initial commit of ebook 36213HEADmain

213 files changed, 15061 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/36213-8.txt b/36213-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7323721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4639 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ypres and the Battles of Ypres
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2011 [EBook #36213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN ILLUSTRATED GUIDES TO THE BATTLEFIELDS (1914--1918)
+
+
+    YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES.
+
+
+    MICHELIN & Cie., CLERMONT-FERRAND
+    MICHELIN TYRE Co. Ltd., 81 Fulham Road, LONDON, S. W.
+    MICHELIN TIRE Co., MILLTOWN, N. J., U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+    _The Best & Cheapest
+    Detachable Wheel is
+    The Michelin Wheel_
+
+    [Illustration: _The Ideal of the Tourist_]
+
+    _The Michelin Wheel is_
+    _ELEGANT_ _SIMPLE_
+    _STRONG_ _PRACTICAL_
+
+    _May we send you our illustrated descriptive brochure?_
+
+
+    MICHELIN TYRE CO., Ltd.
+    _81, Fulham Road, London,_ S.W. 3.
+
+
+
+
+    IN MEMORY
+    OF THE MICHELIN WORKMEN
+    AND EMPLOYEES WHO DIED GLORIOUSLY
+    FOR THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+
+    YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES
+
+
+    _ITINERARY:_
+    LILLE--ARMENTIÈRES--MESSINES--POELCAPPELLE
+    --YPRES--POPERINGHE--
+    LES MONTS--BAILLEUL--BÉTHUNE--LILLE.
+
+
+    Published by
+    MICHELIN & CIE.
+    Clermont-Ferrand, France.
+
+    Copyright 1919 by Michelin & Cie.
+
+    _All rights of translation, adaptation, or reproduction (in part or
+    whole) reserved in all countries._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+YPRES
+AND THE BATTLES FOR ITS POSSESSION
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+The town of Ypres lies in a sort of natural basin formed by a maritime
+plain intersected by canals, and dominated on the north, north-east and
+south by low wooded hills.
+
+These canals, of which the Yser Canal is the most important, follow a
+general direction south-east--north-west. A number of streams flowing in
+the same direction also water the plain. In addition, there are the
+Dickebusch, Zillebeke and Bellewaarde ponds.
+
+The hills forming the sides of this basin are very low and partly
+wooded. The line of their crests runs approximately from north to south,
+through Houthulst Forest (road from Poelcappelle to Clercken),
+Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Broodseinde, Becelaere, Gheluvelt, the
+strategic Hill 60 (south of Zillebeke) and St. Eloi. Further south is
+the Messines-Wytschaete ridge, and to the south-west the Hills of
+Flanders.
+
+Houthulst Forest is the largest of the woods. Next come the islets of
+Westroosebeke and Passchendaele, then, south of Zonnebeke, Polygone
+Wood, Nonne-Bosschen (or Nonnes) Wood, and the Woods of Glencorse,
+Inverness and Herenthage.
+
+In this region, with its essentially maritime climate, the war assumed a
+character entirely different from that of the rest of the front. The
+marshy ground, almost at sea-level, is further sodden by constant rain
+and mists, and forms a spongy mass, in which it was impossible to dig
+trenches or underground shelters. Water is found immediately below the
+surface, so that the only possible defence-works were parapets. The
+bursting shells made huge craters which, promptly filling with water,
+became so many death-traps for wounded and unwounded alike.
+
+The defence on both sides consequently centred around the woods,
+villages, and numerous farms, which were converted into redoubts with
+concrete blockhouses and deep wire entanglements. The slightest bits of
+rising ground here played an important part, and were fiercely disputed.
+The crests which dominate the basin of Ypres were used as
+observation-posts--the lowering sky being usually unfavourable for
+aerial observation--while their counter-slopes masked the concentrations
+of troops for the attacks.
+
+It was therefore along the line of crests and around the fortified farms
+that the fighting reached its maximum of intensity.
+
+The principal military operations which took place in the vicinity of
+the town between October, 1914, and November, 1917, may be divided as
+follows:--First, a powerful German offensive--a counter-stroke to the
+battles of the Yser--then a very definite effort to take the town. The
+rôle of the Allied armies was at that time purely defensive.
+
+The second stage was marked by a British and Franco-British offensive,
+begun in the second half of 1916 and considerably developed during the
+summer and autumn of the following year. The object of these operations,
+which ended in November, 1917, was the clearing of Ypres. All the
+objectives were attained and the plains of Flanders were opened to the
+Allies.
+
+A final effort by the Germans in great strength to the south of the town
+was checked by the resistance of the Allies in April, 1918. In September
+and October, 1918, the enemy troops finally evacuated the country under
+pressure of the victorious Allied offensive.
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH SENTINEL ON NIGHT-DUTY IN FRONT OF THE RUINED
+CLOTH HALL]
+
+
+
+
+=THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF 1914=
+(October 29--November 15, 1914.)
+
+
+=Preliminary Operations=
+
+After the victory of the Marne, which drove the Germans north of the
+Aisne, began the operations known as "the Race to the Sea." Each side
+endeavoured to outpace the other, with the object of surrounding the
+enemy's marching wing.
+
+This remarkable "Race to the Sea"--a widely extended movement splendidly
+carried out by General Foch, and in which the Allied forces in their
+march towards the north constantly outstripped the enemy--might have
+been used as the starting-point for a grand Allied offensive against the
+German right, but the exhaustion of the Belgian army, after the terrible
+trials which it had just gone through in its retreat on the
+Yser--following on the fall of Antwerp--and the delays in the transport
+of the British troops from the Aisne front to the north, prevented the
+development of this offensive.
+
+It was therefore only possible for the Allied armies to fix their front
+and make it impregnable.
+
+The stages of this race to the sea and the fixation of the front took
+place between September 20 and October 23, 1914.
+
+
+=The Forces Engaged= (Oct. 1914)
+
+When the First Battle of Ypres opened, the front described a wide
+semi-circle passing through Zonnebeke, Gheluvelt and Zandvoorde,
+running thence south of Messines, and finally linking up with the line
+to the east of Armentières.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+At the beginning of the battle all this part of the front was held by
+the British army, as follows: from Zonnebeke to Zandvoorde, the 1st
+Corps (Haig) and 4th Corps (Rawlinson); from Zandvoorde to Messines, the
+Calvary Corps (Allenby), two infantry divisions, and the Lahore
+Division, which had just landed at Marseilles; lastly, from Messines to
+Armentières, the 3rd Corps (Pulteney).
+
+Facing these forces were the German IVth army, consisting of the XIIIth,
+XVth and XVIth active corps, and the IInd Bavarian Corps, reinforced
+during the battle by a Division of the Guards. The British Cavalry Corps
+had to face four German Cavalry Corps.
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMAN THRUST OF OCT. 29--30, 1914 (29--30/10)]
+
+To make up for their setback in the race to the sea, the German High
+Command decided on a strenuous effort to break through the Allies' front
+at Ypres. The "Battle for Calais" was about to begin. The enemy
+confidently expected to reach the coast, from which they hoped to expose
+England to such peril as would break down the pride of that troublesome
+enemy.
+
+The German attack began on October 29 under the eye of the Kaiser, who,
+for the following five days, took up his quarters at Thielt, whence he
+arranged to make a triumphal entry into Ypres.
+
+For seventeen days (October 29--November 15) the German regiments,
+elated by the presence of their Emperor, fought with unheard-of frenzy
+and an utter disregard of losses in their frantic attacks against the
+Ypres salient.
+
+[Illustration: ON OCT. 31, THE GERMANS MADE PROGRESS, SOUTH OF YPRES,
+BUT WERE DRIVEN BACK, EASTWARDS, TO GHELUVELT]
+
+To the east of Ypres the action fought between Poelcappelle and
+Gheluvelt failed. The fierce German attacks, in spite of the masses of
+men engaged, broke down before the stubborn resistance of the Allies.
+
+In a counter-offensive the British, supported on their left by French
+divisions, reached the village of Becelaere, between Zonnebeke and
+Gheluvelt, but were unable to hold it.
+
+Further south, the British were forced to abandon Zandvoorde and
+Hollebeke. Gheluvelt, first lost on October 30, was recaptured on the
+31st in a counter-attack by the 1st Corps. Supported by three French
+battalions, the British subsequently repulsed all attacks and
+successfully barred the road from Menin to Ypres. On the evening of the
+31st, the line in the eastern sector ran as follows: east of Frezenberg,
+Gheluvelt, east of Klein Zillebeke and the bend in the canal to the
+north-east of Hollebeke.
+
+[Illustration: ON NOV. 1, THE SITUATION WAS CRITICAL IN THE EXTREME. THE
+GERMANS CAPTURED THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE, AND THE BRITISH FELL
+BACK ON WULVERGHEM]
+
+The Germans were more successful to the south-east. After an intense
+bombardment they attacked, on October 30, from Saint-Yves to Wytschaete,
+capturing Saint-Yves and obtaining a footing in Messines, from which,
+however, they were immediately driven by a counter-attack.
+
+On October 31, the Germans, after concentrating enormous masses of
+troops between Oosttaverne and Roozebeek Canal, made a fresh attack. In
+the morning they gained a footing in the eastern outskirts of Messines,
+but could get no further, thanks to a counter-attack by three French
+battalions with twelve guns from St. Eloi.
+
+The Germans, however, redoubled their efforts, and towards noon, after a
+fierce struggle in the streets of Messines, the British cavalry were
+gradually forced back, but clung desperately to the western outskirts of
+the village. At about 3 p.m. a fierce struggle began for the recapture
+of the convent to the south of Messines, then in the enemy's hands. By
+night the British were in possession of the last houses west of
+Messines, the Germans holding the eastern crest.
+
+[Illustration: ON NOV. 2, THE FRENCH COUNTER-ATTACKED AND RETOOK THE
+MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE. THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A MASS ATTACK AGAINST
+GHELUVELT]
+
+During the night of October 31, the Messines-Wytschaete crest was again
+fiercely attacked. The Germans gained a footing in Wytschaete and broke
+the British line to the north of Messines. A withdrawal became
+necessary, and at dawn the line was set back as far as the western
+outskirts of Wulverghem.
+
+During the day of November 1, Wytschaete was retaken and lost again.
+
+French Zouaves, acting as reinforcements, held their ground doggedly in
+front of St. Eloi. The enemy offensive redoubled in intensity, and the
+situation became desperate. As a result of the flooding of the Yser, the
+German IIIrd Corps in the northern sector became available and joined in
+the assault.
+
+The French 14th Corps, hurriedly called up, counter-attacked furiously
+and succeeded in driving back the Germans and gaining a fresh footing in
+the western outskirts of Wytschaete. On November 2, the French were once
+more in possession of the western crest of Messines-Wytschaete.
+
+This check did not daunt the Germans, who, having just been reinforced
+from their Belgian garrisons, directed their efforts further to the
+north. The attack was made by compact masses of troops on the St.
+Eloi-Zwarteleen front, the movement coinciding with a thrust against
+Gheluvelt on the Menin-Ypres Road. At the latter point the front was
+momentarily broken, but furious counter-attacks re-established the
+original positions. The French troops which held the bend of the canal
+north-east of Hollebeke were overpowered and thrown back on
+Verbranden-Molen. A counter-attack by the 1st British Corps checked the
+enemy onrush, and after a magnificent defence the original line was
+almost entirely maintained.
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMANS CONTINUED THEIR FURIOUS ATTACKS UNTIL NOV.
+11, BUT FAILED TO REACH THEIR OBJECTIVE: YPRES]
+
+The battle continued to rage with increasing violence, the culminating
+point being reached on November 11. At dawn the Germans, after a
+terrific artillery preparation lasting several hours, attacked with the
+infantry of the Ist and IVth Brigades of the Prussian Guards. They
+succeeded in piercing the line in three places, and forced their way
+into the woods behind the trenches to a depth of rather more than two
+miles through the principal breach.
+
+They did not, however, reach their objective. Enfiladed by machine-gun
+fire, they were partly driven back into their trenches, after a bloody
+hand-to-hand struggle amid great confusion. The losses on both sides
+were very heavy, without any decisive result being attained.
+
+The weather, previously bad, now became a violent storm. During the
+night, under cover of the hurricane, the Prussian Guard broke through
+the Allies' front. Ypres--the prize on which the Kaiser had set his
+heart--seemed at last within the enemy's grasp.
+
+But the British, momentarily demoralized, quickly rallied and drove back
+the Prussians in a heroic charge.
+
+The struggle continued fiercely during the following days, the Germans
+launching numerous attacks with compact masses of troops. The deep lines
+of infantry, led by young officers, whose undeniable courage did not
+compensate for their lack of experience, were mown down.
+
+Exasperated by this check, the enemy set about to destroy the town which
+they were unable to take. On November 10, German aeroplanes dropped
+incendiary bombs, and thenceforth the bombardment was conducted
+methodically both by aeroplanes and by guns firing from ten to twenty
+shells per minute.
+
+Up to the 13th, the town had suffered comparatively little. The Cloth
+Hall had only been hit by two shells (on the 5th) and by a few bombs.
+But in the disastrous days of October 22, 23 and afterwards, the
+bombardment became more intense and better regulated. The Germans
+brought up an armoured train to Houthem, which, directed by observation
+balloons, rained incendiary and explosive shells on the town. On the
+evening of the 23rd, all that remained of the Place des Halles was a
+heap of ruins.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOTH HALL IN FLAMES (NOV. 22, 1914)
+_The Germans, unable to capture Ypres, destroyed it methodically by
+shell-fire (photo, Antony, Ypres)_.]
+
+[Illustration: DURING THE WINTER MONTHS LOG-ROADS WERE NECESSARY FOR THE
+LORRIES AND ARTILLERY, AND EVEN THESE SANK IN THE BOTTOMLESS MUD]
+
+
+=Period of Comparative Calm=
+(December, 1914--April, 1915.)
+
+Having failed to pierce the front in the neighbourhood of Ypres, the
+Germans abandoned their attacks in close formation, and operations in
+this sector were soon limited to incessant artillery actions,
+occasionally followed by fierce surprise attacks at isolated points.
+
+Some of the attacks during this period of comparative calm are worthy of
+note.
+
+On December 10, the Germans launched three attacks against the British
+troops in front of St. Eloi, only one of which gave any result. The
+enemy captured the first trenches of the Allies' line, but were driven
+out on the following night by a counter-attack.
+
+Other attempts were made during the following week, with the same
+negative result.
+
+On December 17, the Germans attacked in force to the north-west of
+Ypres. Zonnebeke, Langemarck and Bixschoote were bitterly disputed, and
+the two last-named villages remained in the hands of the enemy.
+
+These battles were fought in a sea of mud formed by the rain and the
+flooding of the land by the Belgians.
+
+One Colonel wrote: "The ground on which we are fighting is awful. There
+is a crust about a foot thick which is comparatively good, but
+underneath there is bottomless mud. Men standing in trenches four or
+five feet deep are almost unable to get out, and gradually sink until it
+takes several men to extricate them."
+
+The first fortnight of January was comparatively quiet. During the
+second fortnight a strong German attack broke down before the front-line
+trenches near Bixschoote.
+
+The continual rains in this previously flooded district rendered all
+activity impossible, save that of the artillery, which continued to
+bombard unceasingly during February.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT-LINE DURING THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1914--1915]
+
+It was only in the first half of March that the opposing armies became
+really active. From the 5th to 11th, powerful German attacks were
+repulsed between Dixmude and the Lys.
+
+The British, on their part, were not inactive during this period. They
+fought a vigorous action between the Lys and La Bassée, captured
+Neuve-Chapelle after prolonged strenuous fighting, and took a thousand
+prisoners, including several officers.
+
+As the weather conditions improved, the number of local engagements
+increased. In an enemy attack on St. Eloi, between March 12 and 18, the
+British first lost and then recaptured that village. Further south,
+during the first half of April, fierce engagements were fought without
+decisive result in front of the villages of Kemmel and Wulverghem.
+
+The Germans continued to bombard Ypres with large calibre shells,
+heaping ruins upon ruins.
+
+
+
+
+=THE SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES=
+(April--May--June, 1915.)
+
+
+The long period of enforced inaction during the winter months, and the
+depressing waiting in the icy mud, were now succeeded first by local
+enemy attacks, then by a fresh powerfully organised attempt by the
+Germans to capture Ypres.
+
+The battle began on April 14 with a strong unsuccessful thrust to the
+north of Ypres. The British replied by attacking Hill 60.
+
+On April 17, after the firing of a powerful mine, the hill was
+brilliantly captured, and in spite of bitter counter-attacks on the 18th
+by the Germans, who fully realised the importance of this _point
+d'appui_, the position remained in the hands of the British.
+
+Meanwhile, a new German offensive was being prepared, which their High
+Command believed would prove irresistible, thanks to the use of a new
+weapon, as murderous as it was unexpected.
+
+Although Germany had signed the clause of the Hague Convention (July 29,
+1899), which prohibits the use of =asphyxiating gas=, the unscrupulous
+leaders now made use for the first time of this treacherous weapon.
+
+In accordance with their usual practice, they claimed that the British
+used the gas first, and that they used it only in reprisal. Needless to
+say, this assertion was pure fiction.
+
+On April 22 the front ran as follows: Belgian troops held the canal; the
+French 45th Colonial Infantry Division, resting on the canal, and
+passing through Bixschoote, linked up with the troops of the Canadian
+3rd Brigade.
+
+Throughout the morning of April 22, the Germans bombarded the first
+lines, while the roads behind were swept by the fire of the heavy
+artillery, including 16½-in. guns. The bombardment continued into the
+afternoon.
+
+Suddenly, at about 4 p.m., there rose from the German trenches, opposite
+the lines occupied by the French Colonial troops, a strange opaque cloud
+of greenish-yellow fumes. A light breeze from the north-east wafted this
+cloud towards the French, who, a few moments later, fell gasping for
+breath in terrible agony. Terror spread through the ranks, especially
+among the African troops. A panic inevitably followed, which quickly
+spread from the front to the rear lines.
+
+Behind that cloud of gas the German troops advanced, protected by a
+heavy barrage and intense machine-gun fire.
+
+The French Colonial troops fell back several miles towards Ypres, and
+the Germans took Steenstraat, Het Sas and Pilkem, together with many
+prisoners.
+
+The withdrawal of the French uncovered the left flank of the Canadians,
+who were on their right, and they in turn were obliged to fall back,
+leaving four guns in the hands of the Germans.
+
+In the afternoon the Canadians, rallying, took the offensive, recovered
+part of the lost ground between Steenstraat and Langemarck, together
+with their guns, and inflicted a sanguinary defeat on the Germans.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST GERMAN POISON-GAS ATTACK _(April 24, 1915.)_]
+
+Further north, on the Yser Canal, the enemy took advantage of the
+disorder caused by the gas to cross at Steenstraat Bridge, and reached
+the village of Lizerne near Zuydschoote, where they strongly entrenched
+themselves. But Zouaves, aided by Belgians, counter-attacked in force,
+retook Lizerne, and advanced along the canal.
+
+The greatest German effort was made on April 25 against the British
+lines.
+
+The attacking troops had been grouped on both sides of the railway from
+Ypres to Roulers, near Broodseinde, but in spite of fierce attacks they
+could not break the British lines, and once more their dastardly methods
+failed them.
+
+At the end of April the front was fixed as follows: from Steenstraat the
+line followed the canal as far as Het Sas Bridgehead and then passed
+along the right bank to Pilkem (on the opposite bank). Here it turned at
+right-angles eastwards, as far as Soetart Farm (on the Ypres-Langemarck
+Road), turned south-east through Wieltje, then west of Hooge, finally
+linking up with Hill 60 and St. Eloi.
+
+The Germans revenged themselves for their failure by again bombarding
+Ypres.
+
+The shelling, which had ceased for a time prior to the offensive, began
+again with renewed intensity. An enormous quantity of heavy artillery
+had been brought up, and large calibre shells were continuously rained
+on the unhappy city, causing a panic. The few remaining inhabitants fled
+terror-stricken along the Poperinghe Road.
+
+During the last week of April the battle continued with great
+bitterness, but in spite of the enemy's use of gas, the Allies gradually
+retook the lost ground. Then followed a fresh period of calm, broken
+from time to time by fierce attacks, of which that of May 5 on Hill 60
+was the most important.
+
+On May 8 the battle broke out afresh in the region lying between
+Poelcappelle and the Ypres-Menin Road. The Germans pierced the British
+line at several points, notably between St. Julien and Frezenberg, and
+reached Wieltje, but after bitter hand-to-hand fighting, they were
+driven back to their trenches at the point of the bayonet.
+
+The next day the attack was renewed in close formation, under the
+protection of an intense bombardment of gas shells, but the British, now
+provided with masks, stood firm. The German columns, mown down by
+shrapnel and machine-gun fire, were unable to reach the British
+trenches.
+
+The fighting died down during the next few days, on account of rain and
+wind storms, which made all movement impossible, but began again on the
+24th without, however, any appreciable advantage for the Germans, who
+once more took the offensive.
+
+Another period of calm set in, and this Second Battle of Ypres--the
+second serious check of the Germans before the town--ended in a
+successful operation by the British, who, on June 2, captured the
+Château of Hooge on the Menin Road, two miles from Ypres.
+
+
+=Long period of comparative calm. Isolated actions. Artillery activity
+on both sides=
+(June, 1915--June, 1917.)
+
+These weeks of fierce, bloody fighting were followed by a long period of
+comparative calm, the operations having been transferred to other parts
+of the front (Argonne, Artois, Champagne). Nevertheless, local actions
+took place from time to time without any appreciable result. From July
+22 to 26 the British, after successful mining operations, advanced their
+line along the Ypres-Menin Road, in the neighbourhood of Hooge Château.
+
+After being driven from the outskirts of the château by a gas attack on
+August 7, they retook the lost ground on the 8th and advanced beyond it.
+
+Towards the middle of September there was a rather severe bombardment
+near Steenstraat and Ramscappelle, while Ypres received 300 more shells.
+
+During the latter half of August an Order of the Day to the German
+Armies in Flanders stated: "_Our work is practically finished in the
+East, and we are on the point of beginning in the West; peace in October
+is certain._"
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT LINE FROM JUNE 1915 TO JUNE 1917]
+
+In December, a new offensive by the Germans failed, despite the use of
+gas. There was unusual artillery activity, all the heavy guns, both
+German and British, being brought into action.
+
+On December 30, Field-Marshal French received the title of "Viscount of
+Ypres," in commemoration of the vigorous British defence of that city.
+
+On February 12, 1916, the Germans launched fresh attacks in the west,
+near Steenstraat and Het Sas, and attempted to cross the Yser. After
+being smartly checked, they furiously attacked the British trenches
+between the Ypres-Comines Canal and the railway, and succeeded in
+capturing one of them for a length of 600 yards. This trench, on
+account of its frequently changing hands, came to be known as the
+"International Trench." A few days later (March 2) the British retook
+it.
+
+The struggle now became limited to a continuous artillery duel, with
+occasional surprise infantry attacks. The hamlet of St. Eloi to the
+south was the scene of constant fighting for the possession of the
+shell-craters.
+
+On April 19, the fighting assumed a more serious character. An
+unimportant German attack near St. Eloi and along the Ypres-Langemarck
+Road was the prelude to operations by considerable enemy forces, having
+for their objective the great undulating slopes between Hill 60 and
+Armentières.
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH DEFENCE WORKS IN FRONT OF YPRES]
+
+The first of these attacks took place on April 25, 1916, but failed. Two
+days later a night attack with gas was repulsed with hand grenades.
+
+A third attempt was made in May, 1916, more to the south towards
+Armentières, on the sides of the road connecting that town with Ypres.
+The British, entrenched in a wood near Ploegsteert Village, were
+assailed by three German columns, and were only able to repulse two of
+them. The third took the position, but Scottish troops counter-attacked
+and drove the Germans back.
+
+The most important of the enemy attacks during this period took place on
+June 1. The preparations included a concentration of troops between
+Tournai and Baisieux, from May 21 to 27, supported by guns of all
+calibres. The attack was carried out in considerable strength between
+Hooge and the Ypres-Comines Railway.
+
+The artillery preparation began at 9.15 a.m. on June 1, and at noon the
+first assaulting wave entered the front-line trenches. The battle died
+down for a few minutes in the evening, only to break out again during
+the night. The Germans succeeded in crushing in the front to a depth of
+some 700 yards in the direction of Zillebeke, but the next day a portion
+of the lost ground was retaken by the Canadians.
+
+[Illustration: THE FLANDERS BATTLEFIELD IN WINTER]
+
+On June 6, a fresh assault began, preceded by the usual bombardment, and
+further assisted by mine explosions. The front line trenches to the
+north of Hooge were lost; but on the 13th the valiant Canadians, who had
+previously recaptured the original positions abandoned on June 1,
+resumed the offensive, and re-established the lines from the southern
+part of Sanctuary Wood to a point 1,000 yards north of Hill 60.
+
+Throughout the days of June 26 and 28 there was an extremely violent
+bombardment, to which the British guns replied effectively. The Germans,
+whose losses from the attacks and this artillery fire were very heavy,
+declared: "_Belgium will be our grave._"
+
+These were the last operations in which the enemy took the offensive.
+All their efforts had failed, whether their object had been to turn the
+left flank of the Allies, to break the lines around Ypres, or merely to
+take the town.
+
+
+
+
+=THE ALLIED OFFENSIVE OF 1917=
+
+
+_Series of powerful attacks with limited objectives. From June to
+October, the stages of the offensive were punctuated by breathing
+spaces, during which the conquered ground was consolidated, in view of
+counter-attacks, and the artillery brought up, to prepare the following
+attack._
+
+
+=Preliminary Operations=
+=The Capture of Messines Ridge by the British=
+(June 7, 1917.)
+
+From July, 1916, to May, 1917, the Ypres sector remained comparatively
+quiet. There were few attacks on either side, but the guns thundered day
+and night. It may be said that the British were "trying their hand."
+
+In June, 1917, certain at last of their strength, they made their first
+big effort, and step by step, in accordance with a carefully worked-out
+plan, they completely liberated Ypres by a series of offensives lasting
+four months, and broke the iron circle which, for two years, had been
+strangling the town.
+
+For several months before the battle, the attack on Messines Ridge had
+been carefully planned by means of a model in relief, situated in the
+open air and covering an area about equal to that of a tennis court.
+Here were reproduced in relief all the contours and peculiarities of the
+ground. Everything, down to an isolated tree trunk, was reproduced.
+
+British effort took definite shape for the first time on June 7. The
+attack, planned by Sir Douglas Haig, had for its objective the capture
+of the crests between Wytschaete and Messines, which the Germans had
+seized on November 1, 1914.
+
+For seven days an artillery preparation of incredible intensity hammered
+the villages of Messines and Wytschaete, until they had completely
+disappeared.
+
+On June 7, about an hour before dawn, at 3.10 a.m., the sky was lit up
+by an intense light, while a series of terrific explosions were heard;
+nineteen mines, some of whose galleries had taken more than a year to
+bore, exploded along the enemy positions.
+
+The Germans were taken completely by surprise, and gave way before the
+impetuous onrush. In a few minutes their first line was carried along
+the whole of the attacked front. Then, almost without a pause, the
+British troops attacked the western slopes of the Messines-Wytschaete
+Ridge, and by about 6.30 a.m. held the crests along the whole line.
+
+The village of Messines offered resistance, but was captured by the New
+Zealanders in a vigorous attack, as was also the village of Wytschaete.
+By noon the second stage of the offensive was about to begin.
+
+Descending the eastern slopes of the ridge the British carried a second
+strong position, then attacked a fresh line--chiefly in Rayon Wood--in
+which were large shelters of reinforced concrete, each capable of
+holding a company. At about 4 p.m. Oosttaverne Village, lying west of
+the centre of the position, fell. At sun-down the day's objectives had
+been completely attained, and the advance at certain points exceeded two
+miles in depth.
+
+This fine success was due to the carefully detailed preparation carried
+out under the orders of General Herbert Plumer, to the destructive
+effect of the mines, to the violence and precision of the bombardment,
+to the excellent co-operation of the Air Forces, and to the harmonious
+working together of all arms. The tanks rendered excellent service.
+
+[Illustration: THE BRITISH OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 7, 1917, AGAINST MESSINES
+RIDGE, PRECEDED BY THE FIRING OF NINETEEN ENORMOUS MINES]
+
+The Germans made an effort to rally, but their first counter-attacks,
+near Oosttaverne and to the east of Messines, failed.
+
+At about 7 p.m., on June 8, a fresh German counter-attack was launched
+along the whole of the new front between St. Yvon and the Ypres-Comines
+Canal. Other engagements were fought to the east of Messines and near
+Klein Zillebeke. Although reinforced by fresh divisions, the German
+attack was broken by midnight.
+
+Resuming their offensive, the British, on the morning of June 11,
+captured the whole system of German trenches, nearly a mile in length,
+situated near Poterie Farm, to the south-east of Messines. The next day
+fresh progress was made along nearly two miles of the front to the
+north-east of Messines, and the hamlet of Gapaard occupied.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT LINE BEFORE THE ALLIES' OFFENSIVE OF JULY 31,
+1917]
+
+After the offensive--limited in scope--of June 7, which reduced the
+salient, south of Ypres, the British continued to press the enemy.
+Frequent raids kept the Germans on the alert and secured important
+_points d'appui_.
+
+On June 14, the Germans were forced to abandon an important part of
+their first-line trenches between the Lys and St. Yvon. On the same day
+a considerable advance was made east of Ploegsteert Wood, and in the
+immediate neighbourhood of Gapaard Village.
+
+During the night of the 14th a double attack was made: one to the east
+of Messines; the other along both banks of the Ypres-Comines Canal, to
+the north-west of Hollebeke. These attacks gave the British a large
+number of trenches, which they held in spite of fierce counter-attacks.
+
+To sum up, during the latter half of June an advance of 500 to 1,000
+yards in depth was made along the whole front line between Klein
+Zillebeke and the Lys.
+
+The month of July passed in raids, patrols, and reconnoitring,
+preparatory to the new offensive of July 31.
+
+This far-reaching offensive, which lasted from July 31 to the end of
+October, may be divided into six successive phases, and ended with the
+liberation of Ypres.
+
+
+=First Phase=
+(July 31--August 15.)
+
+
+=Capture of the First and Second German Lines=
+
+When the battle began, the firing line extended from Dixmude, along the
+Yser Canal, then followed the Yperlée River, on the left bank of the
+Yser Canal. It next passed through Lizerne to Het Sas, whence it
+followed the canal to Boesinghe. Opposite this village the line crossed
+the canal and the Ypres-Bruges railway, then passed the Quatre-Chemins
+cross-roads, descending thence to Essenfarm and Kruppfarm, which lie on
+either side of the Pilkem Road. Continuing west of Wieltje Village, it
+passed south of Verlorenhoek Château, skirted Verlorenhoek Village, and
+descended west of Hooge, after crossing the Ypres-Roulers railway. It
+next skirted the northern part of Sanctuaire Wood, then entered the
+latter, coming out to the south of Zwateleen. From there, the line
+extended southwards, passing west of Hollebeke, east of Gapaard, and
+skirting the eastern fringe of Ploegsteert Wood.
+
+During the fortnight preceding the offensive, changes were made in the
+order of the forces holding the line.
+
+British troops relieved the Belgians and French who had been operating
+near the coast, in the direction of Lombaertzyde. Moreover, the French
+forces, placed at the disposal of General Anthoine, had taken up
+positions between the Belgians and the British from Reninghe to
+Elverdinghe.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST STAGE OF THE ALLIES' ADVANCE FROM JULY 31 TO AUGUST
+11, 1917 (31/7--11/8)]
+
+At 4 a.m. on July 31, in spite of unfavourable weather, the British
+troops, under the command of Generals Plumer and Gough, co-operating
+with the Franco-Belgian troops led by General Anthoine, attacked in
+force along a front of fourteen miles from Dixmude to the Lys.
+
+In the French sector, the greater part of the troops had crossed the
+Yser during the night. The artillery then pounded the first and second
+German lines, and as soon as the range had been lengthened, the infantry
+dashed forward. At the scheduled hour the first and second enemy lines
+from Dixmude to Bixschoote, to a depth in places of almost two miles,
+were occupied, while Bixschoote, Steenstraat, and Kortekeer Inn fell.
+
+The British were on the right of the French. The Ypres-Roulers Road
+formed the axis on which their attack turned. On the left of this road
+they pierced the German lines to a depth of nearly two miles, and
+occupied the bridges over the Steenbeek Canal. Several villages were
+captured: Verlorenhoek, Frezenberg, St. Julien, Pilkem, in addition to a
+large number of fortified farms and woods.
+
+On the right of the Ypres-Roulers Road, the British encountered a very
+strong resistance. The ground, more broken than that on the other part
+of the battle-front, and also intersected with woods, enabled the
+Germans to keep several _points d'appui_. Despite the fiercest fighting,
+it was impossible to drive them out of part of the second position on
+the right wing. Nevertheless, an advance of about a mile in depth was
+made in this sector, and the village of Hooge and Sanctuary Wood were
+captured.
+
+On their extreme right the British had captured Hollebeke Village early
+that morning.
+
+The next day (August 1), the Germans replied but feebly in the French
+sector, while in the British sector, in spite of the rain, they
+counter-attacked with the greatest fury.
+
+Near St. Julien the line fell back slightly, but along the rest of the
+front the positions were fully maintained.
+
+The first phase in the liberation of Ypres was over.
+
+In forty-eight hours, the offensive, methodically prepared and carried
+out, had attained the objectives, given the Allies more than 6,000
+prisoners and an immense quantity of stores.
+
+During the following days, in spite of torrential rain, the Germans
+attempted unsuccessfully to retake the lost ground, some of the attacks
+being particularly fierce.
+
+In the sector held by the French troops there was little more than a
+heavy bombardment on either side. French raids on fortified farms held
+by the Germans resulted in slight progress being made to the north of
+Bixschoote and Kortekeer Inn.
+
+The British, on the other hand, had to face strong counter-attacks. On
+August 1, the Germans succeeded in regaining a footing in their old
+advanced positions along the Ypres-Roulers Road. On the 2nd, the British
+lines between St. Julien and the Ypres-Bruges railway were attacked in
+force. The village of St. Julien was lost, but was finally retaken on
+the 3rd. On the 4th, the British line was advanced beyond St. Julien.
+
+On August 5, during a fresh attack on both banks of the Ypres-Comines
+Canal, the Germans retook Hollebeke, but were driven out almost
+immediately.
+
+On the night of the 5th they again attacked Hollebeke, but without
+success.
+
+On the 10th, an interesting operation was carried out by the British.
+The front attacked was shorter than in the offensive of July 31, and
+extended about a mile and a half to the south of the Ypres-Roulers Road.
+
+Early in the morning the British were in complete possession of Westhoek
+Village, after which a violent struggle took place for the high ground
+round the village. By evening all the objectives had been attained,
+including the capture of Westhoek Crest and Glencorse Wood.
+
+August 12 was marked by six enemy counter-attacks, which caused a slight
+withdrawal of the line to the south of Glencorse Wood. Everywhere else
+the Allies' positions were fully maintained.
+
+
+=Second Phase=
+(_August 15--September 19, 1917._)
+
+The Allies resumed their offensive on August 15 along a front of some
+nine miles, from the Yser Canal to the Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+The attack began at 4.45 a.m. The French attacked on both sides of the
+Steenstraat-Dixmude Road, crossing the Steenbeek stream in the morning.
+Driegrachten Bridgehead was taken after hand-to-hand fighting, while in
+the evening the whole of the strip of ground between the Yser and the
+Martjet-Vaart Canal was in the hands of the French.
+
+The British operating on the right of the French rapidly attained their
+first objectives, then vigorously following up this first success, they
+took by assault the village of Langemarck and its strong defences,
+advanced 800 yards beyond the village and captured the whole system of
+trenches.
+
+To the south, along the Ypres-Menin Road, the struggle was more
+stubborn, the Germans resisting desperately. A series of furious
+counter-attacks enabled them finally to preserve their line practically
+intact in this district.
+
+The day's captures included more than 2,000 prisoners, of whom thirty
+were officers, and twenty-four guns, including several of large calibre.
+
+Desperate fighting continued until September 19 without, however,
+altering the positions established on August 15.
+
+On August 19, the British, by small local attacks, advanced about 500
+yards on the Ypres-Poelcappelle Road and captured several fortified
+farms.
+
+The Germans made desperate efforts to hold the high wooded ground
+comprising Polygone and Inverness Woods, near the Ypres-Roulers Road.
+
+On the 22nd the fighting increased in fierceness. The British advanced
+only with great difficulty, and the eastern edges of Inverness Wood were
+hotly contested.
+
+In these combats, from which neither side gained any decisive advantage,
+the Germans made use for the first time of liquid fire, thanks to which
+innovation they succeeded temporarily in retaking the north-western
+corner of Inverness Wood, but were soon driven out.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND STAGE: THE ATTACK OF AUGUST 15 (15/8)]
+
+Further north, the British, on August 24 and 25, advanced their lines to
+the north of St. Julien and Langemarck.
+
+During the following days, persistent rains prevented any further
+operations. Infantry actions were now succeeded by continuous
+bombardments on both sides, and by isolated raids.
+
+
+=Third Phase=
+(_September 20--October 3, 1917._)
+
+On September 20 a fresh offensive was begun along the whole front from
+Langemarck to the Ypres-Menin Road, a distance of eight miles.
+
+The part assigned for the French troops under General Anthoine was
+merely to protect the left wing of the British Army which, pivoting on
+Hollebeke, was to wheel and advance its marching wing in a direction at
+right-angles to the Zonnebeke-Gheluvelt line.
+
+All the objectives were attained at an early hour.
+
+Inverness Wood, which had been hotly disputed for the six previous
+weeks, was taken by the London troops.
+
+The Australians retook by assault Glencorse Wood--lost a few days
+before--and Nonnes Wood. The Scottish and South African Brigades
+captured the fortified farms of Vampire and Borry, and the Potsdam and
+Anzac Redoubts. Lancashire Territorials carried Iberian Farm and next
+day (the 21st) Gallipoli Farm.
+
+The British then attacked the second German lines. On the right the
+Territorials[1] fought violent engagements to the north of the bend in
+the Ypres-Comines Canal, near Klein Zillebeke, and in the vicinity of
+the position known as Tower Hamlet.
+
+In the centre, progress was more important. The ground hereabouts rises
+in a small plateau about 220 feet in height, which dominates the whole
+battlefield and extends in two long spurs: one running north-east
+towards Zonnebeke, the other southwards towards Menin. The Germans had
+fortified these positions very strongly and withdrawn their main line of
+defence to the eastern edge of the plateau, _i.e._ opposite the side by
+which the enemy must attack. This line protected the village of
+Zevenkote and the western edge of Polygone Wood, leaving in front the
+woods of Nonnes, Glencorse and Inverness, and Herenthage Park, the
+eastern edge of which latter it followed. The woods were strongly
+fortified, and the British had twice previously (July 31 and August 16)
+vainly endeavoured to capture them.
+
+It was the Northern troops and the Australians who carried these
+positions, advancing to a depth of 1,700 yards and taking Veldhoek and
+the western part of Polygone Wood--the principal centre of the German
+resistance. Further north, Zevenkote was captured and the London
+Territorials, supported by the Highlanders, seized a second line of
+farms.
+
+In the evening of September 20, the front ran approximately as follows:
+from Rose Farm (700 yards west of Poelcappelle) to Fokker Farm (on the
+eastern edges of Zevenkote); across the western part of Polygone
+Wood--including Veldhoek--then to the east of Herenthage Château, and
+ending at Hollebeke.
+
+The Germans, in their costly and unsuccessful efforts to retake the lost
+positions, suffered exceedingly heavy losses, without gaining any
+advantage.
+
+On the morning of the 26th the British continued their attack along a
+five-mile front, from the east of St. Julien to Tower Hamlet near the
+Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+The rest of Tower Hamlet Spur was captured, in addition to the whole of
+Polygone Wood.
+
+Further north, a fresh advance of 1,700 yards was made, and the strongly
+fortified village of Zonnebeke remained in the hands of the British.
+
+Besides the gain in ground, more than 4,000 prisoners were taken.
+
+The Germans, by a series of powerful counter-attacks, sought to win back
+the lost positions. On the evening of the 26th, four attacks were made
+in the neighbourhood of Tower Hamlet.
+
+[Illustration: THIRD STAGE: BRITISH ADVANCE FROM SEPT. 20 TO SEPT. 26
+(20/9--26/9)]
+
+On the 27th they attacked the village of Zonnebeke, while on the morning
+of the 30th three attacks were made, without result, on both sides of
+the Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+On October 1 the Germans attacked three times on a front of 1,700 yards
+to the south of the Ypres-Menin Road, while the same night two fresh
+assaults gave no appreciable result.
+
+[Illustration: BATTERY OF BRITISH HEAVY HOWITZERS IN ACTION]
+
+
+=Fourth Phase=
+(_October 4--8, 1917._)
+
+The increasing activity of the Germans did not in any way prevent the
+British from preparing a fresh offensive. On the morning of October 4,
+English divisions, supported by Welsh, Scottish and Irish battalions,
+attacked along a front of ten miles, between Tower Hamlet and the north
+of Langemarck. The Germans, disconcerted and surprised by this
+unexpected attack--they were themselves preparing to attack with five
+divisions--fell back from the beginning of the action.
+
+[Illustration: PART OF THE GROUND COVERED BY THE OFFENSIVE, SEEN FROM AN
+AEROPLANE]
+
+A rapid advance of one-half to nearly two miles was made.
+
+South of the Menin Road the objectives were attained almost at the
+outset.
+
+To the north of the same road the enemy resistance was more stubborn.
+Nevertheless, the villages of Reutel and Polderhoek, together with the
+château of that name, were captured, freeing at the same time the top of
+the crest, whose eastern slopes run down to the village of Bacelaere.
+Further north, the Australians captured Noordhemhoek and
+Molenaarelsthoek, reached Broodseinde Crest, and thus advanced beyond
+the Bacelaere-Broodseinde Road.
+
+On the other side of the Ypres-Roulers railway, the British drew
+appreciably nearer Passchendaele, captured Gravenstafel and a certain
+number of fortified farms, and approached the western outskirts of
+Poelcappelle.
+
+[Illustration: FOURTH STAGE: THE 4TH OCTOBER, 1917 (4/10)]
+
+In spite of the violent storm which was then raging, all the objectives
+were attained and the line of crests conquered.
+
+Owing to the very large numbers of troops massed on the front at the
+time of the attack, the German losses, which included 4,500 prisoners,
+were particularly heavy.
+
+[Illustration: A DIFFICULT CROSSING. BRITISH AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS]
+
+
+=Fifth Phase=
+(_October 9--12, 1917._)
+
+To completely clear Ypres, a few strongly fortified villages beyond the
+line of crests captured on October 4 had still to be taken. These formed
+the objective of the attacks of October 9 and 12.
+
+On October 9, in spite of the appalling weather, the British attacked
+again on a front stretching from St. Janshoek (a mile north of
+Bixschoote) to the south-east of Broodseinde. The French were holding a
+front rather less than two miles in length to the north of Bixschoote,
+and had for objective the southern edge of Houthulst Forest.
+
+The signal to attack was given at 5.30 a.m. Despite the rain, which had
+been falling incessantly for several days, the infantry crossed first
+the canal in flood, then a veritable sea of mud, and captured Mangelaere
+and Veldhoek. They advanced rather more than a mile and reached the
+south-western edge of Houthulst Forest, after having captured numerous
+strongly fortified farms and blockhouses.
+
+The British sector extended from the north-west of Poelcappelle to
+Broodseinde, and formed a front of some seven miles.
+
+On the right, the Manchester Regiment and the Lancashire Fusiliers
+advanced from 1,600 to 2,000 yards in the direction of Passchendaele,
+and carried the line beyond the crests occupied on October 4.
+
+In the centre, many farms, redoubts and blockhouses were captured.
+
+[Illustration: FIFTH STAGE: THE BRITISH ATTACK HOUTHULST FOREST AND
+APPROACH PASSCHENDAELE]
+
+To the north, the capture of Poelcappelle was completed, the British
+joining hands with the French on the outskirts of Houthulst Forest.
+
+More than 2,000 prisoners were taken.
+
+[Illustration: SIXTH STAGE: BY NOV. 6, YPRES WAS COMPLETELY CLEARED]
+
+
+=Sixth Phase=
+(_October 22--November 6, 1917._)
+
+After a short rest, during which the new positions were consolidated--in
+view of enemy counter-attacks--the battle broke out afresh on October
+22.
+
+The attack of the 22nd was, in reality, only of secondary importance,
+but thanks to the progress made, it was possible to carry out the
+operations of the 26th on a larger scale than originally intended.
+
+In order definitely to consolidate the captured positions, it was still
+necessary to take the village of Passchendaele, which stands on the high
+ground dominating the plain of Flanders to the east of Ypres and from
+which Roulers is visible.
+
+A fresh offensive was accordingly begun at dawn on October 26.
+
+In the French sector, the troops, after wading through the St. Janshoek
+and the Corverbeek streams with the water up to their shoulders, stormed
+the village of Draeibank, Papegoed Wood, and many fortified farms.
+
+The next day fresh progress, to a depth of more than a mile, was made on
+both sides of the Ypres-Dixmude Road, along a front of two and a half
+miles. The villages of Hoekske, Aschhoop, Merckem, and Kippe were
+captured, and the western edges of Houthulst Forest reached.
+
+On the 28th, the advance continued on the left, in co-operation with the
+Belgians. The French took the village of Luyghem, and the Belgians
+Vyfhuyzen.
+
+The British, on their part, advanced in the direction of Passchendaele,
+as far as the southern slopes of the village, capturing a whole series
+of positions east of Poelcappelle.
+
+On October 30, British and Canadians continued their attacks, and in
+spite of the enemy's desperate resistance, reached the first houses of
+Passchendaele.
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH TROOPS PASSING IN FRONT OF THE RUINS OF YPRES
+CLOTH HALL]
+
+On the following days they improved their positions. The struggle at
+this juncture was very bitter, Hindenburg having shortly before issued
+an order stating: "_Passchendaele must be held at all costs, and retaken
+if lost._"
+
+On the morning of November 6, the British resumed the offensive. The
+Canadians, after bloody engagements to the north and north-west of
+Passchendaele, captured the hamlets of Mosselmarkt and Goudberg, and
+finally carried Passchendaele.
+
+On the evening of November 6, Ypres was completely cleared; and from the
+top of the Passchendaele Hills the valiant British troops could see,
+stretching away to the horizon, the Plain of Flanders, which had been
+hidden from the Allies since October, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: PREPARATION OF THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF APRIL 9, 1918. THE
+OBJECTIVE]
+
+[Illustration: SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+
+=The German Offensive of 1918=
+
+The front was quiet during the winter of 1917--1918, but 1918 opened
+darkly for the Allies.
+
+The Treaty of Brest-Litowsk had sealed the defection of Russia, while
+Roumania, reduced to her own resources, was forced to sign the Treaty of
+Bukarest. Lastly, invaded Italy was only just recovering from the
+disaster at Caporetto. Already, in spite of the terms of the
+Brest-Litowsk Treaty, huge masses of troops, guns and stores were being
+despatched to the Western Front. The blow fell on March 21, 1918.
+
+The objectives, three in number, were the smashing of the British right
+wing at its junction with the French; the separation of the two Allied
+army groups; the driving back to the Channel coast of the two British
+armies, after they had been surrounded on the south. The long-coveted
+road "_Nach Paris_" would then at last be open.
+
+But in spite of their colossal efforts the Germans were held.
+
+By March 31, the German Imperial forces were exhausted, and General Foch
+was able to say: "_The wave has spent itself on the beach._" The peril
+seemed to be averted.
+
+But the respite was only a short one. The German attack before Amiens
+was scarcely stayed (April 6) when the battle suddenly broke out again.
+From the Arras sector to La Bassée the whole line was ablaze as far as
+the Lys. While, in the first German offensive the British right had
+suffered severely, it was against the left wing of the same army that
+the new blow was struck.
+
+The new offensive, although quickly prepared, was even more violent than
+the first.
+
+On April 9, when the attack began, the German battle-front between the
+Lys and La Bassée was held by twenty-one divisions in line and six in
+reserve, under the command of Von Quast (VIth Army).
+
+Of these twenty-seven divisions only seven were in line on March 28.
+
+Ten divisions were hurriedly brought up from the Belgian front (IVth
+Army--Von Arnim), which was holding the sector from the Lys to the
+Channel. Five others were despatched from the Artois front, and, lastly,
+five divisions were taken from General Ludendorff's general reserve.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 1: French: troupes des comtés = county regiments.]
+
+[Illustration: ON APRIL 9--20, 1918, THE GERMANS BROKE THROUGH THE
+ALLIES' FRONT, SOUTH OF YPRES, AND ADVANCED TO NIEPPE FOREST AND THE
+CHAIN OF THE FLANDERS HILLS]
+
+
+
+
+=THE BATTLE OF THE FLANDERS HILLS=
+
+
+=The Break-Through=
+(_April 9, 1918._)
+
+The Germans began the attack on the morning of April 9, after an intense
+bombardment with gas shells, and under cover of a dense fog reached the
+first machine-guns. The sector was held by Portuguese troops, wedged in
+between the British, from Bois-Grenier to Neuve-Chapelle.
+
+On the whole length of front attacked, between La Bassée and
+Armentières, in the Plain of Flanders, the only natural obstacles are
+the rivers and canals. From the beginning of the battle the Portuguese
+were thrown into disorder by the extreme violence of the attack.
+
+The twenty-one German shock divisions attacked in five columns: to the
+south, the first column in the direction of Givenchy; the second
+(General Kraevel), in front of Festubert; the third (Von Bernhardi)
+marched against La Couture and Richebourg-St.-Waast; the Carlowitz
+Corps, forming the fourth column, advanced against Estaires in the
+direction of Laventie; further north, the fifth column attacked in the
+direction of Fleurbaix, outflanking Bois Grenier and Armentières on the
+west.
+
+Under the pressure of the attack, a depression was formed in the line.
+Fleurbaix, Laventie, Richebourg-St.-Waast and Neuve-Chapelle were lost,
+and the Germans reached the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur Ferry.
+To the north of the pocket the Allies resisted successfully at
+Fleurbaix; to the south, Givenchy, after a desperate struggle, remained
+in the hands of the British.
+
+On the following day the German troops, continuing the push towards the
+centre, succeeded in crossing the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur
+Ferry.
+
+The battle extended northwards and the IVth Army (Von Arnim) attacked
+between Armentières and Ploegsteert with the Eberhardt, Marschall and
+Sieger Corps.
+
+The push continued on the 11th, and Armentières, outflanked on the north
+and south, smashed by the shells and drenched with gas, had to be
+evacuated.
+
+On their left, the Germans, after crossing the Lawe, north of Locon, two
+miles from Béthune, captured Neuf-Berquin and Merville.
+
+Givenchy, held by the British 55th Division, resisted all attacks and
+remained in their hands.
+
+On the right, Nieppe and Steenwerk had to be evacuated. The German
+advance to the south of Armentières becoming more pronounced, the
+British straightened their front, to avoid too sharp a salient, and fell
+back to the Messines-Wytschaete Crest.
+
+On the 12th the fighting continued furiously. Advancing along the
+Lille-Hazebrouck railway, the Germans reached the outskirts of Nieppe
+Forest. South-west of Merville they captured Calonne, and, further
+north, approached Bailleul.
+
+North of the Lys, under pressure of Von Arnim's army, the
+Messines-Wytschaete Crest, with the wood and village of Ploegsteert, had
+to be abandoned. The British line was withdrawn to Neuve-Eglise and
+Wulverghem. In these few days the gains of the Allied offensive of the
+last five months of 1917 were lost.
+
+The 13th marked the culminating point of the battle in the central
+sector. Foch made his dispositions promptly, and French reinforcements
+were despatched to the critical points.
+
+Von Bernhardi crossed the Clarence at Robecq on the 13th. On the same
+day Von Gallwitz made a strong push northwards between Hazebrouck and
+Bailleul, with the object of outflanking the line of the Flanders Hills,
+already attacked on the east and north-east by the IVth Army (Von
+Arnim).
+
+Battles were fought south of Meteren, at Merris, Vieux-Berquin and on
+the eastern outskirts of Nieppe Forest. To the east of Bailleul,
+Neuve-Eglise (an important cross-road) was fiercely disputed. After
+changing hands many times on the 14th, it was finally abandoned the same
+night.
+
+The loss of Neuve-Eglise led to that of Wulverghem, and the British were
+forced to fall back to the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill, the first high
+point in the chain of hills called the Heights or Hills of Flanders.
+From east to west this chain consists of Rouge Hill (flanked on the
+north-east by Scherpenberg), Vidaigne Hill, Noir Hill, Cats Hill, and
+lastly by the western bastion of Cassel.
+
+After taking Neuve-Eglise on the night of the 14th, the Germans decided
+on a fresh and still more powerful effort.
+
+Three picked divisions were hurled against the hills of Lille and
+Ravetsberg, to the east of Bailleul, which fell. The Germans entered
+Bailleul, pushing on thence to Meteren, which they also captured. The
+next day they tried to develop this success, but instead of the
+exhausted British, the Germans now found themselves faced by fresh
+French troops. In three days (April 12--14) Pétain had brought up
+without a hitch five French divisions and one cavalry corps, which
+stayed the German rush at the foot of the hills.
+
+[Illustration: ROUGE HILL, SEEN FROM SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+On April 16 the Germans made their first attempt to turn the Flanders
+Hills from the south-west in the direction of Hazebrouck.
+
+The French 133rd Infantry Division (Valentin), supported by the British
+34th Division, vigorously repulsed the attack.
+
+On the 17th a fresh and more powerful attack was made simultaneously
+from the north-east, towards Poperinghe, and from the south, on the
+Bailleul-Neuve-Eglise front.
+
+At the same time an independent operation--which failed completely--was
+undertaken to the north of Ypres on the Belgian front. The Belgians
+repulsed the Germans and took 800 prisoners.
+
+To the south three British divisions (34th, 49th, 19th) stayed the
+German advance.
+
+A last effort, starting from Wytschaete, also broke down before the
+French 28th Infantry Division (Madelin).
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMANS ATTACK THE CHAIN OF HILLS WHICH PROTECT
+YPRES]
+
+
+=The Capture of Kemmel Hill=
+(_April 22--28, 1918._)
+
+A period of comparative calm followed, during which the Germans prepared
+a fresh mass attack, in view of the capture of the Hills.
+
+For this new offensive five fresh divisions from Alsace-Lorraine were
+brought up, of which two--the IVth Bavarians and the Alpine Corps--were
+picked troops. These troops joined the four divisions already in the
+sector. The artillery was also considerably reinforced.
+
+During this concentration small local attacks occurred on both sides.
+
+On April 22 and 23 the Germans endeavoured to improve their positions
+north of Bailleul, but without appreciable result.
+
+The French, on their part, sought by attacks and raids to impede the
+preparations for the coming assault.
+
+At that time the firing line, from west to east, ran as follows: from
+Meteren (held by the Germans) it passed north of Bailleul, then crossed
+the crest of Lindenhoek at Dranoutre, east of Kemmel, and skirted Groote
+Vierstraat and St. Eloi on the east.
+
+The five French divisions which defended the Hills occupied the
+following positions:
+
+The 133rd before Cats Hill; the 34th Infantry (Sabatier) before Locre;
+the 154th Infantry (Breton) from Dranoutre to the Petit-Kemmel; the 28th
+Infantry (Madelin) before Kemmel Hill, its left linking up at Lindenhoek
+with the British 9th Infantry Division. The Cavalry Corps was held in
+reserve on the Hills.
+
+At 2.30 a.m. on April 25 the attack began with a heavy bombardment, in
+which the proportion of gas shells was far greater than previously.
+
+At about 6 a.m. the infantry assault began in a dense fog north and
+south of Kemmel Hill.
+
+North of the Hills the "Sieger" divisions, marching west to east, had
+orders to capture Kemmel Village, and then, _via_ the Valley of the
+Kemmelbeek, join up at Locre with the Eberhardt Divisions, which were
+attacking from north to south in the direction of Dranoutre.
+
+On the left of the attacking front, the village of Kemmel was taken by
+the Germans, in spite of a heroic defence. Step by step the British 9th
+Division was driven back into Kemmelbeek valley and on Dickebusch Pond.
+
+In the centre the enemy storm-troop waves, after several repulses,
+finally reached the summit of Kemmel Hill, where a fierce hand-to-hand
+encounter took place. In spite of their great heroism, the 30th Infantry
+Regiment, outnumbered and almost surrounded, was forced to abandon the
+position, but only after a dashing counter-attack by a battalion of the
+99th Infantry had failed to extricate them. On the right, the German
+Alpine Corps, by a daring manoeuvre, made possible by the fog and the
+broken nature of the ground, succeeded in reaching the artillery
+positions, which were at once attacked by machine-gun fire. The French
+and British batteries, under a storm of bullets, were obliged to
+retreat, saving what material they could and blowing up the rest.
+
+The Germans thus reached the village of Locre, which changed hands
+several times during the day.
+
+Finally, after a counter-attack, the 154th Infantry Division remained
+masters of the village, although the Germans succeeded in holding the
+"hospice" at the southern end.
+
+The situation was now critical and the enemy advance had to be checked
+at all costs. On the night of the 25th the Allies were reinforced by the
+39th Infantry Division (Massenet) at the very moment a fresh German
+offensive was being launched. The timely arrival of these troops
+effectually stayed the German thrust.
+
+On the evening of the 26th, after much sanguinary fighting, the enemy
+paused, exhausted. The French took advantage of the respite to
+consolidate new positions.
+
+The 27th was marked only by a violent attack on the extreme left at
+Voormezele, where the Germans succeeded in obtaining a footing, only to
+be driven out by a vigorous British counter-attack.
+
+As a result of these various battles the new line was as follows: from
+Locre Château it ran south of Locre Village, followed Kemmelbeek Valley,
+passed in front of La Clytte Village, then south of Dickebusch Pond and
+Voormezele Village, joining up with Zillebeke on the south-east.
+
+It was against this new front that the Germans were now preparing a new
+offensive.
+
+[Illustration: ON APRIL 29, THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A LAST FURIOUS ATTACK
+AGAINST THE HILLS, AND FAILED. EXHAUSTED, THEY THEN ABANDONED THEIR
+PLANS FOR TAKING YPRES]
+
+
+
+
+=THE LAST GERMAN ATTACK=
+(_April 29, 1918._)
+
+
+After an artillery preparation lasting all night, the attack began at 7
+a.m. on April 29, along a front about eight and a half miles in length,
+extending from the Château and Park of Locre to Dickebusch Pond. This
+attack, by no less than 120,000 enemy troops, resulted in a crushing
+defeat for the Germans.
+
+Both ends of the front stood firm: the British on the left, between La
+Clytte and Zillebeke, and the French on the right, in the Château and
+Park of Locre. All attacks were vigorously repulsed, and the Germans did
+not even reach the Allied lines.
+
+More fortunate in the centre, they succeeded in taking the village of
+Locre, and advanced beyond it as far as the cross-ways on the Westoutre
+Road, half-a-mile north of Locre. Their success was but short-lived,
+however, as a vigorous counter-attack by French Dragoons drove them
+back, and at the end of the day all that remained of their gains was a
+slight salient near Brulooze Inn. Exhausted, they did not renew their
+attack.
+
+The Hill offensive was over. The Germans had destroyed Ypres, but could
+not enter the ruined city.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=THE ALLIES' VICTORY OFFENSIVE OF AUGUST--OCTOBER, 1918=
+
+
+After the German setback of April 29, the initiative passed into the
+hands of the Allies.
+
+On April 30, the French 39th Infantry Division reduced the Brulooze Inn
+salient. During the following week numerous local engagements enabled
+the Allies to recapture several fortified farms and _points d'appui_,
+and generally to consolidate their positions. An attack by the British,
+on July 19, to the north of the Lys, advanced their lines two and a half
+miles, and gave them the village of Meteren. Then followed a lull, which
+lasted until the speeding-up of Foch's offensive rendered the German
+positions untenable and forced the conquered enemy back towards the
+Rhine.
+
+After the Allies' victorious counter-thrust had flattened out the
+"pocket" made by the German Spring offensive near Amiens, the battle
+quickly spread over the whole front, including Flanders.
