she was seized with an infectious fever, for which
+no physician in St. Petersburgh could find a remedy. Her mother,
+selfish and timid, deserted the sick chamber of the suffering girl,
+over whom the bitter tears of a father were vainly shed, while he kept
+incessant vigils over one whom he would have saved from the power of
+the grave at the expense of his life and empire. The dying daughter
+asked incessantly for her mother, upon whose bosom she desired to
+breathe her last sigh; but neither the passionate entreaties nor the
+commands of her imperial lover could induce the unnatural parent to
+risk her health by granting the interview for which her poor child
+craved, and she expired in the arms of her father, without the
+consolation of bidding her mother a last adieu.
+
+Some days after the death of his natural daughter, the Emperor
+Alexander entered the house of an English officer to whom he was much
+attached. He was in deep mourning and appeared very unhappy. "I have
+just followed to the grave," said he, "as a private person the remains
+of my poor child, and I cannot yet forgive the unnatural woman who
+deserted the death-bed of her daughter. Besides, my sin, which I never
+repented of, has found me out, and the vengeance of God has fallen
+upon its fruits. Yes, I deserted the best and most amiable of wives,
+the object of my first affection, for women who neither possessed her
+beauty nor merit. I have preferred to the Empress even this unnatural
+mother, whom I now regard with loathing and horror. My wife shall
+never again have cause to reproach my broken faith."
+
+Devotion and his strict adherence to his promise balmed the wound,
+which, however, only death could heal. To the secret agony which
+through life had haunted the bosom of the son was added that of the
+father, and the return of Alexander to the paths of virtue and
+religion originated in the loss of this beloved daughter, smitten, he
+considered, for his sins.
+
+The friendship of this prince for Madam Krudener had nothing criminal
+in its nature, though it furnished a theme for scandal to those who
+are apt to doubt the purity of Platonic attachments between
+individuals of opposite sexes.
+
+In regard to this Emperor's political career, full of ambition and
+stratagem, we can only re-echo his dying words to his confessor:--"God
+must be merciful to kings?" His career, however varied by losses on
+the field or humiliated by treaties, ended triumphantly with the
+laurels of war and the olives of peace, and he bore to his far
+northern empire the keys of Paris as a trophy of his arms. His
+moderation demands the praise of posterity, and excited the admiration
+of the French nation at large.[10] His immoral conduct as a man and a
+husband was afterwards effaced by his sincere repentance, and he died
+in the arms of the most faithful and affectionate of wives, who could
+not long survive her irreparable loss. His death was deeply lamented
+by his subjects, who, if they did not enrol his name among the
+greatest of their rulers, never have hesitated to denote him as the
+best and most merciful sovereign who ever sat upon the Russian throne.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] The autopsy exhibited the same appearance generally discovered in those
+subjects whose death has been caused by the fever of the country: the brain
+was watery, the veins of the head were gorged, and the liver was soft. No
+signs of poison were discovered; the death of the Emperor was in the course
+of nature.
+
+[10] The French authorities would have removed the trophies of Napoleon's
+victories, and the commemoration of the Russian share in the disastrous
+days of Jena and Austerlitz. The Emperor Alexander magnanimously replied,
+"No, let them remain: it is sufficient that I have passed over the bridge
+with my army!" A noble and generous reply. Few princes have effaced public
+wrongs so completely, or used their opportunity of making reprisals so
+mercifully. (See Chateaubriand's Autobiography.)
+
+
+
+
+FALLEN GENIUS.
+
+BY MISS ALICE CAREY.
+
+
+    No tears for him!--he saw by faith sublime
+      Through the wan shimmer of life's wasted flame,
+    Across the green hills of the future time,
+      The golden breaking of the morn of fame.
+
+    Faded by the diviner life, and worn,
+      The dust has fallen away, and ye but see
+    The ruins of the house wherein were borne
+      The birth-pangs of an immortality.
+
+    His great life from the wondrous life to be,
+      Clasped the bright splendors that no sorrow mars,
+    As some pale, shifting column of the sea,
+      Mirrors the awful beauty of the stars.
+
+    What was Love's lily pressure, what the light
+      Of its pleased smile, that a chance breath may chill?
+    His soul was mated with the winds of night,
+      And wandered through the universe at will.
+
+    Oft in his heart its stormy passion woke,
+      Yet from its bent his soul no more was stirred,
+    Than is the broad green bosom of the oak
+      By the light flutter of the summer bird.
+
+    His loves were of forbidden realms, unwrought
+      In poet's rhyme, the music of his themes,
+    Hovering about the watch-fires of his thought,
+      On the dim borders of the land of dreams.
+
+    For while his hand with daring energy
+      Fed the slow fire that, burning, must consume,
+    The ravishing joys of unheard harmony
+      Beat like a living pulse within the tomb.
+
+    Pillars of fire that wander through life's night,
+      Children of genius! ye are doomed to be,
+    In the embrace of your far-reaching light,
+      Locking the radiance of eternity.
+
+
+
+
+From the London Times.
+
+COPENHAGEN.
+
+
+A more stately city than Copenhagen can scarcely be imagined. The
+streets, wide and long, filled with spacious and lofty houses of
+unspotted whiteness, and built with great regularity, remind one
+somewhat of Bath, but that the ground is level; many of them
+all but equal, in breadth, to the Irishman's test of street
+architecture--Sackville-street, Dublin. But large squares break up
+their continuous lines, and the eye rests on fine statues, noble
+palaces, and splendid buildings devoted to the arts, to amusement, to
+justice, or to the purposes of religion in every quarter of the city.
+Copenhagen is but a creation of the last century, and, after a little
+time spent there, a large portion of it gives the idea that it was
+built all of a sudden, by some Danish Grissell and Peto, according to
+contract. Surrounded by a deep foss, by ramparts and intrenchments,
+defended by formidable forts and batteries, filled with the halls of
+kings, with churches, museums, and castles, it combines the appearance
+of a new cut made by the royal commissioners through some old London
+rookery, with the air of an old feudal town. The moat prohibits any
+considerable extension. Seen under a bright cold sky, the blanched
+fronts of the houses, the white walls of the public edifices, the
+regularity of the streets, conveyed an impression of cleanliness,
+which could only be destroyed when one happened to look down at his
+feet, or ceased to keep guard over his nose. The paving is of the
+style which may be called Titanic, and was never intended for any foot
+garb less defensive than a _sabot_ or a _caliga_. The drainage is
+superficial,--that is, all the liquid refuse of the city runs, or
+rather walks very leisurely, along grooves in the pavement aforesaid,
+which are covered over by boards in various stages of decomposition.
+In summer, the city must be worse than Berlin (which, by the by, it
+very much resembles in many respects). In spring time, after rain, my
+own experience tells me it suggests forcible reminiscences of the
+antique odors of Fleet Ditch. One thing which soon strikes the
+stranger is the apparent want of shops. But they are to be found by
+those who want them. Nearly every trader carries on his business very
+modestly in his front parlor, and makes a moderate display of his
+stock in the ordinary window, so that the illusory and enchanting
+department of trade is quite gone. A Danish gentleman can walk out
+with his wife without the least fear that he will fall a victim to "a
+stupendous sacrifice," or be immolated on the altar of "an imperative
+necessity to clear out in a week."
+
+Moving through these streets is a quiet, soberly-attired population.
+Bigger than most foreigners, and with great roundness of muscle and
+size of bone, your Dane wants the dapper air of the Frenchman, or the
+solemnity of the Spaniard, while he is not so bearded or so dirty as
+the German. But then he smokes prodigiously, dresses moderately in the
+English style, is addicted to jewelry in excess, and has a habit of
+plodding along, straight in the middle of the road, with his head
+down, which must be a matter of considerable annoyance to the native
+cabman. He is, however, amazingly polite. He not only takes off his
+hat to every one he knows, but gives any lady-acquaintance the trouble
+of recognizing him, by bowing to her before she has made up her mind
+whether the individual is known or not. Another of his peculiarities
+is, that he always has a dog. I should say, more correctly, there is
+always a dog following him,--for I have seen an animal, which seemed
+to be bound by the closest ties to a particular gentleman, placidly
+leave him at the corner of a street, and set off on an independent
+walk by itself. These dogs are, in fact, a feature of the place by
+themselves. In number they can only be excelled by the canine
+scavengers of Cairo or Constantinople, and in mongrelness and ugliness
+by no place in the world--not even in Tuum before the potato rot. They
+get up little extemporary hunts through the squares, the trail being
+generally the remnant of an old rat, carried away by the foremost, and
+dash between your legs from unexpected apertures in walls and houses,
+so as to cause very unpleasant consequences to the nervous or feeble
+sojourner. On seeking for an explanation of their great abundance, I
+was informed that they were kept to kill rats. But this is a mere
+delusion. These dogs are far too wise to lose their health by keeping
+late hours in pursuit of vermin. No, they retire as soon as darkness
+sets in, and with darkness, out come the rats in the most perfect
+security. Such rats! they are as big as kittens, and their squeaking
+under the wooden planks of the gutters as you walk home is perfectly
+amazing. The celebrated dog Billy would have died in a week of violent
+exercise in any one street in Copenhagen, giving him his usual
+allowance of murder. I must say that, in the matters of paving, dogs,
+rats, sewers, water, and lights, Copenhagen is rather behind the rest
+of the world. As to the lights, they are sparely placed, and as yet
+gas is not used. With a laudable economy, the oil-wicks are
+extinguished when the moon shines, and the result is, that sometimes
+an envious cloud leaves the whole city in Cimmerian darkness for the
+rest of the night, in consequence of five minutes' moonshine in the
+early part, as, once put out, they are not again relumed.
+
+In the crowd you meet many pale, sorrow-stricken women in mourning,
+and now and then a poor soldier limps before you, with recent bandages
+on his stump, or hobbles along limpingly, with perhaps a sabre-cut
+across the face, or an empty coat-sleeve dangling from his shoulder;
+and then you remember all the horrors the late war must have caused
+Denmark, when, out of her small population, 90,000 men were under arms
+in the field. It can scarcely atone for this sight to meet dashing
+hussars, with their red coats and sheepskin calpacks; heavy dragoons
+in light-blue and dark-green; jagers in smart frocks of olive-green,
+decorated with stars and ribands, and swaggering along in all the
+pride of having smelt powder and done their duty. They are numerous
+enough, indeed every third man is a soldier; but one of these sad
+widows or orphans is an antidote to the glories of these fine heroes,
+scarcely less powerful than that of the spectacle of their mutilated
+and mangled comrades. This war has roused the national spirit of
+Denmark; it has caused her to make a powerful effort to shake off all
+connection with Germany, or dependence on her Germanic subjects, but
+it has cost her L5,000,000 of money, and it has left many a home
+desolate for ever.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+THE SHADOW OF LUCY HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+There are some books that leave upon the mind a strange impression,
+one of the most delightful reading can produce--a haunting of the
+memory, it may be, by one form or by several, strangely real, having a
+positive personal presence and identity, yet always preserving an
+immaterial existence, and occupying a "removed ground," from which
+they never stir to mingle with the realities of recollection. These
+shadows hold their place apart, as some rare dreams do, claiming from
+us an indescribable tenderness.
+
+The "Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson" is such a book. In many passages
+it is tedious--a record of petty strategies of partisan warfare--and,
+more dreary still, of factious jealousies and polemical hatreds. The
+absolute truth of the book is fatal, in one direction to our
+hero-worship. The leaders of the Great Rebellion, in such minute
+details, appear as mere schemers, as rival agents at a borough
+election; and the most fervent in professions of religious zeal are as
+bitter in their revenges as the heroes of a hundred scalps; but there
+arises out of the book, and is evermore associated with it, the calm
+quiet shadow of a woman of exquisite purity, of wondrous constancy, of
+untiring affection--Lucy Hutchinson, its writer.
+
+John Hutchinson is at Richmond, lodging at the house of his
+music-master. He is twenty-two years of age. The village is full of
+"good company," for the young Princes are being educated in the
+palace, and many "ingenious persons entertained themselves at that
+place." The music-master's house is the resort of the king's
+musicians; "and divers of the gentlemen and ladies that were affected
+with music came thither to hear." There was a little girl "tabled" in
+the same house with John Hutchinson, who was taking lessons of the
+lutanist--a charming child, full of vivacity and intelligence. She
+told John she had an elder sister--a studious and retiring person--who
+was gone with her mother, Lady Apsley, into Wiltshire--and Lucy was
+going to be married, she thought. The little girl ever talked of
+Lucy--and the gentlemen talked of Lucy--and one day a song was sung
+which Lucy had written--and John and the vivacious child walked,
+another day, to Lady Apsley's house, and there, in a closet, were
+Lucy's Latin books. Mr. Hutchinson grew in love with Lucy's image; and
+when the talk was more rife that she was about to be married--and some
+said that she was indeed married--he became unhappy--and "began to
+believe there was some magic in the place, which enchanted men out of
+their right senses; but the sick heart could not be chid nor advised
+into health." At length Lucy and her mother came home; and Lucy was
+not married. Then John and Lucy wandered by the pleasant banks of the
+Thames, in that spring-time of 1638, and a "mutual friendship" grew up
+between them. Lucy now talked to him of her early life; how she had
+been born in the Tower of London, of which her late father, Sir John
+Apsley, was the governor; how her mother was the benefactress of the
+prisoners, and delighted to mitigate the hard fortune of the noble and
+the learned, and especially Sir Walter Raleigh, by every needful help
+to his studies and amusements; how she herself grew serious amongst
+these scenes, and delighted in nothing but reading, and would never
+practise her lute or harpsichords, and absolutely hated her needle.
+John was of a like serious temper. Their fate was determined.
+
+The spring is far advanced into summer. On a certain day the friends
+on both sides meet to conclude the terms of the marriage. Lucy is not
+to be seen. She has taken the small-pox. She is very near death. At
+length John is permitted to speak to his betrothed. Tremblingly and
+mournfully she comes into his presence. She is "the most deformed
+person that could be seen." Who could tell the result in words so
+touching as Lucy's own? "He was nothing troubled at it, but married
+her as soon as she was able to quit the chamber, when the priest and
+all that saw her were affrighted to look on her. But God recompensed
+his justice and constancy by restoring her; though she was longer than
+ordinary before she recovered to be as well as before."
+
+They were married on the 3d of July, 1638.
+
+In the autumn of 1641, John and Lucy Hutchinson are living in their
+own house of Owthorpe, in Nottinghamshire. They have two sons. They
+are "peaceful and happy." John has dedicated two years since his
+marriage to the study of "school divinity." He has convinced himself
+of "the great point of predestination." This faith has not, as his
+wife records, produced a "carelessness of life in him," but "a more
+strict and holy walking." He applies himself, in his house at
+Owthorpe, "to understand the things then in dispute" between the King
+and Parliament. He is satisfied of the righteousness of the
+Parliament's cause; but he then "contents himself with praying for
+peace." In another year the King has set up his standard in
+Nottingham; the battle of Edgehill has been fought; all hope of peace
+is at an end. John Hutchinson is forced out of his quiet habitation by
+the suspicions of his royalist neighbors. He is marked as a Roundhead.
+Lucy does not like the name. "It was very ill applied to Mr.
+Hutchinson, who having naturally a very fine thick-set head of hair,
+kept it clean and handsome, so that it was a great ornament to him;
+although the godly of those days, when he embraced their party, would
+not allow him to be religious because his hair is not in their cut."
+The divinity student now becomes a lieutenant-colonel. He raises a
+company of "very honest godly men." The Earl of Chesterfield is
+plundering the houses of the Puritans in the vale of Belvoir, near
+Owthorpe; and the young colonel has apprehensions for the safety of
+his family. In the depth of winter, a troop of horse arrive one night
+at the lonely house where Lucy and her children abide. They are
+hastily summoned to prepare for an instant journey. They are to ride
+to Nottingham before sunrise, for the soldiers are not strong enough
+to march in the day. Lucy is henceforth to be the companion of her
+husband in his perilous office--his friend, his comforter--a
+ministering angel amongst the fierce and dangerous spirits, whom he
+sways by a remarkable union of courage and gentleness.
+
+Let us look at the shadow of Lucy Hutchinson. She tranquilly sits in
+one of the upper chambers of the old and ruinous castle of which her
+husband is appointed governor. It is a summer evening of 1643. In that
+tower, built upon the top of the rock, tradition says that Queen
+Isabel received her paramour Mortimer; and at the base of the rock are
+still shown Mortimer's Well, and Mortimer's Hole, as Lady Hutchinson
+saw them two centuries ago. She looks out of the narrow windows by
+which her chamber is lighted. There is the Trent, peacefully flowing
+on one side, amid flat meadows. On the other is the town of
+Nottingham. The governor has made the ruinous castle a strong
+fortress, with which he can defy the Cavaliers should they occupy the
+town beneath. Opposite the towers is the old church of St. Nicholas,
+whose steeple commands the platform of the castle. The Governor has
+sent away his horse, and many of his foot, to guard the roads by which
+the enemy could approach Nottingham. There is no appearance of danger.
+The reveille is beat. Those who have been watching all night lounge
+into the town. It is in the possession of the Cavaliers. The scene is
+changed. The din of ordnance rouses Lucy from her calm gaze upon the
+windings of the Trent. For five days and nights there is firing
+without intermission. Within the walls of the castle there are not
+more than eighty men. The musketeers on St. Nicholas steeple pick off
+the cannoniers at their guns.
+
+Now and then, as the assailants are beaten from the walls, they leave
+a wounded man behind, and he is dragged into the castle. On the sixth
+day, after that terrible period of watchfulness, relief arrives. The
+Cavaliers are driven from the town with much slaughter, and the castle
+is filled with prisoners. Lucy has been idle during those six days of
+peril. There was a task to be performed,--a fitting one for woman's
+tenderness. Within the castle was a dungeon called the Lion's Den,
+into which the prisoners were cast; and as they were brought up from
+the town, two of the fanatical ministers of the garrison reviled and
+maltreated them. Lucy reads the commands of her Master after another
+fashion. As the prisoners are carried bleeding to the Lion's Den, she
+implores that they should be brought in to her, and she binds up and
+dresses their wounds. And now the two ministers mutter--and their
+souls abhor to see this favor done to the enemies of God--and they
+teach the soldiers to mutter. But Lucy says, "I have done nothing but
+my duty. These are our enemies, but they are our fellow-creatures. Am
+I to be upbraided for these poor humanities?" And then she breathes a
+thanksgiving to Heaven that her mother had taught her this humble
+surgery. There is a tear in John's eye as he gazes on this scene. That
+night the Cavalier officers sup with him, rather as guests than as
+prisoners.
+
+In the vale of Belvoir, about seven miles from Belvoir Castle, is the
+little village of Owthorpe. When Colonel Hutchinson returned to the
+house of his fathers, after the war was ended, he found it plundered
+of all its movables--a mere ruin. In a few years it is a fit dwelling
+for Lucy to enjoy a lifelong rest, after the terrible storms of her
+early married days. There is no accusing spirit to disturb their
+repose. John looks back upon that solemn moment when he signed the
+warrant for the great tragedy enacted before Whitehall without
+remorse. He had prayed for "an enlightened conscience," and he had
+carried out his most serious convictions. He took no part in the
+despotic acts that followed the destruction of the monarchy. He had no
+affection for the fanatics who held religion to be incompatible with
+innocent pleasures and tasteful pursuits. At Owthorpe, then, he lived
+the true life of an English gentleman. He built--he planted--he
+adorned his house with works of art--he was the first magistrate--the
+benefactor of the poor. The earnest man who daily expounded the
+Scriptures to his household was no ascetic. There was hospitality
+within those walls--with music and revelry. The Puritans looked
+gloomily and suspiciously upon the dwellers at Owthorpe. The Cavaliers
+could not forgive the soldier who had held Nottingham Castle against
+all assaults.
+
+The Restoration comes. The royalist connexions of Lucy Hutchinson have
+a long struggle to save her husband's life; but he is finally included
+in the Act of Oblivion. He is once more at Owthorpe, without the
+compromise of his principles. He has done with political strife for
+ever.
+
+On the 31st of October 1663, there is a coach waiting before the hall
+of Owthorpe. That hall is filled with tenants and laborers. Their
+benefactor cheerfully bids them farewell; but his wife and children
+are weeping bitterly. That coach is soon on its way to London with the
+husband and wife, and their eldest son and daughter. At the end of the
+fourth day's journey, at the gates of that fortress within which she
+had been born, Lucy Hutchinson is parted from him whose good and evil
+fortunes she had shared for a quarter of a century.
+
+About a mile from Deal stands Sandown Castle. In 1664, Colonel
+Hutchinson is a prisoner within its walls. It was a ruinous place, not
+weatherproof. The tide washed the dilapidated fortress; the windows
+were unglazed; cold, and damp, and dreary was the room where the proud
+heart bore up against physical evils. For even here there was
+happiness. Lucy is not permitted to share his prison; but she may
+visit him daily. In the town of Deal abides that faithful wife. She is
+with him at the first hour of the morning; she remains till the latest
+of night. In sunshine or in storm, she is pacing along that rugged
+beach, to console and be consoled.
+
+Eleven months have thus passed, when Lucy is persuaded by her husband
+to go to Owthorpe to see her children.
+
+"When the time of her departure came, she left with a very sad and
+ill-presaging heart." In a few weeks John Hutchinson is laid in the
+family vault in that Vale of Belvoir.
+
+Lucy Hutchinson sits in holy resignation in the old sacred home. She
+has a task to work out. She has to tell her husband's history, for the
+instruction of her children:--"I that am under a command not to grieve
+at the common rate of desolate women, while I am studying which way to
+moderate my woe, and, if it were possible, to augment my love, can,
+for the present, find out none more just to your dear father, nor
+consolatory to myself, than the preservation of his memory."
+
+So rests her shadow, ever, in our poor remembrance.
+
+
+
+
+From Eliza Cook's Journal.
+
+THE WIVES OF SOUTHEY, COLERIDGE, AND LOVELL.
+
+
+Southey, Coleridge, and Lovell, three poets, married three sisters,
+the Misses Fricker of Bristol. They were all alike poor when they
+married. Southey's aunt shut her door in his face when she found he
+was resolved on marrying in such circumstances; and he, postponing
+entry upon the married life, though he had contracted the
+responsibility of husband, parted from his wife at the church door,
+and set out on a six months' visit to Portugal, preparatory to
+entering on the study of the legal profession. Southey committed his
+maiden wife to the care of Mr. Cottle's sisters during his absence.
+"Should I perish by shipwreck," he wrote from Falmouth to Mr. Cottle,
+"or by any other casualty, I have relations whose prejudice will yield
+to the anguish of affection, and who will love, cherish, and give all
+possible consolation to my widow." With these words Southey set sail
+for Portugal, and his wife, who had persuaded him to go, and cried
+when he was going, though she would not then have permitted him to
+stay, meekly retired to her place of refuge, wearing her wedding-ring
+round her neck.
+
+Southey returned to England, and commenced the study of the law, but
+after a year's drudgery gave it up. His wife joined him in a second
+visit to Portugal, and on his return he commenced the laborious
+literary career which he pursued till his death. He enjoyed on the
+whole a happy married life; took pleasure in his home and his family;
+loving his children and his wife Edith dearly. This is one of his own
+pictures:--"Glance into the little room where sits the gray-haired
+man, 'working hard and getting little--a bare maintenance, and hardly
+that; writing poems and history for posterity with his whole heart and
+soul; one daily progressing in learning, not so learned as he is
+poor, not so poor as proud, not so proud as happy.'" Great men have
+invited him to London, and he is now answering the invitation. The
+thought of the journey plagues him. "Oh dear, oh dear!" he writes,
+"there is such a comfort in one's old coat and old shoes, one's own
+chair and own fireside, one's own writing-desk and own library--with a
+little girl climbing up to my neck and saying, 'Don't go to London,
+papa, you must stay with Edith'--and a little boy whom I have taught
+to speak the language of cats, dogs, cuckoos, jackasses, &c., before
+he can articulate a word of his own--there is such a comfort in all
+these things, that _transportation_ to London seems a heavier
+punishment than any sins of mine deserve." But a sad calamity fell
+upon him in his old age. His dear Edith was suddenly bereft of reason.
+"Forty years," he writes to Grosvenor Bedford from York, "has she been
+the life of my life--and I have left her this day in a lunatic
+asylum." In the same letter he expresses the resignation of a
+Christian and the confident courage of a man. "God, who has visited me
+with this affliction," he says, "has given me strength to bear it, and
+will, _I know_, support me to the end, whatever that may be. To-morrow
+I return to my poor children. I have much to be thankful for under
+this visitation. For the first time in my life (he was sixty years
+old) I am so far beforehand with the world that my means are provided
+for the whole of next year, and that I can meet this expenditure,
+considerable in itself, without any difficulty."
+
+Mrs. Southey, after two years' absence, returned to Keswick, the
+family home, and closed her pitiable existence there. Southey was now
+a broken-down man. "There is no one," he mournfully writes, "to
+partake with me the recollections of the best and happiest portion of
+my life; and for that reason, were there no other, such recollections
+must henceforth be purely painful, except when I collect them with the
+prospects of futurity." Two years after, however, Southey married
+again: the marriage was one of respect on the part of Caroline Bowles,
+the gifted authoress, who was his choice, and probably of convenience
+and friendship on the part of Southey. We have heard that the union
+greatly tended to his comfort, and that his wife tenderly soothed and
+cheered his declining years.
+
+Southey, in addition to maintaining his own wife and family at Keswick
+by his literary labors, had the families of his two sisters-in-law
+occasionally thrown upon his hands. He was not two-and-twenty when Mr.
+Lovell, who married his wife's sister, fell ill of fever, died, and
+left his widow and child without the slightest provision. Robert
+Southey took mother and child at once to his humble hearth, and there
+the former found happiness until his death. Coleridge, not
+sufficiently instructed by a genius to which his contemporaries did
+homage, in a wayward and unpardonable mood withdrew himself from the
+consolations of home; and in their hour of desertion his wife and
+children were saved half the knowledge of their hardships by finding a
+second husband and another father in the sanctuary provided for them
+by Robert Southey.
+
+Coleridge was unpunctual, unbusiness-like, improvident, and dreamy, to
+the full extent to which poets are said proverbially to be. When he
+married--his pantisocratic Owenite scheme having just been exploded,
+and his lectures at Bristol having proved a failure--he retired with
+Sara Fricker, his wife, to a cottage at Clevedon, near Bristol. Though
+the cottage was a poor one, consisting of little more than four bare
+walls, for which he paid only L5 annual rental, he and his wife made
+it pretty snug with the aid of the funds supplied by their constant
+friend, Mr. Cottle, the Bristol bookseller. Coleridge decorated this
+cottage with all the graces that his imagination and fancy could throw
+around it. It is alluded to in many of his poems:--
+
+    "Low was our pretty cot! our tallest rose
+    Peep'd at the chamber window. We could hear
+    At silent noon, and eve, and early morn,
+    The sea's faint murmur. In the open air
+    Our myrtles blossom'd, and across the porch
+    Thick jasmines twin'd: the little landscape round
+    Was green and woody, and refreshed the eye.
+    It was a spot which you might aptly call
+    The valley of seclusion."
+
+But his loved young wife was not forgotten; for again he sings:--
+
+    "My pensive Sara! thy soft cheek reclin'd
+    Thus on mine arm, most soothing sweet it is
+    To sit beside our cot--our cot o'ergrown
+    With white-flowered jasmine, and the broad leav'd myrtle
+    (Meet emblems they of innocence and love!)
+    And watch the clouds, that late were rich with light,
+    Slow saddening round, and mark the star of eve,
+    Serenely brilliant (such should wisdom be!)
+    Shine opposite."
+
+Here their first child was born--Hartley, the dreamer--on whom the
+happy parent shed tears of joy:--
+
+    "But when I saw it on its mother's arm,
+    And hanging at her bosom (she the while
+    Bent o'er its features with a tearful smile,)
+    Then I was thrill'd and melted, and most warm
+    Impress'd a father's kiss; and all beguil'd
+    Of dark remembrance and presageful fear,
+    I seem'd to see an angel's form appear--
+    'Twas even thine, beloved woman mild!
+    So for the mother's sake the child was dear,
+    And dearer was the mother for the child."
+
+But writing poetry, reading Hartley and Condillac, would not make the
+poet's pot boil at all briskly, and so he had to go a little nearer to
+the world, and went back to Bristol. Coleridge, however, wanted
+application, and could scarcely be induced to work, even though the
+prospect of liberal remuneration was offered to him. Hence, a few
+years after marriage, in July, 1796, we find him thus groaning in the
+spirit to a friend: "It is my duty and business to thank God for all
+his dispensations, and to believe them the best possible; but, indeed,
+I think I should have been more thankful if He had made me a
+journeyman shoemaker, instead of an author, by trade. I have left my
+friends, I have left plenty," &c. "So I am forced to write for bread!
+with the nights of poetic enthusiasm, when every minute I am hearing a
+groan from my wife--groans, and complaints, and sickness! The present
+hour I am in a quickset of embarrassments, and whichever way I turn, a
+thorn runs into me! The future is a cloud and thick darkness! Poverty,
+perhaps, and the thin faces of them that want bread looking up to me,"
+&c. This was not the kind of spirit to make a wife happy--very
+different indeed from the manly, courageous, and self-helping
+Southey--and the poor wife suffered much. Whatever Coleridge touched
+failed: his fourpenny paper, the _Watchman_, was an abortion; and the
+verses he wrote for a London paper did little for him. He next
+preached for a short time among the Unitarians, deriving a very
+precarious living from that source; when at length the Messrs.
+Wedgwood, struck by his great talents, granted him an annuity of L150
+to enable him to devote himself to study. Then he went to Germany,
+leaving his wife and little family to the hospitality of Southey; and
+returned and settled down to the precarious life of a writer for the
+newspapers: his eloquent conversation producing unbounded admiration,
+but very little "grist." He was often distressed for money, wasting
+what he had by indulgence in opium, to which he was at one time a
+fearful victim. The great and unquestionable genius of Coleridge was
+expended chiefly on projections. He was a man who was capable of
+greatly adorning the literature of his time, and of creating an
+altogether new era in its history; but he could not or would not work,
+and his life was passed in dreamy idleness, in self-inflicted poverty,
+often in poignant misery, in gloomy regrets, and in unfulfilled
+designs. We fear the life of Mrs. Coleridge was not a happy one, good
+and affectionate though she was as a wife and mother.
+
+
+
+
+MY NOVEL: OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.[11]
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+Leonard and Helen settled themselves in two little chambers in a small
+lane. The neighborhood was dull enough--the accommodation humble; but
+their landlady had a smile. That was the reason, perhaps, why Helen
+chose the lodgings; a smile is not always found on the face of a
+landlady when the lodger is poor. And out of their windows they caught
+sight of a green tree, an elm, that grew up fair and tall in a
+carpenter's yard at the rear. That tree was like another smile to the
+place. They saw the birds come and go to its shelter; and they even
+heard, when a breeze arose, the pleasant murmur of its boughs.
+
+Leonard went the same evening to Captain Digby's old lodgings, but he
+could learn there no intelligence of friends or protectors for Helen.
+The people were rude and sturdy, and said that the Captain still owed
+them L1 17s. The claim, however, seemed very disputable; and was
+stoutly denied by Helen. The next morning Leonard set off in search of
+Dr. Morgan. He thought his best plan was to inquire the address of the
+Doctor at the nearest chemist's, and the chemist civilly looked into
+the _Court Guide_, and referred him to a house in Bulstrode-street,
+Manchester Square. To this street Leonard contrived to find his way,
+much marvelling at the meanness of London. Screwstone seemed to him
+the handsomest town of the two.
+
+A shabby man-servant opened the door, and Leonard remarked that the
+narrow passage was choked with boxes, trunks, and various articles of
+furniture. He was shown into a small room, containing a very large
+round table, whereon were sundry works on homoeopathy, Parry's
+_Cymbrian Plutarch_, Davies' _Celtic Researches_, and a Sunday
+newspaper. An engraved portrait of the illustrious Hahnemann occupied
+the place of honor over the chimneypiece. In a few minutes the door to
+an inner room opened, and Dr. Morgan appeared, and said politely,
+"Come in, sir."
+
+The Doctor seated himself at a desk, looked hastily at Leonard, and
+then at a great chronometer lying on the table. "My time's short,
+sir--going abroad; and now that I am going, patients flock to me. Too
+late. London will repent its apathy. Let it!"
+
+The Doctor paused majestically, and, not remarking on Leonard's face
+the consternation he had anticipated, he repeated peevishly--"I am
+going abroad, sir, but I will make a synopsis of your case, and leave
+it to my successor. Hum! Hair chestnut; eyes--what color? Look this
+way--blue,--dark blue. Hem! Constitution nervous. What are the
+symptoms?"
+
+"Sir," began Leonard, "a little girl--"
+
+_Dr. Morgan_, (impatiently)--"Little girl! Never mind the history of
+your sufferings; stick to the symptoms--stick to the symptoms."
+
+_Leonard._--"You mistake me, Doctor; I have nothing the matter with
+me. A little girl--"
+
+_Dr. Morgan._--"Girl again! I understand it! it is she who is ill.
+Shall I go to her? she must describe her own symptoms--I can't judge
+from your talk. You'll be telling me she has consumption, or
+dyspepsia, or some such disease that don't exist: mere allopathic
+inventions--symptoms, sir, symptoms."
+
+_Leonard_, (forcing his way)--"You attended her poor father, Captain
+Digby, when he was taken ill in the coach with you. He is dead, and
+his child is an orphan."
+
+_Dr. Morgan_, (fumbling in his medical pocket-book.)--"Orphan!
+nothing for orphans, especially if inconsolable, like _aconite_ and
+_chamomilla_."[12]
+
+With some difficulty Leonard succeeded in bringing Helen to the
+recollection of the homoeopathist, stating how he came in charge of
+her, and why he sought Dr. Morgan.
+
+The Doctor was much moved.
+
+"But really," said he after a pause, "I don't see how I can help the
+poor child. I know nothing of her relations. This Lord Les--whatever
+his name is--I know of no lords in London. I knew lords, and physicked
+them too, when I was a blundering allopathist. There was the Earl of
+Lansmere--has had many a blue pill from me, sinner that I was. His son
+was wiser; never would take physic. Very clever boy was Lord
+L'Estrange--I don't know if he was as good as he was clever--"
+
+"Lord L'Estrange!--that name begins with Les--"
+
+"Stuff! He's always abroad--shows his sense. I'm going abroad too. No
+development for science in this horrid city; full of prejudices, sir,
+and given up to the most barbarous allopathical and phlebotomical
+propensities. I am going to the land of Hahnemann, sir--sold my
+good-will, lease, and furniture, and have bought in on the Rhine.
+Natural life there, sir--homoeopathy needs nature; dine at one
+o'clock, get up at four--tea little known, and science appreciated.
+But I forget. Cott! what can I do for the orphan?"
+
+"Well, sir," said Leonard rising, "Heaven will give me strength to
+support her."
+
+The doctor looked at the young man attentively. "And yet," said he in
+a gentler voice, "you, young man, are, by your account, a perfect
+stranger to her, or were so when you undertook to bring her to London.
+You have a good heart--always keep it. Very healthy thing, sir, a good
+heart--that is, when not carried to excess. But you have friends of
+your own in town?"
+
+_Leonard._--"Not yet, sir; I hope to make them."
+
+_Doctor._--"Bless me, you do? How? I can't make any."
+
+Leonard colored and hung his head. He longed to say "Authors find
+friends in their readers--I am going to be an author." But he felt
+that the reply would savor of presumption, and held his tongue.
+
+The Doctor continued to examine him, and with friendly interest. "You
+say you walked up to London--was that from choice or economy?"
+
+_Leonard._--"Both, sir."
+
+_Doctor._--"Sit down again and let us talk. I can give you a quarter
+of an hour, and I'll see if I can help either of you, provided you
+tell all the symptoms--I mean all the particulars."
+
+Then with that peculiar adroitness which belongs to experience in the
+medical profession, Dr. Morgan, who was really an acute and able man,
+proceeded to put his questions, and soon extracted from Leonard the
+boy's history and hopes. But when the Doctor, in admiration at a
+simplicity which contrasted so evident an intelligence, finally asked
+him his name and connections, and Leonard told them, the
+homoeopathist actually started. "Leonard Fairfield, grandson of my
+old friend, John Avenel of Lansmere! I must shake you by the hand.
+Brought up by Mrs. Fairfield!--Ah, now I look, strong family
+likeness--very strong!"
+
+The tears stood in the Doctor's eyes. "Poor Nora!" said he.
+
+"Nora! Did you know my aunt?"
+
+"Your aunt! Ah--ah! yes--yes! Poor Norah!--she died almost in these
+arms--so young, so beautiful. I remember it as of yesterday."
+
+The Doctor brushed his hand across his eyes, and swallowed a globule;
+and, before the boy knew what he was about, had in his benevolence
+thrust another between Leonard's quivering lips.
+
+A knock was heard at the door.
+
+"Ha! that's my great patient," cried the Doctor, recovering his
+self-possession--"must see him. A chronic case--excellent
+patient--tic, sir, tic. Puzzling and interesting. If I could take that
+tic with me, I should ask nothing more from Heaven. Call again on
+Monday; I may have something to tell you then as to yourself. The
+little girl can't stay with you--wrong and nonsensical. I will see
+after her. Leave me your address--write it here. I think I know a lady
+who will take charge of her. Good-bye. Monday next, ten o'clock."
+
+With this, the Doctor thrust out Leonard, and ushered in his grand
+patient, whom he was very anxious to take with him to the banks of the
+Rhine.
+
+Leonard had now only to discover the nobleman whose name had been so
+vaguely uttered by poor Captain Digby. He had again recourse to the
+_Court Guide_; and finding the address of two or three lords the first
+syllables of whose titles seemed similar to that repeated to him, and
+all living pretty near to each other, in the regions of May Fair, he
+ascertained his way to that quarter, and, exercising his mother-wit,
+inquired at the neighboring shops as to the personal appearance of
+these noblemen. Out of consideration for his rusticity, he got very
+civil and clear answers; but none of the lords in question
+corresponded with the description given by Helen. One was old, another
+was exceedingly corpulent, a third was bed-ridden--none of them was
+known to keep a great dog. It is needless to say that the name of
+L'Estrange (no habitant of London) was not in the _Court Guide_. And
+Dr. Morgan's assertion that that person was always abroad, unluckily
+dismissed from Leonard's mind the name the homoeopathist had so
+casually mentioned. But Helen was not disappointed when her young
+protector returned late in the day and told her of his ill success.
+Poor child! she was so pleased in her heart not to be separated from
+her new brother; and Leonard was touched to how she had contrived, in
+his absence, to give a certain comfort and cheerful grace to the bare
+room devoted to himself. She had arranged his few books and papers so
+neatly, near the window, in sight of the one green elm. She had coaxed
+the smiling landlady out of one or two extra articles of furniture,
+especially a walnut-tree bureau, and some odds and ends of
+ribbon--with which last she had looped up the curtains. Even the old
+rush-bottom chairs had a strange air of elegance, from the mode in
+which they were placed. The fairies had given sweet Helen the art that
+adorns a home, and brings out a smile from the dingiest corner of hut
+and attic.
+
+Leonard wondered and praised. He kissed his blushing ministrant
+gratefully, and they sat down in joy to their abstemious meal, when
+suddenly his face was overclouded--there shot through him the
+remembrance of Dr. Morgan's words--"The little girl can't stay with
+you--wrong and nonsensical. I think I know a lady who will take charge
+of her."
+
+"Ah," cried Leonard, sorrowfully, "how could I forget?" And he told
+Helen what grieved him. Helen at first exclaimed that she would not
+go. Leonard, rejoiced, then began to talk as usual of his great
+prospects; and, hastily finishing his meal, as if there were no time
+to lose, sat down at once to his papers. Then Helen contemplated him
+sadly, as he bent over his delighted work. And when, lifting his
+radiant eyes from his MS. he exclaimed, "No, no, you shall _not_ go.
+_This_ must succeed, and we shall live together in some pretty
+cottage, where we can see more than one tree"--_then_ Helen sighed,
+and did not answer this time, "No, I will not go."
+
+Shortly after she stole from the room, and into her own; and there,
+kneeling down, she prayed, and her prayer was somewhat this--"Guard me
+against my own selfish heart. May I never be a burden to him who has
+shielded me."
+
+Perhaps, as the Creator looks down on this world, whose wondrous
+beauty beams on us more and more, in proportion as our science would
+take it from poetry into law--perhaps He beholds nothing so beautiful
+as the pure heart of a simple loving child.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Leonard went out the next day with his precious MSS. He had read
+sufficient of modern literature to know the names of the principal
+London publishers; and to these he took his way with a bold step,
+though a beating heart.
+
+That day he was out longer than the last; and when he returned, and
+came into the little room, Helen uttered a cry, for she scarcely
+recognised him. There was on his face so deep, so concentrated a
+despondency. He sat down listlessly, and did not kiss her this time,
+as she stole towards him. He felt so humbled. He was a king deposed.
+_He_ take charge of another life! He!
+
+She coaxed him at last into communicating his day's chronicle. The
+reader beforehand knows too well what it must be, to need detailed
+repetition. Most of the publishers had absolutely refused to look at
+his MSS.; one or two had good-naturedly glanced over and returned them
+at once, with a civil word or two of flat rejection. One publisher
+alone--himself a man of letters, and who in youth had gone through the
+same bitter process of dis-illusion that now awaited the village
+genius--volunteered some kindly though stern explanation and counsel
+to the unhappy boy. This gentleman read a portion of Leonard's
+principal poem with attention, and even with frank admiration. He
+could appreciate the rare promise that it manifested. He sympathized
+with the boy's history, and even with his hopes; and then he said, in
+bidding him farewell--
+
+"If I publish this poem for you, speaking as a trader, I shall be a
+considerable loser. Did I publish all that I admire, out of sympathy
+with the author, I should be a ruined man. But suppose that, impressed
+as I really am with the evidence of no common poetic gifts in this
+MS., I publish it, not as a trader, but a lover of literature, I shall
+in reality, I fear, render you a great disservice, and perhaps unfit
+your whole life for the exertions on which you must rely for
+independence."
+
+"How, sir?" cried Leonard--"Not that I would ask you to injure
+yourself for me," he added with proud tears in his eyes.
+
+"How, my young friend? I will explain. There is enough talent in these
+verses to induce very flattering reviews in some of the literary
+journals. You will read these, find yourself proclaimed a poet, will
+cry 'I am on the road to fame.' You will come to me, 'And my poem, how
+does it sell?' I shall point to some groaning shelf, and say, 'not
+twenty copies!' The journals may praise, but the public will not buy
+it. 'But you will have got a name,' you say. Yes, a name as a poet
+just sufficiently known to make every man in practical business
+disinclined to give fair trial to your talents in a single department
+of positive life;--none like to employ poets;--a name that will not
+put a penny in your purse--worse still, that will operate as a barrier
+against every escape into the ways whereby men get to fortune. But,
+having once tasted praise, you will continue to sigh for it: you will
+perhaps never again get a publisher to bring forth a poem, but you
+will hanker round the purlieus of the muses, scribble for periodicals,
+fall at last into a bookseller's drudge. Profits will be so precarious
+and uncertain, that to avoid debt may be impossible; then, you who now
+seem so ingenuous and so proud, will sink deeper still into the
+literary mendicant--begging, borrowing--"
+
+"Never--never--never!" cried Leonard, veiling his face with his hands.
+
+"Such would have been my career," continued the publisher. "But I
+luckily had a rich relative, a trader, whose calling I despised as a
+boy, who kindly forgave my folly, bound me as an apprentice, and here
+I am; and now I can afford to write books as well as sell them.
+
+"Young man, you must have respectable relations--go by their advice
+and counsel; cling fast to some positive calling. Be any thing in this
+city rather than poet by profession."
+
+"And how, sir, have there ever been poets? Had _they_ other callings?"
+
+"Read their biography, and then envy them!"
+
+Leonard was silent a moment; but, lifting his head, answered loud and
+quickly,--"I _have_ read their biography. True, their lot
+poverty--perhaps hunger. Sir, I envy them!"
+
+"Poverty and hunger are small evils," answered the bookseller, with a
+grave kind smile. "There are worse,--debt and degradation,
+and--despair."
+
+"No, sir, no--you exaggerate; these last are not the lot of all
+poets."
+
+"Right, for most of our greatest poets had some private means of their
+own. And for others, why, all who have put into a lottery have not
+drawn blanks. But who could advise another man to set his whole hope
+of fortune on the chance of a prize in a lottery? And such a lottery!"
+groaned the publisher, glancing towards sheets and reams of dead
+authors lying like lead upon his shelves.
+
+Leonard clutched his MSS. to his heart, and hurried away.
+
+"Yes," he muttered, as Helen clung to him and tried to console--"yes,
+you were right: London is very vast, very strong, and very cruel;" and
+his head sank lower and lower yet upon his bosom.
+
+The door was flung widely open, and in, unannounced, walked Dr Morgan.
+
+The child turned to him, and at the sight of his face she remembered
+her father; and the tears that, for Leonard's sake, she had been
+trying to suppress, found way.
+
+The good Doctor soon gained all the confidence of these two young
+hearts. And, after listening to Leonard's story of his paradise lost
+in a day, he patted him on the shoulder and said, "Well, you will call
+on me on Monday, and we will see. Meanwhile, borrow these of me,"--and
+he tried to slip three sovereigns into the boy's hand. Leonard was
+indignant. The bookseller's warning flashed on him. Mendicancy! Oh no,
+he had not yet come to that! He was almost rude and savage in his
+rejection; and the Doctor did not like him the less for it.
+
+"You are an obstinate mule," said the homoeopathist, reluctantly
+putting up his sovereigns. "Will you work at something practical and
+prosy, and let the poetry rest awhile?"
+
+"Yes," said Leonard doggedly, "I will work."
+
+"Very well, then. I know an honest bookseller, and he shall give you
+some employment; and meanwhile, at all events, you will be among
+books, and that will be some comfort."
+
+Leonard's eyes brightened--"A great comfort, sir." He pressed the hand
+he had before put aside to his grateful heart.
+
+"But," resumed the Doctor seriously, "you really feel a strong
+predisposition to make verses?"
+
+"I did, sir."
+
+"Very bad symptom indeed, and must be stopped before a relapse! Here,
+I have cured three prophets and ten poets with this novel specific."
+
+While thus speaking, he had got out his book and a globule. "_Agaricus
+muscarius_ dissolved in a tumbler of distilled water--tea-spoonful
+whenever the fit comes on. Sir, it would have cured Milton himself."
+
+"And now for you, my child," turning to Helen--"I have found a lady
+who will be very kind to you. Not a menial situation. She wants some
+one to read to her and tend on her--she is old and has no children.
+She wants a companion, and prefers a girl of your age to one older.
+Will this suit you?"
+
+Leonard walked away.
+
+Helen got close to the Doctor's ear, and whispered, "No, I cannot
+leave _him_ now--he is so sad."
+
+"Cott!" grunted the Doctor, "you two must have been reading _Paul and
+Virginia_. If I could but stay in England, I would try what _ignatia_
+would do in this case--interesting experiment! Listen to me--little
+girl; and go out of the room, you, sir."
+
+Leonard, averting his face, obeyed. Helen made an involuntary step
+after him--the Doctor detained and drew her on his knee.
+
+"What is your Christian name?--I forget."
+
+"Helen."
+
+"Helen, listen. In a year or two you will be a young woman, and it
+would be very wrong then to live alone with that young man. Meanwhile,
+you have no right to cripple all his energies. He must not have you
+leaning on his right arm--you would weigh it down. I am going away,
+and when I am gone there will be no one to help you, if you reject the
+friend I offer you. Do as I tell you, for a little girl so peculiarly
+susceptible (a thorough _pulsatilla_ constitution) cannot be
+obstinate and egotistical."
+
+"Let me see him cared for and happy, sir," said she firmly, "and I
+will go where you wish."
+
+"He shall be so; and to-morrow, while he is out, I will come and fetch
+you. Nothing so painful as leave-taking--shakes the nervous system,
+and is a mere waste of the animal economy."
+
+Helen sobbed aloud; then, writhing from the Doctor, she exclaimed,
+"But he may know where I am? We may see each other sometimes? Ah, sir,
+it was at my father's grave that we first met, and I think Heaven sent
+him to me. Do not part us for ever."
+
+"I should have a heart of stone if I did," cried the Doctor
+vehemently, "and Miss Starke shall let him come and visit you once a
+week. I'll give her something to make her. She is naturally
+indifferent to others. I will alter her whole constitution, and melt
+her into sympathy--with _rhododendron_ and _arsenic_!"
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Before he went, the Doctor wrote a line to Mr. Prickett, bookseller,
+Holborn, and told Leonard to take it, the next morning, as addressed.
+"I will call on Prickett myself to-night, and prepare him for your
+visit. And I hope and trust you will only have to stay there a few
+days."
+
+He then turned the conversation, to communicate his plans for Helen.
+Miss Starke lived at Highgate--a worthy woman, stiff and prim, as old
+maids sometimes are. But just the place for a little girl like Helen,
+and Leonard should certainly be allowed to call and see her.
+
+Leonard listened and made no opposition; now that his day-dream was
+dispelled, he had no right to pretend to be Helen's protector. He
+could have bade her share his wealth and his fame; his penury and his
+drudgery--no.
+
+It was a very sorrowful evening--that between the adventurer and the
+child. They sat up late, till their candle had burned down to the
+socket; neither did they talk much; but his hand clasped hers all the
+time, and her head pillowed itself on his shoulder. I fear, when they
+parted, it was not for sleep.
+
+And when Leonard went forth the next morning, Helen stood at the
+street door, watching him depart--slowly, slowly. No doubt, in that
+humble lane there were many sad hearts; but no heart so heavy as that
+of the still quiet child, when the form she had watched was to be seen
+no more, and, still standing on the desolate threshold, she gazed into
+space--and all was vacant.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Mr. Prickett was a believer in homoeopathy, and declared, to the
+indignation of all the apothecaries round Holborn, that he had been
+cured of a chronic rheumatism by Dr. Morgan. The good Doctor had, as
+he promised, seen Mr. Prickett when he left Leonard, and asked him as
+a favor to find some light occupation for the boy, that would serve as
+an excuse for a modest weekly salary. "It will not be for long," said
+the Doctor; "his relations are respectable and well off. I will write
+to his grandparents, and in a few days I hope to relieve you of the
+charge. Of course, if you don't want him, I will repay what he costs
+meanwhile."
+
+Mr. Prickett, thus prepared for Leonard, received him very graciously,
+and, after a few questions, said Leonard was just the person he wanted
+to assist him in cataloguing his books, and offered him most
+handsomely L1 a-week for the task.
+
+Plunged at once into a world of books vaster than he had ever before
+won admission to, that old divine dream of knowledge, out of which
+poetry had sprung, returned to the village student at the very sight
+of the venerable volumes. The collection of Mr. Prickett was, however,
+in reality by no means large; but it comprised not only the ordinary
+standard works, but several curious and rare ones. And Leonard paused
+in making the catalogue, and took many a hasty snatch of the contents
+of each tome, as it passed through his hands. The bookseller, who was
+an enthusiast for old books, was pleased to see a kindred feeling
+(which his shop-boy had never exhibited) in his new assistant; and he
+talked about rare editions and scarce copies, and initiated Leonard in
+many of the mysteries of the bibliographist.
+
+Nothing could be more dark and dingy than the shop. There was a booth
+outside, containing cheap books and odd volumes, round which there was
+always an attentive group; within, a gas-lamp burned night and day.
+
+But time passed quickly to Leonard. He missed not the green fields, he
+forgot his disappointments, he ceased to remember even Helen. O
+strange passion of knowledge! nothing like thee for strength and
+devotion.
+
+Mr. Prickett was a bachelor, and asked Leonard to dine with him on a
+cold shoulder of mutton. During dinner the shop-boy kept the shop, and
+Mr. Prickett was really pleasant as well as loquacious. He took a
+liking to Leonard--and Leonard told him his adventures with the
+publishers, at which Mr. Prickett rubbed his hands and laughed as at a
+capital joke. "Oh give up poetry, and stick to a shop," cried he;
+"and, to cure you for ever of the mad whim to be an author, I'll just
+lend you the _Life and Works of Chatterton_. You may take it home with
+you and read before you go to bed. You'll come back quite a new man
+to-morrow."
+
+Not till night, when the shop was closed, did Leonard return to his
+lodging. And when he entered the room, he was struck to the soul by
+the silence, by the void. Helen was gone!
+
+There was a rose-tree in its pot on the table at which he wrote, and
+by it a scrap of paper, on which was written--
+
+"Dear, dear Brother Leonard, God bless you. I will let you know when
+we can meet again. Take care of this rose, Brother, and don't forget
+poor
+
+           HELEN."
+
+Over the word "forget" there was a big round blistered spot that
+nearly effaced the word.
+
+Leonard leant his face on his hands, and for the first time in his
+life he felt what solitude really is. He could not stay long in the
+room. He walked out again, and wandered objectless to and fro the
+streets. He passed that stiller and humbler neighborhood, he mixed
+with the throng that swarmed in the more populous thoroughfares.
+Hundreds and thousands passed him by, and still--still such solitude.
+
+He came back, lighted his candle, and resolutely drew forth the
+"Chatterton" which the bookseller had lent him. It was an old
+edition in one thick volume. It had evidently belonged to some
+contemporary of the Poet's--apparently an inhabitant of
+Bristol--some one who had gathered up many anecdotes respecting
+Chatterton's habits, and who appeared even to have seen him, nay, been
+in his company; for the book was interleaved, and the leaves covered with
+notes and remarks in a stiff clear hand--all evincing personal knowledge
+of the mournful immortal dead. At first,Leonard read with an effort; then
+the strange and fierce spell of that dread life seized upon him--seized
+with pain, and gloom, and terror--this boy dying by his own hand, about
+the age Leonard had attained himself. This wondrous boy, of a genius beyond
+all comparison--the greatest that ever yet was developed and extinguished
+at the age of eighteen--self-taught--self-struggling--self-immolated.
+Nothing in literature like that life and that death!
+
+With intense interest Leonard perused the tale of the brilliant
+imposture, which had been so harshly and so absurdly construed into
+the crime of a forgery, and which was (if not wholly innocent) so akin
+to the literary devices always in other cases viewed with indulgence,
+and exhibiting, in this, intellectual qualities in themselves so
+amazing--such patience, such forethought, such labor, such courage,
+such ingenuity--the qualities that, well directed, make men great, not
+only in books, but action. And, turning from the history of the
+imposture to the poems themselves, the young reader bent before their
+beauty, literally awed and breathless. How had this strange Bristol
+boy tamed and mastered his rude and motley materials into a music that
+comprehended every tune and key, from the simplest to the sublimest?
+He turned back to the biography--he read on--he saw the proud, daring,
+mournful spirit, alone in the Great City like himself. He followed its
+dismal career, he saw it falling with bruised and soiled wings into
+the mire. He turned again to the later works, wrung forth as tasks for
+bread,--the satires without moral grandeur, the politics without
+honest faith. He shuddered and sickened as he read. True, even here
+his poet mind appreciated (what perhaps only poets can) the divine
+fire that burned fitfully through that meaner and more sordid fuel--he
+still traced in those crude, hasty, bitter offerings to dire
+Necessity, the hand of the young giant who had built up the stately
+verse of Rowley. But, alas! how different from that "mighty line." How
+all serenity and joy had fled from these later exercises of art
+degraded into journey-work. Then rapidly came on the catastrophe--the
+closed doors--the poison--the suicide--the manuscripts torn by the
+hands of despairing wrath, and strewed round the corpse upon the
+funeral floors. It was terrible! The spectre of the Titan boy, (as
+described in the notes written on the margin,) with his haughty brow,
+his cynic smile, his lustrous eyes, haunted all the night the baffled
+and solitary child of song.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+It will often happen that what ought to turn the human mind from some
+peculiar tendency produces the opposite effect. One would think that
+the perusal in the newspaper of some crime and capital punishment
+would warn away all who had ever meditated the crime, or dreaded the
+chance of detection. Yet it is well known to us that many a criminal
+is made by pondering over the fate of some predecessor in guilt. There
+is a fascination in the Dark and Forbidden, which, strange to say, is
+only lost in fiction. No man is more inclined to murder his nephews,
+or stifle his wife, after reading Richard the Third or Othello. It is
+the _reality_ that is necessary to constitute the danger of contagion.
+Now, it was this reality in the fate, and life, and crowning suicide
+of Chatterton, that forced itself upon Leonard's thoughts, and sat
+there like a visible evil thing, gathering evil like cloud around it.
+There was much in the dead poet's character, his trials, and his doom,
+that stood out to Leonard like a bold and colossal shadow of himself
+and his fate. Alas! the bookseller, in one respect, had said truly.
+Leonard came back to him the next day a new man, and it seemed even to
+himself as if he had lost a good angel in losing Helen. "Oh that she
+had been by my side," thought he. "Oh that I could have felt the touch
+of her confiding hand--that, looking up from the scathed and dreary
+ruin of this life, that had sublimely lifted itself from the plain,
+and sought to tower aloft from a deluge, her mild look had spoken to
+me of innocent, humble, unaspiring childhood! Ah! If indeed I were
+still necessary to her--still the sole guardian and protector--then
+could I say to myself, 'Thou must not despair and die! Thou hast her
+to live and to strive for.' But no, no! Only this vast and terrible
+London--the solitude of the dreary garret, and those lustrous eyes
+glaring alike through the throng and through the solitude."
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+On the following Monday, Dr. Morgan's shabby man-servant opened the
+door to a young man in whom he did not at first remember a former
+visitor. A few days before, embrowned with healthful travel--serene
+light in his eye, simple trust in his careless lip--Leonard Fairfield
+had stood at that threshold. Now again he stood there pale and
+haggard, with a cheek already hollowed into those deep anxious lines
+that speak of working thoughts and sleepless nights; and a settled
+sullen gloom resting heavily on his whole aspect.
+
+"I call by appointment," said the boy testily, as the servant stood
+irresolute. The man gave way. "Master is just called out to a patient;
+please to wait, sir;" and he showed him into the little parlor. In a
+few moments two other patients were admitted. These were women, and
+they began talking very loud. They disturbed Leonard's unsocial
+thoughts. He saw that the door into the Doctor's receiving-room was
+half open, and, ignorant of the etiquette which holds such
+_penetralia_ as sacred, he walked in to escape from the gossips. He
+threw himself into the Doctor's own well-worn chair, and muttered to
+himself, "Why did he tell me to come? What new can he think of for me?
+And if a favor, should I take it? He has given me the means of bread
+by work: that is all I have a right to ask from him, from any man--all
+I should accept."
+
+While thus soliloquizing, his eye fell on a letter lying open on the
+table. He started. He recognized the handwriting--the same as the
+letter which had enclosed L50 to his mother--the letter of his
+grandparents. He saw his own name: he saw something more--words that
+made his heart stand still, and his blood seem like ice in his veins.
+As he thus stood aghast, a hand was laid on the letter, and a voice,
+in an angry growl, muttered, "How dare you come into my room, and be
+reading my letters? Er--r--r!"
+
+Leonard placed his own hand on the Doctor's firmly, and said in a
+fierce tone, "This letter relates to me--belongs to me--crushes me. I
+have seen enough to know that. I demand to read all--learn all."
+
+The Doctor looked round, and seeing the door into the waiting-room
+still open, kicked it to with his foot, and then said, under his
+breath, "What have you read? Tell me the truth."
+
+"Two lines only, and I am called--I am called"--Leonard's frame shook
+from head to foot, and the veins on his forehead swelled like cords.
+He could not complete the sentence. It seemed as if an ocean was
+rolling up through his brain, and roaring in his ears. The Doctor saw,
+at a glance, that there was physical danger in his state, and hastily
+and soothingly answered,--"Sit down, sit down--calm yourself--you
+shall know all--read all--drink this water;" and he poured into a
+tumbler of the pure liquid a drop or two from a tiny phial.
+
+Leonard obeyed mechanically, for indeed he was no longer able to
+stand. He closed his eyes, and for a minute or two life seemed to pass
+from him; then he recovered, and saw the good Doctor's gaze fixed on
+him with great compassion. He silently stretched forth his hand
+towards the letter. "Wait a few moments," said the physician
+judiciously, "and hear me meanwhile. It is very unfortunate you should
+have seen a letter never meant for your eye, and containing allusions
+to a secret you were never to have known. But, if I tell you more,
+will you promise me, on your word of honor, that you will hold the
+confidence sacred from Mrs. Fairfield, the Avenels--from all? I myself
+am pledged to conceal a secret, which I can only share with you on the
+same condition."
+
+"There is nothing," announced Leonard indistinctly, and with a bitter
+smile on his lip,--"nothing, it seems, that I should be proud to boast
+of. Yes, I promise--the letter, the letter!"
+
+The Doctor placed it in Leonard's right hand, and quietly slipped to
+the wrist of the left his forefinger and thumb, as physicians are said
+to do when a victim is stretched on the rack. "Pulse decreasing," he
+muttered; "wonderful thing, _Aconite_!" Meanwhile Leonard read as
+follows, faults in spelling and all:--
+
+
+"Dr. MORGAN--Sir: I received your favur duly, and am glad to hear that
+the pore boy is safe and Well. But he has been behaving ill, and
+ungrateful to my good son Richard, who is a credit to the whole
+Family, and has made himself a Gentleman, and Was very kind and good
+to the boy, not knowing who and What he is--God forbid! I don't want
+never to see him again--the boy. Pore John was ill and Restless for
+days afterwards.--John is a pore cretur now, and has had paralytiks.
+And he Talked of nothing but Nora--the boy's eyes were so like his
+Mother's. I cannot, cannot see the Child of Shame. He can't cum
+here--for our Lord's sake, sir, don't ask it--he can't, so Respectable
+as we've always been!--and such disgrace! Base born--base born. Keep
+him where he is, bind him prentis, I'll pay anything for That. You
+says, sir, he's clever, and quick at learning; so did Parson Dale, and
+wanted him to go to Collidge, and make a Figur--then all would cum
+out. It would be my death, sir; I could not sleep in my grave, sir.
+Nora that we were all so proud of. Sinful creturs that we are! Nora's
+good name that we've saved now, gone, gone. And Richard, who is so
+grand, and who was so fond of pore, pore Nora! He would not hold up
+his Head again. Don't let him make a Figur in the world--let him be a
+tradesman, as we were afore him--any trade he Takes to--and not cross
+us no more while he lives. Then I shall pray for him, and wish him
+happy. And have not we had enuff of bringing up children to be above
+their birth? Nora, that I used to say was like the first lady o' the
+land--oh, but we were rightly punished! So now, sir, I leave all to
+you, and will pay all you want for the boy. And be Sure that the
+secret's kep. For we have never heard from the father, and, at least,
+no one knows that Nora has a living son but I and my daughter Jane,
+and Parson Dale and you--and you Two are good Gentlemen--and Jane will
+keep her word, and I am old, and shall be in my grave Soon, but I hope
+it won't be while pore John needs me. What could he do without me? And
+if _that_ got wind, it would kill me straght, sir. Pore John is a
+helpless cretur, God bless him. So no more from your servant in all
+dooty,
+
+                        "M. AVENEL."