+
+East of Nieppe Forest and Hazebrouck, the British, pressing forward
+towards Armentières, advanced beyond Vieux-Berquin in the direction of
+Merville. On August 18, they joined battle between Vieux-Berquin and
+Bailleul, on a front of four miles, and captured the village of
+Outtersteene. The next day they entered Merville.
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN POSITION NORTH OF YPRES, CAPTURED BY BELGIAN
+TROOPS ON SEPT. 8--9, 1918]
+
+On September 1, the British had reached the line: La Bassée, Laventie,
+Steenwerke, Neuve-Eglise and Wulverghem, on both sides of the Lys. On
+the following day, Estaires was outflanked south of Lens, and the famous
+Hindenburg line passed. Noreuil, Villers-au-Flos (south of Quéant), Le
+Transloy, Sailly-Saillisel and Allaines (south of the Bapaume-Cambrai
+Road) were next captured. Further south the storming of Quéant by the
+Canadians, who then advanced beyond, and approached Marquion, opened the
+road to Cambrai.
+
+On September 4, the British reached the Canal du Nord, and crossed it at
+several points. On the following day, they regained possession of their
+old lines on both sides of the Lys, from Neuve-Chapelle to Givenchy, and
+captured Ploegsteert Village. On September 10, south-west of Cambrai,
+Gouzeaucourt Wood and the old line of trenches dominating Gouzeaucourt
+Village, as well as the outskirts of Havrincourt Wood were occupied.
+
+The general offensive was to be launched a few days later, in
+co-operation with the Belgian Army and some French units.
+
+On September 28, the Belgian Army and the British Second Army (General
+Plumer), commanded by King Albert, marched against the army of Von
+Arnim. The British, covered on the north by the Belgians, began a
+turning movement in the region of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing.
+Houthulst Forest, the crests of Passchendaele and Gheluvelt, and Dixmude
+were carried with fine dash. Crossing the Lys on the following days
+between Wervicq and Comines, the British now drew near to Menin. On
+October 1, the Germans were in full retreat on a wide front north and
+south of the Bassée Canal, all their positions between Armentières and
+the south of Lens being now abandoned.
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED BRITISH TANK SUNK IN THE MUD AT THE ENTRANCE TO
+POELCAPPELLE]
+
+On October 9, the Canadians of the First Army occupied Cambrai. On the
+13th, the British reached the gates of Douai and occupied the banks of
+the Haute-Deule Canal from Douai to Vendin-le-Vieil.
+
+Elsewhere, the British Second Army, after capturing Menin and Wervicq,
+obtained a footing on the right bank of the Lys, then crossed the river
+between Menin and Armentières, thus forcing the Germans to abandon the
+line of the Haute-Deule, and taking the Lille-Tourcoing in the rear.
+
+The British army and some French units occupied Lille--capital of the
+north--on October 17, and the same days the Germans evacuated Douai.
+Roubaix and Tourcoing were liberated the next day, and Denain,
+Marchiennes and Orchies on the 21st and 22nd.
+
+The Western suburbs of Valenciennes were fiercely disputed, being
+finally retaken on November 2 by the Canadian troops under General
+Currie.
+
+A few days later the Armistice was signed, and the victory of the Allied
+armies sealed.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST ITINERARY FOR VISITING THE BATTLEFIELD]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN OCCUPATION OF LILLE. TROOPS PARADING IN THE GREAT
+SQUARE
+_From the Michelin Guide: "Lille, before and during the War."_]
+
+
+
+
+VISIT TO THE BATTLEFIELD
+
+
+A visit to Ypres Town and Salient requires two days, and may be made
+most conveniently by taking Lille as the starting-point.
+
+_First Day_: Visit Messines, Wytschaete, Houthem, Zondvoorde, Gheluvelt,
+Becelaere, Zonnebeke, Passchendaele, Langemarck, Ypres, Zollebeke and
+Hooge, spending the night at Poperinghe.
+
+_Second Day_: Visit the Hills: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel;
+then, after re-crossing the French frontier, those of Cats and Noir,
+returning to Lille for the night, via Armentières, Estaires, Béthune and
+La Bassée.
+
+
+
+
+=FIRST DAY: LILLE--YPRES=
+(_See Itinerary, p. 47._)
+
+
+Starting-point: The Grande Place, Lille.
+
+_Take Rue Nationale to the end, go round Place Tourcoing, take Rue de La
+Bassée on the left, then the first turning on the right (Rue de
+Turenne), Canteleu Gate, and Rue Lequeux. Cross the bridge over the
+Haute-Deule Canal, and turn to the left into N. 42._
+
+_At Canteleu follow the tram-lines leading to Lomme. At the end of the
+village, cross the railway (l. c.). Go through Lomme by Rue Thiers,
+leaving the church on the right_ (transept greatly damaged).
+
+On the left are the burnt ruins of a large spinning mill. In the fields:
+numerous small forts of reinforced concrete, which commanded all the
+roads into Lille. The road passes through a small wood, in the
+right-hand part of which are the ruins of Premesques Château, of which
+only the façade remains. Further on, to the left, is Wez Macquart, whose
+church was badly damaged. Trenches lead to the road, while in the
+fields, traces of the violent shelling are still visible.
+
+_Pass through Chapelle d'Armentières (completely destroyed). After
+crossing the railway (l. c.), a British cemetery is seen on the right._
+=Armentières= _lies on the other side of the next level crossing._
+
+_After entering_ =Armentières=, _and immediately beyond the railway,
+take Rue du Faubourg de Lille, leaving the Church of St. Roch on the
+right. After passing a public washing-place, turn to the right into the
+Rue de Lille, then cross the Grande Place._ Here will be seen the
+Hôtel-de-Ville, completely ruined. _Take a few steps along Rue de
+Dunkerque, then turn into the first street on the right, which leads to
+the Place de l'Eglise St. Waast._
+
+
+=Armentières=
+
+Armentières suffered in many wars, being taken by the English in 1339,
+by the French in 1382, by the Calvinists in 1566, by Marshals de Gassion
+and De Rantzau in 1645, and by the Archduke Leopold in 1647.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES (_ancient engraving_)]
+
+Occupied by the Germans in August, 1914, it was retaken in September.
+Nearly four years later (April, 1918) it again fell into the hands of
+the enemy. On October 2, it was finally liberated by General Plumer's
+army.
+
+Until the later war, Armentières had preserved its 17th century belfry
+of chimes, its church of Nôtre-Dame, and another church dedicated to St.
+Waast--patron saint of the town.
+
+This personage, to whom many of the churches in this district have been
+dedicated, was Bishop of Arras in the 6th century. While still a priest,
+he is said to have cured a blind beggar in the presence of Clovis. This
+miracle was one of the causes which led to the conversion of the king,
+to whom St. Waast acted instructor in the Faith.
+
+The town also possessed a national technical school, dating from the
+previous century.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ARMENTIÈRES (_before the War_)
+THE RIVER LYS AND ST. WAAST CHURCH (_Cliché LL._)]
+
+Belfry, churches, schools and houses are all in ruins.
+
+In everything connected with the spinning and weaving of linen
+Armentières, like Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, and the whole of Northern
+France in general, was considerably in advance of Germany. Consequently,
+the Germans destroyed all the mills, factories and metallurgical works,
+and what machinery could not be taken to pieces and sent to Germany they
+ruthlessly smashed.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. ST. WAAST CHURCH AS THE GERMANS LEFT IT
+(_Compare with photo, p. 50._)]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES AND THE RIVER LYS]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE AFTER THE FIRST
+BOMBARDMENT]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. BEFORE RETREATING, THE GERMANS MINED THE
+TOWN]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE DAME CHURCH WAS NOT GREATLY DAMAGED BY
+THE BOMBARDMENTS (_see below_)]
+
+_Visit the ruins of_ =St. Waast Church=, _then return to Rue de
+Dunkerque. There take the first street on the right and cross the Lys._
+From the Bridge there is a general view of the church.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE-DAME CHURCH, WHICH THE GERMANS BLEW UP
+BEFORE BEING DRIVEN OUT OF THE TOWN (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. RUE NATIONALE, AS THE SHELLS LEFT IT]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIÈRES. RUE DE LILLE IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: BIZET. POST ON THE FRONTIER
+_On the left of motor-car_: TEMPORARY CUSTOM HOUSE]
+
+_Cross the Cloth Market, then follow the tram-lines along Rue de Flandre
+and Rue Bizet. Follow the Lys Canal, then cross the new bridge. Go
+through Bizet Village_ (badly damaged houses). _Leaving the ruins of the
+church on the right, turn first to the right, then to the left_ (the
+photograph shows an army hut on the left, now temporarily used as the
+office of the Receiver of French Customs). _Cross the frontier a few
+yards further on, then at the fork just outside the village, take the
+road on the right opposite the Villa des Roses (photo below). Leaving on
+the right the road to the gasworks_ (of which nothing is left but a
+wrecked gasometer) _the first houses of_ =Ploegsteert= _are reached._
+This village lay west of the first lines in May, 1918, and was captured
+by the Germans on April 12 (see p. 39).
+
+[Illustration: BIZET. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS PLOEGSTEERT
+_Take the right-hand road._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE ENTRANCE TO PLOEGSTEERT]
+
+[Illustration: MESSINES ROAD (_seen from the Château de la Hutte_)
+_In the background_: MESSINES RIDGE]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY ON THE PLOEGSTEERT ROAD AT MESSINES]
+
+British cemetery No. 53 (photo, p. 56) lies at the entrance to the
+village. _Go straight through the village_ (in ruins). _On leaving it_,
+Cemetery No. 54 is seen on the right, then beyond a large concrete
+shelter, Cemetery No. 55. Cemetery No. 56 is on the left, beyond the
+level-crossing.
+
+[Illustration: CROSS-ROADS AT NÔTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE
+_The Messines Road (bordered with tree stumps) was not practicable for
+motors in June, 1919. Take the Neuve-Eglise Road on the left (see
+Itinerary, p. 47)._]
+
+_Cross Ploegsteert Wood, leaving the road to Petit-Pont Farm on the
+left. Here the road rises._ To the left, on the slopes of Hill 63, are
+seen the ruins of La Hutte Château. On the crest opposite stand the
+ruins of Messines (photo above). In June, 1919, it was not possible to
+go direct to Messines, the road being cut at the Petite Douve stream.
+
+[Illustration: AMONG THE RUINS OF MESSINES
+_The motor takes the left-hand road to Wytschaete (see p. 47)._]
+
+_Follow the road as far as the fork to the place called
+Nôtre-Dame-de-Grâce_ (the ruins of the chapel are barely
+distinguishable), _then take the Neuve-Eglise road on the left._ Stop
+the car at Rossignol terre-plein and walk a few yards into the little
+wood on the right; numerous concrete shelters, from the top of which
+there is a very fine view over the Hills Kemmel, Rouge, Noir and Cats.
+The last-named can be recognised by its abbey, which stands out against
+the sky.
+
+_Return to the car. The road now descends. Passing by a few ruined
+houses--all that remain of the hamlet of Haubourdin--a fork is reached,
+where take the Neuve-Eglise-Messines road on the right._ British
+cemetery on the right. _Cross the Douve river, then the railway (l. c.).
+Turn to the right at the first ruins of Wulverghem, then go through the
+village, passing in front of the cemetery. Next cross the Steenbeck, by
+the St. Quentin Bridge. The road now rises sharply to the crest on which
+Messines used to stand._ Numerous small forts are seen to the right and
+left. These machine-gun nests are all that now mark the site of the
+village.
+
+At the entrance to the village leave the car at the junction of the
+Ypres-Armentières and Neuve-Eglise-Warneton roads, and visit these
+pathetic ruins on foot.
+
+=Messines= maybe regarded as one of the hinges of the "Ypres Salient."
+An important strategic point, it was hotly disputed throughout the war.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO WYTSCHAETE
+_The motor takes the right-hand road to Oosttaverne (see p. 47)._]
+
+On November 3, 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres, it fell into the
+hands of the enemy. At four o'clock on the following day, the ground
+between this village and Hollebeke (some four miles to the north) was
+the scene of several furious attacks (see p. 8).
+
+Messines was destroyed by the British bombardment during the offensive
+of June, 1917. The New Zealanders captured it on June 7, in spite of a
+stubborn defence. They also took the neighbouring village of Wytschaete
+(see p. 20). Messines again fell into German hands in April, 1918 (see
+p. 39), and was finally retaken on September 30 during the last battle
+(see p. 46).
+
+_Return to the car and take the Ypres road on the left_ (photo, p. 58).
+Along this road are numerous little bridges thrown across the
+shell-holes.
+
+=Wytschaete=, which is soon reached, was captured, like Messines, in the
+first battle of 1914, and retaken by the New Zealanders on June 7, 1917.
+After being entirely destroyed by bombardment (see p. 20), it was lost
+again on April 15, 1918, then retaken on September 30, 1918.
+
+_At the fork, just before entering the village_--protected by a series
+of powerful blockhouses--_take the road on the right leading to
+Oosttaverne_ (now totally destroyed). _Follow the main road_
+(Ypres-Warneton) _on the right as far as the place called Gapaard_
+(photo below), _then turn to the left along the road to Houthem._ A
+series of little bridges over shell-craters full of water--once the
+River Wanbecke--are crossed.
+
+[Illustration: GAPAARD. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS HOUTHEM]
+
+[Illustration: HOLLEBEKE CHÂTEAU, BEFORE THE WAR. IT HAS BEEN RAZED TO
+THE GROUND (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Go through Houthem_, which was razed to the ground. Beyond an armoured
+shelter built against the brick wall of a house, _the road turns to the
+left. Cross the canal by the temporary bridge._
+
+The old bed of the canal is marked by some crumbling blocks of concrete.
+_A few yards further on, take the level-crossing over the Ypres-Lille
+Railway._ It was on this line that on October 22 and 23, 1914, the
+Germans brought up an armoured train which bombarded Ypres with
+incendiary shells, causing the first serious damage to the town.
+
+_A few hundred yards beyond the railway turn to the right at the village
+of Kortewilde_, where a few wooden houses are being erected among the
+ruins. _After crossing a number of little bridges over the Gaverbeck
+canal, the road, rising slightly, turns to the right._ At this turning
+the Château (photo above) and village of =Hollebeke= ought to be visible
+on the left, but this part of the battlefield is in so chaotic a
+condition that neither road, canal, nor village can be distinguished.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE GHELUVELT USED TO STAND, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN]
+
+During the first battle (November, 1914) the Germans launched attacks in
+great force between Hollebeke and Messines, and captured both these
+places. Hollebeke was retaken on July 13, 1917, during the first phase
+of the great British offensive for the clearing of the town. After being
+lost again in April, 1918, Hollebeke was finally recaptured by the
+Allies in October.
+
+_The road first rises, then descends._ On the hillside are the ruins of
+Zandvoorde. _At the entrance to the village take the Zillebeke-Wervicq
+road on the left, then first to the right, then to the left, between two
+wooden houses. The road descends, then, undulating slightly, joins the
+main road from Ypres to Menin, opposite Gheluvelt,_ the site of which is
+marked by a sign-post.
+
+This was one of the important strategic points in the first German
+offensive of 1914 (see p. 7), when the village was captured by the
+enemy. During the battle for the clearing of Ypres, fierce fighting took
+place to the west of =Gheluvelt=, especially at Tower Hamlet. From
+November, 1917, to April, 1918, the firing-line ran through the village.
+Gheluvelt was retaken by the British in October, 1918.
+
+_Take the main road from Ypres to Menin on the right. Only at Gheluvelt
+will a passable road to Becelaere be found_.
+
+In Gheluvelt, where there are still a few broken walls standing, turn to
+the left at the fork in the road, leaving the ruined church on the
+right. At the next fork take the right-hand road to the ruined hamlet of
+Terhand.
+
+Fifty yards before the crossing with the Dadizelle Road, there is a
+German cemetery on the right, containing a remarkable concrete monument,
+thirty feet in height, which dominates the whole plain. This monument
+(photo, p. 62) was in reality a German observation post. Inside there
+were two floors. An outside staircase led to a platform. Traces of the
+balustrade are visible in the photo.
+
+[Illustration: ROAD FROM GHELUVELT TO BECELAERE
+(_Impracticable for motors in June_, 1919.)]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN CEMETERY AT TERHAND. DUMMY FUNERAL MONUMENT WHICH
+WAS REALLY A GERMAN OBSERVATION-POST]
+
+_Leave the Dadizelle road on the right._ The road hereabouts is
+camouflaged. Numerous small forts may be seen on both sides of the
+plateau, especially on the right. The largest of them was used as a
+telephone exchange.
+
+After passing the place called Molenhoek the tourist comes to the
+Passchendaele-Wervicq road, now impassable.
+
+_Leave the car at the fork, and go on foot through the ruins of
+Becelaere, as far as the church on the right._
+
+[Illustration: RUINED VILLAGE OF BECELAERE]
+
+_Return to the fork and take the right-hand uphill road._ On the plateau
+there are many shelters.
+
+To the west of the road from Becelaere to Zonnebeke lay Polygone Wood,
+which was entirely destroyed. The British made two unsuccessful attempts
+(July 31 and August 16, 1917) to take this strongly fortified wood,
+succeeding eventually on September 20 (see p. 28). Evacuated by the
+British in April, 1918, the wood was finally recaptured by the Allies in
+October, 1918.
+
+Beyond the place called Noordenhoek there is a bend in the road. On the
+left, Zonnebeke Pond, the ruined château, and the remains of a gasometer
+come into sight (photo below).
+
+_At the place called Broodseinde take the Ypres-Roulers road on the
+left, to visit the ruins of Zonnebeke._
+
+=Zonnebeke= was taken in 1914 by the Germans, who made an outpost of it
+in front of their lines. The village was recaptured on September 26,
+then lost in April, 1918, and finally retaken in the following October.
+
+_Return to the fork_ (which was commanded by numerous small forts), _and
+turn to the left:_ military cemetery at the side of the road. In the
+fields on the right, 200 yards beyond the level crossing, there is a
+monument to the memory of 148 officers and men of the Canadian 85th
+Battalion (photo, p. 64).
+
+Passing through shell-torn country, =Passchendaele=--now razed to the
+ground--is reached. All that remains of the church is the mound seen in
+the background of the photograph (p. 64).
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ZONNEBEKE VILLAGE]
+
+Passchendaele was captured by the Germans in November, 1914, and later
+by the British (October 26, 1917). The village had already been wiped
+out by the bombardment, but the position, which dominated Ypres and
+Roulers, was an important one. The fighting there was of the fiercest,
+Hindenburg having ordered it to be held at all costs. However, the
+British broke down the enemy's stubborn resistance.
+
+[Illustration: BETWEEN BROODSEINDE AND PASSCHENDAELE. MONUMENT TO 148
+FALLEN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE 85TH CANADIAN BATTALION]
+
+[Illustration: WHAT WAS ONCE PASSCHENDAELE. THE CHURCH WAS ON THE
+HILLOCK IN THE BACKGROUND]
+
+[Illustration: WESTROOSEBEKE, SEEN FROM THE RUINED CHURCH]
+
+
+=From Passchendaele to Ypres=
+
+_Beyond the church turn to the left._ The undulating road goes straight
+to =Westroosebeke=.
+
+Westroosebeke was taken at the same time as Passchendaele, during the
+British offensive of October 29, 1917. These two positions, lost in
+April, 1918, were retaken on September 30 by the Belgian army under King
+Albert.
+
+[Illustration: POELCAPPELLE. THE ROAD FROM LANGEMARCK TO DIXMUDE]
+
+The village was completely destroyed. _On entering, turn to the right
+and pass the church._ A few broken tombstones mark the site of the
+churchyard.
+
+_Retracing his steps, the tourist turns to the right into the
+Ypres-Roulers Road_, which describes a bend to reach =Poelcappelle=.
+This village was the scene of fierce fighting in December, 1914, and
+May, 1915, and is now in ruins. There are numerous redoubts to right and
+left. _Just beyond the village, leave the Dixmude Road on the right, and
+take the one leading to Langemarck._
+
+Beyond the cross-roads there is a confused heap of rails and broken
+trucks in the middle of a piece of shell-torn ground.
+
+_At the fork, take the road to the right and enter the ruined village
+of_ =Langemarck=.
+
+The photograph below shows: in the background, a mound formed by the
+ruins of the church; in the foreground, a tank.
+
+Langemarck, defended by the French in 1914, was evacuated on December 17
+of that year. Recaptured, the town was lost again on April 21, 1915,
+during the German gas attack.
+
+_Keep along the road, leaving on the left the ruins of the church, and a
+little further on the remains of the château_ (_photo, p. 67_).
+
+_Cross the railway (l. c.) and then go on to_ =Houthulst Forest=,
+captured by the Germans in 1914, and retaken in 1918 (see p. 46). In
+June, 1919, the roads through the forest were impracticable for
+motor-cars.
+
+_Return to the fork at the entrance to Langemarck, turn to the right,
+and take the road to Boesinghe, crossing the Hanebeek. The road follows
+the Ypres-Thourout railway_, on both sides of which are numerous
+redoubts. _Cross the ruins of Pilkem_, 300 yards beyond, which is a
+rather large British cemetery.
+
+_At the next fork in the road turn to the right and cross the railway
+(l. c.)._ On the left is another cemetery. _Turn again to the left_.
+Notice in passing a third cemetery, then a few yards further on the
+ruins of a mill. _Cross the canal at the Pont de Boesinghe_.
+
+_On reaching the crossing of the main road from Dixmude to Ypres, turn
+to the right._ On the left, the remains of Boesinghe Château stand in
+the middle of a park, the trees of which are cut to pieces.
+
+[Illustration: LANGEMARCK, WITH DESTROYED TANK. THE MOUND IN THE MIDDLE
+DISTANCE IS ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH]
+
+[Illustration: LANGEMARCK CHÂTEAU BEFORE THE WAR
+_Now razed to the ground_ (_photo, Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+_Follow the road running along the canal._ The latter, owing to the
+upheaval of the ground by shell-fire, is often lost to view. 1,500 yards
+from Boesinghe, the site of Het Sas village, where the lock used to
+stand, may still be located. The fighting was very severe there,
+especially in 1914.
+
+[Illustration: BOESINGHE. RUINED CHÂTEAU AND DEVASTATED PARK]
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO YPRES. YPRES CANAL AT BOESINGHE, SEEN FROM
+RUE DE DIXMUDE, YPRES
+(_Compare with view below, taken before the War_.)]
+
+_Return to Boesinghe, leave the road just taken on the left, and cross
+the railway (l. c.)._
+
+The road runs alongside the Yperlée river and canal for some distance.
+Numerous traces of footbridges are to be seen over both river and canal,
+the course of which can no longer be distinguished with certainty.
+
+_The road next turns sharply to the left, crosses the Lys-Yperlée Canal,
+then passes the dock of the Yser-Ypres Canal_ (photo above), _and
+enters_ =Ypres= _by the Dixmude Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO YPRES BEFORE THE WAR
+(_See above--photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF YPRES, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony,
+Ypres_)]
+
+
+
+
+=YPRES=
+
+
+Few names awaken more memories than that of Ypres--a city of
+incomparable splendour in the Middle Ages, and of which nothing now
+remains but a heap of ruins. Of the last precious traces of this ancient
+prosperity, the rich and splendid buildings which filled the mind with
+wonder--the immense Cloth Hall, the beautiful cathedral, the churches,
+the sumptuous mansions, the sculptured houses--the German guns have
+spared nothing. History furnishes few examples of such grandeur followed
+by destruction so swift and so complete. Ypres is now but a memory.
+
+
+=Chief Historical Events=
+
+The Town of Ypres (Latin Ypra, Flemish Ieperen) grew up in the 10th
+century around a fortified castle, rebuilt about 958 by Baudoin, Count
+of Flanders. This castle had been in existence since the 8th century,
+but only the ruins had survived Norman invasions.
+
+The town, favourably situated in the centre of the maritime plain with
+its rich grassy meadows intersected by canals, prospered exceedingly. A
+numerous population sprang up of merchants and artisans, whose chief
+sources of wealth were the manufacture and sale of cloth.
+
+As early as the 12th, but especially in the 13th and 14th centuries,
+Ypres, thanks to important privileges granted by the Counts of Flanders,
+became a considerable town, and possessed 4,000 looms.
+
+Flanders, the meeting-point of the three great European states--England,
+France and Germany--was then the industrial centre _par excellence_ of
+the west and the rendezvous of all the merchants of the old world. This
+explains the splendour of the towns of Flanders in the Middle Ages, not
+only Ypres, but Bruges, Ghent, etc.
+
+This prosperity was often a temptation to the Kings of France, who led
+many an expedition into Flanders. Ypres was taken by Louis VI. in 1128,
+by Philippe-Auguste in 1213, by Philippe-le-Bel in 1297, but the town
+was little damaged in these wars.
+
+It suffered more in the 14th century. Riots, and the siege and
+destruction of the town by the people of Ghent in 1383, caused many of
+the weavers to emigrate, and left as its only industry the manufacture
+of Valenciennes lace. At that time the Counts of Flanders were French
+princes. Robert de Béthune was succeeded in 1322 by the Count of Nevers,
+whose family reigned until 1384. This dynasty ended with Louis-le-Mâle,
+and Philippe-le-Hardi, Duke of Burgundy, became Count of Flanders. Under
+the rule of these Dukes, who were fairly wise and moderate
+statesmen--Flanders being a source of considerable revenue, and the
+Flemish people quick to revolt against any violation of their
+privileges--Ypres prospered greatly.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES IN THE 16TH CENTURY]
+
+In 1481 Flanders passed under the rule of Austria (Marie, heiress of
+Burgundy, had married the Archduke Maximilian), then in 1558 under that
+of Spain. In 1559 it replaced Thérouanne as the centre of the diocese.
+
+At that time it had lost much of its splendour. Towards the end of the
+15th century it was depopulated by a dreadful pestilence, and about the
+middle of the following century, a second outbreak completed the ruin of
+the town. It was just beginning to recover when it was captured by the
+_Gueux_ and the troops of the Duc d'Albe and Alexandre Farnèse, who
+massacred most of the inhabitants.
+
+In the 17th century Ypres was taken by the French on four
+occasions--1648, 1649, 1658 and 1678--finally reverting to France under
+the Treaty of Nimègue at about the latter date. Vauban fortified it.
+Retaken by the Imperial Troops in 1715, Ypres was restored to France in
+1792, and under the Empire became the capital of the Département of Lys.
+The treaties of 1815 gave it back to the Netherlands, and since 1830 it
+has formed part of the Kingdom of Belgium.
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN BOMBARDMENT OF THE ASYLUM]
+
+In 1914 the population numbered 18,000. Its principal industries were
+the manufacture of woollen goods, printed cottons, linens, ribbons, and
+Valenciennes lace. Its tanneries and dye works were also of considerable
+importance. It was a clean, well-built town, watered by the river
+Yperlée. The many arms of the latter ran through the streets of the
+town, enabling the boats loaded with merchandise to come right up to the
+warehouses.
+
+These waterways are now covered in. Formerly there was a path on each
+side of them, which explains the exceptional width of the streets and
+squares of Ypres.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=YPRES=
+
+
+=A Visit to the Ruins=
+
+_The tourist enters Ypres by the Dixmude Gate._
+
+At No. 54 Rue de Dixmude is the façade of the Maison Biebuygk, on the
+right. Built in 1544, this house was one of the most remarkable in
+Ypres. Immediately below the gable were two carved medallions
+representing the sun and the moon. The great pointed arch which framed
+the gable windows gave exceptional grace to the façade (photos, p. 73).
+
+At No. 66 of the same street, on the left, the 18th century façade shown
+in the photographs (p. 74), was still standing in July, 1919. It was
+decorated with statues of the Virgin Mary and St. François, under fluted
+niches with carved borders.
+
+[Illustration: BIEBUYGK HOUSE (_No_. 54, _Rue de Dixmude_), BEFORE THE
+WAR. IT WAS ONE OF THE HANDSOMEST HOUSES IN YPRES (_photo, Antony,
+Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: BIEBUYGK HOUSE, AS THE WAR LEFT IT]
+
+[Illustration: ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, RUE DE DIXMUDE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. THE GRANDE PLACE ON MARKET-DAY, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_See below. Photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+Arriving at the Grande Place, the imposing ruins of the =Nieuwerk= and
+the =Cloth Hall= are seen on the right.
+
+[Illustration: WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. RUINS OF THE CLOTH HALL, SEEN FROM ST. MARTIN'S
+CATHEDRAL. FRAGMENTS OF THE LATTER ARE VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND]
+
+
+
+
+=THE CLOTH HALL AND THE NIEUWERK=
+
+
+The Cloth Hall, containing extensive warehouses, in which the sale of
+cloth was carried on, was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. It
+consisted of a series of buildings grouped around a rectangular court.
+The Hall proper was distinguished from a building called the Nieuwerk,
+added in the 17th century. The southern building of the hall had a
+magnificent façade, flanked on the east by the gable of the Nieuwerk and
+surmounted by a large belfry in the centre. Bold turrets stood at both
+ends of this façade. Rather spare in ornament, the long succession of
+glazed and blind windows constituted the grandeur of the façade. On the
+ground-floor, which was lighted by a row of quatrefoil windows in
+pointed arches, there were forty-eight rectangular doors.
+
+Above these doors were the high windows of the upper storey, the Hall
+having two floors. These windows were alternately glazed and blind--a
+method frequently adopted in the Middle Ages, to avoid weakness in the
+walls, without detracting from the symmetry of the exterior. This storey
+was reached by staircases, access to which was gained through doors at
+each end of the façade.
+
+The glazed windows were decorated with three trefoils supported on two
+arches. The blind windows were similar to the windows of the
+ground-floor, except that the latter were less lofty. The two arches
+formed niches, each of which contained a statue: that of a Count of
+Flanders (the Counts and Countesses from Baudoin Bras-de-Fer to Charles
+Quint were represented) or of a notable citizen of Ypres, such as
+Melchior Broederlam, the painter. These statues, some of which were
+restored in the 19th century, rested on a corbel apparently supported by
+a small figure bearing the coat-of-arms of the sovereign represented.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. THE CLOTH HALL, NIEUWERK AND CATHEDRAL (in the
+background)
+_The 13th--14th Hall had a magnificent façade, surmounted by a high
+bell-tower_ (_photo, Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+The upper portion of the walls was decorated with an ornamental frieze
+and a battlement bordered with fine moulding. The frieze was composed of
+a tricusped arcade with small columns carried on corbels with carved
+heads.
+
+Behind the battlements ran a sentry-way, while at the ends of the façade
+turrets decorated with arcades and surmounted by octagonal spires,
+served as watch-towers.
+
+[Illustration: THE WINDOWS OF THE FIRST STORY OF THE CLOTH HALL
+_Every alternate window was blind, and was ornamented with statues of
+the Counts of Flanders or other notable persons of the city_ (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+The Belfry rose from the centre of the buildings, of which it was the
+oldest part, the foundation-stone having been laid by Baudoin =IX=.,
+Count of Flanders, in 1201. Square in plan, it consisted of three
+stories. Its exterior, like that of the façade, was decorated with
+arches, and was lighted with windows ornamented with trefoils. It had
+two rows of battlements, four corner-turrets, and a timber-work roof
+surmounted by a campanile, above which rose a small spire. At the base
+of this campanile there were four copper eagles, dating from 1330. At
+the foot of the belfry a door, flanked by two pilasters, led to the
+inner court of the Hall. Over this door was a modern statue of
+Nôtre-Dame-de-Tuine, with the Lion of Flanders above.
+
+The belfry served all the purposes of a Hôtel-de-Ville (previous to the
+14th century there were no Hôtels-de-Ville properly so-called). It was
+there that the representatives of the guilds held their meetings, and
+that the charters of the guilds were kept in great coffers with manifold
+locks. There, also, the archives of the town were stored. The bottom
+storey was used as a prison. From the summit, unceasing watch was kept,
+to warn the citizens of danger, especially that of fire.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE FAÇADE OF THE CLOTH HALL]
+
+The roof of the Hall was pitched very high, in order the more easily to
+get rid of snow and rain water. It was gilded and emblazoned with the
+arms of the city and those of the County of Flanders. This roof, with
+its dormer windows, did not cover a stone vaulting, but a panelled
+ceiling. Inside the upper storey were large wainscotted galleries,
+which, in the 19th century, were divided by partitions and adorned with
+mural decorations.
+
+[Illustration: PORTAL OF THE BELL-TOWER
+_The collapse of the façade which framed the tower (photo below) left
+the latter standing alone. The lower portion still exists, thanks to its
+massive construction (photo, Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+[Illustration: THE PORTAL BEFORE THE WAR]
+
+[Illustration: THE PAUWELS ROOM BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+
+=The Pauwels Room=
+
+During the last century, the Hall was frequently restored and
+embellished. In 1876 the walls of the eastern half of the southern
+building were decorated with twelve mural paintings by Ferdinand
+Pauwels, representing the principal events in the history of Ypres, in
+the days of its prosperity (1187 to the siege by the people of Ghent in
+1383). The artist displayed exquisite taste, especially in the fresco
+depicting the "Wedding of Mahaut de Béthune with Mathias de Lorraine."
+The western half of the gallery was decorated by the artist Delbecke,
+with paintings depicting the life of a cloth merchant. Owing to the
+death of the artist, the last picture was never finished. This gallery
+was used as a banqueting hall. A number of statues by Puyenbroeck of
+Brussels, along the southern façade, had replaced the originals, badly
+damaged during the Revolution (1793).
+
+The River Yperlée formerly flowed past the western façade and, until
+1848, there was a flight of steps with a double balustrade (17th
+century) to facilitate the transfer of merchandise from the boats to the
+warehouses.
+
+[Illustration: THE PAUWELS ROOM IN DEC., 1914 (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: THE JUNCTION OF THE CLOTH HALL WITH THE NIEUWERK (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+
+=The Nieuwerk=
+
+The Nieuwerk did not detract from the imposing appearance of the
+southern façade, of which it formed the continuation. Renaissance in
+style, the plans are said to have been the work of J. Sporeman (about
+1575). Building was begun early in the 17th century and finished in
+1624.
+
+The ground-floor formed an open hall, 20 feet in width, the vaulting of
+which was carried on slender cylindrical columns, joined by irregular
+arcades. The building comprises two stories, the first of which
+communicated with that of the Cloth Hall. The large high windows of the
+façades were very close together. The roof was pierced with high and
+very ornamental dormer-windows.
+
+The Nieuwerk was restored about 1862. In the Chapelle Echevinale,
+frescoes by Guffens and J. Swerts, and stained-glass was renovated, and
+at the same time a fine fireplace was built by Malfait of Brussels. Old
+mural paintings, representing St. Mark and St. John, and a frieze,
+depicting the Counts of Flanders from 1322 to 1476, were discovered and
+restored. In the middle of the hall stood a small equestrian statue of
+John of Brabant (1252--1294) by A. Fiers.
+
+This slightly-built Nieuwerk could not long withstand the bombardment.
+The south gable, struck on November 21, 1914, collapsed, while on the
+following day the Cloth Hall burst into flames. A few weeks' later the
+Nieuwerk was completely destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHERIFF'S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, DECEMBER, 1914
+_The collapse of the first floor left visible the remains of the
+decoration seen in the photo below (photo, Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+[Illustration: THE SHERIFF'S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: OLD HOUSES WHICH, BEFORE THE WAR, WERE THE PRIDE OF THE
+VANDENPEEREBOOM SQUARE (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Turn to the right in the Place Vandenpeereboom_, formerly an ornamental
+pond, now filled in.
+
+Here used to stand a row of old houses with double façade, now
+completely destroyed. Here also, to the north of the Cloth Hall, stood
+the Cathedral of St. Martin.
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL]
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL AS IT WAS
+_In the background: the Cloth Hall. Compare with photo below (photo,
+Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+
+=The Cathedral of St. Martin=
+
+The Church of St. Martin (which became a cathedral in 1559) replaced an
+older church of the 11th century. Built in the 13th century, its choir
+dated from 1221, and its nave from the second half of that century. The
+foundation-stone was laid by Marguerite of Constantinople. The western
+tower dated only from the 15th century, and replaced a tower which had
+collapsed in 1433. The new tower was 175 feet in height, and was to have
+been twice as high. Built from the plans of Martin Untenhove of Malines,
+it was severe in style.
+
+The plan of the Cathedral was a Latin cross, and terminated in a
+semicircular choir. It underwent important restorations during the last
+century.
+
+The façade of the south arm of the transept was of unusually great
+width.
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+_In the background: The Cloth Hall._]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH TRANSEPT OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+The central portal was surrounded by a polygonal rose-window and crowned
+with a high gable flanked by turrets. Above the side portals, the
+surface of which was decorated with arcading, were gables lighted by
+rose-windows. This part of the building was probably not earlier than
+the 14th century.
+
+There were no radial chapels in this great church. A circulating gallery
+running through the buttresses formed an uninterrupted passage around
+the building.
+
+At the base of the roof ran an open balustrade, broken at intervals by
+the pinnacles which crowned the buttresses.
+
+Above the centre of the transept rose a campanile, surmounted by a very
+pointed timber-work spire.
+
+The nave, and more especially the choir, were remarkable. High pillars
+with crocketed and foliate capitals supported the springing of the large
+irregular arches. Above ran a circulating gallery or triforium. The
+pointed arches of the latter were carried by small columns which
+originally rested on the wide _abaci_ of the capitals, but several of
+them had been cut away and replaced by statues of apostles, evangelists,
+or persons of note.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL DOOR
+_Seen from the interior_ (_photo, André Schelker_).]
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _Compare with photo below._]
+
+This arrangement is common in Burgundy and, like others to be found in
+the Cathedral--the exterior circulating gallery, the interior gallery,
+the form of the latter, and various decorative features--show how
+strongly French, and especially Burgundian influence preponderated in
+Flanders during the 14th century.
+
+The choir was disfigured by an ungraceful 16th century altar. The
+stalls, carved about 1598 by C. Van Hoveke and Urbain Taillebert, were
+noteworthy, as was also the pulpit--a richly decorated monumental work,
+at the base of which stood a life-size statue of St. Dominic.
+
+[Illustration: NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL RUINED BY GERMAN SHELLS
+_Seen from the Choir, near the Porch._]
+
+Urbain Taillebert was also the sculptor of the magnificent "Christ
+Triumphant," suspended between the columns of the main entrance; and of
+the tomb of Antoine de Hennin, Bishop of Ypres, who died in 1626. The
+centre of the tomb represented the bishop in his pontifical robes; _on
+the left_, he was seen kneeling in prayer, with his mitre close by; _on
+the right_, his patron, St. Anthony, was represented in a hermit's gown,
+accompanied by his traditional pig.
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _Compare with photo below._]
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT
+_Seen from the Porch. Compare with photo above._]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See below._]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL IN JANUARY, 1915
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See above._]
+
+A "Virgin and Child" was fortunately rescued from the ruins of the
+Cathedral. It is a Flemish work of the 16th century. A surrounding fence
+(_Hortus conclusus_ of the Litanies) is represented on the pedestal
+(photo opposite).
+
+Beside the tomb described above was that of Jean Visscherius, Bishop of
+Ypres, who died in 1613. The bishop, clothed in his pontifical robes and
+wearing his mitre, was represented in a recumbent position, his head
+raised on a cushion and supported by his hand (photo below).
+
+There were other tombs in the church, notably that of Louise Delage,
+Lady of Saillort, widow of the Chancellor of Burgundy, Hugonnet
+(beheaded in 1477).
+
+[Illustration: THE VIRGIN OF ST. MARTIN
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+In the pavement before the altar was the third tombstone of the famous
+_Cornelius Jansenius_. It was a simple slab of stone, on which was
+carved a cross, and in the four corners the figures 1, 6, 3, 8.
+Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, who died of plague on May 6, 1638, was the
+founder of the sect of the Jansenists, which still exists in Holland,
+and whose headquarters are at Utrecht. When and how this tombstone was
+placed there is not known. It replaced two others removed by
+ecclesiastical authority in 1655 and 1673 respectively.
+
+[Illustration: MAUSOLEUM OF JEAN VISSCHERIUS
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+Round the chapel, known as the Dean's Chapel, there was a fine copper
+railing decorated with small alabaster figures.
+
+The inner doors of the church were magnificently carved; those of the
+south portal, with superimposed figures of saints, were considered to be
+marvels of Belgian art.
+
+In the Place Vandenpeerboom, take the Rue de Boesinghe. Leaving the Rue
+d'Elverdinighe (see plan, p. 72) _on the left_, the Cattle Market is
+next reached, formerly a pond, since filled in. Here were three
+guild-houses, Nos. 15, 19 and 21. No. 15 was the Maison des Bateliers,
+on whose façade two symbolic boats were depicted. The canal which passed
+before the house has disappeared. The date of construction was shown by
+anchors fixed in the wall of the second storey: 1-6-2-9. At the top of
+the gable there was an involuted niche which probably sheltered the
+statue of the patron-saint of sailors (photo opposite). The next house,
+part of which may be seen on the right of the photo, was 17th century.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAISON DES BATELIERS (1629)
+_Completely destroyed. Note the two emblematical ships on the façade._
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+_Take the road on the left which rejoins the Promenade, and turning
+again to the left, skirt "La Plaine d'Amour"_ (photos below and p. 91).
+Behind the prison walls there is a British cemetery in the gardens
+(photo, p. 91).
+
+[Illustration: THE "PLAINE D'AMOUR," WITH YPRES IN THE DISTANCE,
+DEVASTATED BY THE WAR
+_Compare with photo opposite._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY, BEHIND THE PRISON]
+
+_Turn to the left into the Chaussée de Furnes_, leaving on the left the
+reservoir of the ruined waterworks. _Take Boulevard Malou and return to
+the Grande Place_, via _the Rue de Stuers and the Rue au Beurre_
+(photos, p. 92).
+
+[Illustration: THE "PLAINE D'AMOUR," BEFORE THE WAR
+_See photo opposite._ (_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: RUE AU BEURRE, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Pass the ruins of St. Nicolas Church._
+
+Before reaching the Grande Place the site of the Meat Market (photo, p.
+93) is passed.
+
+[Illustration: RUE AU BEURRE, DESTROYED BY GERMAN SHELLS]
+
+[Illustration: THE MEAT MARKET, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: THE MEAT MARKET, RUINED BY ENEMY BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+This was an important, two-gabled building of symmetrical proportions.
+The lower part of the façade resembled that of the Cloth Hall, but the
+upper story and roof of the building were of a later date. The gables,
+with stair-like copings, were decorated with blind windows. The lower
+storey was of stone, while the gables and the upper part of the façade
+were brick.
+
+[Illustration: THE "HOSPICE BELLE" (WOMEN'S ASYLUM), RUE DE LILLE]
+
+The first storey was formerly occupied by the Brotherhood of St.
+Michael. The Museum, which was housed there, contained a number of
+pictures, interesting drawings of the old wooden fronts of the houses of
+Ypres (by L. Boehm), old chests containing the Charters of the Drapers,
+pieces of sculpture and wrought ironwork.
+
+Almost directly opposite the Cloth Hall is the Rue de Lille, in which,
+on the right, is the =Hospice Belle= (photos, p. 94).
+
+[Illustration: HOSPICE BELLE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+This asylum for aged women was founded about 1279 by Christine de
+Guines, widow of Solomon Belle, Lord of Boesinghe, and rebuilt in the
+17th century. The façade of the chapel, which faced the Rue de Lille,
+contained twin doors, surmounted by a large stained-glass window set in
+a radiating flamboyant framework. In addition to the statue of St.
+Nicholas (against the central mullion of the stained-glass window), the
+lower part of this façade was embellished with statues, in Renaissance
+niches, of the foundress and her husband. Above the window was an
+_oculus_, the decoration of which was mingled with that of an escutcheon
+immediately beneath it, on which the date "1616" could still be
+deciphered.
+
+[Illustration: VAULTING OF THE OLD FRENCH BARRACKS]
+
+Inside the chapel were a 17th century portable confessional (a very
+curious specimen of carved woodwork), 15th century copper candelabra,
+and a line picture attributed to Melchior Broederlam. This artist, whose
+works are very rare, was a native of Ypres. He preceded J. van Eyek as
+official painter to the Dukes of Burgundy. This picture was saved.
+
+On the right of the street, in the midst of the ruins, can be seen the
+broken-in vaulting of the old French Barrack (photo above), and on the
+left, the =Hôtel Merghelynck=.
+
+[Illustration: HÔTEL MERGHELYNCK, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+The latter charming 18th century house stood at the corner of the Rue
+des Fripiers. It was built (1774--1776) from the plans of Thomas Gombert
+of Lille, and its last proprietors had converted it into an interesting
+museum.
+
+It was decorated with woodwork, panelling, and Louis XVI. medallions by
+Ant. Jos. de la Dicque.
+
+[Illustration: THE TEMPLARS' HOUSE IN THE RUE DE LILLE]
+
+The stucco ornamentation was the work of Grégoire Joseph Adam of
+Valenciennes. The staircase balustrading was by Jacques Beernaert.
+
+[Illustration: WOODEN HOUSES IN THE RUE DE LILLE
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+A white stone vase, carved from designs by Rubens, stood in the fine
+court of the house.
+
+Almost opposite, at No. 68, was the old 14th century =Templars' House=,
+since turned into a post-office (photo, p. 96). The Church of St. Pierre
+is next reached.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ST. PETER'S CHURCH (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH. THE CHOIR (_See below._)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH, THE CHOIR BEFORE THE WAR (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: THE RAMPARTS, LILLE GATE AND ST. PETER'S CHURCH
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See below._]
+
+This 11th century church had been largely rebuilt. The façade was
+surmounted by a substantial square tower, flanked by four corner turrets
+and crowned by an octagonal spire rebuilt in 1868.
+
+[Illustration: AFTER FOUR YEARS' BOMBARDMENTS (_see above_).]
+
+Inside, lofty columns supported the springing of the large irregular
+arches. There was no vaulting, the church having a timber-work roof in
+shape of an inverted keel. In it were a 16th century altar, large carved
+pulpit and a fine choir-screen.
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE RUIN OF YPRES TAKEN FROM THE LILLE
+GATE
+(_The point from where this photograph was taken is shown on the plan on
+p. 72_ (_at the bottom, on the right_).)
+
+St. Nicolas Old French Barracks School Belltower St. Peters Church St.
+James' Church]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE HÔTEL DE GAND, RUE DES CHIENS]
+
+Rue de Lille ends at Lille Gate. Before passing through, climb up the
+ramparts, from which there is a magnificent panorama.
+
+Pass through the Gate, the towers of which date from 1395. There is an
+interesting view over the wide moats, and of the ancient ramparts
+(rebuilt by Vauban), which were ruined by shells.
+
+_Turn back and re-enter the town by the same way. Beyond the Church of
+St. Pierre, take the first street on the right as far as the Rue des
+Chiens, where, on turning to the left_, the ruins of the Church St.
+Jacques, and the shattered façade of the Hôtel de Gand will be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE HÔTEL DE GAND
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+The latter fine house, with double gables dated from the 16th century.
+The transition from 15th to 16th century style is very marked: on the
+ground-floor is the irregular arch of the 15th century, while on the
+first floor the arches are full semi-circles, framing the rectangular
+bays, whose tympana are decorated with flamboyant figures. These
+tympana were added some years later, thus giving the wide 17th century
+windows, of which the (French) architect of the Hôtel Merghelynck made
+such happy use (photo, p. 101).
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE HOSPICE NÔTRE-DAME]
+
+_Having reached the Grande-Place, take the Rue de Menin on the right_,
+leaving on the left the ruins of the Hospice Nôtre-Dame. _Next take the
+Menin Road, to visit the Château de Hooge and_ =Zillebeke=.
+
+[Illustration: MENIN GATE
+_On leaving Ypres in the direction of Hooge and Zillebeke._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY JUST OUTSIDE YPRES, ON THE ROAD TO
+MENIN]
+
+
+=Visit to Zillebeke and Hooge=
+(_See Itinerary, p. 47._)
+
+_At the Menin Gate leave the Westroosebeke Road on the left, and take
+the main road to Menin on the right._
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT ZILLEBEKE]
+
+On the right, near the last houses, a British cemetery (photo above).
+_Before the level-crossing over the Ypres-Routers railway, take the road
+to the right. After passing two further level-crossings, the road
+descends slightly._ On the left is a large British cemetery: on the high
+ground to the right are the remains of the Château, whilst in the
+distance lies =Zillebeke Pond=. On the left is another cemetery. _Pass,
+on the left, the beginning of an impassable road, which formerly led to
+the main road from Menin. Go past the ruins of Zillebeke Church_, shown
+in the photographs, p. 104 (before and after the War).
+
+[Illustration: ZILLEBEKE IN 1919
+_The mound is all that remains of the Church Tower seen in the photo
+below_]
+
+[Illustration: ZILLEBEKE, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT HOOGE]
+
+_Return by the same road as far as the railway, and turn to the right._
+A large British cemetery, containing 1,500 to 2,000 graves, will be seen
+on the western slopes of the Hooge Crest. The site of the village of
+=Hooge=--marked only by a notice board--is next reached. There is no
+trace whatever left of the château or of Bellewaarde Lake. It was here
+that the battles of July 31, 1917, were fought. On June 2, 1917, the
+first objectives of the British, in their offensive for the clearing of
+Ypres, were the Wood and Village of Hooge. They were only taken on July
+31, although the château itself was captured in June.
+
+[Illustration: ALL THAT IS LEFT OF HOOGE--THE SIGNBOARD!]
+
+[Illustration: HOOGE CHÂTEAU (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)
+
+_To-day the site of the castle is barely discernable._]
+
+Again lost by the British in April, 1918, these positions were evacuated
+by the Germans in October.
+
+_Follow the road to the top of the crest_, where the "tank cemetery,"
+containing fourteen broke-down tanks, lies (photo below).
+
+_Now skirt on the right the beginning of_ =Sanctuary Wood=, beyond which
+is the strategic Hill 60.
+
+Hill 60 was captured by the Germans in 1914, and retaken by the British
+in 1915. It was the object of frequent attacks, chiefly the German
+attack of April 27--28, 1916.
+
+_At the place called Veldhoek, opposite Herenthage Wood_ (full of
+concrete shelters and tanks), _return to Ypres, entering the town by the
+Menin Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: TANK CEMETERY
+_To the right and left of the road from Ypres to Menin, beyond Hooge,
+fourteen tanks lie sunk in the mud._]
+
+
+=From Ypres to Poperinghe=
+
+_Cross the town by the Grande Place, Rue du Beurre, Rue des Stuers,
+Boulevard Malou, on the right, and Rue Capron, on the left, coming out
+at the Chaussée de Poperinghe. On leaving the town pass over the
+level-crossing._
+
+From Ypres to Vlamertinghe, the road runs through devastated country;
+here numerous trenches and machine-gun shelters can still be seen.
+
+_Take the level-crossing over the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway, then cross
+the Kemmelbeek by a bridge, still in good condition, and go through_
+=Vlamertinghe=. This village suffered greatly from bombardments. In
+front of the partly demolished church the road turns to the left.
+
+From Vlamertinghe to Poperinghe the aspect of the country changes
+completely. The road is shaded by large trees, and there are hop-fields
+on both sides.
+
+_Enter_ =Poperinghe= _by the Chaussée d'Ypres, continue by the Rue
+d'Ypres. Passing the Hôtel-des-Postes and the Hôtel-de-Ville, the
+tourist comes to the Grande Place_.
+
+[Illustration: POPERINGHE: BERTIN PLACE AND CHURCH OF ST. BERTIN]
+
+
+=Poperinghe=
+
+Poperinghe, a small town of 12,000 inhabitants, is the centre of an
+agricultural district, where hop-growing is the chief industry.
+
+Of its three churches, two only are interesting from an artistic point
+of view.
+
+The Church of St. Jean is Romanesque in style, whilst that of St. Bertin
+contains some remarkable woodwork: the Vérité pulpit, the Dean's
+confessional, and the roof-loft are masterpieces of the Renaissance
+period.
+
+In the court of the Hôtel Skindles there is a tombstone dating from
+1171.
+
+Old houses are rare in Poperinghe, the town having several times been
+destroyed during its history.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=SECOND DAY: POPERINGHE--LILLE=
+
+
+=Via The Hills of Flanders, Armentières, Nieppe Forest,
+Merville and Béthune=
+
+_Visit to the Hills_: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel in
+Belgium; and the Mont des Cats and Mont Noir in France.
+
+_At the Grande Place of Poperinghe take Rue Flamande, then Chaussée de
+Reninghelst, turn to the left along the Rue des Prêtres, and then turn
+to the right into the Rue Boescheppe, opposite the church of St.
+Bertin._
+
+_Pass in front of the_ =Diocesan College=, the roof of which was badly
+damaged by shell-fire. _In the Place Bertel turn to the right._
+
+_Cross the river by a recently restored bridge, then skirt, on the left,
+the communal cemetery_, where the graves have been destroyed by the
+shells, and _cross the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway_ (_l. c._).
+
+[Illustration: LA CLYTTE ROAD AND THE MONT ROUGE]
+
+On the left is an Allied cemetery containing 500 to 600 graves. On the
+right against the sky is =Cats Hill=. Numerous machine-guns shelters can
+still be seen along the road. _Cross a narrow-gauge railway_, which
+serves a military station on the right.
+
+_The road is first undulating, then descends to_ =Reninghelst=. _Here
+leave on the left the church_, which has not greatly suffered. In the
+churchyard near by, there are a few French soldiers' graves. _At the
+cross-roads, turn to the left, then 200 yards further on, at_
+=Zevecoten=, take the road on the right to =La Clytte=.
+
+The further we advance the greater the devastation of the ground
+becomes.
+
+_At the first houses of Clytte Hamlet, turn to the right._ The German
+rush of 1918 was broken before this village.
+
+After the capture of Kemmel Hill, a violent enemy attack on April 27
+broke down before the desperate resistance of the French 28th Infantry
+Division (Madelin) and the British 9th Infantry Division.
+
+=Kemmel= is seen on the left, and =Scherpenberg= in front.
+
+_Pass the church_ (photo, p. 111). _The road turns to the right beyond
+the last houses, and gradually climbs the slopes of_ =Scherpenberg=
+(altitude, 340 feet). The side of this hill is almost perpendicular, and
+in it are numerous remains of shelters.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The narrow road which led to the top was completely destroyed. The
+ascent can, however, be made on foot.
+
+In spite of all their efforts, the Germans failed to reach Scherpenberg
+in their offensive of 1918. Their efforts to outflank the Flanders Hills
+on the north broke down before the resistance of the French 39th
+Infantry Division (Massenet) on April 26, 27 and 28, 1918.
+
+_At the next fork turn to the right into the village of_ =Westoutre=.
+Here the road winds through the valley. The river on the left has, owing
+to shell-fire, become a small lake. Westoutre suffered greatly in the
+bombardments.
+
+_Pass the Town Hall, then turn to the left in front of the church. The
+road rises sharply, and winds round_ =Vidaigne Hill=. The many shelters
+in the sides of the hill can plainly be seen.
+
+_Behind the hill, leave the road leading to the French frontier, and
+take on the left the road which first descends and then climbs the
+slopes of_ =Rouge Hill=. From the plateau there is a splendid view
+across the plains.
+
+_Leave on the left the ruins of the Chapel of Nôtre-Dame-de-Lourdes._
+
+_The road, rising rather stiffly, runs into the Bailleul Road. On
+turning to the right, the first houses of_ =Locre= _village are
+reached_.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LA CLYTTE CHURCH]
+
+[Illustration: THE SLOPES OF SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+[Illustration: VIDAIGNE HILL]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LOCRE AND ROUGE HILL]
+
+Locre was the scene of terrific fighting during the German offensive
+against the Flanders Hills in 1918. On April 19, 1918, it was taken by
+the enemy after a daring advance by their Alpine Corps, which had
+succeeded in reaching Kemmelbeek Valley. On the same day, the soldiers
+of this picked corps continued their advance as far as the crossing with
+the Westoutre road, 1 kilomètre to the north of Locre; but here the
+French dragoons, in an irresistible counter-attack, drove the Germans
+back and recaptured Locre, leaving only the _Hospice_, to the south-east
+of the village, in enemy hands.
+
+[Illustration: LOCRE ROAD AT KEMMEL AND KEMMEL HILL]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL CHURCH AND VILLAGE IN RUINS
+_Photographed from the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill_]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF KEMMEL CHÂTEAU AND HILL]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL HILL
+_Photographed from the road to Kemmel at La Clytte, 500 yards from the
+latter._]
+
+_Beyond the ruins of the church, in the middle of a devastated cemetery,
+turn to the left; then at the next fork, leaving some French graves on
+the left, take the road on the right leading to_ =Kemmel Hill=.
+
+This hill, the first of the Hills of Flanders, is famous for the battles
+fought there in 1918. On April 17, 1918, the Germans had reached the
+foot. On the 25th, they rushed to the attack, encircling and capturing
+the hill, which was held by the French 30th Infantry Regiment. During
+the next and following days French counter-attacks failed to dislodge
+the enemy. It was only on August 30 that the Germans evacuated the hill;
+on the 31st it was occupied by the British.
+
+_Pass Burgrave Farm. At the foot of the hill (inaccessible to vehicles)
+the road turns to the left._ Here the ground is completely churned up,
+the bits of road being connected up by little bridges thrown across the
+shell-holes. In the distance is seen the ruined church of Kemmel (photo,
+p. 113). _On reaching the village, turn to the right, to visit the ruins
+of the château_ (photo, p. 114), _then return to the fork and take the
+road on the right_.
+
+The road is hilly, as the photograph, taken 500 yards this side of the
+crossing with the La Clytte road, shows. _Keeping straight along the
+road by which he came, as far as Zevecoten, the tourist then returns
+first to the left and then to the right._
+
+_In the centre of_ =Reninghelst= _village, take the Neuve-Eglise road on
+the left. At the fork in the road at_ =Heksken=, _turn to the right
+towards_ =Poperinghe=. _Cross the river. At the crossing of the road
+from Poperinghe to Boeschèpe, turn to the left to visit the largest
+cemetery in this region_ (shown on the Itinerary, p. 108), which
+contains 20,000 to 22,000 graves The photograph gives but a slight idea
+of the size of it.
+
+[Illustration: FRAGMENT OF CEMETERY CONTAINING 20,000 GRAVES AT
+BOESCHÈPE, ON THE ROAD TO POPERINGHE]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF CATS HILL]
+
+_Retracing his steps the tourist takes the road which first skirts the
+railway, and then crosses it (l. c.) to rejoin the
+Poperinghe-Steenwoorde road. Take the latter on the left._ (See
+Itinerary, p. 108.)
+
+At the hamlet of Abeele there is a Belgian custom-house (visa of
+"triptyque" or motor-car permit). The French custom-house is at
+=Steenwoorde= (the third house to the right on entering). Usual
+formalities.
+
+_Opposite the custom office take I.C. 128 on the left, which, after
+several turnings, leads to_ =Godewaerstelde=. _Leave the village on the
+left._
+
+[Illustration: THE CRUCIFIX AND ABBEY OF CATS HILL]
+
+[Illustration: CATS HILL ABBEY]
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION OF THE CHAPEL CHOIR]
+
+[Illustration: THE COURTYARD OF CATS HILL ABBEY AFTER THE BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+_On the far side of the level-crossing the road rises, and the Abbey on
+the top of_ =Cats Hill= _soon comes into view_.
+
+There is a magnificent view from the wayside-cross on the plateau. Visit
+the monastery, whose buildings suffered greatly from the bombardments.
+
+_Pass in front of the cross and take the second road on the right, which
+slopes down fairly quickly to the village of_ =Berthem=, _through which
+the tourist passes_.
+
+[Illustration: VIDAIGNE HILL AND NOIR HILL]
+
+_In the hamlet of_ =Schaexnen=, _opposite the inn with the sign "Au
+Vieux Schaexnen," turn to the left, passing in front of a small château
+in the middle of a wood on the right. A plateau_--=Noir Hill=--_ploughed
+up by countless shells, is reached shortly afterwards_.
+
+_At the fork in the road turn to the right_ (the road on the left leads
+back into Belgium).
+
+_Go through the hamlet of_ =La Croix-de-Poperinghe=, _then at the next
+fork take the road to_ =Bailleul= _on the right_. _At Bailleul leave the
+lunatic asylum on the left._ The French custom-house is in the Rue
+d'Ypres. (In June, 1919, there was as yet no corresponding office at
+Locre in Belgium.)