+
+Leonard laid down this letter very calmly, and, except by a slight
+heaving at his breast, and a death-like whiteness of his lips, the
+emotions he felt were undetected. And it is a proof how much exquisite
+goodness there was in his heart that the first words he spoke were,
+"Thank Heaven!"
+
+The Doctor did not expect that thanksgiving, and he was so startled
+that he exclaimed, "For what?"
+
+"I have nothing to pity or excuse in the woman I knew and honored as a
+mother. I am not her son--her--"
+
+He stopped short.
+
+"No; but don't be hard on your true mother--poor Nora!"
+
+Leonard staggered, and then burst into a sudden paroxysm of tears.
+
+"Oh, my own mother!--my dead mother! Thou for whom I felt so
+mysterious a love--thou, from whom I took this poet soul--pardon me,
+pardon me! Hard on thee! Would that thou wert living yet, that I might
+comfort thee! What thou must have suffered!"
+
+These words were sobbed forth in broken gasps from the depth of his
+heart. Then he caught up the letter again, and his thoughts were
+changed as his eyes fell upon the writer's shame and fear, as it were,
+of his very existence. All his native haughtiness returned to him. His
+crest rose, his tears dried.--"Tell her," he said, with a stern
+unfaltering voice--"tell Mrs. Avenel that she is obeyed--that I will
+never seek her roof, never cross her path, never disgrace her wealthy
+son. But tell her, also, that I will choose my own way in life--that I
+will not take from her a bribe for concealment. Tell her that I am
+nameless, and will yet make a name."
+
+A name! Was this but an idle boast, or was it one of those flashes of
+conviction which are never belied, lighting up our future for one
+lurid instant, and then fading into darkness?
+
+"I do not doubt it, my prave poy," said Dr. Morgan, growing
+exceedingly Welsh in his excitement; "and perhaps you may find a
+father, who--"
+
+"Father--who is he--what is he? He lives then! But he has deserted
+me--he must have betrayed her? I need him not. The law gives me no
+father."
+
+The last words were said with a return of bitter anguish; then in a
+calmer tone, he resumed, "But I should know who he is--as another one
+whose path I may not cross."
+
+Dr. Morgan looked embarrassed, and paused in deliberation. "Nay," said
+he at length, "as you know so much, it is surely best that you should
+know all."
+
+The Doctor then proceeded to detail, with some circumlocution, what we
+will here repeat from his account more succinctly.
+
+Nora Avenel, while yet very young, left her native village, or rather
+the house of Lady Lansmere, by whom she had been educated and brought
+up, in order to accept the place of governess or companion in London.
+One evening she suddenly presented herself at her father's house, and
+at the first sight of her mother's face she fell down insensible. She
+was carried to bed. Dr. Morgan (then the chief medical practitioner of
+the town) was sent for. That night Leonard came into the world, and
+his mother died. She never recovered her senses, never spoke
+intelligibly from the time she entered the house. "And never therefore
+named your father," said Dr. Morgan. "We know not who he was."
+
+"And how," cried Leonard, fiercely,--"how have they dared to slander
+this dead mother? How knew they that I--was--was--was not the child of
+wedlock?"
+
+"There was no wedding-ring on Nora's finger--never any rumor of her
+marriage--her strange and sudden appearance at her father's house--her
+emotions on entrance, so unlike those natural to a wife returning to a
+parent's home: these are all the evidence against her. But Mr. Avenel
+deemed them strong, and so did I. You have a right to think we judged
+too harshly--perhaps we did."
+
+"And no inquiries were ever made?" said Leonard mournfully, and after
+long silence--"no inquiries to learn who was the father of the
+motherless child?"
+
+"Inquiries!--Mrs. Avenel would have died first. Your grandmother's
+nature is very rigid. Had she come from princes, from Cadwallader
+himself," said the Welshman, "she could not more have shrunk from the
+thought of dishonor. Even over her dead child, the child she had loved
+the best, she thought but how to save that child's name and memory
+from suspicion. There was luckily no servant in the house, only Mark
+Fairfield and his wife (Nora's sister): they had arrived the same day
+on a visit.
+
+"Mrs. Fairfield was nursing her own infant, two or three months old;
+she took charge of you; Nora was buried, and the secret kept. None out
+of the family knew of it, but myself and the curate of the town--Mr.
+Dale. The day after your birth, Mrs. Fairfield, to prevent discovery,
+moved to a village at some distance. There her child died; and when
+she returned to Hazeldean, where her husband was settled, you passed
+as the son she had lost. Mark, I know, was a father to you, for he had
+loved Nora; they had been children together."
+
+"And she came to London--London is strong and cruel," muttered
+Leonard. "She was friendless and deceived. I see all--I desire to know
+no more. This father, he must indeed have been like those whom I have
+read of in books. To love, to wrong her--_that_ I can conceive; but
+then to leave, to abandon; no visit to her grave--no remorse--no
+search for his own child. Well, well; Mrs. Avenel was right. Let us
+think of _him_ no more."
+
+The man-servant knocked at the door, and then put in his head. "Sir,
+the ladies are getting very impatient, and say they'll go."
+
+"Sir," said Leonard, with a strange calm return to the things about
+him, "I ask your pardon for taking up your time so long. I go now. I
+will never mention to my moth--I mean to Mrs. Fairfield--what I have
+learned, nor to any one. I will work my way somehow. If Mr. Prickett
+will keep me, I will stay with him at present; but I repeat, I cannot
+take Mrs. Avenel's money and be bound apprentice. Sir, you have been
+good and patient with me--Heaven reward you."
+
+The Doctor was too moved to answer. He wrung Leonard's hand, and in
+another minute the door closed upon the nameless boy. He stood alone
+in the streets of London; and the sun flashed on him, red and
+menacing, like the eye of a foe!
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Leonard did not appear at the shop of Mr. Prickett that day. Needless
+it is to say where he wandered--what he suffered--what thought--what
+felt. All within was storm. Late at night he returned to his solitary
+lodging. On his table, neglected since the morning, was Helen's
+rose-tree. It looked parched and fading. His heart smote him: he
+watered the poor plant--perhaps with his tears.
+
+Meanwhile Dr. Morgan, after some debate with himself whether or not to
+apprise Mrs. Avenel of Leonard's discovery and message, resolved to
+spare her an uneasiness and alarm that might be dangerous to her
+health, and unnecessary in itself. He replied shortly, that she need
+not fear Leonard's coming to her house--that he was disinclined to
+bind himself an apprentice, but that he was provided for at present;
+and in a few weeks, when Dr. Morgan heard more of him through the
+tradesman by whom he was employed, the Doctor would write to her from
+Germany. He then went to Mr. Prickett's--told the willing bookseller
+to keep the young man for the present--to be kind to him, watch over
+his habits and conduct, and report to the Doctor in his new home, on
+the Rhine, what avocation he thought Leonard would be best suited for,
+and most inclined to adopt. The charitable Welshman divided with the
+bookseller the salary given to Leonard, and left a quarter of his
+moity in advance. It is true that he knew he should be repaid on
+applying to Mrs. Avenel; but, being a man of independent spirit
+himself, he so sympathized with Leonard's present feelings, that he
+felt as if he should degrade the boy did he maintain him, even
+secretly, out of Mrs. Avenel's money--money intended not to raise, but
+keep him down in life. At the worst, it was a sum the doctor could
+afford, and he had brought the boy into the world.
+
+Having thus, as he thought, safely provided for his two young charges,
+Helen and Leonard, the Doctor then gave himself up to his final
+preparations for departure. He left a short note for Leonard with Mr.
+Prickett, containing some brief advice, some kind cheering; a
+postscript to the effect that he had not communicated to Mrs. Avenel
+the information Leonard had acquired, and that it were best to leave
+her in that ignorance; and six small powders to be dissolved in water,
+and a tea-spoonful every fourth hour--"Sovereign against rage and
+sombre thoughts," wrote the Doctor. By the evening of the next day Dr.
+Morgan, accompanied by his pet patient with the chronic tic, whom he
+had talked into exile, was on the steamboat on his way to Ostend.
+
+Leonard resumed his life at Mr. Prickett's; but the change in him did
+not escape the bookseller. All his ingenious simplicity had deserted
+him. He was very distant, and very taciturn; he seemed to have grown
+much older. I shall not attempt to analyze metaphysically this change.
+By the help of such words as Leonard may himself occasionally let
+fall, the reader will dive into the boy's heart, and see how there the
+change had worked, and is working still. The happy dreamy
+peasant-genius, gazing on glory with inebriate, undazzled eyes, is no
+more. It is a man, suddenly cut off from the old household holy
+ties--conscious of great powers, and confronted on all sides by
+barriers of iron--alone with hard reality, and scornful London; and if
+he catches a glimpse of the lost Helicon, he sees, where he saw the
+muse, a pale melancholy spirit veiling its face in shame--the ghost of
+the mournful mother, whose child has no name, not even the humblest,
+among the family of men.
+
+On the second evening after Dr. Morgan's departure, as Leonard was
+just about to leave the shop, a customer stepped in with a book in
+his hand which he had snatched from the shop-boy, who was removing the
+volumes for the night from the booth without.
+
+"Mr. Prickett, Mr. Prickett!" said the customer, "I am ashamed of you.
+You presume to put upon this work, in two volumes, the sum of eight
+shillings."
+
+Mr. Prickett stepped forth from the Cimmerian gloom of some recess,
+and cried, "What! Mr. Burley, is that you? But for your voice I should
+not have known you."
+
+"Man is like a book, Mr. Prickett; the commonalty only look to his
+binding. I am better bound, it is very true."
+
+Leonard glanced towards the speaker, who now stood under the gas-lamp,
+and thought he recognized his face. He looked again; yes, it was the
+perch-fisher whom he had met on the banks of the Brent, and who had
+warned him of the lost fish and the broken line.
+
+_Mr. Burley_ (continuing).--"But 'The Art of Thinking,'--you charge
+eight shillings for 'The Art of Thinking?'"
+
+_Mr. Prickett._--"Cheap enough, Mr. Burley. A very clean copy."
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Usurer! I sold it to you for three shillings. It is
+more than 150 per cent. you propose to gain from my 'Art of
+Thinking.'"
+
+_Mr. Prickett_, (stuttering and taken aback.)--"_You_ sold it to me!
+Ah! now I remember. But it was more than three shillings I gave. You
+forget--two glasses of brandy and water."
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Hospitality, sir, is not to be priced. If you sell
+your hospitality, you are not worthy to possess my 'Art of Thinking.'
+I resume it. There are three shillings, and a shilling more for
+interest. No--on second thoughts, instead of that shilling, I will
+return your hospitality; and the first time you come my way you shall
+have two glasses of brandy and water."
+
+Mr. Prickett did not look pleased, but he made no objection; and Mr.
+Burley put the book into his pocket, and turned to examine the
+shelves. He bought an old jest-book, a stray volume of the Comedies of
+Destouches--paid for them--put them also into his pocket, and was
+sauntering out, when he perceived Leonard, who was now standing at the
+doorway.
+
+"Hem! who is that?" he asked, whispering to Mr. Prickett.
+
+"A young assistant of mine, and very clever."
+
+Mr. Burley scanned Leonard from top to toe.
+
+"We have met before, sir. But you look as if you had returned to the
+Brent, and had been fishing for my perch."
+
+"Possibly, sir," answered Leonard. "But my line is tough, and is not
+yet broken, though the fish drags it amongst the weeds, and buries
+itself in the mud."
+
+He lifted his hat, bowed slightly, and walked on.
+
+"He _is_ clever," said Mr. Burley to the bookseller: "he understands
+allegory."
+
+_Mr. Prickett._--"Poor youth! He came to town with the idea of turning
+author: you know what _that_ is, Mr. Burley."
+
+_Mr. Burley_, (with an air of superb dignity.)--"Bibliopole, yes! An
+author is a being between gods and men, who ought to be lodged in a
+palace, and entertained at the public charge on ortolans and tokay. He
+should be kept lapped in down, and curtained with silken awnings from
+the cares of life--have nothing to do but to write books upon tables
+of cedar, and fish for perch from a gilded galley. And that's what
+will come to pass when the ages lose their barbarism, and know their
+benefactors. Meanwhile, sir, I invite you to my rooms, and will regale
+you upon brandy and water as long as I can pay for it; and when I
+cannot, you shall regale me."
+
+Mr. Prickett muttered, "A very bad bargain, indeed," as Mr. Burley,
+with his chin in the air, stepped into the street.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+At first Leonard had always returned home through the crowded
+thoroughfares--the contact of numbers had animated his spirits. But
+the last two days, since the discovery of his birth, he had taken his
+way down the comparatively unpeopled path of the New Road. He had just
+gained that part of this outskirt in which the statuaries and
+tomb-makers exhibit their gloomy wares--furniture alike for gardens
+and for graves--and, pausing, contemplated a column, on which was
+placed an urn half covered with a funeral mantle, when his shoulder
+was lightly tapped, and, turning quickly, he saw Mr. Burley standing
+behind him.
+
+"Excuse me, sir, but you understand perch-fishing; and since we find
+ourselves on the same road, I should like to be better acquainted with
+you. I hear you once wished to be an author. I am one."
+
+Leonard had never before, to his knowledge, seen an author, and a
+mournful smile passed his lips as he surveyed the perch-fisher. Mr.
+Burley was indeed very differently attired since the first interview
+by the brooklet. He looked less like an author, but more perhaps like
+a perch-fisher. He had a new white hat, stuck on one side of his
+head--a new green overcoat--new gray trousers, and new boots. In his
+hand was a whalebone stick, with a silver handle. Nothing could be
+more fragrant, devil-me-carish, and to use a slang word, _tigrish_,
+than his whole air. Yet, vulgar as was his costume, he did not himself
+seem vulgar, but rather eccentric, lawless, something out of the pale
+of convention. His face looked more pale and more puffed than before,
+the tip of his nose redder; but the spark in his eye was of livelier
+light, and there was self-enjoyment in the corners of his sensual
+humorous lip.
+
+"You are an author, sir," repeated Leonard. "Well, and what is the
+report of your calling? Yonder column props an urn. The column is
+tall, and the urn is graceful. But it looks out of place by the
+roadside: what say you?"
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"It would look better in the churchyard."
+
+_Leonard._--"So I was thinking. And you are an author!"
+
+_Mr. Burley._--"Ah, I said you had a quick sense of allegory. And so
+you think an author looks better in a churchyard, when you see him but
+as a muffled urn under the moonshine, than standing beneath the
+gas-lamp, in a white hat, and with a red tip to his nose.
+Abstractedly, you are right. But, with your leave, the author would
+rather be where he is. Let us walk on." The two men felt an interest
+in each other, and they walked some yards in silence.
+
+"To return to the urn," said Mr. Burley, "you think of fame and
+churchyards. Natural enough, before illusion dies; but I think of the
+moment, of existence--and I laugh at fame. Fame, sir--not worth a
+glass of cold without! And as for a glass of warm, with sugar--and
+five shillings in one's pocket to spend as one pleases--what is there
+in Westminster Abbey to compare with it?"
+
+"Talk on, sir--I should like to hear you talk. Let me listen and hold
+my tongue." Leonard pulled his hat over his brows, and gave up his
+moody, questioning, turbulent mind to his new acquaintance.
+
+And John Burley talked on. A dangerous and a fascinating talk it
+was--the talk of a great intellect fallen. A serpent trailing its
+length on the ground, and showing bright, shifting, glorious hues as
+it grovelled. A serpent, yet without the serpent's guile. If John
+Burley deceived and tempted, he meant it not--he crawled and glittered
+alike honestly. No dove could be more simple.
+
+Laughing at fame, he yet dwelt with an elegant enthusiasm on the joy
+of composition. "What do I care what men without are to say and think
+of the words that gush forth on my page?" cried he. "If you think of
+the public, of urns, and laurels, while you write, you are no genius;
+you are not fit to be an author. I write because it rejoices me,
+because it is my nature. Written, I care no more what becomes of it
+than the lark for the effect that the song has on the peasant it wakes
+to the plough. The poet, like the lark, sings 'from his watch-tower in
+the skies.' Is this true?"
+
+"Yes, very true."
+
+"What can rob us of this joy! The bookseller will not buy, the public
+will not read. Let them sleep at the foot of the ladder of the
+angels--we climb it all the same. And then one settles down into such
+good-tempered Lucianic contempt for men. One wants so little from
+them, when one knows what one's self is worth, and what they are. They
+are just worth the coin one can extract from them in order to live.
+Our life--_that_ is worth so much to us. And then their joys, so
+vulgar to them, we can make them golden and kingly. Do you suppose
+Burns drinking at the ale-house, with his boors around him, was
+drinking, like them, only beer and whisky? No, he was drinking
+nectar--he was imbibing his own ambrosial thoughts--shaking with the
+laughter of the gods. The coarse human liquid was just needed to
+unlock his spirit from the clay--take it from jerkin and corduroys,
+and wrap it in the 'singing-robes' that floated wide in the skies: the
+beer or the whisky was needed but for that, and then it changed at
+once into the drink of Hebe. But come, you have not known this
+life--you have not seen it. Come, give me this night. I have moneys
+about me--I will fling them abroad as liberally as Alexander himself,
+when he left to his share but hope. Come!"
+
+"Whither?"
+
+"To my throne. On that throne last sate Edmund Kean--mighty mime. I am
+his successor. We will see whether in truth these wild sons of genius,
+who are cited but 'to point a moral and adorn a tale,' were objects of
+compassion. Sober-suited cits to lament over a Savage and a Morland--a
+Porson and a Burns!--"
+
+"Or a Chatterton," said Leonard, gloomily.
+
+"Chatterton was an impostor in all things; he feigned excesses that he
+never knew. _He_ a bacchanalian--a royster! He!--No. We will talk of
+him. Come!"
+
+Leonard went.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+The Room! And the smoke-reek, and the gas-glare of it. The whitewash
+of the walls, and the prints thereon of the actors in their
+mime-robes, and stage postures; actors as far back as their own lost
+Augustan era, when the stage was a real living influence on the
+manners and the age. There was Betterton in wig and gown--as Cato,
+moralising on the soul's eternity, and halting between Plato and the
+dagger. There was Woodward as "The Fine Gentleman," with the
+inimitable rakehell air in which the heroes of Wycherly and Congreve
+and Farquhar live again. There was jovial Quin as Falstaff, with round
+buckler and "fair round belly." There was Colley Cibber in
+brocade--taking snuff as with "his Lord," the thumb and forefinger
+raised in air--and looking at you for applause. There was Macklin as
+Shylock, with knife in hand; and Kemble, in the solemn weeds of the
+Dane; and Kean in the place of honor over the chimneypiece.
+
+When we are suddenly taken from practical life, with its real workday
+men, and presented to the portraits of those sole heroes of a
+World--Phantastic and Phantasmal, in the garments wherein they did
+"strut and fret their hour upon the stage," verily there is something
+in the sight that moves an inner sense within ourselves--for all of us
+have an inner sense of some existence, apart from the one that wears
+away our days: an existence that, afar from St. James's and St.
+Giles's, the Law Courts and Exchange, goes its way in terror or mirth,
+in smiles or in tears, through a vague magic land of the poets. There,
+see those actors! They are the men who lived it--to whom our world was
+the false one, to whom the Imaginary was the Actual. And did
+Shakspeare himself, in his life, ever hearken to the applause that
+thundered round the Personators of his airy images? Vague children of
+the most transient of the arts, fleet shadows of running waters,
+though thrown down from the steadfast stars, were ye not happier than
+we who live in the Real? How strange you must feel in the great
+circuit that ye now take through eternity! No prompt-books, no lamps,
+no acting Congreve and Shakspeare there! For what parts in the skies
+have your studies on the earth fitted you? Your ultimate destinies are
+very puzzling. Hail to your effigies, and pass we on!
+
+There, too, on the whitewashed walls, were admitted the portraits of
+ruder rivals in the arena of fame--yet they, too, had known an
+applause warmer than his age gave to Shakespeare; the champions of the
+ring--Cribb, and Molyneux, and Dutch Sam. Interspersed with these was
+an old print of Newmarket in the early part of the last century, and
+sundry engravings from Hogarth. But poets, oh! they were there, too:
+poets who might be supposed to have been sufficiently good fellows to
+be at home with such companions. Shakspeare, of course, with his
+placid forehead; Ben Jonson, with his heavy scowl; Burns and Byron
+cheek by jowl. But the strangest of all these heterogeneous specimens
+of graphic art was a full-length print of William Pitt!--William Pitt,
+the austere and imperious. What the deuce did he do there amongst
+prize-fighters, and actors, and poets? It seemed an insult to his
+grand memory. Nevertheless there he was, very erect, and with a look
+of ineffable disgust in his upturned nostrils. The portraits on the
+sordid walls were very like the crambo in the minds of ordinary
+men--very like the motley pictures of the FAMOUS hung up in your
+parlour, O my Public! Actors and prize-fighters, poets and statesmen,
+all without congruity and fitness, all whom you have been to see or to
+hear for a moment, and whose names have stared out in your newspapers,
+O my Public!
+
+And the company? Indescribable! Comedians from small theatres, out of
+employ: pale haggard-looking boys, probably the sons of worthy
+traders, trying their best to break their fathers' hearts; here and
+there the marked features of a Jew. Now and then you might see the
+curious puzzled face of some greenhorn about town, or perhaps a
+Cantab; and men of grave age, and gray-haired, were there, and amongst
+them a wondrous proportion of carbuncled faces and bottle noses. And
+when John Burley entered there was a shout, that made William Pitt
+shake in his frame. Such stamping and hallooing, and such hurrahs for
+"Burly John." And the gentleman who had filled the great high leathern
+chair in his absence gave it up to John Burley; and Leonard, with his
+grave observant eye, and lip half sad and half scornful, placed
+himself by the side of his introducer. There was a nameless expectant
+stir through the assembly, as when some great singer advances to the
+lamps, and begins "_Di tanti palpiti_." Time flies. Look at the Dutch
+clock over the door. Half-an-hour! John Burley begins to warm. A yet
+quicker light begins to break from his eye; his voice has a mellow
+luscious roll in it.
+
+"He will be grand to-night," whispered a thin man who looked like a
+tailor, seated on the other side of Leonard.
+
+Time flies--an hour! Look again at the Dutch clock, John Burley _is_
+grand, he is in his zenith, at his culminating point. What magnificent
+drollery!--what luxuriant humor! How the Rabelais shakes in his easy
+chair! Under the rush and the roar of this fun, (what word else shall
+describe it,) the man's intellect is as clear as a gold sand under a
+river. Such wit, and such truth, and, at times, such a flood of quick
+eloquence. All now are listeners, silent, save in applause. And
+Leonard listened too. Not, as he would some nights ago, in innocent
+unquestioning delight. No; his mind has passed through great sorrow,
+great passion, and it comes out unsettled, inquiring, eager, brooding
+over joy itself as over a problem. And the drink circulates, and faces
+change; and there are gabbling and babbling; and Burley's head sinks
+in his bosom, and he is silent. And up starts a wild, dissolute,
+bacchanalian glee for seven voices. And the smoke-reek grows denser
+and thicker, and the gas-light looks dizzy through the haze. And John
+Burley's eyes reel.
+
+Look again at the Dutch clock. Two hours have gone. John Burley has
+broken out again from his silence, his voice thick and husky, and his
+laugh cracked; and he talks, O ye gods! such rubbish and ribaldry; and
+the listeners roar aloud, and think it finer than before. And Leonard,
+who had hitherto been measuring himself, in his mind, against the
+giant, and saying inly, "He soars out of my reach," finds the giant
+shrink smaller and smaller, and saith to himself, "He is but of man's
+common standard after all."
+
+Look again at the Dutch clock. Three hour have passed. Is John Burley
+now of man's common standard? Man himself seems to have vanished from
+the scene; his soul stolen from him, his form gone away with the fumes
+of the smoke, and the nauseous steam from that fiery bowl. And
+Leonard looked round, and saw but the swine of Circe--some on the
+floor, some staggering against the walls, some hugging each other on
+the tables, some fighting, some bawling, some weeping. The divine
+spark had fled from the human face; the beast is everywhere growing
+more and more out of the thing that had been man. And John Burley,
+still unconquered, but clean lost to his senses, fancies himself a
+preacher, and drawls forth the most lugubrious sermon upon the brevity
+of life that mortal ever heard, accompanied with unctuous sobs; and
+now and then, in the midst of balderdash, gleams out a gorgeous
+sentence, that Jeremy Taylor might have envied; drivelling away again
+into a cadence below the rhetoric of a Muggletonian. And the waiters
+choked up the doorway, listening and laughing, and prepared to call
+cabs and coaches; and suddenly some one turned off the gas light, and
+all was dark as pitch--howls and laughter as of the damned, ringing
+through the Pandemonium. Out from the black atmosphere stept the
+boy-poet; and the still stars rushed on his sight, as they looked over
+the grimy roof-tops.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Well, Leonard, this is the first time thou hast shown that thou hast
+in thee the iron out of which true manhood is forged and shaped. Thou
+hast _the power to resist_. Forth, unebriate, unpolluted, he came from
+the orgy, as yon star above him came from the cloud.
+
+He had a latch key to his lodging. He let himself in, and walked
+noiselessly up the creaking wooden stair. It was dawn. He passed on to
+his window, and threw it open. The green elm-tree from the carpenter's
+yard looked as fresh and fair as if rooted in solitudes, leagues away
+from the smoke of Babylon.
+
+--"Nature, Nature!" murmured Leonard, "I hear thy voice now. This
+stills--this strengthens. But the struggle is very dread. Here,
+despair of life--there, faith in life. Nature thinks of neither, and
+lives serenely on."
+
+By-and-by a bird slid softly from the heart of the tree, and dropped
+on the ground below out of sight. But Leonard heard its carol. It
+awoke its companions--wings began to glance in the air, and the clouds
+grew red toward the east.
+
+Leonard sighed and left the window. On the table, near Helen's
+rose-tree, which bent over wistfully, lay a letter. He had not
+observed it before. It was in Helen's hand. He took it to the light,
+and read it by the pure healthful gleams of morn:--
+
+"Oh, my dear brother Leonard, will this find you well, and (more happy
+I dare not say, but) less sad than when we parted? I write kneeling,
+so that it seems to me as if I wrote and prayed at the same time. You
+may come and see me to-morrow evening, Leonard. Do come, do--we shall
+walk together in this pretty garden; and there is an arbor all covered
+with jessamine and honeysuckle, from which we can look down on London.
+I have looked from it so many times--so many--trying if I can guess
+the roofs in our poor little street; and fancying that I do see the
+dear elm-tree. Miss Starke is very kind to me; and I think, after I
+have seen you, that I shall be happy here--that is, if you are happy.
+Your own grateful sister,
+
+                        "HELEN.
+
+                          "Ivy Lodge.
+
+"P. S.--Any one will direct you to our house; it lies to the left,
+near the top of the hill, a little way down a lane that is overhung on
+one side with chestnut trees and lilies. I shall be watching for you
+at the gate."
+
+Leonard's brow softened, he looked again like his former self. Up from
+the dark sea at his heart smiled the meek face of a child, and the
+waves lay still as at the charm of a spirit.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+"And what is Mr. Burley, and what has he written?" asked Leonard of
+Mr. Prickett when he returned to the shop. Let us reply to that
+question in our own words, for we know more about Mr. Burley than Mr.
+Prickett does.
+
+John Burley was the only son of a poor clergyman, in a village near
+Ealing, who had scraped and saved and pinched, to send his son to an
+excellent provincial school in a northern country, and thence to
+college. At the latter, during his first year, young Burley was
+remarked by the undergraduates for his thick shoes and coarse linen,
+and remarkable to the authorities for his assiduity and learning. The
+highest hopes were entertained of him by the tutors and examiners. At
+the beginning of the second year his high animal spirits, before kept
+down by study, broke out. Reading had become easy to him. He knocked
+off his tasks with a facile stroke, as it were. He gave up his leisure
+hours to symposia by no means Socratical. He fell into an idle
+hard-drinking set. He got into all kinds of scrapes. The authorities
+were at first kind and forbearing in their admonitions, for they
+respected his abilities, and still hoped he might become an honor to
+the university. But at last he went drunk into a formal examination,
+and sent in papers after the manner of Aristophanes, containing
+capital jokes upon the Dons and Bigwigs themselves. The offence was
+the greater, and seemed the more premeditated, for being clothed in
+Greek. John Burley was expelled. He went home to his father's a
+miserable man, for with all his follies he had a good heart. Removed
+from ill example, his life for a year was blameless. He got admitted
+as usher into the school in which he had received instruction as a
+pupil. This school was in a large town. John Burley became member of
+a club formed among the tradesmen, and spent three evenings a week
+there. His astonishing convivial and conversational powers began to
+declare themselves. He grew the oracle of the club; and from being the
+most sober peaceful assembly in which grave fathers of a family ever
+smoked a pipe or sipped a glass, it grew under Mr. Burley's auspices
+the parent of revels as frolicking and frantic as those out of which
+the old Greek Goat Song ever tipsily rose. This would not do. There
+was a great riot in the streets one night, and the next morning the
+usher was dismissed. Fortunately for John Burley's conscience, his
+father had died before this happened--died believing in the reform of
+his son. During his ushership Mr. Burley had scraped acquaintance with
+the editor of the county newspaper, and given him some capital
+political articles; for Burley was like Parr and Porson, a notable
+politician. The editor furnished him with letters to the journalists
+in London, and John came to the metropolis and got employed on a very
+respectable newspaper. At college he had known Audley Egerton, though
+but slightly; that gentleman was then just rising into repute in
+Parliament. Burley sympathized with some questions on which Audley had
+distinguished himself, and wrote a very good article thereon--an
+article so good that Egerton inquired into the authorship, found out
+Burley, and resolved in his own mind to provide for him whenever he
+himself came into office. But Burley was a man whom it was impossible
+to provide for. He soon lost his connection with the newspaper. First,
+he was so irregular that he could never be depended upon. Secondly, he
+had strange honest eccentric twists of thinking, that could coalesce
+with the thoughts of no party in the long run. An article of his,
+inadvertently admitted, had horrified all the proprietors, staff, and
+readers of the paper. It was diametrically opposite to the principles
+the paper advocated, and compared its pet politician to Catiline. Then
+John Burley shut himself up and wrote books. He wrote two or three
+books, very clever, but not at all to the popular taste--abstract and
+learned, full of whims that were _caviare_ to the multitude, and
+larded with Greek. Nevertheless, they obtained for him a little money,
+and among literary men some reputation.