+
+Bailleul suffered terribly from the bombardments, most of the houses
+being destroyed.
+
+Bailleul was taken by three German divisions on April 15, 1918, as well
+as Little Hill and the Ravelsberg, to the west of the town. But the next
+day the German forces, who had orders to consolidate their success and
+turn the chain of hills from the south, were rudely checked by French
+divisions, rushed up to relieve their British comrades, and in three
+days, thanks to the prompt and vigorous action of General Pétain, they
+were driven back.
+
+_Have a look round the Grande Place before taking the Rue de Lille_ (N.
+42) _on the left_. _At the Noveau-Monde cross-roads_, where there is an
+important munitions depôt with railway-station, _turn sharply to the
+left, leaving Lille Hill on the left_.
+
+_After twice crossing the railway_ (_l. c._) the Customs Barracks are
+passed. The road passes over three more level-crossings, skirts the
+frontier, crosses the railway, and then the Stilbecque stream. _Next
+pass through_ =Nieppe= village--almost entirely demolished; _then over
+the railway_ (_l. c._). _Cross the Lys by the Nieppe Bridge and enter_
+=Armentières=, _via the Rue de Nieppe_.
+
+_At the cross-roads take Rue Nationale on the right, and follow the
+tram-lines as far as the crossing of Rue de Lille with Rue de Marle.
+Take the latter to the right, and cross the railway_ (_l. c._).
+
+For particulars concerning Armentières, see pp. 49--55, first Itinerary.
+
+_Keep straight to_ =Bois-Grenier=, _turning to the right in front of the
+ruined church_.
+
+_Outside the village take the second road on the right to_ =Fleurbaix=.
+
+_Pass the church, of which a few walls are still standing_ (photo
+below), _then turn to the left beyond the Square into Rue de Quesnes_.
+Numerous concrete shelters were built inside the houses.
+
+_Near the British cemetery the road turns to the right, then to the
+left, and enters_ =Laventie=. _Turn to the right in the Place de
+l'Eglise, then to the left over a level-crossing near the station_.
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED CHURCH OF FLEURBAIX]
+
+[Illustration: LAVENTIE CHURCH, RUINED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+_After several turnings the road runs past a small ruined chapel,
+crosses a river, then turns to the right, and crosses the Lys. At the
+first houses of_ =Estaires=, _100 yards beyond the bridge, turn to the
+left, amid the ruins._
+
+_Pass the ruined gasworks and follow the main street shown in the photo
+below._ In the middle ground of this photograph are seen the walls of
+the church, the steeple of which has fallen in.
+
+[Illustration: ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE MAIN STREET OF ESTAIRES]
+
+[Illustration: MERVILLE (_from old engraving_)]
+
+_Leave on the left the Square, in which formerly stood the
+Hôtel-de-Ville_; its ruined belfry is now a mere heap of bricks and
+stones.
+
+_Beyond a German cemetery on the right, pass through_ =Neuf-Berquin=,
+_after which, on turning to the left_, =Merville= comes into view.
+
+[Illustration: MERVILLE CHURCH, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+_Seen from the Rue des Trois Prêtres._]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LESTREM CHURCH]
+
+At the entrance is the cemetery, the area of which has been doubled by
+serried rows of little wooden crosses, each marking a British grave.
+
+If time can be spared (two or three hours) proceed as far as =Nieppe
+Forest=, keeping straight on, and leaving Merville on the left.
+
+[Illustration: LESTREM CHÂTEAU
+(_Destroyed by the German bombardments._)]
+[Illustration: REMAINS OF LOCON VILLAGE]
+
+Contrarily to other forests in the battle area, Nieppe Forest did not
+suffer greatly, although, like the others, it concealed munitions and
+stores. (Note the numerous narrow-gauge rails lying along the roadside.)
+
+The roads themselves bear traces of hastily constructed defence-works.
+
+On the left, near the outskirts of the forest, a pathway leads to a
+cemetery containing British soldiers' graves.
+
+La Motte-au-Bois, lying in a clearing, suffered little. Its 17th century
+château, which escaped destruction, can be reached by crossing the canal
+over a temporary bridge, leaving on the right a small octagonal chapel
+of no special interest.
+
+_Return by the same road to_ =Merville=, _and pass through it_, taking a
+glance at the ruins of the church on the right. _Cross the canal, the
+Lys, and the railway near the station, and turn to the left immediately
+afterwards._
+
+_Follow the railway, then re-cross it. The road here runs parallel to
+the canal. At the next fork leave on the left the road to the Gorgue;
+turn to the right, cross the railway, and enter_ =Lestrem=. _Beyond the
+bridge over the Lawe, pass the church, then turn to the right, and skirt
+the grounds of an old ruined château._
+
+This château--completely restored in 1890--was used by the Germans as an
+observation-post, and subsequently blown up by them on April 10, 1918
+(photo, p. 122).
+
+On leaving Lestrem the road winds. On the left, broken fragments of
+ironwork mark the site of the distillery, which provided a livelihood
+for part of the working population of =La Fosse= village. The ruined
+church is seen to the left, on the far side of the canal.
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. THE CANAL AND SIDING (_Cliché LL._)]
+
+_Go through the hamlet of_ =Zelobes=, which, like that of =Lobes=, was
+razed to the ground.
+
+_Pass through what was_ =Locon= village (photo, p. 123).
+
+Lawe Canal, after running parallel to the road, turns and cuts it.
+_Cross the canal by the temporary bridge._
+
+A little further on, the road again follows the canal as far as the
+entrance to =Béthune=.
+
+_Cross the Aires Canal, pass the railway station on the left, then
+through the horse-market to the Place de la République. Cross the latter
+and take the Rue de Rivage to the Grande Place._
+
+For four years the whole district just passed through, since leaving
+Armentières, was the scene of incessant fighting.
+
+In October, 1914, it saw the close of the fighting which concluded the
+"race to the sea," and the stabilising of the front here resulted in
+more than six months' continuous fighting.
+
+A little later, the Artois offensive of 1915 found an echo in local
+operations for the possession of key positions like Festubert and
+Neuve-Chapelle, giving rise to sanguinary struggles without decisive
+result for either side.
+
+Finally, in 1918, it was the scene of the third great German offensive
+for the conquest of the Hills (see pp. 38--43.)
+
+
+=Béthune=
+
+The foundation in 984 of the Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew, by
+Robert I., ancestor of Sully, is the first mention of Béthune in
+history. The town, owned in turn by the Counts of Flanders, the Dukes of
+Burgundy, and the House of Austria, annexed to France at the Peace of
+Nimègue in 1678, taken in 1710 by the Triple Alliance, was finally
+restored to France in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht.
+
+A fraternity, called the "Confrérie des Charitables," still survives.
+Founded after the plague of 1188 by two blacksmiths, to whom St. Eloi
+appeared in a vision, asking them to assist their fellow-countrymen who
+were dying unsuccoured, it performed the burial rites of the dead.
+
+During the Great War the town was intermittently bombarded for three and
+a half years, but from the end of February, 1918, to April 21 the
+violence of the shelling increased tenfold, and on the latter date the
+civil population had to be evacuated, the battle having carried the
+German lines within two miles of Béthune.
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE, _from an old engraving_]
+
+On April 13--18 the bombardment became so intense that the town was
+almost razed to the ground.
+
+The officials and the miners of the district were mentioned in Orders of
+the Day for their courage and endurance.
+
+At first sight, the town does not seem to have suffered so much, but
+this impression soon passes.
+
+The Grande Place (photo, p. 126) where the chief beauties of this small
+town were concentrated, is now a heap of bricks and stones.
+
+The old houses have fallen in; only the façade of one of them (No. 44),
+dating from the 16th century, remains, and even this one was severely
+damaged and is now supported by wooden props.
+
+Of the modern Hôtel-de-Ville there remains only a small portion of the
+façade (photo, p. 127), whilst the Savings Bank on the left is a
+shapeless ruin.
+
+The belfry, built in 1346 and restored forty years later, is still
+standing, but the upper portion of it has disappeared, and the houses
+which surrounded it have fallen in.
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. _Before the War._ (_Cliché
+LL._)]
+
+Its tower is standing, as far as the upper part of the sun-dial, whilst
+the four admirable gargoyles which project at the corners, and the
+graceful curve of the pointed windows of its first storey, escaped
+injury.
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. _After the Bombardments_]
+
+The remains of the spiral staircase leading to the top may still be
+seen, but the 15th century wooden spire has gone.
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. RUINS OF THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE]
+
+This spire contained a peal of bells, one of which, dated 1576, was
+called "La Joyeuse."
+
+"La Joyeuse" is silenced for ever.
+
+This peal gave its name to the street behind the belfry, which leads to
+the Church of St. Waast (1533--1545), whose massive tower was more than
+half-a-century later than the rest of the building.
+
+_To leave the town, return from the Grande Place to the Place de la
+République_ (in June, 1917, it was impossible to take the Rue d'Arras,
+which is the direct road, all this part of the town being obstructed by
+ruins).
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ST. WAAST CHURCH]
+
+_In the Place de la République take the Boulevard Victor-Hugo on the
+right, and then Rue Marcelin-Berthelot, also on the right. At the
+cross-roads take the Rue de Lille to the left._ The Faubourg de Lille
+suffered severely from the bombardment. _Take N. 41 alongside the Aire
+Canal._
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. RUE D'ARRAS, BEFORE KULTUR'S BLIGHT FELL ON IT.
+(_Cliché LL._) (_See below_)]
+
+[Illustration: BÉTHUNE. RUE D'ARRAS--WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT
+(_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED BRIDGE ACROSS THE BASSÉE]
+
+For four years the fighting never ceased in this region. _Leave the
+Festubert sector on the right._ Throughout the struggle, the Canadians
+fought so bravely that one of their recruiting posters was dedicated to
+the heroes of Festubert, with this inscription:
+
+    "Oui, vous avez raison, c'est hideux le carnage,
+    Oui, le progrès blessé recule et se débat,
+    Notre siècle en fureur retourne au moyen âge,
+    Mais sachons donc nous battre, au moins, puisqu'on se bat."
+
+_At the crossing of N. 41 and 43 leave the latter on the right._
+
+_Cross the Grande Rue d'Annequin._ From here, on the right, coalpit No.
+9 can be seen, with its wrecked machinery in the air--a mass of twisted
+ironwork.
+
+_The ruined village of_ =Cambrin= _is next passed through. On the other
+side of the level-crossing, leave on the right the badly damaged village
+of_ =Auchy-lez-La-Bassée=. _The road now follows the canal._ After
+crossing the railway (l. c.) vast heaps of broken railway trucks smashed
+by the shells can be seen in the fields on the right. Further on are
+eight or nine blockhouses which were formerly brick-kilns. _Turn to the
+left, cross the railway, then the Aire Canal by the new suspension
+bridge_ (beside the old one shown in the photograph) _and enter_ =La
+Bassée=, _now a heap of ruins_.
+
+La Bassée, an important centre standing at the junction of several roads
+and railways, in the heart of the plain of Flanders, south-west of
+Lille, was the objective of many desperate struggles during the war.
+
+In October, 1914, the district of La Bassée was the scene of endless
+conflicts between the Allied and enemy cavalry forces, the little town
+finally remaining in the hands of the Germans.
+
+A year later, the British offensive in Artois drove back the Germans
+south of La Bassée, whilst to the north the positions of Neuve-Chapelle
+and Aubers were bitterly disputed. However, the lines shifted but
+little, and La Bassée still remained in the centre of the line of fire.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE, _from an old engraving_]
+
+During the German offensive of 1918, the town again came inside the
+German lines, but the enemy were driven out shortly afterwards, during
+the Allied offensive that led to the Armistice and to the consummation
+of victory.
+
+_Go through the Rue d'Estaires_, in which there is a large and very high
+armoured shelter that served as an observation-post. _Pass the ruined
+church_ (photo, p. 132), _then turn to the right into the Grande Place_.
+Inside a three-storied house, which later collapsed under the shell-fire
+(photo, p. 132), there was a German observation-post of concrete, armed
+with machine-guns.
+
+_On leaving La Bassée continue along N. 41_, with its fine trees cut
+down and left along the sides of the road. _Pass the first houses of_
+=Illies= _village, on the left, and 100 yards further on, cross a large
+avenue_ (_leading to the Château de Varneton_).
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE. STREET CAMOUFLAGED BY THE GERMANS (_Note the
+high poles on the left._)]
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE. RUE D'ESTAIRES BEFORE THE WAR (_Compare with
+photo below._)]
+
+On the right, and connected with _N. 41_ by a small bridge, there is a
+large German cemetery with a monument to the memory of the soldiers of
+the XVth Regiment (Prinz Friedrich) (photo, p. 133).
+
+_The road leads to_ =Fournes=, _the outskirts of which are crossed by
+Rue Pasteur_. Pass an avenue of fine trees leading to the Château of
+Comte d'Hespel, accidentally burned down.
+
+At the cross-roads there is a bandstand erected by the Germans. A crude
+painting on the back of the stand represents a tug-of-war between a
+German and British, French and American soldiers, in which the German
+wins apparently with ease. Italy, depicted as a monkey, is seen clinging
+to the rope.
+
+After turning to the right the road passes the large Gambert Boarding
+School, which was severely damaged. Behind it is a large cemetery.
+
+_Follow the road to the badly damaged village of_ =Beaucamps=, where
+there are numerous concrete shelters in the houses. _At the cross-roads
+turn to the left._ A wayside-cross, ten yards further on, indicate the
+road. A short distance further on are the ruins of the Château de
+Flandre, the basement of which, in reinforced concrete, was used as a
+machine-gun emplacement.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE. RUE D'ESTAIRES IN 1919 (_Compare with photo
+above._)]
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH]
+
+The tourist next comes to what was =Radinghem=. _Beyond the ruined
+church_ (photo, p. 133), _turn to the right past an armoured shelter,
+which defended the road, pass under the railway, and at the hamlet of_
+=La Vallée=, _beyond a chapel, turn to the right into_ =Ennetières=.
+_The road continues through the ruins of_ =Englos= _and_ =Haubourdin=.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSÉE. CONCRETE OBSERVATION-POST BUILT BY THE GERMANS
+INSIDE A HOUSE WHICH, LATER, COLLAPSED]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN CEMETERY ON THE RIGHT OF THE ROAD FROM LA BASSÉE
+TO TOURNES, 100 YDS. FROM ILLIES. (_See Itinerary, p. 108._)]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN FUNEREAL MONUMENT]
+
+Haubourdin suffered comparatively little from the shells, but like all
+the other occupied towns of France, it was subjected to exactions,
+war-levies, deportations and pillage. The German soldiers, when relieved
+from the Hindenburg line, had their rest-billets there. The church (of
+no especial interest), the hospital (15th century), and a chapel built
+in 1347, are still preserved.
+
+_After passing through_ =Loos=, _return to_ =Lille=, _entering by the
+Béthune Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: RADINGHEM IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. THE EX-KAISER IN THE PLACE CORMONTAIGNE]
+
+_For visiting Lille, see the Michelin Illustrated Guide: "Lille Before
+and During the War."_
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. THE COURTYARD OF THE BOURSE, WITH BRONZE STATUE OF
+NAPOLEON I. CAST FROM CANNONS CAPTURED AT AUSTERLITZ]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE, AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT OF 1914]
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLAPSE OF A HOUSE ON THE RUE DE PARIS]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. ENTRY OF THE BRITISH 5TH ARMY ON OCT. 21, 1918]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL HILL
+
+Seen from the road to Warneton, at Neuve Eglise._]
+
+
+
+
+THE BRITISH FORCES ENGAGED in the YPRES SECTOR
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, F. A. Swaine, London._
+VISCOUNT FRENCH OF YPRES,
+K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G.]
+
+    _The Orders of Battle have been compiled from information
+    supplied by the Historical Section (Military Branch) Committee
+    of Imperial Defence, with permission of the Army Council, War
+    Office._
+
+
+THE BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: _Commander-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+_Photo, F. A. Swaine, London._
+FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT ALLENBY, G.C.B., C.M.G.]
+
+    _Cavalry Division._ MAJOR-GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. BRIGGS.
+    _2nd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _3rd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. DE LA P. GOUGH.
+    _4th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. THE HON. C. E. BINGHAM.
+    _5th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. SIR P. W. CHETWODE.
+    _R.H.A._: BRIG.-GEN. B. F. DRAKE.
+
+[Illustration: FIELD-MARSHAL EARL HAIG,
+K.T., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, F. A. Swaine, London_.
+GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,
+G.C.B, G.C.M.G., D.S.O.]
+
+    _First Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR DOUGLAS HAIG.
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. H. S. HORNE.
+
+    _1st Division_, MAJOR-GEN. S. H. LOMAX.
+    _1st Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. I. MAXSE.
+    _2nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+    _3rd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. S. LANDON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. N. D. FINDLAY.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. S. B. RICE.
+
+    _2nd Division_, MAJOR-GEN. C. C. MUNRO.
+    _4th Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. SCOTT-KERR.
+    _5th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. C. B. HAKING.
+    _6th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. H. DAVIES.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. M. PERCEVAL.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_ GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. A. H. SHORT.
+
+    _3rd Division_, MAJOR-GEN. H. I. W. HAMILTON.
+    _7th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. W. N. MCCRACKEN
+    _8th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. B. J. C. DORAN.
+    _9th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. C. SHAW.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. F. D. V. WING.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. SANDBACH.
+
+    _5th Division_, MAJOR-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSSON. BT.
+    _13th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. CUTHBERT.
+    _14th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. S. P. ROLT.
+    _15th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. W. COUNT GLEICHEN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. J. E. W. HEADLAM.
+    _19th Inf. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. L. DRUMMOND.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_    MAJOR-GEN. W. P. PULTENEY.
+    (_Formed in France, August 31, 1919._)
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. E. J. PHILLIPS-HORNBY, V.C.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. F. M. GLUBB.
+
+    _4th Division_, MAJOR-GEN. T. D'O. SNOW.
+    _10th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. J. A. L. HALDANE.
+    _11th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _12th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. G. F. MILNE.
+
+    _6th Division_, MAJOR-GEN.: J. L. KEIR.
+    (_Embarked for S. Nazaire, Sept. 8--9, 1914._)
+    _16th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. C. INGOUVILLE-WILLIAMS.
+    _17th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. R. B. DORAN.
+    _18th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. N. CONGREVE V.C.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. W. L. H. PAGET.
+
+
+=FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(October 19--November 21, 1914.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+    _Cavalry Corps._ GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _1st Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. BRIGGS.
+    _2nd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. L MULLENS.
+
+    _2nd Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. P. GOUGH.
+    _3rd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. J. A. BELL SMYTHE.
+    _4th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. E. BINGHAM.
+    _5th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. P. CHEPWODE.
+
+    _3rd Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. J. W. BYNG.
+    _6th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. MAKINS.
+    _7th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. M. KAVANAGH.
+    _8th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. B. BULKELEY-JOHNSON.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Russell, London._
+LORD RAWLINSON, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.,
+K.C.M.G., A.D.C.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, "Daily Mirror" Studios._
+LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH,
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.]
+
+    _First Army Corps_ GEN. SIR D. HAIG.
+
+    _1st Division_: MAJOR-GEN. S. H. LOMAX.
+    _1st Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. FITZCLARENCE.
+    _2nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+    _3rd Inf. Bde._: BRIG. GEN. H. J. S LANDON. V C.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. A. FANSHAWE.
+
+    _2nd Division_: MAJOR-GEN. C. C. MONRO.
+    _4th Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. LORD CAVAN.
+    _5th Inf. Bde._: COL. C. B. WESTMACOTT.
+    _6th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. FANSHAWE.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. M. PERCEVAL.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_ GEN. SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN.
+
+    _3rd Division_: MAJOR-GEN. C. J. MACKENZIE.
+    _7th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. W. MCCRAKEN.
+    _8th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. B. J. C. DORAN,
+    _9th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. C. SHAW.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. A. H. SHORT.
+
+    _5th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. N. MORLAND.
+    _13th Inf. Bde_: COL. A. W. MARTYN.
+    _14th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN, E. S. MAUDE.
+    _15th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. W. COUNT GLEICHEN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN J. E. W. HEADLAM.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_  GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+
+    _4th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _10th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. P. A. HULL.
+    _11th Inf. Bde_: BRIG.-GEN A. HUNTER WESTON.
+    _12th Inf. Bde._: BRIG-GEN. F. G. ANLEY.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. G. F. MILNE.
+
+    _6th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. L. KEIR.
+    _16th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. C. INGOUVILLE-WILLIAMS.
+    _17th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. R. B. DORAN.
+    _18th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. N. CONGREVE.
+    _19th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. HON. F. GORDON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN W. H. L. PAGET.
+
+    _Fourth Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. S. RAWLINSON.
+
+    _7th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. CAPPER.
+    _20th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. RUGGLES-BRISE.
+    _21st Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. E. WATTS.
+    _22nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. S. T. B. LAWFORD.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. H. K. JACKSON.
+
+    _Indian Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR J. WILLCOCKS.
+
+    _3rd_ (_Lahore_) _Div._: LIEUT.-GEN. H. A. WATKINS.
+    _7th Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. G. EGERTON.
+    _8th Ind. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. P. M. CARMEDY.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. F. E. JOHNSON.
+    _7th (Meerut) Div._: LIEUT.-GEN. C. A. ANDERSON.
+    _19th Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. E. JOHNSON.
+    _20th Ind. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. H. DU KEARY.
+    _21st Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. MACBEAN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. A. P. SCOTT.
+
+
+=SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(April 22--May 24, 1915.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+
+    _Cavalry Corps._ GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _2nd Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. C. T. KAVANAGH.
+    _3rd Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. J. W. BYNG.
+
+    _Second Army_GEN. SIR H. SMITH-DORRIEN.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSON.
+
+    _5th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. N. MORLAND.
+    _46th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. E. J. MONTAGUE-STUART-WORTLEY.
+
+    _Fifth Army Corps_LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. PLUMER.
+
+[Illustration:_Photo, Russell, London._
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD PLUMER,
+G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.]
+
+[Illustration:_Photo, Russell, London._
+LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR E. A. H. ALDERSON,
+K.C.B.]
+
+    _27th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. D'O. SNOW.
+    _28th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_ GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+
+    _4th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _6th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. L. KEIR.
+    _50th Div._ (_General Reserve_): MAJOR-GEN. SIR W. F. LINDSAY.
+
+
+=THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(July 31--November 6, 1916.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_
+        FIELD-MARSHAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG.
+
+    _First Army._ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. S. HORNE.
+    _1st Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. A. E. A. HOLLAND.
+    _11th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR E. C. R. HAKING.
+    _13th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. F. W. N. MCCRACKEN.
+
+    _Second Army_ GENERAL SIR H. C. O. PLUMER.
+    _2nd Army Corps_ (_with 5th Army during Aug._):
+        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. W. JACOB.
+    _8th Army Corps_ (_with 5th Army during Aug. & Sept._):
+        MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _9th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. A. HAMILTON GORDON.
+    _10th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR T. L. N. MORLAND.
+    _1st Anzac Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. R. BIRDWOOD.
+    2nd Anzac Corps: Major-Gen. Sir A. J. Godley.
+
+    _Third Army._ LIEUT.-GEN. THE HON. SIR J. H. G. BYNG.
+    _3rd Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+    _4th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. L. WOOLLCOMBE.
+    _6th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. J. A. L. HALDANE.
+    _17th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSON.
+
+    _Fourth Army_ GENERAL SIR H. S. RAWLINSON, BART.
+    _15th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR J. P. DU CANE.
+
+    _Fifth Army_        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH.
+    _2nd Army Corps (see 2nd Army)_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. W. JACOB.
+    _5th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. E. A. FANSHAW.
+    _8th Army Corps (see 2nd Army)_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _14th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. LORD CAVAN.
+    _18th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR F. L. MAXSE.
+    _19th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. H. E. WATTS.
+    _New Zealand Division (Unattached)_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. H. RUSSELL.
+
+    _Canadian Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR E. A. H. ALDERSON.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Russell, London._
+LORD BYNG, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., M.V.O.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Chandler, Exeter._
+THE EARL OF CAVAN, K.P., G.C.M.G., K.C.B.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO NAMES OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
+
+
+_The figures in heavy type indicate the pages on which there are
+illustrations._
+
+    Abeele, 116
+
+    Aire Canal, 124, 127
+
+    Allaines, 45
+
+    =Amiens=, 37, 45
+
+    Anzac Redoubt, 28
+
+    =Armentières=, 5, 18, 38, 39, 45, 46, =49=, =50=, =51=, =52=,
+    =53=, =54=, 58, 108, 119, 124
+
+    =Arras=, 37
+
+    Artois, 37
+
+    Aschhoop, 35
+
+    Aubers, 129
+
+    Auchy-la-Bassée, 129
+
+
+    =Bailleul=, 39, 40, 41, 45, 119
+
+    Baisieux, 18
+
+    Beaucamps, 131
+
+    Becelaere, 3, 7, 30, 48, 61, =62=, 63
+
+    Bellewarde Lake, 105
+
+    Berthem, 118
+
+    =Béthune=, 39, 48, 108, =124=, =125=, =126=, =127=, =128=
+
+    Bixschoote, 12, 14, 25, 32
+
+    Bizet, =55=
+
+    Boeschèpe, =115=
+
+    Boesinghe, 23, 66, =67=, 68
+
+    Bois Grenier, 38, 39, 119
+
+    Borry Farm, 28
+
+    Broodseinde, 3, 15, 30, 32, 63
+
+    =Bruges=, 69
+
+    Brulooze Inn, 43
+
+
+    Calonne, 39
+
+    =Cambrai=, 45, 46
+
+    Cambrin, 129
+
+    Canal du Nord, 45
+
+    Canteleu, 48
+
+    =Cassel=, 40
+
+    Cats Hill, 40, 42, 48, 58, 108, 109, =116=, =117=, =118=
+
+    Chapelle d'Armentières, 49
+
+    Clarence River, 39
+
+    Clercken, 3
+
+    Comines, 46
+
+    Corverbeek Stream, 34
+
+
+    Denain, 46
+
+    Dickebusch Pond, 42, 43
+
+    =Dixmude=, 13, 23, 25, 26, 46
+
+    =Douai=, 46
+
+    Douve River, 58
+
+    Draeibank, 34
+
+    Dranoutre, 41, 42
+
+    Driegrachten, 26
+
+
+    Elverdinghe, 23
+
+    Englos, 132
+
+    Ennetières, 132
+
+    Essenfarm, 23
+
+    Estaires, 39, 45, 48, =120=
+
+
+    =Festubert=, 39, 124
+
+    Fleurbaix, 39, =119=
+
+    Fokker Farm, 28
+
+    Fourues, 131
+
+    Frezenburg, 7, 16, 25
+
+
+    Gallipoli Farm, 28
+
+    Gapaard, 21, 23, =59=
+
+    Gaverbeck Canal, 60
+
+    =Gheluvelt=, 3, 4, 7, 28, 46, 48, =60=, 61
+
+    =Ghent=, 69
+
+    =Givenchy=, 39, 45
+
+    Glencorse Wood, 3, 26, 28
+
+    Godewaerstelde, 116
+
+    Goudberg, 35
+
+    Gouzeaucourt, 45
+
+    Gravenstafel, 31
+
+
+    Hanebeke Stream, 115
+
+    Haubourdin, 58, 132
+
+    Haute-Deule Canal, 46, 48
+
+    Havrincourt Wood, 45
+
+    =Hazebrouck=, 39, 40, 45
+
+    Heksken, 115
+
+    Herenthage Wood, 3, 28, 106
+
+    Het Sas, 14, 15, 17, 23, 67
+
+    =Hill 60=, 3, 14, 16, 18, 106
+
+    Hill 63, 57
+
+    =Hindenburg Line=, 133
+
+    Hockske, 35
+
+    Hollebeke, 7, 10, 23, 25, 26, 28, 59, =60=
+
+    =Hooge=, 16, 19, 23, 25, 48, =105=, =106=
+
+    Houthem, 11, 48, 59, 60
+
+    Houthulst Forest, 3, 32, 33, 46, 66
+
+
+    Iberian Farm, 28
+
+    Illies, 130
+
+    "International Trench", 18
+
+    Inverness Wood, 3, 26, 28
+
+
+    =Kemmel=, 14, 41, 42, 109, =113=, =114=, 115
+
+    Kemmel Hill, 40, 42, 48, 58, 108, 109, =114=, 115, 136
+
+    Kemmelbeek, 42, 107, 112
+
+    Kippe, 35
+
+    Klein Zillebeke, 7, 21, 23, 28
+
+    Kortekeer Inn, 25
+
+    Kortewilde, 60
+
+    Kruppfarm, 23
+
+
+    =La Bassée=, 13, 37, 38, 45, 48, 129, =130=, =131=, =132=
+
+    La Bassée Canal, 46
+
+    La Clytte, 42, 43, 109, =111=, 115
+
+    La Couture, 39
+
+    La Croix de Poperinghe, 118
+
+    La Fosse, 123
+
+    La Motte du Bois, 123
+
+    =Langemarck=, 12, 15, 16, 18, 26, 27, 28, 30, 48, =66=, =67=
+
+    La Vallée, 132
+
+    Laventie, 39, 45, 119, =120=
+
+    Lawe River, 39, 123, 124
+
+    =Lens=, 45, 46
+
+    Lestrem, =122=, 123
+
+    Le Transloy, 45
+
+    Lille, 40, 46, =48=, 50, 108, 133, =134=, =135=
+
+    Lille-Hazebrouck Rly., 30
+
+    Lindenhoek, 41, 42
+
+    Little Hill, 119
+
+    Lizerne, 15, 23
+
+    Lobes, 124
+
+    Locon, 39, =123=, 124
+
+    =Locre=, 42, 43 110, =112=, 115
+
+    Lombaertzyde, 23
+
+    Lomme, 48
+
+    =Loos=, 133
+
+    Luyghem, 35
+
+    =Lys River=, 13, 23, 25 37, 39, 45, 46, =50=, =51=, 53, 55, 119,
+    120, 123
+
+
+    Mangelhaere, 32
+
+    Marchiennes, 46
+
+    Marquion, 45
+
+    Martjet-Vaart Canal, 26
+
+    =Menin=, 7, 9, 16, 28, 46, 61, 103, 105
+
+    Menin Road, 30
+
+    Merckem, 35
+
+    Merris, 39
+
+    Merville, 39, 45, 108, =121=, 122, 123
+
+    =Messines=, 5, 8, 9, 20, 21, 23, 48, =56=, =58=, 59, 61
+
+    Messines-Wytschaete Crest, 39
+
+    Meteren, 39, 40, 41, 45
+
+    Molenaarelsthoek, 30
+
+    Molenhoek, 62
+
+    Mosselmarkt, 35
+
+
+    Neuf-Berquin, 39, 121
+
+    =Neuve-Chapelle=, 13, 38, 39, 45, 124, 129
+
+    Neuve-Eglise, 39, 40, 45, 58
+
+    Nieppe, 39, 119
+
+    Nieppe Forest, 38, 39, 45, 108, 122, 123
+
+    Noir Hill, 40, 48, 58, 108, =118=
+
+    Nonnes Wood, 3, 28
+
+    Noordhemhoek, 30, 63
+
+    Noreuil, 45
+
+    Nôtre-Dame-de-Grâce, 58
+
+
+    Oosttraverne, 20
+
+    Orchies, 46
+
+    Outtersteene, 45
+
+
+    Papegoed Wood, 34
+
+    =Passchendaele=, 3, 30, 32, 34, 35, 46, 48, 63, =64=, 65
+
+    Petite Doure Stream, 58
+
+    Petit-Kemmel, 42
+
+    Pilkem, 14, 15, 23, 25, 66
+
+    =Ploegsteert=, 18, 23, 39, 45, 55, =56=, =57=
+
+    Poelcapelle, 3, 7, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, =46=, =65=, 66
+
+    Polderhoek, 30
+
+    Polygon Wood, 3, 26, 28, 63
+
+    =Poperinghe=, 16, 40, 48, =107=, 108, 115
+
+    Poterie Farm, 21
+
+    Potsdam Redoubt, 28
+
+    Premesques Château, 49
+
+
+    Quatre Chemins, 23
+
+    Quéant, 45
+
+
+    Radinghem, 132, =133=
+
+    Ramscapelle, 16
+
+    Ravelsberg, 119
+
+    Ravetsberg, 40
+
+    Rayon Wood, 20
+
+    Reninghe, 23
+
+    =Reninghelst=, 109, 115
+
+    Reutel, 80
+
+    Richebourg-St.-Waast, 39
+
+    Robecq, 39
+
+    Rose Farm, 28
+
+    Rossignol, 58
+
+    Rouge Hill, =40=, 48, 58, 108, =109=, 110, =112=
+
+    =Roubaix=, 46, 50
+
+    =Roulers=, 15, 34, 64
+
+
+    Sailly-Saillisel, 45
+
+    =St. Eloi=, 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 41
+
+    St. Janshoek, 32, 34
+
+    St. Julien, 16, 25, 27, 28
+
+    St. Maur Ferry, 39
+
+    St. Yves, 8, 21, 23
+
+    Sanctuary Wood, 19, 23, 25, 106
+
+    Schaexnen, 118
+
+    Scherpenberg Hill, =37=, 48, 108, 109, 110, =111=
+
+    Soetart Farm, 16
+
+    Steenbeck Canal, 25, 26, 58
+
+    Steenstraat, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26
+
+    Steenwerck, 39, 45
+
+    Steenwoorde, 116
+
+    Stilebecque Stream, 119
+
+
+    Terhand, 61, =62=
+
+    Thérouanne, 70
+
+    Thielt, 6
+
+    =Tourcoing=, 46, 50
+
+    =Tournai=, 18
+
+    Tower Hamlet, 28, 29, 30, 61
+
+
+    =Valenciennes=, 46
+
+    Vampire Farm, 28
+
+    Veldhoek, 28, 32, 106
+
+    Vendin-le-Vieil, 46
+
+    Verbranden-Molen, 10
+
+    Verlorenhoek, 23, 25
+
+    Vidaigne Hill, 40, 48, 108, 110, =112=, =118=
+
+    Vieux-Berquin, 39, 45
+
+    Villers-au-Flos, 45
+
+    =Vlamertinghe=, 107
+
+    Voormezelo, 42
+
+
+    Wanbecke River, 59
+
+    Warneton, 58
+
+    Wervicq, 46
+
+    Westhoek, 26
+
+    =Westoutre=, 43, 110
+
+    Westroosebeke, =65=
+
+    Wez Macquart, 49
+
+    Wieltje, 16, 23
+
+    Wulverghem, 14, 39, 40, 45, 58
+
+    =Wytschaete=, 8, 9, 20, 40, 48, =59=
+
+    Wytschaete-Messines Crest, 39
+
+
+    Yperlée River, 23, 68, 71, 80
+
+    =Ypres=, =4=, =11=, =14=, =18=, =35=, =58=, =68--102=
+
+    Ypres-Bruges Rly., 23, 25
+
+    Ypres-Comines Canal, 17, 21, 23, 26, 28
+
+      "     "     Rly., 19
+
+      "   Lille Rly., 60
+
+      "   Roulers Rly., 23, 30, 103
+
+    =Yser Canal=, 3, 15, 17, 23, 25, 26, 68
+
+
+    Zandvoorde, 4, 5, 7, 48, 61
+
+    Zelobes, 124
+
+    Zevecoten, 109, 115
+
+    Zevencote, 28
+
+    =Zillebeke=, 3, 19, 42, 43, 102, =103=, =104=, 105
+
+    Zollebeke, 48
+
+    Zonnebeke, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 28, 29, 48, =63=
+
+    Zuydschoote, 15
+
+    Zwarteleen, 9, 23
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                         PAGES
+    FOREWORD                                                 3
+    THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE, 1914 (1st Battle of Ypres)     4--11
+    SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES                              14--16
+    THE ALLIES OFFENSIVE, 1917 (3rd Battle of Ypres)    20--23
+        1st Phase                                       23--26
+        2nd Phase                                       26--27
+        3rd Phase                                       28--29
+        4th Phase                                       30--31
+        5th Phase                                       32--33
+        6th Phase                                       34--35
+    GERMAN OFFENSIVE, 1918                                  37
+    BATTLE OF THE FLANDERS HILLS                        38--40
+    CAPTURE OF KEMMEL HILL                              41--42
+    LAST GERMAN ATTACK, 1918                                43
+    THE ALLIES' VICTORY OFFENSIVE, 1918                 44--47
+    VISIT TO THE BATTLEFIELDS                          48--133
+        First Day                                      48--107
+        Second Day                                    108--133
+    CHIEF HISTORICAL EVENTS                             69--71
+    BRITISH FORCES ENGAGED                            137--141
+        British Expeditionary Force, 1914             138--139
+        1st Battle of Ypres, 1914                          139
+        2nd Battle of Ypres, 1915                          140
+        3rd Battle of Ypres, 1916                          141
+    INDEX TO NAMES OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME 142--143
+
+
+PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN DURING THE WAR
+
+    THE MICHELIN HOSPITAL
+
+    When the Great War broke out, Michelin at once converted an
+    immense new four-storied warehouse into an up-to-date Hospital,
+    with Operating Theatre, X-Ray, Bacteriological Laboratory, etc.
+    Seven weeks later (September 22, 1914) Doctors, Dispensers,
+    Nurses, Sisters of Mercy, and auxiliaries were all at their
+    posts. The first wounded arrived the same night. In all, 2,993
+    wounded were received.
+
+    All expenses were paid by Michelin.
+
+    The story of how Michelin did "his bit" during the war is told
+    briefly and simply in the illustrated booklet, "The Michelin
+    Hospital," sent post free on application.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF ONE OF THE WARDS.]
+
+    MICHELIN & Cie., Clermont-Ferrand, France.
+    MICHELIN TYRE Co., Ltd., 81, Fulham Road, London, S.W. 3.
+
+
+
+
+    THE
+    _MICHELIN_
+    TOURING OFFICE
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE]
+
+    =Open to all Motorists seeking information and
+    advice regarding Tours=
+
+    The MICHELIN Touring Office saves the intending Tourist time and
+    trouble, and generally assists him in mapping out his Tour _free
+    of charge, and irrespective of the make of Tyres he uses_.
+
+    Send us a rough draft of your next proposed Tour and we will
+    prepare a complete and detailed itinerary and forward it on to
+    you, within three or four days.
+
+    MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE
+    81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.
+    Telephone: Kensington 4400. Telegrams: "Pneumiclin, London."
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN ROAD MAPS
+
+    _Scale 1.200,000 or 3.15 Miles to the Inch._
+
+[Illustration:
+    NORTH
+
+    MICHELIN
+    MAP
+    of the
+    BRITISH ISLES
+
+    Scale. 3.15 Miles to the Inch.
+    or 1/200,000
+
+    London-Bath
+    No. 18
+
+    ENGRAVED AND EDITED
+    BY
+    THE MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD,
+    81, FULHAM ROAD,
+    LONDON.
+
+    SOUTH
+]
+
+    BRITISH ISLES
+        Published in 31 Sheets.
+            On Canvas 2_s._ net: post free 2_s._ 2_d._
+            On Paper 1_s._ net: post free 1_s._ 1½_d._
+
+    FRANCE
+       Published in 48 Sheets.
+            On Canvas 2_s._ net. Post free 2_s._ 2_d._
+            On Paper 1_s._ net. Post free 1_s._ 1½_d._
+
+    _The MICHELIN MAPS may be obtained at all Booksellers, at the
+    Royal Automobile Club, London, The Automobile Association,
+    London, at all MICHELIN Stockists, at MICHELIN & Cie., Paris,
+    and at_
+
+    MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD.
+    81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Hyphen removed: "iron[-]work" (page 123).
+
+Pages 25, 142: "Kortekeert" changed to "Kortekeer".
+
+Page 25: "Ypers" changed to "Ypres" (on the right of the Ypres-Roulers
+Road).
+
+Page 26: "asault" changed to "assault" (they took by assault the
+village).
+
+Page 32: "Houlthulst" changed to "Houthulst" (the south-western edge of
+Houthulst Forest).
+
+Page 37: "of" changed to "to" (the driving back to the Channel coast).
+
+Page 71: "coverd" changed to "covered" (waterways are now covered).
+
+Page 101: "tmypana" changed to "tympana" (whose tympana are decorated).
+
+Page 116: "Itinerery" changed to "Itinerary" (See Itinerary p. 108).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36213-8.txt or 36213-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/2/1/36213/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/36213-8.zip b/36213-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0756b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-8.zip
diff --git a/36213-h.zip b/36213-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21f885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h.zip
diff --git a/36213-h/36213-h.htm b/36213-h/36213-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f29a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/36213-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,5767 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ -->
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Michelin.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin-top: .75em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .75em;
+}
+
+hr {
+    width: 33%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+.blockquot {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+.caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+/* Images */
+.figcenter   {
+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figleft {
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
+    margin-left: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figright {
+    float: right;
+    clear: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+    margin-bottom:
+    1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-right: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Footnotes */
+.footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+
+.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {
+    vertical-align: super;
+    font-size: .8em;
+    text-decoration:
+    none;
+}
+
+.tnote {
+  border: dashed 1px;
+  margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;
+  padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em;
+  padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;
+}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ypres and the Battles of Ypres
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2011 [EBook #36213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">MICHELIN ILLUSTRATED GUIDES
+TO THE BATTLEFIELDS (1914&mdash;1918)</div>
+
+<h1>YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES.</h1>
+
+<div class="center">
+MICHELIN &amp; Cie., CLERMONT-FERRAND<br />
+MICHELIN TYRE Co. Ltd., 81 Fulham Road, LONDON, S. W.<br />
+MICHELIN TIRE Co., MILLTOWN, N. J., U. S. A.<br />
+<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+<img src="images/i-001.jpg" width="573" height="900" alt="Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="center">
+<i>The Best &amp; Cheapest<br />
+Detachable Wheel is<br />
+The Michelin Wheel</i><br />
+<br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-002.jpg" width="500" height="407" alt="The Ideal of the Tourist" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Ideal of the Tourist</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br />
+<i>The Michelin Wheel is</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>ELEGANT</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>SIMPLE</i><br />
+<i>STRONG</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>PRACTICAL</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>May we send you our illustrated descriptive
+brochure?</i><br />
+<br />
+MICHELIN TYRE CO., Ltd.<br />
+<i>81, Fulham Road, London,</i> S.W. 3.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+IN MEMORY<br />
+OF THE MICHELIN WORKMEN<br />
+AND EMPLOYEES WHO DIED GLORIOUSLY<br />
+FOR THEIR COUNTRY.<br />
+</div>
+
+<h1>YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES</h1>
+
+<div class="center">
+<i>ITINERARY:</i><br />
+LILLE&mdash;ARMENTIÈRES&mdash;MESSINES&mdash;POELCAPPELLE<br />
+&mdash;YPRES&mdash;POPERINGHE&mdash;<br />
+LES MONTS&mdash;BAILLEUL&mdash;BÉTHUNE&mdash;LILLE.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+Published by<br />
+MICHELIN &amp; CIE.<br />
+Clermont-Ferrand, France.<br />
+<br />
+Copyright 1919 by Michelin &amp; Cie.<br />
+<br />
+<br /><i>All rights of translation, adaptation, or reproduction (in part or whole) reserved in all countries.</i>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 643px;">
+<img src="images/i-004.png" width="643" height="1000" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>YPRES</h2>
+
+<h3>AND THE BATTLES FOR ITS POSSESSION</h3>
+
+<div class="center">FOREWORD</div>
+
+
+<p>The town of Ypres lies in a sort of natural basin formed by a maritime
+plain intersected by canals, and dominated on the north, north-east and
+south by low wooded hills.</p>
+
+<p>These canals, of which the Yser Canal is the most important, follow a
+general direction south-east&mdash;north-west. A number of streams flowing
+in the same direction also water the plain. In addition, there are the
+Dickebusch, Zillebeke and Bellewaarde ponds.</p>
+
+<p>The hills forming the sides of this basin are very low and partly wooded.
+The line of their crests runs approximately from north to south, through
+Houthulst Forest (road from Poelcappelle to Clercken), Poelcappelle,
+Passchendaele, Broodseinde, Becelaere, Gheluvelt, the strategic Hill 60
+(south of Zillebeke) and St. Eloi. Further south is the Messines-Wytschaete
+ridge, and to the south-west the Hills of Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Houthulst Forest is the largest of the woods. Next come the islets of
+Westroosebeke and Passchendaele, then, south of Zonnebeke, Polygone
+Wood, Nonne-Bosschen (or Nonnes) Wood, and the Woods of Glencorse,
+Inverness and Herenthage.</p>
+
+<p>In this region, with its essentially maritime climate, the war assumed
+a character entirely different from that of the rest of the front. The
+marshy ground, almost at sea-level, is further sodden by constant rain and
+mists, and forms a spongy mass, in which it was impossible to dig trenches
+or underground shelters. Water is found immediately below the surface,
+so that the only possible defence-works were parapets. The bursting shells
+made huge craters which, promptly filling with water, became so many
+death-traps for wounded and unwounded alike.</p>
+
+<p>The defence on both sides consequently centred around the woods,
+villages, and numerous farms, which were converted into redoubts with
+concrete blockhouses and deep wire entanglements. The slightest bits of
+rising ground here played an important part, and were fiercely disputed.
+The crests which dominate the basin of Ypres were used as observation-posts&mdash;the
+lowering sky being usually unfavourable for aerial observation&mdash;while
+their counter-slopes masked the concentrations of troops for the attacks.</p>
+
+<p>It was therefore along the line of crests and around the fortified farms
+that the fighting reached its maximum of intensity.</p>
+
+<p>The principal military operations which took place in the vicinity of the
+town between October, 1914, and November, 1917, may be divided as
+follows:&mdash;First, a powerful German offensive&mdash;a counter-stroke to the battles
+of the Yser&mdash;then a very definite effort to take the town. The rôle of the
+Allied armies was at that time purely defensive.</p>
+
+<p>The second stage was marked by a British and Franco-British offensive,
+begun in the second half of 1916 and considerably developed during the
+summer and autumn of the following year. The object of these operations,
+which ended in November, 1917, was the clearing of Ypres. All the objectives
+were attained and the plains of Flanders were opened to the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>A final effort by the Germans in great strength to the south of the town
+was checked by the resistance of the Allies in April, 1918. In September
+and October, 1918, the enemy troops finally evacuated the country under
+pressure of the victorious Allied offensive.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-006.jpg" width="700" height="553" alt="BRITISH SENTINEL ON NIGHT-DUTY IN FRONT OF THE RUINED CLOTH HALL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH SENTINEL ON NIGHT-DUTY IN FRONT OF THE RUINED CLOTH HALL</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF 1914</h2>
+
+<div class="center">(October 29&mdash;November 15, 1914.)</div>
+
+
+<h3>Preliminary Operations</h3>
+
+<p>After the victory of the Marne, which drove the Germans north of the
+Aisne, began the operations known as "the Race to the Sea." Each side
+endeavoured to outpace the other, with the object of surrounding the
+enemy's marching wing.</p>
+
+<p>This remarkable "Race to the Sea"&mdash;a widely extended movement
+splendidly carried out by General Foch, and in which the Allied forces in
+their march towards the north constantly outstripped the enemy&mdash;might
+have been used as the starting-point for a grand Allied offensive against the
+German right, but the exhaustion of the Belgian army, after the terrible
+trials which it had just gone through in its retreat on the Yser&mdash;following
+on the fall of Antwerp&mdash;and the delays in the transport of the British troops
+from the Aisne front to the north, prevented the development of this offensive.</p>
+
+<p>It was therefore only possible for the Allied armies to fix their front and
+make it impregnable.</p>
+
+<p>The stages of this race to the sea and the fixation of the front took place
+between September 20 and October 23, 1914.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Forces Engaged (Oct. 1914)</h3>
+
+<p>When the First Battle of Ypres opened, the front described a wide semi-circle
+passing through Zonnebeke, Gheluvelt and Zandvoorde, running
+thence south of Messines, and finally linking up with the line to the east of
+Armentières.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 701px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-007.png" width="701" height="1000" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>At the beginning of the battle all this part of the front was held by the
+British army, as follows: from Zonnebeke to Zandvoorde, the 1st Corps
+(Haig) and 4th Corps (Rawlinson); from Zandvoorde to Messines, the
+Calvary Corps (Allenby), two infantry divisions, and the Lahore Division,
+which had just landed at Marseilles; lastly, from Messines to Armentières,
+the 3rd Corps (Pulteney).</p>
+
+<p>Facing these forces were the German IVth army, consisting of the XIIIth,
+XVth and XVIth active corps, and the IInd Bavarian Corps, reinforced
+during the battle by a Division of the Guards. The British Cavalry Corps
+had to face four German Cavalry Corps.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 775px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-008.png" width="775" height="900" alt="THE GERMAN THRUST OF OCT. 29&mdash;30, 1914 (29&mdash;30/10)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE GERMAN THRUST OF OCT. 29&mdash;30, 1914 (29&mdash;30/10)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To make up for their setback in the race to the sea, the German High
+Command decided on a strenuous effort to break through the Allies' front
+at Ypres. The "Battle for Calais" was about to begin. The enemy confidently
+expected to reach the coast, from which they hoped to expose
+England to such peril as would break down the pride of that troublesome
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The German attack began on October 29 under the eye of the Kaiser,
+who, for the following five days, took up his quarters at Thielt, whence he
+arranged to make a triumphal entry into Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>For seventeen days (October 29&mdash;November 15) the German regiments,
+elated by the presence of their Emperor, fought with unheard-of frenzy and
+an utter disregard of losses in their frantic attacks against the Ypres salient.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 759px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-009.png" width="759" height="900" alt="ON OCT. 31, THE GERMANS MADE PROGRESS, SOUTH OF YPRES, BUT WERE
+DRIVEN BACK, EASTWARDS, TO GHELUVELT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ON OCT. 31, THE GERMANS MADE PROGRESS, SOUTH OF YPRES, BUT WERE
+DRIVEN BACK, EASTWARDS, TO GHELUVELT</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the east of Ypres the action fought between Poelcappelle and Gheluvelt
+failed. The fierce German attacks, in spite of the masses of men engaged,
+broke down before the stubborn resistance of the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>In a counter-offensive the British, supported on their left by French
+divisions, reached the village of Becelaere, between Zonnebeke and Gheluvelt,
+but were unable to hold it.</p>
+
+<p>Further south, the British were forced to abandon Zandvoorde and
+Hollebeke. Gheluvelt, first lost on October 30, was recaptured on the 31st
+in a counter-attack by the 1st Corps. Supported by three French battalions,
+the British subsequently repulsed all attacks and successfully barred the
+road from Menin to Ypres. On the evening of the 31st, the line in the eastern
+sector ran as follows: east of Frezenberg, Gheluvelt, east of Klein Zillebeke
+and the bend in the canal to the north-east of Hollebeke.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 761px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-010.png" width="761" height="900" alt="ON NOV. 1, THE SITUATION WAS CRITICAL IN THE EXTREME. THE GERMANS
+CAPTURED THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE, AND THE BRITISH FELL
+BACK ON WULVERGHEM" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ON NOV. 1, THE SITUATION WAS CRITICAL IN THE EXTREME. THE GERMANS
+CAPTURED THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE, AND THE BRITISH FELL
+BACK ON WULVERGHEM</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Germans were more successful to the south-east. After an intense
+bombardment they attacked, on October 30, from Saint-Yves to Wytschaete,
+capturing Saint-Yves and obtaining a footing in Messines, from which, however,
+they were immediately driven by a counter-attack.</p>
+
+<p>On October 31, the Germans, after concentrating enormous masses of
+troops between Oosttaverne and Roozebeek Canal, made a fresh attack.
+In the morning they gained a footing in the eastern outskirts of Messines, but
+could get no further, thanks to a counter-attack by three French battalions
+with twelve guns from St. Eloi.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans, however, redoubled their efforts, and towards noon, after
+a fierce struggle in the streets of Messines, the British cavalry were gradually
+forced back, but clung desperately to the western outskirts of the village.
+At about 3 p.m. a fierce struggle began for the recapture of the convent to
+the south of Messines, then in the enemy's hands. By night the British were
+in possession of the last houses west of Messines, the Germans holding the
+eastern crest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-011.png" width="900" height="740" alt="ON NOV. 2, THE FRENCH COUNTER-ATTACKED AND RETOOK THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE
+RIDGE. THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A MASS ATTACK AGAINST
+GHELUVELT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ON NOV. 2, THE FRENCH COUNTER-ATTACKED AND RETOOK THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE
+RIDGE. THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A MASS ATTACK AGAINST
+GHELUVELT</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the night of October 31, the Messines-Wytschaete crest was again
+fiercely attacked. The Germans gained a footing in Wytschaete and broke
+the British line to the north of Messines. A withdrawal became necessary,
+and at dawn the line was set back as far as the western outskirts of
+Wulverghem.</p>
+
+<p>During the day of November 1, Wytschaete was retaken and lost again.</p>
+
+<p>French Zouaves, acting as reinforcements, held their ground doggedly
+in front of St. Eloi. The enemy offensive redoubled in intensity, and the
+situation became desperate. As a result of the flooding of the Yser, the
+German IIIrd Corps in the northern sector became available and joined in
+the assault.</p>
+
+<p>The French 14th Corps, hurriedly called up, counter-attacked furiously
+and succeeded in driving back the Germans and gaining a fresh footing in
+the western outskirts of Wytschaete. On November 2, the French were
+once more in possession of the western crest of Messines-Wytschaete.</p>
+
+<p>This check did not daunt the Germans, who, having just been reinforced
+from their Belgian garrisons, directed their efforts further to the north.
+The attack was made by compact masses of troops on the St. Eloi-Zwarteleen
+front, the movement coinciding with a thrust against Gheluvelt on the
+Menin-Ypres Road. At the latter point the front was momentarily broken,
+but furious counter-attacks re-established the original positions. The
+French troops which held the bend of the canal north-east of Hollebeke were
+overpowered and thrown back on Verbranden-Molen. A counter-attack
+by the 1st British Corps checked the enemy onrush, and after a magnificent
+defence the original line was almost entirely maintained.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 730px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-012.png" width="730" height="900" alt="THE GERMANS CONTINUED THEIR FURIOUS ATTACKS UNTIL NOV. 11, BUT
+FAILED TO REACH THEIR OBJECTIVE: YPRES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE GERMANS CONTINUED THEIR FURIOUS ATTACKS UNTIL NOV. 11, BUT
+FAILED TO REACH THEIR OBJECTIVE: YPRES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The battle continued to rage with increasing violence, the culminating
+point being reached on November 11. At dawn the Germans, after a terrific
+artillery preparation lasting several hours, attacked with the infantry of
+the Ist and IVth Brigades of the Prussian Guards. They succeeded in piercing
+the line in three places, and forced their way into the woods behind the
+trenches to a depth of rather more than two miles through the principal
+breach.</p>
+
+<p>They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> did not, however, reach their objective. Enfiladed by machine-gun
+fire, they were partly driven back into their trenches, after a bloody hand-to-hand
+struggle amid great confusion. The losses on both sides were very
+heavy, without any decisive result being attained.</p>
+
+<p>The weather, previously bad, now became a violent storm. During the
+night, under cover of the hurricane, the Prussian Guard broke through the
+Allies' front. Ypres&mdash;the prize on which the Kaiser had set his heart&mdash;seemed
+at last within the enemy's grasp.</p>
+
+<p>But the British, momentarily demoralized, quickly rallied and drove
+back the Prussians in a heroic charge.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle continued fiercely during the following days, the Germans
+launching numerous attacks with compact masses of troops. The deep lines
+of infantry, led by young officers, whose undeniable courage did not
+compensate for their lack of experience, were mown down.</p>
+
+<p>Exasperated by this check, the enemy set about to destroy the town
+which they were unable to take. On November 10, German aeroplanes
+dropped incendiary bombs, and thenceforth the bombardment was conducted
+methodically both by aeroplanes and by guns firing from ten to twenty shells
+per minute.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the 13th, the town had suffered comparatively little. The Cloth
+Hall had only been hit by two shells (on the 5th) and by a few bombs. But
+in the disastrous days of October 22, 23 and afterwards, the bombardment
+became more intense and better regulated. The Germans brought up an
+armoured train to Houthem, which, directed by observation balloons, rained
+incendiary and explosive shells on the town. On the evening of the 23rd,
+all that remained of the Place des Halles was a heap of ruins.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-013.jpg" width="700" height="560" alt="THE CLOTH HALL IN FLAMES (NOV. 22, 1914)
+The Germans, unable to capture Ypres, destroyed it methodically by shell-fire
+(photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CLOTH HALL IN FLAMES (NOV. 22, 1914)<br />
+The Germans, unable to capture Ypres, destroyed it methodically by shell-fire<br />
+(photo, Antony, Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-014.jpg" width="700" height="540" alt="DURING THE WINTER MONTHS LOG-ROADS WERE NECESSARY FOR THE LORRIES
+AND ARTILLERY, AND EVEN THESE SANK IN THE BOTTOMLESS MUD" title="" />
+<span class="caption">DURING THE WINTER MONTHS LOG-ROADS WERE NECESSARY FOR THE LORRIES
+AND ARTILLERY, AND EVEN THESE SANK IN THE BOTTOMLESS MUD</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Period of Comparative Calm</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(December, 1914&mdash;April, 1915.)</div>
+
+
+<p>Having failed to pierce the front in the neighbourhood of Ypres, the
+Germans abandoned their attacks in close formation, and operations in this
+sector were soon limited to incessant artillery actions, occasionally followed
+by fierce surprise attacks at isolated points.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the attacks during this period of comparative calm are worthy
+of note.</p>
+
+<p>On December 10, the Germans launched three attacks against the British
+troops in front of St. Eloi, only one of which gave any result. The enemy
+captured the first trenches of the Allies' line, but were driven out on the
+following night by a counter-attack.</p>
+
+<p>Other attempts were made during the following week, with the same
+negative result.</p>
+
+<p>On December 17, the Germans attacked in force to the north-west of
+Ypres. Zonnebeke, Langemarck and Bixschoote were bitterly disputed, and
+the two last-named villages remained in the hands of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>These battles were fought in a sea of mud formed by the rain and the
+flooding of the land by the Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>One Colonel wrote: "The ground on which we are fighting is awful. There
+is a crust about a foot thick which is comparatively good, but underneath
+there is bottomless mud. Men standing in trenches four or five feet deep are
+almost unable to get out, and gradually sink until it takes several men to
+extricate them."</p>
+
+<p>The first fortnight of January was comparatively quiet. During the
+second fortnight a strong German attack broke down before the front-line
+trenches near Bixschoote.</p>
+
+<p>The continual rains in this previously flooded district rendered all activity
+impossible, save that of the artillery, which continued to bombard unceasingly
+during February.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 667px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-015.png" width="667" height="1000" alt="THE FRONT-LINE DURING THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1914&mdash;1915" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FRONT-LINE DURING THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1914&mdash;1915</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was only in the first half of March that the opposing armies became
+really active. From the 5th to 11th, powerful German attacks were repulsed
+between Dixmude and the Lys.</p>
+
+<p>The British, on their part, were not inactive during this period. They
+fought a vigorous action between the Lys and La Bassée, captured Neuve-Chapelle
+after prolonged strenuous fighting, and took a thousand prisoners,
+including several officers.</p>
+
+<p>As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> the weather conditions improved, the number of local engagements
+increased. In an enemy attack on St. Eloi, between March 12 and 18, the
+British first lost and then recaptured that village. Further south, during
+the first half of April, fierce engagements were fought without decisive result
+in front of the villages of Kemmel and Wulverghem.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans continued to bombard Ypres with large calibre shells,
+heaping ruins upon ruins.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES</h2>
+
+<div class="center">(April&mdash;May&mdash;June, 1915.)</div>
+
+<p>The long period of enforced inaction during the winter months, and the
+depressing waiting in the icy mud, were now succeeded first by local enemy
+attacks, then by a fresh powerfully organised attempt by the Germans to
+capture Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>The battle began on April 14 with a strong unsuccessful thrust to the north
+of Ypres. The British replied by attacking Hill 60.</p>
+
+<p>On April 17, after the firing of a powerful mine, the hill was brilliantly
+captured, and in spite of bitter counter-attacks on the 18th by the Germans,
+who fully realised the importance of this <i>point d'appui</i>, the position remained
+in the hands of the British.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, a new German offensive was being prepared, which their
+High Command believed would prove irresistible, thanks to the use of a new
+weapon, as murderous as it was unexpected.</p>
+
+<p>Although Germany had signed the clause of the Hague Convention (July
+29, 1899), which prohibits the use of <b>asphyxiating gas</b>, the unscrupulous
+leaders now made use for the first time of this treacherous weapon.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with their usual practice, they claimed that the British
+used the gas first, and that they used it only in reprisal. Needless to say,
+this assertion was pure fiction.</p>
+
+<p>On April 22 the front ran as follows: Belgian troops held the canal; the
+French 45th Colonial Infantry Division, resting on the canal, and passing
+through Bixschoote, linked up with the troops of the Canadian 3rd Brigade.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the morning of April 22, the Germans bombarded the first
+lines, while the roads behind were swept by the fire of the heavy artillery,
+including 16&frac12;-in. guns. The bombardment continued into the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, at about 4 p.m., there rose from the German trenches, opposite
+the lines occupied by the French Colonial troops, a strange opaque cloud of
+greenish-yellow fumes. A light breeze from the north-east wafted this cloud
+towards the French, who, a few moments later, fell gasping for breath in
+terrible agony. Terror spread through the ranks, especially among the
+African troops. A panic inevitably followed, which quickly spread from the
+front to the rear lines.</p>
+
+<p>Behind that cloud of gas the German troops advanced, protected by a
+heavy barrage and intense machine-gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>The French Colonial troops fell back several miles towards Ypres, and the
+Germans took Steenstraat, Het Sas and Pilkem, together with many prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The withdrawal of the French uncovered the left flank of the Canadians,
+who were on their right, and they in turn were obliged to fall back, leaving
+four guns in the hands of the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon the Canadians, rallying, took the offensive, recovered
+part of the lost ground between Steenstraat and Langemarck, together with
+their guns, and inflicted a sanguinary defeat on the Germans.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 682px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-017.png" width="682" height="900" alt="THE FIRST GERMAN POISON-GAS ATTACK
+(April 24, 1915.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FIRST GERMAN POISON-GAS ATTACK<br />
+(April 24, 1915.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Further north, on the Yser Canal, the enemy took advantage of the disorder
+caused by the gas to cross at Steenstraat Bridge, and reached the village of
+Lizerne near Zuydschoote, where they strongly entrenched themselves.
+But Zouaves, aided by Belgians, counter-attacked in force, retook Lizerne,
+and advanced along the canal.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest German effort was made on April 25 against the British lines.</p>
+
+<p>The attacking troops had been grouped on both sides of the railway from
+Ypres to Roulers, near Broodseinde, but in spite of fierce attacks they could
+not break the British lines, and once more their dastardly methods failed them.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of April the front was fixed as follows: from Steenstraat the
+line followed the canal as far as Het Sas Bridgehead and then passed along the
+right bank to Pilkem (on the opposite bank). Here it turned at right-angles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+eastwards, as far as Soetart Farm (on the Ypres-Langemarck Road), turned
+south-east through Wieltje, then west of Hooge, finally linking up with Hill 60
+and St. Eloi.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans revenged themselves for their failure by again bombarding
+Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>The shelling, which had ceased for a time prior to the offensive, began
+again with renewed intensity. An enormous quantity of heavy artillery had
+been brought up, and large calibre shells were continuously rained on the
+unhappy city, causing a panic. The few remaining inhabitants fled terror-stricken
+along the Poperinghe Road.</p>
+
+<p>During the last week of April the battle continued with great bitterness,
+but in spite of the enemy's use of gas, the Allies gradually retook the lost
+ground. Then followed a fresh period of calm, broken from time to time by
+fierce attacks, of which that of May 5 on Hill 60 was the most important.</p>
+
+<p>On May 8 the battle broke out afresh in the region lying between Poelcappelle
+and the Ypres-Menin Road. The Germans pierced the British line
+at several points, notably between St. Julien and Frezenberg, and reached
+Wieltje, but after bitter hand-to-hand fighting, they were driven back to
+their trenches at the point of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the attack was renewed in close formation, under the protection
+of an intense bombardment of gas shells, but the British, now provided
+with masks, stood firm. The German columns, mown down by shrapnel and
+machine-gun fire, were unable to reach the British trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The fighting died down during the next few days, on account of rain and
+wind storms, which made all movement impossible, but began again on the
+24th without, however, any appreciable advantage for the Germans, who
+once more took the offensive.</p>
+
+<p>Another period of calm set in, and this Second Battle of Ypres&mdash;the
+second serious check of the Germans before the town&mdash;ended in a successful
+operation by the British, who, on June 2, captured the Château of Hooge on
+the Menin Road, two miles from Ypres.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Long period of comparative calm. Isolated actions.<br />
+Artillery activity on both sides</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(June, 1915&mdash;June, 1917.)</div>
+
+<p>These weeks of fierce, bloody fighting were followed by a long period of
+comparative calm, the operations having been transferred to other parts of
+the front (Argonne, Artois, Champagne). Nevertheless, local actions took
+place from time to time without any appreciable result. From July 22 to 26
+the British, after successful mining operations, advanced their line along the
+Ypres-Menin Road, in the neighbourhood of Hooge Château.</p>
+
+<p>After being driven from the outskirts of the château by a gas attack on
+August 7, they retook the lost ground on the 8th and advanced beyond it.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the middle of September there was a rather severe bombardment
+near Steenstraat and Ramscappelle, while Ypres received 300 more shells.</p>
+
+<p>During the latter half of August an Order of the Day to the German Armies
+in Flanders stated: "<i>Our work is practically finished in the East, and we are on
+the point of beginning in the West; peace in October is certain.</i>"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 696px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-019.png" width="696" height="900" alt="THE FRONT LINE FROM JUNE 1915 TO JUNE 1917" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FRONT LINE FROM JUNE 1915 TO JUNE 1917</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In December, a new offensive by the Germans failed, despite the use of
+gas. There was unusual artillery activity, all the heavy guns, both German
+and British, being brought into action.</p>
+
+<p>On December 30, Field-Marshal French received the title of "Viscount
+of Ypres," in commemoration of the vigorous British defence of that city.</p>
+
+<p>On February 12, 1916, the Germans launched fresh attacks in the west,
+near Steenstraat and Het Sas, and attempted to cross the Yser. After being
+smartly checked, they furiously attacked the British trenches between the
+Ypres-Comines Canal and the railway, and succeeded in capturing one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+them for a length of 600 yards. This trench, on account of its frequently
+changing hands, came to be known as the "International Trench." A few
+days later (March 2) the British retook it.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle now became limited to a continuous artillery duel, with
+occasional surprise infantry attacks. The hamlet of St. Eloi to the south
+was the scene of constant fighting for the possession of the shell-craters.</p>
+
+<p>On April 19, the fighting assumed a more serious character. An unimportant
+German attack near St. Eloi and along the Ypres-Langemarck
+Road was the prelude to operations by considerable enemy forces, having
+for their objective the great undulating slopes between Hill 60 and
+Armentières.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-020.jpg" width="700" height="547" alt="BRITISH DEFENCE WORKS IN FRONT OF YPRES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH DEFENCE WORKS IN FRONT OF YPRES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first of these attacks took place on April 25, 1916, but failed. Two
+days later a night attack with gas was repulsed with hand grenades.</p>
+
+<p>A third attempt was made in May, 1916, more to the south towards
+Armentières, on the sides of the road connecting that town with Ypres.
+The British, entrenched in a wood near Ploegsteert Village, were assailed by
+three German columns, and were only able to repulse two of them. The
+third took the position, but Scottish troops counter-attacked and drove the
+Germans back.</p>
+
+<p>The most important of the enemy attacks during this period took place
+on June 1. The preparations included a concentration of troops between
+Tournai and Baisieux, from May 21 to 27, supported by guns of all calibres.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+The attack was carried out in considerable strength between Hooge and the
+Ypres-Comines Railway.</p>
+
+<p>The artillery preparation began at 9.15 a.m. on June 1, and at noon the
+first assaulting wave entered the front-line trenches. The battle died down
+for a few minutes in the evening, only to break out again during the night.
+The Germans succeeded in crushing in the front to a depth of some 700 yards
+in the direction of Zillebeke, but the next day a portion of the lost ground
+was retaken by the Canadians.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-021.jpg" width="700" height="558" alt="THE FLANDERS BATTLEFIELD IN WINTER" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FLANDERS BATTLEFIELD IN WINTER</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On June 6, a fresh assault began, preceded by the usual bombardment,
+and further assisted by mine explosions. The front line trenches to the
+north of Hooge were lost; but on the 13th the valiant Canadians, who had
+previously recaptured the original positions abandoned on June 1, resumed
+the offensive, and re-established the lines from the southern part of Sanctuary
+Wood to a point 1,000 yards north of Hill 60.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the days of June 26 and 28 there was an extremely violent
+bombardment, to which the British guns replied effectively. The Germans,
+whose losses from the attacks and this artillery fire were very heavy, declared:
+"<i>Belgium will be our grave.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>These were the last operations in which the enemy took the offensive.
+All their efforts had failed, whether their object had been to turn the left
+flank of the Allies, to break the lines around Ypres, or merely to take the town.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE ALLIED OFFENSIVE OF 1917</h2>
+
+<p><i>Series of powerful attacks with limited objectives. From June to October,
+the stages of the offensive were punctuated by breathing spaces, during which
+the conquered ground was consolidated, in view of counter-attacks, and the
+artillery brought up, to prepare the following attack.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3>Preliminary Operations</h3>
+
+<h3>The Capture of Messines Ridge by the British</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(June 7, 1917.)</div>
+
+
+<p>From July, 1916, to May, 1917, the Ypres sector remained comparatively
+quiet. There were few attacks on either side, but the guns thundered day
+and night. It may be said that the British were "trying their hand."</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1917, certain at last of their strength, they made their first big
+effort, and step by step, in accordance with a carefully worked-out plan,
+they completely liberated Ypres by a series of offensives lasting four months,
+and broke the iron circle which, for two years, had been strangling the
+town.</p>
+
+<p>For several months before the battle, the attack on Messines Ridge had
+been carefully planned by means of a model in relief, situated in the open
+air and covering an area about equal to that of a tennis court. Here were
+reproduced in relief all the contours and peculiarities of the ground. Everything,
+down to an isolated tree trunk, was reproduced.</p>
+
+<p>British effort took definite shape for the first time on June 7. The attack,
+planned by Sir Douglas Haig, had for its objective the capture of the crests
+between Wytschaete and Messines, which the Germans had seized on
+November 1, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>For seven days an artillery preparation of incredible intensity hammered
+the villages of Messines and Wytschaete, until they had completely disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>On June 7, about an hour before dawn, at 3.10 a.m., the sky was lit up
+by an intense light, while a series of terrific explosions were heard; nineteen
+mines, some of whose galleries had taken more than a year to bore, exploded
+along the enemy positions.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans were taken completely by surprise, and gave way before the
+impetuous onrush. In a few minutes their first line was carried along the
+whole of the attacked front. Then, almost without a pause, the British troops
+attacked the western slopes of the Messines-Wytschaete Ridge, and by about
+6.30 a.m. held the crests along the whole line.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Messines offered resistance, but was captured by the New
+Zealanders in a vigorous attack, as was also the village of Wytschaete. By
+noon the second stage of the offensive was about to begin.</p>
+
+<p>Descending the eastern slopes of the ridge the British carried a second
+strong position, then attacked a fresh line&mdash;chiefly in Rayon Wood&mdash;in
+which were large shelters of reinforced concrete, each capable of holding a
+company. At about 4 p.m. Oosttaverne Village, lying west of the centre
+of the position, fell. At sun-down the day's objectives had been completely
+attained, and the advance at certain points exceeded two miles in
+depth.</p>
+
+<p>This fine success was due to the carefully detailed preparation carried
+out under the orders of General Herbert Plumer, to the destructive effect of
+the mines, to the violence and precision of the bombardment, to the excellent
+co-operation of the Air Forces, and to the harmonious working together of
+all arms. The tanks rendered excellent service.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 609px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-023.png" width="609" height="800" alt="THE BRITISH OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 7, 1917, AGAINST MESSINES RIDGE,
+PRECEDED BY THE FIRING OF NINETEEN ENORMOUS MINES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE BRITISH OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 7, 1917, AGAINST MESSINES RIDGE,
+PRECEDED BY THE FIRING OF NINETEEN ENORMOUS MINES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Germans made an effort to rally, but their first counter-attacks, near
+Oosttaverne and to the east of Messines, failed.</p>
+
+<p>At about 7 p.m., on June 8, a fresh German counter-attack was launched
+along the whole of the new front between St. Yvon and the Ypres-Comines
+Canal. Other engagements were fought to the east of Messines and near
+Klein Zillebeke. Although reinforced by fresh divisions, the German attack
+was broken by midnight.</p>
+
+<p>Resuming their offensive, the British, on the morning of June 11, captured
+the whole system of German trenches, nearly a mile in length, situated near
+Poterie Farm, to the south-east of Messines. The next day fresh progress
+was made along nearly two miles of the front to the north-east of Messines,
+and the hamlet of Gapaard occupied.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 610px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-024.png" width="610" height="1000" alt="THE FRONT LINE BEFORE THE ALLIES&#39; OFFENSIVE OF JULY 31, 1917" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE FRONT LINE BEFORE THE ALLIES&#39; OFFENSIVE OF JULY 31, 1917</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> the offensive&mdash;limited in scope&mdash;of June 7, which reduced the salient,
+south of Ypres, the British continued to press the enemy. Frequent raids
+kept the Germans on the alert and secured important <i>points d'appui</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On June 14, the Germans were forced to abandon an important part
+of their first-line trenches between the Lys and St. Yvon. On the same day
+a considerable advance was made east of Ploegsteert Wood, and in the
+immediate neighbourhood of Gapaard Village.</p>
+
+<p>During the night of the 14th a double attack was made: one to the east
+of Messines; the other along both banks of the Ypres-Comines Canal, to
+the north-west of Hollebeke. These attacks gave the British a large number
+of trenches, which they held in spite of fierce counter-attacks.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, during the latter half of June an advance of 500 to 1,000 yards
+in depth was made along the whole front line between Klein Zillebeke and the
+Lys.</p>
+
+<p>The month of July passed in raids, patrols, and reconnoitring, preparatory
+to the new offensive of July 31.</p>
+
+<p>This far-reaching offensive, which lasted from July 31 to the end of October,
+may be divided into six successive phases, and ended with the liberation of
+Ypres.</p>
+
+
+<h3>First Phase</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(July 31&mdash;August 15.)</div>
+
+<h3>Capture of the First and Second German Lines</h3>
+
+
+<p>When the battle began, the firing line extended from Dixmude, along the
+Yser Canal, then followed the Yperlée River, on the left bank of the Yser
+Canal. It next passed through Lizerne to Het Sas, whence it followed the
+canal to Boesinghe. Opposite this village the line crossed the canal and the
+Ypres-Bruges railway, then passed the Quatre-Chemins cross-roads, descending
+thence to Essenfarm and Kruppfarm, which lie on either side of the
+Pilkem Road. Continuing west of Wieltje Village, it passed south of Verlorenhoek
+Château, skirted Verlorenhoek Village, and descended west of Hooge,
+after crossing the Ypres-Roulers railway. It next skirted the northern part
+of Sanctuaire Wood, then entered the latter, coming out to the south of
+Zwateleen. From there, the line extended southwards, passing west of
+Hollebeke, east of Gapaard, and skirting the eastern fringe of Ploegsteert
+Wood.</p>
+
+<p>During the fortnight preceding the offensive, changes were made in the
+order of the forces holding the line.</p>
+
+<p>British troops relieved the Belgians and French who had been operating
+near the coast, in the direction of Lombaertzyde. Moreover, the French
+forces, placed at the disposal of General Anthoine, had taken up positions
+between the Belgians and the British from Reninghe to Elverdinghe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-026.png" width="614" height="1000" alt="FIRST STAGE OF THE ALLIES&#39; ADVANCE FROM JULY 31 TO AUGUST 11, 1917
+(31/7&mdash;11/8)" title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">FIRST STAGE OF THE ALLIES&#39; ADVANCE FROM JULY 31 TO AUGUST 11, 1917
+<br />
+(31/7&mdash;11/8)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 4 a.m.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> on July 31, in spite of unfavourable weather, the British troops,
+under the command of Generals Plumer and Gough, co-operating with the
+Franco-Belgian troops led by General Anthoine, attacked in force along a
+front of fourteen miles from Dixmude to the Lys.</p>
+
+<p>In the French sector, the greater part of the troops had crossed the Yser
+during the night. The artillery then pounded the first and second German
+lines, and as soon as the range had been lengthened, the infantry dashed
+forward. At the scheduled hour the first and second enemy lines from Dixmude
+to Bixschoote, to a depth in places of almost two miles, were occupied, while
+Bixschoote, Steenstraat, and Kortekeer Inn fell.</p>
+
+<p>The British were on the right of the French. The Ypres-Roulers Road
+formed the axis on which their attack turned. On the left of this road
+they pierced the German lines to a depth of nearly two miles, and occupied
+the bridges over the Steenbeek Canal. Several villages were captured:
+Verlorenhoek, Frezenberg, St. Julien, Pilkem, in addition to a large number
+of fortified farms and woods.</p>
+
+<p>On the right of the Ypres-Roulers Road, the British encountered a very
+strong resistance. The ground, more broken than that on the other part
+of the battle-front, and also intersected with woods, enabled the Germans to
+keep several <i>points d'appui</i>. Despite the fiercest fighting, it was impossible
+to drive them out of part of the second position on the right wing. Nevertheless,
+an advance of about a mile in depth was made in this sector, and the
+village of Hooge and Sanctuary Wood were captured.</p>
+
+<p>On their extreme right the British had captured Hollebeke Village early
+that morning.</p>
+
+<p>The next day (August 1), the Germans replied but feebly in the French
+sector, while in the British sector, in spite of the rain, they counter-attacked
+with the greatest fury.</p>
+
+<p>Near St. Julien the line fell back slightly, but along the rest of the front
+the positions were fully maintained.</p>
+
+<p>The first phase in the liberation of Ypres was over.</p>
+
+<p>In forty-eight hours, the offensive, methodically prepared and carried out,
+had attained the objectives, given the Allies more than 6,000 prisoners and
+an immense quantity of stores.</p>
+
+<p>During the following days, in spite of torrential rain, the Germans
+attempted unsuccessfully to retake the lost ground, some of the attacks
+being particularly fierce.</p>
+
+<p>In the sector held by the French troops there was little more than a
+heavy bombardment on either side. French raids on fortified farms held by
+the Germans resulted in slight progress being made to the north of Bixschoote
+and Kortekeer Inn.</p>
+
+<p>The British, on the other hand, had to face strong counter-attacks.
+On August 1, the Germans succeeded in regaining a footing in their old
+advanced positions along the Ypres-Roulers Road. On the 2nd, the British
+lines between St. Julien and the Ypres-Bruges railway were attacked in
+force. The village of St. Julien was lost, but was finally retaken on the 3rd.
+On the 4th, the British line was advanced beyond St. Julien.</p>
+
+<p>On August 5,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> during a fresh attack on both banks of the Ypres-Comines
+Canal, the Germans retook Hollebeke, but were driven out almost immediately.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 5th they again attacked Hollebeke, but without
+success.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th, an interesting operation was carried out by the British. The
+front attacked was shorter than in the offensive of July 31, and extended
+about a mile and a half to the south of the Ypres-Roulers Road.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning the British were in complete possession of Westhoek
+Village, after which a violent struggle took place for the high ground round
+the village. By evening all the objectives had been attained, including the
+capture of Westhoek Crest and Glencorse Wood.</p>
+
+<p>August 12 was marked by six enemy counter-attacks, which caused a
+slight withdrawal of the line to the south of Glencorse Wood. Everywhere
+else the Allies' positions were fully maintained.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Second Phase</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>August 15&mdash;September 19, 1917.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>The Allies resumed their offensive on August 15 along a front of some nine
+miles, from the Yser Canal to the Ypres-Menin Road.</p>
+
+<p>The attack began at 4.45 a.m. The French attacked on both sides of
+the Steenstraat-Dixmude Road, crossing the Steenbeek stream in the
+morning. Driegrachten Bridgehead was taken after hand-to-hand fighting,
+while in the evening the whole of the strip of ground between the Yser and
+the Martjet-Vaart Canal was in the hands of the French.</p>
+
+<p>The British operating on the right of the French rapidly attained their
+first objectives, then vigorously following up this first success, they took by
+assault the village of Langemarck and its strong defences, advanced 800 yards
+beyond the village and captured the whole system of trenches.</p>
+
+<p>To the south, along the Ypres-Menin Road, the struggle was more stubborn,
+the Germans resisting desperately. A series of furious counter-attacks
+enabled them finally to preserve their line practically intact in this district.</p>
+
+<p>The day's captures included more than 2,000 prisoners, of whom thirty
+were officers, and twenty-four guns, including several of large calibre.</p>
+
+<p>Desperate fighting continued until September 19 without, however,
+altering the positions established on August 15.</p>
+
+<p>On August 19, the British, by small local attacks, advanced about 500
+yards on the Ypres-Poelcappelle Road and captured several fortified farms.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans made desperate efforts to hold the high wooded ground
+comprising Polygone and Inverness Woods, near the Ypres-Roulers Road.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd the fighting increased in fierceness. The British advanced
+only with great difficulty, and the eastern edges of Inverness Wood were
+hotly contested.</p>
+
+<p>In these combats, from which neither side gained any decisive advantage,
+the Germans made use for the first time of liquid fire, thanks to which
+innovation they succeeded temporarily in retaking the north-western corner
+of Inverness Wood, but were soon driven out.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 648px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-029.png" width="648" height="900" alt="SECOND STAGE: THE ATTACK OF AUGUST 15 (15/8)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SECOND STAGE: THE ATTACK OF AUGUST 15 (15/8)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Further north, the British, on August 24 and 25, advanced their lines to
+the north of St. Julien and Langemarck.</p>
+
+<p>During the following days, persistent rains prevented any further operations.
+Infantry actions were now succeeded by continuous bombardments
+on both sides, and by isolated raids.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Third Phase</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">(<i>September 20&mdash;October 3, 1917.</i>)</div>
+
+
+<p>On September 20 a fresh offensive was begun along the whole front from
+Langemarck to the Ypres-Menin Road, a distance of eight miles.</p>
+
+<p>The part assigned for the French troops under General Anthoine was
+merely to protect the left wing of the British Army which, pivoting on
+Hollebeke, was to wheel and advance its marching wing in a direction at
+right-angles to the Zonnebeke-Gheluvelt line.</p>
+
+<p>All the objectives were attained at an early hour.</p>
+
+<p>Inverness Wood, which had been hotly disputed for the six previous weeks,
+was taken by the London troops.</p>
+
+<p>The Australians retook by assault Glencorse Wood&mdash;lost a few days
+before&mdash;and Nonnes Wood. The Scottish and South African Brigades
+captured the fortified farms of Vampire and Borry, and the Potsdam and
+Anzac Redoubts. Lancashire Territorials carried Iberian Farm and next
+day (the 21st) Gallipoli Farm.</p>
+
+<p>The British then attacked the second German lines. On the right the
+Territorials<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> fought violent engagements to the north of the bend in the Ypres-Comines
+Canal, near Klein Zillebeke, and in the vicinity of the position known
+as Tower Hamlet.</p>
+
+<p>In the centre, progress was more important. The ground hereabouts
+rises in a small plateau about 220 feet in height, which dominates the whole
+battlefield and extends in two long spurs: one running north-east towards
+Zonnebeke, the other southwards towards Menin. The Germans had
+fortified these positions very strongly and withdrawn their main line of
+defence to the eastern edge of the plateau, <i>i.e.</i> opposite the side by which
+the enemy must attack. This line protected the village of Zevenkote and
+the western edge of Polygone Wood, leaving in front the woods of Nonnes,
+Glencorse and Inverness, and Herenthage Park, the eastern edge of which
+latter it followed. The woods were strongly fortified, and the British had
+twice previously (July 31 and August 16) vainly endeavoured to capture
+them.</p>
+
+<p>It was the Northern troops and the Australians who carried these positions,
+advancing to a depth of 1,700 yards and taking Veldhoek and the western
+part of Polygone Wood&mdash;the principal centre of the German resistance.
+Further north, Zevenkote was captured and the London Territorials, supported
+by the Highlanders, seized a second line of farms.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening of September 20, the front ran approximately as follows:
+from Rose Farm (700 yards west of Poelcappelle) to Fokker Farm (on the
+eastern edges of Zevenkote); across the western part of Polygone Wood&mdash;including
+Veldhoek&mdash;then to the east of Herenthage Château, and ending
+at Hollebeke.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans, in their costly and unsuccessful efforts to retake the lost
+positions, suffered exceedingly heavy losses, without gaining any advantage.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 26th the British continued their attack along a
+five-mile front, from the east of St. Julien to Tower Hamlet near the Ypres-Menin
+Road.</p>
+
+<p>The rest of Tower Hamlet Spur was captured, in addition to the whole of
+Polygone Wood.</p>
+
+<p>Further north, a fresh advance of 1,700 yards was made, and the strongly
+fortified village of Zonnebeke remained in the hands of the British.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the gain in ground, more than 4,000 prisoners were taken.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans, by a series of powerful counter-attacks, sought to win back
+the lost positions. On the evening of the 26th, four attacks were made in
+the neighbourhood of Tower Hamlet.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 663px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-031.png" width="663" height="1000" alt="THIRD STAGE: BRITISH ADVANCE FROM SEPT. 20 TO SEPT. 26
+(20/9&mdash;26/9)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THIRD STAGE: BRITISH ADVANCE FROM SEPT. 20 TO SEPT. 26<br />
+(20/9&mdash;26/9)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 27th they attacked the village of Zonnebeke, while on the morning
+of the 30th three attacks were made, without result, on both sides of the
+Ypres-Menin Road.</p>
+
+<p>On October 1 the Germans attacked three times on a front of 1,700 yards
+to the south of the Ypres-Menin Road, while the same night two fresh
+assaults gave no appreciable result.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">
+<span class="label">[1]</span></a> French: troupes des comtés = county regiments.
+</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-032a.jpg" width="600" height="259" alt="BATTERY OF BRITISH HEAVY HOWITZERS IN ACTION" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BATTERY OF BRITISH HEAVY HOWITZERS IN ACTION</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Fourth Phase</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>October 4&mdash;8, 1917.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>The increasing activity of the Germans did not in any way prevent the
+British from preparing a fresh offensive. On the morning of October 4,
+English divisions, supported by Welsh, Scottish and Irish battalions, attacked
+along a front of ten miles, between Tower Hamlet and the north of Langemarck.
+The Germans, disconcerted and surprised by this unexpected attack&mdash;they
+were themselves preparing to attack with five divisions&mdash;fell back from the
+beginning of the action.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-032b.jpg" width="400" height="569" alt="PART OF THE GROUND COVERED BY THE OFFENSIVE,
+SEEN FROM AN AEROPLANE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">PART OF THE GROUND COVERED BY THE OFFENSIVE,
+SEEN FROM AN AEROPLANE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A rapid advance of
+one-half to nearly two
+miles was made.</p>
+
+<p>South of the Menin
+Road the objectives were
+attained almost at the
+outset.</p>
+
+<p>To the north of the
+same road the enemy resistance
+was more stubborn.
+Nevertheless, the
+villages of Reutel and
+Polderhoek, together with
+the château of that name,
+were captured, freeing at
+the same time the top of
+the crest, whose eastern
+slopes run down to the
+village of Bacelaere.
+Further north, the
+Australians captured
+Noordhemhoek and Molenaarelsthoek,
+reached
+Broodseinde Crest, and
+thus advanced beyond
+the Bacelaere-Broodseinde
+Road.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of
+the Ypres-Roulers railway,
+the British drew
+appreciably nearer Passchendaele,
+captured
+Gravenstafel and a certain number of fortified farms, and approached the
+western outskirts of Poelcappelle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 715px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-033.png" width="715" height="900" alt="FOURTH STAGE: THE 4TH OCTOBER, 1917 (4/10)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FOURTH STAGE: THE 4TH OCTOBER, 1917 (4/10)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In spite of the violent storm which was then raging, all the objectives
+were attained and the line of crests conquered.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the very large numbers of troops massed on the front at the time
+of the attack, the German losses, which included 4,500 prisoners, were
+particularly heavy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-034.jpg" width="700" height="559" alt="A DIFFICULT CROSSING. BRITISH AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A DIFFICULT CROSSING. BRITISH AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Fifth Phase</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>October 9&mdash;12, 1917.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>To completely clear Ypres, a few strongly fortified villages beyond the
+line of crests captured on October 4 had still to be taken. These formed
+the objective of the attacks of October 9 and 12.</p>
+
+<p>On October 9, in spite of the appalling weather, the British attacked again
+on a front stretching from St. Janshoek (a mile north of Bixschoote) to the
+south-east of Broodseinde. The French were holding a front rather less than
+two miles in length to the north of Bixschoote, and had for objective the
+southern edge of Houthulst Forest.</p>
+
+<p>The signal to attack was given at 5.30 a.m. Despite the rain, which had
+been falling incessantly for several days, the infantry crossed first the canal
+in flood, then a veritable sea of mud, and captured Mangelaere and Veldhoek.
+They advanced rather more than a mile and reached the south-western edge
+of Houthulst Forest, after having captured numerous strongly fortified farms
+and blockhouses.</p>
+
+<p>The British sector extended from the north-west of Poelcappelle to Broodseinde,
+and formed a front of some seven miles.</p>
+
+<p>On the right, the Manchester Regiment and the Lancashire Fusiliers
+advanced from 1,600 to 2,000 yards in the direction of Passchendaele, and
+carried the line beyond the crests occupied on October 4.</p>
+
+<p>In the centre, many farms, redoubts and blockhouses were captured.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 758px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-035.png" width="758" height="1000" alt="FIFTH STAGE: THE BRITISH ATTACK HOUTHULST FOREST AND APPROACH
+PASSCHENDAELE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FIFTH STAGE: THE BRITISH ATTACK HOUTHULST FOREST AND APPROACH
+PASSCHENDAELE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the north, the capture of Poelcappelle was completed, the British
+joining hands with the French on the outskirts of Houthulst Forest.</p>
+
+<p>More than 2,000 prisoners were taken.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 720px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-036.png" width="720" height="800" alt="SIXTH STAGE: BY NOV. 6, YPRES WAS COMPLETELY CLEARED" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SIXTH STAGE: BY NOV. 6, YPRES WAS COMPLETELY CLEARED</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Sixth Phase</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>October 22&mdash;November 6, 1917.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>After a short rest, during which the new positions were consolidated&mdash;in
+view of enemy counter-attacks&mdash;the battle broke out afresh on October 22.</p>
+
+<p>The attack of the 22nd was, in reality, only of secondary importance, but
+thanks to the progress made, it was possible to carry out the operations of
+the 26th on a larger scale than originally intended.</p>
+
+<p>In order definitely to consolidate the captured positions, it was still
+necessary to take the village of Passchendaele, which stands on the high
+ground dominating the plain of Flanders to the east of Ypres and from which
+Roulers is visible.</p>
+
+<p>A fresh offensive was accordingly begun at dawn on October 26.</p>
+
+<p>In the French sector, the troops, after wading through the St. Janshoek
+and the Corverbeek streams with the water up to their shoulders, stormed the
+village of Draeibank, Papegoed Wood, and many fortified farms.</p>
+
+<p>The next day fresh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> progress, to a depth of more than a mile, was made on
+both sides of the Ypres-Dixmude Road, along a front of two and a half
+miles. The villages of Hoekske, Aschhoop, Merckem, and Kippe were
+captured, and the western edges of Houthulst Forest reached.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th, the advance continued on the left, in co-operation with the
+Belgians. The French took the village of Luyghem, and the Belgians
+Vyfhuyzen.</p>
+
+<p>The British, on their part, advanced in the direction of Passchendaele, as
+far as the southern slopes of the village, capturing a whole series of positions
+east of Poelcappelle.</p>
+
+<p>On October 30, British and Canadians continued their attacks, and in
+spite of the enemy's desperate resistance, reached the first houses of
+Passchendaele.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-037.jpg" width="700" height="534" alt="FRENCH TROOPS PASSING IN FRONT OF THE RUINS OF YPRES CLOTH HALL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FRENCH TROOPS PASSING IN FRONT OF THE RUINS OF YPRES CLOTH HALL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the following days they improved their positions. The struggle at
+this juncture was very bitter, Hindenburg having shortly before issued an
+order stating: "<i>Passchendaele must be held at all costs, and retaken if lost.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of November 6, the British resumed the offensive. The
+Canadians, after bloody engagements to the north and north-west of Passchendaele,
+captured the hamlets of Mosselmarkt and Goudberg, and finally carried
+Passchendaele.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of November 6, Ypres was completely cleared; and from
+the top of the Passchendaele Hills the valiant British troops could see, stretching
+away to the horizon, the Plain of Flanders, which had been hidden from
+the Allies since October, 1914.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-038.png" width="548" height="900" alt="PREPARATION OF THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF APRIL 9, 1918. THE OBJECTIVE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">PREPARATION OF THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF APRIL 9, 1918. THE OBJECTIVE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-039.jpg" width="700" height="439" alt="SCHERPENBERG HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SCHERPENBERG HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The German Offensive of 1918</h3>
+
+<p>The front was quiet during the winter of 1917&mdash;1918, but 1918 opened
+darkly for the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>The Treaty of Brest-Litowsk had sealed the defection of Russia, while
+Roumania, reduced to her own resources, was forced to sign the Treaty of
+Bukarest. Lastly, invaded Italy was only just recovering from the disaster
+at Caporetto. Already, in spite of the terms of the Brest-Litowsk Treaty,
+huge masses of troops, guns and stores were being despatched to the Western
+Front. The blow fell on March 21, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>The objectives, three in number, were the smashing of the British right
+wing at its junction with the French; the separation of the two Allied army
+groups; the driving back to the Channel coast of the two British armies,
+after they had been surrounded on the south. The long-coveted road "<i>Nach
+Paris</i>" would then at last be open.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of their colossal efforts the Germans were held.</p>
+
+<p>By March 31, the German Imperial forces were exhausted, and General
+Foch was able to say: "<i>The wave has spent itself on the beach.</i>" The peril
+seemed to be averted.</p>
+
+<p>But the respite was only a short one. The German attack before Amiens
+was scarcely stayed (April 6) when the battle suddenly broke out again.
+From the Arras sector to La Bassée the whole line was ablaze as far as the
+Lys. While, in the first German offensive the British right had suffered
+severely, it was against the left wing of the same army that the new blow
+was struck.</p>
+
+<p>The new offensive, although quickly prepared, was even more violent
+than the first.</p>
+
+<p>On April 9, when the attack began, the German battle-front between the
+Lys and La Bassée was held by twenty-one divisions in line and six in reserve,
+under the command of Von Quast (VIth Army).</p>
+
+<p>Of these twenty-seven divisions only seven were in line on March 28.</p>
+
+<p>Ten divisions were hurriedly brought up from the Belgian front
+(IVth Army&mdash;Von Arnim), which was holding the sector from the Lys to the
+Channel. Five others were despatched from the Artois front, and, lastly,
+five divisions were taken from General Ludendorff's general reserve.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 710px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-040.png" width="710" height="900" alt="ON APRIL 9&mdash;20, 1918, THE GERMANS BROKE THROUGH THE ALLIES&#39; FRONT, SOUTH
+OF YPRES, AND ADVANCED TO NIEPPE FOREST AND THE CHAIN OF THE
+FLANDERS HILLS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ON APRIL 9&mdash;20, 1918, THE GERMANS BROKE THROUGH THE ALLIES&#39; FRONT, SOUTH
+OF YPRES, AND ADVANCED TO NIEPPE FOREST AND THE CHAIN OF THE
+FLANDERS HILLS</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE BATTLE OF THE FLANDERS HILLS</h2>
+
+
+<h3>The Break-Through</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>April 9, 1918.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>The Germans began the attack on the morning of April 9, after an intense
+bombardment with gas shells, and under cover of a dense fog reached the
+first machine-guns. The sector was held by Portuguese troops, wedged in
+between the British, from Bois-Grenier to Neuve-Chapelle.</p>
+
+<p>On the whole length of front attacked, between La Bassée and Armentières,
+in the Plain of Flanders, the only natural obstacles are the rivers and
+canals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> From the beginning of the battle the Portuguese were thrown into
+disorder by the extreme violence of the attack.</p>
+
+<p>The twenty-one German shock divisions attacked in five columns: to the
+south, the first column in the direction of Givenchy; the second (General
+Kraevel), in front of Festubert; the third (Von Bernhardi) marched against
+La Couture and Richebourg-St.-Waast; the Carlowitz Corps, forming the
+fourth column, advanced against Estaires in the direction of Laventie;
+further north, the fifth column attacked in the direction of Fleurbaix, outflanking
+Bois Grenier and Armentières on the west.</p>
+
+<p>Under the pressure of the attack, a depression was formed in the line.
+Fleurbaix, Laventie, Richebourg-St.-Waast and Neuve-Chapelle were lost,
+and the Germans reached the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur Ferry.
+To the north of the pocket the Allies resisted successfully at Fleurbaix;
+to the south, Givenchy, after a desperate struggle, remained in the hands
+of the British.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the German troops, continuing the push towards
+the centre, succeeded in crossing the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur
+Ferry.</p>
+
+<p>The battle extended northwards and the IVth Army (Von Arnim)
+attacked between Armentières and Ploegsteert with the Eberhardt, Marschall
+and Sieger Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The push continued on the 11th, and Armentières, outflanked on the north
+and south, smashed by the shells and drenched with gas, had to be evacuated.</p>
+
+<p>On their left, the Germans, after crossing the Lawe, north of Locon, two
+miles from Béthune, captured Neuf-Berquin and Merville.</p>
+
+<p>Givenchy, held by the British 55th Division, resisted all attacks and
+remained in their hands.</p>
+
+<p>On the right, Nieppe and Steenwerk had to be evacuated. The German
+advance to the south of Armentières becoming more pronounced, the British
+straightened their front, to avoid too sharp a salient, and fell back to the
+Messines-Wytschaete Crest.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th the fighting continued furiously. Advancing along the Lille-Hazebrouck
+railway, the Germans reached the outskirts of Nieppe Forest.
+South-west of Merville they captured Calonne, and, further north, approached
+Bailleul.</p>
+
+<p>North of the Lys, under pressure of Von Arnim's army, the Messines-Wytschaete
+Crest, with the wood and village of Ploegsteert, had to be abandoned.
+The British line was withdrawn to Neuve-Eglise and Wulverghem.
+In these few days the gains of the Allied offensive of the last five months of
+1917 were lost.</p>
+
+<p>The 13th marked the culminating point of the battle in the central sector.
+Foch made his dispositions promptly, and French reinforcements were despatched
+to the critical points.</p>
+
+<p>Von Bernhardi crossed the Clarence at Robecq on the 13th. On the
+same day Von Gallwitz made a strong push northwards between Hazebrouck
+and Bailleul, with the object of outflanking the line of the Flanders Hills,
+already attacked on the east and north-east by the IVth Army (Von
+Arnim).</p>
+
+<p>Battles were fought south of Meteren, at Merris, Vieux-Berquin and on the
+eastern outskirts of Nieppe Forest. To the east of Bailleul, Neuve-Eglise (an
+important cross-road) was fiercely disputed. After changing hands many
+times on the 14th, it was finally abandoned the same night.</p>
+
+<p>The loss<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> of Neuve-Eglise led to that of Wulverghem, and the British
+were forced to fall back to the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill, the first high
+point in the chain of hills called the Heights or Hills of Flanders. From
+east to west this chain consists of Rouge Hill (flanked on the north-east by
+Scherpenberg), Vidaigne Hill, Noir Hill, Cats Hill, and lastly by the western
+bastion of Cassel.</p>
+
+<p>After taking Neuve-Eglise on the night of the 14th, the Germans decided
+on a fresh and still more powerful effort.</p>
+
+<p>Three picked divisions were hurled against the hills of Lille and Ravetsberg,
+to the east of Bailleul, which fell. The Germans entered Bailleul,
+pushing on thence to Meteren, which they also captured. The next day
+they tried to develop this success, but instead of the exhausted British, the
+Germans now found themselves faced by fresh French troops. In three days
+(April 12&mdash;14) Pétain had brought up without a hitch five French divisions
+and one cavalry corps, which stayed the German rush at the foot of the hills.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-042.jpg" width="700" height="440" alt="ROUGE HILL, SEEN FROM SCHERPENBERG HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ROUGE HILL, SEEN FROM SCHERPENBERG HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On April 16 the Germans made their first attempt to turn the Flanders
+Hills from the south-west in the direction of Hazebrouck.</p>
+
+<p>The French 133rd Infantry Division (Valentin), supported by the British
+34th Division, vigorously repulsed the attack.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th a fresh and more powerful attack was made simultaneously
+from the north-east, towards Poperinghe, and from the south, on the Bailleul-Neuve-Eglise
+front.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time an independent operation&mdash;which failed completely&mdash;was
+undertaken to the north of Ypres on the Belgian front. The Belgians
+repulsed the Germans and took 800 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>To the south three British divisions (34th, 49th, 19th) stayed the German
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>A last effort, starting from Wytschaete, also broke down before the
+French 28th Infantry Division (Madelin).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-043.png" width="600" height="545" alt="THE GERMANS ATTACK THE CHAIN OF HILLS WHICH PROTECT YPRES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE GERMANS ATTACK THE CHAIN OF HILLS WHICH PROTECT YPRES</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Capture of Kemmel Hill</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>April 22&mdash;28, 1918.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>A period of comparative calm followed, during which the Germans
+prepared a fresh mass attack, in view of the capture of the Hills.</p>
+
+<p>For this new offensive five fresh divisions from Alsace-Lorraine were
+brought up, of which two&mdash;the IVth Bavarians and the Alpine Corps&mdash;were
+picked troops. These troops joined the four divisions already in the sector.
+The artillery was also considerably reinforced.</p>
+
+<p>During this concentration small local attacks occurred on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>On April 22 and 23 the Germans endeavoured to improve their positions
+north of Bailleul, but without appreciable result.</p>
+
+<p>The French, on their part, sought by attacks and raids to impede the
+preparations for the coming assault.</p>
+
+<p>At that time the firing line, from west to east, ran as follows: from
+Meteren (held by the Germans) it passed north of Bailleul, then crossed the
+crest of Lindenhoek at Dranoutre, east of Kemmel, and skirted Groote
+Vierstraat and St. Eloi on the east.</p>
+
+<p>The five French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> divisions which defended the Hills occupied the following
+positions:</p>
+
+<p>The 133rd before Cats Hill; the 34th Infantry (Sabatier) before Locre;
+the 154th Infantry (Breton) from Dranoutre to the Petit-Kemmel; the
+28th Infantry (Madelin) before Kemmel Hill, its left linking up at Lindenhoek
+with the British 9th Infantry Division. The Cavalry Corps was held
+in reserve on the Hills.</p>
+
+<p>At 2.30 a.m. on April 25 the attack began with a heavy bombardment,
+in which the proportion of gas shells was far greater than previously.</p>
+
+<p>At about 6 a.m. the infantry assault began in a dense fog north and south
+of Kemmel Hill.</p>
+
+<p>North of the Hills the "Sieger" divisions, marching west to east, had
+orders to capture Kemmel Village, and then, <i>via</i> the Valley of the Kemmelbeek,
+join up at Locre with the Eberhardt Divisions, which were attacking
+from north to south in the direction of Dranoutre.</p>
+
+<p>On the left of the attacking front, the village of Kemmel was taken by
+the Germans, in spite of a heroic defence. Step by step the British
+9th Division was driven back into Kemmelbeek valley and on Dickebusch
+Pond.</p>
+
+<p>In the centre the enemy storm-troop waves, after several repulses, finally
+reached the summit of Kemmel Hill, where a fierce hand-to-hand encounter
+took place. In spite of their great heroism, the 30th Infantry Regiment,
+outnumbered and almost surrounded, was forced to abandon the position,
+but only after a dashing counter-attack by a battalion of the 99th Infantry
+had failed to extricate them. On the right, the German Alpine Corps, by a
+daring man&oelig;uvre, made possible by the fog and the broken nature of the
+ground, succeeded in reaching the artillery positions, which were at once
+attacked by machine-gun fire. The French and British batteries, under a
+storm of bullets, were obliged to retreat, saving what material they could
+and blowing up the rest.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans thus reached the village of Locre, which changed hands
+several times during the day.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, after a counter-attack, the 154th Infantry Division remained
+masters of the village, although the Germans succeeded in holding the
+"hospice" at the southern end.</p>
+
+<p>The situation was now critical and the enemy advance had to be checked
+at all costs. On the night of the 25th the Allies were reinforced by the
+39th Infantry Division (Massenet) at the very moment a fresh German
+offensive was being launched. The timely arrival of these troops effectually
+stayed the German thrust.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 26th, after much sanguinary fighting, the enemy
+paused, exhausted. The French took advantage of the respite to consolidate
+new positions.</p>
+
+<p>The 27th was marked only by a violent attack on the extreme left at
+Voormezele, where the Germans succeeded in obtaining a footing, only to be
+driven out by a vigorous British counter-attack.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of these various battles the new line was as follows: from
+Locre Château it ran south of Locre Village, followed Kemmelbeek Valley,
+passed in front of La Clytte Village, then south of Dickebusch Pond and
+Voormezele Village, joining up with Zillebeke on the south-east.</p>
+
+<p>It was against this new front that the Germans were now preparing a
+new offensive.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE LAST GERMAN ATTACK</h2>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>April 29, 1918.</i>)</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-045.png" width="600" height="583"  alt="ON APRIL 29, THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A LAST FURIOUS ATTACK AGAINST THE
+HILLS, AND FAILED. EXHAUSTED, THEY THEN ABANDONED THEIR PLANS FOR
+TAKING YPRES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ON APRIL 29, THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A LAST FURIOUS ATTACK AGAINST THE
+HILLS, AND FAILED. EXHAUSTED, THEY THEN ABANDONED THEIR PLANS FOR
+TAKING YPRES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After an artillery preparation lasting all night, the attack began at
+7 a.m. on April 29, along a front about eight and a half miles in length,
+extending from the Château and Park of Locre to Dickebusch Pond. This
+attack, by no less than 120,000 enemy troops, resulted in a crushing defeat
+for the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Both ends of the front stood firm: the British on the left, between La
+Clytte and Zillebeke, and the French on the right, in the Château and Park
+of Locre. All attacks were vigorously repulsed, and the Germans did not
+even reach the Allied lines.</p>
+
+<p>More fortunate in the centre, they succeeded in taking the village of
+Locre, and advanced beyond it as far as the cross-ways on the Westoutre
+Road, half-a-mile north of Locre. Their success was but short-lived, however,
+as a vigorous counter-attack by French Dragoons drove them back, and at the
+end of the day all that remained of their gains was a slight salient near
+Brulooze Inn. Exhausted, they did not renew their attack.</p>
+
+<p>The Hill offensive was over. The Germans had destroyed Ypres, but
+could not enter the ruined city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 681px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-046.png" width="681" height="800" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE ALLIES' VICTORY OFFENSIVE OF AUGUST&mdash;OCTOBER, 1918</h2>
+
+<p>After the German setback of April 29, the initiative passed into the hands
+of the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>On April 30, the French 39th Infantry Division reduced the Brulooze Inn
+salient. During the following week numerous local engagements enabled the
+Allies to recapture several fortified farms and <i>points d'appui</i>, and generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+to consolidate their positions. An attack by the British, on July 19, to the
+north of the Lys, advanced their lines two and a half miles, and gave them
+the village of Meteren. Then followed a lull, which lasted until the speeding-up
+of Foch's offensive rendered the German positions untenable and forced
+the conquered enemy back towards the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p>After the Allies' victorious counter-thrust had flattened out the "pocket"
+made by the German Spring offensive near Amiens, the battle quickly spread
+over the whole front, including Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>East of Nieppe Forest and Hazebrouck, the British, pressing forward
+towards Armentières, advanced beyond Vieux-Berquin in the direction of
+Merville. On August 18, they joined battle between Vieux-Berquin and
+Bailleul, on a front of four miles, and captured the village of Outtersteene.
+The next day they entered Merville.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-047.jpg" width="600" height="476" alt="GERMAN POSITION NORTH OF YPRES, CAPTURED BY BELGIAN TROOPS
+ON SEPT. 8&mdash;9, 1918" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GERMAN POSITION NORTH OF YPRES, CAPTURED BY BELGIAN TROOPS
+ON SEPT. 8&mdash;9, 1918</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On September 1, the British had reached the line: La Bassée, Laventie,
+Steenwerke, Neuve-Eglise and Wulverghem, on both sides of the Lys. On
+the following day, Estaires was outflanked south of Lens, and the famous
+Hindenburg line passed. Noreuil, Villers-au-Flos (south of Quéant), Le
+Transloy, Sailly-Saillisel and Allaines (south of the Bapaume-Cambrai Road)
+were next captured. Further south the storming of Quéant by the Canadians,
+who then advanced beyond, and approached Marquion, opened the road to
+Cambrai.</p>
+
+<p>On September 4, the British reached the Canal du Nord, and crossed
+it at several points. On the following day, they regained possession of their
+old lines on both sides of the Lys, from Neuve-Chapelle to Givenchy, and
+captured Ploegsteert Village. On September 10, south-west of Cambrai,
+Gouzeaucourt Wood and the old line of trenches dominating Gouzeaucourt
+Village, as well as the outskirts of Havrincourt Wood were occupied.</p>
+
+<p>The general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> offensive was to be launched a few days later, in co-operation
+with the Belgian Army and some French units.</p>
+
+<p>On September 28, the Belgian Army and the British Second Army (General
+Plumer), commanded by King Albert, marched against the army of Von
+Arnim. The British, covered on the north by the Belgians, began a turning
+movement in the region of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing. Houthulst Forest,
+the crests of Passchendaele and Gheluvelt, and Dixmude were carried with
+fine dash. Crossing the Lys on the following days between Wervicq and
+Comines, the British now drew near to Menin. On October 1, the Germans
+were in full retreat on a wide front north and south of the Bassée Canal,
+all their positions between Armentières and the south of Lens being now
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-048.jpg" width="700" height="523" alt="DESTROYED BRITISH TANK SUNK IN THE MUD AT THE ENTRANCE TO
+POELCAPPELLE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">DESTROYED BRITISH TANK SUNK IN THE MUD AT THE ENTRANCE TO
+POELCAPPELLE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On October 9, the Canadians of the First Army occupied Cambrai. On
+the 13th, the British reached the gates of Douai and occupied the banks of
+the Haute-Deule Canal from Douai to Vendin-le-Vieil.</p>
+
+<p>Elsewhere, the British Second Army, after capturing Menin and Wervicq,
+obtained a footing on the right bank of the Lys, then crossed the river between
+Menin and Armentières, thus forcing the Germans to abandon the line of the
+Haute-Deule, and taking the Lille-Tourcoing in the rear.</p>
+
+<p>The British army and some French units occupied Lille&mdash;capital of the
+north&mdash;on October 17, and the same days the Germans evacuated Douai.
+Roubaix and Tourcoing were liberated the next day, and Denain, Marchiennes
+and Orchies on the 21st and 22nd.</p>
+
+<p>The Western suburbs of Valenciennes were fiercely disputed, being finally
+retaken on November 2 by the Canadian troops under General Currie.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the Armistice was signed, and the victory of the Allied
+armies sealed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 578px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-049.png" width="578" height="1000" alt="FIRST ITINERARY FOR VISITING THE
+BATTLEFIELD" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FIRST ITINERARY FOR VISITING THE
+BATTLEFIELD</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-050.jpg" width="700" height="509" alt="GERMAN OCCUPATION OF LILLE. TROOPS PARADING IN THE GREAT SQUARE
+From the Michelin Guide: &quot;Lille, before and during the War.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GERMAN OCCUPATION OF LILLE. TROOPS PARADING IN THE GREAT SQUARE<br />
+From the Michelin Guide: &quot;Lille, before and during the War.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>VISIT TO THE BATTLEFIELD</h2>
+
+
+<p>A visit to Ypres Town and Salient requires two days, and may be made
+most conveniently by taking Lille as the starting-point.</p>
+
+<p><i>First Day</i>: Visit Messines, Wytschaete, Houthem, Zondvoorde, Gheluvelt,
+Becelaere, Zonnebeke, Passchendaele, Langemarck, Ypres, Zollebeke and
+Hooge, spending the night at Poperinghe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second Day</i>: Visit the Hills: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel;
+then, after re-crossing the French frontier, those of Cats and Noir, returning
+to Lille for the night, via Armentières, Estaires, Béthune and La Bassée.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FIRST DAY: LILLE&mdash;YPRES</h2>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>See Itinerary, p. 47.</i>)</div>
+
+<p>Starting-point: The Grande Place, Lille.</p>
+
+<p><i>Take Rue Nationale to the end, go round Place Tourcoing, take Rue de
+La Bassée on the left, then the first turning on the right (Rue de Turenne),
+Canteleu Gate, and Rue Lequeux. Cross the bridge over the Haute-Deule
+Canal, and turn to the left into N. 42.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>At Canteleu follow the tram-lines leading to Lomme. At the end of the
+village, cross the railway (l. c.). Go through Lomme by Rue Thiers, leaving
+the church on the right</i> (transept greatly damaged).</p>
+
+<p>On the left are the burnt ruins of a large spinning mill. In the fields:
+numerous small forts of reinforced concrete, which commanded all the roads
+into Lille. The road passes through a small wood, in the right-hand part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+which are the ruins of Premesques Château, of which only the façade remains.
+Further on, to the left, is Wez Macquart, whose church was badly damaged.
+Trenches lead to the road, while in the fields, traces of the violent shelling
+are still visible.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass through Chapelle d'Armentières (completely destroyed). After
+crossing the railway (l. c.), a British cemetery is seen on the right.</i>
+<b>Armentières</b> <i>lies on the other side of the next level crossing.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>After entering</i> <b>Armentières</b>, <i>and immediately beyond the railway, take
+Rue du Faubourg de Lille, leaving the Church of St. Roch on the right.
+After passing a public washing-place, turn to the right into the Rue de Lille,
+then cross the Grande Place.</i> Here will be seen the Hôtel-de-Ville,
+completely ruined. <i>Take a few steps along Rue de Dunkerque, then turn
+into the first street on the right, which leads to the Place de l'Eglise
+St. Waast.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3>Armentières</h3>
+
+<p>Armentières suffered in many wars, being taken by the English in 1339,
+by the French in 1382, by the Calvinists in 1566, by Marshals de Gassion
+and De Rantzau in 1645, and by the Archduke Leopold in 1647.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-051.jpg" width="700" height="316" alt="ARMENTIÈRES (ancient engraving)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES (ancient engraving)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Occupied by the Germans in August, 1914, it was retaken in September.
+Nearly four years later (April, 1918) it again fell into the hands of the enemy.
+On October 2, it was finally liberated by General Plumer's army.</p>
+
+<p>Until the later war, Armentières had preserved its 17th century belfry
+of chimes, its church of Nôtre-Dame, and another church dedicated to
+St. Waast&mdash;patron saint of the town.</p>
+
+<p>This personage, to whom many of the churches in this district have been
+dedicated, was Bishop of Arras in the 6th century. While still a priest, he
+is said to have cured a blind beggar in the presence of Clovis. This miracle
+was one of the causes which led to the conversion of the king, to whom
+St. Waast acted instructor in the Faith.</p>
+
+<p>The town also possessed a national technical school, dating from the
+previous century.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 513px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-052.jpg" width="513" height="800" alt="VIEW OF ARMENTIÈRES (before the War)
+THE RIVER LYS AND ST. WAAST CHURCH (Cliché LL.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIEW OF ARMENTIÈRES (before the War)<br />
+THE RIVER LYS AND ST. WAAST CHURCH (Cliché LL.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Belfry, churches, schools and houses are all in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>In everything connected with the spinning and weaving of linen Armentières,
+like Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, and the whole of Northern France in
+general, was considerably in advance of Germany. Consequently, the
+Germans destroyed all the mills, factories and metallurgical works, and what
+machinery could not be taken to pieces and sent to Germany they ruthlessly
+smashed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-053a.jpg" width="700" height="574" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. ST. WAAST CHURCH AS THE GERMANS LEFT IT
+(Compare with photo, p. 50.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. ST. WAAST CHURCH AS THE GERMANS LEFT IT<br />
+(Compare with photo, p. 50.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-053b.jpg" width="700" height="541" alt="ARMENTIÈRES AND THE RIVER LYS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES AND THE RIVER LYS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-054a.jpg" width="700" height="606" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE AFTER THE FIRST BOMBARDMENT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE AFTER THE FIRST BOMBARDMENT</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-054b.jpg" width="700" height="543" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. BEFORE RETREATING, THE GERMANS MINED THE TOWN" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. BEFORE RETREATING, THE GERMANS MINED THE TOWN</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-055a.jpg" width="500" height="441" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE DAME CHURCH WAS NOT GREATLY
+DAMAGED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS (see below)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE DAME CHURCH WAS NOT GREATLY
+DAMAGED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS (see below)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Visit the ruins of</i> <b>St. Waast Church</b>, <i>then return to Rue de Dunkerque.
+There take the first street on the right and cross the Lys.</i> From the Bridge
+there is a general view of the church.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-055b.jpg" width="700" height="521" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE-DAME CHURCH, WHICH THE GERMANS BLEW UP
+BEFORE BEING DRIVEN OUT OF THE TOWN (see above)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. NÔTRE-DAME CHURCH, WHICH THE GERMANS BLEW UP
+BEFORE BEING DRIVEN OUT OF THE TOWN (see above)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-056a.jpg" width="700" height="544" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. RUE NATIONALE, AS THE SHELLS LEFT IT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. RUE NATIONALE, AS THE SHELLS LEFT IT</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-056b.jpg" width="700" height="562" alt="ARMENTIÈRES. RUE DE LILLE IN RUINS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ARMENTIÈRES. RUE DE LILLE IN RUINS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-057a.jpg" width="500" height="405" alt="BIZET. POST ON THE FRONTIER
+On the left of motor-car: TEMPORARY CUSTOM HOUSE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BIZET. POST ON THE FRONTIER<br />
+On the left of motor-car: TEMPORARY CUSTOM HOUSE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Cross the Cloth Market, then follow the tram-lines along Rue de Flandre
+and Rue Bizet. Follow the Lys Canal, then cross the new bridge. Go
+through Bizet Village</i> (badly damaged houses). <i>Leaving the ruins of the
+church on the right, turn first to the right, then to the left</i> (the photograph
+shows an army hut on the left, now temporarily used as the office of the
+Receiver of French Customs). <i>Cross the frontier a few yards further on,
+then at the fork just outside the village, take the road on the right opposite
+the Villa des Roses (photo below). Leaving on the right the road to the
+gasworks</i> (of which nothing is left but a wrecked gasometer) <i>the first houses
+of</i> <b>Ploegsteert</b> <i>are reached.</i> This village lay west of the first lines in May,
+1918, and was captured by the Germans on April 12 (see p. 39).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-057b.jpg" width="500" height="391" alt="BIZET. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS PLOEGSTEERT
+Take the right-hand road." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />BIZET. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS PLOEGSTEERT<br />
+Take the right-hand road.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-058a.jpg" width="700" height="543" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE ENTRANCE TO PLOEGSTEERT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE ENTRANCE TO PLOEGSTEERT</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-058b.jpg" width="700" height="536" alt="MESSINES ROAD (seen from the Château de la Hutte)
+In the background: MESSINES RIDGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">MESSINES ROAD (seen from the Château de la Hutte)<br />
+In the background: MESSINES RIDGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-059a.jpg" width="700" height="524" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY ON THE PLOEGSTEERT ROAD AT MESSINES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY ON THE PLOEGSTEERT ROAD AT MESSINES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>British cemetery No. 53 (photo, p. 56) lies at the entrance to the village.