+
+Now Audley Egerton came into power, and got him, though with great
+difficulty--for there were many prejudices against this scampish
+harum-scarum son of the Muses--a place in a public office. He kept it
+about a month, and then voluntarily resigned it. "My crust of bread
+and liberty!" quoth John Burley, and he vanished into a garret. From
+that time to the present he lived--Heaven knows how. Literature is a
+business, like everything else; John Burley grew more and more
+incapable of business. "He could not do task-work," he said; he wrote
+when the whim seized him, or when the last penny was in his pouch, or
+when he was actually in the spunging-house or the Fleet--migrations
+which occurred to him, on an average, twice a year. He could generally
+sell what he had positively written, but no one would engage him
+beforehand. Magazines and other periodicals were very glad to have his
+articles, on the condition that they were anonymous; and his style was
+not necessarily detected, for he could vary it with the facility of a
+practised pen. Audley Egerton continued his best supporter, for there
+were certain questions on which no one wrote with such force as John
+Burley--questions connected with the metaphysics of politics, such as
+law reform and economical science. And Audley Egerton was the only man
+John Burley put himself out of the way to serve, and for whom he would
+give up a drinking-bout and do _task-work_; for John Burley was
+grateful by nature, and he felt that Egerton had really tried to
+befriend him. Indeed, it was true, as he had stated to Leonard by the
+Brent, that, even after he had resigned his desk in the London office,
+he had had the offer of an appointment in Jamaica, and a place in
+India from the Minister. But probably there were other charms then
+than those exercised by the one-eyed perch, that kept him to the
+neighborhood of London. With all his grave faults of character and
+conduct, John Burley was not without the fine qualities of a large
+nature. He was most resolutely his own enemy, it is true, but he could
+hardly be said to be any one else's. Even when he criticised some more
+fortunate writer, he was good-humored in his very satire; he had no
+bile, no envy. And as for freedom from malignant personalities, he
+might have been a model to all critics. I must except politics,
+however, for in these he could be rabid and savage. He had a passion
+for independence, which, though pushed to excess, was not without
+grandeur. No lick-platter, no parasite, no toadeater, no literary
+beggar, no hunter after patronage and subscriptions; even in his
+dealings with Audley Egerton, he insisted on naming the price for his
+labors. He took a price, because, as the papers required by Audley
+demanded much reading and detail, which was not at all to his taste,
+he considered himself entitled fairly to something more than the
+editor of the journal, wherein the papers appeared, was in the habit
+of giving. But he assessed this extra price himself, and as he would
+have done to a bookseller. And, when in debt and in prison, though he
+knew a line to Egerton would have extricated him, he never wrote that
+line. He would depend alone on his pen, dipped it hastily in the ink,
+and scrawled himself free. The most debased point about him was
+certainly the incorrigible vice of drinking, and with it the usual
+concomitant of that vice--the love of low company. To be King of the
+Bohemians--to dazzle by his wild humor, and sometimes to exalt, by his
+fanciful eloquence, the rude gross nature that gathered round
+him--this was a royalty that repaid him for all sacrifice of solid
+dignity; a foolscap crown that he would not have changed for an
+emperor's diadem. Indeed, to appreciate rightly the talents of John
+Burley, it was necessary to hear him talk on such occasions. As a
+writer, after all, he was only capable now of unequal desultory
+efforts. But as a talker, in his own wild way, he was original and
+matchless. And the gift of talk is one of the most dangerous gifts a
+man can possess for his own sake--the applause is so immediate, and
+gained with so little labor. Lower, and lower, and lower, had sunk
+John Burley, not only in the opinion of all who knew his name, but in
+the habitual exercise of his talents. And this seemed wilfully--from
+choice. He would write for some unstamped journal of the populace, out
+of the pale of the law, for pence, when he could have got pounds from
+journals of high repute. He was very fond of scribbling off penny
+ballads, and then standing in the street to hear them sung. He
+actually once made himself the poet of an advertising tailor, and
+enjoyed it excessively. But that did not last long, for John Burley
+was a Pittite--not a Tory, he used to say, but a Pittite. And if you
+had heard him talk of Pitt, you would never have known what to make of
+that great statesman. He treated him as the German commentators do
+Shakspeare, and invested him with all imaginary meanings and objects,
+that would have turned the grand practical man into a sybil. Well, he
+was a Pittite; the tailor a fanatic for Thelwall and Cobbett. Mr.
+Burley wrote a poem, wherein Britannia appeared to the tailor,
+complimented him highly on the art he exhibited in adorning the
+persons of her sons; and, bestowing upon him a gigantic mantle, said
+that he, and he alone, might be enabled to fit it to the shoulders of
+living men. The rest of the poem was occupied in Mr. Snip's unavailing
+attempts to adjust this mantle to the eminent politicians of the day,
+when, just as he had sunk down in despair, Britannia reappeared to
+him, and consoled him with the information that he had done all mortal
+man could do, and that she had only desired to convince pigmies that
+no human art could adjust to _their_ proportions the mantle of William
+Pitt. _Sic itur ad astra_. She went back to the stars, mantle and all.
+Mr. Snip was exceedingly indignant at this allegorical effusion, and
+with wrathful shears cut the tie between himself and his poet.
+
+Thus, then, the reader has, we trust, a pretty good idea of John
+Burley--a specimen of his genus, not very common in any age, and now
+happily almost extinct, since authors of all degrees share in the
+general improvement in order, economy, and sober decorum, which has
+obtained in the national manners. Mr. Prickett, though entering into
+less historical detail than we have done, conveyed to Leonard a
+tolerably accurate notion of the man, representing him as a person of
+great powers and learning, who had thoroughly thrown himself away.
+
+Leonard did not, however, see how much Mr. Burley himself was to be
+blamed for his waste of life; he could not conceive a man of genius
+voluntarily seating himself at the lowest step in the social ladder.
+He rather supposed he had been thrust down there by Necessity.
+
+And when Mr. Prickett, concluding, said, "Well, I should think Burley
+would cure you of the desire to be an author even more than
+Chatterton," the young man answered gloomily, "Perhaps," and turned to
+the book-shelves.
+
+With Mr. Prickett's consent, Leonard was released earlier than usual
+from his task, and a little before sunset he took his way to Highgate.
+He was fortunately directed to take the new road by the Regent's Park,
+and so on through a very green and smiling country. The walk, the
+freshness of the air, the songs of the birds, and, above all, when he
+had got half-way, the solitude of the road, served to rouse him from
+his stern and sombre meditations. And when he came into the lane
+overhung with chestnut trees, and suddenly caught sight of Helen's
+watchful and then brightening face, as she stood by the wicket, and
+under the shadow of cool murmurous boughs, the blood rushed gayly
+through his veins, and his heart beat loud and gratefully.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+She drew him into the garden with such true childlike joy!
+
+Now behold them seated in the arbor--a perfect bower of sweets and
+blossoms; the wilderness of roof-tops and spires stretching below,
+broad and far; London seen dim and silent, as in a dream.
+
+She took his hat from his brows gently, and looked him in the face
+with tearful penetrating eyes.
+
+She did not say, "You have changed."--She said, "Why, why did I leave
+you?" and then turned away.
+
+"Never mind me, Helen. I am man, and rudely born--speak of yourself.
+This lady is kind to you, then?"
+
+"Does she not let me see you? Oh! very kind--and look here."
+
+Helen pointed to fruits and cakes set out on the table. "A feast,
+brother."
+
+And she began to press her hospitality with pretty winning ways, more
+playful than was usual for her, and talking very fast, and with forced
+but silvery laughter.
+
+By degrees she stole him from his gloom and reserve; and, though he
+could not reveal to her the cause of his bitterest sorrow, he owned
+that he had suffered much. He would not have owned _that_ to another
+living being. And then, quickly turning from this brief confession,
+with assurances that the worst was over, he sought to amuse her by
+speaking of his new acquaintance with the perch-fisher. But when he
+spoke of this man with a kind of reluctant admiration, mixed with
+compassionate yet gloomy interest, and drew a grotesque though subdued
+sketch of the wild scene in which he had been spectator, Helen grew
+alarmed and grave.
+
+"Oh, brother, do not go there again--do not see more of this bad man."
+
+"Bad!--no! Hopeless and unhappy, he has stooped to stimulants and
+oblivion;--but you cannot understand these things, my pretty
+preacher."
+
+"Yes I do, Leonard. What is the difference between being good and bad?
+The good do not yield to temptations, and the bad do."
+
+The definition was so simple and so wise that Leonard was more struck
+with it than he might have been by the most elaborate sermon by Parson
+Dale.
+
+"I have often murmured to myself since I lost you, 'Helen was my good
+angel;'--say on. For my heart is dark to myself, and while you speak
+light seems to dawn on it."
+
+This praise so confused Helen that she was long before she could obey
+the command annexed to it. But, by little and little, words came to
+both more frankly. And then he told her the sad tale of Chatterton,
+and waited, anxious to hear her comments.
+
+"Well," he said, seeing that she remained silent, "how can _I_ hope,
+when this mighty genius labored and despaired? What did he want, save
+birth and fortune, and friends, and human justice."
+
+"Did he pray to God?" said Helen, drying her tears.
+
+Again Leonard was startled. In reading the life of Chatterton, he had
+not much noted the scepticism, assumed or real, of the ill-fated
+aspirer to earthly immortality. At Helen's question, that scepticism
+struck him forcibly.
+
+"Why do you ask that, Helen?"
+
+"Because, when we pray often, we grow so very, very patient," answered
+the child. "Perhaps, had he been patient a few months more all would
+have been won by him, as it will be by you, brother; for you pray, and
+you will be patient."
+
+Leonard bowed his head in deep thought, and this time the thought was
+not gloomy. Then out from that awful life there glowed another
+passage, which before he had not heeded duly, but regarded rather as
+one of the darkest mysteries in the fate of Chatterton.
+
+At the very time the despairing poet had locked himself up in his
+garret, to dismiss his soul from its earthly ordeal, his genius had
+just found its way into the light of renown. Good and learned and
+powerful men were preparing to serve and save him. Another year,--nay,
+perchance, another month--and he might have stood acknowledged and
+sublime in the foremost front of his age.
+
+"Oh Helen!" cried Leonard, raising his brows from which the cloud had
+passed,--"Why, indeed, did you leave me?"
+
+Helen started in her turn as he repeated this regret, and in her turn
+grew thoughtful. At length she asked him if he had written for the box
+which had belonged to her father, and been left at the inn.
+
+And Leonard, though a little chafed at what he thought a childish
+interruption to themes of graver interest, owned with self-reproach
+that he had forgotten to do so. Should he not write now to order the
+box to be sent to her at Miss Starke's.
+
+"No; let it be sent to you. Take care of it. I should like to know
+that something of mine is with you; and perhaps I may not stay here
+long."
+
+"Not stay here? That you must, my dear Helen--at least as long as Miss
+Starke will keep you, and is kind. By-and-by, (added Leonard, with
+something of his former sanguine tone) I may yet make my way, and we
+shall have our cottage to ourselves. But--Oh Helen!--I forgot--you
+wounded me; you left your money with me. I only found it in my drawers
+the other day. Fie!--I have brought it back."
+
+"It was not mine--it is yours. We were to share together--you paid
+all; and how can I want it here, too?"
+
+But Leonard was obstinate; and as Helen mournfully received back all
+that of fortune her father had bequeathed to her, a tall female figure
+stood at the entrance of the harbor, and said, that scattered all
+sentiment to the winds--"Young man, it is time to go."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+"Already!" said Helen, with faltering accents, as she crept to Miss
+Starke's side, while Leonard rose and bowed. "I am very grateful to
+you, Madam," said he, with the grace that comes from all refinement of
+idea, "for allowing me to see Miss Helen. Do not let me abuse your
+kindness." Miss Starke seemed struck with his look and manner, and
+made a stiff half curtsey.
+
+A form more rigid than Miss Starke's it was hard to conceive. She was
+like the grim white woman in the nursery ballads. Yet, apparently,
+there was a good nature in allowing the stranger to enter her trim
+garden, and providing for him and her little charge those fruit and
+cakes which belied her aspect. "May I go with him to the gate?"
+whispered Helen, as Leonard had already passed up the path.
+
+"You may, child; but do not loiter. And then come back, and lock up
+the cakes and cherries, or Patty will get at them."
+
+Helen ran after Leonard.
+
+"Write to me, brother--write to me; and do not, do not be friends with
+this man who took you to that wicked, wicked place."
+
+"Oh, Helen, I go from you strong enough to brave worse dangers than
+that," said Leonard almost gaily.
+
+They kissed each other at the little wicket gate, and parted.
+
+Leonard walked home under the summer moonlight, and on entering his
+chamber, looked first at his rose-tree. The leaves of yesterday's
+flowers lay strewn round it; but the tree had put forth new buds.
+
+"Nature ever restores," said the young man. He paused a moment, and
+added, "It is that Nature is very patient?"
+
+His sleep that night was not broken by the fearful dreams he had
+lately known. He rose refreshed, and went his way to his day's
+work--not stealing along the less crowded paths, but with a firm step,
+through the throng of men. Be bold, adventurer--thou hast more to
+suffer! Wilt thou sink? I look into thy heart, and I cannot answer.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] Continued from page 97.
+
+[12] It may be necessary to observe, that homoeopathy professes to deal
+with our moral affections as well as our physical maladies, and has a
+globule for every sorrow.
+
+
+
+
+From Sharpe's Magazine.
+
+EGYPT UNDER ABBAS PASHA.
+
+BY BAYLE ST. JOHN.
+
+
+When the late Mohammed Ali heard at length of the taking of Acre by
+his troops under Ibrahim, he exclaimed, "That place," adding an
+energetic but somewhat unsavory expression, "that place has cost me,"
+not the lives of so many thousand men, but, "so many thousand cantars
+of gunpowder." These words illustrate pretty forcibly the narrow and
+selfish views of that celebrated but overrated man. We do not believe,
+indeed, that during the whole period of his sway in Egypt, the thought
+ever crossed his mind that he was bound to govern for any other
+purpose than his own personal aggrandisement, or that he was to regard
+in the slightest degree the feelings, the comfort, the property or the
+lives of his people.
+
+The system which arose from this wretchedly egotistical state of mind
+was to a certain extent successful. Although great schemes of
+conquest, which even a more magnanimous species of selfishness might
+have carried out, were destined to end in comparative shame and
+disgrace, yet a somewhat brilliant _de facto_ sovereignty was erected
+and maintained to the termination of the old man's life; and he died
+regretting only that he had not been allowed to march to
+Constantinople. To the end of his days he was rolling in wealth, and
+possessed of arbitrary power in dominions of great extent, where he
+was not the less arbitrary because he was compelled to acknowledge a
+superior, and to send a tribute, instead of a fleet and an army, to
+the shores of the Bosphorus. The provinces which he called his own,
+lay sleeping in a death-like tranquillity; and because he could ride
+through the streets without a guard, his flatterers told him that he
+had secured the fear, respect and love of the people. For he had many
+flatterers, this ancient of days;--not merely his own minions, whose
+business it was, but European gentlemen, who affected to be awe-struck
+in his presence, and gathered and treasured up and repeated his wise
+sayings, his profound observations, and, save the mark! his wit; but
+they never could impress on any impartial hearer the belief in any of
+these things. His sayings and observations were sometimes very
+foolish, sometimes distinguished by respectable common-sense; and his
+wit consisted in prefacing a very silly or impertinent remark with a
+peculiar grunt. Whenever, therefore, his courtiers, being in a
+narrative mood, began to tell how on a certain occasion the pasha
+said, "Hunk!" &c., a crowd of admirers were ready to smile, and one or
+two disinterested lookers-on were compelled to smile likewise, though,
+perhaps, for a very different reason.
+
+Nothing is easier than to surround a man who has sufficient talents to
+fight or wheedle himself into a position of authority with a halo of
+false reputation; but it is rather more difficult to impress a
+character on the civilization of a country, and, now-a-days, to found
+an enduring dynasty. We shall not here recapitulate the enormous
+blunders of Mohammed Ali, in political and economical questions, nor
+explain how these blunders arose from a selfish desire to make what is
+vulgarly called a "splash," nor waste an anathema on his crafty
+cruelty and abominable tyranny. We wish merely to remind the reader
+that his period of power having come to a close, little good had been
+done, except, perhaps, improving the method of transacting public
+business.
+
+Well, there were plenty of people to succeed him. The pasha had a
+large family of children and grandchildren, to whom he had behaved
+sometimes with indulgence, but generally with unreasoning and perverse
+severity. There was scarcely a member of his family with whom he had
+not had many little quarrels, and who did not avoid his presence as
+they did the plague. Even the favorite Ibrahim could not bear to live
+in the same city as his presumed father; and the rest would have been
+little less startled by the last summons of all, than they were by an
+occasional order to appear in the presence of the angry and savage old
+man. One feeling, however, was pretty general amongst them,--they
+regarded the pasha as a wonderfully important personage, and
+themselves consequently, being his children, as little less wonderful
+and important. Their hopes were in the uncertainty of life; and very
+many of them, in their own minds, had arranged what they would do in
+case they came to be viceroy--how they would make the money spin, and
+what mighty devices they would put in practice, to emulate and surpass
+the splendors of "Effendina"--"Our Lord," _par excellence_.
+
+It must be confessed that Abbas Pasha alone had the good sense to take
+up a position of his own. Whether he was as crafty and politic as some
+pretend before his elevation to power, it is difficult to decide; but
+the plan, at that time generally ascribed to him, of forming what was
+called a Turkish or bigoted party--a party of discontented great
+folks, and fanatical Ulemas--a party which should appeal to the
+religious prejudices of the good Caireens, and oppose itself to the
+inroad of European adventurers and improvements,--this plan, if
+distinctly formed, was certainly a very sagacious one. Let us be
+frank: Europeans have done more harm than good in Egypt; that is to
+say, whenever they have appeared, except as mere commercial men,
+bringing the goods of their own countries, and anxious to take away
+the surplus of the luxuriant crops of the valley of the Nile. As
+political advisers, partly, perhaps, because men undertook to advise
+who were fit only for the counting-house, partly because their own
+interests were concerned, their intermeddling has been most
+pernicious. Even the benefits, for some such there are, which have
+been conferred by their wisdom, have been mingled with an immense
+amount of misery. There is one fact which has attained an almost
+mythological dignity, from its notoriety, and the admirable manner in
+which it symbolises European meddling in Egypt. An English merchant,
+who ought to have known the manners of the country, advised the
+construction of the Mahmoudiyeh Canal. It has been most useful to
+commerce; but twenty thousand people were starved or worked to death
+within six weeks, in order to complete it. Fifty illustrations of the
+same kind might be given; but we wish merely to have our meaning
+understood, when we say that, if Abbas Pasha or his party ever
+contemplated, as there is reason to suppose they did, the utter
+destruction of foreign influence, the total change of a system, under
+which French and English measures alternated like whig and tory
+administrations, we must candidly admit they had some very good
+grounds to go upon.
+
+The creation of the party was a long and laborious work; very likely
+it was brought and kept together more by mutual discontents, ambitious
+hopes, and straightforward bigotry, than by any very Machiavellian
+policy. Probably Abbas Pasha really liked ram-fighting, and was a
+pigeon-fancier, and did not assume these tastes, as the elder Brutus
+played the fool, in order to accomplish his ends. But, however this
+may be, he certainly occupied a more respectable position than his
+uncle Ibrahim, whose whole ideas of the duties of government were
+getting money and playing at soldiers; and than any of the other
+members of this most obese and heavy-headed family. Even if it be true
+that he meditated a revolt against the broken-down conqueror of Syria,
+and was only withheld by fear of the European powers, this fact gives
+an impression of his energy, and by no means derogates from his
+character in this country. The Saids and the Ahmeds, the Ismains and
+the Mustaphas, would, each and all of them, strike a blow and rid the
+country of their beloved relations, if the little word _impossible_
+did not stare them in the face. As it is, they are in perpetual feud
+with the head of the family, and there is no end to their bickerings,
+heart-burnings, jealousies, and hatreds. Abbas is haughty and
+overbearing to them; they as insolent as they may be to him. Be sure
+that, on all sides, direful causes of affront have been given; but
+probably Abbas has been provoked by unbecoming pretensions. What else
+could be expected from a set of ignorant, debauched adventurers, who
+have got a temporary footing in the country, and actually talk with
+the pride of an ancient respectable line of hereditary princes of
+their rights, and their expectations, and their rank, and so forth!
+Abbas, of course, has not the same natural influence over this unruly
+brotherhood as had the ruthless old man, and his more savage immediate
+successor; and probably, in attempting to exert his rightful
+authority, has been betrayed into undignified squabbles. It is certain
+that many members of his family have fled or retired to
+Constantinople; among others, Mohammed Ali Bey, and the notorious
+Hazlet Hanem. Some remarks have been made on this subject, to the
+effect that Abbas is frightening away his dutiful relations by his
+violent and unreasonable conduct; but if Egypt never loses two of its
+natives whom it can worse spare than these, it will be fortunate.
+Without further inquiry than into their character, one would be
+inclined to admire and respect the man who had quarrelled with them.
+Mohammed Ali is a debauched worthless lad; and Madame Nazlet cannot
+have justice done to her without details into which our pen is not at
+liberty to enter.
+
+It is a sad thing, certainly, to view the breaking up of a large
+family; but it would be a sadder thing to witness vice unpunished, and
+harmony arising out of the reckless indulgence of unbridled passions.
+Abbas Pasha himself, if report speaks true, has little in his private
+life to plead for lenity in judging of his public character. His taste
+leads him to the most trifling amusements. Just as of old, when he was
+the supposed head of a kind of Conservative Turkish party, when he was
+Governor of Cairo, and silently nourishing his ambitious schemes, he
+spends time and money in the undignified, though not inelegant, and
+certainly innocent, occupation of a pigeon-fancier. Near the new
+palace which he is building (none of these Turkish princes seem to
+care about living where their fathers lived before them) rises a
+magnificent square tower, entirely devoted to the loyal winged
+favorites of his Highness the Viceroy, who is reported to be quite
+learned in this department of natural history. Another of his tastes,
+for which Englishmen will have more sympathy, is for horses; and the
+public will remember his bold challenge to the Jockey Club. In what
+way he passes the remainder of his leisure hours we do not inquire;
+but we give him, in common with his relatives, the advantage of an
+excuse that has before been urged in their favor--namely, that of an
+infamous education.
+
+Abbas Pasha has not exactly carried out the views which were
+attributed to him before he reached his present elevation. He has not,
+for example, done all that his fanatical anti-Frank friends could
+expect in shaking off foreign influence. He began, it is true, by
+getting rid, in rather a hasty and shabby manner, of many Europeans,
+chiefly English, in his employ; and showed a disposition entirely to
+put a stop to that enormous blunder of the Barrage. His first, and
+very wise impulse, was either to destroy the works altogether, or,
+abandoning them, simply allow the river to work its own majestic will.
+But a clamor was raised on all sides! After throwing so many millions
+of dollars into the river, why should not a few millions more be
+thrown? I believe the French, who have a fondness for this undertaking
+because it was suggested by or through Napoleon--(the Osiris of his
+day is parent of all wonderful inventions)--I believe, I say, that
+France made it almost a national question; and so this work, which
+already impedes the navigation of one of the finest rivers in the
+world, and which, if successful, would only achieve an object that one
+quarter of the expense in the establishment of steam-engines at
+various points for raising water would effectually accomplish, is
+allowed to drag on slowly towards its conclusion. We must give Abbas
+credit for the courageous good sense which suggested to him that the
+first loss was the best; and yet we must not withhold from him some
+praise for yielding to the influence of friendly persuasion, and
+refraining from carrying out his own opinion, however well founded,
+when he was told that, by doing so, he would incur the risk of being
+accused of treason to his grandfather's fame. The old man had fondly
+believed that his Barrage would join the Pyramids that look down upon
+it in that restricted category of the "Wonders of the World," and
+might well be supposed to lie uneasily in his grave if all the piles
+which he had caused to be driven, all the mighty walls, and piers, and
+arches, which he had caused to be raised with a disregard of expense
+and human labor worthy of Cheops, were allowed to sink and lie
+forgotten in the slimy bed of the Nile.
+
+This was the first point on which it appeared that Abbas Pasha was not
+disposed to act up fully to his presumed plan of destroying European
+influence altogether; but, on many occasions, he early showed a
+disposition to temporize between his prejudices and his interest. We
+cannot here enter into details of minor importance, but, coming down
+to a recent period, we may mention another instance of a similar
+nature. For many years before his death, Mohammed Ali had held out
+hopes that he would construct, or allow to be constructed, a railway
+from Cairo to Suez. This was preeminently an English project--not
+likely to be unuseful to the country at large, it is true, but
+calculated chiefly to promote the more expeditious and comfortable
+transit of passengers to and from India. The Pasha, however, deceived
+by an excess of cunning, really entertained no intention of performing
+his promise. With great want of sagacity, he confounded the proposed
+stations on the line of railway, which he might have held in his own
+hands if he chose, with the counters which he was told had formed the
+nuclei of the British power in India. He believed the English had some
+sinister designs upon his country, and were engaged in all sorts of
+schemes for introducing themselves into it. The same policy which made
+him refuse to deepen the entrance of the port of Alexandria, lest a
+British fleet might come in, made him unwilling to throw a railway
+across the Desert of Suez, even if he kept the whole management in his
+own hands. The recommendations, he saw, came all from one country: the
+objections, nearly all, from another. France was opposed to the
+railway because it had another darling Neapolitan project in
+hand--namely, the cutting of the Isthmus of Suez, which was much
+talked of once, but which now nobody mentions but to laugh at. The
+difficulties of execution, immense as they were found to be by the
+Austrian commission, were not the most decisive objections. The real
+ones were contained in an answer to the very appropriate
+question--_Cui bono?_ However, the railway was shelved for a time. It
+has lately come again upon the tapis; and although it is now proposed
+to lay down a line in the first instance between Alexandria and Cairo,
+to compensate for the water communication which M. Moujel is spoiling
+by his Barrage, yet there is every probability of proper extensions
+and branches being made in due time.
+
+If, indeed, the project be really a serious one. Many say, in spite of
+the official manner in which the announcement has been made, that it
+is only a _ruse_, a piece of policy in order to propitiate English
+influence, and that as soon as certain manoeuvres shall have been
+successful or otherwise, nothing more will be said about the railway.
+There is no answering for the diplomacy of Eastern courts; but this
+explanation seems a little too Machiavellian. I have no doubt the
+promise has been made, in part, because it is thought to be agreeable
+to the English; but I can hardly imagine Abbas Pasha is so foolish as
+not to know that if he coaxes Lord Palmerston with a sugar-plum, and
+when his lordship opens his mouth, puts a finger in instead, Lord
+Palmerston will bite pretty sharply.
+
+Be these things as they may, it seems admitted on all hands that Abbas
+Pasha has now completely thrown overboard the party which he courted
+so assiduously as heir-apparent, and is seeking foreign, especially
+English, support. All this is fair enough provided he does not fall
+into the old error of sacrificing the natives entirely to strangers,
+as did his great predecessor, and provided he do not allow himself to
+be persuaded by flatterers--and he has flatterers; what man in power
+has not?--to engage in grand undertakings for the purpose of emulating
+the renown of the old Pharaohs. Egypt wants neither a resuscitation of
+old times, nor a hasty imitation of the new. She has to find out the
+form of its own civilization: and modern improvements, as they have
+been hitherto introduced, will only weigh her down into despair.
+
+But it is said that Abbas Pasha has no views at all about the progress
+of the arts, and manufactures, and commerce; no thought of the
+amelioration of the country; but that in endeavoring to gain the
+good-will of Europe, he wants to serve some ambitious projects of his
+own. There may be something in this. Not that it is probable he
+intends to play the old game over again and throw off the yoke of
+Stamboul; but there is certainly a very arduous struggle now carrying
+on, both by open and underhand means, between Egypt and the Porte.
+There is an infinity of points of difference between the vassal and
+his lord; but the gist of the matter is, that the former wishes to
+preserve all the privileges, to be treated with the same indulgence,
+to be left with the same freedom of action, as his grandfather; he
+wishes to remain, in fact, a vassal little more than in name, free to
+indulge any arbitrary whims; whilst the latter is attempting, with
+some reason,--with great reason indeed, but perhaps in too precipitate
+a manner, and actuated by feelings that resemble private grudge,--to
+reduce Egypt to the same subjection as the rest of the Ottoman Empire.
+
+The discussion is a serious one, and much may be said on both sides;
+but it must be accorded at once in favor of the Porte, that the
+Viceroy of Egypt is not to be considered as an independent sovereign
+merely paying tribute to a superior power, but as an officer of the
+Empire. Certainly, he holds a distinguished position; and his case is
+an exceptional one; but very imprudent would be any who should advise
+him to take the same ground as Mohammed Ali, even after his defeat and
+expulsion from Syria, was allowed to assume. He has been levying
+troops, and is said even to have victualled his fleet to give more
+weight to his negotiations; but it is not probable he will draw the
+sword when, by giving way a little, he may establish a character for
+moderation, and be left undisturbed in a position sufficiently
+splendid to satisfy a very respectable ambition.
+
+On the other hand, it is hoped that no undue heat, no petty jealousy,
+no minor considerations of self-love--excited and encouraged by the
+numerous runagates from Egypt, as Artin Bey and his fellows--will
+finally govern the councils of Constantinople. Many missions have
+passed from this country to the Porte with the object of warding off
+the blows that are being aimed at the authority of Abbas Pasha.
+Probably they ask too much, as is always done in such cases; but, if
+reports speak true, they have been answered with an asperity which
+seems calculated rather to provoke a quarrel than to lead to a
+satisfactory settlement. The great question now is about the Tanzamat
+promulgated by the Porte, which may be briefly described as a
+well-intended attempt to introduce some kind of order into the
+administration of the empire, to substitute certain rules in place of
+arbitrary will, and generally to control the actions of what are
+called the great men in their relations with those who, we suppose,
+may be described as the little men. Such a scheme, even if imperfect
+in its details and difficult to be applied, must command our
+sympathies. The provinces of the Turkish empire--and Egypt is at least
+as great in degree as the remainder--have been too long the sport of
+caprice; and if it be the secret object of Abbas Pasha utterly to
+prevent the introduction of this new system--to refuse it even a fair
+trial--he will most certainly, whatever may be the effect of obstinate
+passive resistance, receive no countenance or support from England.
+
+It is said, however, that he merely desires--and such is the purport
+of his remonstrances--that certain modifications, adapted to the
+peculiar situation of Egypt, shall be made. The Porte is the best
+judge as to how far these modifications are compatible with the spirit
+of its decree; and as the communications that have taken place have
+been chiefly verbal, we will not take upon ourselves to say whether
+they are even suggested by any peculiar necessity. The negotiations
+are in progress; and all we can say is, that unless Abbas Pasha be
+considered too dangerous a subject, and his removal be desired, it
+will be better to make up by amenity of procedure for the inexorable
+requirements of principle.
+
+There was one great grievance in Mohammed Ali's time, namely, the
+existence of the _ferdeh_, or tax of one-twelfth upon income of all
+kinds, down to that of the poorest fellah. This was a great outrage on
+legality. It was opposed to all the constitutions of the Turkish
+empire; and it was understood that, after the Syrian affair, it should
+be voluntarily done away with by the Pasha. But an easy source of
+revenue is not easily given up; and, in spite of all remonstrances,
+the tax was maintained. There was no burden to which the people
+objected more than this. They paid,--but they murmured somewhat
+loudly; and even in the coffee-houses many were sometimes bold enough
+to say the ferdeh was illegal. On one occasion, when Ibrahim Pasha was
+in Cairo, not long before his father's death, there was the semblance
+of a riot on the subject; but the stick and the halter were brought
+into play, and the conviction produced that, legal or not legal, the
+tax must be paid. Abbas Pasha himself for some time allowed this
+copious fountain to gush into his treasury; but it now suited the
+policy of the Porte to return vigorously to the charge in favor of
+legality; and towards the end of last year the ferdeh was finally
+abolished to the infinite delight of the whole population. The
+long-wished-for event was celebrated by illuminations in Alexandria
+and Cairo; and the general joy might have risen to something like
+enthusiasm had not a fresh, though temporary, cause of discontent
+accompanied the boon.
+
+This was the conscription, which nearly drove Egypt into a revolt last
+winter. In old times, when soldiers were wanted, men were pounced upon
+suddenly wherever they could be found, and marched off, leaving great
+grief behind; but before any dangerous excitement could be got up.
+This was justly considered a barbarous and inartificial method; and
+when, for what purposes remains a mystery, a certain levy of men was
+required, it was determined to proceed with regularity, and to make
+each district furnish its quota according to the number of
+inhabitants. The idea, at first sight, seems both fair and wise; and
+if the people could have been got to acquiesce in the necessity of
+their supplying soldiers in any proportion at all, would have worked
+very well. But as nobody in Egypt wants to shoulder a musket, as
+everybody has the utmost hatred and abhorrence of military service,
+arising partly from constitutional want of energy, but chiefly from
+the knowledge that the soldier is ill-paid[13] and ill-fed, and
+rarely, if ever, returns--we never met but one old discharged
+campaigner in the country--it is not surprising if the public
+announcement of the intentions of Government produced the greatest
+possible perturbation. The first impulse of the whole adult
+population, except those who could boast of some very undoubted claim
+of exemption, was to fly to the mountains; and every defile, every
+cavern, every catacomb, every quarry in the Libyan and Arabian chains,
+were soon tenanted by people running away from enlistment. Wherever we
+went in our excursions, we became accustomed to see lines of human
+beings perched like crows on the summit of seemingly inaccessible
+cliffs, on the look-out for the enemy in the shape of the
+Sheikh-el-Beled; for the task of catching and forwarding the
+prescribed number of "strong active young men" devolved on the civil
+authority, aided sometimes by that estimable rural police, the Arnaout
+irregular cavalry. On many occasions we surprised these poor people in
+their retreats; and once, when they mistook us for recruiters, were
+assailed with slings diverted from their original purpose, namely,
+that of frightening the sparrows away from the crops. Accounts reached
+us at several places that blood had been shed; and the affair in
+various ways rendered our journey somewhat melancholy. Now we came
+upon a large town, as Geneh, seemingly deserted by its whole
+population, with closed shops and silent streets; then we met a party
+of recruits, chained neck and neck, going to their destination; and
+anon we saw a crowd of women, driven to despair by the loss of son, or
+husband, or brother, tossing up their arms, tearing their garments,
+and invoking curses on their oppressors. Public opinion in all
+despotic countries finds utterance through the weaker sex; they dare
+to say what would perhaps bring condign punishment on the men; they
+nearly made a revolt once in Cairo under Mohammed Ali, and on the
+present occasion they expressed their mind pretty freely. Some of the
+more noisy brought a good beating on themselves from some irascible
+Sheikh; but in general their anathemas were received with a kind of
+sheepish deprecating good-humor. It was difficult to ascertain how
+many recruits were at last got together, but, as near as I could
+gather, the number ordered was one in about every 180 souls.
+
+The sight of so much unhappiness naturally excited great indignation
+and disgust; but not so much perhaps on reflection as the permanent
+misery and ill-treatment of a great proportion of the population.
+Abbas Pasha has taken the old system as he found it, and, with the
+exception of the abolition of the ferdeh, has done nothing to
+alleviate the condition of the fellah. It is especially on the lands
+of the great men, the pashas and the beys, that these poor serfs are
+worst off. Their profession is that of agricultural laborers, but it
+must not be supposed that they have freedom to carry their services to
+what master they will. They belong to the land as much as do the
+palm-trees; and the nature of their occupation, their hours of labor,
+and their pay, are regulated by their lord and master in a perfectly
+arbitrary way. At Randa, opposite Sheikh Abadeh, we found a sugar
+estate occupying 1,300 men, and endeavored to ascertain in as exact a
+manner as possible how they were treated. We found that, in the first
+place, they were, of course, forced to work, both on the land and in
+the factory, at a nominal pay of twenty-five paras, or three-halfpence
+a head, and that some of them were in active employment nearly
+eighteen hours a day. Now it _is_ possible for a man to exist on such
+wages in that part of Egypt, even with a family; and as bare existence
+is considered in most countries an adequate reward for unintelligent
+labor, there seemed not so much reason to complain. But then came the
+question, how was the payment made? The answer in substance was, the
+men are paid twenty-five paras a day, but they never get the money;
+they receive what is called its value in the refuse molasses; but this
+only when it can be of little service to them, when the owner of the
+estate has glutted the market, and they can only sell at a loss of
+forty or fifty per cent. They would be only too happy to receive
+fifteen paras in hard cash; as it is, some of them necessarily eke out
+their living by stealing, and others by the produce of little plots of
+land, which they cultivate at night when they should be reposing after
+the fatigues of the day. The women and children assist them, when the
+latter are not pressed into what is called the service of the state;
+that is, compelled to dig canals, and perform other light work for
+which they receive neither pay nor food. Their parents bring them
+food, or some charitable person flings them a morsel of coarse bread,
+otherwise they would perish.
+
+Such is pretty nearly the state of things in the private possessions
+of all the descendants of Mohammed Ali. In fairness, however, we must
+remind the reader that Abbas Pasha is only answerable for acquiescing
+in customs handed down. He has not established any new pernicious
+regulation that we have heard of; and even if he remain perfectly
+quiescent and leave things to go their own gait, King Log is better
+than King Stork. The mischievous activity of Mohammed Ali is not to be
+regretted; and if, by the influence of Constantinople prudently
+exercised, some little check is gradually put upon the caprices and
+violence of the proprietors who call themselves princes--and it is for
+the interest of Abbas Pasha that this should be the case--Egypt,
+though not possessed of all the happiness she wants, might not be very
+discontented, and would have no reason to look back with regret on the
+time of the old pasha. According to all accounts, some classes of the
+agricultural laborers are gradually enriching themselves in spite of
+the burdens which they bear; and, although wealth is timid to show
+itself, a great amelioration in the state of the country may soon be
+perceptible.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] Soldiers will often stop a European in a by-place and beg. They get
+about twenty paras (a penny farthing) a day.
+
+
+
+
+From Household Words.
+
+THE JEWS IN CHINA.
+
+
+There is a quaintness in the notion of a Jewish colony surrounded by
+Chinese; the fixed among the fixed. The fact that such a colony
+exists, or has existed when found, ought to be especially remarked,
+for to ethnologists and others it may prove a valuable opportunity for
+speculation. Jews in China, what will they be like? Will the Jew stand
+out from the surrounding uniformity of Chinese life, like the one tree
+of the desert (for which, see Panorama of Overland Mail, and hear
+lecture upon same); or will he become non-entity, like among like,
+adding nothing to the first idea--silence in a calm? In the Jewish
+synagogue in Kai-foung-fou, concerning which we have presently to
+speak, there are Chinese inscriptions. The first placed there in 1444,
+by a literary Jew, is intended to prove the close analogy between
+Jewish and Chinese points of doctrine. "The author," it says, "of the
+law of Yse-lo-ye (Israel) is Ha-vou-lo-han (Abraham). His law was
+translated by tradition to Niche (Moses). He received his book on Mt.
+Sinai. His book has fifty-four sections. The doctrine which is therein
+contained is much like that of the Kings," (which are sacred volumes
+of the Chinese). The author of the inscription repeats many passages
+to prove that in their worship to heaven, their ceremonies, their
+behavior to the old and young, their patriarchal character, their
+prayers, and their mode of honoring dead ancestors, the Jews resemble
+the Chinese.
+
+The author of a second inscription, a grand mandarin in his own time,
+speaks to the same purpose. "From the time of Han," says this
+gentleman, whose name is Too-tang, "from the time of Han, the Jews
+fixed themselves in China; and in the twentieth year of the cycle 65,
+(which is, by interpretation, 1163,) they offered to the Emperor
+Hiao-tsong a tribute of cloth from India. He received them well, and
+permitted them to live in Kai-foung-fou. They formed then sixty-six
+families. They built a synagogue where they placed their Kings, or
+Divine Scriptures." This mandarin concludes with an eulogium of Jewish
+virtue, after the approved manner of epitaphs.
+
+The Jews emphatically cultivated agriculture, commerce, were faithful
+in the armies, upright as magistrates, and rigid in observance of
+their ceremonies. One only wants to wind up with the scrap,
+"Affliction sore, long time they bore;" but affliction on the part of
+the Chinese, at any rate, they certainly did not bear; they were more
+than tolerated, they were understood; ceremony-men to ceremony-men
+were ceremoniously polite to one another. The Jews and Chinese even
+intermarried; on their first introduction by way of Persia to the
+Chinese Empire, they had settled here and there in sundry Chinese
+cities; but by the marriage with Chinese disciples of Confucius or
+Mahomet, the Jewish colonies were melted down into the pure Chinese
+metal; and when this history begins, nothing is known of any synagogue
+in China, save the synagogue at Kai-foung-fou, which is a city in the
+heart of the Flowery Land, the capital of the central province of
+Honan; and for an account of which we are indebted to Father Ricci,
+one of the Jesuit Missionaries.
+
+Father Ricci died in the year 1610, at Pekin, which was his station.
+Father Ricci, at Pekin, first heard of the Jewish synagogue at
+Kai-foung-fou, and the information startled him exceedingly. The young
+Jew who enlightened Father Ricci on the subject told him that there
+were then at Kai-foung-fou barely a dozen Jewish families, and that
+for five or six hundred years they had preserved in their synagogue a
+very ancient copy of the Pentateuch. The father produced a Hebrew
+Bible, and the young man recognized the characters, although he could
+not read them, for he knew no language but Chinese. Four years after
+this, Father Ricci (whose business at Pekin would not permit him to go
+gadding) had an opportunity of sending off to Kai-foung-fou a Chinese
+Jesuit, with a letter written in Chinese, to the chief of the
+synagogue. He explained to the rabbi his own reverence for the books
+of the Old Testament, and informed him of its fulfilled predictions,
+and the advent of a Messiah. The rabbi shook his head at that, saying,
+"that so it could not be, because they had yet to expect the Messiah
+for ten thousand years." The good natured rabbi nevertheless did
+homage to Father Ricci's great abilities. He was an old man, and saw
+none about him fit to guide his people; he therefore besought the
+learned Jesuit to come to Kai-foung-fou, and undertake the guidance of
+the synagogue, under one only condition, a true Chinese-Jewish one,
+that he would pledge himself to abstinence from all forbidden meats.
+However, that was very much as if Dr. Jones of Bettws-y-Coed should
+offer his practice to Sir B. Brodie of London. Father Ricci had a
+larger work in hand, and so he stopped at Pekin.
+
+In 1613, Father Aleni (such an uncommonly wise man, that the Chinese
+called him the Confucius of Europe) was directed to proceed to
+Kai-foung-fou and make investigation. Father Aleni, being well up in
+his Hebrew, was a promising man to send on such an errand, but he
+found the rabbi dead, and the Jews, though they let him see the
+synagogue, would not produce their books. The particulars of nothing
+having been done on this occasion are to be found related by Father
+Trigaut, in choice Latin, and choicer Italian, (_de Expedit. Sinica,
+lib. 1., cap. 2, p. 118_,) and by Father Samedo (_Relatione della
+China, part 1., cap. 30, p. 193_.)
+
+A residence was established by the Jesuits in Kai-foung-fou. _Now_,
+thought those who thought at all upon such matters, we shall have
+something done. If we can only compare our Old Testament texts with an
+ancient exemplar, that will be no small gain. A certain father Gozani
+went zealously into the whole subject, entered the synagogue, copied
+the inscriptions, and transmitted them to Rome.
+
+The Jews told Father Gozani that in a temple at Pekin was a large
+volume, wherein were inscribed the sacred books of foreigners resident
+in China. That volume was sought afterwards by Europeans at Pekin, but
+not found. Certainly such a volume does exist among the Chinese
+records. The Jews, however, told Father Gozani not only about what
+existed in Pekin, but all about themselves at Kai-foung-fou. The
+Father wrote a letter, dated 1704, containing what he learned in this
+manner. It appears that by that application of "soft sawder" which is
+or ought to be well understood by men of the world and Jesuits, the
+Father gratified the Jews, so that they paid him voluntary visits. He
+returned their visits by a call upon them at their synagogue, where,
+he says--"I had a long conversation with them; and they showed me
+their inscriptions; some of which are in Chinese, and others in their
+own tongue. I saw also their _Kims_, or religious books, and they
+suffered me to enter even the most secret place of their synagogue, to
+which they can have no access themselves. That place is reserved for
+their _Chian-Kiao_; that is to say, chief of the synagogue, who never
+approaches it but with the most profound respect.
+
+"There were thirteen tabernacles placed upon tables, each of which was
+surrounded by small curtains. The sacred _Kim_ of Moses (the
+Pentateuch) was shut up in each of these tabernacles, twelve of which
+represented the Twelve Tribes of Israel; and the thirteenth, Moses.
+The books were written on long pieces of parchment, and folded up on
+rollers. I obtained leave from the chief of the synagogue to draw the
+curtains of one of these tabernacles, and to unroll one of the books,
+which appeared to me to be written in a hand exceedingly neat and
+distinct. One of these books had been luckily saved from the great
+inundation of the river _Hoang-ho_, which overflowed the city of
+Kai-foung-fou, the capital of the province. As the letters of the book
+have been wetted, and on that account are almost effaced, the Jews
+have been at great pains to get a dozen copies made, which they
+carefully preserve in the twelve tabernacles above mentioned.
+
+"There are to be seen also in two other places of the synagogue,
+coffers, in which are shut up with great care several other little
+books, containing different divisions of the Pentateuch of Moses,
+which they call _Ta-Kim_, and other parts of their law. They use these
+books when they pray; they showed me some of them, which appeared to
+be written in Hebrew. They were partly new and partly old, and half
+torn. They, however, bestow as much attention on guarding them as if
+they were gold or silver.
+
+"In the middle of the synagogue stands a magnificent chair, raised
+very high, and ornamented with a beautiful embroidered cushion. This
+is the chair of Moses, in which every Saturday, and days of great
+solemnity, they place their Pentateuch, and read some portions of it.
+There also may be seen a _Van-sui-pai_, or painting, on which is
+inscribed the Emperor's name; but they have neither statues nor
+images. This synagogue fronts the west, and when they address their
+prayers to the Supreme Being, they turn towards that quarter, and
+adore him under the name of _Tien_, _Cham-Tien_, _Cham-ti_, and
+_Kao-van-voe-tche_; that is to say, _Creator of all things_; and
+lastly, of _Van-voe-tchu-tcai, Governor of the Universe_. They told me
+that they had taken these names from the Chinese books, and that they
+used them to express the Supreme Being and First Cause.
+
+"In going out from the synagogue, I observed a hall, which I had the
+curiosity to enter, but I found nothing remarkable in it, except a
+great number of censers. They told me that in this hall they honored
+their _Chim-gins_, or the great men of their law. The largest of these
+censers, which is intended for the Patriarch Abraham, stands in the
+middle of the hall, after which come those of Isaac, and Jacob, and
+his twelve branches, or the Twelve Tribes of Israel; next are those of
+Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Esdras, and several other illustrious persons,
+both male and female.
+
+"After quitting this apartment, they conducted us to the Hall of
+Strangers, in order to give us an entertainment. As the titles of the
+books of the Old Testament were printed in Hebrew at the end of my
+Bible, I showed them to _Cham-Kiao_, or chief of the synagogue; he
+immediately read them, though they were badly printed, and he told me
+that they were the names of their _Chin-Kim_, or Pentateuch. I then
+took my Bible, and the _Cham-Kiao_ took his _Beresith_ (thus they name
+the Book of Genesis); we compared the descendants of Adam, until Noah,
+with the age of each, and we found the most perfect conformity between
+both. We afterwards ran over the names and chronology in Genesis,
+Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, which compose the
+Pentateuch, or five Books of Moses. The chief of the synagogue told me
+that they named these five books _Beresith_, _Veelesemoth_, _Vaiiora_,
+_Vaiedabber_, and _Haddebarim_, and that they divided them into
+fifty-three volumes; _viz._, Genesis into twelve, Exodus into eleven,
+and the three following books into ten volumes each, which they call
+_Kuen_. Some of these they opened, and presented to me to read; but it
+was to no purpose, as I was unacquainted with the Hebrew language.
+
+"Having interrogated them respecting the titles of the other books of
+the Bible, the chief of the synagogue replied, that they were in
+possession of some of them, but that they wanted a great many, and of
+others they had no knowledge. Some of his assistants added, that they
+had lost several books in the inundation of the Hoang-ho, of which I
+have spoken."
+
+Father Gozani has spoken of the inundation, but we have not, and so we
+will do so now. Previously, however, we may call attention to the
+distinct adoption of the Chinese "Hall of Ancestors" among these Jews,
+and of a place for showing hospitality to strangers as an appendage to
+their place of worship. It is in this way that, without violating
+their own opinions, they became assimilated more completely to their
+neighbors. Father Gozani also notes that their accounts of sacred
+history were grossly disfigured with Talmudical legends, or other
+stories of that class--a fact not to be lost sight of by the
+speculator. The Jews, in the time of Father Gozani, composed seven
+families--Phao, Kin, Che, Kao, The-Man, Li, Ngai--including in all
+about one thousand souls. They intermarried with each other, and had
+their own fashion of hair-cutting. These seven families of
+Kai-foung-fou were the remains of seventy who had of old established
+themselves in that capital. Now for the inundation. That event took
+place in the year 1642, and it occurred as follows:--Li-cong-tse, a
+rebel, with a big army, besieged the city. The inhabitants, after
+defending themselves for six months, still refused to succumb, because
+they expected rescue from the Emperor. The Emperor did come, a vastly
+clever fellow, who determined to destroy the enemy by a great
+master-stroke. "I'll drown every man-jack!" he said, and broke the
+dikes that confined the Hoang-ho, or Yellow River, a league distant
+from the city. Out poured the stream and drowned the besiegers, and
+besieged the city in its turn, knocked down its walls, and destroyed
+thirty thousand of its inmates. The Emperor, a cockney sportsman on
+the largest scale, shot at the pigeon and killed the crow. It was in
+this inundation that the number of the Jews was thinned; diluted by
+the waters of the river, their Pentateuch was damaged and some other
+portions of their scripture altogether lost.
+
+Before passing down from Father Gozani, we must extract his rough
+picture of the Jewish synagogue, as it existed in his day. He says of
+the Jews--
+
+"They have no other synagogue but this, in the capital of the province
+of Ho-Nan. I perceived in it no altar, nor any other furniture, but
+the chair of Moses, with a censer, a long table, and large
+chandeliers, in which were placed candles made of tallow. This
+synagogue has some resemblance to our European churches; it is divided
+into three aisles; that in the middle is occupied by the table of
+incense, the chair of Moses, the painting, and the tabernacles already
+mentioned, in which are preserved the thirteen copies of the
+Pentateuch. These tabernacles are constructed in the form of an arch,
+and the middle aisle is like the choir of the synagogue; the two
+others are set apart as places of prayer, and for the adoration of the
+Supreme Being. Within the building there is a passage which runs quite
+round.
+
+"As there formerly were, and still are, among them Bachelors and
+_Kien-sens_, which is a degree different from that of a Bachelor, I
+took the liberty of asking them if they rendered homage to Confucius;
+they replied that they honored him in the same manner as the rest of
+the literati, and that they assisted them in solemn ceremonies, which
+are performed in halls dedicated to their great men. They added, that
+in spring and autumn they practised certain rites in honor of their
+ancestors, according to the manner of Chinese, in the hall next to
+their synagogue; that they did not present them the flesh of hogs, but
+of other animals; that in other ceremonies they were contented with
+offering them porcelain dishes filled with dainties and sweetmeats,
+which they accompanied with perfumes and profound reverences or
+prostrations. I asked them, likewise, if in their houses or Hall of
+Ancestors, they had tablets in honor of their departed relations; they
+replied that they used neither tablets, images, nor any thing else,
+but only a few censers. We must, however, except their mandarins, for
+whom alone they place in the Hall of Ancestors a tablet inscribed with
+their name and rank."
+
+Father Gozani adds, that "these Jews, in their inscriptions, call
+their law the Law of Israel, _Yselals-Kiao_, which they name also
+_Kon-Kiao_, Ancient Law; _Tien-Kiao_, Law of God, and _Tien-Kin-Kiao_,
+to signify that they abstain from blood, and cut the nerves and veins
+of the animals they kill, in order that the blood may flow more easily
+from them."
+
+This custom gives to the Jews in China, at the present day, the name
+of Cut-Nerves. To the present day our story now descends; for, after
+the time of Father Gozani, blank follows in the way of action. Father
+Etienne, who meditated a work upon the Sacred Scriptures in reply to
+the _Critici Sacri_, was eager to push on investigations. From the
+letters of Father Gozani, and from those which Father Domingo and
+Gambil wrote upon it, material was obtained for the memoir published
+under the direction of M. L. Aime Martin, in which he remarks that the
+detail would be regarded with the more curiosity, as it had been often
+demanded, and as Father du Halde had contented himself with merely
+promising it in his great work, "Description de la Chine." So we have
+fairly got out of the past into the present, where our story thus runs
+on.
+
+In the year 1815, the Chinese Jews endeavored unsuccessfully to
+communicate with Europe by means of a Hebrew letter addressed to
+London, which seems not to have been delivered. Last year the Jewish
+Society of London determined, however, to communicate with them. Miss
+Cooks, an energetic and devoted Jewess, placed her purse in the hands
+of the Society; nothing impeded fresh research; the English bishop at
+Hong Kong co-operated, Dr. Medhurst was consulted, and two Chinese
+Christians were at length appointed to proceed to Kai-foung-fou. The
+elder of these two was a bachelor; the younger was a student from the
+Missionaries' College at Batavia; but the junior was named to head the
+enterprise, because he had previously displayed zeal and ability, and
+also because he could write English fluently, and would journalize in
+that language. His journals, therefore, could be laid before Miss
+Cooks, uninjured by translation.
+
+Our heroes--for so we will call the two adventurers--set out from
+Shanghae, on the 15th of last November, by boat to Toing-kiang-tou. In
+a car, drawn by mules, they were then jolted along, following the
+track of the Hoang-ho, rising at three o'clock on winter mornings, to
+save time--a proceeding which involves almost supererogatory
+self-denial. Population near the Yellow River they found rare and
+unhealthy. Localities which figure in the geographical charts of the
+empire as principal places, or as towns of the second class, are but
+huge piles of rubbish, surrounded by crumbling walls. Here and there a
+gate, with its inscription half-effaced, informs the traveller that he
+is entering a mighty town.
+
+Perseverance, and a mule car, brought the travellers to Kai-foung-fou.
+They found there many Mahometans, openly exercising right of
+conscience, and flying their religion on a flag displayed over their
+gate. These Mahometans are, for the most part, hotel-keepers, and with
+one of them our heroes lodged. Of him they began asking about
+Cut-Nerves. Mine host of the Crescent said there were still some Jews
+in Kai-foung-fou, and offered himself as a cicerone to their
+synagogue. Thither they went. They found its outer wall in ruins;
+briers and dirt filled the grand entrance; "the pillars of the
+building, the inscribed marbles, the stone balustrade, before the
+peristyle of the temple, the ornamental sculpture--all were cracked,
+broken, and overturned." Under the wings of the synagogue, the chapels
+built in honor of the patriarchs--nestled together, cold and naked,
+sleeping on the bare stones, those objects of our European interest,
+"the Jews in China." Poor and miserable as they are, they had begun to
+sell the stones of their temple for bread, and a portion of land
+within their sacred inclosure had been already sold to an adjacent
+temple of the Buddhists.
+
+Still, there were the cylinders inclosing the sacred rolls of the Old
+Testament, which, luckily, had not proved eatable. In number, these
+rolls were about a dozen, each thirty feet long by three feet wide.
+They are of white sheep-skin, inscribed with very small Hebrew
+characters.
+
+For fifty years these poor Jews have been without the guidance of a
+rabbi, and there is not one left who can read a word of Hebrew. In a
+dozen years, probably, the last trace of the Jews in China will
+expire. The travellers gave money to the mournful congregation in the
+synagogue, and received leave to copy the inscriptions, about which
+the Jesuits had previously informed us. Moreover, they obtained, and
+have brought home, eight Hebrew manuscripts; six contain portions of
+the Old Testament, namely, of Exodus, chapters 1-6, and 38-40; of
+Leviticus, chapters 19, 20; of Numbers, chapters 13, 14, 15; of
+Deuteronomy, chapters 11-16, and chapter 32; with portions of the
+Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Prophets. The other two manuscripts are of
+the Jewish Liturgy. The leaves of these manuscripts "are of a species
+of card-board, on which the words, as it were, are engraved with a
+point; the binding is in silk, and bears evident marks of being of
+foreign origin. Two Israelitish merchants, to whom these books were
+shown at Shanghae, spoke of having seen similar ones at Aken, and the
+presence here and there upon the margins of Persian words,
+interspersed with Hebrew annotations, seemed to indicate that the
+books came originally from some western country of Asia, perhaps
+Persia, or some of the high provinces of India, where Persic has from
+time immemorial been the language used among people of education.
+Although the annotations mentioned are numerous, and apparently
+referring to different epochs, no trace of any Chinese character is to
+be discovered, nor any of those marks or signs which immediately
+betray Chinese origin. No date exists by which the age can be
+determined."
+
+We hope the statement is correct which tells us that these manuscripts
+are to be deposited in the British Museum. Fac-similes are at the same
+time promised, printed in Hebrew, accompanied with a plan of the
+synagogue, made on the spot by the Chinese travellers, and the journal
+of our junior hero, written in English and Chinese. The journal in
+English would not be a very ponderous affair, the entire expedition
+having occupied only two months--the residence at Kai-foung-fou, five
+days. We may usefully remember how the good Chinese, rising so
+fearfully betimes, did justice to the generosity and zeal of their
+patroness. Are there not men of might at work upon investigations for
+the public, who, at their ordinary rate, might have come to abandon
+this business in forty years, after eliminating fifty pounds of
+blue-book?
+
+
+
+
+_Authors and Books._
+
+
+LUDWIG FUERBACH, the last great philosopher of Young Germany, whose
+doctrines have been complacently declared as "more utterly
+irreconcilable with pietism or orthodox Christianity than those of any
+of his predecessors," has at length published his course of lectures
+"On the Existence of Religion," delivered at Heidelberg, from the
+month of December 1848 to March 1849. With regard to the apparent
+apathy with which he has regarded the great political events of these
+latter days, and the reproach that he has taken no active part
+therein--in which he forms a somewhat unfavorable contrast with Fichte
+and other great thinkers of the last generation--he remarks: "It will
+not appear strange that these lectures have not before been published;
+for what could, at the present day, be more seasonable than a
+remembrance of the year 1848? And by this souvenir I would also
+remark, that these lectures have been my only public intimations of
+activity during the so-called time of the Revolution. My own share in
+all the political and unpolitical deeds and movements of those times,
+was merely that of a critical beholder and listener, for the very
+simple reason that I could take no part in aimless, and consequently
+headless (silly) undertakings, having foreseen, or at least felt, from
+the very beginning of the whole movement, that such would be its
+result. A well-known Frenchman lately put me the question, Why I took
+no active part in the revolution of 1848? I replied, Mr.
+Taillandier,[14] if another revolution should break forth, and I take
+an active part therein, then may you, to the terror of your
+God-believing soul, be certain that this would be an overpowering
+revolution, bringing with it the judgment-day of monarchy and
+hierarchy. This revolution I should, alas! never survive. But I now
+also take an active part in a great revolution, but one whose true
+effects and results will be first developed in the course of
+centuries. For you know, Mr. Taillandier, according to my
+theory--which recognizes no Gods, and, consequently, no miracles in
+the sphere of politics--according to my theory, of which you know and
+understand nothing, though you assume to pass judgment on me instead
+of studying me, if TIME and SPACE are the fundamental conditions of
+all being and existence, of all thought and action, of all prosperity
+and success. Not that believers in God were wanting to the parliament,
+as some one humorously asserted in the Bavarian State
+council-chamber--the majority, at least, were believers, and the good
+Lord always sides with the majority--but because it had no
+comprehension of place or time, on which account it came to such a
+disgraceful and resultless end."
+
+This, certainly, will appear to most readers to be, despite its
+bitterness, a lame and weak apology for neutrality, though we imagine
+that but little good could result from the intensest activity, when
+directed by such principles. Taillandier has also, in his own
+unassuming way, done, for so young a man, a full share of work "in the
+great revolution, whose true effects and results will be first
+developed in the course of centuries."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AUGUST KOPISCH, well known as the collector and translator of
+_Agrumi_--a choice selection of Italian Popular Songs--has recently
+published by Ernest and Korn of Berlin, a _Description and Explanation
+of the Monument to Frederic the Second_. A far more elegant work on
+the same subject, with no less than twenty excellent views of the
+monument, taken from as many points, appears from Decker, to which we
+may add another by Kohlheim, illustrated with a selection of ancient
+and modern poems relative to the memory of "Old Fritz."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We observe from a prospectus recently sent forth by the publisher, J.
+G. Muller, in Gotha, that the _Janus_, a well known and ably edited
+quarterly, devoted to medical literature, history, biographies, and
+statistics, the publication of which was suspended in 1848, on account
+of the political difficulties which then agitated Germany, is again to
+make its appearance, under the editorial charge of Doctors
+Bretschneider, Henschel, Hensinger, and Thierfelder, who will be aided
+in their efforts by many learned correspondents and contributors in
+different countries. Like most revived publications, it will be
+published in a style superior to its original, and to judge from the
+type and paper of the prospectus, which is given as a specimen of that
+with which the work is to be issued, its appearance will be truly
+exquisite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRANZ KUGLER the great historian and critic of Art, has made his
+appearance in a small _brochure_ of thirty pages, entitled, _Three
+Articles upon Theatrical Affairs_,--which, however, appears to have
+met with but little admiration, if we may judge from the hard knock
+which a reviewer gives it with the word--"Unpractical as the
+suggestions are, which we find allied to these observations, they
+would still give us no occasion for remark, had not Herr Kugler made
+them a pretence for political discussion." Apropos of Kugler we may
+observe that a very excellent work entitled _Denkmaler der Kunst_
+(Souvenirs of Art), consisting of very neatly engraved and very
+extensive illustrations of Art in all ages and nations, intended
+specially as a companion work to the Berlin professor's _History_, has
+just been published for the first time in a compact form by Ebner and
+Seubert of Stuttgart. Among its authors or contributors we see the
+names of Dr. Ernst Guhl, Jos. Caspar, and Professor Voit of Munich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The conclusion of the late JOHANN VON MULLER'S _History of the Swiss
+Confederation_ has just appeared from the hands of MM. VULLIEMIN and
+MONNARD. The work was commenced in 1786; when Von Muller died it was
+brought down to the year 1489; and it has since been continued by four
+other authors in succession. Robert Glutz-Blozheim took up the
+narrative where Von Muller stopped, and continued it to 1516; after
+his death, John Jacob Hottinger described the progress of the
+reformation in the German cantons; but on coming to the part which the
+French cantons took in this great movement, it was decided to employ a
+native of that part of the Confederation, and the work was accordingly
+given to Louis Vulliemin, who completed the history of the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries. He was followed by E. Monnard, Professor in
+the University of Bonn, who carried it as far as the second peace of
+Paris, in 1815. Both he and M. Vulliemin had already translated into
+French the volumes of their German predecessors. Their own volumes are
+now being translated into German, and the entire performance will soon
+be printed in both languages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An interesting contribution to the religious and metaphysical history
+of Germany in the last generation will be found in the _Autobiography_
+of BRETSCHNEIDER, now being published in parts, by his son-in-law
+Horst. It is described as a faithful as well as interesting narrative
+of the life of its deceased author and subject, who must fill a
+prominent place in the history of that great theological development
+of which his country has recently been the scene. He was a
+rationalist, but without aiming at the rejection or annihilation of
+the Christian supernaturalism. The sense of dependence on God, which
+was the foundation of Schleiermacher's theory, he regarded as stupid
+mysticism, and the general tendency of the more recent philosophy as
+obscure, abstruse, scholastic, and useless. He was a vigorous and
+unsparing controversialist, and the greater part of his writings are
+of that character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. WURTH, the dramatist and theatrical director, has published a play
+"with choruses, dances, _and melodramas_ (_?_) entitled _The Gipsey
+Queen of Hungary in the year 1849_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those of our Philadelphia friends, who are conversant with foreign
+literature, will do well to patronise Herr CHRISTERN, who has recently
+opened an establishment of French, German, and Italian works at No.