+<i>Go straight through the village</i> (in ruins). <i>On leaving it</i>, Cemetery
+No. 54 is seen on the right, then beyond a large concrete shelter, Cemetery
+No. 55. Cemetery No. 56 is on the left, beyond the level-crossing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-059b.jpg" width="500" height="430" alt="CROSS-ROADS AT NÔTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE
+The Messines Road (bordered with tree stumps) was not practicable
+for motors in June, 1919. Take the Neuve-Eglise Road on
+the left (see Itinerary, p. 47)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CROSS-ROADS AT NÔTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE<br />
+The Messines Road (bordered with tree stumps) was not practicable
+for motors in June, 1919. Take the Neuve-Eglise Road on
+the left (see Itinerary, p. 47).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Cross Ploegsteert Wood, leaving the road to Petit-Pont Farm on the
+left. Here the road rises.</i> To the left, on the slopes of Hill 63, are seen the
+ruins of La Hutte Château. On the crest opposite stand the ruins of Messines
+(photo above). In June, 1919, it was not possible to go direct to Messines,
+the road being cut at the Petite Douve stream.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-060.jpg" width="700" height="560" alt="AMONG THE RUINS OF MESSINES
+The motor takes the left-hand road to Wytschaete (see p. 47)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">AMONG THE RUINS OF MESSINES<br />
+The motor takes the left-hand road to Wytschaete (see p. 47).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Follow the road as far as the fork to the place called Nôtre-Dame-de-Grâce</i>
+(the ruins of the chapel are barely distinguishable), <i>then take the
+Neuve-Eglise road on the left.</i> Stop the car at Rossignol terre-plein and
+walk a few yards into the little wood on the right; numerous concrete
+shelters, from the top of which there is a very fine view over the Hills Kemmel,
+Rouge, Noir and Cats. The last-named can be recognised by its abbey, which
+stands out against the sky.</p>
+
+<p><i>Return to the car. The road now descends. Passing by a few ruined
+houses&mdash;all that remain of the hamlet of Haubourdin&mdash;a fork is reached,
+where take the Neuve-Eglise-Messines road on the right.</i> British cemetery
+on the right. <i>Cross the Douve river, then the railway (l. c.). Turn to the
+right at the first ruins of Wulverghem, then go through the village, passing
+in front of the cemetery. Next cross the Steenbeck, by the St. Quentin
+Bridge. The road now rises sharply to the crest on which Messines used to
+stand.</i> Numerous small forts are seen to the right and left. These machine-gun
+nests are all that now mark the site of the village.</p>
+
+<p>At the entrance to the village leave the car at the junction of the Ypres-Armentières
+and Neuve-Eglise-Warneton roads, and visit these pathetic
+ruins on foot.</p>
+
+<p><b>Messines</b> maybe regarded as one of the hinges of the "Ypres Salient."
+An important strategic point, it was hotly disputed throughout the war.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-061a.jpg" width="500" height="362" alt="ENTRANCE TO WYTSCHAETE
+The motor takes the right-hand road to Oosttaverne (see p. 47)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO WYTSCHAETE<br />
+The motor takes the right-hand road to Oosttaverne (see p. 47).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On November 3, 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres, it fell into the
+hands of the enemy. At four o'clock on the following day, the ground
+between this village and Hollebeke (some four miles to the north) was the
+scene of several furious attacks (see p. 8).</p>
+
+<p>Messines was destroyed by the British bombardment during the offensive
+of June, 1917. The New Zealanders captured it on June 7, in spite of a
+stubborn defence. They also took the neighbouring village of Wytschaete
+(see p. 20). Messines again fell into German hands in April, 1918 (see p. 39),
+and was finally retaken on September 30 during the last battle (see p. 46).</p>
+
+<p><i>Return to the car and take the Ypres road on the left</i> (photo, p. 58).
+Along this road are numerous little bridges thrown across the shell-holes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wytschaete</b>, which is soon reached, was captured, like Messines, in the
+first battle of 1914, and retaken by the New Zealanders on June 7, 1917.
+After being entirely destroyed by bombardment (see p. 20), it was lost again
+on April 15, 1918, then retaken on September 30, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the fork, just before entering the village</i>&mdash;protected by a series of
+powerful blockhouses&mdash;<i>take the road on the right leading to Oosttaverne</i>
+(now totally destroyed). <i>Follow the main road</i> (Ypres-Warneton) <i>on the
+right as far as the place called Gapaard</i> (photo below), <i>then turn to the left
+along the road to Houthem.</i> A series of little bridges over shell-craters full
+of water&mdash;once the River Wanbecke&mdash;are crossed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-061b.jpg" width="500" height="332" alt="GAPAARD. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS HOUTHEM" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GAPAARD. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS HOUTHEM</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-062a.jpg" width="500" height="355" alt="HOLLEBEKE CHÂTEAU, BEFORE THE WAR. IT HAS BEEN
+RAZED TO THE GROUND (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HOLLEBEKE CHÂTEAU, BEFORE THE WAR. IT HAS BEEN
+RAZED TO THE GROUND (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Go through Houthem</i>, which was razed to the ground. Beyond an
+armoured shelter built against the brick wall of a house, <i>the road turns to
+the left. Cross the canal by the temporary bridge.</i></p>
+
+<p>The old bed of the canal is marked by some crumbling blocks of concrete.
+<i>A few yards further on, take the level-crossing over the Ypres-Lille Railway.</i>
+It was on this line that on October 22 and 23, 1914, the Germans brought
+up an armoured train which bombarded Ypres with incendiary shells, causing
+the first serious damage to the town.</p>
+
+<p><i>A few hundred yards beyond the railway turn to the right at the village
+of Kortewilde</i>, where a few wooden houses are being erected among the ruins.
+<i>After crossing a number of little bridges over the Gaverbeck canal, the road,
+rising slightly, turns to the right.</i> At this turning the Château (photo above)
+and village of <b>Hollebeke</b> ought to be visible on the left, but this part of the
+battlefield is in so chaotic a condition that neither road, canal, nor village
+can be distinguished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-062b.jpg" width="700" height="485" alt="WHERE GHELUVELT USED TO STAND, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WHERE GHELUVELT USED TO STAND, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>During<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> the first battle (November, 1914) the Germans launched attacks
+in great force between Hollebeke and Messines, and captured both these
+places. Hollebeke was retaken on July 13, 1917, during the first phase of
+the great British offensive for the clearing of the town. After being lost again
+in April, 1918, Hollebeke was finally recaptured by the Allies in October.</p>
+
+<p><i>The road first rises, then descends.</i> On the hillside are the ruins of Zandvoorde.
+<i>At the entrance to the village take the Zillebeke-Wervicq road
+on the left, then first to the right, then to the left, between two wooden
+houses. The road descends, then, undulating slightly, joins the main road
+from Ypres to Menin, opposite Gheluvelt,</i> the site of which is marked by a
+sign-post.</p>
+
+<p>This was one of the important strategic points in the first German offensive
+of 1914 (see p. 7), when the village was captured by the enemy. During
+the battle for the clearing of Ypres, fierce fighting took place to the west of
+<b>Gheluvelt</b>, especially at Tower Hamlet. From November, 1917, to April,
+1918, the firing-line ran through the village. Gheluvelt was retaken by the
+British in October, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Take the main road from Ypres to Menin on the right. Only at Gheluvelt
+will a passable road to Becelaere be found</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In Gheluvelt, where there are still a few broken walls standing, turn to
+the left at the fork in the road, leaving the ruined church on the right. At
+the next fork take the right-hand road to the ruined hamlet of Terhand.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty yards before the crossing with the Dadizelle Road, there is a German
+cemetery on the right, containing a remarkable concrete monument, thirty feet
+in height, which dominates the whole plain. This monument (photo, p. 62)
+was in reality a German observation post. Inside there were two floors.
+An outside staircase led to a platform. Traces of the balustrade are visible
+in the photo.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-063.jpg" width="500" height="504" alt="ROAD FROM GHELUVELT TO BECELAERE
+(Impracticable for motors in June, 1919.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ROAD FROM GHELUVELT TO BECELAERE<br />
+(Impracticable for motors in June, 1919.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-064a.jpg" width="700" height="443" alt="GERMAN CEMETERY AT TERHAND. DUMMY FUNERAL MONUMENT WHICH WAS
+REALLY A GERMAN OBSERVATION-POST" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GERMAN CEMETERY AT TERHAND. DUMMY FUNERAL MONUMENT WHICH WAS
+REALLY A GERMAN OBSERVATION-POST</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Leave the Dadizelle road on the right.</i> The road hereabouts is camouflaged.
+Numerous small forts may be seen on both sides of the plateau,
+especially on the right. The largest of them was used as a telephone exchange.</p>
+
+<p>After passing the place called Molenhoek the tourist comes to the
+Passchendaele-Wervicq road, now impassable.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leave the car at the fork, and go on foot through the ruins of Becelaere,
+as far as the church on the right.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-064b.jpg" width="700" height="466" alt="RUINED VILLAGE OF BECELAERE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINED VILLAGE OF BECELAERE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Return to the fork and take the right-hand uphill road.</i> On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> the plateau
+there are many shelters.</p>
+
+<p>To the west of the road from Becelaere to Zonnebeke lay Polygone
+Wood, which was entirely destroyed. The British made two unsuccessful
+attempts (July 31 and August 16, 1917) to take this strongly fortified wood,
+succeeding eventually on September 20 (see p. 28). Evacuated by the
+British in April, 1918, the wood was finally recaptured by the Allies in
+October, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond the place called Noordenhoek there is a bend in the road. On
+the left, Zonnebeke Pond, the ruined château, and the remains of a gasometer
+come into sight (photo below).</p>
+
+<p><i>At the place called Broodseinde take the Ypres-Roulers road on the left,
+to visit the ruins of Zonnebeke.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Zonnebeke</b> was taken in 1914 by the Germans, who made an outpost of
+it in front of their lines. The village was recaptured on September 26, then
+lost in April, 1918, and finally retaken in the following October.</p>
+
+<p><i>Return to the fork</i> (which was commanded by numerous small forts),
+<i>and turn to the left:</i> military cemetery at the side of the road. In the
+fields on the right, 200 yards beyond the level crossing, there is a monument
+to the memory of 148 officers and men of the Canadian 85th Battalion (photo,
+p. 64).</p>
+
+<p>Passing through shell-torn country, <b>Passchendaele</b>&mdash;now razed to the
+ground&mdash;is reached. All that remains of the church is the mound seen in
+the background of the photograph (p. 64).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-065.jpg" width="700" height="528" alt="RUINS OF ZONNEBEKE VILLAGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF ZONNEBEKE VILLAGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Passchendaele was captured by the Germans in November, 1914, and
+later by the British (October 26, 1917). The village had already been wiped
+out by the bombardment, but the position, which dominated Ypres and
+Roulers, was an important one. The fighting there was of the fiercest,
+Hindenburg having ordered it to be held at all costs. However, the British
+broke down the enemy's stubborn resistance.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-066a.jpg" width="700" height="509" alt="BETWEEN BROODSEINDE AND PASSCHENDAELE. MONUMENT TO 148 FALLEN
+OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE 85TH CANADIAN BATTALION" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BETWEEN BROODSEINDE AND PASSCHENDAELE. MONUMENT TO 148 FALLEN
+OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE 85TH CANADIAN BATTALION</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-066b.jpg" width="700" height="543" alt="WHAT WAS ONCE PASSCHENDAELE. THE CHURCH WAS ON THE
+HILLOCK IN THE BACKGROUND" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WHAT WAS ONCE PASSCHENDAELE. THE CHURCH WAS ON THE
+HILLOCK IN THE BACKGROUND</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-067a.jpg" width="700" height="538" alt="WESTROOSEBEKE, SEEN FROM THE RUINED CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WESTROOSEBEKE, SEEN FROM THE RUINED CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>From Passchendaele to Ypres</h3>
+
+<p><i>Beyond the church turn to the left.</i> The undulating road goes straight
+to <b>Westroosebeke</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Westroosebeke was taken at the same time as Passchendaele, during the
+British offensive of October 29, 1917. These two positions, lost in April,
+1918, were retaken on September 30 by the Belgian army under King Albert.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-067b.jpg" width="700" height="424" alt="POELCAPPELLE. THE ROAD FROM LANGEMARCK TO DIXMUDE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">POELCAPPELLE. THE ROAD FROM LANGEMARCK TO DIXMUDE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The village was completely destroyed. <i>On entering, turn to the right and
+pass the church.</i> A few broken tombstones mark the site of the churchyard.</p>
+
+<p><i>Retracing his steps, the tourist turns to the right into the Ypres-Roulers
+Road</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> which describes a bend to reach <b>Poelcappelle</b>. This village was the
+scene of fierce fighting in December, 1914, and May, 1915, and is now in
+ruins. There are numerous redoubts to right and left. <i>Just beyond the
+village, leave the Dixmude Road on the right, and take the one leading to
+Langemarck.</i></p>
+
+<p>Beyond the cross-roads there is a confused heap of rails and broken trucks
+in the middle of a piece of shell-torn ground.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the fork, take the road to the right and enter the ruined village of</i>
+<b>Langemarck</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The photograph below shows: in the background, a mound formed by
+the ruins of the church; in the foreground, a tank.</p>
+
+<p>Langemarck, defended by the French in 1914, was evacuated on December
+17 of that year. Recaptured, the town was lost again on April 21, 1915,
+during the German gas attack.</p>
+
+<p><i>Keep along the road, leaving on the left the ruins of the church, and a
+little further on the remains of the château</i> (<i>photo, p. 67</i>).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cross the railway (l. c.) and then go on to</i> <b>Houthulst Forest</b>, captured by
+the Germans in 1914, and retaken in 1918 (see p. 46). In June, 1919, the
+roads through the forest were impracticable for motor-cars.</p>
+
+<p><i>Return to the fork at the entrance to Langemarck, turn to the right,
+and take the road to Boesinghe, crossing the Hanebeek. The road follows
+the Ypres-Thourout railway</i>, on both sides of which are numerous redoubts.
+<i>Cross the ruins of Pilkem</i>, 300 yards beyond, which is a rather large British
+cemetery.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the next fork in the road turn to the right and cross the railway (l. c.).</i>
+On the left is another cemetery. <i>Turn again to the left</i>. Notice in passing
+a third cemetery, then a few yards further on the ruins of a mill. <i>Cross the
+canal at the Pont de Boesinghe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>On reaching the crossing of the main road from Dixmude to Ypres, turn
+to the right.</i> On the left, the remains of Boesinghe Château stand in the
+middle of a park, the trees of which are cut to pieces.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-068.jpg" width="700" height="516" alt="LANGEMARCK, WITH DESTROYED TANK. THE MOUND IN THE MIDDLE
+DISTANCE IS ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LANGEMARCK, WITH DESTROYED TANK. THE MOUND IN THE MIDDLE
+DISTANCE IS ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-069a.jpg" width="700" height="501" alt="LANGEMARCK CHÂTEAU BEFORE THE WAR
+Now razed to the ground (photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">LANGEMARCK CHÂTEAU BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+<i>Now razed to the ground</i> (<i>photo, Antony, Ypres</i>).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Follow the road running along the canal.</i> The latter, owing to the
+upheaval of the ground by shell-fire, is often lost to view. 1,500 yards from
+Boesinghe, the site of Het Sas village, where the lock used to stand, may still
+be located. The fighting was very severe there, especially in 1914.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-069b.jpg" width="700" height="511" alt="BOESINGHE. RUINED CHÂTEAU AND DEVASTATED PARK" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BOESINGHE. RUINED CHÂTEAU AND DEVASTATED PARK</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-070a.jpg" width="700" height="454" alt="ENTRANCE TO YPRES. YPRES CANAL AT BOESINGHE, SEEN FROM
+RUE DE DIXMUDE, YPRES
+(Compare with view below, taken before the War.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO YPRES. YPRES CANAL AT BOESINGHE, SEEN FROM
+RUE DE DIXMUDE, YPRES<br />
+(Compare with view below, taken before the War.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Return to Boesinghe, leave the road just taken on the left, and cross the
+railway (l. c.).</i></p>
+
+<p>The road runs alongside the Yperlée river and canal for some distance.
+Numerous traces of footbridges are to be seen over both river and canal,
+the course of which can no longer be distinguished with certainty.</p>
+
+<p><i>The road next turns sharply to the left, crosses the Lys-Yperlée Canal,
+then passes the dock of the Yser-Ypres Canal</i> (photo above), <i>and enters</i>
+<b>Ypres</b> <i>by the Dixmude Gate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-070b.jpg" width="700" height="493" alt="ENTRANCE TO YPRES BEFORE THE WAR
+(See above&mdash;photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO YPRES BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(See above&mdash;photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-071.jpg" width="900" height="652" alt="GENERAL VIEW OF YPRES, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GENERAL VIEW OF YPRES, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>YPRES</h2>
+
+<p>Few names awaken more memories than that of Ypres&mdash;a city of
+incomparable splendour in the Middle Ages, and of which nothing now remains
+but a heap of ruins. Of the last precious traces of this ancient prosperity,
+the rich and splendid buildings which filled the mind with wonder&mdash;the
+immense Cloth Hall, the beautiful cathedral, the churches, the sumptuous
+mansions, the sculptured houses&mdash;the German guns have spared nothing.
+History furnishes few examples of such grandeur followed by destruction so
+swift and so complete. Ypres is now but a memory.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Chief Historical Events</h3>
+
+<p>The Town of Ypres (Latin Ypra, Flemish Ieperen) grew up in the 10th
+century around a fortified castle, rebuilt about 958 by Baudoin, Count of
+Flanders. This castle had been in existence since the 8th century, but only
+the ruins had survived Norman invasions.</p>
+
+<p>The town, favourably situated in the centre of the maritime plain with
+its rich grassy meadows intersected by canals, prospered exceedingly.
+A numerous population sprang up of merchants and artisans, whose chief
+sources of wealth were the manufacture and sale of cloth.</p>
+
+<p>As early as the 12th, but especially in the 13th and 14th centuries, Ypres,
+thanks to important privileges granted by the Counts of Flanders, became
+a considerable town, and possessed 4,000 looms.</p>
+
+<p>Flanders, the meeting-point of the three great European states&mdash;England,
+France and Germany&mdash;was then the industrial centre <i>par excellence</i> of the
+west and the rendezvous of all the merchants of the old world. This explains
+the splendour of the towns of Flanders in the Middle Ages, not only Ypres,
+but Bruges, Ghent, etc.</p>
+
+<p>This prosperity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> was often a temptation to the Kings of France, who led
+many an expedition into Flanders. Ypres was taken by Louis VI. in 1128,
+by Philippe-Auguste in 1213, by Philippe-le-Bel in 1297, but the town was
+little damaged in these wars.</p>
+
+<p>It suffered more in the 14th century. Riots, and the siege and destruction
+of the town by the people of Ghent in 1383, caused many of the weavers to
+emigrate, and left as its only industry the manufacture of Valenciennes lace.
+At that time the Counts of Flanders were French princes. Robert de Béthune
+was succeeded in 1322 by the Count of Nevers, whose family reigned until
+1384. This dynasty ended with Louis-le-Mâle, and Philippe-le-Hardi, Duke
+of Burgundy, became Count of Flanders. Under the rule of these Dukes,
+who were fairly wise and moderate statesmen&mdash;Flanders being a source of
+considerable revenue, and the Flemish people quick to revolt against any
+violation of their privileges&mdash;Ypres prospered greatly.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i-072.jpg" width="900" height="779" alt="YPRES IN THE 16TH CENTURY" title="" />
+<span class="caption">YPRES IN THE 16TH CENTURY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1481 Flanders passed under the rule of Austria (Marie, heiress of
+Burgundy, had married the Archduke Maximilian), then in 1558 under that
+of Spain. In 1559 it replaced Thérouanne as the centre of the diocese.</p>
+
+<p>At that time it had lost much of its splendour. Towards the end of the
+15th century<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> it was depopulated by a dreadful pestilence, and about the
+middle of the following century, a second outbreak completed the ruin of
+the town. It was just beginning to recover when it was captured by the
+<i>Gueux</i> and the troops of the Duc d'Albe and Alexandre Farnèse, who
+massacred most of the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>In the 17th century Ypres was taken by the French on four occasions&mdash;1648,
+1649, 1658 and 1678&mdash;finally reverting to France under the Treaty of
+Nimègue at about the latter date. Vauban fortified it. Retaken by the
+Imperial Troops in 1715, Ypres was restored to France in 1792, and under the
+Empire became the capital of the Département of Lys. The treaties of 1815
+gave it back to the Netherlands, and since 1830 it has formed part of the
+Kingdom of Belgium.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-073.jpg" width="700" height="529" alt="GERMAN BOMBARDMENT OF THE ASYLUM" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GERMAN BOMBARDMENT OF THE ASYLUM</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1914 the population numbered 18,000. Its principal industries were
+the manufacture of woollen goods, printed cottons, linens, ribbons, and
+Valenciennes lace. Its tanneries and dye works were also of considerable
+importance. It was a clean, well-built town, watered by the river Yperlée.
+The many arms of the latter ran through the streets of the town, enabling the
+boats loaded with merchandise to come right up to the warehouses.</p>
+
+<p>These waterways are now covered in. Formerly there was a path on each
+side of them, which explains the exceptional width of the streets and squares
+of Ypres.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-074.png" width="700" height="780" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>YPRES</h2>
+
+<h3>A Visit to the Ruins</h3>
+
+<p><i>The tourist enters Ypres by the Dixmude Gate.</i></p>
+
+<p>At No. 54 Rue de Dixmude is the façade of the Maison Biebuygk, on the
+right. Built in 1544, this house was one of the most remarkable in Ypres.
+Immediately below the gable were two carved medallions representing the
+sun and the moon. The great pointed arch which framed the gable windows
+gave exceptional grace to the façade (photos, p. 73).</p>
+
+<p>At No. 66 of the same street, on the left, the 18th century façade shown in
+the photographs (p. 74), was still standing in July, 1919. It was decorated
+with statues of the Virgin Mary and St. François, under fluted niches with
+carved borders.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-075a.jpg" width="400" height="606" alt="BIEBUYGK HOUSE (No. 54, Rue de Dixmude),
+BEFORE THE WAR. IT WAS ONE OF THE
+HANDSOMEST HOUSES IN YPRES (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BIEBUYGK HOUSE (No. 54, Rue de Dixmude),
+BEFORE THE WAR. IT WAS ONE OF THE
+HANDSOMEST HOUSES IN YPRES (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-075b.jpg" width="400" height="561" alt="BIEBUYGK HOUSE, AS THE WAR LEFT IT" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BIEBUYGK HOUSE, AS THE WAR LEFT IT</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-076a.jpg" width="500" height="528" alt="ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, RUE DE DIXMUDE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, RUE DE DIXMUDE, BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-076b.jpg" width="500" height="510" alt="ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENTS" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />ST. FRANÇOIS SCHOOL, AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENTS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-077a.jpg" width="700" height="554" alt="YPRES. THE GRANDE PLACE ON MARKET-DAY, BEFORE THE WAR
+(See below. Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">YPRES. THE GRANDE PLACE ON MARKET-DAY, BEFORE THE WAR
+(See below. Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Arriving at the Grande Place, the imposing ruins of the <b>Nieuwerk</b> and the
+<b>Cloth Hall</b> are seen on the right.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-077b.jpg" width="700" height="469" alt="WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (see above)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (see above)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-078.jpg" width="700" height="577" alt="YPRES. RUINS OF THE CLOTH HALL, SEEN FROM ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL.
+FRAGMENTS OF THE LATTER ARE VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND" title="" />
+<span class="caption">YPRES. RUINS OF THE CLOTH HALL, SEEN FROM ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL.<br />
+FRAGMENTS OF THE LATTER ARE VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE CLOTH HALL AND THE NIEUWERK</h2>
+
+<p>The Cloth Hall, containing extensive warehouses, in which the sale of
+cloth was carried on, was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. It consisted
+of a series of buildings grouped around a rectangular court. The Hall proper
+was distinguished from a building called the Nieuwerk, added in the 17th
+century. The southern building of the hall had a magnificent façade, flanked
+on the east by the gable of the Nieuwerk and surmounted by a large belfry in
+the centre. Bold turrets stood at both ends of this façade. Rather spare in
+ornament, the long succession of glazed and blind windows constituted the
+grandeur of the façade. On the ground-floor, which was lighted by a row of
+quatrefoil windows in pointed arches, there were forty-eight rectangular
+doors.</p>
+
+<p>Above these doors were the high windows of the upper storey, the Hall
+having two floors. These windows were alternately glazed and blind&mdash;a
+method frequently adopted in the Middle Ages, to avoid weakness in the walls,
+without detracting from the symmetry of the exterior. This storey was
+reached by staircases, access to which was gained through doors at each end
+of the façade.</p>
+
+<p>The glazed windows were decorated with three trefoils supported on two
+arches. The blind windows were similar to the windows of the ground-floor,
+except that the latter were less lofty. The two arches formed niches, each of
+which contained a statue: that of a Count of Flanders (the Counts and
+Countesses from Baudoin Bras-de-Fer to Charles Quint were represented) or
+of a notable citizen of Ypres, such as Melchior Broederlam, the painter. These
+statues, some of which were restored in the 19th century, rested on a corbel
+apparently supported by a small figure bearing the coat-of-arms of the
+sovereign represented.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-079a.jpg" width="700" height="549" alt="YPRES. THE CLOTH HALL, NIEUWERK AND CATHEDRAL (in the background)
+The 13th&mdash;14th Hall had a magnificent façade, surmounted by a high bell-tower
+(photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">YPRES. THE CLOTH HALL, NIEUWERK AND CATHEDRAL (in the background)<br />
+The 13th&mdash;14th Hall had a magnificent façade, surmounted by a high bell-tower<br />
+(photo, Antony, Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The upper portion of the walls was decorated with an ornamental frieze
+and a battlement bordered with fine moulding. The frieze was composed of
+a tricusped arcade with small columns carried on corbels with carved heads.</p>
+
+<p>Behind the battlements ran a sentry-way, while at the ends of the façade
+turrets decorated with arcades and surmounted by octagonal spires, served
+as watch-towers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i-079b.jpg" width="550" height="358" alt="THE WINDOWS OF THE FIRST STORY OF THE CLOTH HALL
+Every alternate window was blind, and was ornamented with statues of the Counts
+of Flanders or other notable persons of the city (photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE WINDOWS OF THE FIRST STORY OF THE CLOTH HALL<br />
+Every alternate window was blind, and was ornamented with statues of the Counts
+of Flanders or other notable persons of the city (photo, Antony, Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Belfry rose from the centre of the buildings, of which it was the
+oldest part, the foundation-stone having been laid by Baudoin <b>IX</b>., Count<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+of Flanders, in 1201. Square in plan, it consisted of three stories. Its
+exterior, like that of the façade, was decorated with arches, and was lighted
+with windows ornamented with trefoils. It had two rows of battlements,
+four corner-turrets, and a timber-work roof surmounted by a campanile,
+above which rose a small spire. At the base of this campanile there were
+four copper eagles, dating from 1330. At the foot of the belfry a door,
+flanked by two pilasters, led to the inner court of the Hall. Over this door
+was a modern statue of Nôtre-Dame-de-Tuine, with the Lion of Flanders
+above.</p>
+
+<p>The belfry served all the purposes of a Hôtel-de-Ville (previous to the
+14th century there were no Hôtels-de-Ville properly so-called). It was there
+that the representatives of the guilds held their meetings, and that the charters
+of the guilds were kept in great coffers with manifold locks. There, also,
+the archives of the town were stored. The bottom storey was used as a
+prison. From the summit, unceasing watch was kept, to warn the citizens
+of danger, especially that of fire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-080.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="YPRES. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE FAÇADE OF THE CLOTH HALL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">YPRES. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE FAÇADE OF THE CLOTH HALL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The roof of the Hall was pitched very high, in order the more easily to
+get rid of snow and rain water. It was gilded and emblazoned with the arms
+of the city and those of the County of Flanders. This roof, with its dormer
+windows, did not cover a stone vaulting, but a panelled ceiling. Inside the
+upper storey were large wainscotted galleries, which, in the 19th century,
+were divided by partitions and adorned with mural decorations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-081a.jpg" width="500" height="600" alt="PORTAL OF THE BELL-TOWER
+The collapse of the façade which framed the tower
+(photo below) left the latter standing alone. The
+lower portion still exists, thanks to its massive
+construction (photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />PORTAL OF THE BELL-TOWER<br />
+The collapse of the façade which framed the tower
+(photo below) left the latter standing alone. The
+lower portion still exists, thanks to its massive
+construction (photo, Antony, Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-081b.jpg" width="500" height="506" alt="THE PORTAL BEFORE THE WAR" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE PORTAL BEFORE THE WAR</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-082a.jpg" width="800" height="458" alt="THE PAUWELS ROOM BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE PAUWELS ROOM BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Pauwels Room</h3>
+
+<p>During the last century, the Hall was frequently restored and embellished.
+In 1876 the walls of the eastern half of the southern building were decorated
+with twelve mural paintings by Ferdinand Pauwels, representing the
+principal events in the history of Ypres, in the days of its prosperity (1187
+to the siege by the people of Ghent in 1383). The artist displayed exquisite
+taste, especially in the fresco depicting the "Wedding of Mahaut de Béthune
+with Mathias de Lorraine." The western half of the gallery was decorated
+by the artist Delbecke, with paintings depicting the life of a cloth merchant.
+Owing to the death of the artist, the last picture was never finished. This
+gallery was used as a banqueting hall. A number of statues by Puyenbroeck
+of Brussels, along the southern façade, had replaced the originals, badly
+damaged during the Revolution (1793).</p>
+
+<p>The River Yperlée formerly flowed past the western façade and, until
+1848, there was a flight of steps with a double balustrade (17th century) to
+facilitate the transfer of merchandise from the boats to the warehouses.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-082b.jpg" width="500" height="279" alt="THE PAUWELS ROOM IN DEC., 1914 (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE PAUWELS ROOM IN DEC., 1914 (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-083.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="THE JUNCTION OF THE CLOTH HALL WITH THE
+NIEUWERK (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE JUNCTION OF THE CLOTH HALL WITH THE
+NIEUWERK (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Nieuwerk</h3>
+
+<p>The Nieuwerk did not detract from the imposing appearance of the
+southern façade, of which it formed the continuation. Renaissance in style,
+the plans are said to have been the work of J. Sporeman (about 1575). Building
+was begun early in the 17th century and finished in 1624.</p>
+
+<p>The ground-floor formed an open hall, 20 feet in width, the vaulting
+of which was carried on slender cylindrical columns, joined by irregular
+arcades. The building comprises two stories, the first of which communicated
+with that of the Cloth Hall. The large high windows of the façades were
+very close together. The roof was pierced with high and very ornamental
+dormer-windows.</p>
+
+<p>The Nieuwerk was restored about 1862. In the Chapelle Echevinale,
+frescoes by Guffens and J. Swerts, and stained-glass was renovated, and at
+the same time a fine fireplace was built by Malfait of Brussels. Old mural
+paintings, representing St. Mark and St. John, and a frieze, depicting the Counts
+of Flanders from 1322 to 1476, were discovered and restored. In the middle
+of the hall stood a small equestrian statue of John of Brabant (1252&mdash;1294)
+by A. Fiers.</p>
+
+<p>This slightly-built Nieuwerk could not long withstand the bombardment.
+The south gable, struck on November 21, 1914, collapsed, while on the
+following day the Cloth Hall burst into flames. A few weeks' later the
+Nieuwerk was completely destroyed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-084a.jpg" width="500" height="515" alt="THE SHERIFF&#39;S
+ROOM IN THE
+NIEUWERK,
+DECEMBER, 1914
+The collapse of
+the first floor
+left visible the
+remains of
+the decoration
+seen in the
+photo below
+(photo, Antony,
+Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE SHERIFF&#39;S
+ROOM IN THE
+NIEUWERK,
+DECEMBER, 1914<br />
+The collapse of
+the first floor
+left visible the
+remains of
+the decoration
+seen in the
+photo below<br />
+(photo, Antony,
+Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-084b.jpg" width="700" height="556" alt="THE SHERIFF&#39;S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SHERIFF&#39;S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-085a.jpg" width="700" height="548" alt="OLD HOUSES WHICH, BEFORE THE WAR, WERE THE PRIDE OF THE
+VANDENPEEREBOOM SQUARE (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">OLD HOUSES WHICH, BEFORE THE WAR, WERE THE PRIDE OF THE
+VANDENPEEREBOOM SQUARE (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Turn to the right in the Place Vandenpeereboom</i>, formerly an ornamental
+pond, now filled in.</p>
+
+<p>Here used to stand a row of old houses with double façade, now completely
+destroyed. Here also, to the north of the Cloth Hall, stood the Cathedral
+of St. Martin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/i-085b.jpg" width="450" height="365" alt="ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Cathedral of St. Martin</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/i-086a.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL AS IT WAS
+In the background: the Cloth Hall. Compare with
+photo below (photo, Antony, Ypres)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL AS IT WAS<br />
+In the background: the Cloth Hall. Compare with
+photo below (photo, Antony, Ypres).</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Church of St. Martin
+(which became a cathedral
+in 1559) replaced an older
+church of the 11th century.
+Built in the 13th century,
+its choir dated from 1221,
+and its nave from the second
+half of that century. The
+foundation-stone was laid by
+Marguerite of Constantinople.
+The western tower
+dated only from the 15th
+century, and replaced a tower
+which had collapsed in 1433.
+The new tower was 175 feet
+in height, and was to have
+been twice as high. Built
+from the plans of Martin
+Untenhove of Malines, it was
+severe in style.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the Cathedral
+was a Latin cross, and terminated
+in a semicircular
+choir. It underwent important
+restorations during
+the last century.</p>
+
+<p>The façade of the south
+arm of the transept was
+of unusually great width.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-086b.jpg" width="700" height="471" alt="ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+In the background: The Cloth Hall." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. MARTIN&#39;S CATHEDRAL, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT<br />
+In the background: The Cloth Hall.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-087a.jpg" width="700" height="478" alt="SOUTH TRANSEPT OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SOUTH TRANSEPT OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The central portal was surrounded by a polygonal rose-window and crowned
+with a high gable flanked by turrets. Above the side portals, the surface
+of which was decorated with
+arcading, were gables lighted by
+rose-windows. This part of the
+building was probably not earlier
+than the 14th century.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-087b.jpg" width="350" height="612" alt="THE CATHEDRAL DOOR
+Seen from the interior (photo, André Schelker)." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE CATHEDRAL DOOR<br />
+Seen from the interior (photo, André Schelker).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were no radial chapels
+in this great church. A circulating
+gallery running through the
+buttresses formed an uninterrupted
+passage around the building.</p>
+
+<p>At the base of the roof ran
+an open balustrade, broken at
+intervals by the pinnacles which
+crowned the buttresses.</p>
+
+<p>Above the centre of the transept
+rose a campanile, surmounted by a
+very pointed timber-work spire.</p>
+
+<p>The nave, and more especially
+the choir, were remarkable. High
+pillars with crocketed and foliate
+capitals supported the springing
+of the large irregular arches.
+Above ran a circulating gallery or
+triforium. The pointed arches of
+the latter were carried by small
+columns which originally rested on
+the wide <i>abaci</i> of the capitals, but
+several of them had been cut
+away and replaced by statues of
+apostles, evangelists, or persons
+of note.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-088a.jpg" width="400" height="651" alt="THE NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)
+Compare with photo below." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)<br />
+Compare with photo below.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> arrangement is common
+in Burgundy and, like others
+to be found in the Cathedral&mdash;the
+exterior circulating gallery,
+the interior gallery, the form of
+the latter, and various decorative
+features&mdash;show how
+strongly French, and especially
+Burgundian influence
+preponderated in Flanders
+during the 14th century.</p>
+
+<p>The choir was disfigured by
+an ungraceful 16th century
+altar. The stalls, carved about
+1598 by C. Van Hoveke and
+Urbain Taillebert, were noteworthy,
+as was also the pulpit&mdash;a
+richly decorated monumental
+work, at the base of
+which stood a life-size statue of
+St. Dominic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-088b.jpg" width="700" height="547" alt="NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL RUINED BY GERMAN SHELLS
+Seen from the Choir, near the Porch." title="" />
+<span class="caption">NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL RUINED BY GERMAN SHELLS<br />
+Seen from the Choir, near the Porch.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Urbain Taillebert was also
+the sculptor of the magnificent
+"Christ Triumphant,"
+suspended between the columns
+of the main entrance; and of
+the tomb of Antoine de Hennin,
+Bishop of Ypres, who died in
+1626. The centre of the tomb
+represented the bishop in his
+pontifical robes; <i>on the left</i>, he was seen
+kneeling in prayer, with his mitre close by;
+<i>on the right</i>, his patron, St. Anthony, was
+represented in a hermit's gown, accompanied
+by his traditional pig.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-089a.jpg" width="400" height="617" alt="CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)
+Compare with photo below." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)<br />
+Compare with photo below.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-089b.jpg" width="700" height="553" alt="CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT
+Seen from the Porch. Compare with photo above." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT<br />
+Seen from the Porch. Compare with photo above.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-090a.jpg" width="700" height="570" alt="THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See below." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See below.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/i-090b.jpg" width="650" height="621" alt="THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL IN JANUARY, 1915
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See above." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL IN JANUARY, 1915<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See above.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> "Virgin and Child" was fortunately
+rescued from the ruins of the Cathedral.
+It is a Flemish work of the 16th century.
+A surrounding fence (<i>Hortus conclusus</i> of
+the Litanies) is represented on the pedestal
+(photo opposite).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/i-091a.jpg" width="300" height="603" alt="THE VIRGIN OF ST. MARTIN
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE VIRGIN OF ST. MARTIN<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beside the tomb described above was
+that of Jean Visscherius, Bishop of Ypres,
+who died in 1613. The bishop, clothed in
+his pontifical robes and wearing his mitre,
+was represented in a recumbent position, his
+head raised on a cushion and supported by
+his hand (photo below).</p>
+
+<p>There were other tombs in the church,
+notably that of Louise Delage, Lady of
+Saillort, widow of the Chancellor of Burgundy,
+Hugonnet (beheaded in 1477).</p>
+
+<p>In the pavement before the altar was the
+third tombstone of the famous <i>Cornelius
+Jansenius</i>. It was a simple slab of stone, on
+which was carved a cross, and in the four
+corners the figures 1, 6, 3, 8. Jansenius,
+Bishop of Ypres, who died of plague on May 6, 1638, was the founder of the
+sect of the Jansenists, which still exists in Holland, and whose headquarters
+are at Utrecht. When and how this tombstone was placed there is not
+known. It replaced two others removed by ecclesiastical authority in 1655
+and 1673 respectively.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i-091b.jpg" width="500" height="414" alt="MAUSOLEUM OF JEAN VISSCHERIUS
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">MAUSOLEUM OF JEAN VISSCHERIUS<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Round the chapel, known as the Dean's Chapel, there was a fine copper
+railing decorated with small alabaster figures.</p>
+
+<p>The inner doors of the church were magnificently carved; those of the
+south portal, with superimposed
+figures of saints, were considered
+to be marvels of Belgian
+art.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-092a.jpg" width="400" height="655" alt="THE MAISON DES BATELIERS (1629)
+Completely destroyed. Note the two emblematical
+ships on the façade. (Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MAISON DES BATELIERS (1629)<br />
+Completely destroyed. Note the two emblematical
+ships on the façade. (Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Place Vandenpeerboom,
+take the Rue de Boesinghe.
+Leaving the Rue d'Elverdinighe
+(see plan, p. 72) <i>on the left</i>, the
+Cattle Market is next reached,
+formerly a pond, since filled in.
+Here were three guild-houses,
+Nos. 15, 19 and 21. No. 15 was
+the Maison des Bateliers, on
+whose façade two symbolic
+boats were depicted. The canal
+which passed before the house
+has disappeared. The date of
+construction was shown by
+anchors fixed in the wall of the
+second storey: 1-6-2-9. At the
+top of the gable there was an
+involuted niche which probably
+sheltered the statue of the
+patron-saint of sailors (photo
+opposite). The next house,
+part of which may be seen on
+the right of the photo, was
+17th century.</p>
+
+<p><i>Take the road on the left
+which rejoins the Promenade,
+and turning again to the left,
+skirt "La Plaine d'Amour"</i> (photos below and p. 91). Behind the prison
+walls there is a British cemetery in the gardens (photo, p. 91).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/i-092b.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="THE &quot;PLAINE D&#39;AMOUR,&quot; WITH YPRES IN THE DISTANCE, DEVASTATED BY THE WAR
+Compare with photo opposite." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE &quot;PLAINE D&#39;AMOUR,&quot; WITH YPRES IN THE DISTANCE, DEVASTATED BY THE WAR<br />Compare with photo opposite.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-093a.jpg" width="700" height="513" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY, BEHIND THE PRISON" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY, BEHIND THE PRISON</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Turn to the left into the Chaussée de Furnes</i>, leaving on the left the
+reservoir of the ruined waterworks. <i>Take Boulevard Malou and return to
+the Grande Place</i>, via <i>the Rue de Stuers and the Rue au Beurre</i> (photos,
+p. 92).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-093b.jpg" width="700" height="538" alt="THE &quot;PLAINE D&#39;AMOUR,&quot; BEFORE THE WAR
+See photo opposite. (Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;PLAINE D&#39;AMOUR,&quot; BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+See photo opposite. (Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-094a.jpg" width="700" height="729" alt="RUE AU BEURRE, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUE AU BEURRE, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Pass the ruins of St. Nicolas Church.</i></p>
+
+<p>Before reaching the Grande Place the site of the Meat Market (photo,
+p. 93) is passed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-094b.jpg" width="700" height="516" alt="RUE AU BEURRE, DESTROYED BY GERMAN SHELLS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUE AU BEURRE, DESTROYED BY GERMAN SHELLS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-095a.jpg" width="400" height="543" alt="THE MEAT MARKET, BEFORE THE WAR
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MEAT MARKET, BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This was an important, two-gabled building of symmetrical proportions.
+The lower part of the façade resembled that of the Cloth Hall, but the upper
+story and roof of the building were of a later date. The gables, with stair-like
+copings, were decorated with blind windows. The lower storey
+was of stone, while the gables and the upper part of the façade
+were brick.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-095b.jpg" width="700" height="371" alt="THE MEAT MARKET, RUINED BY ENEMY BOMBARDMENTS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MEAT MARKET, RUINED BY ENEMY BOMBARDMENTS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+<img src="images/i-096a.jpg" width="700" height="491" alt="THE &quot;HOSPICE BELLE&quot; (WOMEN&#39;S ASYLUM), RUE DE LILLE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;HOSPICE BELLE&quot; (WOMEN&#39;S ASYLUM), RUE DE LILLE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-096b.jpg" width="400" height="588" alt="HOSPICE BELLE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HOSPICE BELLE, BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first storey was
+formerly occupied by the
+Brotherhood of St. Michael.
+The Museum, which was
+housed there, contained a
+number of pictures, interesting
+drawings of the old
+wooden fronts of the houses
+of Ypres (by L. Boehm),
+old chests containing the
+Charters of the Drapers,
+pieces of sculpture and
+wrought ironwork.</p>
+
+<p>Almost directly opposite
+the Cloth Hall is the Rue de
+Lille, in which, on the right,
+is the <b>Hospice Belle</b> (photos,
+p. 94).</p>
+
+<p>This asylum for aged
+women was founded about
+1279 by Christine de Guines,
+widow of Solomon Belle,
+Lord of Boesinghe, and
+rebuilt in the 17th century.
+The façade of the chapel,
+which faced the Rue de
+Lille, contained twin doors,
+surmounted by a large
+stained-glass window set in a radiating flamboyant framework. In addition
+to the statue of St. Nicholas (against the central mullion of the
+stained-glass window), the lower part of this façade was embellished with
+statues, in Renaissance niches, of the foundress and her husband. Above
+the window was an <i>oculus</i>, the decoration of which was mingled with that
+of an escutcheon immediately beneath it, on which the date "1616" could
+still be deciphered.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-097a.jpg" width="450" height="370" alt="VAULTING OF THE OLD FRENCH BARRACKS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">VAULTING OF THE OLD FRENCH BARRACKS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-097b.jpg" width="400" height="642" alt="HÔTEL MERGHELYNCK, BEFORE THE WAR
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HÔTEL MERGHELYNCK, BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Inside the chapel were a 17th
+century portable confessional (a
+very curious specimen of carved
+woodwork), 15th century copper
+candelabra, and a line picture
+attributed to Melchior Broederlam.
+This artist, whose works are very
+rare, was a native of Ypres. He
+preceded J. van Eyek as official
+painter to the Dukes of Burgundy.
+This picture was saved.</p>
+
+<p>On the right of the street, in the
+midst of the ruins, can be seen the
+broken-in vaulting of the old French
+Barrack (photo above), and on the
+left, the <b>Hôtel Merghelynck</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The latter charming 18th century
+house stood at the corner of the
+Rue des Fripiers. It was built (1774&mdash;1776)
+from the plans of Thomas
+Gombert of Lille, and its last proprietors
+had converted it into an
+interesting museum.</p>
+
+<p>It was decorated with woodwork,
+panelling, and Louis XVI. medallions
+by Ant. Jos. de la Dicque.
+The stucco ornamentation was the work of Grégoire Joseph Adam of
+Valenciennes. The staircase balustrading was by Jacques Beernaert.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-098a.jpg" width="400" height="577" alt="THE TEMPLARS&#39; HOUSE IN THE RUE DE LILLE" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE TEMPLARS&#39; HOUSE IN THE RUE DE LILLE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-098b.jpg" width="600" height="470" alt="WOODEN HOUSES IN THE RUE DE LILLE
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WOODEN HOUSES IN THE RUE DE LILLE<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-099a.jpg" width="400" height="580" alt="ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A white stone vase, carved from designs by Rubens, stood in the fine
+court of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Almost opposite, at No. 68, was the old 14th century <b>Templars' House</b>,
+since turned into a post-office (photo, p. 96). The Church of St. Pierre
+is next reached.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-099b.jpg" width="700" height="490" alt="RUINS OF ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH (see above)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH (see above)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-100a.jpg" width="450" height="476" alt="ST. PETER&#39;S
+CHURCH.
+THE CHOIR
+(See below.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH.<br />
+THE CHOIR<br />
+(See below.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-100b.jpg" width="700" height="538" alt="ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH, THE CHOIR BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH, THE CHOIR BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-101a.jpg" width="700" height="532" alt="THE RAMPARTS, LILLE GATE AND ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See below." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE RAMPARTS, LILLE GATE AND ST. PETER&#39;S CHURCH<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.) See below.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This 11th century church had been largely rebuilt. The façade was
+surmounted by a substantial square tower, flanked by four corner turrets
+and crowned by an octagonal spire rebuilt in 1868.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-101b.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="AFTER FOUR YEARS&#39; BOMBARDMENTS (see above)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">AFTER FOUR YEARS&#39; BOMBARDMENTS (see above).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Inside, lofty columns supported the springing of the large irregular arches.
+There was no vaulting, the church having a timber-work roof in shape of
+an inverted keel. In it were a 16th century altar, large carved pulpit and
+a fine choir-screen.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1300px;">
+<img src="images/i-102.jpg" width="1300" height="411" alt="PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE RUIN OF YPRES TAKEN FROM THE LILLE GATE
+(The point from where this photograph was taken is shown on the plan on p. 72 (at the bottom, on the right).)
+St. Nicolas   Old French Barracks   School Belltower   St. Peters Church   St. James&#39; Church" title="" />
+<span class="caption">PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE RUIN OF YPRES TAKEN FROM THE LILLE GATE<br />
+(The point from where this photograph was taken is shown on the plan on p. 72 (at the bottom, on the right).)<br />
+St. Nicolas   Old French Barracks   School Belltower   St. Peters Church   St. James&#39; Church</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-102b.jpg" width="700" height="532" alt="RUINS OF THE HÔTEL DE GAND, RUE DES CHIENS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF THE HÔTEL DE GAND, RUE DES CHIENS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rue de Lille ends at Lille Gate. Before passing through, climb up the
+ramparts, from which there is
+a magnificent panorama.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-103b.jpg" width="400" height="608" alt="THE HÔTEL DE GAND
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE HÔTEL DE GAND<br />
+(Photo, Antony, Ypres.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pass through the Gate,
+the towers of which date
+from 1395. There is an
+interesting view over the
+wide moats, and of the
+ancient ramparts (rebuilt by
+Vauban), which were ruined
+by shells.</p>
+
+<p><i>Turn back and re-enter
+the town by the same way.
+Beyond the Church of St.
+Pierre, take the first street on
+the right as far as the Rue
+des Chiens, where, on turning
+to the left</i>, the ruins of the
+Church St. Jacques, and the
+shattered façade of the Hôtel
+de Gand will be seen.</p>
+
+<p>The latter fine house, with
+double gables dated from the
+16th century. The transition
+from 15th to 16th century
+style is very marked: on the
+ground-floor is the irregular
+arch of the 15th century,
+while on the first floor the
+arches are full semi-circles,
+framing the rectangular
+bays, whose tympana
+are decorated with flamboyant figures. These tympana were added some
+years later, thus giving the wide 17th century windows, of which the (French)
+architect of the Hôtel Merghelynck made such happy use (photo, p. 101).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-104a.jpg" width="700" height="503" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE HOSPICE NÔTRE-DAME" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE HOSPICE NÔTRE-DAME</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Having reached the Grande-Place, take the Rue de Menin on the right</i>,
+leaving on the left the ruins of the Hospice Nôtre-Dame. <i>Next take the
+Menin Road, to visit the Château de Hooge and</i> <b>Zillebeke</b>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-104b.jpg" width="700" height="524" alt="MENIN GATE
+On leaving Ypres in the direction of Hooge and Zillebeke." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MENIN GATE<br />
+On leaving Ypres in the direction of Hooge and Zillebeke.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-105a.jpg" width="700" height="448" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY JUST OUTSIDE YPRES, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY JUST OUTSIDE YPRES, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Visit to Zillebeke and Hooge</h3>
+
+<div class="center">(<i>See Itinerary, p. 47.</i>)</div>
+
+<p><i>At the Menin Gate leave the Westroosebeke Road on the left, and take
+the main road to Menin on the right.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-105b.jpg" width="700" height="448" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY AT ZILLEBEKE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY AT ZILLEBEKE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the right, near the last houses, a British cemetery (photo above).
+<i>Before the level-crossing over the Ypres-Routers railway, take the road to the
+right. After passing two further level-crossings, the road descends slightly.</i>
+On the left is a large British cemetery: on the high ground to the right are
+the remains of the Château, whilst in the distance lies <b>Zillebeke Pond</b>.
+On the left is another cemetery. <i>Pass, on the left, the beginning of an
+impassable road, which formerly led to the main road from Menin. Go past
+the ruins of Zillebeke Church</i>, shown in the photographs, p. 104 (before
+and after the War).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-106a.jpg" width="700" height="531" alt="ZILLEBEKE IN 1919
+The mound is all that remains of the Church Tower seen in the photo below" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ZILLEBEKE IN 1919<br />
+The mound is all that remains of the Church Tower seen in the photo below</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-106b.jpg" width="700" height="549" alt="ZILLEBEKE, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ZILLEBEKE, BEFORE THE WAR (photo, Antony, Ypres)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-107a.jpg" width="700" height="445" alt="BRITISH CEMETERY AT HOOGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BRITISH CEMETERY AT HOOGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Return by the same road as far as the railway, and turn to the right.</i> A
+large British cemetery, containing 1,500 to 2,000 graves, will be seen on the
+western slopes of the Hooge Crest. The site of the village of <b>Hooge</b>&mdash;marked
+only by a notice board&mdash;is next reached. There is no trace whatever left
+of the château or of Bellewaarde Lake. It was here that the battles of July 31,
+1917, were fought. On June 2, 1917, the first objectives of the British, in
+their offensive for the clearing of Ypres, were the Wood and Village of Hooge.
+They were only taken on July 31, although the château itself was captured
+in June.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-107b.jpg" width="700" height="460" alt="ALL THAT IS LEFT OF HOOGE&mdash;THE SIGNBOARD!" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ALL THAT IS LEFT OF HOOGE&mdash;THE SIGNBOARD!</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-108a.jpg" width="700" height="471" alt="HOOGE CHÂTEAU (photo, Antony, Ypres)
+To-day the site of the castle is barely discernable." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HOOGE CHÂTEAU (photo, Antony, Ypres)<br />
+To-day the site of the castle is barely discernable.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Again lost by the British in April, 1918, these positions were evacuated
+by the Germans in October.</p>
+
+<p><i>Follow the road to the top of the crest</i>, where the "tank cemetery,"
+containing fourteen broke-down tanks, lies (photo below).</p>
+
+<p><i>Now skirt on the right the beginning of</i> <b>Sanctuary Wood</b>, beyond which
+is the strategic Hill 60.</p>
+
+<p>Hill 60 was captured by the Germans in 1914, and retaken by the British
+in 1915. It was the object of frequent attacks, chiefly the German attack
+of April 27&mdash;28, 1916.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the place called Veldhoek, opposite Herenthage Wood</i> (full of concrete
+shelters and tanks), <i>return to Ypres, entering the town by the Menin Gate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-108b.jpg" width="700" height="490" alt="TANK CEMETERY
+To the right and left of the road from Ypres to Menin, beyond Hooge,
+fourteen tanks lie sunk in the mud." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TANK CEMETERY<br />
+To the right and left of the road from Ypres to Menin, beyond Hooge,
+fourteen tanks lie sunk in the mud.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>From Ypres to Poperinghe</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Cross the town by the Grande Place, Rue du Beurre, Rue des Stuers,
+Boulevard Malou, on the right, and Rue Capron, on the left, coming out at
+the Chaussée de Poperinghe. On leaving the town pass over the level-crossing.</i></p>
+
+<p>From Ypres to Vlamertinghe, the road runs through devastated country;
+here numerous trenches and machine-gun shelters can still be seen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Take the level-crossing over the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway, then cross
+the Kemmelbeek by a bridge, still in good condition, and go through</i>
+<b>Vlamertinghe</b>. This village suffered greatly from bombardments. In front
+of the partly demolished church the road turns to the left.</p>
+
+<p>From Vlamertinghe to Poperinghe the aspect of the country changes
+completely. The road is shaded by large trees, and there are hop-fields on
+both sides.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enter</i> <b>Poperinghe</b> <i>by the Chaussée d'Ypres, continue by the Rue d'Ypres.
+Passing the Hôtel-des-Postes and the Hôtel-de-Ville, the tourist comes to
+the Grande Place</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-109.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="POPERINGHE: BERTIN PLACE AND CHURCH OF ST. BERTIN" title="" />
+<span class="caption">POPERINGHE: BERTIN PLACE AND CHURCH OF ST. BERTIN</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Poperinghe</h3>
+
+<p>Poperinghe, a small town of 12,000 inhabitants, is the centre of an
+agricultural district, where hop-growing is the chief industry.</p>
+
+<p>Of its three churches, two only are interesting from an artistic point of
+view.</p>
+
+<p>The Church of St. Jean is Romanesque in style, whilst that of St. Bertin
+contains some remarkable woodwork: the Vérité pulpit, the Dean's confessional,
+and the roof-loft are masterpieces of the Renaissance period.</p>
+
+<p>In the court of the Hôtel Skindles there is a tombstone dating from 1171.</p>
+
+<p>Old houses are rare in Poperinghe, the town having several times been
+destroyed during its history.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-110.png" width="600" height="625" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SECOND DAY: POPERINGHE&mdash;LILLE</h2>
+
+<h3>Via The Hills of Flanders, Armentières, Nieppe Forest,
+Merville and Béthune</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Visit to the Hills</i>: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel in
+Belgium; and the Mont des Cats and Mont Noir in France.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the Grande Place of Poperinghe take Rue Flamande, then Chaussée
+de Reninghelst, turn to the left along the Rue des Prêtres, and then turn to
+the right into the Rue Boescheppe, opposite the church of St. Bertin.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Pass in front of the</i> <b>Diocesan College</b>, the roof of which was badly
+damaged by shell-fire. <i>In the Place Bertel turn to the right.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Cross the river by a recently restored bridge, then skirt, on the left,
+the communal cemetery</i>, where the graves have been destroyed by the shells,
+and <i>cross the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway</i> (<i>l. c.</i>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-111.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="LA CLYTTE ROAD AND THE MONT ROUGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA CLYTTE ROAD AND THE MONT ROUGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the left is an Allied cemetery containing 500 to 600 graves. On the
+right against the sky is <b>Cats Hill</b>. Numerous machine-guns shelters can
+still be seen along the road. <i>Cross a narrow-gauge railway</i>, which serves a
+military station on the right.</p>
+
+<p><i>The road is first undulating, then descends to</i> <b>Reninghelst</b>. <i>Here
+leave on the left the church</i>, which has not greatly suffered. In the churchyard
+near by, there are a few French soldiers' graves. <i>At the cross-roads, turn to
+the left, then 200 yards further on, at</i> <b>Zevecoten</b>, take the road on the right
+to <b>La Clytte</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The further we advance the greater the devastation of the ground becomes.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the first houses of Clytte Hamlet, turn to the right.</i> The German
+rush of 1918 was broken before this village.</p>
+
+<p>After the capture of Kemmel Hill, a violent enemy attack on April 27
+broke down before the desperate resistance of the French 28th Infantry
+Division (Madelin) and the British 9th Infantry Division.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kemmel</b> is seen on the left, and <b>Scherpenberg</b> in front.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass the church</i> (photo, p. 111). <i>The road turns to the right beyond the
+last houses, and gradually climbs the slopes of</i> <b>Scherpenberg</b> (altitude,
+340 feet). The side of this hill is almost perpendicular, and in it are
+numerous remains of shelters.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-112.png" width="700" height="516" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The narrow road which led to the top was completely destroyed. The
+ascent can, however, be made on foot.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all their efforts, the Germans failed to reach Scherpenberg in
+their offensive of 1918. Their efforts to outflank the Flanders Hills on the
+north broke down before the resistance of the French 39th Infantry Division
+(Massenet) on April 26, 27 and 28, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the next fork turn to the right into the village of</i> <b>Westoutre</b>.
+Here the road winds through the valley. The river on the left has, owing to
+shell-fire, become a small lake. Westoutre suffered greatly in the bombardments.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass the Town Hall, then turn to the left in front of the church. The
+road rises sharply, and winds round</i> <b>Vidaigne Hill</b>. The many shelters
+in the sides of the hill can plainly be seen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Behind the hill, leave the road leading to the French frontier, and take on
+the left the road which first descends and then climbs the slopes of</i> <b>Rouge
+Hill</b>. From the plateau there is a splendid view across the plains.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leave on the left the ruins of the Chapel of Nôtre-Dame-de-Lourdes.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The road, rising rather stiffly, runs into the Bailleul Road. On turning
+to the right, the first houses of</i> <b>Locre</b> <i>village are reached</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-113a.jpg" width="700" height="589" alt="RUINS OF LA CLYTTE CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF LA CLYTTE CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-113b.jpg" width="700" height="547" alt="THE SLOPES OF SCHERPENBERG HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SLOPES OF SCHERPENBERG HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-114a.jpg" width="700" height="466" alt="VIDAIGNE HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIDAIGNE HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-114b.jpg" width="700" height="545" alt="RUINS OF LOCRE AND ROUGE HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF LOCRE AND ROUGE HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Locre was the scene of terrific fighting during the German offensive
+against the Flanders Hills in 1918. On April 19, 1918, it was taken by the
+enemy after a daring advance by their Alpine Corps, which had succeeded in
+reaching Kemmelbeek Valley. On the same day, the soldiers of this picked
+corps continued their advance as far as the crossing with the Westoutre road,
+1 kilomètre to the north of Locre; but here the French dragoons, in an irresistible
+counter-attack, drove the Germans back and recaptured Locre,
+leaving only the <i>Hospice</i>, to the south-east of the village, in enemy hands.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-115a.jpg" width="700" height="533" alt="LOCRE ROAD AT KEMMEL AND KEMMEL HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LOCRE ROAD AT KEMMEL AND KEMMEL HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-115b.jpg" width="700" height="621" alt="KEMMEL CHURCH AND VILLAGE IN RUINS
+Photographed from the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill" title="" />
+<span class="caption">KEMMEL CHURCH AND VILLAGE IN RUINS<br />
+Photographed from the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-116a.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="RUINS OF KEMMEL CHÂTEAU AND HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF KEMMEL CHÂTEAU AND HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-116b.jpg" width="700" height="490" alt="KEMMEL HILL
+Photographed from the road to Kemmel at La Clytte, 500 yards from the latter." title="" />
+<span class="caption">KEMMEL HILL<br />
+Photographed from the road to Kemmel at La Clytte, 500 yards from the latter.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span><i>Beyond the ruins of the church, in the middle of a devastated cemetery,
+turn to the left; then at the next fork, leaving some French graves on the
+left, take the road on the right leading to</i> <b>Kemmel Hill</b>.</p>
+
+<p>This hill, the first of the Hills of Flanders, is famous for the battles fought
+there in 1918. On April 17, 1918, the Germans had reached the foot. On
+the 25th, they rushed to the attack, encircling and capturing the hill, which
+was held by the French 30th Infantry Regiment. During the next and following
+days French counter-attacks failed to dislodge the enemy. It was only
+on August 30 that the Germans evacuated the hill; on the 31st it was occupied
+by the British.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass Burgrave Farm. At the foot of the hill (inaccessible to vehicles)
+the road turns to the left.</i> Here the ground is completely churned up, the
+bits of road being connected up by little bridges thrown across the shell-holes.