+232 Chesnut-st. Mr. Christern has been for several years the
+superintendant of the extensive bookstore of Kaisar, the eminent
+bibliographist in Berlin. We are happy thus to recommend Herr
+Christern as a scholar, well acquainted with something more than the
+mere titles of his wares.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among "divers diversities," we note that the passion for Slavonic
+literature, which has received such an impetus during the last two
+years, has induced HERR SIEGFRIED KAPPER to write, after ancient
+Servian legends and heroic lyrics, a poem entitled _Lazar der
+Serbencar_. A new edition of CLEMENS BRENTANO'S _History of the brave
+Kasperl and fair Annerl_, has also been published at Berlin by the
+"United Bookselling Establishment," with an illustration.
+GLASSBRENNER, the humorist, (who is, however, we believe, not
+identical with his Rabelaesian pen-brother BRENNGLASER,) publishes by
+Simion of Berlin a third edition of his poems, while the more recent
+numbers of _Die Grenzboten_, the _Monatscrift_ and the _Europa_ are
+rich in a variety of articles surpassing in general interest any thing
+of the kind which we have for a long time witnessed in German
+periodical literature. It is to be wished that our own literati and
+miscellaneous intellectual purveyors would make a far more extended
+use of these German monthlies than they have hitherto done. Except the
+_International_, the _Tribune_ is almost the only periodical in the
+country that makes any considerable use of the German literary
+journals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IMRESI, _die Ungarischen Fluechtlinge in d. Tuerkei_, (Imresi, or the
+Hungarian Refugees in Turkey), being a collection of data relative to
+the history of the emigration of 1849, from the journal of an exile,
+returned from Turkey, translated from the Hungarian, with additions by
+VASFI, has just appeared at Leipzig. "The _data_ alluded to in this
+article," remarks a German review, "principally concern the personal
+history of the Hungarian exiles in Turkey. In point of time it reaches
+to their departure from Widdin to Shumla. Many articles are added
+drawn from newspapers and private sources, relative to their
+adventures, to the fortune of those who have emigrated to America, and
+to the influence of England in these matters. A certain chapter on
+Turkish manners and customs, containing nothing which has not been
+already better described by other writers, might as well have been
+omitted."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THORWALDSEN'S _Jugend_ (or The Youth of Thorwaldsen) is the title of a
+work composed from the correspondence, manuscripts and notes of the
+illustrious artist, written originally in Danish by Hans Wachenhufen,
+and translated by J. M. Thiele, (if we mistake not, the eminent
+theologian). "The style and execution is somewhat stiff and dry, which
+may, however, be partly the fault of the translator, who appears to
+have deemed it his duty to condense as much as possible; and has in
+consequence apparently detracted in a degree from the easy,
+confidential tone with which it is inspired. Nor is the translation
+entirely free from errors and provincial expressions."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among the most exquisite works recently published in Germany we
+observe a second greatly augmented and improved edition of _Alte und
+neue Kinderlieder Fabeln, Sprueche und Rathseln_, or, Old and New
+Songs, Fables, Sayings, and Riddles for Children, with illustrations
+by W. von Kaulbach, C. v. Aeideck, G. Konig, A. Kreling, E.
+Neureuther, the humorous and popular Graf. v. Poeci, L. Richter, C. H.
+Schmolze, M. v. Schwind, Stauber, &c. We have been thus particular in
+mentioning these names, that those who have not as yet seen the work
+may form some idea of the excellence of its illustrations. The only
+objection indeed which we have to find is, that the text (despite its
+title) is too far subordinate to the illustrations. A work of this
+description should at least have comprised _a majority_ of those songs
+heard in every Germany nursery, and which are given with such _naive_
+truthfulness in _Des Knaben Wonderhorn_. In several instances these
+old songs were evidently the sources whence the spirit of the
+illustration was derived, which illustration is here applied to a
+limited scrap of the original; as for instance, in the exquisitely
+spirited and droll picture of _das bucklig's Mannlein_, or the
+hump-backed dwarf, by _Schwind_, which is far more applicable to the
+droll, demi, diabolical popular ballad of that name, than to the old
+scrap of verse which it over-illustrates. But as an album of admirable
+designs the work is unrivalled. The engraving of the mother and child
+illustrating the ballad of _Schlof Kindlein_ is truly beautiful,
+conceived in a spirit of naive fantasie, peculiarly applicable to the
+odd yet childlike song. _Das Glocklein im Hersen_, in which Christ is
+represented as opening the gate of Heaven to a child, by W. Kaulbach,
+in its pious, gentle beauty, almost transcends praise. Our notice
+already exceeds limit, yet we cannot leave this gem-book without
+specially and further commending The Toy-dealer of Nuremberg, a
+masterpiece of domestic life, by L. Richter, and _Es staig eim Herr zu
+Rosse_, or A Rider mounting his Horse, by Schwind, which forcibly
+recall the romantic etchings of Albert Durer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A convention of Sclavic scholars, under the auspices of the Servian
+literary society of _Matica Ilirska_, in Agram, will probably soon be
+held, to consider the possibility of combining the different Sclavic
+dialects into one language. This will be extremely difficult, if not
+impossible, on account of the degree of cultivation which the
+languages of the Sclavic stock have attained.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of JOHN MILTON'S _Areopagitica_, a Speech for the
+Liberty of unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England, in 1644,
+has recently been executed by Dr. RICHARD ROePELL, Professor of History
+at the University of Breslau, and published by Veit and Co. of
+Berlin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"In every revolution, good or bad, there are blind fanatics and
+selfish intriguers ready to take part, and loafers and vagabonds
+(_Bummler und Gamins_) willing to raise their voices." This is the
+remark of a German medical critic on a recent hydropathically insane
+composition, entitled _The Sin-register of the Medical Art of
+Healing_. In this work the _servum pecus_ of allopathic physicians are
+richly abused, partly with biblical quotations and partly with
+original anathemas. Another on the same subject and in the same
+curious style, is entitled, _Gustav Schwab, the noble bard of Suabia_,
+by GOTTLOB WASSERMAN (or Praise-God Water-man). In this work the
+anti-Sangrado author proves to his own satisfaction, that the _noble
+bard_ came to his death in consequence of having been imprudently
+bled, on one occasion, some six months previous to his death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the end of June an eighth edition of OSCAR VON REDUITZ'S
+_Amaranth_, was announced, and it has already been succeeded by a
+ninth. Many of the poems in this collection are in Uhland's romantic
+vein, and abound in the artistic spirit. To this we may add a
+_Mahrchen_ in verse, (or Child's Tale,) a beautiful fantasie of birds,
+brooks, leaves, and sunshine, reminding us at times of _The Story
+without an End_, at others of Sara Coleridge's _Phantasmion_. But as
+it is one of those gilded fascinations which invariably charm on a
+first perusal, we leave to some more accurate reader the task of
+judging more critically as to its literary merit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A translation of Shakspeare's Plays into the Swedish language by
+HAGBERG, Professor of Greek in the University of Lund, is now in
+course of publication. Of this twelve volumes have appeared; and
+although the first edition consisted of no less than two thousand
+copies, the whole have been sold off, and a second edition is in
+preparation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The lectures of NEANDER, _On Church History_, etc., are soon to
+appear, in fifteen volumes, edited by Professor JULIUS MULLER, of
+Halle. The Interpretation of the Gospel of St. John, will form the
+first part of the work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+German books and pamphlets on the Crystal Palace and the Great
+Exhibition, are already in the market, or have indeed been extant for
+some time. _Der Krystall Palast im Hyde Park_, is among the last in
+this line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. POUSSIN, recently the minister of France to this country, has in
+preparation a volume for popular circulation on the comparative merits
+of the French and American constitutions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Prussian minister VON RADOWITZ has published a second series of
+his _Dialogues on Church and State_, of which the first series
+appeared in 1846.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BARON DUDEVANT, husband of GEORGE SAND, the French papers lately
+declared had died in an obscure apartment in Paris; but it appears, on
+the contrary, that he is still living, in true baronial style, at his
+chateau on the Garonne. A correspondent of the _Tribune_ says, "he
+never reads his wife's romances, and that his decease was believed in
+Paris, for several literary gentlemen of eminence are said to have
+laid their hands and fortunes at the feet of the large-hearted woman"
+who was supposed to be a widow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AUGUSTE COMTE has just published the first volume of a new work, his
+_Systeme de Politique Positive_. In his great work, _Philosophie
+Positive_, he was forced by his method to proceed objectively--from
+the world up to man; he now proceeds subjectively--from man to the
+world. This system of Positive Polity he calls a Treatise of
+Sociology, instituting the Religion of Humanity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EMILE DE GIRARDIN announces a new pamphlet, the title of which sets
+one thinking, _La Revolution Legale par la Presidence d'un Ouvrier_.
+(The Revolution Legal through the Presidency of a Workman.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAMARTINE has published the first volume of _The History of the
+Restoration of the Monarchy in France_. It is intended as a sequel to
+his History of the Girondins, and this initial volume comprises the
+closing days of the Empire, the last great struggle of Napoleon with
+the combined armies in 1814, and the abdication at Fontainbleau. The
+tone throughout is derived from the partizan feelings of the present
+time. Its characteristic is an elaborate and determined depreciation
+of the emperor. The author's apparent ambition is to be striking, and
+he sometimes is successful: to be just or wise is scarcely in his
+nature. For ourselves, we are so well acquainted with the life of
+Napoleon--with the workings of that most powerful practical
+intelligence that God has yet suffered to exist among mankind--that we
+are not in any way affected by these efforts of a hungry rhetorician
+to disparage him. In his new book, as in his _Girondins_, M. Lamartine
+has not chosen to give us any authorities. What he says as to facts
+may be true, but we have only his word for it; and long ago, before M.
+Lamartine became a great man in affairs, we learned from his
+_Pilgrimage to the Holy Land_, that his word is of very little value.
+We confess an admiration for parts of his _Elvire_ and for some of his
+minor poems, but it is the youthful poet we admire, not the author of
+the sickly sentimentalism in his recent romantic memoirs, far less the
+historian, who to get himself out of difficulties induced by early
+extravagancies can play marketable tricks with the most awful shade
+that moves in the twilight of men's memories about the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MICHELET, driven from his chair in the University, is publishing in
+the _Evenement_ his new work, _Legendes de la Democratie_. The preface
+is remarkable for its naivete. "This book," he says, "is the true
+_Legendes d'Or_ (golden legend)--free from all alloy, and in it will
+be found nothing but the truth.--Nay more, every one who reads it will
+become a wiser and a better man." A happy author, to have such faith
+in his book!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. GUIZOT'S _History of the Representative Form of Government_, is
+prepared from a course of lectures delivered by the author in the
+reign of Louis the Eighteenth. The preface contains frequent allusions
+to the politics of the day, and the eminent author refers in it to his
+attempts to reconcile authority with liberty. M. Guizot's style is
+clear, but destitute of warmth or ornament, and his works have
+reputation chiefly for their judicial carefulness and
+honesty--qualities not so common in France as to be reasonably
+neglected there.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. PROUDHON, the socialist "philosopher," has written, in the prison,
+in which it has been deemed necessary to shut him up, a new work,
+entitled _General Idea of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century_. Among
+the topics of which it treats are the Reaction of Revolutions, the
+Sufficient Reason of Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, the
+Principle of Association, the Principle of Authority, Organization of
+Economical Forces, and Dissolution of Government under an Economical
+Organization. The elements of every revolutionary history, according
+to Proudhon, are the previous regime which the revolution seeks to
+abolish, and which, by the instinct of self-preservation, may become a
+counter-revolution; the parties which, according to their different
+prejudices and interests, endeavor to turn it to their own advantage;
+and the revolution itself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. BUSHNAN, of Edinburgh, under the title of _Miss Martineau and her
+Master_, has published a temperate but conclusive refutation of the
+_Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development_, by Miss
+MARTINEAU and Mr. GEORGE ATKINSON. The shallow performance in which
+these persons displayed their atheism was treated by the learned with
+contempt. Douglass Jerrold said the sum of their doctrine was
+contained in the formula, "There is no God, and Miss Martineau is his
+prophet," and those who considered the _Letters_ more seriously, for
+the most part expressed surprise and pity--never any one an
+apprehension that such wretched stuff could unsettle a conviction of
+the feeblest, or confirm a doubt of the most skeptical.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ISAAC TAYLOR, whose "Natural History of Enthusiasm," has been much
+read in this country, has in press _Wesley and Methodism_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Not long ago it was stated that a Mr. SIMONIDES had discovered at the
+foot of Mount Athos a great number of important Greek MSS. We ventured
+to express some doubts on the subject, and we now perceive that Mr.
+RHANGABE, Professor of Archaiology in the University of Athens, has
+published a critical examination of these pretended discoveries, in
+which he proves very satisfactorily that every manuscript of an
+ancient work which Mr. Simonides has allowed others to examine, and
+every work which he has published, has turned out to be a modern
+fabrication. A more real discovery has been made by persons engaged in
+removing the earth for the foundations of a house near the Acropolis.
+Fragments of inscriptions, and several relics of sculpture and
+architecture, have been dug up, and it is thought they prove that the
+senate house, metroon, and other buildings in which the Athenian
+archives were preserved, stood in the vicinity. Apropos of M.
+Simonides, in a letter from Constantinople it is alleged that from the
+examination of ancient manuscripts in different Greek convents, he has
+discovered an indication that the original of the _Acts of the
+Apostles_ is buried in an island in the Sea of Marmora, and that he
+has caused an application to be made to the Turkish government for
+leave to search after it, which, it is said, is opposed by the Greek
+Patriarch, from fear that the discovery of the important document may
+lead to new schisms in the church!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We mentioned in a recent number of the _International_ the discovery
+and publication of a supposed MS. work by Origen. In the June number
+of the _Quarterly_ it is carefully reviewed, and in several of the
+theological journals it has received the attention due to a work of
+its pretensions. We see now that the Chevalier BUNSEN has in the press
+of the Longmans _Five Letters to Archdeacon Hare, on Hypolitus,
+Presbyter of the Church of Rome, author of the recently discovered
+book ascribed to Origen, and the bearing of this work on the leading
+Questions of Ecclesiastical History and Polity_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. CROLY has just published a new volume of poems, under the title of
+_Scenes from Scripture_. The greater part of them had previously
+appeared in annuals, &c. C. B. CAYLEY has given to the world a new
+version of the _Divine Comedy_, in the original terza rhyme; EDMUND
+PEEL, a poet of Mr. Robert Montgomery's class, has published _The Fair
+Island_, descriptive of the Isle of Wight; ROBERT MONTGOMERY himself
+has nearly ready his some-time promised _Poetical Works_, for the
+first time collected into one volume, similar to the octavo editions
+of Southey, Wordsworth, &c., including some original minor poems, and
+a general preface, (only the printing being in the style of
+Wordsworth.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first of the old historians to be edited in the light of the
+modern discoveries in Assyria, is _Herodotus_, to appear in a new
+English version, translated from the text of Gaisford, and edited by
+Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON, assisted by Col. RAWLINSON and Sir J. G.
+WILKINSON, with copious notes, illustrating the history and geography
+by Herodotus, from the most recent sources of information, and
+embodying the chief results, historical and ethnographical, which have
+been arrived at in the progress of cuneiform and hieroglyphical
+discovery. This edition will be printed for Mr. Murray in four octavo
+volumes. The translation has been undertaken from a conviction of the
+inadequacy of any existing version to the wants of the time. The
+unfaithfulness of Beloe, and the unpleasantness of his style, render
+his version insufficient in an age which dislikes affectation and
+requires accuracy; while the only others which exist are at once too
+close to the original to be perused with pleasure by the general
+reader, and defective in respect of scholarship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR JAMES STEPHEN, whose brilliant contributions to the Edinburgh
+Review are familiar through Mr. Hart's Philadelphia edition, has
+nearly ready _Lectures on the History of France_, and _The History of
+France_, compiled, translated and abridged from the works of De
+Sismondi, and of other recent French authors, and illustrated with
+historical maps and chronological and other tables.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+J. S. BUCKINGHAM, the author of fifty volumes of _Travels_, (of which
+eight large octavos are about our own unfortunate country,) has at
+length succeeded in his long contest with the East India Company for
+indemnification for his losses as an oriental journalist. The bill
+before parliament for restitution has been withdrawn, the court of
+directors and the government having agreed to settle upon him a
+pension of four hundred pounds per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We perceive that the British government has bestowed a pension of five
+hundred dollars a year on Mrs. JAMESON. We think of no Englishwoman
+who is more deserving of such distinction. Mrs. Jameson has spent a
+pretty long life in the most judicious exercise of her literary
+abilities, and as a critic of art she is unquestionably superior to
+any woman who has ever written on the subject. One of her most popular
+works, the _Beauties of the Court of Charles the Second_, will be
+issued in a splendid edition, with all the original portraits, in a
+few weeks, by the Appletons of this city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON has published _Critical Discussions in
+Philosophy, Literature, and Education with University Reform_, chiefly
+from the Edinburgh Review, but now corrected, vindicated, and
+enlarged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Several new books of _Travels_ have lately appeared or are in press in
+London. Among them are _Eight Years in Palestine, Syria, and Asia
+Minor, from 1842 to 1850_, by F. A. NEALE, late of the Consular
+service; _A Naturalist's Sojourn in America_, by P. H. GOSSE; a
+_Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert's Land, and along the Central
+Arctic Coasts of America_, in Search of the Discovery Ships under
+command of Sir John Franklin, with an Appendix on the Physical
+Geography of North America, by Sir JOHN RICHARDSON, C. B., F. R. S.,
+&c.; the _Personal Narrative of an Englishman Domesticated in
+Abyssinia_, by MANSFIELD PARKINS; _Contrasts of Foreign and English
+Society_, or, records and recollections of a residence in various
+parts of the Continent and of England, by Mrs. AUSTIN; _Narrative of
+Travels to Nineveh, in 1850_, by Hon. FREDERICK WALPOLE, R. N. author
+of "Four Years in the Pacific;" _Recollections of Manilla and the
+Philippines, in 1848-50_, by ROBERT MACMICKING; _Recollections of a
+Ramble from Sidney to Southampton, via Panama, the West Indies, the
+United States, and Niagara_, (anonymous.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+J. J. GARTH WILKINSON has just published in London _The Human Body and
+its Connection with Man, illustrated by the Principal Organs_, and it
+is dedicated to Mr. Henry James of New-York, the author of _Moralism
+and Christianity_. "My dear James," says the author, "this book is
+indebted to you for its appearance, for without you it would neither
+have been conceived nor executed. I dedicate it to you as a feeble
+tribute of friendship and gratitude that would gladly seek a better
+mode of expressing themselves. It may remind you of happy hours that
+we have spent together, and seem to continue some of the tones of our
+long correspondence. _Valeat quantum!_ It could not lay its head upon
+the shelf without a last thought of affection directed to its foster
+parent. That prosperity may live with you and yours, and your great
+commonwealth, is the prayer of, my dear James, your faithful friend,"
+&c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of new novels the most noticeable appear to be _The Lady and the
+Priest_, by Mrs. Maberly; _The Tutor's Ward_; _Clare Abbey_, by author
+of "The Dicipline of Life;" _Marion Wethers_, by Miss Jewsbury;
+_Castle Deloraine, or the Ruined Peer_, by Miss PRISCILLA SMITH; and
+_Quakerism, or the Story of My Life_, a splenetic attack on the
+society of Friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The recent work of Dr. GREGORY on Animal Magnetism has attracted much
+attention, and from some intimations in the papers we suspect it is to
+be criticised in _Letters on the Truths contained in Popular
+Superstitions, with an Account of Mesmerism_, by Dr. HERBERT MAYO,
+F.R.S., to be published by Blackwood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Two new works on the _Apocalypse_ are to be added to the immense
+number already printed, for New-York publishers. We not long ago
+undertook to ascertain how many expositions of the great mystery had
+been written in this country, and paused at the sixty-fifth
+title-page. One of the forthcoming works is an ingenious composition
+by the Rev. Mr. James of the western part of this state, and the other
+(to be published by Mr. Dodd) is by a clergyman in Connecticut.
+Longmans advertise in London _The Spiritual Exposition of the
+Apocalypse_, as derived from the writings of Swedenborg, and
+illustrated and confirmed by ancient and modern authorities, by the
+Rev. Augustus Clissold, of Exeter College; and the Rivingtons have in
+press a _Commentary on the Apocalypse_ by the Rev. ISAAC WILLIAMS, of
+Trinity College. England indeed is quite as prolific of such works as
+the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JOHN FINCHMAN, "master shipwright of her Majesty's Dockyard, at
+Portsmouth," has published a _History of Naval Architecture_, which is
+praised as a just exposition of the progress and supremacy of English
+ship-building. Our Mr. Collins could have furnished him, as
+illustrations for an additional and very interesting chapter, drawings
+of the _Pacific_ and the _Baltic_, which would perhaps make the work a
+"just exposition of the supremacy" of American ship-building, of which
+this Mr. Finchman seems never to have been informed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of collections of Letters on Affairs, that to be published immediately
+by Mr. Murray, under the title of the _Grenville Papers_, promises to
+be among the most important. It will comprise the Private
+Correspondence of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and his Brother, the
+Right Honorable George Grenville, and their friends and
+cotemporaries--formerly preserved at Stowe and now for the first time
+made public, and it is given out that it will contain material for the
+formation of a pretty conclusive judgment as to the authorship of
+Junius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among books that will bear a republication, if written with even
+average ability and fairness, is _The Present State of the Republic of
+the Rio de la Plata_ (_Buenos Ayres_), its Geography, Resources,
+Statistics, Commerce, Debt, etc. described, with the History of the
+Conquest of the Country by the Spaniards, by Sir WOODBINE PARISH,
+F.R.S. Formerly British Consul General and Charge d' Affaires in that
+country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORD MAHON'S _History of England, from, the Peace of Utrecht_, volumes
+5 and 6--the First Years of the American War: 1763 to 1780--was to
+appear in August.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new book has just appeared in London on the Pitcairn's Islanders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An advertisement of the works of Archbishop WHATELEY contains
+thirty-six titles. He appears to be one of the most voluminous writers
+among the bishops, as well as one of the most sensible and learned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. MACAULEY has at length completed two more volumes of his _History
+of England_, and they will be published the coming autumn by Longmans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Poems of Edith May_, from the press of E. H. Butler of
+Philadelphia, will be one of the most beautiful of the illustrated
+books of the season. Mr. Butler is an artist in book-making, and he
+has never published anything more elegant. The lady who writes under
+the pseudonym of "Edith May" is a genuine poet, and the volume will be
+popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM WARE, one of those delightful authors whose names are always
+uttered by appreciating readers in tones of affection, has just
+published (Phillips, Sampson, & Co., of Boston,) _Sketches of European
+Capitals_. The work includes his views of Ancient Rome, St. Peters and
+the Vatican, Florence, Naples, the Italians of Middle Italy, and
+London, and in his preface he tells us that "the volume comes into
+existence, like so many others now-a-days, as a convenient way of
+disposing of matter previously used in the form of lectures;" and
+adds, modestly, "It is a volume of light reading for the summer
+roadside, and though, like the flowers of that season, perishing with
+them, one may be permitted to hope that, like some of them, at least
+it may exhale a not unpleasing fragrance while it lasts." Such a fate
+awaits no book by the author of _Probus_ and _Zenobia_, of whom this
+performance is by no means unworthy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The HARPERS have in press _Drayton, a Tale of American Life_, in which
+is traced the career of a young American from the workshop to places
+of trust and honor; and a friend, who has read the manuscript, speaks
+in warm terms of the frequent beauty of the style, the warmth of the
+coloring, the animation of the narrative, and the general progress and
+development of the story. The author is THOMAS H. SHREVE, for the last
+ten or twelve years one of the editors of the _Louisville Daily
+Journal_, and for twenty years well and most favorably known by
+frequent and elegant contributions to western literature. _Drayton_,
+we are advised, is not one of those easy pieces of writing which are
+known as very hard reading, but has engaged the attention of the
+author, at periods of comparative leisure, for several years past.
+Within a few months it has been entirely recast and rewritten; and, if
+our correspondent be not very partial in his judgment of the merits of
+the work, the public will find in its patriotic and democratic pages a
+mine of poetry and fine reflection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few words more of _American Reviews_. The subject is important; a
+great periodical in which the best intelligence of the country shall
+have expression, is necessary, for many purposes, and never was more
+necessary than now. The _Princeton Review_, the _Christian Review_,
+the _Biblical Repository_, the _Bibliotheca Sacra_, the _Methodist
+Quarterly Review_, the _Church Review_, _Brownson's Quarterly Review_,
+and several others, are in large degrees devoted to particular
+religious interests, and though for the most part conducted with much
+learning and discretion, do not altogether serve the purpose for which
+an American Review of Literature and Affairs is demanded. The _North
+American_, as we have before intimated, has no character; it
+occasionally has good articles, but it has no principles; it is
+sectional, which is pardonable, but displays neither the knowledge nor
+the tact necessary to a sectional organ. The mineral riches of our
+lake region, plans for connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, the
+Cuban question, our relations with other republics, the extraordinary
+phenomena of Mormonism, the efforts of certain American women to unsex
+themselves, and numerous other subjects of present interest in this
+country, have been amply discussed in British and other European
+Reviews during the last year, but not one of them has been mentioned
+in the work to which, from its pretentions, readers would naturally
+look for its most masterly exposition. It may be said that the _North
+American_ is devoted to philosophy, learning, and literature rather
+than to affairs: we have heard this defence, even in the face of its
+elaborate papers on Hungary and Austria; but let us see how it
+occupies such a ground: the bright and especial intellectual boast and
+glory of New England is Jonathan Edwards, of whom Dr. Chalmers says
+that he was "the greatest of theologians," Sir James Mackintosh that
+"in power of subtle argument he was perhaps unmatched, certainly was
+unsurpassed among men," Dugald Stewart that "he cannot be answered,"
+and Robert Hall that he was the "mightiest of mankind:" such a
+character was undoubtedly worthy of its criticism, but in the half
+century of its existence the _North American_ has never once noticed
+him! We have an illustration much more pertinent, especially in as far
+as the present editor of the _Review_ is concerned: The late Hartley
+Coleridge was a man of peculiar and very interesting qualities, and it
+may be admitted that he possessed considerable genius; but a pretence
+that his life was as remarkable or that his abilities as displayed in
+his writings were as eminent as those of Edgar A. Poe, who died about
+the same time, would be simply ridiculous; yet we believe every
+quarterly and nearly every monthly Review published in Great Britain
+has had its article on Hartley Coleridge, while even the name of Edgar
+A. Poe has never appeared in our self-styled "great national journal."
+And Maria Brooks, admitted by Southey, Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, Fitz
+Greene Halleck, and many other masters of literary art, to have been
+the greatest poet of her sex who ever wrote in any language or in any
+age, though she was born and educated in the shadow of the college in
+which more than one of the editors of the _North American_ have been
+professors, was never once honored with its recognition.
+
+We do not know that it will strike others so, but it seems to us that
+John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Hugh S. Legare, R. H. Wilde, J. J.
+Audubon, Mathew L. Davis, Albert Gallatin, Henry Inman, Chancellor
+Kent, Dr. Judson, Dr. Jarvis, Dr. Morton, Dr. Troost, M. M. Noah, Mrs.
+Osgood, and many other Americans who have recently completed variously
+illustrious lives, and so come before the world for a final judgment,
+are subjects quite as deserving and appropriate for the _North
+American Review_, as those which it has been accustomed to pick up in
+the byways of the literary world abroad; and we cannot understand why
+the facts connected with our own development and destiny, facts which
+engross and baffle the attention of the profoundest thinkers in the
+older nations, should give place in the only Review we possess, to
+such foreign, antiquated, and altogether unimportant topics as
+continually occupy its pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JAMES W. WARD, of Cincinnati, a short time ago delivered before
+one of the literary institutions of Ohio, a poem on _Woman_, which has
+been noticed in terms of high commendation. A correspondent who heard
+it says it was devoted in about equal parts to the foibles and the
+virtues of the sex, the former of which it laid bare with a most
+trenchant blade, while the latter it portrayed with elegance of
+diction, and an evident love for all that is pure, elevated, and
+beautiful in woman's proper character. The slave of fashion, the
+politician in petticoats, and the "bloomer" in br---- pettiloons, the
+female "progressive," the scold, the slattern, and the butterfly, were
+all held up to merited rebuke: then came "the true woman," whose
+character as sister, wife, mother, friend, and "comforter," was dwelt
+on long and fondly, and portrayed in the language of true poetry and
+manly devotion. Mr. Ward is not much known out of the literary circles
+of the West, but several of his short poems have had a wide
+circulation in this country and in England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A volume entitled _Novellettes of the Musicians_, has been published
+by Cornish, Lamport, & Co., with Mrs. ELLET's name on the title-page
+as its author, but most of its contents are translated from the
+German, and the rest are hardly worth claiming. Yet the book
+altogether is entertaining, and is handsomely executed, with several
+striking portraits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. Mr. HUNTINGTON, once a village doctor, then a congregational
+minister, next an Episcopal clergyman, and now a Catholic priest, made
+his mark a year or two ago in the novel of _Alice or the Mysteries_,
+in which there was displayed a great deal of talent as well as a very
+peculiar morality. He has just added to his works (by Putnam) a tale
+called _Alban_, in which a hero somewhat like himself is conducted
+through various pursuits into the faith, and by pleasantly related
+vicissitudes to a good condition. The scene is in New-York and
+New-Haven, and of Roman Catholic novels we know of scarcely one more
+readable. Mr. Huntington perhaps gives us a reflection of his
+experience in this advice addressed to one of his characters:
+
+     "That is why I turn to literature with such predilection,"
+     said the young man, greatly excited by Mr. De Groot's way of
+     talking. "Letters," resumed Mr. De Groot, after a long
+     glance around his endless book-shelves, "are a pursuit that
+     surpasses every other, in enjoyment, and nearly every other
+     in dignity. We must have our own literary men. We can't
+     afford to let other nations write our books for us. That
+     were worse than policy which would hire them to fight our
+     battles. There is a thought and there is a sentiment which
+     belongs to _us_, and which we are in a manner bound to
+     elicit. But--I am sorry to interpose so many _buts_, young
+     sir--you are to consider that you must live. You cannot live
+     by literature. It is difficult any where, but in this
+     country it is impossible. As pride distinguishes the
+     Spaniard, revenge the Italian, lust the Saxon, and
+     sanguinary violence (they say) the Celt, so pecuniary
+     injustice is our national trait, we steal the author's right
+     in every book we publish, native or foreign. Now, Atherton,
+     you can't live by a craft where people hold themselves at
+     liberty to _steal_ what you have produced."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We mentioned a month or two ago the intention of Mr. Russell, of
+Charleston, to publish the _Poetical Writings_ of WILLIAM GILMORE
+SIMMS, and we are pleased to see in the _Southern Literary Gazette_
+the announcement that they will appear in two handsome duodecimos of
+from three to four hundred pages each. The publisher remarks very
+justly in his advertisement that "the works of Mr. Simms recommended
+themselves peculiarly to the South, as illustrating its history, its
+traditions and legends, its scenery and its sentiments." In the North
+they will be welcomed by the author's numerous friends, and by all
+lovers of poetry, for their manly tone, imagination, and frequent
+elaborate elegance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. TYNG has added to the _Memoir of the late Rev. Edward
+Bickersteth_, by the Rev. T. R. BIRKS, an introductory chapter, and
+the work has been published in two volumes, by the Harpers. Mr.
+Bickersteth was one of the most excellent and most interesting men in
+the English church, and this well-written memoir will have a place
+among standard religious biographies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Home Book of the Picturesque_, to be published by Mr. Putnam,
+will be upon the whole the most beautiful souvenir volume of the year.