+In the distance is seen the ruined church of Kemmel (photo, p. 113).
+<i>On reaching the village, turn to the right, to visit the ruins of the château</i>
+(photo, p. 114), <i>then return to the fork and take the road on the right</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The road is hilly, as the photograph, taken 500 yards this side of the
+crossing with the La Clytte road, shows. <i>Keeping straight along the road
+by which he came, as far as Zevecoten, the tourist then returns first to the
+left and then to the right.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>In the centre of</i> <b>Reninghelst</b> <i>village, take the Neuve-Eglise road on
+the left. At the fork in the road at</i> <b>Heksken</b>, <i>turn to the right towards</i>
+<b>Poperinghe</b>. <i>Cross the river. At the crossing of the road from Poperinghe
+to Boeschèpe, turn to the left to visit the largest cemetery in this region</i>
+(shown on the Itinerary, p. 108), which contains 20,000 to 22,000 graves
+The photograph gives but a slight idea of the size of it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-117.jpg" width="700" height="464" alt="FRAGMENT OF CEMETERY CONTAINING 20,000 GRAVES AT BOESCHÈPE,
+ON THE ROAD TO POPERINGHE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FRAGMENT OF CEMETERY CONTAINING 20,000 GRAVES AT BOESCHÈPE,
+ON THE ROAD TO POPERINGHE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-118a.jpg" width="700" height="462" alt="GENERAL VIEW OF CATS HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GENERAL VIEW OF CATS HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Retracing his steps the tourist takes the road which first skirts the
+railway, and then crosses it (l. c.) to rejoin the Poperinghe-Steenwoorde road.
+Take the latter on the left.</i> (See Itinerary, p. 108.)</p>
+
+<p>At the hamlet of Abeele there is a Belgian custom-house (visa of "triptyque"
+or motor-car permit). The French custom-house is at <b>Steenwoorde</b>
+(the third house to the right on entering). Usual formalities.</p>
+
+<p><i>Opposite the custom office take I.C. 128 on the left, which, after several
+turnings, leads to</i> <b>Godewaerstelde</b>. <i>Leave the village on the left.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-118b.jpg" width="700" height="455" alt="THE CRUCIFIX AND ABBEY OF CATS HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CRUCIFIX AND ABBEY OF CATS HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-119a.jpg" width="700" height="548" alt="CATS HILL ABBEY" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CATS HILL ABBEY</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-119b.jpg" width="400" height="576" alt="DESTRUCTION OF THE CHAPEL CHOIR" title="" />
+<span class="caption">DESTRUCTION OF THE CHAPEL CHOIR</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-120a.jpg" width="500" height="373" alt="THE COURTYARD OF CATS HILL ABBEY AFTER
+THE BOMBARDMENTS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE COURTYARD OF CATS HILL ABBEY AFTER
+THE BOMBARDMENTS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>On the far side of the level-crossing the road rises, and the Abbey on the
+top of</i> <b>Cats Hill</b> <i>soon comes into view</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is a magnificent view from the wayside-cross on the plateau. Visit
+the monastery, whose buildings suffered greatly from the bombardments.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass in front of the cross and take the second road on the right, which
+slopes down fairly quickly to the village of</i> <b>Berthem</b>, <i>through which the
+tourist passes</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-120b.jpg" width="700" height="423" alt="VIDAIGNE HILL AND NOIR HILL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIDAIGNE HILL AND NOIR HILL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>In the hamlet of</i> <b>Schaexnen</b>, <i>opposite the inn with the sign "Au Vieux
+Schaexnen," turn to the left, passing in front of a small château in the middle
+of a wood on the right. A plateau</i>&mdash;<b>Noir Hill</b>&mdash;<i>ploughed up by countless
+shells, is reached shortly afterwards</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the fork in the road turn to the right</i> (the road on the left leads back
+into Belgium).</p>
+
+<p><i>Go through the hamlet of</i> <b>La Croix-de-Poperinghe</b>, <i>then at the next
+fork take the road to</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> <b>Bailleul</b> <i>on the right</i>. <i>At Bailleul leave the lunatic
+asylum on the left.</i> The French custom-house is in the Rue d'Ypres. (In
+June, 1919, there was as yet no corresponding office at Locre in Belgium.)</p>
+
+<p>Bailleul suffered terribly from the bombardments, most of the houses
+being destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Bailleul was taken by three German divisions on April 15, 1918, as well
+as Little Hill and the Ravelsberg, to the west of the town. But the next
+day the German forces, who had orders to consolidate their success and
+turn the chain of hills from the south, were rudely checked by French
+divisions, rushed up to relieve their British comrades, and in three days,
+thanks to the prompt and vigorous action of General Pétain, they were driven
+back.</p>
+
+<p><i>Have a look round the Grande Place before taking the Rue de Lille</i>
+(N. 42) <i>on the left</i>. <i>At the Noveau-Monde cross-roads</i>, where there is an
+important munitions depôt with railway-station, <i>turn sharply to the left,
+leaving Lille Hill on the left</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>After twice crossing the railway</i> (<i>l. c.</i>) the Customs Barracks are passed.
+The road passes over three more level-crossings, skirts the frontier, crosses
+the railway, and then the Stilbecque stream. <i>Next pass through</i> <b>Nieppe</b>
+village&mdash;almost entirely demolished; <i>then over the railway</i> (<i>l. c.</i>). <i>Cross
+the Lys by the Nieppe Bridge and enter</i> <b>Armentières</b>, <i>via the Rue de
+Nieppe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>At the cross-roads take Rue Nationale on the right, and follow the tram-lines
+as far as the crossing of Rue de Lille with Rue de Marle. Take the
+latter to the right, and cross the railway</i> (<i>l. c.</i>).</p>
+
+<p>For particulars concerning Armentières, see pp. 49&mdash;55, first Itinerary.</p>
+
+<p><i>Keep straight to</i> <b>Bois-Grenier</b>, <i>turning to the right in front of the ruined
+church</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Outside the village take the second road on the right to</i> <b>Fleurbaix</b>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass the church, of which a few walls are still standing</i> (photo below),
+<i>then turn to the left beyond the Square into Rue de Quesnes</i>. Numerous
+concrete shelters were built inside the houses.</p>
+
+<p><i>Near the British cemetery the road turns to the right, then to the left,
+and enters</i> <b>Laventie</b>. <i>Turn to the right in the Place de l'Eglise, then to
+the left over a level-crossing near the station</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-121.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="DESTROYED CHURCH OF FLEURBAIX" title="" />
+<span class="caption">DESTROYED CHURCH OF FLEURBAIX</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-122a.jpg" width="550" height="433" alt="LAVENTIE CHURCH, RUINED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LAVENTIE CHURCH, RUINED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>After several turnings the road runs past a small ruined chapel, crosses
+a river, then turns to the right, and crosses the Lys. At the first houses of</i>
+<b>Estaires</b>, <i>100 yards beyond the bridge, turn to the left, amid the ruins.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Pass the ruined gasworks and follow the main street shown in the photo
+below.</i> In the middle ground of this photograph are seen the walls of the
+church, the steeple of which has fallen in.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-122b.jpg" width="700" height="490" alt="ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE MAIN STREET OF ESTAIRES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE MAIN STREET OF ESTAIRES</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-123a.jpg" width="750" height="539" alt="MERVILLE (from old engraving)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">MERVILLE (from old engraving)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Leave on the left the Square, in which formerly stood the Hôtel-de-Ville</i>;
+its ruined belfry is now a mere heap of bricks and stones.</p>
+
+<p><i>Beyond a German cemetery on the right, pass through</i> <b>Neuf-Berquin</b>,
+<i>after which, on turning to the left</i>, <b>Merville</b> comes into view.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-123b.jpg" width="700" height="528" alt="MERVILLE CHURCH, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+Seen from the Rue des Trois Prêtres." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MERVILLE CHURCH, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT<br />
+Seen from the Rue des Trois Prêtres.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-124a.jpg" width="550" height="430" alt="RUINS OF LESTREM CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF LESTREM CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the entrance is the cemetery, the area of which has been doubled by
+serried rows of little wooden crosses, each marking a British grave.</p>
+
+<p>If time can be spared (two or three hours) proceed as far as <b>Nieppe Forest</b>,
+keeping straight on, and leaving Merville on the left.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-124b.jpg" width="700" height="562" alt="LESTREM CHÂTEAU
+(Destroyed by the German bombardments.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LESTREM CHÂTEAU<br />
+(Destroyed by the German bombardments.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-125.jpg" width="700" height="483" alt="REMAINS OF LOCON VILLAGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">REMAINS OF LOCON VILLAGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Contrarily to other forests in the battle area, Nieppe Forest did not suffer
+greatly, although, like the others, it concealed munitions and stores. (Note
+the numerous narrow-gauge rails lying along the roadside.)</p>
+
+<p>The roads themselves bear traces of hastily constructed defence-works.</p>
+
+<p>On the left, near the outskirts of the forest, a pathway leads to a cemetery
+containing British soldiers' graves.</p>
+
+<p>La Motte-au-Bois, lying in a clearing, suffered little. Its 17th century
+château, which escaped destruction, can be reached by crossing the canal
+over a temporary bridge, leaving on the right a small octagonal chapel of
+no special interest.</p>
+
+<p><i>Return by the same road to</i> <b>Merville</b>, <i>and pass through it</i>, taking a
+glance at the ruins of the church on the right. <i>Cross the canal, the Lys,
+and the railway near the station, and turn to the left immediately afterwards.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Follow the railway, then re-cross it. The road here runs parallel to the
+canal. At the next fork leave on the left the road to the Gorgue; turn to
+the right, cross the railway, and enter</i> <b>Lestrem</b>. <i>Beyond the bridge over
+the Lawe, pass the church, then turn to the right, and skirt the grounds of
+an old ruined château.</i></p>
+
+<p>This château&mdash;completely restored in 1890&mdash;was used by the Germans
+as an observation-post, and subsequently blown up by them on April 10, 1918
+(photo, p. 122).</p>
+
+<p>On leaving Lestrem the road winds. On the left, broken fragments of
+ironwork mark the site of the distillery, which provided a livelihood for part
+of the working population of <b>La Fosse</b> village. The ruined church is seen
+to the left, on the far side of the canal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-126.jpg" width="700" height="523" alt="BÉTHUNE. THE CANAL AND SIDING (Cliché LL.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. THE CANAL AND SIDING (Cliché LL.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Go through the hamlet of</i> <b>Zelobes</b>, which, like that of <b>Lobes</b>, was razed
+to the ground.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pass through what was</i> <b>Locon</b> village (photo, p. 123).</p>
+
+<p>Lawe Canal, after running parallel to the road, turns and cuts it. <i>Cross
+the canal by the temporary bridge.</i></p>
+
+<p>A little further on, the road again follows the canal as far as the entrance
+to <b>Béthune</b>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cross the Aires Canal, pass the railway station on the left, then through
+the horse-market to the Place de la République. Cross the latter and take
+the Rue de Rivage to the Grande Place.</i></p>
+
+<p>For four years the whole district just passed through, since leaving
+Armentières, was the scene of incessant fighting.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1914, it saw the close of the fighting which concluded the
+"race to the sea," and the stabilising of the front here resulted in more than
+six months' continuous fighting.</p>
+
+<p>A little later, the Artois offensive of 1915 found an echo in local operations
+for the possession of key positions like Festubert and Neuve-Chapelle, giving
+rise to sanguinary struggles without decisive result for either side.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, in 1918, it was the scene of the third great German offensive for
+the conquest of the Hills (see pp. 38&mdash;43.)</p>
+
+
+<h3>Béthune</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The foundation in 984 of the Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew, by
+Robert I., ancestor of Sully, is the first mention of Béthune in history. The
+town, owned in turn by the Counts of Flanders, the Dukes of Burgundy, and the
+House of Austria, annexed to France at the Peace of Nimègue in 1678, taken
+in 1710 by the Triple Alliance, was finally restored to France in 1713 by
+the Treaty of Utrecht.</p>
+
+<p>A fraternity, called the "Confrérie des Charitables," still survives.
+Founded after the plague of 1188 by two blacksmiths, to whom St. Eloi
+appeared in a vision, asking them to assist their fellow-countrymen who
+were dying unsuccoured, it performed the burial rites of the dead.</p>
+
+<p>During the Great War the town was intermittently bombarded for three
+and a half years, but from the end of February, 1918, to April 21 the violence
+of the shelling increased tenfold, and on the latter date the civil population
+had to be evacuated, the battle having carried the German lines within two
+miles of Béthune.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-127.jpg" width="700" height="314" alt="BÉTHUNE, from an old engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE, from an old engraving</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On April 13&mdash;18 the bombardment became so intense that the town was
+almost razed to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The officials and the miners of the district were mentioned in Orders of
+the Day for their courage and endurance.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight, the town does not seem to have suffered so much, but this
+impression soon passes.</p>
+
+<p>The Grande Place (photo, p. 126) where the chief beauties of this small
+town were concentrated, is now a heap of bricks and stones.</p>
+
+<p>The old houses have fallen in; only the façade of one of them (No. 44),
+dating from the 16th century, remains, and even this one was severely
+damaged and is now supported by wooden props.</p>
+
+<p>Of the modern Hôtel-de-Ville there remains only a small portion of the
+façade (photo, p. 127), whilst the Savings Bank on the left is a shapeless ruin.</p>
+
+<p>The belfry, built in 1346 and restored forty years later, is still standing,
+but the upper portion of it has disappeared, and the houses which surrounded
+it have fallen in.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-128a.jpg" width="700" height="457" alt="BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. Before the War. (Cliché LL.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. Before the War. (Cliché LL.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Its tower is standing, as far as the upper part of the sun-dial, whilst the
+four admirable gargoyles which project at the corners, and the graceful curve
+of the pointed windows of its first storey, escaped injury.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-128b.jpg" width="700" height="491" alt="BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. After the Bombardments" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. After the Bombardments</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The remains of the spiral staircase leading to the top may still be seen,
+but the 15th century wooden spire has gone.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-129a.jpg" width="550" height="411" alt="BÉTHUNE. RUINS OF THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. RUINS OF THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This spire contained a peal of bells, one of which, dated 1576, was called
+"La Joyeuse."</p>
+
+<p>"La Joyeuse" is silenced for ever.</p>
+
+<p>This peal gave its name to the street behind the belfry, which leads to
+the Church of St. Waast (1533&mdash;1545), whose massive tower was more than
+half-a-century later than the rest of the building.</p>
+
+<p><i>To leave the town, return from the Grande Place to the Place de la
+République</i> (in June, 1917, it was impossible to take the Rue d'Arras, which
+is the direct road, all this part of the town being obstructed by ruins).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i-129b.jpg" width="550" height="410" alt="RUINS OF ST. WAAST CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUINS OF ST. WAAST CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>In the Place de la République take the Boulevard Victor-Hugo on the
+right, and then Rue Marcelin-Berthelot, also on the right. At the cross-roads
+take the Rue de Lille to the left.</i> The Faubourg de Lille suffered
+severely from the bombardment. <i>Take N. 41 alongside the Aire Canal.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-130a.jpg" width="350" height="648" alt="BÉTHUNE. RUE D&#39;ARRAS, BEFORE
+KULTUR&#39;S BLIGHT FELL ON IT.
+(Cliché LL.) (See below)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. RUE D&#39;ARRAS, BEFORE
+KULTUR&#39;S BLIGHT FELL ON IT.<br />
+(Cliché LL.) (See below)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-130b.jpg" width="700" height="504" alt="BÉTHUNE. RUE D&#39;ARRAS&mdash;WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (see above)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">BÉTHUNE. RUE D&#39;ARRAS&mdash;WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (see above)</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-131.jpg" width="700" height="528" alt="DESTROYED BRIDGE ACROSS THE BASSÉE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">DESTROYED BRIDGE ACROSS THE BASSÉE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For four years the fighting never ceased in this region. <i>Leave the Festubert
+sector on the right.</i> Throughout the struggle, the Canadians fought so bravely
+that one of their recruiting posters was dedicated to the heroes of Festubert,
+with this inscription:</p>
+
+<p>
+"Oui, vous avez raison, c'est hideux le carnage,<br />
+Oui, le progrès blessé recule et se débat,<br />
+Notre siècle en fureur retourne au moyen âge,<br />
+Mais sachons donc nous battre, au moins, puisqu'on se bat."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>At the crossing of N. 41 and 43 leave the latter on the right.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Cross the Grande Rue d'Annequin.</i> From here, on the right, coalpit
+No. 9 can be seen, with its wrecked machinery in the air&mdash;a mass of twisted
+ironwork.</p>
+
+<p><i>The ruined village of</i> <b>Cambrin</b> <i>is next passed through. On the other side
+of the level-crossing, leave on the right the badly damaged village of</i> <b>Auchy-lez-La-Bassée</b>.
+<i>The road now follows the canal.</i> After crossing the railway
+(l. c.) vast heaps of broken railway trucks smashed by the shells can be seen
+in the fields on the right. Further on are eight or nine blockhouses which
+were formerly brick-kilns. <i>Turn to the left, cross the railway, then the
+Aire Canal by the new suspension bridge</i> (beside the old one shown in the
+photograph) <i>and enter</i> <b>La Bassée</b>, <i>now a heap of ruins</i>.</p>
+
+<p>La Bassée, an important centre standing at the junction of several roads
+and railways, in the heart of the plain of Flanders, south-west of Lille, was
+the objective of many desperate struggles during the war.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1914, the district of La Bassée was the scene of endless conflicts
+between the Allied and enemy cavalry forces, the little town finally
+remaining in the hands of the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>A year later, the British offensive in Artois drove back the Germans south
+of La Bassée, whilst to the north the positions of Neuve-Chapelle and Aubers
+were bitterly disputed. However, the lines shifted but little, and La Bassée
+still remained in the centre of the line of fire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-132a.jpg" width="700" height="464" alt="LA BASSÉE, from an old engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE, from an old engraving</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the German offensive of 1918, the town again came inside the
+German lines, but the enemy were driven out shortly afterwards, during the
+Allied offensive that led to the Armistice and to the consummation of victory.</p>
+
+<p><i>Go through the Rue d'Estaires</i>, in which there is a large and very high
+armoured shelter that served as an observation-post. <i>Pass the ruined church</i>
+(photo, p. 132), <i>then turn to the right into the Grande Place</i>. Inside a three-storied
+house, which later collapsed under the shell-fire (photo, p. 132), there
+was a German observation-post of concrete, armed with machine-guns.</p>
+
+<p><i>On leaving La Bassée continue along N. 41</i>, with its fine trees cut down
+and left along the sides of the road. <i>Pass the first houses of</i> <b>Illies</b> <i>village,
+on the left, and 100 yards further on, cross a large avenue</i> (<i>leading to the
+Château de Varneton</i>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-132b.jpg" width="600" height="347" alt="LA BASSÉE.
+STREET CAMOUFLAGED BY THE GERMANS
+(Note the high poles on the left.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE.
+STREET CAMOUFLAGED BY THE GERMANS<br />
+(Note the high poles on the left.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-133a.jpg" width="650" height="350" alt="LA BASSÉE.
+RUE D&#39;ESTAIRES BEFORE THE WAR
+(Compare with photo below.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE.
+RUE D&#39;ESTAIRES BEFORE THE WAR<br />
+(Compare with photo below.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the right, and connected with <i>N. 41</i> by a small bridge, there is a large
+German cemetery with a monument to the memory of the soldiers of the
+XVth Regiment (Prinz Friedrich) (photo, p. 133).</p>
+
+<p><i>The road leads to</i> <b>Fournes</b>, <i>the outskirts of which are crossed by Rue
+Pasteur</i>. Pass an avenue of fine trees leading to the Château of Comte
+d'Hespel, accidentally burned down.</p>
+
+<p>At the cross-roads there is a bandstand erected by the Germans. A crude
+painting on the back of the stand represents a tug-of-war between a German
+and British, French and American soldiers, in which the German wins apparently
+with ease. Italy, depicted as a monkey, is seen clinging to the rope.</p>
+
+<p>After turning to the right the road passes the large Gambert Boarding
+School, which was severely damaged. Behind it is a large cemetery.</p>
+
+<p><i>Follow the road to the badly damaged village of</i> <b>Beaucamps</b>, where there
+are numerous concrete shelters in the houses. <i>At the cross-roads turn to
+the left.</i> A wayside-cross, ten yards further on, indicate the road. A short
+distance further on are the ruins of the Château de Flandre, the basement
+of which, in reinforced concrete, was used as a machine-gun emplacement.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-133b.jpg" width="600" height="342" alt="LA BASSÉE.
+RUE D&#39;ESTAIRES IN 1919
+(Compare with photo above.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE.
+RUE D&#39;ESTAIRES IN 1919<br />
+(Compare with photo above.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-134a.jpg" width="700" height="534" alt="LA BASSÉE. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tourist next comes to what was <b>Radinghem</b>. <i>Beyond the ruined
+church</i> (photo, p. 133), <i>turn to the right past an armoured shelter, which
+defended the road, pass under the railway, and at the hamlet of</i> <b>La Vallée</b>,
+<i>beyond a chapel, turn to the right into</i> <b>Ennetières</b>. <i>The road continues
+through the ruins of</i> <b>Englos</b> <i>and</i> <b>Haubourdin</b>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i-134b.jpg" width="550" height="483" alt="LA BASSÉE. CONCRETE OBSERVATION-POST BUILT BY THE GERMANS
+INSIDE A HOUSE WHICH, LATER, COLLAPSED" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LA BASSÉE. CONCRETE OBSERVATION-POST BUILT BY THE GERMANS
+INSIDE A HOUSE WHICH, LATER, COLLAPSED</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-135a.jpg" width="450" height="449" alt="GERMAN FUNEREAL MONUMENT
+GERMAN CEMETERY
+ON THE RIGHT OF THE ROAD FROM LA BASSÉE TO TOURNES, 100 YDS. FROM ILLIES. (See
+Itinerary, p. 108.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GERMAN FUNEREAL MONUMENT<br />
+GERMAN CEMETERY ON THE RIGHT OF THE ROAD FROM LA BASSÉE TO
+TOURNES, 100 YDS. FROM ILLIES. (See
+Itinerary, p. 108.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-135b.jpg" width="700" height="456" alt="RADINGHEM IN RUINS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">RADINGHEM IN RUINS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Haubourdin suffered comparatively little from the shells, but like all the
+other occupied towns of France, it was subjected to exactions, war-levies,
+deportations and pillage. The German soldiers, when relieved from the
+Hindenburg line, had their rest-billets there. The church (of no especial
+interest), the hospital (15th century), and a chapel built in 1347, are still
+preserved.</p>
+
+<p><i>After passing through</i> <b>Loos</b>, <i>return to</i> <b>Lille</b>, <i>entering by the Béthune
+Gate</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-136a.jpg" width="700" height="487" alt="LILLE. THE EX-KAISER IN THE PLACE CORMONTAIGNE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LILLE. THE EX-KAISER IN THE PLACE CORMONTAIGNE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-136b.jpg" width="700" height="615" alt="LILLE. THE COURTYARD OF THE BOURSE, WITH BRONZE STATUE OF NAPOLEON I.
+CAST FROM CANNONS CAPTURED AT AUSTERLITZ" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LILLE. THE COURTYARD OF THE BOURSE, WITH BRONZE STATUE OF NAPOLEON I.
+CAST FROM CANNONS CAPTURED AT AUSTERLITZ</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>For visiting Lille, see the Michelin Illustrated Guide: "Lille Before and
+During the War."</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-137a.jpg" width="450" height="603" alt="THE COLLAPSE OF A HOUSE ON THE RUE DE PARIS
+LILLE, AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT OF 1914" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE COLLAPSE OF A HOUSE ON THE RUE DE PARIS<br />
+LILLE, AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT OF 1914</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i-137b.jpg" width="700" height="410" alt="LILLE. ENTRY OF THE BRITISH 5TH ARMY ON OCT. 21, 1918" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LILLE. ENTRY OF THE BRITISH 5TH ARMY ON OCT. 21, 1918</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+<img src="images/i-138.jpg" width="700" height="468" alt="KEMMEL HILL
+Seen from the road to Warneton, at Neuve Eglise." title="" />
+<span class="caption">KEMMEL HILL<br />
+Seen from the road to Warneton, at Neuve Eglise.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BRITISH FORCES ENGAGED</h2>
+<div class="center">in the</div>
+<h3>YPRES SECTOR</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i-139.jpg" width="300" height="250" alt="Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.
+VISCOUNT FRENCH OF YPRES,
+K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.<br />
+VISCOUNT FRENCH OF YPRES,<br />
+K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>The Orders of Battle have been compiled from
+information supplied by the Historical Section
+(Military Branch) Committee of Imperial Defence,
+with permission of the Army Council, War Office.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>THE BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE, 1914.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>Commander-in-Chief</i>
+<span class="smcap">Field-Marshal Sir John French.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/i-140a.jpg" width="300" height="186" alt="Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.
+FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT ALLENBY, G.C.B., C.M.G." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.<br />
+FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT ALLENBY, G.C.B., C.M.G.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<i>Cavalry Division.</i>  <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir E. H. H. Allenby.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Cav. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. J. Briggs.</span><br />
+<i>2nd Cav. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. de B. de Lisle.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Cav. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. de la P. Gough.</span><br />
+<i>4th Cav. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. the Hon. C. E. Bingham.</span><br />
+<i>5th Cav. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. Sir P. W. Chetwode.</span><br />
+<i>R.H.A.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. B. F. Drake.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-140b.jpg" width="300" height="346" alt="FIELD-MARSHAL EARL HAIG,
+K.T., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FIELD-MARSHAL EARL HAIG,<br />
+K.T., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-140c.jpg" width="300" height="283" alt="Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.
+GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,
+G.C.B, G.C.M.G., D.S.O." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, F. A. Swaine, London.<br />
+GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,<br />
+G.C.B, G.C.M.G., D.S.O.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<i>First Army Corps</i> <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir Douglas Haig.</span><br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.A.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. S. Horne.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. S. H. Lomax.</span><br />
+<i>1st Guards Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. I. Maxse.</span><br />
+<i>2nd Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. S. Bulfin.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. S. Landon.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. N. D. Findlay.</span><br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.E.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. S. B. Rice.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>2nd Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. C. C. Munro.</span><br />
+<i>4th Guards Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. Scott-Kerr.</span><br />
+<i>5th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. C. B. Haking.</span><br />
+<i>6th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. H. Davies.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. M. Perceval.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Second Army Corps</i> <span class="smcap">General Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien</span><br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.A.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. H. Short.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>3rd Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. I. W. Hamilton.</span><br />
+<i>7th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. W. N. McCracken</span><br />
+<i>8th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. B. J. C. Doran.</span><br />
+<i>9th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. C. Shaw.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. D. V. Wing.</span><br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.E.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. E. Sandbach.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>5th Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir C. Fergusson. Bt.</span><br />
+<i>13th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. J. Cuthbert.</span><br />
+<i>14th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. S. P. Rolt.</span><br />
+<i>15th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. E. W. Count Gleichen.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. J. E. W. Headlam.</span><br />
+<i>19th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. L. Drummond.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Third Army Corps</i>    <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. W. P. Pulteney.</span><br />
+<br />
+(<i>Formed in France, August 31, 1919.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.A.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. J. Phillips-Hornby, V.C.</span><br />
+<i>Brig.-Gen. R.E.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. M. Glubb.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>4th Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. D'O. Snow.</span><br />
+<i>10th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. J. A. L. Haldane.</span><br />
+<i>11th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. G. Hunter-Weston.</span><br />
+<i>12th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. F. M. Wilson.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. G. F. Milne.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>6th Division</i>, <span class="smcap">Major-Gen.: J. L. Keir.</span><br />
+(<i>Embarked for S. Nazaire, Sept. 8&mdash;9, 1914.</i>)<br />
+<i>16th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. C. Ingouville-Williams.</span><br />
+<i>17th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. W. R. B. Doran.</span><br />
+<i>18th Inf. Bde.</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. W. N. Congreve V.C.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>: <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. W. L. H. Paget.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">(October 19&mdash;November 21, 1914.)</div>
+
+<p>
+<i>General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</i>      <span class="smcap">Field-Marshal Sir John French.</span><br />
+<i>Cavalry Corps.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir E. H. H. Allenby.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Cav. Division</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. De B. de Lisle.</span><br />
+<i>1st Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. J. Briggs.</span><br />
+<i>2nd Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. L Mullens.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>2nd Cav. Division</i>:      <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. P. Gough.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. J. A. Bell Smythe.</span><br />
+<i>4th Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. E. Bingham.</span><br />
+<i>5th Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. P. Chepwode.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>3rd Cav. Division</i>:      <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. J. W. Byng.</span><br />
+<i>6th Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. Makins.</span><br />
+<i>7th Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. M. Kavanagh.</span><br />
+<i>8th Cav. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. B. Bulkeley-Johnson.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-141a.jpg" width="300" height="331" alt="Photo, Russell, London.
+LORD RAWLINSON, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.,
+K.C.M.G., A.D.C." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, Russell, London.<br />
+LORD RAWLINSON, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.,<br />
+K.C.M.G., A.D.C.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-141b.jpg" width="300" height="304" alt="Photo, &quot;Daily Mirror&quot; Studios.
+LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH,
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.V.O." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, &quot;Daily Mirror&quot; Studios.<br />
+LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH,<br />
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<i>First Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="smcap">Gen. Sir D. Haig.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. S. H. Lomax.</span><br />
+<i>1st Guards Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. FitzClarence.</span><br />
+<i>2nd Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. S. Bulfin.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig. Gen. H. J. S Landon.</span> [V. C.<br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. A. Fanshawe.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>2nd Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. C. C. Monro.</span><br />
+<i>4th Guards Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. Lord Cavan.</span><br />
+<i>5th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Col. C. B. Westmacott.</span><br />
+<i>6th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. Fanshawe.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. M. Perceval.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Second Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>3rd Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. C. J. Mackenzie.</span><br />
+<i>7th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. W. McCraken.</span><br />
+<i>8th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. B. J. C. Doran</span>.<br />
+<i>9th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. C. Shaw.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. H. Short.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>5th Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. N. Morland.</span><br />
+<i>13th Inf. Bde</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Col. A. W. Martyn.</span><br />
+<i>14th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen, E. S. Maude.</span><br />
+<i>15th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. E. W. Count Gleichen.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen J. E. W. Headlam.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Third Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir W. P. Pulteney.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>4th Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. F. M. Wilson.</span><br />
+<i>10th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. P. A. Hull.</span><br />
+<i>11th Inf. Bde</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen A. Hunter Weston.</span><br />
+<i>12th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig-Gen. F. G. Anley.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. G. F. Milne.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>6th Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. L. Keir.</span><br />
+<i>16th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. E. C. Ingouville-Williams.</span><br />
+<i>17th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. W. R. B. Doran.</span><br />
+<i>18th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. W. N. Congreve.</span><br />
+<i>19th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. Hon. F. Gordon.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen W. H. L. Paget.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Fourth Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. S. Rawlinson.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>7th Division</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. Capper.</span><br />
+<i>20th Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. Ruggles-Brise.</span><br />
+<i>21st Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. E. Watts.</span><br />
+<i>22nd Inf. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. S. T. B. Lawford.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. H. K. Jackson.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Indian Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. Willcocks.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>3rd</i> (<i>Lahore</i>) <i>Div.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. H. A. Watkins.</span><br />
+<i>7th Ind. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. R. G. Egerton.</span><br />
+<i>8th Ind. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. P. M. Carmedy.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. E. Johnson.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>7th (Meerut) Div.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. C. A. Anderson.</span><br />
+<i>19th Ind. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. C. E. Johnson.</span><br />
+<i>20th Ind. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. Du Keary.</span><br />
+<i>21st Ind. Bde.</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. F. Macbean.</span><br />
+<i>Artillery</i>:&nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. A. P. Scott.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">(April 22&mdash;May 24, 1915.)</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<i>General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</i>    <span class="smcap">Field-Marshal Sir John French.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Cavalry Corps.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir E. H. H. Allenby.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Cav. Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. de B. de Lisle.</span><br />
+<i>2nd Cav. Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. C. T. Kavanagh.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Cav. Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. J. W. Byng.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Second Army</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir H. Smith-Dorrien.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Second Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. Ferguson.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>5th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. N. Morland.</span><br />
+<i>46th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. E. J. Montague-Stuart-Wortley.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Fifth Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. Plumer.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-142a.jpg" width="300" height="341" alt="Photo, Russell, London.
+Field-Marshal Lord Plumer,
+G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, Russell, London.<br />
+Field-Marshal Lord Plumer,<br />
+G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-142b.jpg" width="300" height="352" alt="Photo, Russell, London.
+Lieut.-General Sir E. A. H.
+Alderson, K.C.B." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, Russell, London.<br />
+Lieut.-General Sir E. A. H.<br />
+Alderson, K.C.B.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<br />
+<i>27th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. D'O. Snow.</span><br />
+<i>28th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. E. S. Bulfin.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Third Army Corps</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Gen. Sir W. P. Pulteney.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>4th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. F. M. Wilson.</span><br />
+<i>6th Div.</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. T. L. Keir.</span><br />
+<i>50th Div.</i> (<i>General Reserve</i>): <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir W. F. Lindsay.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES.</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">(July 31&mdash;November 6, 1916.)</div>
+
+<p>
+<i>General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</i>      <span class="smcap">Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>First Army.</i>                              <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. S. Horne.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>1st Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. A. E. A. Holland.</span><br />
+<i>11th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. C. R. Haking.</span><br />
+<i>13th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. F. W. N. McCracken.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Second Army</i>                              <span class="smcap">General Sir H. C. O. Plumer.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>2nd Army Corps</i> (<i>with 5th Army during Aug.</i>): <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. W. Jacob.</span><br />
+<i>8th Army Corps</i> (<i>with 5th Army during Aug. &amp; Sept.</i>): <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir A. G. Hunter-Weston.</span><br />
+<i>9th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. A. Hamilton Gordon.</span><br />
+<i>10th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir T. L. N. Morland.</span><br />
+<i>1st Anzac Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir W. R. Birdwood.</span><br />
+2nd Anzac Corps: Major-Gen. Sir A. J. Godley.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Third Army.</i>        <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. the Hon. Sir J. H. G. Byng.</span><br />
+<i>3rd Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir W. P. Pulteney.</span><br />
+<i>4th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. L. Woollcombe.</span><br />
+<i>6th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. J. A. L. Haldane.</span><br />
+<i>17th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. Ferguson.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Fourth Army</i>       <span class="smcap">General Sir H. S. Rawlinson, Bart.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>15th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir J. P. Du Cane.</span><br />
+<i>Fifth Army</i>        <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. de la P. Gough.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>2nd Army Corps (see 2nd Army)</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. W. Jacob.</span><br />
+<i>5th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. E. A. Fanshaw.</span><br />
+<i>8th Army Corps (see 2nd Army)</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir A. G. Hunter-Weston.</span><br />
+<i>14th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Lord Cavan.</span><br />
+<i>18th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir F. L. Maxse.</span><br />
+<i>19th Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. H. E. Watts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>New Zealand Division (Unattached)</i>: <span class="smcap">Major-Gen. Sir A. H. Russell.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Canadian Army Corps</i>: <span class="smcap">Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. A. H. Alderson.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-143a.jpg" width="300" height="332" alt="Photo, Russell, London.
+LORD BYNG, G.C.B., K.C.M.G.,
+M.V.O." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, Russell, London.<br />
+LORD BYNG, G.C.B., K.C.M.G.,<br />
+M.V.O.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i-143b.jpg" width="300" height="321" alt="Photo, Chandler, Exeter.
+THE EARL OF CAVAN, K.P.,
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Photo, Chandler, Exeter.<br />
+THE EARL OF CAVAN, K.P.,<br />
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX TO NAMES OF
+PLACES MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME</h2>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The figures in heavy type indicate the pages on which
+there are illustrations.</i>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+Abeele, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Aire Canal, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<br />
+Allaines, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Amiens</b>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Anzac Redoubt, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Armentières</b>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <b><a href="#Page_49">49</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_50">50</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_51">51</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_52">52</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_53">53</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_54">54</a></b>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Arras</b>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+Artois, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+Aschhoop, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Aubers, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Auchy-la-Bassée, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>Bailleul</b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Baisieux, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Beaucamps, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Becelaere, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <b><a href="#Page_62">62</a></b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Bellewarde Lake, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Berthem, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Béthune</b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <b><a href="#Page_124">124</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_125">125</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_126">126</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_127">127</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_128">128</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Bixschoote, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+Bizet, <b><a href="#Page_55">55</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Boeschèpe, <b><a href="#Page_115">115</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Boesinghe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <b><a href="#Page_67">67</a></b>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Bois Grenier, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Borry Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Broodseinde, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Bruges</b>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+<br />
+Brulooze Inn, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Calonne, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Cambrai</b>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Cambrin, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Canal du Nord, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Canteleu, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Cassel</b>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Cats Hill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <b><a href="#Page_116">116</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_117">117</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_118">118</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Chapelle d'Armentières, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Clarence River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Clercken, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Comines, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Corverbeek Stream, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Denain, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Dickebusch Pond, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Dixmude</b>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Douai</b>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Douve River, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Draeibank, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+Dranoutre, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+Driegrachten, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Elverdinghe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Englos, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Ennetières, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Essenfarm, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Estaires, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_120">120</a></b><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>Festubert</b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Fleurbaix, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <b><a href="#Page_119">119</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Fokker Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Fourues, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Frezenburg, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gallipoli Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Gapaard, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <b><a href="#Page_59">59</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Gaverbeck Canal, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Gheluvelt</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_60">60</a></b>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Ghent</b>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Givenchy</b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Glencorse Wood, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Godewaerstelde, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Goudberg, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Gouzeaucourt, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Gravenstafel, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hanebeke Stream, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Haubourdin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Haute-Deule Canal, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Havrincourt Wood, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Hazebrouck</b>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Heksken, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Herenthage Wood, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Het Sas, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Hill 60</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Hill 63, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Hindenburg Line</b>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+<br />
+Hockske, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Hollebeke, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <b><a href="#Page_60">60</a></b><br />
+<br />
+<b>Hooge</b>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_105">105</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_106">106</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Houthem, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Houthulst Forest, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Iberian Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Illies, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+"International Trench", <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Inverness Wood, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>Kemmel</b>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <b><a href="#Page_113">113</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_114">114</a></b>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Kemmel Hill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <b><a href="#Page_114">114</a></b>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+<br />
+Kemmelbeek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br />
+<br />
+Kippe, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Klein Zillebeke, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Kortekeer Inn, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Kortewilde, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Kruppfarm, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>La Bassée</b>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <b><a href="#Page_130">130</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_131">131</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_132">132</a></b><br />
+<br />
+La Bassée Canal, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+La Clytte, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <b><a href="#Page_111">111</a></b>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+La Couture, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+La Croix de Poperinghe, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+La Fosse, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+La Motte du Bois, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Langemarck</b>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_66">66</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_67">67</a></b><br />
+<br />
+La Vallée, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+<br />
+Laventie, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <b><a href="#Page_120">120</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Lawe River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Lens</b>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>Lestrem, <b><a href="#Page_122">122</a></b>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Le Transloy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Lille, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <b><a href="#Page_48">48</a></b>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <b><a href="#Page_134">134</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_135">135</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Lille-Hazebrouck Rly., <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Lindenhoek, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+Little Hill, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Lizerne, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Lobes, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Locon, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <b><a href="#Page_123">123</a></b>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Locre</b>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> 110, <b><a href="#Page_112">112</a></b>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Lombaertzyde, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Lomme, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Loos</b>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+<br />
+Luyghem, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Lys River</b>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a> 37, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <b><a href="#Page_50">50</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_51">51</a></b>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Mangelhaere, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+Marchiennes, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Marquion, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Martjet-Vaart Canal, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Menin</b>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Menin Road, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Merckem, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Merris, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Merville, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <b><a href="#Page_121">121</a></b>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Messines</b>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_56">56</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_58">58</a></b>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Messines-Wytschaete Crest, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Meteren, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Molenaarelsthoek, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Molenhoek, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Mosselmarkt, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Neuf-Berquin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Neuve-Chapelle</b>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Neuve-Eglise, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Nieppe, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Nieppe Forest, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Noir Hill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <b><a href="#Page_118">118</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Nonnes Wood, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Noordhemhoek, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Noreuil, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Nôtre-Dame-de-Grâce, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Oosttraverne, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+<br />
+Orchies, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Outtersteene, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Papegoed Wood, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Passchendaele</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <b><a href="#Page_64">64</a></b>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Petite Doure Stream, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Petit-Kemmel, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+Pilkem, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Ploegsteert</b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <b><a href="#Page_56">56</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_57">57</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Poelcapelle, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <b><a href="#Page_46">46</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_65">65</a></b>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Polderhoek, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Polygon Wood, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Poperinghe</b>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_107">107</a></b>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Poterie Farm, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Potsdam Redoubt, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Premesques Château, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quatre Chemins, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Quéant, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Radinghem, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <b><a href="#Page_133">133</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Ramscapelle, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+<br />
+Ravelsberg, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Ravetsberg, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Rayon Wood, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+<br />
+Reninghe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Reninghelst</b>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Reutel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+<br />
+Richebourg-St.-Waast, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Robecq, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Rose Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Rossignol, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Rouge Hill, <b><a href="#Page_40">40</a></b>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <b><a href="#Page_109">109</a></b>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <b><a href="#Page_112">112</a></b><br />
+<br />
+<b>Roubaix</b>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Roulers</b>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sailly-Saillisel, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>St. Eloi</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Janshoek, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Julien, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Maur Ferry, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Yves, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Sanctuary Wood, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Schaexnen, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Scherpenberg Hill, <b><a href="#Page_37">37</a></b>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <b><a href="#Page_111">111</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Soetart Farm, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+<br />
+Steenbeck Canal, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Steenstraat, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Steenwerck, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Steenwoorde, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Stilebecque Stream, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Terhand, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <b><a href="#Page_62">62</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Thérouanne, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<br />
+Thielt, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Tourcoing</b>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Tournai</b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Tower Hamlet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>Valenciennes</b>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Vampire Farm, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Veldhoek, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Vendin-le-Vieil, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Verbranden-Molen, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Verlorenhoek, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Vidaigne Hill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <b><a href="#Page_112">112</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_118">118</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Vieux-Berquin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Villers-au-Flos, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Vlamertinghe</b>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Voormezelo, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wanbecke River, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Warneton, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Wervicq, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Westhoek, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Westoutre</b>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Westroosebeke, <b><a href="#Page_65">65</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Wez Macquart, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Wieltje, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Wulverghem, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Wytschaete</b>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_59">59</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Wytschaete-Messines Crest, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Yperlée River, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Ypres</b>, <b><a href="#Page_4">4</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_11">11</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_14">14</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_18">18</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_35">35</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_58">58</a></b>, <b>68&mdash;102</b><br />
+<br />
+Ypres-Bruges Rly., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Ypres-Comines Canal, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp;  Rly., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; Lille Rly., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; Roulers Rly., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Yser Canal</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zandvoorde, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Zelobes, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Zevecoten, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Zevencote, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+<b>Zillebeke</b>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <b><a href="#Page_103">103</a></b>, <b><a href="#Page_104">104</a></b>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Zollebeke, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Zonnebeke, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <b><a href="#Page_63">63</a></b><br />
+<br />
+Zuydschoote, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+Zwarteleen, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGES</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Foreword</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The German Offensive</span>, 1914 (1st Battle of Ypres)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Second Battle of Ypres</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Allies Offensive</span>, 1917 (3rd Battle of Ypres)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">1st Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">2nd Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">3rd Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">4th Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">5th Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">6th Phase</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">German Offensive</span>, 1918</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Battle of the Flanders Hills</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Capture of Kemmel Hill</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Last German Attack</span>, 1918</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Allies' Victory Offensive</span>, 1918</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Visit to the Battlefields</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">First Day</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Second Day</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chief Historical Events</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">British Forces Engaged</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">British Expeditionary Force, 1914</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">1st Battle of Ypres, 1914</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">2nd Battle of Ypres, 1915</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">3rd Battle of Ypres, 1916</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index to Names of Places mentioned in this Volume&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a>&mdash;<a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="center">PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />
+LONDON.
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="center">
+MICHELIN DURING THE WAR<br />
+<br />
+THE MICHELIN HOSPITAL<br />
+<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+When the Great War broke out, Michelin at once converted
+an immense new four-storied warehouse into an up-to-date
+Hospital, with Operating Theatre, X-Ray, Bacteriological
+Laboratory, etc. Seven weeks later (September 22, 1914)
+Doctors, Dispensers, Nurses, Sisters of Mercy, and auxiliaries
+were all at their posts. The first wounded arrived the same
+night. In all, 2,993 wounded were received.</p>
+
+<p>All expenses were paid by Michelin.</p>
+
+<p>The story of how Michelin did "his bit" during the war
+is told briefly and simply in the illustrated booklet, "The
+Michelin Hospital," sent post free on application.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-147.jpg" width="600" height="493" alt="A VIEW OF ONE OF THE WARDS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">A VIEW OF ONE OF THE WARDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br />
+MICHELIN &amp; Cie., Clermont-Ferrand, France.<br />
+MICHELIN TYRE Co., Ltd., 81, Fulham Road,<br />
+London, S.W. 3.<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="center">THE</div>
+
+<h1><i><span class="smcap">Michelin</span></i></h1>
+<h2>TOURING OFFICE</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i-148.jpg" width="600" height="526" alt="A VIEW OF THE MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">A VIEW OF THE MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br />
+<b>Open to all Motorists seeking information and
+advice regarding Tours</b>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The MICHELIN Touring Office saves the intending Tourist
+time and trouble, and generally assists him in mapping out his
+Tour <span class="u">free of charge, and irrespective of the make of Tyres he uses</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Send us a rough draft of your next proposed Tour and we will
+prepare a complete and detailed itinerary and forward it on to
+you, within three or four days.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE<br />
+81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.<br />
+Telephone: Kensington 4400. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Telegrams: "Pneumiclin, London."<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>MICHELIN ROAD MAPS</h2>
+<div class="center">
+<i>Scale 1.200,000 or 3.15 Miles to the Inch.</i><br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 608px;">
+<img src="images/i-149.jpg" width="608" height="1190" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+NORTH<br />
+<br />
+MICHELIN<br />
+MAP<br />
+of the<br />
+BRITISH ISLES<br />
+<br />
+Scale. 3.15 Miles to the Inch.<br />
+or 1/200,000<br />
+<br />
+London-Bath<br />
+No. 18<br />
+<br />
+ENGRAVED AND EDITED<br />
+BY<br />
+THE MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD,<br />
+81, FULHAM ROAD,<br />
+LONDON.<br />
+<br />
+SOUTH<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>
+BRITISH ISLES<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Published in 31 Sheets.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">On Canvas 2<i>s.</i> net: post free 2<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">On Paper 1<i>s.</i> net: post free 1<i>s.</i> 1&frac12;<i>d.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+FRANCE<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Published in 48 Sheets.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">On Canvas 2<i>s.</i> net. Post free 2<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">On Paper 1<i>s.</i> net. Post free 1<i>s.</i> 1&frac12;<i>d.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>The MICHELIN MAPS may be obtained at all Booksellers, at the Royal
+Automobile Club, London, The Automobile Association, London, at all
+MICHELIN Stockists, at MICHELIN &amp; Cie., Paris, and at</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p>
+
+<p>High-resolution images of the photos can be accessed by clicking on them.</p>
+
+<p>Hyphen removed: "iron[-]work" (page 123).</p>
+
+<p>Pages 25, 142: "Kortekeert" changed to "Kortekeer".</p>
+
+<p>Page 25: "Ypers" changed to "Ypres" (on the right of the Ypres-Roulers Road).</p>
+
+<p>Page 26: "asault" changed to "assault" (they took by assault the village).</p>
+
+<p>Page 32: "Houlthulst" changed to "Houthulst" (the south-western edge of Houthulst Forest).</p>
+
+<p>Page 37: "of" changed to "to" (the driving back to the Channel coast).</p>
+
+<p>Page 71: "coverd" changed to "covered" (waterways are now covered).</p>
+
+<p>Page 101: "tmypana" changed to "tympana" (whose tympana are decorated).</p>
+
+<p>Page 116: "Itinerery" changed to "Itinerary" (See Itinerary p. 108).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36213-h.htm or 36213-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/2/1/36213/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-001.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-001.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f08572e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-001.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-002.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-002.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52fe13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-002.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-004.png b/36213-h/images/i-004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14fab61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-004.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-006.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-006.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a5b857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-006.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-007.png b/36213-h/images/i-007.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3ca3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-007.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-008.png b/36213-h/images/i-008.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..431470a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-008.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-009.png b/36213-h/images/i-009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d923b43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-009.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-010.png b/36213-h/images/i-010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94b0358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-010.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-011.png b/36213-h/images/i-011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1e05b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-011.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-012.png b/36213-h/images/i-012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aa3a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-012.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-013.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-013.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1713f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-013.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-014.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-014.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64f9ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-014.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-015.png b/36213-h/images/i-015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..015cbef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-015.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-017.png b/36213-h/images/i-017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b11827e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-017.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-019.png b/36213-h/images/i-019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7681a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-019.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-020.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-020.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1025aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-020.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-021.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-021.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0656cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-021.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-023.png b/36213-h/images/i-023.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..094548d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-023.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-024.png b/36213-h/images/i-024.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..740cec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-024.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-026.png b/36213-h/images/i-026.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86660e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-026.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-029.png b/36213-h/images/i-029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b79f265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-029.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-031.png b/36213-h/images/i-031.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c73bbfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-031.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-032a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-032a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b1b4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-032a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-032b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-032b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b96b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-032b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-033.png b/36213-h/images/i-033.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..798bd42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-033.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-034.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-034.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6733046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-034.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-035.png b/36213-h/images/i-035.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9610ace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-035.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-036.png b/36213-h/images/i-036.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ac1b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-036.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-037.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-037.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf7371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-037.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-038.png b/36213-h/images/i-038.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..505fc02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-038.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-039.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-039.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..961c3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-039.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-040.png b/36213-h/images/i-040.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9846880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-040.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-042.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-042.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4273e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-042.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-043.png b/36213-h/images/i-043.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3ceb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-043.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-045.png b/36213-h/images/i-045.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..117c88a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-045.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-046.png b/36213-h/images/i-046.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..904ae95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-046.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-047.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-047.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ca5673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-047.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-048.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-048.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28fd4df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-048.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-049.png b/36213-h/images/i-049.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c900561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-049.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-050.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-050.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e62439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-050.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-051.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-051.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94576fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-051.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-052.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-052.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a09da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-052.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-053a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-053a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36393d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-053a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-053b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-053b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbb566b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-053b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-054a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-054a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7c8d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-054a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-054b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-054b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a78a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-054b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-055a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-055a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7eced3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-055a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-055b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-055b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb57b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-055b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-056a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-056a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a41345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-056a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-056b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-056b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e05ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-056b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-057a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-057a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17a5d1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-057a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-057b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-057b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68a6e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-057b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-058a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-058a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbe8297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-058a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-058b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-058b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be72f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-058b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-059a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-059a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..105f9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-059a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-059b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-059b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d71103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-059b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-060.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-060.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a678d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-060.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-061a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-061a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcc13b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-061a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-061b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-061b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86ba180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-061b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-062a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-062a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4f886c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-062a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-062b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-062b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79a9799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-062b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-063.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-063.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a5c857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-063.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-064a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-064a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd0e5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-064a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-064b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-064b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d30b4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-064b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-065.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-065.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6516a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-065.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-066a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-066a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33adb0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-066a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-066b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-066b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05b1e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-066b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-067a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-067a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2929f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-067a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-067b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-067b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..436a1dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-067b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-068.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-068.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32eb43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-068.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-069a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-069a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7c74cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-069a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-069b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-069b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1983f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-069b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-070a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-070a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fa46ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-070a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-070b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-070b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff3956d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-070b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-071.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-071.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8e37ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-071.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-072.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-072.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc1607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-072.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-073.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-073.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5de5ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-073.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-074.png b/36213-h/images/i-074.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d00c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-074.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-075a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-075a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0976600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-075a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-075b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-075b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16f5271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-075b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-076a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-076a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..728cb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-076a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-076b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-076b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14cc986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-076b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-077a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-077a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f7fe4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-077a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-077b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-077b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa540ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-077b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-078.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-078.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f379dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-078.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-079a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-079a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbf5b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-079a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-079b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-079b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e16f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-079b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-080.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-080.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a808d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-080.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-081a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-081a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edfeaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-081a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-081b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-081b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58f018f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-081b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-082a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-082a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb05d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-082a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-082b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-082b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fa246f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-082b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-083.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-083.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf5b131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-083.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-084a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-084a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e26b2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-084a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-084b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-084b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..807e7e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-084b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-085a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-085a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3502eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-085a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-085b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-085b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..550f5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-085b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-086a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-086a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fd3fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-086a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-086b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-086b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce94e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-086b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-087a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-087a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2182e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-087a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-087b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-087b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b72f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-087b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-088a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-088a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfd7e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-088a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-088b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-088b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca1e84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-088b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-089a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-089a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a947be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-089a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-089b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-089b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8c431c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-089b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-090a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-090a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db4d8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-090a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-090b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-090b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e96207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-090b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-091a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-091a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20c7a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-091a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-091b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-091b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c667fad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-091b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-092a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-092a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54c4743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-092a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-092b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-092b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00baade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-092b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-093a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-093a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bea91ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-093a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-093b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-093b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6415e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-093b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-094a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-094a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fbc9cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-094a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-094b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-094b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..855ebe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-094b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-095a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-095a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afb0564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-095a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-095b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-095b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d36dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-095b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-096a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-096a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b4ebc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-096a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-096b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-096b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d534d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-096b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-097a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-097a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..158121c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-097a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-097b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-097b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f95747a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-097b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-098a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-098a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f57349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-098a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-098b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-098b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8d5998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-098b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-099a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-099a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5e65a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-099a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-099b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-099b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f68889e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-099b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-100a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-100a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b505ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-100a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-100b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-100b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d15f2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-100b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-101a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-101a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..232cfdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-101a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-101b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-101b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce4bc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-101b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-102.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-102.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..051d130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-102.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-102b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-102b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66ca92c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-102b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-103b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-103b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81dc603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-103b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-104a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-104a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d610ee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-104a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-104b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-104b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21e8ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-104b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-105a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-105a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3094ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-105a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-105b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-105b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30958d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-105b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-106a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-106a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87537b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-106a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-106b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-106b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c95ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-106b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-107a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-107a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28de796
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-107a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-107b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-107b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ba2804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-107b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-108a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-108a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c71987e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-108a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-108b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-108b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed7aa01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-108b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-109.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-109.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8239287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-109.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-110.png b/36213-h/images/i-110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fd05e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-110.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-111.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-111.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca4b187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-111.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-112.png b/36213-h/images/i-112.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a18b0b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-112.png
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-113a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-113a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2984841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-113a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-113b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-113b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fdbd14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-113b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-114a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-114a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7d78c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-114a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-114b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-114b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79a6ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-114b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-115a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-115a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619d716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-115a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-115b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-115b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7b1244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-115b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-116a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-116a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..368289d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-116a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-116b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-116b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5d2355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-116b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-117.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-117.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a68962d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-117.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-118a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-118a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59678ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-118a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-118b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-118b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42942c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-118b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-119a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-119a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0087191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-119a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-119b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-119b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9abbf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-119b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-120a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-120a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfb7218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-120a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-120b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-120b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b252c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-120b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-121.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-121.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e927a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-121.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-122a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-122a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2f530d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-122a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-122b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-122b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb1bf3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-122b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-123a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-123a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2010ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-123a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-123b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-123b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42077ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-123b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-124a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-124a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c7a80a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-124a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-124b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-124b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d90e145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-124b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-125.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-125.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aec8bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-125.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-126.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-126.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8386bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-126.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-127.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-127.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a98cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-127.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-128a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-128a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90f5909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-128a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-128b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-128b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cc142e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-128b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-129a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-129a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62430a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-129a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-129b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-129b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af70e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-129b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-130a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-130a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d859055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-130a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-130b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-130b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0fdbcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-130b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-131.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-131.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..507e196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-131.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-132a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-132a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a58278a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-132a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-132b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-132b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9004378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-132b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-133a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-133a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9fa50a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-133a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-133b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-133b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dcf4a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-133b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-134a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-134a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38a87a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-134a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-134b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-134b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecb6148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-134b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-135a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-135a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f067485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-135a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-135b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-135b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ef0dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-135b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-136a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-136a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86d5887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-136a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-136b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-136b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..820861c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-136b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-137a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-137a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98cada4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-137a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-137b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-137b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7300ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-137b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-138.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-138.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4444346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-138.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-139.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-139.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4522f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-139.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-140a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-140a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..941e4b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-140a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-140b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-140b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ddc2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-140b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-140c.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-140c.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce25e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-140c.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-141a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-141a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d130530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-141a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-141b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-141b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80a50aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-141b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-142a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-142a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1072781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-142a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-142b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-142b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f03564a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-142b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-143a.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-143a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8640b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-143a.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-143b.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-143b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a1697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-143b.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-147.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-147.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec62900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-147.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-148.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-148.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a27702c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-148.jpg
diff --git a/36213-h/images/i-149.jpg b/36213-h/images/i-149.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11d74cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213-h/images/i-149.jpg
diff --git a/36213.txt b/36213.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8ea264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4639 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ypres and the Battles of Ypres
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2011 [EBook #36213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN ILLUSTRATED GUIDES TO THE BATTLEFIELDS (1914--1918)
+
+
+    YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES.
+
+
+    MICHELIN & Cie., CLERMONT-FERRAND
+    MICHELIN TYRE Co. Ltd., 81 Fulham Road, LONDON, S. W.
+    MICHELIN TIRE Co., MILLTOWN, N. J., U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+    _The Best & Cheapest
+    Detachable Wheel is
+    The Michelin Wheel_
+
+    [Illustration: _The Ideal of the Tourist_]
+
+    _The Michelin Wheel is_
+    _ELEGANT_ _SIMPLE_
+    _STRONG_ _PRACTICAL_
+
+    _May we send you our illustrated descriptive brochure?_
+
+
+    MICHELIN TYRE CO., Ltd.
+    _81, Fulham Road, London,_ S.W. 3.
+
+
+
+
+    IN MEMORY
+    OF THE MICHELIN WORKMEN
+    AND EMPLOYEES WHO DIED GLORIOUSLY
+    FOR THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+
+    YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES
+
+
+    _ITINERARY:_
+    LILLE--ARMENTIERES--MESSINES--POELCAPPELLE
+    --YPRES--POPERINGHE--
+    LES MONTS--BAILLEUL--BETHUNE--LILLE.
+
+
+    Published by
+    MICHELIN & CIE.
+    Clermont-Ferrand, France.
+
+    Copyright 1919 by Michelin & Cie.
+
+    _All rights of translation, adaptation, or reproduction (in part or
+    whole) reserved in all countries._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+YPRES
+AND THE BATTLES FOR ITS POSSESSION
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+The town of Ypres lies in a sort of natural basin formed by a maritime
+plain intersected by canals, and dominated on the north, north-east and
+south by low wooded hills.
+
+These canals, of which the Yser Canal is the most important, follow a
+general direction south-east--north-west. A number of streams flowing in
+the same direction also water the plain. In addition, there are the
+Dickebusch, Zillebeke and Bellewaarde ponds.
+
+The hills forming the sides of this basin are very low and partly
+wooded. The line of their crests runs approximately from north to south,
+through Houthulst Forest (road from Poelcappelle to Clercken),
+Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Broodseinde, Becelaere, Gheluvelt, the
+strategic Hill 60 (south of Zillebeke) and St. Eloi. Further south is
+the Messines-Wytschaete ridge, and to the south-west the Hills of
+Flanders.
+
+Houthulst Forest is the largest of the woods. Next come the islets of
+Westroosebeke and Passchendaele, then, south of Zonnebeke, Polygone
+Wood, Nonne-Bosschen (or Nonnes) Wood, and the Woods of Glencorse,
+Inverness and Herenthage.
+
+In this region, with its essentially maritime climate, the war assumed a
+character entirely different from that of the rest of the front. The
+marshy ground, almost at sea-level, is further sodden by constant rain
+and mists, and forms a spongy mass, in which it was impossible to dig
+trenches or underground shelters. Water is found immediately below the
+surface, so that the only possible defence-works were parapets. The
+bursting shells made huge craters which, promptly filling with water,
+became so many death-traps for wounded and unwounded alike.
+
+The defence on both sides consequently centred around the woods,
+villages, and numerous farms, which were converted into redoubts with
+concrete blockhouses and deep wire entanglements. The slightest bits of
+rising ground here played an important part, and were fiercely disputed.
+The crests which dominate the basin of Ypres were used as
+observation-posts--the lowering sky being usually unfavourable for
+aerial observation--while their counter-slopes masked the concentrations
+of troops for the attacks.
+
+It was therefore along the line of crests and around the fortified farms
+that the fighting reached its maximum of intensity.
+
+The principal military operations which took place in the vicinity of
+the town between October, 1914, and November, 1917, may be divided as
+follows:--First, a powerful German offensive--a counter-stroke to the
+battles of the Yser--then a very definite effort to take the town. The
+role of the Allied armies was at that time purely defensive.
+
+The second stage was marked by a British and Franco-British offensive,
+begun in the second half of 1916 and considerably developed during the
+summer and autumn of the following year. The object of these operations,
+which ended in November, 1917, was the clearing of Ypres. All the
+objectives were attained and the plains of Flanders were opened to the
+Allies.
+
+A final effort by the Germans in great strength to the south of the town
+was checked by the resistance of the Allies in April, 1918. In September
+and October, 1918, the enemy troops finally evacuated the country under
+pressure of the victorious Allied offensive.
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH SENTINEL ON NIGHT-DUTY IN FRONT OF THE RUINED
+CLOTH HALL]
+
+
+
+
+=THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF 1914=
+(October 29--November 15, 1914.)
+
+
+=Preliminary Operations=
+
+After the victory of the Marne, which drove the Germans north of the
+Aisne, began the operations known as "the Race to the Sea." Each side
+endeavoured to outpace the other, with the object of surrounding the
+enemy's marching wing.
+
+This remarkable "Race to the Sea"--a widely extended movement splendidly
+carried out by General Foch, and in which the Allied forces in their
+march towards the north constantly outstripped the enemy--might have
+been used as the starting-point for a grand Allied offensive against the
+German right, but the exhaustion of the Belgian army, after the terrible
+trials which it had just gone through in its retreat on the
+Yser--following on the fall of Antwerp--and the delays in the transport
+of the British troops from the Aisne front to the north, prevented the
+development of this offensive.
+
+It was therefore only possible for the Allied armies to fix their front
+and make it impregnable.
+
+The stages of this race to the sea and the fixation of the front took
+place between September 20 and October 23, 1914.
+
+
+=The Forces Engaged= (Oct. 1914)
+
+When the First Battle of Ypres opened, the front described a wide
+semi-circle passing through Zonnebeke, Gheluvelt and Zandvoorde,
+running thence south of Messines, and finally linking up with the line
+to the east of Armentieres.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+At the beginning of the battle all this part of the front was held by
+the British army, as follows: from Zonnebeke to Zandvoorde, the 1st
+Corps (Haig) and 4th Corps (Rawlinson); from Zandvoorde to Messines, the
+Calvary Corps (Allenby), two infantry divisions, and the Lahore
+Division, which had just landed at Marseilles; lastly, from Messines to
+Armentieres, the 3rd Corps (Pulteney).
+
+Facing these forces were the German IVth army, consisting of the XIIIth,
+XVth and XVIth active corps, and the IInd Bavarian Corps, reinforced
+during the battle by a Division of the Guards. The British Cavalry Corps
+had to face four German Cavalry Corps.
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMAN THRUST OF OCT. 29--30, 1914 (29--30/10)]
+
+To make up for their setback in the race to the sea, the German High
+Command decided on a strenuous effort to break through the Allies' front
+at Ypres. The "Battle for Calais" was about to begin. The enemy
+confidently expected to reach the coast, from which they hoped to expose
+England to such peril as would break down the pride of that troublesome
+enemy.
+
+The German attack began on October 29 under the eye of the Kaiser, who,
+for the following five days, took up his quarters at Thielt, whence he
+arranged to make a triumphal entry into Ypres.
+
+For seventeen days (October 29--November 15) the German regiments,
+elated by the presence of their Emperor, fought with unheard-of frenzy
+and an utter disregard of losses in their frantic attacks against the
+Ypres salient.
+
+[Illustration: ON OCT. 31, THE GERMANS MADE PROGRESS, SOUTH OF YPRES,
+BUT WERE DRIVEN BACK, EASTWARDS, TO GHELUVELT]
+
+To the east of Ypres the action fought between Poelcappelle and
+Gheluvelt failed. The fierce German attacks, in spite of the masses of
+men engaged, broke down before the stubborn resistance of the Allies.
+
+In a counter-offensive the British, supported on their left by French
+divisions, reached the village of Becelaere, between Zonnebeke and
+Gheluvelt, but were unable to hold it.
+
+Further south, the British were forced to abandon Zandvoorde and
+Hollebeke. Gheluvelt, first lost on October 30, was recaptured on the
+31st in a counter-attack by the 1st Corps. Supported by three French
+battalions, the British subsequently repulsed all attacks and
+successfully barred the road from Menin to Ypres. On the evening of the
+31st, the line in the eastern sector ran as follows: east of Frezenberg,
+Gheluvelt, east of Klein Zillebeke and the bend in the canal to the
+north-east of Hollebeke.
+
+[Illustration: ON NOV. 1, THE SITUATION WAS CRITICAL IN THE EXTREME. THE
+GERMANS CAPTURED THE MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE, AND THE BRITISH FELL
+BACK ON WULVERGHEM]
+
+The Germans were more successful to the south-east. After an intense
+bombardment they attacked, on October 30, from Saint-Yves to Wytschaete,
+capturing Saint-Yves and obtaining a footing in Messines, from which,
+however, they were immediately driven by a counter-attack.
+
+On October 31, the Germans, after concentrating enormous masses of
+troops between Oosttaverne and Roozebeek Canal, made a fresh attack. In
+the morning they gained a footing in the eastern outskirts of Messines,
+but could get no further, thanks to a counter-attack by three French
+battalions with twelve guns from St. Eloi.
+
+The Germans, however, redoubled their efforts, and towards noon, after a
+fierce struggle in the streets of Messines, the British cavalry were
+gradually forced back, but clung desperately to the western outskirts of
+the village. At about 3 p.m. a fierce struggle began for the recapture
+of the convent to the south of Messines, then in the enemy's hands. By
+night the British were in possession of the last houses west of
+Messines, the Germans holding the eastern crest.
+
+[Illustration: ON NOV. 2, THE FRENCH COUNTER-ATTACKED AND RETOOK THE
+MESSINES-WYTSCHAETE RIDGE. THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A MASS ATTACK AGAINST
+GHELUVELT]
+
+During the night of October 31, the Messines-Wytschaete crest was again
+fiercely attacked. The Germans gained a footing in Wytschaete and broke
+the British line to the north of Messines. A withdrawal became
+necessary, and at dawn the line was set back as far as the western
+outskirts of Wulverghem.
+
+During the day of November 1, Wytschaete was retaken and lost again.
+
+French Zouaves, acting as reinforcements, held their ground doggedly in
+front of St. Eloi. The enemy offensive redoubled in intensity, and the
+situation became desperate. As a result of the flooding of the Yser, the
+German IIIrd Corps in the northern sector became available and joined in
+the assault.
+
+The French 14th Corps, hurriedly called up, counter-attacked furiously
+and succeeded in driving back the Germans and gaining a fresh footing in
+the western outskirts of Wytschaete. On November 2, the French were once
+more in possession of the western crest of Messines-Wytschaete.
+
+This check did not daunt the Germans, who, having just been reinforced
+from their Belgian garrisons, directed their efforts further to the
+north. The attack was made by compact masses of troops on the St.
+Eloi-Zwarteleen front, the movement coinciding with a thrust against
+Gheluvelt on the Menin-Ypres Road. At the latter point the front was
+momentarily broken, but furious counter-attacks re-established the
+original positions. The French troops which held the bend of the canal
+north-east of Hollebeke were overpowered and thrown back on
+Verbranden-Molen. A counter-attack by the 1st British Corps checked the
+enemy onrush, and after a magnificent defence the original line was
+almost entirely maintained.
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMANS CONTINUED THEIR FURIOUS ATTACKS UNTIL NOV.
+11, BUT FAILED TO REACH THEIR OBJECTIVE: YPRES]
+
+The battle continued to rage with increasing violence, the culminating
+point being reached on November 11. At dawn the Germans, after a
+terrific artillery preparation lasting several hours, attacked with the
+infantry of the Ist and IVth Brigades of the Prussian Guards. They
+succeeded in piercing the line in three places, and forced their way
+into the woods behind the trenches to a depth of rather more than two
+miles through the principal breach.
+
+They did not, however, reach their objective. Enfiladed by machine-gun
+fire, they were partly driven back into their trenches, after a bloody
+hand-to-hand struggle amid great confusion. The losses on both sides
+were very heavy, without any decisive result being attained.
+
+The weather, previously bad, now became a violent storm. During the
+night, under cover of the hurricane, the Prussian Guard broke through
+the Allies' front. Ypres--the prize on which the Kaiser had set his
+heart--seemed at last within the enemy's grasp.
+
+But the British, momentarily demoralized, quickly rallied and drove back
+the Prussians in a heroic charge.
+
+The struggle continued fiercely during the following days, the Germans
+launching numerous attacks with compact masses of troops. The deep lines
+of infantry, led by young officers, whose undeniable courage did not
+compensate for their lack of experience, were mown down.
+
+Exasperated by this check, the enemy set about to destroy the town which
+they were unable to take. On November 10, German aeroplanes dropped
+incendiary bombs, and thenceforth the bombardment was conducted
+methodically both by aeroplanes and by guns firing from ten to twenty
+shells per minute.
+
+Up to the 13th, the town had suffered comparatively little. The Cloth
+Hall had only been hit by two shells (on the 5th) and by a few bombs.
+But in the disastrous days of October 22, 23 and afterwards, the
+bombardment became more intense and better regulated. The Germans
+brought up an armoured train to Houthem, which, directed by observation
+balloons, rained incendiary and explosive shells on the town. On the
+evening of the 23rd, all that remained of the Place des Halles was a
+heap of ruins.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOTH HALL IN FLAMES (NOV. 22, 1914)
+_The Germans, unable to capture Ypres, destroyed it methodically by
+shell-fire (photo, Antony, Ypres)_.]
+
+[Illustration: DURING THE WINTER MONTHS LOG-ROADS WERE NECESSARY FOR THE
+LORRIES AND ARTILLERY, AND EVEN THESE SANK IN THE BOTTOMLESS MUD]
+
+
+=Period of Comparative Calm=
+(December, 1914--April, 1915.)
+
+Having failed to pierce the front in the neighbourhood of Ypres, the
+Germans abandoned their attacks in close formation, and operations in
+this sector were soon limited to incessant artillery actions,
+occasionally followed by fierce surprise attacks at isolated points.
+
+Some of the attacks during this period of comparative calm are worthy of
+note.
+
+On December 10, the Germans launched three attacks against the British
+troops in front of St. Eloi, only one of which gave any result. The
+enemy captured the first trenches of the Allies' line, but were driven
+out on the following night by a counter-attack.
+
+Other attempts were made during the following week, with the same
+negative result.
+
+On December 17, the Germans attacked in force to the north-west of
+Ypres. Zonnebeke, Langemarck and Bixschoote were bitterly disputed, and
+the two last-named villages remained in the hands of the enemy.
+
+These battles were fought in a sea of mud formed by the rain and the
+flooding of the land by the Belgians.
+
+One Colonel wrote: "The ground on which we are fighting is awful. There
+is a crust about a foot thick which is comparatively good, but
+underneath there is bottomless mud. Men standing in trenches four or
+five feet deep are almost unable to get out, and gradually sink until it
+takes several men to extricate them."
+
+The first fortnight of January was comparatively quiet. During the
+second fortnight a strong German attack broke down before the front-line
+trenches near Bixschoote.
+
+The continual rains in this previously flooded district rendered all
+activity impossible, save that of the artillery, which continued to
+bombard unceasingly during February.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT-LINE DURING THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1914--1915]
+
+It was only in the first half of March that the opposing armies became
+really active. From the 5th to 11th, powerful German attacks were
+repulsed between Dixmude and the Lys.
+
+The British, on their part, were not inactive during this period. They
+fought a vigorous action between the Lys and La Bassee, captured
+Neuve-Chapelle after prolonged strenuous fighting, and took a thousand
+prisoners, including several officers.
+
+As the weather conditions improved, the number of local engagements
+increased. In an enemy attack on St. Eloi, between March 12 and 18, the
+British first lost and then recaptured that village. Further south,
+during the first half of April, fierce engagements were fought without
+decisive result in front of the villages of Kemmel and Wulverghem.
+
+The Germans continued to bombard Ypres with large calibre shells,
+heaping ruins upon ruins.
+
+
+
+
+=THE SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES=
+(April--May--June, 1915.)
+
+
+The long period of enforced inaction during the winter months, and the
+depressing waiting in the icy mud, were now succeeded first by local
+enemy attacks, then by a fresh powerfully organised attempt by the
+Germans to capture Ypres.
+
+The battle began on April 14 with a strong unsuccessful thrust to the
+north of Ypres. The British replied by attacking Hill 60.
+
+On April 17, after the firing of a powerful mine, the hill was
+brilliantly captured, and in spite of bitter counter-attacks on the 18th
+by the Germans, who fully realised the importance of this _point
+d'appui_, the position remained in the hands of the British.
+
+Meanwhile, a new German offensive was being prepared, which their High
+Command believed would prove irresistible, thanks to the use of a new
+weapon, as murderous as it was unexpected.
+
+Although Germany had signed the clause of the Hague Convention (July 29,
+1899), which prohibits the use of =asphyxiating gas=, the unscrupulous
+leaders now made use for the first time of this treacherous weapon.
+
+In accordance with their usual practice, they claimed that the British
+used the gas first, and that they used it only in reprisal. Needless to
+say, this assertion was pure fiction.
+
+On April 22 the front ran as follows: Belgian troops held the canal; the
+French 45th Colonial Infantry Division, resting on the canal, and
+passing through Bixschoote, linked up with the troops of the Canadian
+3rd Brigade.
+
+Throughout the morning of April 22, the Germans bombarded the first
+lines, while the roads behind were swept by the fire of the heavy
+artillery, including 161/2-in. guns. The bombardment continued into the
+afternoon.
+
+Suddenly, at about 4 p.m., there rose from the German trenches, opposite
+the lines occupied by the French Colonial troops, a strange opaque cloud
+of greenish-yellow fumes. A light breeze from the north-east wafted this
+cloud towards the French, who, a few moments later, fell gasping for
+breath in terrible agony. Terror spread through the ranks, especially
+among the African troops. A panic inevitably followed, which quickly
+spread from the front to the rear lines.
+
+Behind that cloud of gas the German troops advanced, protected by a
+heavy barrage and intense machine-gun fire.
+
+The French Colonial troops fell back several miles towards Ypres, and
+the Germans took Steenstraat, Het Sas and Pilkem, together with many
+prisoners.
+
+The withdrawal of the French uncovered the left flank of the Canadians,
+who were on their right, and they in turn were obliged to fall back,
+leaving four guns in the hands of the Germans.
+
+In the afternoon the Canadians, rallying, took the offensive, recovered
+part of the lost ground between Steenstraat and Langemarck, together
+with their guns, and inflicted a sanguinary defeat on the Germans.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST GERMAN POISON-GAS ATTACK _(April 24, 1915.)_]
+
+Further north, on the Yser Canal, the enemy took advantage of the
+disorder caused by the gas to cross at Steenstraat Bridge, and reached
+the village of Lizerne near Zuydschoote, where they strongly entrenched
+themselves. But Zouaves, aided by Belgians, counter-attacked in force,
+retook Lizerne, and advanced along the canal.
+
+The greatest German effort was made on April 25 against the British
+lines.
+
+The attacking troops had been grouped on both sides of the railway from
+Ypres to Roulers, near Broodseinde, but in spite of fierce attacks they
+could not break the British lines, and once more their dastardly methods
+failed them.
+
+At the end of April the front was fixed as follows: from Steenstraat the
+line followed the canal as far as Het Sas Bridgehead and then passed
+along the right bank to Pilkem (on the opposite bank). Here it turned at
+right-angles eastwards, as far as Soetart Farm (on the Ypres-Langemarck
+Road), turned south-east through Wieltje, then west of Hooge, finally
+linking up with Hill 60 and St. Eloi.
+
+The Germans revenged themselves for their failure by again bombarding
+Ypres.
+
+The shelling, which had ceased for a time prior to the offensive, began
+again with renewed intensity. An enormous quantity of heavy artillery
+had been brought up, and large calibre shells were continuously rained
+on the unhappy city, causing a panic. The few remaining inhabitants fled
+terror-stricken along the Poperinghe Road.
+
+During the last week of April the battle continued with great
+bitterness, but in spite of the enemy's use of gas, the Allies gradually
+retook the lost ground. Then followed a fresh period of calm, broken
+from time to time by fierce attacks, of which that of May 5 on Hill 60
+was the most important.
+
+On May 8 the battle broke out afresh in the region lying between
+Poelcappelle and the Ypres-Menin Road. The Germans pierced the British
+line at several points, notably between St. Julien and Frezenberg, and
+reached Wieltje, but after bitter hand-to-hand fighting, they were
+driven back to their trenches at the point of the bayonet.
+
+The next day the attack was renewed in close formation, under the
+protection of an intense bombardment of gas shells, but the British, now
+provided with masks, stood firm. The German columns, mown down by
+shrapnel and machine-gun fire, were unable to reach the British
+trenches.
+
+The fighting died down during the next few days, on account of rain and
+wind storms, which made all movement impossible, but began again on the
+24th without, however, any appreciable advantage for the Germans, who
+once more took the offensive.
+
+Another period of calm set in, and this Second Battle of Ypres--the
+second serious check of the Germans before the town--ended in a
+successful operation by the British, who, on June 2, captured the
+Chateau of Hooge on the Menin Road, two miles from Ypres.
+
+
+=Long period of comparative calm. Isolated actions. Artillery activity
+on both sides=
+(June, 1915--June, 1917.)
+
+These weeks of fierce, bloody fighting were followed by a long period of
+comparative calm, the operations having been transferred to other parts
+of the front (Argonne, Artois, Champagne). Nevertheless, local actions
+took place from time to time without any appreciable result. From July
+22 to 26 the British, after successful mining operations, advanced their
+line along the Ypres-Menin Road, in the neighbourhood of Hooge Chateau.
+
+After being driven from the outskirts of the chateau by a gas attack on
+August 7, they retook the lost ground on the 8th and advanced beyond it.
+
+Towards the middle of September there was a rather severe bombardment
+near Steenstraat and Ramscappelle, while Ypres received 300 more shells.
+
+During the latter half of August an Order of the Day to the German
+Armies in Flanders stated: "_Our work is practically finished in the
+East, and we are on the point of beginning in the West; peace in October
+is certain._"
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT LINE FROM JUNE 1915 TO JUNE 1917]
+
+In December, a new offensive by the Germans failed, despite the use of
+gas. There was unusual artillery activity, all the heavy guns, both
+German and British, being brought into action.
+
+On December 30, Field-Marshal French received the title of "Viscount of
+Ypres," in commemoration of the vigorous British defence of that city.
+
+On February 12, 1916, the Germans launched fresh attacks in the west,
+near Steenstraat and Het Sas, and attempted to cross the Yser. After
+being smartly checked, they furiously attacked the British trenches
+between the Ypres-Comines Canal and the railway, and succeeded in
+capturing one of them for a length of 600 yards. This trench, on
+account of its frequently changing hands, came to be known as the
+"International Trench." A few days later (March 2) the British retook
+it.
+
+The struggle now became limited to a continuous artillery duel, with
+occasional surprise infantry attacks. The hamlet of St. Eloi to the
+south was the scene of constant fighting for the possession of the
+shell-craters.
+
+On April 19, the fighting assumed a more serious character. An
+unimportant German attack near St. Eloi and along the Ypres-Langemarck
+Road was the prelude to operations by considerable enemy forces, having
+for their objective the great undulating slopes between Hill 60 and
+Armentieres.
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH DEFENCE WORKS IN FRONT OF YPRES]
+
+The first of these attacks took place on April 25, 1916, but failed. Two
+days later a night attack with gas was repulsed with hand grenades.
+
+A third attempt was made in May, 1916, more to the south towards
+Armentieres, on the sides of the road connecting that town with Ypres.
+The British, entrenched in a wood near Ploegsteert Village, were
+assailed by three German columns, and were only able to repulse two of
+them. The third took the position, but Scottish troops counter-attacked
+and drove the Germans back.
+
+The most important of the enemy attacks during this period took place on
+June 1. The preparations included a concentration of troops between
+Tournai and Baisieux, from May 21 to 27, supported by guns of all
+calibres. The attack was carried out in considerable strength between
+Hooge and the Ypres-Comines Railway.
+
+The artillery preparation began at 9.15 a.m. on June 1, and at noon the
+first assaulting wave entered the front-line trenches. The battle died
+down for a few minutes in the evening, only to break out again during
+the night. The Germans succeeded in crushing in the front to a depth of
+some 700 yards in the direction of Zillebeke, but the next day a portion
+of the lost ground was retaken by the Canadians.
+
+[Illustration: THE FLANDERS BATTLEFIELD IN WINTER]
+
+On June 6, a fresh assault began, preceded by the usual bombardment, and
+further assisted by mine explosions. The front line trenches to the
+north of Hooge were lost; but on the 13th the valiant Canadians, who had
+previously recaptured the original positions abandoned on June 1,
+resumed the offensive, and re-established the lines from the southern
+part of Sanctuary Wood to a point 1,000 yards north of Hill 60.
+
+Throughout the days of June 26 and 28 there was an extremely violent
+bombardment, to which the British guns replied effectively. The Germans,
+whose losses from the attacks and this artillery fire were very heavy,
+declared: "_Belgium will be our grave._"
+
+These were the last operations in which the enemy took the offensive.
+All their efforts had failed, whether their object had been to turn the
+left flank of the Allies, to break the lines around Ypres, or merely to
+take the town.
+
+
+
+
+=THE ALLIED OFFENSIVE OF 1917=
+
+
+_Series of powerful attacks with limited objectives. From June to
+October, the stages of the offensive were punctuated by breathing
+spaces, during which the conquered ground was consolidated, in view of
+counter-attacks, and the artillery brought up, to prepare the following
+attack._
+
+
+=Preliminary Operations=
+=The Capture of Messines Ridge by the British=
+(June 7, 1917.)
+
+From July, 1916, to May, 1917, the Ypres sector remained comparatively
+quiet. There were few attacks on either side, but the guns thundered day
+and night. It may be said that the British were "trying their hand."
+
+In June, 1917, certain at last of their strength, they made their first
+big effort, and step by step, in accordance with a carefully worked-out
+plan, they completely liberated Ypres by a series of offensives lasting
+four months, and broke the iron circle which, for two years, had been
+strangling the town.
+
+For several months before the battle, the attack on Messines Ridge had
+been carefully planned by means of a model in relief, situated in the
+open air and covering an area about equal to that of a tennis court.
+Here were reproduced in relief all the contours and peculiarities of the
+ground. Everything, down to an isolated tree trunk, was reproduced.
+
+British effort took definite shape for the first time on June 7. The
+attack, planned by Sir Douglas Haig, had for its objective the capture
+of the crests between Wytschaete and Messines, which the Germans had
+seized on November 1, 1914.
+
+For seven days an artillery preparation of incredible intensity hammered
+the villages of Messines and Wytschaete, until they had completely
+disappeared.
+
+On June 7, about an hour before dawn, at 3.10 a.m., the sky was lit up
+by an intense light, while a series of terrific explosions were heard;
+nineteen mines, some of whose galleries had taken more than a year to
+bore, exploded along the enemy positions.
+
+The Germans were taken completely by surprise, and gave way before the
+impetuous onrush. In a few minutes their first line was carried along
+the whole of the attacked front. Then, almost without a pause, the
+British troops attacked the western slopes of the Messines-Wytschaete
+Ridge, and by about 6.30 a.m. held the crests along the whole line.
+
+The village of Messines offered resistance, but was captured by the New
+Zealanders in a vigorous attack, as was also the village of Wytschaete.
+By noon the second stage of the offensive was about to begin.
+
+Descending the eastern slopes of the ridge the British carried a second
+strong position, then attacked a fresh line--chiefly in Rayon Wood--in
+which were large shelters of reinforced concrete, each capable of
+holding a company. At about 4 p.m. Oosttaverne Village, lying west of
+the centre of the position, fell. At sun-down the day's objectives had
+been completely attained, and the advance at certain points exceeded two
+miles in depth.
+
+This fine success was due to the carefully detailed preparation carried
+out under the orders of General Herbert Plumer, to the destructive
+effect of the mines, to the violence and precision of the bombardment,
+to the excellent co-operation of the Air Forces, and to the harmonious
+working together of all arms. The tanks rendered excellent service.
+
+[Illustration: THE BRITISH OFFENSIVE OF JUNE 7, 1917, AGAINST MESSINES
+RIDGE, PRECEDED BY THE FIRING OF NINETEEN ENORMOUS MINES]
+
+The Germans made an effort to rally, but their first counter-attacks,
+near Oosttaverne and to the east of Messines, failed.
+
+At about 7 p.m., on June 8, a fresh German counter-attack was launched
+along the whole of the new front between St. Yvon and the Ypres-Comines
+Canal. Other engagements were fought to the east of Messines and near
+Klein Zillebeke. Although reinforced by fresh divisions, the German
+attack was broken by midnight.
+
+Resuming their offensive, the British, on the morning of June 11,
+captured the whole system of German trenches, nearly a mile in length,
+situated near Poterie Farm, to the south-east of Messines. The next day
+fresh progress was made along nearly two miles of the front to the
+north-east of Messines, and the hamlet of Gapaard occupied.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRONT LINE BEFORE THE ALLIES' OFFENSIVE OF JULY 31,
+1917]
+
+After the offensive--limited in scope--of June 7, which reduced the
+salient, south of Ypres, the British continued to press the enemy.
+Frequent raids kept the Germans on the alert and secured important
+_points d'appui_.
+
+On June 14, the Germans were forced to abandon an important part of
+their first-line trenches between the Lys and St. Yvon. On the same day
+a considerable advance was made east of Ploegsteert Wood, and in the
+immediate neighbourhood of Gapaard Village.
+
+During the night of the 14th a double attack was made: one to the east
+of Messines; the other along both banks of the Ypres-Comines Canal, to
+the north-west of Hollebeke. These attacks gave the British a large
+number of trenches, which they held in spite of fierce counter-attacks.
+
+To sum up, during the latter half of June an advance of 500 to 1,000
+yards in depth was made along the whole front line between Klein
+Zillebeke and the Lys.
+
+The month of July passed in raids, patrols, and reconnoitring,
+preparatory to the new offensive of July 31.
+
+This far-reaching offensive, which lasted from July 31 to the end of
+October, may be divided into six successive phases, and ended with the
+liberation of Ypres.
+
+
+=First Phase=
+(July 31--August 15.)
+
+
+=Capture of the First and Second German Lines=
+
+When the battle began, the firing line extended from Dixmude, along the
+Yser Canal, then followed the Yperlee River, on the left bank of the
+Yser Canal. It next passed through Lizerne to Het Sas, whence it
+followed the canal to Boesinghe. Opposite this village the line crossed
+the canal and the Ypres-Bruges railway, then passed the Quatre-Chemins
+cross-roads, descending thence to Essenfarm and Kruppfarm, which lie on
+either side of the Pilkem Road. Continuing west of Wieltje Village, it
+passed south of Verlorenhoek Chateau, skirted Verlorenhoek Village, and
+descended west of Hooge, after crossing the Ypres-Roulers railway. It
+next skirted the northern part of Sanctuaire Wood, then entered the
+latter, coming out to the south of Zwateleen. From there, the line
+extended southwards, passing west of Hollebeke, east of Gapaard, and
+skirting the eastern fringe of Ploegsteert Wood.
+
+During the fortnight preceding the offensive, changes were made in the
+order of the forces holding the line.
+
+British troops relieved the Belgians and French who had been operating
+near the coast, in the direction of Lombaertzyde. Moreover, the French
+forces, placed at the disposal of General Anthoine, had taken up
+positions between the Belgians and the British from Reninghe to
+Elverdinghe.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST STAGE OF THE ALLIES' ADVANCE FROM JULY 31 TO AUGUST
+11, 1917 (31/7--11/8)]
+
+At 4 a.m. on July 31, in spite of unfavourable weather, the British
+troops, under the command of Generals Plumer and Gough, co-operating
+with the Franco-Belgian troops led by General Anthoine, attacked in
+force along a front of fourteen miles from Dixmude to the Lys.
+
+In the French sector, the greater part of the troops had crossed the
+Yser during the night. The artillery then pounded the first and second
+German lines, and as soon as the range had been lengthened, the infantry
+dashed forward. At the scheduled hour the first and second enemy lines
+from Dixmude to Bixschoote, to a depth in places of almost two miles,
+were occupied, while Bixschoote, Steenstraat, and Kortekeer Inn fell.
+
+The British were on the right of the French. The Ypres-Roulers Road
+formed the axis on which their attack turned. On the left of this road
+they pierced the German lines to a depth of nearly two miles, and
+occupied the bridges over the Steenbeek Canal. Several villages were
+captured: Verlorenhoek, Frezenberg, St. Julien, Pilkem, in addition to a
+large number of fortified farms and woods.
+
+On the right of the Ypres-Roulers Road, the British encountered a very
+strong resistance. The ground, more broken than that on the other part
+of the battle-front, and also intersected with woods, enabled the
+Germans to keep several _points d'appui_. Despite the fiercest fighting,
+it was impossible to drive them out of part of the second position on
+the right wing. Nevertheless, an advance of about a mile in depth was
+made in this sector, and the village of Hooge and Sanctuary Wood were
+captured.
+
+On their extreme right the British had captured Hollebeke Village early
+that morning.
+
+The next day (August 1), the Germans replied but feebly in the French
+sector, while in the British sector, in spite of the rain, they
+counter-attacked with the greatest fury.
+
+Near St. Julien the line fell back slightly, but along the rest of the
+front the positions were fully maintained.
+
+The first phase in the liberation of Ypres was over.
+
+In forty-eight hours, the offensive, methodically prepared and carried
+out, had attained the objectives, given the Allies more than 6,000
+prisoners and an immense quantity of stores.
+
+During the following days, in spite of torrential rain, the Germans
+attempted unsuccessfully to retake the lost ground, some of the attacks
+being particularly fierce.
+
+In the sector held by the French troops there was little more than a
+heavy bombardment on either side. French raids on fortified farms held
+by the Germans resulted in slight progress being made to the north of
+Bixschoote and Kortekeer Inn.
+
+The British, on the other hand, had to face strong counter-attacks. On
+August 1, the Germans succeeded in regaining a footing in their old
+advanced positions along the Ypres-Roulers Road. On the 2nd, the British
+lines between St. Julien and the Ypres-Bruges railway were attacked in
+force. The village of St. Julien was lost, but was finally retaken on
+the 3rd. On the 4th, the British line was advanced beyond St. Julien.
+
+On August 5, during a fresh attack on both banks of the Ypres-Comines
+Canal, the Germans retook Hollebeke, but were driven out almost
+immediately.
+
+On the night of the 5th they again attacked Hollebeke, but without
+success.
+
+On the 10th, an interesting operation was carried out by the British.
+The front attacked was shorter than in the offensive of July 31, and
+extended about a mile and a half to the south of the Ypres-Roulers Road.
+
+Early in the morning the British were in complete possession of Westhoek
+Village, after which a violent struggle took place for the high ground
+round the village. By evening all the objectives had been attained,
+including the capture of Westhoek Crest and Glencorse Wood.
+
+August 12 was marked by six enemy counter-attacks, which caused a slight
+withdrawal of the line to the south of Glencorse Wood. Everywhere else
+the Allies' positions were fully maintained.
+
+
+=Second Phase=
+(_August 15--September 19, 1917._)
+
+The Allies resumed their offensive on August 15 along a front of some
+nine miles, from the Yser Canal to the Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+The attack began at 4.45 a.m. The French attacked on both sides of the
+Steenstraat-Dixmude Road, crossing the Steenbeek stream in the morning.
+Driegrachten Bridgehead was taken after hand-to-hand fighting, while in
+the evening the whole of the strip of ground between the Yser and the
+Martjet-Vaart Canal was in the hands of the French.
+
+The British operating on the right of the French rapidly attained their
+first objectives, then vigorously following up this first success, they
+took by assault the village of Langemarck and its strong defences,
+advanced 800 yards beyond the village and captured the whole system of
+trenches.
+
+To the south, along the Ypres-Menin Road, the struggle was more
+stubborn, the Germans resisting desperately. A series of furious
+counter-attacks enabled them finally to preserve their line practically
+intact in this district.
+
+The day's captures included more than 2,000 prisoners, of whom thirty
+were officers, and twenty-four guns, including several of large calibre.
+
+Desperate fighting continued until September 19 without, however,
+altering the positions established on August 15.
+
+On August 19, the British, by small local attacks, advanced about 500
+yards on the Ypres-Poelcappelle Road and captured several fortified
+farms.
+
+The Germans made desperate efforts to hold the high wooded ground
+comprising Polygone and Inverness Woods, near the Ypres-Roulers Road.
+
+On the 22nd the fighting increased in fierceness. The British advanced
+only with great difficulty, and the eastern edges of Inverness Wood were
+hotly contested.
+
+In these combats, from which neither side gained any decisive advantage,
+the Germans made use for the first time of liquid fire, thanks to which
+innovation they succeeded temporarily in retaking the north-western
+corner of Inverness Wood, but were soon driven out.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND STAGE: THE ATTACK OF AUGUST 15 (15/8)]
+
+Further north, the British, on August 24 and 25, advanced their lines to
+the north of St. Julien and Langemarck.
+
+During the following days, persistent rains prevented any further
+operations. Infantry actions were now succeeded by continuous
+bombardments on both sides, and by isolated raids.
+
+
+=Third Phase=
+(_September 20--October 3, 1917._)
+
+On September 20 a fresh offensive was begun along the whole front from
+Langemarck to the Ypres-Menin Road, a distance of eight miles.
+
+The part assigned for the French troops under General Anthoine was
+merely to protect the left wing of the British Army which, pivoting on
+Hollebeke, was to wheel and advance its marching wing in a direction at
+right-angles to the Zonnebeke-Gheluvelt line.
+
+All the objectives were attained at an early hour.
+
+Inverness Wood, which had been hotly disputed for the six previous
+weeks, was taken by the London troops.
+
+The Australians retook by assault Glencorse Wood--lost a few days
+before--and Nonnes Wood. The Scottish and South African Brigades
+captured the fortified farms of Vampire and Borry, and the Potsdam and
+Anzac Redoubts. Lancashire Territorials carried Iberian Farm and next
+day (the 21st) Gallipoli Farm.
+
+The British then attacked the second German lines. On the right the
+Territorials[1] fought violent engagements to the north of the bend in
+the Ypres-Comines Canal, near Klein Zillebeke, and in the vicinity of
+the position known as Tower Hamlet.
+
+In the centre, progress was more important. The ground hereabouts rises
+in a small plateau about 220 feet in height, which dominates the whole
+battlefield and extends in two long spurs: one running north-east
+towards Zonnebeke, the other southwards towards Menin. The Germans had
+fortified these positions very strongly and withdrawn their main line of
+defence to the eastern edge of the plateau, _i.e._ opposite the side by
+which the enemy must attack. This line protected the village of
+Zevenkote and the western edge of Polygone Wood, leaving in front the
+woods of Nonnes, Glencorse and Inverness, and Herenthage Park, the
+eastern edge of which latter it followed. The woods were strongly
+fortified, and the British had twice previously (July 31 and August 16)
+vainly endeavoured to capture them.
+
+It was the Northern troops and the Australians who carried these
+positions, advancing to a depth of 1,700 yards and taking Veldhoek and
+the western part of Polygone Wood--the principal centre of the German
+resistance. Further north, Zevenkote was captured and the London
+Territorials, supported by the Highlanders, seized a second line of
+farms.
+
+In the evening of September 20, the front ran approximately as follows:
+from Rose Farm (700 yards west of Poelcappelle) to Fokker Farm (on the
+eastern edges of Zevenkote); across the western part of Polygone
+Wood--including Veldhoek--then to the east of Herenthage Chateau, and
+ending at Hollebeke.
+
+The Germans, in their costly and unsuccessful efforts to retake the lost
+positions, suffered exceedingly heavy losses, without gaining any
+advantage.
+
+On the morning of the 26th the British continued their attack along a
+five-mile front, from the east of St. Julien to Tower Hamlet near the
+Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+The rest of Tower Hamlet Spur was captured, in addition to the whole of
+Polygone Wood.
+
+Further north, a fresh advance of 1,700 yards was made, and the strongly
+fortified village of Zonnebeke remained in the hands of the British.
+
+Besides the gain in ground, more than 4,000 prisoners were taken.
+
+The Germans, by a series of powerful counter-attacks, sought to win back
+the lost positions. On the evening of the 26th, four attacks were made
+in the neighbourhood of Tower Hamlet.
+
+[Illustration: THIRD STAGE: BRITISH ADVANCE FROM SEPT. 20 TO SEPT. 26
+(20/9--26/9)]
+
+On the 27th they attacked the village of Zonnebeke, while on the morning
+of the 30th three attacks were made, without result, on both sides of
+the Ypres-Menin Road.
+
+On October 1 the Germans attacked three times on a front of 1,700 yards
+to the south of the Ypres-Menin Road, while the same night two fresh
+assaults gave no appreciable result.
+
+[Illustration: BATTERY OF BRITISH HEAVY HOWITZERS IN ACTION]
+
+
+=Fourth Phase=
+(_October 4--8, 1917._)
+
+The increasing activity of the Germans did not in any way prevent the
+British from preparing a fresh offensive. On the morning of October 4,
+English divisions, supported by Welsh, Scottish and Irish battalions,
+attacked along a front of ten miles, between Tower Hamlet and the north
+of Langemarck. The Germans, disconcerted and surprised by this
+unexpected attack--they were themselves preparing to attack with five
+divisions--fell back from the beginning of the action.
+
+[Illustration: PART OF THE GROUND COVERED BY THE OFFENSIVE, SEEN FROM AN
+AEROPLANE]
+
+A rapid advance of one-half to nearly two miles was made.
+
+South of the Menin Road the objectives were attained almost at the
+outset.
+
+To the north of the same road the enemy resistance was more stubborn.
+Nevertheless, the villages of Reutel and Polderhoek, together with the
+chateau of that name, were captured, freeing at the same time the top of
+the crest, whose eastern slopes run down to the village of Bacelaere.
+Further north, the Australians captured Noordhemhoek and
+Molenaarelsthoek, reached Broodseinde Crest, and thus advanced beyond
+the Bacelaere-Broodseinde Road.
+
+On the other side of the Ypres-Roulers railway, the British drew
+appreciably nearer Passchendaele, captured Gravenstafel and a certain
+number of fortified farms, and approached the western outskirts of
+Poelcappelle.
+
+[Illustration: FOURTH STAGE: THE 4TH OCTOBER, 1917 (4/10)]
+
+In spite of the violent storm which was then raging, all the objectives
+were attained and the line of crests conquered.
+
+Owing to the very large numbers of troops massed on the front at the
+time of the attack, the German losses, which included 4,500 prisoners,
+were particularly heavy.
+
+[Illustration: A DIFFICULT CROSSING. BRITISH AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS]
+
+
+=Fifth Phase=
+(_October 9--12, 1917._)
+
+To completely clear Ypres, a few strongly fortified villages beyond the
+line of crests captured on October 4 had still to be taken. These formed
+the objective of the attacks of October 9 and 12.
+
+On October 9, in spite of the appalling weather, the British attacked
+again on a front stretching from St. Janshoek (a mile north of
+Bixschoote) to the south-east of Broodseinde. The French were holding a
+front rather less than two miles in length to the north of Bixschoote,
+and had for objective the southern edge of Houthulst Forest.
+
+The signal to attack was given at 5.30 a.m. Despite the rain, which had
+been falling incessantly for several days, the infantry crossed first
+the canal in flood, then a veritable sea of mud, and captured Mangelaere
+and Veldhoek. They advanced rather more than a mile and reached the
+south-western edge of Houthulst Forest, after having captured numerous
+strongly fortified farms and blockhouses.
+
+The British sector extended from the north-west of Poelcappelle to
+Broodseinde, and formed a front of some seven miles.
+
+On the right, the Manchester Regiment and the Lancashire Fusiliers
+advanced from 1,600 to 2,000 yards in the direction of Passchendaele,
+and carried the line beyond the crests occupied on October 4.
+
+In the centre, many farms, redoubts and blockhouses were captured.
+
+[Illustration: FIFTH STAGE: THE BRITISH ATTACK HOUTHULST FOREST AND
+APPROACH PASSCHENDAELE]
+
+To the north, the capture of Poelcappelle was completed, the British
+joining hands with the French on the outskirts of Houthulst Forest.
+
+More than 2,000 prisoners were taken.
+
+[Illustration: SIXTH STAGE: BY NOV. 6, YPRES WAS COMPLETELY CLEARED]
+
+
+=Sixth Phase=
+(_October 22--November 6, 1917._)
+
+After a short rest, during which the new positions were consolidated--in
+view of enemy counter-attacks--the battle broke out afresh on October
+22.
+
+The attack of the 22nd was, in reality, only of secondary importance,
+but thanks to the progress made, it was possible to carry out the
+operations of the 26th on a larger scale than originally intended.
+
+In order definitely to consolidate the captured positions, it was still
+necessary to take the village of Passchendaele, which stands on the high
+ground dominating the plain of Flanders to the east of Ypres and from
+which Roulers is visible.
+
+A fresh offensive was accordingly begun at dawn on October 26.
+
+In the French sector, the troops, after wading through the St. Janshoek
+and the Corverbeek streams with the water up to their shoulders, stormed
+the village of Draeibank, Papegoed Wood, and many fortified farms.
+
+The next day fresh progress, to a depth of more than a mile, was made on
+both sides of the Ypres-Dixmude Road, along a front of two and a half
+miles. The villages of Hoekske, Aschhoop, Merckem, and Kippe were
+captured, and the western edges of Houthulst Forest reached.
+
+On the 28th, the advance continued on the left, in co-operation with the
+Belgians. The French took the village of Luyghem, and the Belgians
+Vyfhuyzen.
+
+The British, on their part, advanced in the direction of Passchendaele,
+as far as the southern slopes of the village, capturing a whole series
+of positions east of Poelcappelle.
+
+On October 30, British and Canadians continued their attacks, and in
+spite of the enemy's desperate resistance, reached the first houses of
+Passchendaele.
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH TROOPS PASSING IN FRONT OF THE RUINS OF YPRES
+CLOTH HALL]
+
+On the following days they improved their positions. The struggle at
+this juncture was very bitter, Hindenburg having shortly before issued
+an order stating: "_Passchendaele must be held at all costs, and retaken
+if lost._"
+
+On the morning of November 6, the British resumed the offensive. The
+Canadians, after bloody engagements to the north and north-west of
+Passchendaele, captured the hamlets of Mosselmarkt and Goudberg, and
+finally carried Passchendaele.
+
+On the evening of November 6, Ypres was completely cleared; and from the
+top of the Passchendaele Hills the valiant British troops could see,
+stretching away to the horizon, the Plain of Flanders, which had been
+hidden from the Allies since October, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: PREPARATION OF THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF APRIL 9, 1918. THE
+OBJECTIVE]
+
+[Illustration: SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+
+=The German Offensive of 1918=
+
+The front was quiet during the winter of 1917--1918, but 1918 opened
+darkly for the Allies.
+
+The Treaty of Brest-Litowsk had sealed the defection of Russia, while
+Roumania, reduced to her own resources, was forced to sign the Treaty of
+Bukarest. Lastly, invaded Italy was only just recovering from the
+disaster at Caporetto. Already, in spite of the terms of the
+Brest-Litowsk Treaty, huge masses of troops, guns and stores were being
+despatched to the Western Front. The blow fell on March 21, 1918.
+
+The objectives, three in number, were the smashing of the British right
+wing at its junction with the French; the separation of the two Allied
+army groups; the driving back to the Channel coast of the two British
+armies, after they had been surrounded on the south. The long-coveted
+road "_Nach Paris_" would then at last be open.
+
+But in spite of their colossal efforts the Germans were held.
+
+By March 31, the German Imperial forces were exhausted, and General Foch
+was able to say: "_The wave has spent itself on the beach._" The peril
+seemed to be averted.
+
+But the respite was only a short one. The German attack before Amiens
+was scarcely stayed (April 6) when the battle suddenly broke out again.
+From the Arras sector to La Bassee the whole line was ablaze as far as
+the Lys. While, in the first German offensive the British right had
+suffered severely, it was against the left wing of the same army that
+the new blow was struck.
+
+The new offensive, although quickly prepared, was even more violent than
+the first.
+
+On April 9, when the attack began, the German battle-front between the
+Lys and La Bassee was held by twenty-one divisions in line and six in
+reserve, under the command of Von Quast (VIth Army).
+
+Of these twenty-seven divisions only seven were in line on March 28.
+
+Ten divisions were hurriedly brought up from the Belgian front (IVth
+Army--Von Arnim), which was holding the sector from the Lys to the
+Channel. Five others were despatched from the Artois front, and, lastly,
+five divisions were taken from General Ludendorff's general reserve.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 1: French: troupes des comtes = county regiments.]
+
+[Illustration: ON APRIL 9--20, 1918, THE GERMANS BROKE THROUGH THE
+ALLIES' FRONT, SOUTH OF YPRES, AND ADVANCED TO NIEPPE FOREST AND THE
+CHAIN OF THE FLANDERS HILLS]
+
+
+
+
+=THE BATTLE OF THE FLANDERS HILLS=
+
+
+=The Break-Through=
+(_April 9, 1918._)
+
+The Germans began the attack on the morning of April 9, after an intense
+bombardment with gas shells, and under cover of a dense fog reached the
+first machine-guns. The sector was held by Portuguese troops, wedged in
+between the British, from Bois-Grenier to Neuve-Chapelle.
+
+On the whole length of front attacked, between La Bassee and
+Armentieres, in the Plain of Flanders, the only natural obstacles are
+the rivers and canals. From the beginning of the battle the Portuguese
+were thrown into disorder by the extreme violence of the attack.
+
+The twenty-one German shock divisions attacked in five columns: to the
+south, the first column in the direction of Givenchy; the second
+(General Kraevel), in front of Festubert; the third (Von Bernhardi)
+marched against La Couture and Richebourg-St.-Waast; the Carlowitz
+Corps, forming the fourth column, advanced against Estaires in the
+direction of Laventie; further north, the fifth column attacked in the
+direction of Fleurbaix, outflanking Bois Grenier and Armentieres on the
+west.
+
+Under the pressure of the attack, a depression was formed in the line.
+Fleurbaix, Laventie, Richebourg-St.-Waast and Neuve-Chapelle were lost,
+and the Germans reached the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur Ferry.
+To the north of the pocket the Allies resisted successfully at
+Fleurbaix; to the south, Givenchy, after a desperate struggle, remained
+in the hands of the British.
+
+On the following day the German troops, continuing the push towards the
+centre, succeeded in crossing the Lys between Estaires and the St. Maur
+Ferry.
+
+The battle extended northwards and the IVth Army (Von Arnim) attacked
+between Armentieres and Ploegsteert with the Eberhardt, Marschall and
+Sieger Corps.
+
+The push continued on the 11th, and Armentieres, outflanked on the north
+and south, smashed by the shells and drenched with gas, had to be
+evacuated.
+
+On their left, the Germans, after crossing the Lawe, north of Locon, two
+miles from Bethune, captured Neuf-Berquin and Merville.
+
+Givenchy, held by the British 55th Division, resisted all attacks and
+remained in their hands.
+
+On the right, Nieppe and Steenwerk had to be evacuated. The German
+advance to the south of Armentieres becoming more pronounced, the
+British straightened their front, to avoid too sharp a salient, and fell
+back to the Messines-Wytschaete Crest.
+
+On the 12th the fighting continued furiously. Advancing along the
+Lille-Hazebrouck railway, the Germans reached the outskirts of Nieppe
+Forest. South-west of Merville they captured Calonne, and, further
+north, approached Bailleul.
+
+North of the Lys, under pressure of Von Arnim's army, the
+Messines-Wytschaete Crest, with the wood and village of Ploegsteert, had
+to be abandoned. The British line was withdrawn to Neuve-Eglise and
+Wulverghem. In these few days the gains of the Allied offensive of the
+last five months of 1917 were lost.
+
+The 13th marked the culminating point of the battle in the central
+sector. Foch made his dispositions promptly, and French reinforcements
+were despatched to the critical points.
+
+Von Bernhardi crossed the Clarence at Robecq on the 13th. On the same
+day Von Gallwitz made a strong push northwards between Hazebrouck and
+Bailleul, with the object of outflanking the line of the Flanders Hills,
+already attacked on the east and north-east by the IVth Army (Von
+Arnim).
+
+Battles were fought south of Meteren, at Merris, Vieux-Berquin and on
+the eastern outskirts of Nieppe Forest. To the east of Bailleul,
+Neuve-Eglise (an important cross-road) was fiercely disputed. After
+changing hands many times on the 14th, it was finally abandoned the same
+night.
+
+The loss of Neuve-Eglise led to that of Wulverghem, and the British were
+forced to fall back to the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill, the first high
+point in the chain of hills called the Heights or Hills of Flanders.
+From east to west this chain consists of Rouge Hill (flanked on the
+north-east by Scherpenberg), Vidaigne Hill, Noir Hill, Cats Hill, and
+lastly by the western bastion of Cassel.
+
+After taking Neuve-Eglise on the night of the 14th, the Germans decided
+on a fresh and still more powerful effort.
+
+Three picked divisions were hurled against the hills of Lille and
+Ravetsberg, to the east of Bailleul, which fell. The Germans entered
+Bailleul, pushing on thence to Meteren, which they also captured. The
+next day they tried to develop this success, but instead of the
+exhausted British, the Germans now found themselves faced by fresh
+French troops. In three days (April 12--14) Petain had brought up
+without a hitch five French divisions and one cavalry corps, which
+stayed the German rush at the foot of the hills.
+
+[Illustration: ROUGE HILL, SEEN FROM SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+On April 16 the Germans made their first attempt to turn the Flanders
+Hills from the south-west in the direction of Hazebrouck.
+
+The French 133rd Infantry Division (Valentin), supported by the British
+34th Division, vigorously repulsed the attack.
+
+On the 17th a fresh and more powerful attack was made simultaneously
+from the north-east, towards Poperinghe, and from the south, on the
+Bailleul-Neuve-Eglise front.
+
+At the same time an independent operation--which failed completely--was
+undertaken to the north of Ypres on the Belgian front. The Belgians
+repulsed the Germans and took 800 prisoners.
+
+To the south three British divisions (34th, 49th, 19th) stayed the
+German advance.
+
+A last effort, starting from Wytschaete, also broke down before the
+French 28th Infantry Division (Madelin).
+
+[Illustration: THE GERMANS ATTACK THE CHAIN OF HILLS WHICH PROTECT
+YPRES]
+
+
+=The Capture of Kemmel Hill=
+(_April 22--28, 1918._)
+
+A period of comparative calm followed, during which the Germans prepared
+a fresh mass attack, in view of the capture of the Hills.
+
+For this new offensive five fresh divisions from Alsace-Lorraine were
+brought up, of which two--the IVth Bavarians and the Alpine Corps--were
+picked troops. These troops joined the four divisions already in the
+sector. The artillery was also considerably reinforced.
+
+During this concentration small local attacks occurred on both sides.
+
+On April 22 and 23 the Germans endeavoured to improve their positions
+north of Bailleul, but without appreciable result.
+
+The French, on their part, sought by attacks and raids to impede the
+preparations for the coming assault.
+
+At that time the firing line, from west to east, ran as follows: from
+Meteren (held by the Germans) it passed north of Bailleul, then crossed
+the crest of Lindenhoek at Dranoutre, east of Kemmel, and skirted Groote
+Vierstraat and St. Eloi on the east.
+
+The five French divisions which defended the Hills occupied the
+following positions:
+
+The 133rd before Cats Hill; the 34th Infantry (Sabatier) before Locre;
+the 154th Infantry (Breton) from Dranoutre to the Petit-Kemmel; the 28th
+Infantry (Madelin) before Kemmel Hill, its left linking up at Lindenhoek
+with the British 9th Infantry Division. The Cavalry Corps was held in
+reserve on the Hills.
+
+At 2.30 a.m. on April 25 the attack began with a heavy bombardment, in
+which the proportion of gas shells was far greater than previously.
+
+At about 6 a.m. the infantry assault began in a dense fog north and
+south of Kemmel Hill.
+
+North of the Hills the "Sieger" divisions, marching west to east, had
+orders to capture Kemmel Village, and then, _via_ the Valley of the
+Kemmelbeek, join up at Locre with the Eberhardt Divisions, which were
+attacking from north to south in the direction of Dranoutre.
+
+On the left of the attacking front, the village of Kemmel was taken by
+the Germans, in spite of a heroic defence. Step by step the British 9th
+Division was driven back into Kemmelbeek valley and on Dickebusch Pond.
+
+In the centre the enemy storm-troop waves, after several repulses,
+finally reached the summit of Kemmel Hill, where a fierce hand-to-hand
+encounter took place. In spite of their great heroism, the 30th Infantry
+Regiment, outnumbered and almost surrounded, was forced to abandon the
+position, but only after a dashing counter-attack by a battalion of the
+99th Infantry had failed to extricate them. On the right, the German
+Alpine Corps, by a daring manoeuvre, made possible by the fog and the
+broken nature of the ground, succeeded in reaching the artillery
+positions, which were at once attacked by machine-gun fire. The French
+and British batteries, under a storm of bullets, were obliged to
+retreat, saving what material they could and blowing up the rest.
+
+The Germans thus reached the village of Locre, which changed hands
+several times during the day.
+
+Finally, after a counter-attack, the 154th Infantry Division remained
+masters of the village, although the Germans succeeded in holding the
+"hospice" at the southern end.
+
+The situation was now critical and the enemy advance had to be checked
+at all costs. On the night of the 25th the Allies were reinforced by the
+39th Infantry Division (Massenet) at the very moment a fresh German
+offensive was being launched. The timely arrival of these troops
+effectually stayed the German thrust.
+
+On the evening of the 26th, after much sanguinary fighting, the enemy
+paused, exhausted. The French took advantage of the respite to
+consolidate new positions.
+
+The 27th was marked only by a violent attack on the extreme left at
+Voormezele, where the Germans succeeded in obtaining a footing, only to
+be driven out by a vigorous British counter-attack.
+
+As a result of these various battles the new line was as follows: from
+Locre Chateau it ran south of Locre Village, followed Kemmelbeek Valley,
+passed in front of La Clytte Village, then south of Dickebusch Pond and
+Voormezele Village, joining up with Zillebeke on the south-east.
+
+It was against this new front that the Germans were now preparing a new
+offensive.
+
+[Illustration: ON APRIL 29, THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A LAST FURIOUS ATTACK
+AGAINST THE HILLS, AND FAILED. EXHAUSTED, THEY THEN ABANDONED THEIR
+PLANS FOR TAKING YPRES]
+
+
+
+
+=THE LAST GERMAN ATTACK=
+(_April 29, 1918._)
+
+
+After an artillery preparation lasting all night, the attack began at 7
+a.m. on April 29, along a front about eight and a half miles in length,
+extending from the Chateau and Park of Locre to Dickebusch Pond. This
+attack, by no less than 120,000 enemy troops, resulted in a crushing
+defeat for the Germans.
+
+Both ends of the front stood firm: the British on the left, between La
+Clytte and Zillebeke, and the French on the right, in the Chateau and
+Park of Locre. All attacks were vigorously repulsed, and the Germans did
+not even reach the Allied lines.
+
+More fortunate in the centre, they succeeded in taking the village of
+Locre, and advanced beyond it as far as the cross-ways on the Westoutre
+Road, half-a-mile north of Locre. Their success was but short-lived,
+however, as a vigorous counter-attack by French Dragoons drove them
+back, and at the end of the day all that remained of their gains was a
+slight salient near Brulooze Inn. Exhausted, they did not renew their
+attack.
+
+The Hill offensive was over. The Germans had destroyed Ypres, but could
+not enter the ruined city.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=THE ALLIES' VICTORY OFFENSIVE OF AUGUST--OCTOBER, 1918=
+
+
+After the German setback of April 29, the initiative passed into the
+hands of the Allies.
+
+On April 30, the French 39th Infantry Division reduced the Brulooze Inn
+salient. During the following week numerous local engagements enabled
+the Allies to recapture several fortified farms and _points d'appui_,
+and generally to consolidate their positions. An attack by the British,
+on July 19, to the north of the Lys, advanced their lines two and a half
+miles, and gave them the village of Meteren. Then followed a lull, which
+lasted until the speeding-up of Foch's offensive rendered the German
+positions untenable and forced the conquered enemy back towards the
+Rhine.
+
+After the Allies' victorious counter-thrust had flattened out the
+"pocket" made by the German Spring offensive near Amiens, the battle
+quickly spread over the whole front, including Flanders.
+
+East of Nieppe Forest and Hazebrouck, the British, pressing forward
+towards Armentieres, advanced beyond Vieux-Berquin in the direction of
+Merville. On August 18, they joined battle between Vieux-Berquin and
+Bailleul, on a front of four miles, and captured the village of
+Outtersteene. The next day they entered Merville.
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN POSITION NORTH OF YPRES, CAPTURED BY BELGIAN
+TROOPS ON SEPT. 8--9, 1918]
+
+On September 1, the British had reached the line: La Bassee, Laventie,
+Steenwerke, Neuve-Eglise and Wulverghem, on both sides of the Lys. On
+the following day, Estaires was outflanked south of Lens, and the famous
+Hindenburg line passed. Noreuil, Villers-au-Flos (south of Queant), Le
+Transloy, Sailly-Saillisel and Allaines (south of the Bapaume-Cambrai
+Road) were next captured. Further south the storming of Queant by the
+Canadians, who then advanced beyond, and approached Marquion, opened the
+road to Cambrai.
+
+On September 4, the British reached the Canal du Nord, and crossed it at
+several points. On the following day, they regained possession of their
+old lines on both sides of the Lys, from Neuve-Chapelle to Givenchy, and
+captured Ploegsteert Village. On September 10, south-west of Cambrai,
+Gouzeaucourt Wood and the old line of trenches dominating Gouzeaucourt
+Village, as well as the outskirts of Havrincourt Wood were occupied.
+
+The general offensive was to be launched a few days later, in
+co-operation with the Belgian Army and some French units.
+
+On September 28, the Belgian Army and the British Second Army (General
+Plumer), commanded by King Albert, marched against the army of Von
+Arnim. The British, covered on the north by the Belgians, began a
+turning movement in the region of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing.
+Houthulst Forest, the crests of Passchendaele and Gheluvelt, and Dixmude
+were carried with fine dash. Crossing the Lys on the following days
+between Wervicq and Comines, the British now drew near to Menin. On
+October 1, the Germans were in full retreat on a wide front north and
+south of the Bassee Canal, all their positions between Armentieres and
+the south of Lens being now abandoned.