+The engravings are from pictures of the Bay of New York, by H.
+Beckwith; the Clove, Cattskill, by Durand; the Alleghanies, North
+Carolina, by Richards; Snow Scene on the Housatonic, by Gignoux;
+Cattskill Scenery, by Kensett; Schroon Lake, by Cole; West Rock, New
+Haven, by Church; Adirondach Mountains, by Durand; the Juniatta,
+Pennsylvania, by Talbot; Cascade Bridge on the Erie Railroad, by
+Talbott; the Rondout, by Huntington; Church at West Point, by Weir;
+Wa-wa-yanda Lake, by Cropsey, &c., and these are illustrated with
+letter-press by Miss Cooper, Fenimore Cooper, Irving, Bryant, Willis,
+Bayard Taylor, Magoon, Bethune, and one or two persons quite unworthy
+of the association to which the publisher admits them. The _Book of
+Home Beauty_, also to be issued by Mr. Putnam, we judge from a few
+proofs of Mr. Martin's pictures which we have seen, will be a much
+more attractive volume than any "Book of Beauty" ever published
+abroad. The text of this is all from the pen of Mrs. Kirkland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature_, by the Rev. Dr.
+KITTO, has been republished in a fine large octavo, with numerous
+illustrations by Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, of Boston. We have had
+frequent occasion to praise the abilities, learning, and excellent
+taste of Dr. Kitto, who is one of the most attractive writers and most
+judicious editors engaged in the illustration of the Scriptures. We
+think the present work will become the most common of all the Bible
+Dictionaries, as it probably is the best.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Redfield has reprinted in a style quite equal to that of the
+original London edition, the second series of _Episodes of Insect
+Life_, by ACHETA DOMESTICA. This volume relates to insect life in the
+summer, and is as entertaining as a romance. We have never read a more
+attractive book in natural history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. POMEROY JONES, of Westmoreland, in this state, has in press at
+Utica, a _History of Oneida County_, in the preparation of which he
+has been engaged several years, and the professors of Hamilton College
+have in preparation a Natural History of the County, embracing its
+Geology, Botany, Zoology, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A volume of _Poems_ by MRS. REBECCA S. NICHOLS, of Cincinnati, will,
+we understand, be issued for the next holidays. Mrs. N. has some warm
+admirers, and this volume is to contain her best productions. We hope
+its success may equal its deserts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fine, thoughtful _Essays Written in the Intervals of Business_,
+have been reprinted by A. D. F. Randolph, of this city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. ISAAC LEESER, one of the Jewish ministers of Philadelphia,
+whom we have long known as a scholar and man of talents, is engaged on
+a new translation of the Old Testament, on the basis of the common
+English version, carefully corrected and improved according to the
+best Jewish authorities. It is intended by Mr. Leeser so to render the
+Hebrew text that but few explanatory notes will be needed, and he
+reasonably hopes that his edition will be commonly adopted by the Jews
+of this country. Dr. KENRICK, the Roman Catholic Bishop of
+Philadelphia, has just published (by Dunigan & Brother, New-York,)
+_The Epistles and the Apocalypse_, from the Vulgate, having previously
+given to the public a translation of the Gospels; and Dr. Alexander of
+Princeton, and several other men of learning, have lately been
+occupied with new versions of particular portions of the sacred
+volume. It is well known, too, that a society, composed for the most
+part of members of one of the largest and most respectable
+denominations of Christians, has been established mainly for the
+purpose of publishing a revised version of the Bible, but it is not
+probable that this society will ever accomplish any thing more than an
+increased "contempt for God's word and commandment." The specimens we
+have of its scholarship might justify some merriment if they were
+connected with something less venerable and sacred.
+
+For ourselves we are content with the Bible as it is, and cannot help
+a feeling of regret that any who profess to be governed by its wisdom
+are disposed to treat it with so little reverence. Undoubtedly there
+are some slight verbal inaccuracies in the common version, but they
+are understood, or may be easily explained in notes: we want here no
+innovations, no improvements, no progress, except in the observance of
+the good we understand. Nevertheless, we see with pleasure all the
+studies with which really learned men illustrate their convictions of
+the significance of the original. For the chief portion of mankind, in
+this night in which we live, the sun does not shine with its original
+splendor, but it is reflected on us by the moon, and we care not how
+many thousand stars reflect it also according to their capacity.
+
+A new version, by which it is _not proposed to displace the common
+one_, is to appear from the press of Mr. Colby, in this city, and the
+high reputation of its author for learning and judgment, is a
+sufficient assurance that what he does at all he will do in a very
+masterly manner. The Rev. Dr. Conant, Professor of Biblical Literature
+in the University of Rochester, says in a letter to his publisher:
+
+     "It has long been a favorite object with me to furnish a
+     translation of the Holy Scriptures for unlearned readers,
+     which should accurately express the meaning of the original
+     by the aids of modern scholarship in the style and manner of
+     the early English versions. The translation is intended,
+     therefore, for the benefit of the common reader of the
+     Scriptures, to aid him in more clearly understanding them
+     wherever our common version is for any reason obscure. In
+     other words, it is to do directly by a translation what has
+     long been attempted by the awkward and circuitous method of
+     a commentary; viz. to make the Scriptures plain to the
+     unlearned reader. I should for many reasons regard it as
+     undesirable, and it certainly is impracticable, to supplant
+     the common version to any extent as the received version for
+     the church and the people, or the common English Bible and
+     common standard of appeal for those who use only the English
+     language."
+
+Dr. Conant will preserve as nearly as may be the manner of the old
+translations, endeavoring only to combine the fidelity and exactness
+of modern scholarship with the simplicity and strength of the common
+version. To such an effort, by such a man, we see no objections. The
+reputation most at stake is that of Dr. Conant himself, and those who
+know him do not fear that that will suffer. It will at least be
+interesting to mark the differences between his renderings and those
+of King James's translators.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Putnam publishes for the coming holidays a new impression of the
+_Memorial_, which is incomparably the most interesting literary
+miscellany ever printed as a gift-book in this country. The proceeds
+of the sale, it is known, are to be appropriated for the erection of a
+monument to the late Mrs. Osgood, in Mount Auburn Cemetery. The book
+is made up of original articles by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Chancellor
+Walworth, N. P. Willis, Bishop Doane, G. P. R. James, S. G. Goodrich,
+John Neal, W. G. Simms, Richard B. Kimball, George P. Morris, Dr.
+Mayo, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Embury, Mrs. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Hewitt, Mrs.
+Lynch, and indeed all the best and most brilliant writers of the time;
+and it is beautifully illustrated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The well-known private library of the late Rev. Dr. SAMUEL FARMER
+JARVIS is to be sold in this city, by Messrs. Lyman & Rawdon, about
+the beginning of October. In several departments of sacred and
+classical literature it is one of the finest collections in America,
+and it will probably attract large numbers of buyers, especially from
+among the lovers of mediaeval scholarship and theology.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. MITCHELL'S new book, the _Diary of a Dreamer_, is in press by
+Charles Scribner, and the same publisher will issue for the holidays
+an edition of the _Reveries of a Bachelor_, admirably illustrated by
+Darley, who seems indeed never to have done better than in some of his
+designs for it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LONGFELLOW has in the press of Ticknor, Reed and Fields, of
+Boston, a new poem, entitled _The Golden Legend_. It is the longest of
+his poetical works, making some 350 pages, and will soon be given to
+the public.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is this year a very remarkable number of new books illustrative
+of the applications of science to mechanics. Every man seems
+determined to master the learning which can be turned to account in
+his vocation, and the booksellers are quite willing to aid them. We
+suppose the most generally and importantly useful work of this kind
+ever printed is Appleton's _Dictionary of Machinery, Mechanics, Engine
+Work, and Engineering_, just completed in two very large compactly
+printed and profusely illustrated octavo volumes. In this great work
+are gathered the best results of the study and experiment of the
+workers of the world. It is a cyclopedia of inventions, in which one
+may be sure of finding described the best processes yet discovered for
+doing every thing that is to be done by means of mechanics. The
+benefits conferred on the country by this publication must be very
+great; its general circulation would mark a new period in our physical
+advancement, and to a degree influence our civilization, since there
+is no country in the world in which every resource is so readily
+applied to purposes of comfort and culture. If knowledge is power, as,
+misquoting Lord Bacon, it is every day asserted, the truth is most
+conspicuous in the range of those arts and occupations illustrated by
+these incomparable volumes, which should be in the house of every man
+who has already provided himself with the Bible and Shakspere. The
+Appletons also publish a _Mechanics' Magazine_, edited in a very
+admirable manner, and we understand it is largely sold.
+
+Next to the Appletons, we believe the largest publisher in this line
+is Henry C. Baird, of Philadelphia, who has now in press a _Handbook
+of Locomotive Engineers_, by SEPTIMUS NORRIS, of the celebrated house,
+Norris & Brother, engine manufactures; _The Practical Metal Worker's
+Assistant_, by M. HOLTZAPHFEL, illustrated with many engravings, and
+enlarged by the addition of American matters; SCOTT's _Cotton
+Spinner_, thoroughly revised by an American editor; a new edition of
+Mr. OVERMAN's important book on _Iron; The Practical Model
+Calculator_, for the engineer, machinest, manufacturer, &c., by Mr.
+BYRNE, (to be issued in twelve semi-monthly numbers); a _Treatise on
+the American Steam-Engine_, by the same author; and several other
+books of this class.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Appletons will publish in a few weeks _The Women of Early
+Christianity_, one of that series of splendidly illustrated volumes
+composed of _Our Saviour and his Apostles_, _The Women of the Bible,
+&c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRAITHWAITE'S _Retrospect of Practical Medicine_, in consequence of an
+arrangement just entered into, will hereafter be published by Stringer
+& Townsend, who will issue it with promptness, correctness, and
+general mechanical excellence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+James Munroe & Co. of Boston are proceeding regularly with Mr.
+HUDSON's excellent edition of Shakspeare, and they have lately issued
+among several handsome volumes an edition of the works of George
+Herbert. They have in press _The Philippics of Demosthenes_, with
+notes critical and explanatory, by Professor M. J. Smead; _The Camel
+Hunt_, a narrative of personal adventures, by Joseph Warren Fabius;
+_Companions of my Solitude_, by the author of "Friends in Council,"
+&c., &c.; _The Greek Girl_, and other poems, by James W. Simmons;
+_Epitaphs_, taken from Copp's Hill Burying Ground in Boston, by Thomas
+Bridgman; and _Domestic Pets_, their habits and management, with
+illustrative anecdotes, by Mrs. Loudon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The second and concluding volume of the _Life of Calvin_, by Dr.
+HENRY, has just been issued by Carter & Brothers, and it is quite
+equal in every respect to the first volume. Such a careful history was
+well-deserved of a Christian whom even Voltaire admitted to be one in
+the list of the world's twenty greatest men, and it was especially
+needed for the vindication of one who had in so extraordinary a degree
+been a subject of partisan hatred and calumny.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. WILLIAM R. WILLIAMS of this city has just published a volume of
+_Lectures on the Lord's Prayer_, (Gould & Lincoln, Boston,) which we
+shall notice more appropriately hereafter. At present we can only
+remark that it is a work of extraordinary merit, worthy of an author
+whose abilities and virtues render his name illustrious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. Dr. WAINWRIGHT has in the press of the Appletons a work
+descriptive of his Travels in Egypt. It will appear in a large and
+luxuriously embellished volume, some time before Christmas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The third, fourth, and fifth volumes of the _Works of John Adams_ have
+been issued by Little and Brown, and the fifth and sixth volumes of
+the _Works of Alexander Hamilton_, by C. S. Francis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. FREDERIC SAUNDERS is publishing in the _New-York Recorder_ a
+series of papers under the title of _Bookcraft_ which will make a
+volume not unworthy of D'Israeli.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. W. DODD has published a new edition of CRUDEN's great _Concordance
+of the Bible_, a book which every body knows is perfect in its kind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Jewett & Co. have in press the works of the Rev. LYMAN BEECHER, D.D.
+which they will publish in some half-dozen octavo volumes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The approaching Trade Sales will be the largest ever held in
+New-York.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Rene Taillandier, Professor of Belles Lettres at the College of
+Montpellier, declared by the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ to be more familiar with
+German politics and literature than any other Frenchman living.
+
+
+
+
+_The Fine Arts._
+
+
+POWERS, in a letter to a friend in this city, says with satirical
+humor, of his favorite work, "Eve is an old-fashioned body, and not so
+well formed and attractive as are her granddaughters,--at least some
+of them. She wears her hair in a natural and most primitive manner,
+drawn back from the temples, and hanging loose behind, thus exposing
+those very ugly features in women. _Her waist is quite too large for
+our modern notions of beauty_, and her feet, they are so very broad
+and large! And did ever one see such long toes! they have never been
+wedged into form by the nice and pretty little shoes worn by her
+lovely descendents. But Eve is very stiff and unyielding in her
+disposition: _she will not allow her waist to be reduced by bandaging,
+because she is far more comfortable as she is_, and besides, she has
+_some regard for her health, which might suffer from such restraints
+upon her lungs, heart, liver, &c., &c., &c._ I could never prevail
+upon her to wear modern shoes, for she dreads corns, which, she says,
+are neither convenient nor ornamental. But some allowance ought to be
+made for these crude notions of hers,--founded as they are in the
+prejudices and absurdities of _primitive_ days. Taking all these
+things into consideration, I think it best that she should not be
+exhibited, as it might subject me to censure, and severe criticisms,
+and these, too, without pecuniary reward."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After the death of WORDSWORTH, a committee was formed among his
+friends for the purpose of setting up a tablet to his memory in
+Grassmere Church, where he is buried. The work intrusted to Mr. Thomas
+Woolner, has been completed. Surmounted by a band of laurel leaves is
+the inscription, written by Professor Keble; under which the poet's
+head is sculptured in relief. The likeness to the man has received
+praise from persons whose verdict is final; the intellectual likeness
+to the poet will be more widely appreciated, and recognized with
+cordial admiration. The meditative lines of the face, the thoughtful
+forehead and eye, the compressed, sensitive mouth, are rendered with
+refined intelligence. In two narrow spaces at each side of the head,
+are introduced the crocus and celandine, and the snowdrop and violet,
+treated with a rare union of natural beauty and sculpturesque method
+and subordination. Throughout, the delicately studied execution shows
+that the work has been a labor of love.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LEUTZE'S great historical picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware
+before the Battle of Trenton, has been received in this city by
+Messrs. Goupil & Co. and will soon be exhibited to the public. These
+publishers will give us a large and fine engraving of it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GREENOUGH'S noble group for the capitol, upon which he has been
+engaged nearly twenty years, is so nearly finished that it may be
+expected in the United States before the end of November. The subject
+is a contrast of the Anglo-Saxon with the Indian. The group is
+composed of an American Hunter, in the act of seizing an Indian who
+was about to tomahawk a mother and her infant. The white man has
+approached the savage from behind, and, having seized him by the arms,
+and pressed him with bending knees to the ground, stands frowning
+above his subjugated foe, who, with his head thrown back, gazes upward
+at his conqueror with surprise and terror. At their feet a woman,
+pressing a child to her bosom, sinks in alarm and agony. The effect is
+very imposing, having something of the dignity and grandeur which
+belong to the works of Michael Angelo. In Italy the work has much
+increased Greenough's previous great reputation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A monument is to be erected at Dresden to the composer VON WEBER. To
+defray the expenses, performances are to be given at the various
+theatres in Germany, and the proceeds formed into a fund for that
+purpose. Large sums are expected from this source, as also from
+private contributions throughout Europe. The monument is to be
+surmounted by a statue of the composer, by Rietschel, who was an
+intimate friend of his. It will be of bronze, eight feet high, and
+placed on a pedestal of the same metal, ornamented with bas-reliefs.
+The site chosen for its erection is immediately opposite the principal
+entrance to the Royal Theatre of Dresden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The distinguished painter CORNELIUS has been solicited by the Belgian
+Academy of Art to send the grand cartoons on which he is employed, to
+the great Belgian Exhibition. Cornelius, however, fears to risk these
+drawings, the work of ten years, on a journey of such length, since
+their loss could not be replaced. They already fill two large halls,
+and will remain a lasting monument of the painter's genius, even if
+the Cathedral, in which they are to appear as frescoes, should not be
+erected during his life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The publication of a work entitled _The Twelve Virgins of Raphael_,
+has been commenced in Paris. It will be in twelve numbers, each
+containing an engraving and letter-press description and history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A sculptor of Paris has received orders from the Greek Government to
+execute marble busts of Admirals de Rigny and Codington, to be placed
+in the Salle where the Senate holds its sittings.
+
+
+
+
+_Historical Review of the Month._
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES.
+
+The August elections, though in general not very warmly contested,
+have attracted much attention. We have attempted, in the following
+carefully prepared table, to exhibit the results, as well as the
+character of the next Congress at large--a task somewhat difficult on
+account of the diversity of parties and the frequent disregard which
+has been shown for old divisions:--
+
+
+XXXII CONGRESS--SENATE.
+
+_Commenced March 4, 1851, and ends March 4, 1852._
+
+                               _Term Expires._
+
+ALABAMA.
+JEREMIAH CLEMENS,                    1853
+William R. King, S. R.               1855
+
+ARKANSAS.
+Wm. K. Sebastian, S. R.,             1853
+SOLON BORLAND.                       1855
+
+CALIFORNIA.
+WM. M. GWINN,                        1855
+Elean Heydenfeldt, L. R.[A]          1857
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+_Truman Smith_,                      1855
+A vacancy.                           1857
+
+DELAWARE.
+_Presley Spruance_,                  1855
+James A. Bayard, L. R.               1857
+
+FLORIDA.
+JACKSON MORTON,[B]                   1855
+STEPHEN R. MALLORY.[A]               1857
+
+GEORGIA.
+_John McP. Berrien_, S. R.,[C] 1853
+WM. C. DAWSON.[B]                    1855
+
+INDIANA.
+James Whitcomb, L. R.,               1855
+JESSE D. BRIGHT.                     1857
+
+ILLINOIS.
+Stephen A. Douglas,                  1853
+James Shields, L. R.                 1855
+
+IOWA.
+George W. Jones, L. R.,              1853
+Augustus C. Dodge, L. R.             1855
+
+KENTUCKY.
+_Joseph R. Underwood,_               1853
+_Henry Clay._                        1855
+
+LOUISIANA.
+SOL. W. DOWNS,                       1853
+Pierre Soule, S. R.                  1855
+
+MAINE.
+James W. Bradbury,                   1853
+Hannibal Hamlin, F. S.               1857
+
+MARYLAND.
+_James A. Pierce,_                   1855
+_Thomas G. Pratt._                   1857
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+_John Davis_,                        1853
+Charles Sumner, F. S.                1857
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+HENRY S. FOOTE,                      1853
+Jefferson Davis, S. R.               1857
+
+MICHIGAN.
+ALPHEUS FELCH,                       1853
+Lewis Cass.                          1857
+
+MISSOURI.
+David R. Atchison, S. R.,            1855
+HEN. S. GEYER.[B]                    1857
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+John P. Hale, F. S.,                 1853
+MOSES HARRIS, jr.                    1855
+
+NEW-YORK.
+_William H. Seward,_                 1855
+_Hamilton Fish._                     1857
+
+NEW JERSEY.
+_Jacob W. Miller_,                   1853
+ROBERT F. STOCKTON.                  1857
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+_Willie P. Mangum,_                  1853
+_George E. Badger._                  1855
+
+OHIO.
+Salmon P. Chase, F. S.,              1855
+_B. Franklin Wade_.                  1857
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+_James Cooper_,                      1853
+RICHARD BRODHEAD, jr.                1857
+
+RHODE ISLAND.
+_John H. Clarke_,                    1853
+Charles T. Jarves, L. R.             1857
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.
+R. Barnwell Rhett (Sec.),            1853
+A. P. Butler, S. R.                  1855
+
+TENNESSEE.
+_John Bell_,                         1853
+A vacancy.                           1857
+
+TEXAS.
+Sam Houston,                         1853
+Thomas J. Rusk.                      1857
+
+VERMONT.
+_William Upham,_                     1853
+_Solomon Foote._                     1857
+
+VIRGINIA.
+Robert M. T. Hunter,                 1853
+James M. Mason.                      1857
+
+WISCONSIN.
+Isaac P. Walker,                     1855
+Henry Dodge.                         1857
+
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
+
+ALABAMA.
+1. John Bragg, S. R.,
+2. JAMES ABERCROMBIE,[B]
+3. Sampson W. Harris, S. R.,
+4. WM. R. SMITH,
+5. GEO. S. HOUSTON,
+6. W. R. W. COBB,
+7. ALEX WHITE.[B]
+
+ARKANSAS.
+----
+
+CALIFORNIA.
+----
+----
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+1. _Charles Chapman_,
+2. C. M. INGERSOLL,[B]
+3. Chauncey F. Cleveland, F. S.,
+4. O. S. SEYMOUR.[B]
+
+DELAWARE.
+1. George Read Riddle, L. R.
+
+FLORIDA.
+_Edward C. Cabell, L. R._
+
+GEORGIA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----,
+7. ----,
+8. ----.
+
+ILLINOIS.
+1. Wm. H. Bissell, L. R.,
+2. Willis Allen, L. R.,
+3. O. R. Ficklin, L. R.,
+4. R. S. Maloney, F. S.,
+5. Wm. A. Richardson, L. R.,
+6. T. Campbell, F. S.,
+7. _Richard Yates_.
+
+INDIANA.
+1. James Lockhart,
+2. Cyrus L. Dunham, L. R.,
+3. John L. Robinson,
+4. _Samuel W. Parker_,
+5. Thomas H. Hendricks, L. R.,
+6. Willis A. Gorman,
+7. John G. Davis, F. S.,
+8. Daniel Mace, F. S.,
+9. Graham N. Fitch,
+10. _Samuel Brenton_.
+
+IOWA.
+1. Lincoln Clark, L. R.,
+2. Bernhardt Henn, L. R.
+
+KENTUCKY.
+1. LINN BOYD,
+2. _Ben. Edward Grey, L. R._,
+3. _Presley Ewing_,
+4. _William T. Ward_,
+5. James N. Stone (rep.),
+6. _Addison White_,
+7. _Humphrey Marshall_,
+8. John C. Breckenridge, L. R.,
+9. John C. Mason,
+10. Richard H. Stanton.
+
+LOUISIANA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----.
+
+MAINE.
+1. Moses McDonald, L. R.,
+2. John Appleton,[A]
+3. _Robert Goodenow_,
+4. Charles Andrews, F. S.,
+5. Ephraim K. Smart, F. S.,
+6. _Israel Washburn, jr._,
+7. THOMAS J. D. FULLER.
+
+MARYLAND.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+1. _William Appleton_,
+2. Robert Rantoul, jr., F. S.,
+3. _James H. Duncan_,
+4. _B. Thompson_,
+5. _Charles Allen, F. S._,
+6. George T. Davis,
+7. John Z. Goodrich,
+8. Horace Mann, F. S.,
+9. _Oron Fowler_,
+10. _Zeno Scudder_.
+
+MICHIGAN.
+1. _Ebenezer J. Penniman, F. S._,
+2. Charles E. Stuart, L. R.,
+3. _James L. Conger, F. S._
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----.
+
+MISSOURI.
+1. _John F. Darby_,
+2. _Gilchrist Porter_,
+3. _John G. Miller_,
+4. Willard P. Hall, Anti-Benton,
+5. John S. Phelps, Benton.
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+1. _Amos Tuck_,
+2. CHARLES H. PEASLEE,
+3. _Jared Perkins_,
+4. Harry Hibbard, L. R.
+
+NEW JERSEY.
+1. Nathan T. Stratten,
+2. Charles D. Skelton, L. R.,
+3. ISAAC WILDRICK,
+4. George H. Brown,
+5. Rodman M. Price, L. R.
+
+NEW-YORK.
+1. John G. Floyd, F. S.,
+2. _Obadiah Bowne_,
+3. Emanuel B. Hart, L. R.,
+4. _J. H. Hobart Haws_,
+5. _George Briggs_,
+6. _James Brooks_,
+7. Abraham P. Stevens, L. R.,
+8. Gilbert Dean, F. S.,
+9. William Murray, F. S.,
+10. _Marius Schoonmaker_,
+11. Josiah Sutherland, F. S.,
+12. David L. Seymour, L. R.,
+13. _John L. Schoolcraft_,
+14. _John H. Boyd_,
+15. Joseph Russell, F. S.,
+16. _John Wells_,
+17. Alexander H. Buel, F. S.,
+18. Preston King, F. S.,
+19. Willard Ives, F. S.,
+20. Timothy Jenkins, F. S.,
+21. William W. Snow, F. S.,
+22. _Henry Bennett_,
+23. Leander Babcock, F. S.,
+24. Daniel T. Jones, F. S.,
+25. Thomas Y. How, Jr., F. S.,
+26. _Henry S. Walbridge_,
+27. _William A. Sacket_,
+28. _Ab. M. Schermerhorn_,
+29. _Jerediah Horsford_,
+30. Reuben Robie, F. S.,
+31. _Frederick S. Martin_,
+32. _Solomon G. Haven_,
+33. _Aug. P. Hascall_,
+34. _Lorenzo Burrows_.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA.
+1. _Thomas L. Clingman_,[C]
+2. _Joseph P. Caldwell, L. R._,
+3. _Alfred Dackery_,
+4. _James T. Morehead_,
+5. Abraham W. Venable, S. R., L. R.,
+6. John R. J. Daniel, S. R.,
+7. WILLIAM S. ASHE,
+8. _Edward Stanley_,
+9. _David Outlaw_.
+
+OHIO.
+1. David T. Disney, L. R.,
+2. _Lewis D. Campbell, L. R._,
+3. _Hiram Bell_,
+4. _Benjamin Stanton_,
+5. Alfred P. Edgerton,
+6. Frederick Green,
+7. _Nelson Barrere_,
+8. _John L. Taylor, L. R._,
+9. Edson B. Olds, L. R.,
+10. Charles Sweetser,
+11. George H. Busby,
+12. _John Welsh_,
+13. James M. Gaylord,
+14. _Alexander Harper_,
+15. _William F. Hunter_,
+16. _John Johnson, Md. L. R._,
+17. Joseph Cable, L. R.,
+18. David K. Cartter,
+19. _Eben Newton, F. S._,
+20. Josh R. Giddings, F. S.,
+21. N. S. Townshend, F. S., L. R.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+1. Thomas B. Florence, L. R.,[A]
+2. _Joseph R. Chandler_,
+3. _Henry D. Moore_, L. R.,
+4. John Robbins, jr., L. R.,
+5. John McNair,
+6. Thomas Ross,
+7. John A. Morrison, L. R.,
+8. _Thaddeus Stevens_,
+9. J. Glancy Jones,
+10. Milo M. Dimmick,
+11. _Henry M. Fuller_,[A]
+12. Galusha A. Grow, F. S.,
+13. James Gamble,
+14. _T. M. Bibighaus_,
+15. William H. Kurtz,
+16. J. X. McLanahan,
+17. Andrew Parker,
+18. John L. Dawson,
+19. _Joseph H. Kuhns_,
+20. _John Allison_,
+21. _Thomas M. Howe_,
+22. _John W. Howe_,
+23. Carlton B. Curtis, L. R.,
+24. Alfred Gilmore, L. R.
+
+RHODE ISLAND.
+1. _George G. King_,
+2. Benj. B. Thurston, F. S.
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA.
+1. Daniel Wallace,
+2. James L. Orr,
+3. Jos. A. Woodard,
+4. John McQueen,
+5. Armistead Burt,
+6. William Aiken,
+7. William F. Colcock.
+
+TENNESSEE.
+1. Andrew Johnson, L. R.,
+2. _Albert G. Watkins_, L. R.,
+3. _Josiah M. Anderson_, L. R.,
+4. John H. Savage, S. R., L. R.,
+5. GEORGE W. JONES, L. R.,
+6. William H. Polk, L. R.,
+7. _Meredith P. Gentry_, L. R.,
+8. _William Cullom_,
+9. Isham G. Harris, S. R., L. R.,
+10. Frederick P. Stanton, L. R.,
+11. _Christopher H. Williams_, L. R.
+
+TEXAS.
+1. ----,
+2. ----.
+
+VERMONT.
+1. _Ahiman L. Miner_,
+2. _William Hebard_,
+3. _James Meacham_,
+4. Thos. Bartlett, jr., F. S.
+
+VIRGINIA.
+1. ----,
+2. ----,
+3. ----,
+4. ----,
+5. ----,
+6. ----,
+7. ----,
+8. ----,
+9. ----,
+10. ----,
+11. ----,
+12. ----,
+13. ----,
+14. ----,
+15. ----.
+
+NEBRASKA.
+----.
+
+OREGON.
+1. Joseph Lane, Ind. L. R.
+
+WISCONSIN.
+1. Charles Durkee, F. S.,
+2. Ben. C. Eastman, L. R.,
+3. James D. Doty, Md., F. S., L. R.
+
+MINNESOTA.
+1. H. H. Sibley, Ind.
+
+NEW MEXICO.
+----.
+
+UTAH.
+----.
+
+     Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, in _italics_; "Union"-men in
+     SMALL-CAPITALS.
+
+     [A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig
+     Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land
+     Reform.
+
+     So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States
+     are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas
+     to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six
+     remaining States.
+
+
+THE ELECTIONS FOR STATE OFFICERS.
+
+     ALABAMA.--Hon. HENRY W. COLLIER, a Southern Rights Democrat,
+     is re-elected Governor of this State.
+
+     TENNESSEE.--Gen. WILLIAM B. CAMPBELL, Union Whig, is elected
+     Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent,
+     Gen. William Trowsdale.
+
+     KENTUCKY.--Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is
+     elected Governor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut.
+     Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig)
+     Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party
+     contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional
+     District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends
+     of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but
+     Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.
+
+
+RECAPITULATION OF CONGRESS.
+
+                       SENATE.                   HOUSE.
+
+_States._    _Dem._   _Whig._  _Vac._   _Dem._  _Whig._   _Vac._
+
+Alabama         2        0       0        5        2         0
+Arkansas        2        0       0        0        0         1
+California      2        0       0        0        0         2
+Connecticut     1        0       1        3        1         0
+Delaware        1        1       0        1        0         0
+Florida         1        1       0        0        1         0
+Georgia         0        2       0        0        0         8
+Illinois        2        0       0        6        1         0
+Indiana         2        0       0        8        2         0
+Iowa            2        0       0        2        0         0
+Kentucky        0        2       0        5        5         0
+Louisiana       2        0       0        0        0         4
+Maine           2        0       0        5        2         0
+Maryland        0        2       0        0        0         6
+Massachusetts   1        1       0        3        7         0
+Michigan        2        0       0        1        2         0
+Mississippi     2        0       0        0        0         4
+Missouri        1        1       0        2        3         0
+New Hampshire   2        0       0        2        2         0
+New Jersey      1        1       0        4        1         0
+New York        0        2       0       17       17         0
+North Carolina  0        2       0        3        6         0
+Ohio            1        1       0       11       10         0
+Pennsylvania    1        1       0       15        9         0
+Rhode Island    1        1       0        1        1         0
+South Carolina  2        0       0        7        0         0
+Tennessee       0        1       1        6        5         0
+Texas           2        0       0        0        0         2
+Vermont         0        2       0        1        3         0
+Virginia        2        0       0        0        0        15
+Wisconsin       2        0       0        3        0         0
+               --       --      --       --       --        --
+Total,         39       21       2      111       80        42
+
+In New-York, the Democratic party will meet in convention on the 10th
+of this present month of September, to prepare for approaching
+elections, and, on the following day, the United Whig party will hold
+its annual convention in the same city--the State Central Committee of
+both sections of it having united in a call for that purpose.
+
+The Convention of Virginia, which has been sitting at Richmond during
+the last eight months, have at length agreed upon the form of a new
+Constitution for that State, and brought its session to a close. The
+Constitution has yet to be submitted to a vote of the people, but of
+its acceptance no doubt appears to be entertained. It is to be voted
+for on the 23d of October.
+
+The President of the United States, accompanied by the Secretaries of
+War and Interior, has been received with much enthusiasm in various
+places in eastern Virginia, through which he passed on his way to the
+White Sulphur Springs. The Secretary of State has been passing a few
+weeks among the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire, where he will
+remain probably till October; and the Secretary of the Treasury has
+been detained by ill health at his residence in Ohio.
+
+Reports from the various agricultural districts of the Union indicate
+that the wheat harvest of 1851 will be the heaviest ever raised. In
+New-York, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the yield is very large,
+and the wheat excellent. In the Northern and Central Illinois, heavy
+rains have destroyed a portion of the crop, but in the Southern
+portion of the State it will be abundant. In Ohio, advices from all
+quarters of the State show that the wheat crop of the present season
+will be the largest ever grown in the State. In Iowa, the yield is
+indifferent. Of corn there will probably be an average crop. Potatoes
+in several parts of the country have suffered from the rot.
+
+The cholera prevails to some extent in the valley of the Mississippi,
+and other parts of the Southern and Western States. Among the Sioux
+Indians it has been very fatal. The treaty just formed with the Sioux
+Indians, secures to the United States all the land in the entire
+valley of the Minnesota, and the eastern tributaries of the Sioux,
+estimated at 21,000,000 of acres.
+
+From Texas, we learn that there has been great excitement at Rio
+Grande, in consequence of the Mexicans refusing to surrender a
+fugitive slave. It is said that 2,000 slaves have made their escape
+into Mexico.
+
+There have been several arrivals from California, and by every one
+evidence has been furnished of a very unfortunate condition of
+affairs. Dissatisfied with the manner in which justice is executed, or
+perhaps with a view to the complete overthrow of the government, large
+numbers of men have associated themselves at San Francisco and
+elsewhere, and assumed all the functions of a magistracy, treating the
+constituted authorities with contempt, and, in secret assemblies,
+deciding questions of life and of all the highest interests of
+society. By their directions, several persons accused of crimes have
+been murdered, and all the officers of the law have been set at
+defiance. In other respects, the news from California and other parts
+of the Pacific coast is without remarkable features; the general
+prosperity continues in mining, agriculture, and trade; and such is
+the energy of the inhabitants of that city, that San Francisco has
+nearly recovered from the effects of the disastrous fires with which
+it has been visited. The arrival at New-York, on the 13th of August,
+of the steamer Prometheus, in 29 days from San Francisco, by the new
+route of Lake Nicaragua and the river San Juan, establishes the
+practicability and advantages of this route. The shortest trip ever
+made by the Panama route, it is said, was in 31 days.
+
+
+CUBA.
+
+The people of the United States have been kept in a state of
+excitement during a portion of the last month by reports of a
+revolution in the Island of Cuba. It is not yet possible to discover
+very clearly, what are the facts, but it is certain, that there were
+insurrectionary movements commencing about the 4th of July, in several
+parts of the Island; that they were badly planned, and inefficiently
+executed, and that the whole attempt, having caused the ruin of a vast
+number of persons, is at an end, and has resulted in the firmer
+establishment of the Spanish authority.
+
+
+BRITISH AMERICA.
+
+The Provincial Government persists in its refusal to concede the
+navigation of the St. Lawrence to foreign vessels till it obtains an
+equivalent from the United States. A motion against removing the
+Executive Government to Quebec, until after the expiration of four
+years from the time of its removal to Toronto, has been negatived the
+House of Commons by a vote of 48 to 12. It is believed that the
+removal will be decided on during the present season.
+
+
+MEXICO.
+
+The financial embarrassments of the government and people engross the
+general attention, and though it has been believed that a scheme of
+administration for augmenting the revenue would be successful, yet the
+country is so unsettled, and the dissatisfaction with the government
+so common, and the spirit of revolution so diffused, that only
+confusion and accelerated ruin can very reasonably be predicted of the
+country. Insurrectionary movements by parties having in view the
+recall and dictatorship of Santa Anna, have been put down in Chiapos
+and Tobasco.
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICA.
+
+In Buenos Ayres Rosas had been disturbed by the disaffection of
+General Urquiza. Rosas was making active preparations to oppose
+hostile attacks. The fortieth Anniversary of the Independence of
+Venezuela was celebrated at Caraccas with great enthusiasm. Venezuela
+remains perfectly tranquil. The insurrection in the Southern Provinces
+of New-Grenada has not yet been quelled, and the troops of the
+Government have suffered a defeat.
+
+
+EUROPE AND ASIA.
+
+We are compelled to abridge our notices of foreign events to a mere
+statement of dates. In ENGLAND the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill finally
+passed the House of Lords on the 28th of July, and receiving the royal
+signature became a law. Little other business of importance was
+accomplished before the prorogation of Parliament, which took place on
+the 8th of August. In FRANCE the motion for a revision of the
+constitution was rejected in the Assembly at Paris on Saturday, July
+19. Out of 736 members, in the Assembly, 724 were present and
+voted--446 in favor of the revision and 278 against it; but as a
+majority of three quarters was required to carry the motion, it
+failed. On the 31st of July the Assembly elected a Committee of
+Permanence, consisting of twenty-five of the most dignified of its
+members, to sit during the vacation, which it was decided should last
+from the 10th of August to the 4th of November. From RUSSIA we have
+news of an important victory of the Turkomans over the Russian troops
+in the harbor of Astrabad, and the Russians have also suffered an
+extraordinary and most important defeat in the Caucasus. In ITALY
+every thing is calm, but the oppressions of the ecclesiastical
+government are more and more intolerable and outrageous. The Pope has
+returned from his residence at Castel Gandolfo to Rome. The rebellion
+in the southern provinces of CHINA appears to be still unchecked.
+
+
+
+
+_Recent Deaths._
+
+
+The Rev. STEPHEN OLIN, D.D. president of the Wesleyan University, died
+at Middletown on the 16th of August. He was a native of Vermont, and
+was educated at Middlebury College. He entered the itinerant ministry
+in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1824, uniting himself with the
+South Carolina conference. His next two years were spent in
+Charleston. His labors proved too severe, and in 1826 he became what
+is called in the Methodist Church a supernumerary, with permission to
+travel for the benefit of his health. He was a local preacher for the
+same reason until 1828, but in 1829 resumed his itinerant labors. In
+1832 he was again compelled to relinquish the labors the itinerancy
+imposed, and was appointed by the Georgia conference a professor in
+Franklin College. In 1833 he was elected president of Randolph
+College, Macon, Geo., which position he held until elected President
+of the Wesleyan University. In 1837 he travelled in Europe and the
+East, and on his return published an account of his Travels, in two
+volumes, which were very popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Baron de Ledeirir, the celebrated Russian botanist, died at Munich on
+the 23d of July, aged sixty-five. At the early age of nineteen he was
+appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dorpat, and in 1820
+he obtained the botanical chair in the University of St. Petersburg.
+In 1821 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and
+by order of the Emperor Alexander undertook to compile the _Russian
+Flora_. To collect materials for this great work he spent sixteen
+years in visiting different parts of the vast Empire of Russia, and
+went as far as the frontiers of China and into Siberia. In 1848 the
+state of his health obliged him to take up his residence at Munich.
+There he labored at his _Flora_, and had the satisfaction of
+completing it two months before his death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Edward Quillinan, son-in-law to Wordsworth, and known in the select
+rather than in the wide world of letters, as a poet, a scholar, a
+contributor to more than one literary publication, and the author of
+one or two separate works, died in July.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Harriet Lee, the celebrated writer of the "Canterbury Tales," was the
+youngest sister of Sophia Lee, the author of _The Recess_, and of many
+popular dramas and novels. These ladies were daughters of John Lee,
+who had been bred to the law, but became an actor of much repute at
+Covent Garden Theatre, and ended his life as manager of the Bath
+Theatre. Sophia Lee, the elder daughter, who was born more than one
+hundred years ago (her sister Harriet, the subject of this notice,
+being a few years her junior), produced, in 1780, a comedy, entitled,
+"The Chapter of Accidents," which was performed with considerable
+success. The profits enabled the two sisters to open a school at Bath,
+which they carried on for many years with high credit and prosperity.
+In 1782 Sophia Lee brought out her most popular novel, _The Recess_,
+which was followed by other tales, and by _Almayda, Queen of Grenada_,
+a tragedy, in which Mrs. Siddons acted. Soon after, Harriet Lee
+published the first five volumes of her _Canterbury Tales_. Two of the
+stories, _The Young Lady's Tale_, and the _The Clergyman's Tale_, were
+written by her sister Sophia; the rest by herself. One of these
+Canterbury Tales, by Harriet Lee, named _Kruitzner_, became afterwards
+famous for having formed the subject and the plot of Byron's gloomy
+tragedy of _Werner_. Harriet Lee's other principal works were the
+_Error of Innocence_, a novel; the _Mysterious Marriage_, a play;
+_Clara Lennox_, a novel; and a _New Peerage_, begun in 1787. The last
+days of the sisters were passed near Bristol, where Sophia died in
+1824, and Harriet on the first of August, 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Julius, the author of an able work on the Prisons and Criminal Law
+in the United States, died about the end of July, in London. Dr.
+Julius was editor of the Berlin _Zeitungshalle_ during the revolution
+of 1848, and was greatly respected for his talents and courage. Kinkel
+pronounced a touching _oraison funebre_ over his grave.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Rev Azariah Smith, M.D., missionary of A.B.C.F.M. to the Armenians,
+died at Aintab, Syria, in the early part of June, in the 35th year of
+his age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Henry A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, died suddenly at Portland,
+Me., on the twenty-ninth of July. He was a native of New-Hampshire,
+and was born March 3d, 1783, and removed with his father to the county
+of Kennebec in Maine in 1784. His father having been twice elected to
+Congress from the Kennebec district, prior to 1801, and on the
+accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, appointed Secretary of
+War, his son Henry was taken to Washington, and educated at the
+College of William and Mary in Virginia. In 1806 he established
+himself in the profession of law, in which he continued but few years,
+the excitements of public life having more attractions for him than
+the quiet pursuit of that profession. He took a prominent part in the
+politics, of the country, filled many important public stations, among
+which was the collectorship of Boston, in which he succeeded his
+father in 1812, and remained many years. He also distinguished himself
+in literature, and by efforts for the promotion of public
+improvements. He was a member of the Convention of Massachusetts for
+revising the constitution of that state, in 1821, a member of the
+Governor's Council in 1831, member of Congress in 1832,
+Adjutant-General of Massachusetts in 1835, and at the time of his
+death Mayor of Roxbury. He was a man of fine manners, cultivated mind,
+and liberal views. While he held the office of Collector of Boston, he
+improved the favorable opportunity to collect statistics relative to
+the commerce of the country, and particularly that to countries
+connected with the Mediterranean, which he embodied in a valuable
+work, entitled _The Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea_, in
+three volumes octavo. In 1839 he published a series of letters _To the
+Secretary of the State of Massachusetts, on the Internal Improvements
+and the Commerce of the West_, containing extremely valuable
+information on those subjects. He recently published a life of the
+_Apostle Elliot_, to aid in the construction of a monument in Roxbury
+to the memory of that celebrated missionary, and among his other
+published writings is a _Life of Commodore Bainbridge_. He left in MS.
+a work on Architecture, another on Flowers, and an extended Memoir of
+his Father, embodying all his journal in his expedition through Maine
+to Canada, his imprisonment in Quebec, and a vast deal of other
+Revolutionary matter. He was constantly throwing off essays in various
+periodicals, to promote the interests of society. Among other claims
+upon public gratitude, was his untiring zeal in the cause of
+horticultural and agricultural improvements. Few did more than he to
+elevate this important branch of industry. As a politician he was most
+prominent for his connection with the Native American party, by which
+he was nominated for the Vice Presidency of the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In another part of this magazine we have given a sketch of the late
+Dr. MOIR, from the pen of Mr. Gilfillan. The deceased physician and
+litterateur died at Dumfries, on the 6th of July, in the fifty-third
+year of his age, having left his home in Musselburg, near Edinburgh,
+to visit in Dumfries his friend, Mr. Aird. Of the poems of "Delta,"
+Professor Wilson says: "Delicacy and grace characterize his happiest
+composition; some of them are beautiful, in a cheerful spirit that has
+only to look on nature to be happy, and others breathe to simplest and
+purest pathos." Similar praise was given him by Lord Jeffrey. We do
+not think so highly of his abilities. In verse, Dr. Moir had the fatal
+gift of facility, and he cultivated it at the ordinary penalty. His
+poetry is not made to survive him. He was a man, however, of varied
+accomplishments; and is the author, besides his considerable body of
+verse, of a prose narrative, _Mansie Wauch, Tailor of Dalkieth_, a
+very excellent book of _Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine_,
+being a View of the Progress of the _Healing Art among the Egyptians,
+Greeks, Romans, and Arabians_, and of _Sketches of the Poetical
+Literature of the past Half Century, in Six Lectures_, a work which
+has the sketchy character and incompleteness common to its class. The
+_Legend of Genevieve, with other Tales and Poems_, and _Domestic
+Verses_, are the two poetical volumes of his which have been published
+in a collected form.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., died on the 17th July, at
+Edinburgh, at the advanced age of 88 years. He entered the army in
+1778. In 1798 he became a lieut. colonel, and the next year served in
+Holland. He served in the expedition to the Baltic in 1801 under Sir
+Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson. He also served in North America, and, in
+1812, the Americans having invaded Upper Canada, at Queenston, when
+General Brock, commanding in the province, fell in an effort to oppose
+the enemy, they posted themselves on a woody height above Queenston.
+Major-General Sheaffe, upon whom the command devolved, assembled some
+regular troops and militia, with a few Indians, and on the same day
+attacked and completely defeated the Americans, their general
+delivering his sword to Major-General Sheaffe, and surrendering the
+surviving troops on the field of battle, their number far exceeding
+the assailants. For these brilliant services Sir Roger Sheaffe was
+created a baronet of the United Kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre, whose name is for ever associated with
+the photographic process, of which he was the discoverer, died on the
+tenth of July, in Paris, in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a
+man of extreme modesty and great personal worth, and was devoted to
+art. He was favorably known to the world before the announcement of
+his discovery of the Daguerreotype. His attempts to improve panoramic
+painting, and the production of dioramic effects, were crowned with
+the most eminent success. Among his pictures, which attracted much
+attention at the time of their exhibition were, The Midnight Mass,
+Land-slip in the Valley of Goldau, The Temple of Solomon, and The
+Cathedral of Sainte Marie de Montreal. In these the alternate effects
+of night and day, and storm and sunshine, were beautifully produced.
+To these effects of light were added others, from the decomposition of
+form, by means of which, for example, in The Midnight Mass, figures
+appeared where the spectators had just beheld seats, altars, &c., and
+again, as in The Valley of Goldau, in which rocks tumbling from the
+mountains replaced the prospect of a smiling valley. The methods
+adopted in these pictures were published at the same time with the
+process of the Daguerreotype, by order of the French Government, who
+awarded an annual pension of ten thousand francs to Daguerre and M.
+Niepce, jr., whose father had contributed towards the discovery of the
+Daguerreotype. Daguerre was led to experiments on chemical changes by
+solar radiations, with the hope of being able to apply the phenomena
+to the production of effects in his dioramic paintings. As the
+question of the part taken by him in the process to which he has given
+his name, has been discussed sometimes to his disadvantage, it appears
+important that his position should be correctly determined. In 1802,
+Wedgwood, of Etruria, the celebrated potter, made the first recorded
+experiments in photography; and these, with some additional ones by
+Sir Humphrey Davy, were published in the journals of the royal
+institution. In 1814, Mr. Joseph Nicephore Niepce was engaged in
+experiments to determine the possibility of fixing the images obtained
+in the camera obscura; but there does not appear any evidence of
+publication of any kind previously to 1827, when Niepce was in
+England. He there wrote several letters to Mr. Bauer, the microscopic
+observer, which are preserved and printed in Hunt's _Researches on
+Light_. He also sent specimens of results obtained to the Royal
+Society, and furnished some to the cabinets of the curious, a few of
+which are yet in existence. These were pictures on metallic plates
+covered with a fine film of resin. In 1824 Daguerre commenced his
+researches, starting at that point at which Wedgwood left the process.
+He soon abandoned the employment of the nitrate and chloride of
+silver, and proceeded with his inquiry, using plates of metal and
+glass to receive his sensitive coatings. In 1829 M. Vincent Chevalier
+brought Niepce and Daguerre together, when they entered into
+partnership to prosecute the subject in common. For a long time they
+appear to have used the resinous surfaces only, when the contrast
+between the resin and the metal plates not being sufficiently great to
+give a good picture, endeavors were made to blacken that part of the
+plate from which the resin was removed in the process of _heliography_
+(sun-drawing), as it was most happily called. Amongst other materials,
+iodine was employed; and Daguerre certainly was the first to notice
+the property possessed by the iodine coating of changing under the
+influence of the sun's rays. The following letter from Niepce to
+Daguerre is on this subject:
+
+                             "81, LOUP DE VARENNES, June 23, 1831.
+
+"_Sir, and dear Partner_: I had long expected to hear from you with
+too much impatience not to receive and read with the greatest pleasure
+your letters of the tenth and twenty-first of last May. I shall
+confine myself in this reply to yours of the twenty-first, because,
+having been engaged ever since it reached me in your experiments on
+iodine, I hasten to communicate to you the results which I have
+obtained. I had given my attention to similar researches previous to
+our connection, but without hope of success, from the impossibility,
+or nearly so, in my opinion, of fixing in any durable manner the
+images received on iodine, even supposing the difficulty surmounted of
+replacing the lights and shadows in their natural order. My results in
+this respect have been entirely similar to those which the oxide of
+silver gave me; and promptitude of operation was the sole advantage
+which these substances appeared to offer. Nevertheless, last year,
+after you left this, I subjected iodine to new trials, but by a
+different mode of application. I informed you of the results, and your
+answer, not at all encouraging, decided me to carry these experiments
+no farther. It appears that you have since viewed the question under a
+less desperate aspect, and I do not hesitate to reply to the appeal
+which you have made.
+
+                          "J. N. NIEPCE."
+
+From this and other letters it is evident that Niepce had used iodine,
+and abandoned it on account of the difficulty of reversing the lights
+and shadows. Daguerre employed it also, and, as it appears, with far
+more promise of success than any obtained by M. Niepce. On the fifth
+of July, 1833, Niepce died; in 1837 Daguerre and Isodore Niepce, the
+son and heir of Nicephore Niepce, entered into a definite agreement;
+and in a letter written on the first November, 1837, to Daguerre,
+Isodore Niepce says, "What a difference, also, between the method
+which you employ and the one by which I toil on! While I require
+almost a whole day to make one design, you ask only four minutes! What
+an enormous advantage! It is so great, indeed, that no person, knowing
+both methods, would employ the old one." From this time it is
+established, that although both Niepce and Daguerre used iodine, the
+latter alone employed it with any degree of success, and the discovery
+of the use of mercurial vapor to produce the positive image clearly
+belongs to Daguerre. In January, 1839, the Daguerreotype pictures were
+first shown to the scientific and artistic public of Paris. The
+sensation they created was great, and the highest hopes of its utility
+were entertained. On the 15th June, M. Duchatel, Minister of the
+Interior, presented a bill to the Chamber of Deputies relative to the
+purchase of the process of M. Daguerre for fixing the images of the
+camera. A commission appointed by the Chamber, consisting of Arago,
+Etienne, Carl, Vatout, de Beaumont, Toursorer, Delessert (Francois),
+Combarel de Leyval, and Vitet, made their report on the third of July,
+and a special commission was appointed by the Chamber of Peers,
+composed of the following peers: Barons Athalin, Besson, Gay Lussac,
+the Marquis de Laplace, Vicomte Simeon, Baron Thenard, and the Comte
+de Noe, who reported favorably on the thirtieth July, 1839, and
+recommended unanimously that the "bill be adopted simply and without
+alteration." On the nineteenth of August the secret was for the first
+time publicly announced in the Institute by M. Arago, the English
+patent having been completed a few days before, in open defiance and
+contradiction of the statement of M. Duchatel to the Chamber of
+Deputies, who used these words, "Unfortunately for the authors of this
+beautiful discovery, it is impossible for them to bring their labor
+into the market, and thus indemnify themselves for the sacrifices
+incurred by so many attempts so long fruitless. This invention does
+not admit of being secured by patent." In conclusion, the Minister of
+the Interior said, "You will concur in a sentiment which has already
+awakened universal sympathy; you will never suffer us to leave to
+foreign nations the glory of endowing the world of science and of art
+with one of the most wonderful discoveries that honor our native
+land." Daguerre never did much towards the improvement of his process.
+The high degree of sensibility which has been attained has been due
+to the experiments of others.
+
+[Illustration: M. DAGUERRE.]
+
+Daguerre is said to have been always averse to sitting for his own
+picture, and there are but few photographs of him in existence. The
+one from which our engraving is copied was taken by Mr. Meade, of this
+city, and first appeared in the _Daguerrean Journal_, a monthly
+periodical conducted with marked ability by S. D. Humphrey and L. L.
+Hill, who are distinguished for their improvements upon Daguerre's
+process. We can refer to no more striking illustration of the advance
+of the beautiful art which the deceased discovered, than the existence
+of such a work, with more than two thousand subscribers among those
+who are occupied in the production of Daguerreotypes in this country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. John Lingard, D. D., one of the most deservedly eminent
+scholars and writers of the Roman Catholic church in England, and one
+of the most distinguished historians of the time, died at Hornby, in
+Lancashire, on the 17th of July, at the advanced age of 81 years, and
+his remains were buried at Ushaw College, Durham, with which he was
+once officially connected. The deceased priest has left a reputation
+that will probably survive that of any of the persons of his sect who
+have been brought into notice by the recent agitations in England. His
+career as a controversial writer commenced while he was a young man,
+and was continued through a large portion of his laborious life. He
+was an unknown priest at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when, in 1804, he issued
+from the local press in that town his _History of the Anglo-Saxon
+Church_, a work which constituted the first and most efficient effort
+to attract popular attention to those ecclesiastical institutions of
+the Saxons, which are now familiar objects of study and speculation.
+In 1805 he published Catholic Loyalty Vindicated. The next year, the
+bishop of Durham, in a charge to his clergy, having attacked the Roman
+Catholics, Mr. Lingard answered him, in Remarks on a Charge. This
+brought on a sharp controversy, in which several persons of ability
+took part, and Mr. Lingard published a General Vindication of the
+Remarks, with Replies to the Reverend T. Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and
+others (1808). These two pamphlets were followed, on the same subject,
+by Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in
+former Ages (1812); a Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications
+(1813); and Strictures on Doctor Marsh's Comparative View of the
+Churches of England and Rome (1815). In the last of these
+publications, Mr. Lingard asserted that the church of England was
+modern, compared with that of Rome; an assertion which so much
+irritated the late Doctor Kipling, that he was absurd enough to
+threaten the author with a process in Westminster-hall, if he did not
+prove the truth of what he had stated. In 1809 Mr. Lingard published
+the Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church in an enlarged edition.
+Doctor Lingard is principally known in foreign countries as the author
+of a History of England till the Revolution of 1688, of which ten
+editions have appeared and which has been translated into several
+languages. Although the object of this work is the vindication of the
+Roman Catholic church and clergy in England from the alleged
+misrepresentations of Protestant writers, yet it is allowed to be
+written in a candid and dispassionate tone. As a historian, the author
+is acute and perspicuous, judicious in the selection and arrangement
+of his materials, and clear and interesting in his narrative. He wrote
+from original sources, which he examined with care and diligence, and
+on many points gave new and more correct views of manners, events and
+characters. In 1826, he published a Vindication, &c., in reply to two
+articles in the Edinburgh Review (Nos. 83 and 87, written by Dr.
+Allen), charging him with inaccuracy and misrepresentation. A more
+favorable notice of the History appeared in No. 105 of the same
+Review.
+
+The editions of his History, an English version of the Gospels, and
+other learned publications, in pamphlet form, consumed the time
+unoccupied by religious duty, or by converse with the neighbors and
+friends, who continually courted his society.
+
+For the last forty years Dr. Lingard held the small and retired
+preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in the village of
+Hornby, and there the historian resided, near to Hornby Castle, the
+seat of his attached and constant friend, Mr. Pudsey Dawson. After a
+lingering illness, he closed in this retirement his mortal career.
+
+Dr. Lingard's residence was a small unpretending building, with three
+windows, connected with a little chapel built by himself, where, till
+last autumn, he regularly officiated. A door of communication opened
+into it from his house, the lower window of which lighted the room
+where he usually sat, and where he wrote the History of England. His
+garden consisted of a long strip, taken off a small grass field of
+about half an acre in extent. Here he passed much of his time, in the
+indulgence of his taste for rural occupations.
+
+The private virtues of Dr. Lingard were as remarkable as his public
+talents. His whole habits of life were charmingly simple; his nature
+was kind, his disposition most affectionate. Always they were
+agreeable and profitable hours passed in his society, his mind was so
+richly stored, his knowledge so varied, his fund of anecdote so
+inexhaustible: a pleasantry and good humor pervaded his conversation
+at all times. He never sought controversy in visits among his friends.
+When questioned on the matters of his own faith, he would speak
+freely; those warmly attached to the Established Church or other
+creeds, widely differing from him in religious principles, never felt
+restraint in his society, or anticipated any sharpness or acrimony. In
+personal appearance he was rather above the middle height, and of
+slender frame; and though he had reached to full four-score years, his
+dark brown hair was but slightly tinged with gray: his small dark
+twinkling eye was singularly expressive, and his countenance bright
+and animated. The annexed portrait is from the miniature taken in
+1849, by Mr. Scaife, and engraved for the last edition of the History
+of England.
+
+It has been reported, though on doubtful authority, that very high
+positions in the Roman Catholic Church were more than once offered to
+Dr. Lingard. There is, it is believed, little or no truth in this; but
+those who knew his simple habits, and his love of retirement, would
+not be surprised at his preferring, even to the purple, his peaceful
+residence in the loveliest locality of the loveliest of England's
+northern valleys.
+
+[Illustration: REV. JOHN LINGARD, D. D.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MARSHAL SEBASTIANI.]
+
+Horace Francois della Porta Sebastiana, Marshal of France, and for
+some time Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis Phillippe, died in
+Paris on the 14th of July. He was born in Corsica, in 1775, and having
+entered the French service in 1792, rose rapidly through the different
+ranks to that of colonel. Colonel Sebastiani took an active part in
+the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and, in 1802, the First Consul
+sent him on a mission to the Levant. After having brought about a
+reconciliation of the differences between the court of Sweden and the
+regency of Tripoli, and compelled the Pacha to acknowledge the Italian
+republic and salute its flag, he repaired to Alexandria, and had an
+interview with General Stewart, in order to insist on the terms of the
+treaty of Amiens for the evacuation of Alexandria. To this demand the
+English general replied that he had not received any orders from his
+court. M. Sebastiani went therefore to Cairo, and in conferences with
+the pacha offered to open a communication with the beys; but the offer
+was not accepted, the orders of the Porte being to make it a war of
+extermination. He afterwards went to St. Jean d'Acre, with the object
+of settling with the pacha a treaty of commerce, and found him
+pacifically inclined. In November he set out on his return to France,
+having accomplished all the objects of his mission. He was, after his
+arrival, employed on various services, and, among the rest in a
+diplomatic mission to Germany. He distinguished himself in the
+campaign of 1804, was wounded at the battle of Austerlitz, and
+obtained the rank of general of division. Napoleon entertained a high
+opinion of his diplomatic talents, and named him, in 1806, ambassador
+to the Ottoman Porte--a mission which he filled for some years, with
+much ability. He established at Constantinople a printing-office for
+the Turkish and Arabic languages, and by this means contributed not a
+little to the French influence in that country. The English having
+forced the passage of the Dardanelles, and menaced Constantinople,
+Sebastiani immediately organized a plan of defence, marked out the
+batteries, and prepared for the most vigorous resistance; but the
+inhabitants broke out into insurrection, and he was obliged to depart
+for France. He was subsequently sent to Spain, where he distinguished
+himself on numerous occasions; and he served in the Russian-German war
+under Murat. July 15, 1812, he was surprised by the Russians at
+Drissa, but he recovered his character by his exertions at the battle
+of Borodino. On the invasion of France, he had a command in Champagne,
+and defended Chalons. April 10, M. Sebastiani sent to M. Talleyrand
+his adhesion to the provisional government, and, June 1, received from
+the king the cross of St. Louis. On the return of Napoleon, in 1815,
+he was elected deputy of the lower chamber, and after the second
+abdication of Napoleon was one of the commissioners to treat for peace
+with the allies. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Chamber of
+Deputies, by the island of Corsica. His lucid and manly eloquence was
+employed to throw light over all the great questions of finance, war,
+foreign politics, and domestic administration, and he evinced at once
+the talents of an orator and the knowledge of a statesman. After the
+revolution of 1830, General Sebastiani received the port-folio of the
+marine in the Guizot ministry, and in November that of foreign affairs
+under Laffitte, which he retained under Perier. He received the baton
+of Marshal from Louis Phillippe, and had retired from active political
+life, when, in 1847, the assassination of his daughter, the Duchess de
+Praslin, by her husband, affected him so much that he never recovered
+from the blow.
+
+
+
+
+Ladies' Midsummer Fashions.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There are few changes to notice in the modes de Paris. Every thing at
+this season is, of course, made in an airy style, and of very light
+materiel. We copy two of the most graceful costumes in the recent
+books of patterns.
+
+I. _Morning Dress_ of white muslin, with flounces, ornamented with
+needlework. Many dresses intended for neglige morning costume in the
+country consists of a skirt of checkered or striped silk, printed
+muslin, or some other light material. For morning neglige a variety of
+very pretty caps have appeared; they are of worked muslin, and are
+trimmed with ribbon and fine Valenciennes.
+
+II. _Visiting Dress_ of glace or rich silk, with three flounces,
+embroidered. Mantelet of a splendid black lace, lined with pink silk,
+and richly trimmed with a deep fall of black lace, which also
+encircles the open sleeve. Bonnets of white _paille de riz_, decorated
+in the interior with red and white flounces.
+
+_Coiffures_ are extremely simple in form. A wreath of ivy leaves
+intermixed with small clusters of jewelry, and attached at the back
+with a long lappet of gold lace, fastened by noeuds of pearls and
+emeralds, has a fine effect. Head-dresses of blonde are extremely
+becoming, forming three points. These are fashionable for concerts,
+&c. They are placed backward on the head, the points at the side being
+attached with a profusion of flowers, the centre one falling over the
+back comb. Another style is of a lappet of white blonde, and another
+of plain pink tulle; the lappet of blonde being fastened just over the
+shoulder, and a little backward, with a bunch of grapes--the pink one,
+which is very wide, covering the bosom like a veil, and drooping as
+low as the waist.
+
+Fashionable colors are of all light mixtures, such as gray, lilac,
+fawn, mauve, green, and peach color--white, pink, and blue
+predominating for evening toilette.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.
+
+From a Daguerreotype by Brady, taken for the International. 1851]
+
+[Illustration: OTSEGO HALL.
+
+Residence of MR. COOPER. Cooperstown. From a drawing by MISS COOPER.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly, Volume 4,
+No. 2, September, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY, SEPT. 1851 ***
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+***** This file should be named 36405.txt or 36405.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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