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED BRITISH TANK SUNK IN THE MUD AT THE ENTRANCE TO
+POELCAPPELLE]
+
+On October 9, the Canadians of the First Army occupied Cambrai. On the
+13th, the British reached the gates of Douai and occupied the banks of
+the Haute-Deule Canal from Douai to Vendin-le-Vieil.
+
+Elsewhere, the British Second Army, after capturing Menin and Wervicq,
+obtained a footing on the right bank of the Lys, then crossed the river
+between Menin and Armentieres, thus forcing the Germans to abandon the
+line of the Haute-Deule, and taking the Lille-Tourcoing in the rear.
+
+The British army and some French units occupied Lille--capital of the
+north--on October 17, and the same days the Germans evacuated Douai.
+Roubaix and Tourcoing were liberated the next day, and Denain,
+Marchiennes and Orchies on the 21st and 22nd.
+
+The Western suburbs of Valenciennes were fiercely disputed, being
+finally retaken on November 2 by the Canadian troops under General
+Currie.
+
+A few days later the Armistice was signed, and the victory of the Allied
+armies sealed.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST ITINERARY FOR VISITING THE BATTLEFIELD]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN OCCUPATION OF LILLE. TROOPS PARADING IN THE GREAT
+SQUARE
+_From the Michelin Guide: "Lille, before and during the War."_]
+
+
+
+
+VISIT TO THE BATTLEFIELD
+
+
+A visit to Ypres Town and Salient requires two days, and may be made
+most conveniently by taking Lille as the starting-point.
+
+_First Day_: Visit Messines, Wytschaete, Houthem, Zondvoorde, Gheluvelt,
+Becelaere, Zonnebeke, Passchendaele, Langemarck, Ypres, Zollebeke and
+Hooge, spending the night at Poperinghe.
+
+_Second Day_: Visit the Hills: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel;
+then, after re-crossing the French frontier, those of Cats and Noir,
+returning to Lille for the night, via Armentieres, Estaires, Bethune and
+La Bassee.
+
+
+
+
+=FIRST DAY: LILLE--YPRES=
+(_See Itinerary, p. 47._)
+
+
+Starting-point: The Grande Place, Lille.
+
+_Take Rue Nationale to the end, go round Place Tourcoing, take Rue de La
+Bassee on the left, then the first turning on the right (Rue de
+Turenne), Canteleu Gate, and Rue Lequeux. Cross the bridge over the
+Haute-Deule Canal, and turn to the left into N. 42._
+
+_At Canteleu follow the tram-lines leading to Lomme. At the end of the
+village, cross the railway (l. c.). Go through Lomme by Rue Thiers,
+leaving the church on the right_ (transept greatly damaged).
+
+On the left are the burnt ruins of a large spinning mill. In the fields:
+numerous small forts of reinforced concrete, which commanded all the
+roads into Lille. The road passes through a small wood, in the
+right-hand part of which are the ruins of Premesques Chateau, of which
+only the facade remains. Further on, to the left, is Wez Macquart, whose
+church was badly damaged. Trenches lead to the road, while in the
+fields, traces of the violent shelling are still visible.
+
+_Pass through Chapelle d'Armentieres (completely destroyed). After
+crossing the railway (l. c.), a British cemetery is seen on the right._
+=Armentieres= _lies on the other side of the next level crossing._
+
+_After entering_ =Armentieres=, _and immediately beyond the railway,
+take Rue du Faubourg de Lille, leaving the Church of St. Roch on the
+right. After passing a public washing-place, turn to the right into the
+Rue de Lille, then cross the Grande Place._ Here will be seen the
+Hotel-de-Ville, completely ruined. _Take a few steps along Rue de
+Dunkerque, then turn into the first street on the right, which leads to
+the Place de l'Eglise St. Waast._
+
+
+=Armentieres=
+
+Armentieres suffered in many wars, being taken by the English in 1339,
+by the French in 1382, by the Calvinists in 1566, by Marshals de Gassion
+and De Rantzau in 1645, and by the Archduke Leopold in 1647.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES (_ancient engraving_)]
+
+Occupied by the Germans in August, 1914, it was retaken in September.
+Nearly four years later (April, 1918) it again fell into the hands of
+the enemy. On October 2, it was finally liberated by General Plumer's
+army.
+
+Until the later war, Armentieres had preserved its 17th century belfry
+of chimes, its church of Notre-Dame, and another church dedicated to St.
+Waast--patron saint of the town.
+
+This personage, to whom many of the churches in this district have been
+dedicated, was Bishop of Arras in the 6th century. While still a priest,
+he is said to have cured a blind beggar in the presence of Clovis. This
+miracle was one of the causes which led to the conversion of the king,
+to whom St. Waast acted instructor in the Faith.
+
+The town also possessed a national technical school, dating from the
+previous century.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ARMENTIERES (_before the War_)
+THE RIVER LYS AND ST. WAAST CHURCH (_Cliche LL._)]
+
+Belfry, churches, schools and houses are all in ruins.
+
+In everything connected with the spinning and weaving of linen
+Armentieres, like Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, and the whole of Northern
+France in general, was considerably in advance of Germany. Consequently,
+the Germans destroyed all the mills, factories and metallurgical works,
+and what machinery could not be taken to pieces and sent to Germany they
+ruthlessly smashed.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. ST. WAAST CHURCH AS THE GERMANS LEFT IT
+(_Compare with photo, p. 50._)]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES AND THE RIVER LYS]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. THE HOTEL-DE-VILLE AFTER THE FIRST
+BOMBARDMENT]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. BEFORE RETREATING, THE GERMANS MINED THE
+TOWN]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. NOTRE DAME CHURCH WAS NOT GREATLY DAMAGED BY
+THE BOMBARDMENTS (_see below_)]
+
+_Visit the ruins of_ =St. Waast Church=, _then return to Rue de
+Dunkerque. There take the first street on the right and cross the Lys._
+From the Bridge there is a general view of the church.
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. NOTRE-DAME CHURCH, WHICH THE GERMANS BLEW UP
+BEFORE BEING DRIVEN OUT OF THE TOWN (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. RUE NATIONALE, AS THE SHELLS LEFT IT]
+
+[Illustration: ARMENTIERES. RUE DE LILLE IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: BIZET. POST ON THE FRONTIER
+_On the left of motor-car_: TEMPORARY CUSTOM HOUSE]
+
+_Cross the Cloth Market, then follow the tram-lines along Rue de Flandre
+and Rue Bizet. Follow the Lys Canal, then cross the new bridge. Go
+through Bizet Village_ (badly damaged houses). _Leaving the ruins of the
+church on the right, turn first to the right, then to the left_ (the
+photograph shows an army hut on the left, now temporarily used as the
+office of the Receiver of French Customs). _Cross the frontier a few
+yards further on, then at the fork just outside the village, take the
+road on the right opposite the Villa des Roses (photo below). Leaving on
+the right the road to the gasworks_ (of which nothing is left but a
+wrecked gasometer) _the first houses of_ =Ploegsteert= _are reached._
+This village lay west of the first lines in May, 1918, and was captured
+by the Germans on April 12 (see p. 39).
+
+[Illustration: BIZET. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS PLOEGSTEERT
+_Take the right-hand road._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE ENTRANCE TO PLOEGSTEERT]
+
+[Illustration: MESSINES ROAD (_seen from the Chateau de la Hutte_)
+_In the background_: MESSINES RIDGE]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY ON THE PLOEGSTEERT ROAD AT MESSINES]
+
+British cemetery No. 53 (photo, p. 56) lies at the entrance to the
+village. _Go straight through the village_ (in ruins). _On leaving it_,
+Cemetery No. 54 is seen on the right, then beyond a large concrete
+shelter, Cemetery No. 55. Cemetery No. 56 is on the left, beyond the
+level-crossing.
+
+[Illustration: CROSS-ROADS AT NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRACE
+_The Messines Road (bordered with tree stumps) was not practicable for
+motors in June, 1919. Take the Neuve-Eglise Road on the left (see
+Itinerary, p. 47)._]
+
+_Cross Ploegsteert Wood, leaving the road to Petit-Pont Farm on the
+left. Here the road rises._ To the left, on the slopes of Hill 63, are
+seen the ruins of La Hutte Chateau. On the crest opposite stand the
+ruins of Messines (photo above). In June, 1919, it was not possible to
+go direct to Messines, the road being cut at the Petite Douve stream.
+
+[Illustration: AMONG THE RUINS OF MESSINES
+_The motor takes the left-hand road to Wytschaete (see p. 47)._]
+
+_Follow the road as far as the fork to the place called
+Notre-Dame-de-Grace_ (the ruins of the chapel are barely
+distinguishable), _then take the Neuve-Eglise road on the left._ Stop
+the car at Rossignol terre-plein and walk a few yards into the little
+wood on the right; numerous concrete shelters, from the top of which
+there is a very fine view over the Hills Kemmel, Rouge, Noir and Cats.
+The last-named can be recognised by its abbey, which stands out against
+the sky.
+
+_Return to the car. The road now descends. Passing by a few ruined
+houses--all that remain of the hamlet of Haubourdin--a fork is reached,
+where take the Neuve-Eglise-Messines road on the right._ British
+cemetery on the right. _Cross the Douve river, then the railway (l. c.).
+Turn to the right at the first ruins of Wulverghem, then go through the
+village, passing in front of the cemetery. Next cross the Steenbeck, by
+the St. Quentin Bridge. The road now rises sharply to the crest on which
+Messines used to stand._ Numerous small forts are seen to the right and
+left. These machine-gun nests are all that now mark the site of the
+village.
+
+At the entrance to the village leave the car at the junction of the
+Ypres-Armentieres and Neuve-Eglise-Warneton roads, and visit these
+pathetic ruins on foot.
+
+=Messines= maybe regarded as one of the hinges of the "Ypres Salient."
+An important strategic point, it was hotly disputed throughout the war.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO WYTSCHAETE
+_The motor takes the right-hand road to Oosttaverne (see p. 47)._]
+
+On November 3, 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres, it fell into the
+hands of the enemy. At four o'clock on the following day, the ground
+between this village and Hollebeke (some four miles to the north) was
+the scene of several furious attacks (see p. 8).
+
+Messines was destroyed by the British bombardment during the offensive
+of June, 1917. The New Zealanders captured it on June 7, in spite of a
+stubborn defence. They also took the neighbouring village of Wytschaete
+(see p. 20). Messines again fell into German hands in April, 1918 (see
+p. 39), and was finally retaken on September 30 during the last battle
+(see p. 46).
+
+_Return to the car and take the Ypres road on the left_ (photo, p. 58).
+Along this road are numerous little bridges thrown across the
+shell-holes.
+
+=Wytschaete=, which is soon reached, was captured, like Messines, in the
+first battle of 1914, and retaken by the New Zealanders on June 7, 1917.
+After being entirely destroyed by bombardment (see p. 20), it was lost
+again on April 15, 1918, then retaken on September 30, 1918.
+
+_At the fork, just before entering the village_--protected by a series
+of powerful blockhouses--_take the road on the right leading to
+Oosttaverne_ (now totally destroyed). _Follow the main road_
+(Ypres-Warneton) _on the right as far as the place called Gapaard_
+(photo below), _then turn to the left along the road to Houthem._ A
+series of little bridges over shell-craters full of water--once the
+River Wanbecke--are crossed.
+
+[Illustration: GAPAARD. END OF VILLAGE, GOING TOWARDS HOUTHEM]
+
+[Illustration: HOLLEBEKE CHATEAU, BEFORE THE WAR. IT HAS BEEN RAZED TO
+THE GROUND (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Go through Houthem_, which was razed to the ground. Beyond an armoured
+shelter built against the brick wall of a house, _the road turns to the
+left. Cross the canal by the temporary bridge._
+
+The old bed of the canal is marked by some crumbling blocks of concrete.
+_A few yards further on, take the level-crossing over the Ypres-Lille
+Railway._ It was on this line that on October 22 and 23, 1914, the
+Germans brought up an armoured train which bombarded Ypres with
+incendiary shells, causing the first serious damage to the town.
+
+_A few hundred yards beyond the railway turn to the right at the village
+of Kortewilde_, where a few wooden houses are being erected among the
+ruins. _After crossing a number of little bridges over the Gaverbeck
+canal, the road, rising slightly, turns to the right._ At this turning
+the Chateau (photo above) and village of =Hollebeke= ought to be visible
+on the left, but this part of the battlefield is in so chaotic a
+condition that neither road, canal, nor village can be distinguished.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE GHELUVELT USED TO STAND, ON THE ROAD TO MENIN]
+
+During the first battle (November, 1914) the Germans launched attacks in
+great force between Hollebeke and Messines, and captured both these
+places. Hollebeke was retaken on July 13, 1917, during the first phase
+of the great British offensive for the clearing of the town. After being
+lost again in April, 1918, Hollebeke was finally recaptured by the
+Allies in October.
+
+_The road first rises, then descends._ On the hillside are the ruins of
+Zandvoorde. _At the entrance to the village take the Zillebeke-Wervicq
+road on the left, then first to the right, then to the left, between two
+wooden houses. The road descends, then, undulating slightly, joins the
+main road from Ypres to Menin, opposite Gheluvelt,_ the site of which is
+marked by a sign-post.
+
+This was one of the important strategic points in the first German
+offensive of 1914 (see p. 7), when the village was captured by the
+enemy. During the battle for the clearing of Ypres, fierce fighting took
+place to the west of =Gheluvelt=, especially at Tower Hamlet. From
+November, 1917, to April, 1918, the firing-line ran through the village.
+Gheluvelt was retaken by the British in October, 1918.
+
+_Take the main road from Ypres to Menin on the right. Only at Gheluvelt
+will a passable road to Becelaere be found_.
+
+In Gheluvelt, where there are still a few broken walls standing, turn to
+the left at the fork in the road, leaving the ruined church on the
+right. At the next fork take the right-hand road to the ruined hamlet of
+Terhand.
+
+Fifty yards before the crossing with the Dadizelle Road, there is a
+German cemetery on the right, containing a remarkable concrete monument,
+thirty feet in height, which dominates the whole plain. This monument
+(photo, p. 62) was in reality a German observation post. Inside there
+were two floors. An outside staircase led to a platform. Traces of the
+balustrade are visible in the photo.
+
+[Illustration: ROAD FROM GHELUVELT TO BECELAERE
+(_Impracticable for motors in June_, 1919.)]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN CEMETERY AT TERHAND. DUMMY FUNERAL MONUMENT WHICH
+WAS REALLY A GERMAN OBSERVATION-POST]
+
+_Leave the Dadizelle road on the right._ The road hereabouts is
+camouflaged. Numerous small forts may be seen on both sides of the
+plateau, especially on the right. The largest of them was used as a
+telephone exchange.
+
+After passing the place called Molenhoek the tourist comes to the
+Passchendaele-Wervicq road, now impassable.
+
+_Leave the car at the fork, and go on foot through the ruins of
+Becelaere, as far as the church on the right._
+
+[Illustration: RUINED VILLAGE OF BECELAERE]
+
+_Return to the fork and take the right-hand uphill road._ On the plateau
+there are many shelters.
+
+To the west of the road from Becelaere to Zonnebeke lay Polygone Wood,
+which was entirely destroyed. The British made two unsuccessful attempts
+(July 31 and August 16, 1917) to take this strongly fortified wood,
+succeeding eventually on September 20 (see p. 28). Evacuated by the
+British in April, 1918, the wood was finally recaptured by the Allies in
+October, 1918.
+
+Beyond the place called Noordenhoek there is a bend in the road. On the
+left, Zonnebeke Pond, the ruined chateau, and the remains of a gasometer
+come into sight (photo below).
+
+_At the place called Broodseinde take the Ypres-Roulers road on the
+left, to visit the ruins of Zonnebeke._
+
+=Zonnebeke= was taken in 1914 by the Germans, who made an outpost of it
+in front of their lines. The village was recaptured on September 26,
+then lost in April, 1918, and finally retaken in the following October.
+
+_Return to the fork_ (which was commanded by numerous small forts), _and
+turn to the left:_ military cemetery at the side of the road. In the
+fields on the right, 200 yards beyond the level crossing, there is a
+monument to the memory of 148 officers and men of the Canadian 85th
+Battalion (photo, p. 64).
+
+Passing through shell-torn country, =Passchendaele=--now razed to the
+ground--is reached. All that remains of the church is the mound seen in
+the background of the photograph (p. 64).
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ZONNEBEKE VILLAGE]
+
+Passchendaele was captured by the Germans in November, 1914, and later
+by the British (October 26, 1917). The village had already been wiped
+out by the bombardment, but the position, which dominated Ypres and
+Roulers, was an important one. The fighting there was of the fiercest,
+Hindenburg having ordered it to be held at all costs. However, the
+British broke down the enemy's stubborn resistance.
+
+[Illustration: BETWEEN BROODSEINDE AND PASSCHENDAELE. MONUMENT TO 148
+FALLEN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE 85TH CANADIAN BATTALION]
+
+[Illustration: WHAT WAS ONCE PASSCHENDAELE. THE CHURCH WAS ON THE
+HILLOCK IN THE BACKGROUND]
+
+[Illustration: WESTROOSEBEKE, SEEN FROM THE RUINED CHURCH]
+
+
+=From Passchendaele to Ypres=
+
+_Beyond the church turn to the left._ The undulating road goes straight
+to =Westroosebeke=.
+
+Westroosebeke was taken at the same time as Passchendaele, during the
+British offensive of October 29, 1917. These two positions, lost in
+April, 1918, were retaken on September 30 by the Belgian army under King
+Albert.
+
+[Illustration: POELCAPPELLE. THE ROAD FROM LANGEMARCK TO DIXMUDE]
+
+The village was completely destroyed. _On entering, turn to the right
+and pass the church._ A few broken tombstones mark the site of the
+churchyard.
+
+_Retracing his steps, the tourist turns to the right into the
+Ypres-Roulers Road_, which describes a bend to reach =Poelcappelle=.
+This village was the scene of fierce fighting in December, 1914, and
+May, 1915, and is now in ruins. There are numerous redoubts to right and
+left. _Just beyond the village, leave the Dixmude Road on the right, and
+take the one leading to Langemarck._
+
+Beyond the cross-roads there is a confused heap of rails and broken
+trucks in the middle of a piece of shell-torn ground.
+
+_At the fork, take the road to the right and enter the ruined village
+of_ =Langemarck=.
+
+The photograph below shows: in the background, a mound formed by the
+ruins of the church; in the foreground, a tank.
+
+Langemarck, defended by the French in 1914, was evacuated on December 17
+of that year. Recaptured, the town was lost again on April 21, 1915,
+during the German gas attack.
+
+_Keep along the road, leaving on the left the ruins of the church, and a
+little further on the remains of the chateau_ (_photo, p. 67_).
+
+_Cross the railway (l. c.) and then go on to_ =Houthulst Forest=,
+captured by the Germans in 1914, and retaken in 1918 (see p. 46). In
+June, 1919, the roads through the forest were impracticable for
+motor-cars.
+
+_Return to the fork at the entrance to Langemarck, turn to the right,
+and take the road to Boesinghe, crossing the Hanebeek. The road follows
+the Ypres-Thourout railway_, on both sides of which are numerous
+redoubts. _Cross the ruins of Pilkem_, 300 yards beyond, which is a
+rather large British cemetery.
+
+_At the next fork in the road turn to the right and cross the railway
+(l. c.)._ On the left is another cemetery. _Turn again to the left_.
+Notice in passing a third cemetery, then a few yards further on the
+ruins of a mill. _Cross the canal at the Pont de Boesinghe_.
+
+_On reaching the crossing of the main road from Dixmude to Ypres, turn
+to the right._ On the left, the remains of Boesinghe Chateau stand in
+the middle of a park, the trees of which are cut to pieces.
+
+[Illustration: LANGEMARCK, WITH DESTROYED TANK. THE MOUND IN THE MIDDLE
+DISTANCE IS ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH]
+
+[Illustration: LANGEMARCK CHATEAU BEFORE THE WAR
+_Now razed to the ground_ (_photo, Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+_Follow the road running along the canal._ The latter, owing to the
+upheaval of the ground by shell-fire, is often lost to view. 1,500 yards
+from Boesinghe, the site of Het Sas village, where the lock used to
+stand, may still be located. The fighting was very severe there,
+especially in 1914.
+
+[Illustration: BOESINGHE. RUINED CHATEAU AND DEVASTATED PARK]
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO YPRES. YPRES CANAL AT BOESINGHE, SEEN FROM
+RUE DE DIXMUDE, YPRES
+(_Compare with view below, taken before the War_.)]
+
+_Return to Boesinghe, leave the road just taken on the left, and cross
+the railway (l. c.)._
+
+The road runs alongside the Yperlee river and canal for some distance.
+Numerous traces of footbridges are to be seen over both river and canal,
+the course of which can no longer be distinguished with certainty.
+
+_The road next turns sharply to the left, crosses the Lys-Yperlee Canal,
+then passes the dock of the Yser-Ypres Canal_ (photo above), _and
+enters_ =Ypres= _by the Dixmude Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO YPRES BEFORE THE WAR
+(_See above--photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF YPRES, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony,
+Ypres_)]
+
+
+
+
+=YPRES=
+
+
+Few names awaken more memories than that of Ypres--a city of
+incomparable splendour in the Middle Ages, and of which nothing now
+remains but a heap of ruins. Of the last precious traces of this ancient
+prosperity, the rich and splendid buildings which filled the mind with
+wonder--the immense Cloth Hall, the beautiful cathedral, the churches,
+the sumptuous mansions, the sculptured houses--the German guns have
+spared nothing. History furnishes few examples of such grandeur followed
+by destruction so swift and so complete. Ypres is now but a memory.
+
+
+=Chief Historical Events=
+
+The Town of Ypres (Latin Ypra, Flemish Ieperen) grew up in the 10th
+century around a fortified castle, rebuilt about 958 by Baudoin, Count
+of Flanders. This castle had been in existence since the 8th century,
+but only the ruins had survived Norman invasions.
+
+The town, favourably situated in the centre of the maritime plain with
+its rich grassy meadows intersected by canals, prospered exceedingly. A
+numerous population sprang up of merchants and artisans, whose chief
+sources of wealth were the manufacture and sale of cloth.
+
+As early as the 12th, but especially in the 13th and 14th centuries,
+Ypres, thanks to important privileges granted by the Counts of Flanders,
+became a considerable town, and possessed 4,000 looms.
+
+Flanders, the meeting-point of the three great European states--England,
+France and Germany--was then the industrial centre _par excellence_ of
+the west and the rendezvous of all the merchants of the old world. This
+explains the splendour of the towns of Flanders in the Middle Ages, not
+only Ypres, but Bruges, Ghent, etc.
+
+This prosperity was often a temptation to the Kings of France, who led
+many an expedition into Flanders. Ypres was taken by Louis VI. in 1128,
+by Philippe-Auguste in 1213, by Philippe-le-Bel in 1297, but the town
+was little damaged in these wars.
+
+It suffered more in the 14th century. Riots, and the siege and
+destruction of the town by the people of Ghent in 1383, caused many of
+the weavers to emigrate, and left as its only industry the manufacture
+of Valenciennes lace. At that time the Counts of Flanders were French
+princes. Robert de Bethune was succeeded in 1322 by the Count of Nevers,
+whose family reigned until 1384. This dynasty ended with Louis-le-Male,
+and Philippe-le-Hardi, Duke of Burgundy, became Count of Flanders. Under
+the rule of these Dukes, who were fairly wise and moderate
+statesmen--Flanders being a source of considerable revenue, and the
+Flemish people quick to revolt against any violation of their
+privileges--Ypres prospered greatly.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES IN THE 16TH CENTURY]
+
+In 1481 Flanders passed under the rule of Austria (Marie, heiress of
+Burgundy, had married the Archduke Maximilian), then in 1558 under that
+of Spain. In 1559 it replaced Therouanne as the centre of the diocese.
+
+At that time it had lost much of its splendour. Towards the end of the
+15th century it was depopulated by a dreadful pestilence, and about the
+middle of the following century, a second outbreak completed the ruin of
+the town. It was just beginning to recover when it was captured by the
+_Gueux_ and the troops of the Duc d'Albe and Alexandre Farnese, who
+massacred most of the inhabitants.
+
+In the 17th century Ypres was taken by the French on four
+occasions--1648, 1649, 1658 and 1678--finally reverting to France under
+the Treaty of Nimegue at about the latter date. Vauban fortified it.
+Retaken by the Imperial Troops in 1715, Ypres was restored to France in
+1792, and under the Empire became the capital of the Departement of Lys.
+The treaties of 1815 gave it back to the Netherlands, and since 1830 it
+has formed part of the Kingdom of Belgium.
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN BOMBARDMENT OF THE ASYLUM]
+
+In 1914 the population numbered 18,000. Its principal industries were
+the manufacture of woollen goods, printed cottons, linens, ribbons, and
+Valenciennes lace. Its tanneries and dye works were also of considerable
+importance. It was a clean, well-built town, watered by the river
+Yperlee. The many arms of the latter ran through the streets of the
+town, enabling the boats loaded with merchandise to come right up to the
+warehouses.
+
+These waterways are now covered in. Formerly there was a path on each
+side of them, which explains the exceptional width of the streets and
+squares of Ypres.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=YPRES=
+
+
+=A Visit to the Ruins=
+
+_The tourist enters Ypres by the Dixmude Gate._
+
+At No. 54 Rue de Dixmude is the facade of the Maison Biebuygk, on the
+right. Built in 1544, this house was one of the most remarkable in
+Ypres. Immediately below the gable were two carved medallions
+representing the sun and the moon. The great pointed arch which framed
+the gable windows gave exceptional grace to the facade (photos, p. 73).
+
+At No. 66 of the same street, on the left, the 18th century facade shown
+in the photographs (p. 74), was still standing in July, 1919. It was
+decorated with statues of the Virgin Mary and St. Francois, under fluted
+niches with carved borders.
+
+[Illustration: BIEBUYGK HOUSE (_No_. 54, _Rue de Dixmude_), BEFORE THE
+WAR. IT WAS ONE OF THE HANDSOMEST HOUSES IN YPRES (_photo, Antony,
+Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: BIEBUYGK HOUSE, AS THE WAR LEFT IT]
+
+[Illustration: ST. FRANCOIS SCHOOL, RUE DE DIXMUDE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. FRANCOIS SCHOOL, AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. THE GRANDE PLACE ON MARKET-DAY, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_See below. Photo, Antony, Ypres_.)]
+
+Arriving at the Grande Place, the imposing ruins of the =Nieuwerk= and
+the =Cloth Hall= are seen on the right.
+
+[Illustration: WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. RUINS OF THE CLOTH HALL, SEEN FROM ST. MARTIN'S
+CATHEDRAL. FRAGMENTS OF THE LATTER ARE VISIBLE IN THE FOREGROUND]
+
+
+
+
+=THE CLOTH HALL AND THE NIEUWERK=
+
+
+The Cloth Hall, containing extensive warehouses, in which the sale of
+cloth was carried on, was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. It
+consisted of a series of buildings grouped around a rectangular court.
+The Hall proper was distinguished from a building called the Nieuwerk,
+added in the 17th century. The southern building of the hall had a
+magnificent facade, flanked on the east by the gable of the Nieuwerk and
+surmounted by a large belfry in the centre. Bold turrets stood at both
+ends of this facade. Rather spare in ornament, the long succession of
+glazed and blind windows constituted the grandeur of the facade. On the
+ground-floor, which was lighted by a row of quatrefoil windows in
+pointed arches, there were forty-eight rectangular doors.
+
+Above these doors were the high windows of the upper storey, the Hall
+having two floors. These windows were alternately glazed and blind--a
+method frequently adopted in the Middle Ages, to avoid weakness in the
+walls, without detracting from the symmetry of the exterior. This storey
+was reached by staircases, access to which was gained through doors at
+each end of the facade.
+
+The glazed windows were decorated with three trefoils supported on two
+arches. The blind windows were similar to the windows of the
+ground-floor, except that the latter were less lofty. The two arches
+formed niches, each of which contained a statue: that of a Count of
+Flanders (the Counts and Countesses from Baudoin Bras-de-Fer to Charles
+Quint were represented) or of a notable citizen of Ypres, such as
+Melchior Broederlam, the painter. These statues, some of which were
+restored in the 19th century, rested on a corbel apparently supported by
+a small figure bearing the coat-of-arms of the sovereign represented.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. THE CLOTH HALL, NIEUWERK AND CATHEDRAL (in the
+background)
+_The 13th--14th Hall had a magnificent facade, surmounted by a high
+bell-tower_ (_photo, Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+The upper portion of the walls was decorated with an ornamental frieze
+and a battlement bordered with fine moulding. The frieze was composed of
+a tricusped arcade with small columns carried on corbels with carved
+heads.
+
+Behind the battlements ran a sentry-way, while at the ends of the facade
+turrets decorated with arcades and surmounted by octagonal spires,
+served as watch-towers.
+
+[Illustration: THE WINDOWS OF THE FIRST STORY OF THE CLOTH HALL
+_Every alternate window was blind, and was ornamented with statues of
+the Counts of Flanders or other notable persons of the city_ (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_).]
+
+The Belfry rose from the centre of the buildings, of which it was the
+oldest part, the foundation-stone having been laid by Baudoin =IX=.,
+Count of Flanders, in 1201. Square in plan, it consisted of three
+stories. Its exterior, like that of the facade, was decorated with
+arches, and was lighted with windows ornamented with trefoils. It had
+two rows of battlements, four corner-turrets, and a timber-work roof
+surmounted by a campanile, above which rose a small spire. At the base
+of this campanile there were four copper eagles, dating from 1330. At
+the foot of the belfry a door, flanked by two pilasters, led to the
+inner court of the Hall. Over this door was a modern statue of
+Notre-Dame-de-Tuine, with the Lion of Flanders above.
+
+The belfry served all the purposes of a Hotel-de-Ville (previous to the
+14th century there were no Hotels-de-Ville properly so-called). It was
+there that the representatives of the guilds held their meetings, and
+that the charters of the guilds were kept in great coffers with manifold
+locks. There, also, the archives of the town were stored. The bottom
+storey was used as a prison. From the summit, unceasing watch was kept,
+to warn the citizens of danger, especially that of fire.
+
+[Illustration: YPRES. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE FACADE OF THE CLOTH HALL]
+
+The roof of the Hall was pitched very high, in order the more easily to
+get rid of snow and rain water. It was gilded and emblazoned with the
+arms of the city and those of the County of Flanders. This roof, with
+its dormer windows, did not cover a stone vaulting, but a panelled
+ceiling. Inside the upper storey were large wainscotted galleries,
+which, in the 19th century, were divided by partitions and adorned with
+mural decorations.
+
+[Illustration: PORTAL OF THE BELL-TOWER
+_The collapse of the facade which framed the tower (photo below) left
+the latter standing alone. The lower portion still exists, thanks to its
+massive construction (photo, Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+[Illustration: THE PORTAL BEFORE THE WAR]
+
+[Illustration: THE PAUWELS ROOM BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+
+=The Pauwels Room=
+
+During the last century, the Hall was frequently restored and
+embellished. In 1876 the walls of the eastern half of the southern
+building were decorated with twelve mural paintings by Ferdinand
+Pauwels, representing the principal events in the history of Ypres, in
+the days of its prosperity (1187 to the siege by the people of Ghent in
+1383). The artist displayed exquisite taste, especially in the fresco
+depicting the "Wedding of Mahaut de Bethune with Mathias de Lorraine."
+The western half of the gallery was decorated by the artist Delbecke,
+with paintings depicting the life of a cloth merchant. Owing to the
+death of the artist, the last picture was never finished. This gallery
+was used as a banqueting hall. A number of statues by Puyenbroeck of
+Brussels, along the southern facade, had replaced the originals, badly
+damaged during the Revolution (1793).
+
+The River Yperlee formerly flowed past the western facade and, until
+1848, there was a flight of steps with a double balustrade (17th
+century) to facilitate the transfer of merchandise from the boats to the
+warehouses.
+
+[Illustration: THE PAUWELS ROOM IN DEC., 1914 (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: THE JUNCTION OF THE CLOTH HALL WITH THE NIEUWERK (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+
+=The Nieuwerk=
+
+The Nieuwerk did not detract from the imposing appearance of the
+southern facade, of which it formed the continuation. Renaissance in
+style, the plans are said to have been the work of J. Sporeman (about
+1575). Building was begun early in the 17th century and finished in
+1624.
+
+The ground-floor formed an open hall, 20 feet in width, the vaulting of
+which was carried on slender cylindrical columns, joined by irregular
+arcades. The building comprises two stories, the first of which
+communicated with that of the Cloth Hall. The large high windows of the
+facades were very close together. The roof was pierced with high and
+very ornamental dormer-windows.
+
+The Nieuwerk was restored about 1862. In the Chapelle Echevinale,
+frescoes by Guffens and J. Swerts, and stained-glass was renovated, and
+at the same time a fine fireplace was built by Malfait of Brussels. Old
+mural paintings, representing St. Mark and St. John, and a frieze,
+depicting the Counts of Flanders from 1322 to 1476, were discovered and
+restored. In the middle of the hall stood a small equestrian statue of
+John of Brabant (1252--1294) by A. Fiers.
+
+This slightly-built Nieuwerk could not long withstand the bombardment.
+The south gable, struck on November 21, 1914, collapsed, while on the
+following day the Cloth Hall burst into flames. A few weeks' later the
+Nieuwerk was completely destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHERIFF'S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, DECEMBER, 1914
+_The collapse of the first floor left visible the remains of the
+decoration seen in the photo below (photo, Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+[Illustration: THE SHERIFF'S ROOM IN THE NIEUWERK, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: OLD HOUSES WHICH, BEFORE THE WAR, WERE THE PRIDE OF THE
+VANDENPEEREBOOM SQUARE (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Turn to the right in the Place Vandenpeereboom_, formerly an ornamental
+pond, now filled in.
+
+Here used to stand a row of old houses with double facade, now
+completely destroyed. Here also, to the north of the Cloth Hall, stood
+the Cathedral of St. Martin.
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL]
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL AS IT WAS
+_In the background: the Cloth Hall. Compare with photo below (photo,
+Antony, Ypres)._]
+
+
+=The Cathedral of St. Martin=
+
+The Church of St. Martin (which became a cathedral in 1559) replaced an
+older church of the 11th century. Built in the 13th century, its choir
+dated from 1221, and its nave from the second half of that century. The
+foundation-stone was laid by Marguerite of Constantinople. The western
+tower dated only from the 15th century, and replaced a tower which had
+collapsed in 1433. The new tower was 175 feet in height, and was to have
+been twice as high. Built from the plans of Martin Untenhove of Malines,
+it was severe in style.
+
+The plan of the Cathedral was a Latin cross, and terminated in a
+semicircular choir. It underwent important restorations during the last
+century.
+
+The facade of the south arm of the transept was of unusually great
+width.
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARTIN'S CATHEDRAL, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+_In the background: The Cloth Hall._]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH TRANSEPT OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+The central portal was surrounded by a polygonal rose-window and crowned
+with a high gable flanked by turrets. Above the side portals, the
+surface of which was decorated with arcading, were gables lighted by
+rose-windows. This part of the building was probably not earlier than
+the 14th century.
+
+There were no radial chapels in this great church. A circulating gallery
+running through the buttresses formed an uninterrupted passage around
+the building.
+
+At the base of the roof ran an open balustrade, broken at intervals by
+the pinnacles which crowned the buttresses.
+
+Above the centre of the transept rose a campanile, surmounted by a very
+pointed timber-work spire.
+
+The nave, and more especially the choir, were remarkable. High pillars
+with crocketed and foliate capitals supported the springing of the large
+irregular arches. Above ran a circulating gallery or triforium. The
+pointed arches of the latter were carried by small columns which
+originally rested on the wide _abaci_ of the capitals, but several of
+them had been cut away and replaced by statues of apostles, evangelists,
+or persons of note.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL DOOR
+_Seen from the interior_ (_photo, Andre Schelker_).]
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _Compare with photo below._]
+
+This arrangement is common in Burgundy and, like others to be found in
+the Cathedral--the exterior circulating gallery, the interior gallery,
+the form of the latter, and various decorative features--show how
+strongly French, and especially Burgundian influence preponderated in
+Flanders during the 14th century.
+
+The choir was disfigured by an ungraceful 16th century altar. The
+stalls, carved about 1598 by C. Van Hoveke and Urbain Taillebert, were
+noteworthy, as was also the pulpit--a richly decorated monumental work,
+at the base of which stood a life-size statue of St. Dominic.
+
+[Illustration: NAVE OF THE CATHEDRAL RUINED BY GERMAN SHELLS
+_Seen from the Choir, near the Porch._]
+
+Urbain Taillebert was also the sculptor of the magnificent "Christ
+Triumphant," suspended between the columns of the main entrance; and of
+the tomb of Antoine de Hennin, Bishop of Ypres, who died in 1626. The
+centre of the tomb represented the bishop in his pontifical robes; _on
+the left_, he was seen kneeling in prayer, with his mitre close by; _on
+the right_, his patron, St. Anthony, was represented in a hermit's gown,
+accompanied by his traditional pig.
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _Compare with photo below._]
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR OF THE CATHEDRAL AFTER THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT
+_Seen from the Porch. Compare with photo above._]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See below._]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR STALLS OF THE CATHEDRAL IN JANUARY, 1915
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See above._]
+
+A "Virgin and Child" was fortunately rescued from the ruins of the
+Cathedral. It is a Flemish work of the 16th century. A surrounding fence
+(_Hortus conclusus_ of the Litanies) is represented on the pedestal
+(photo opposite).
+
+Beside the tomb described above was that of Jean Visscherius, Bishop of
+Ypres, who died in 1613. The bishop, clothed in his pontifical robes and
+wearing his mitre, was represented in a recumbent position, his head
+raised on a cushion and supported by his hand (photo below).
+
+There were other tombs in the church, notably that of Louise Delage,
+Lady of Saillort, widow of the Chancellor of Burgundy, Hugonnet
+(beheaded in 1477).
+
+[Illustration: THE VIRGIN OF ST. MARTIN
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+In the pavement before the altar was the third tombstone of the famous
+_Cornelius Jansenius_. It was a simple slab of stone, on which was
+carved a cross, and in the four corners the figures 1, 6, 3, 8.
+Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, who died of plague on May 6, 1638, was the
+founder of the sect of the Jansenists, which still exists in Holland,
+and whose headquarters are at Utrecht. When and how this tombstone was
+placed there is not known. It replaced two others removed by
+ecclesiastical authority in 1655 and 1673 respectively.
+
+[Illustration: MAUSOLEUM OF JEAN VISSCHERIUS
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+Round the chapel, known as the Dean's Chapel, there was a fine copper
+railing decorated with small alabaster figures.
+
+The inner doors of the church were magnificently carved; those of the
+south portal, with superimposed figures of saints, were considered to be
+marvels of Belgian art.
+
+In the Place Vandenpeerboom, take the Rue de Boesinghe. Leaving the Rue
+d'Elverdinighe (see plan, p. 72) _on the left_, the Cattle Market is
+next reached, formerly a pond, since filled in. Here were three
+guild-houses, Nos. 15, 19 and 21. No. 15 was the Maison des Bateliers,
+on whose facade two symbolic boats were depicted. The canal which passed
+before the house has disappeared. The date of construction was shown by
+anchors fixed in the wall of the second storey: 1-6-2-9. At the top of
+the gable there was an involuted niche which probably sheltered the
+statue of the patron-saint of sailors (photo opposite). The next house,
+part of which may be seen on the right of the photo, was 17th century.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAISON DES BATELIERS (1629)
+_Completely destroyed. Note the two emblematical ships on the facade._
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+_Take the road on the left which rejoins the Promenade, and turning
+again to the left, skirt "La Plaine d'Amour"_ (photos below and p. 91).
+Behind the prison walls there is a British cemetery in the gardens
+(photo, p. 91).
+
+[Illustration: THE "PLAINE D'AMOUR," WITH YPRES IN THE DISTANCE,
+DEVASTATED BY THE WAR
+_Compare with photo opposite._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY, BEHIND THE PRISON]
+
+_Turn to the left into the Chaussee de Furnes_, leaving on the left the
+reservoir of the ruined waterworks. _Take Boulevard Malou and return to
+the Grande Place_, via _the Rue de Stuers and the Rue au Beurre_
+(photos, p. 92).
+
+[Illustration: THE "PLAINE D'AMOUR," BEFORE THE WAR
+_See photo opposite._ (_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: RUE AU BEURRE, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+_Pass the ruins of St. Nicolas Church._
+
+Before reaching the Grande Place the site of the Meat Market (photo, p.
+93) is passed.
+
+[Illustration: RUE AU BEURRE, DESTROYED BY GERMAN SHELLS]
+
+[Illustration: THE MEAT MARKET, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: THE MEAT MARKET, RUINED BY ENEMY BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+This was an important, two-gabled building of symmetrical proportions.
+The lower part of the facade resembled that of the Cloth Hall, but the
+upper story and roof of the building were of a later date. The gables,
+with stair-like copings, were decorated with blind windows. The lower
+storey was of stone, while the gables and the upper part of the facade
+were brick.
+
+[Illustration: THE "HOSPICE BELLE" (WOMEN'S ASYLUM), RUE DE LILLE]
+
+The first storey was formerly occupied by the Brotherhood of St.
+Michael. The Museum, which was housed there, contained a number of
+pictures, interesting drawings of the old wooden fronts of the houses of
+Ypres (by L. Boehm), old chests containing the Charters of the Drapers,
+pieces of sculpture and wrought ironwork.
+
+Almost directly opposite the Cloth Hall is the Rue de Lille, in which,
+on the right, is the =Hospice Belle= (photos, p. 94).
+
+[Illustration: HOSPICE BELLE, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+This asylum for aged women was founded about 1279 by Christine de
+Guines, widow of Solomon Belle, Lord of Boesinghe, and rebuilt in the
+17th century. The facade of the chapel, which faced the Rue de Lille,
+contained twin doors, surmounted by a large stained-glass window set in
+a radiating flamboyant framework. In addition to the statue of St.
+Nicholas (against the central mullion of the stained-glass window), the
+lower part of this facade was embellished with statues, in Renaissance
+niches, of the foundress and her husband. Above the window was an
+_oculus_, the decoration of which was mingled with that of an escutcheon
+immediately beneath it, on which the date "1616" could still be
+deciphered.
+
+[Illustration: VAULTING OF THE OLD FRENCH BARRACKS]
+
+Inside the chapel were a 17th century portable confessional (a very
+curious specimen of carved woodwork), 15th century copper candelabra,
+and a line picture attributed to Melchior Broederlam. This artist, whose
+works are very rare, was a native of Ypres. He preceded J. van Eyek as
+official painter to the Dukes of Burgundy. This picture was saved.
+
+On the right of the street, in the midst of the ruins, can be seen the
+broken-in vaulting of the old French Barrack (photo above), and on the
+left, the =Hotel Merghelynck=.
+
+[Illustration: HOTEL MERGHELYNCK, BEFORE THE WAR
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+The latter charming 18th century house stood at the corner of the Rue
+des Fripiers. It was built (1774--1776) from the plans of Thomas Gombert
+of Lille, and its last proprietors had converted it into an interesting
+museum.
+
+It was decorated with woodwork, panelling, and Louis XVI. medallions by
+Ant. Jos. de la Dicque.
+
+[Illustration: THE TEMPLARS' HOUSE IN THE RUE DE LILLE]
+
+The stucco ornamentation was the work of Gregoire Joseph Adam of
+Valenciennes. The staircase balustrading was by Jacques Beernaert.
+
+[Illustration: WOODEN HOUSES IN THE RUE DE LILLE
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+A white stone vase, carved from designs by Rubens, stood in the fine
+court of the house.
+
+Almost opposite, at No. 68, was the old 14th century =Templars' House=,
+since turned into a post-office (photo, p. 96). The Church of St. Pierre
+is next reached.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ST. PETER'S CHURCH (_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH. THE CHOIR (_See below._)]
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S CHURCH, THE CHOIR BEFORE THE WAR (_photo,
+Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: THE RAMPARTS, LILLE GATE AND ST. PETER'S CHURCH
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._) _See below._]
+
+This 11th century church had been largely rebuilt. The facade was
+surmounted by a substantial square tower, flanked by four corner turrets
+and crowned by an octagonal spire rebuilt in 1868.
+
+[Illustration: AFTER FOUR YEARS' BOMBARDMENTS (_see above_).]
+
+Inside, lofty columns supported the springing of the large irregular
+arches. There was no vaulting, the church having a timber-work roof in
+shape of an inverted keel. In it were a 16th century altar, large carved
+pulpit and a fine choir-screen.
+
+[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE RUIN OF YPRES TAKEN FROM THE LILLE
+GATE
+(_The point from where this photograph was taken is shown on the plan on
+p. 72_ (_at the bottom, on the right_).)
+
+St. Nicolas Old French Barracks School Belltower St. Peters Church St.
+James' Church]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE HOTEL DE GAND, RUE DES CHIENS]
+
+Rue de Lille ends at Lille Gate. Before passing through, climb up the
+ramparts, from which there is a magnificent panorama.
+
+Pass through the Gate, the towers of which date from 1395. There is an
+interesting view over the wide moats, and of the ancient ramparts
+(rebuilt by Vauban), which were ruined by shells.
+
+_Turn back and re-enter the town by the same way. Beyond the Church of
+St. Pierre, take the first street on the right as far as the Rue des
+Chiens, where, on turning to the left_, the ruins of the Church St.
+Jacques, and the shattered facade of the Hotel de Gand will be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOTEL DE GAND
+(_Photo, Antony, Ypres._)]
+
+The latter fine house, with double gables dated from the 16th century.
+The transition from 15th to 16th century style is very marked: on the
+ground-floor is the irregular arch of the 15th century, while on the
+first floor the arches are full semi-circles, framing the rectangular
+bays, whose tympana are decorated with flamboyant figures. These
+tympana were added some years later, thus giving the wide 17th century
+windows, of which the (French) architect of the Hotel Merghelynck made
+such happy use (photo, p. 101).
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT THE HOSPICE NOTRE-DAME]
+
+_Having reached the Grande-Place, take the Rue de Menin on the right_,
+leaving on the left the ruins of the Hospice Notre-Dame. _Next take the
+Menin Road, to visit the Chateau de Hooge and_ =Zillebeke=.
+
+[Illustration: MENIN GATE
+_On leaving Ypres in the direction of Hooge and Zillebeke._]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY JUST OUTSIDE YPRES, ON THE ROAD TO
+MENIN]
+
+
+=Visit to Zillebeke and Hooge=
+(_See Itinerary, p. 47._)
+
+_At the Menin Gate leave the Westroosebeke Road on the left, and take
+the main road to Menin on the right._
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT ZILLEBEKE]
+
+On the right, near the last houses, a British cemetery (photo above).
+_Before the level-crossing over the Ypres-Routers railway, take the road
+to the right. After passing two further level-crossings, the road
+descends slightly._ On the left is a large British cemetery: on the high
+ground to the right are the remains of the Chateau, whilst in the
+distance lies =Zillebeke Pond=. On the left is another cemetery. _Pass,
+on the left, the beginning of an impassable road, which formerly led to
+the main road from Menin. Go past the ruins of Zillebeke Church_, shown
+in the photographs, p. 104 (before and after the War).
+
+[Illustration: ZILLEBEKE IN 1919
+_The mound is all that remains of the Church Tower seen in the photo
+below_]
+
+[Illustration: ZILLEBEKE, BEFORE THE WAR (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH CEMETERY AT HOOGE]
+
+_Return by the same road as far as the railway, and turn to the right._
+A large British cemetery, containing 1,500 to 2,000 graves, will be seen
+on the western slopes of the Hooge Crest. The site of the village of
+=Hooge=--marked only by a notice board--is next reached. There is no
+trace whatever left of the chateau or of Bellewaarde Lake. It was here
+that the battles of July 31, 1917, were fought. On June 2, 1917, the
+first objectives of the British, in their offensive for the clearing of
+Ypres, were the Wood and Village of Hooge. They were only taken on July
+31, although the chateau itself was captured in June.
+
+[Illustration: ALL THAT IS LEFT OF HOOGE--THE SIGNBOARD!]
+
+[Illustration: HOOGE CHATEAU (_photo, Antony, Ypres_)
+
+_To-day the site of the castle is barely discernable._]
+
+Again lost by the British in April, 1918, these positions were evacuated
+by the Germans in October.
+
+_Follow the road to the top of the crest_, where the "tank cemetery,"
+containing fourteen broke-down tanks, lies (photo below).
+
+_Now skirt on the right the beginning of_ =Sanctuary Wood=, beyond which
+is the strategic Hill 60.
+
+Hill 60 was captured by the Germans in 1914, and retaken by the British
+in 1915. It was the object of frequent attacks, chiefly the German
+attack of April 27--28, 1916.
+
+_At the place called Veldhoek, opposite Herenthage Wood_ (full of
+concrete shelters and tanks), _return to Ypres, entering the town by the
+Menin Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: TANK CEMETERY
+_To the right and left of the road from Ypres to Menin, beyond Hooge,
+fourteen tanks lie sunk in the mud._]
+
+
+=From Ypres to Poperinghe=
+
+_Cross the town by the Grande Place, Rue du Beurre, Rue des Stuers,
+Boulevard Malou, on the right, and Rue Capron, on the left, coming out
+at the Chaussee de Poperinghe. On leaving the town pass over the
+level-crossing._
+
+From Ypres to Vlamertinghe, the road runs through devastated country;
+here numerous trenches and machine-gun shelters can still be seen.
+
+_Take the level-crossing over the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway, then cross
+the Kemmelbeek by a bridge, still in good condition, and go through_
+=Vlamertinghe=. This village suffered greatly from bombardments. In
+front of the partly demolished church the road turns to the left.
+
+From Vlamertinghe to Poperinghe the aspect of the country changes
+completely. The road is shaded by large trees, and there are hop-fields
+on both sides.
+
+_Enter_ =Poperinghe= _by the Chaussee d'Ypres, continue by the Rue
+d'Ypres. Passing the Hotel-des-Postes and the Hotel-de-Ville, the
+tourist comes to the Grande Place_.
+
+[Illustration: POPERINGHE: BERTIN PLACE AND CHURCH OF ST. BERTIN]
+
+
+=Poperinghe=
+
+Poperinghe, a small town of 12,000 inhabitants, is the centre of an
+agricultural district, where hop-growing is the chief industry.
+
+Of its three churches, two only are interesting from an artistic point
+of view.
+
+The Church of St. Jean is Romanesque in style, whilst that of St. Bertin
+contains some remarkable woodwork: the Verite pulpit, the Dean's
+confessional, and the roof-loft are masterpieces of the Renaissance
+period.
+
+In the court of the Hotel Skindles there is a tombstone dating from
+1171.
+
+Old houses are rare in Poperinghe, the town having several times been
+destroyed during its history.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+=SECOND DAY: POPERINGHE--LILLE=
+
+
+=Via The Hills of Flanders, Armentieres, Nieppe Forest,
+Merville and Bethune=
+
+_Visit to the Hills_: Scherpenberg, Vidaigne, Rouge and Kemmel in
+Belgium; and the Mont des Cats and Mont Noir in France.
+
+_At the Grande Place of Poperinghe take Rue Flamande, then Chaussee de
+Reninghelst, turn to the left along the Rue des Pretres, and then turn
+to the right into the Rue Boescheppe, opposite the church of St.
+Bertin._
+
+_Pass in front of the_ =Diocesan College=, the roof of which was badly
+damaged by shell-fire. _In the Place Bertel turn to the right._
+
+_Cross the river by a recently restored bridge, then skirt, on the left,
+the communal cemetery_, where the graves have been destroyed by the
+shells, and _cross the Hazebrouck-Ypres railway_ (_l. c._).
+
+[Illustration: LA CLYTTE ROAD AND THE MONT ROUGE]
+
+On the left is an Allied cemetery containing 500 to 600 graves. On the
+right against the sky is =Cats Hill=. Numerous machine-guns shelters can
+still be seen along the road. _Cross a narrow-gauge railway_, which
+serves a military station on the right.
+
+_The road is first undulating, then descends to_ =Reninghelst=. _Here
+leave on the left the church_, which has not greatly suffered. In the
+churchyard near by, there are a few French soldiers' graves. _At the
+cross-roads, turn to the left, then 200 yards further on, at_
+=Zevecoten=, take the road on the right to =La Clytte=.
+
+The further we advance the greater the devastation of the ground
+becomes.
+
+_At the first houses of Clytte Hamlet, turn to the right._ The German
+rush of 1918 was broken before this village.
+
+After the capture of Kemmel Hill, a violent enemy attack on April 27
+broke down before the desperate resistance of the French 28th Infantry
+Division (Madelin) and the British 9th Infantry Division.
+
+=Kemmel= is seen on the left, and =Scherpenberg= in front.
+
+_Pass the church_ (photo, p. 111). _The road turns to the right beyond
+the last houses, and gradually climbs the slopes of_ =Scherpenberg=
+(altitude, 340 feet). The side of this hill is almost perpendicular, and
+in it are numerous remains of shelters.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The narrow road which led to the top was completely destroyed. The
+ascent can, however, be made on foot.
+
+In spite of all their efforts, the Germans failed to reach Scherpenberg
+in their offensive of 1918. Their efforts to outflank the Flanders Hills
+on the north broke down before the resistance of the French 39th
+Infantry Division (Massenet) on April 26, 27 and 28, 1918.
+
+_At the next fork turn to the right into the village of_ =Westoutre=.
+Here the road winds through the valley. The river on the left has, owing
+to shell-fire, become a small lake. Westoutre suffered greatly in the
+bombardments.
+
+_Pass the Town Hall, then turn to the left in front of the church. The
+road rises sharply, and winds round_ =Vidaigne Hill=. The many shelters
+in the sides of the hill can plainly be seen.
+
+_Behind the hill, leave the road leading to the French frontier, and
+take on the left the road which first descends and then climbs the
+slopes of_ =Rouge Hill=. From the plateau there is a splendid view
+across the plains.
+
+_Leave on the left the ruins of the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes._
+
+_The road, rising rather stiffly, runs into the Bailleul Road. On
+turning to the right, the first houses of_ =Locre= _village are
+reached_.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LA CLYTTE CHURCH]
+
+[Illustration: THE SLOPES OF SCHERPENBERG HILL]
+
+[Illustration: VIDAIGNE HILL]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LOCRE AND ROUGE HILL]
+
+Locre was the scene of terrific fighting during the German offensive
+against the Flanders Hills in 1918. On April 19, 1918, it was taken by
+the enemy after a daring advance by their Alpine Corps, which had
+succeeded in reaching Kemmelbeek Valley. On the same day, the soldiers
+of this picked corps continued their advance as far as the crossing with
+the Westoutre road, 1 kilometre to the north of Locre; but here the
+French dragoons, in an irresistible counter-attack, drove the Germans
+back and recaptured Locre, leaving only the _Hospice_, to the south-east
+of the village, in enemy hands.
+
+[Illustration: LOCRE ROAD AT KEMMEL AND KEMMEL HILL]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL CHURCH AND VILLAGE IN RUINS
+_Photographed from the eastern slopes of Kemmel Hill_]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF KEMMEL CHATEAU AND HILL]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL HILL
+_Photographed from the road to Kemmel at La Clytte, 500 yards from the
+latter._]
+
+_Beyond the ruins of the church, in the middle of a devastated cemetery,
+turn to the left; then at the next fork, leaving some French graves on
+the left, take the road on the right leading to_ =Kemmel Hill=.
+
+This hill, the first of the Hills of Flanders, is famous for the battles
+fought there in 1918. On April 17, 1918, the Germans had reached the
+foot. On the 25th, they rushed to the attack, encircling and capturing
+the hill, which was held by the French 30th Infantry Regiment. During
+the next and following days French counter-attacks failed to dislodge
+the enemy. It was only on August 30 that the Germans evacuated the hill;
+on the 31st it was occupied by the British.
+
+_Pass Burgrave Farm. At the foot of the hill (inaccessible to vehicles)
+the road turns to the left._ Here the ground is completely churned up,
+the bits of road being connected up by little bridges thrown across the
+shell-holes. In the distance is seen the ruined church of Kemmel (photo,
+p. 113). _On reaching the village, turn to the right, to visit the ruins
+of the chateau_ (photo, p. 114), _then return to the fork and take the
+road on the right_.
+
+The road is hilly, as the photograph, taken 500 yards this side of the
+crossing with the La Clytte road, shows. _Keeping straight along the
+road by which he came, as far as Zevecoten, the tourist then returns
+first to the left and then to the right._
+
+_In the centre of_ =Reninghelst= _village, take the Neuve-Eglise road on
+the left. At the fork in the road at_ =Heksken=, _turn to the right
+towards_ =Poperinghe=. _Cross the river. At the crossing of the road
+from Poperinghe to Boeschepe, turn to the left to visit the largest
+cemetery in this region_ (shown on the Itinerary, p. 108), which
+contains 20,000 to 22,000 graves The photograph gives but a slight idea
+of the size of it.
+
+[Illustration: FRAGMENT OF CEMETERY CONTAINING 20,000 GRAVES AT
+BOESCHEPE, ON THE ROAD TO POPERINGHE]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF CATS HILL]
+
+_Retracing his steps the tourist takes the road which first skirts the
+railway, and then crosses it (l. c.) to rejoin the
+Poperinghe-Steenwoorde road. Take the latter on the left._ (See
+Itinerary, p. 108.)
+
+At the hamlet of Abeele there is a Belgian custom-house (visa of
+"triptyque" or motor-car permit). The French custom-house is at
+=Steenwoorde= (the third house to the right on entering). Usual
+formalities.
+
+_Opposite the custom office take I.C. 128 on the left, which, after
+several turnings, leads to_ =Godewaerstelde=. _Leave the village on the
+left._
+
+[Illustration: THE CRUCIFIX AND ABBEY OF CATS HILL]
+
+[Illustration: CATS HILL ABBEY]
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION OF THE CHAPEL CHOIR]
+
+[Illustration: THE COURTYARD OF CATS HILL ABBEY AFTER THE BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+_On the far side of the level-crossing the road rises, and the Abbey on
+the top of_ =Cats Hill= _soon comes into view_.
+
+There is a magnificent view from the wayside-cross on the plateau. Visit
+the monastery, whose buildings suffered greatly from the bombardments.
+
+_Pass in front of the cross and take the second road on the right, which
+slopes down fairly quickly to the village of_ =Berthem=, _through which
+the tourist passes_.
+
+[Illustration: VIDAIGNE HILL AND NOIR HILL]
+
+_In the hamlet of_ =Schaexnen=, _opposite the inn with the sign "Au
+Vieux Schaexnen," turn to the left, passing in front of a small chateau
+in the middle of a wood on the right. A plateau_--=Noir Hill=--_ploughed
+up by countless shells, is reached shortly afterwards_.
+
+_At the fork in the road turn to the right_ (the road on the left leads
+back into Belgium).
+
+_Go through the hamlet of_ =La Croix-de-Poperinghe=, _then at the next
+fork take the road to_ =Bailleul= _on the right_. _At Bailleul leave the
+lunatic asylum on the left._ The French custom-house is in the Rue
+d'Ypres. (In June, 1919, there was as yet no corresponding office at
+Locre in Belgium.)
+
+Bailleul suffered terribly from the bombardments, most of the houses
+being destroyed.
+
+Bailleul was taken by three German divisions on April 15, 1918, as well
+as Little Hill and the Ravelsberg, to the west of the town. But the next
+day the German forces, who had orders to consolidate their success and
+turn the chain of hills from the south, were rudely checked by French
+divisions, rushed up to relieve their British comrades, and in three
+days, thanks to the prompt and vigorous action of General Petain, they
+were driven back.
+
+_Have a look round the Grande Place before taking the Rue de Lille_ (N.
+42) _on the left_. _At the Noveau-Monde cross-roads_, where there is an
+important munitions depot with railway-station, _turn sharply to the
+left, leaving Lille Hill on the left_.
+
+_After twice crossing the railway_ (_l. c._) the Customs Barracks are
+passed. The road passes over three more level-crossings, skirts the
+frontier, crosses the railway, and then the Stilbecque stream. _Next
+pass through_ =Nieppe= village--almost entirely demolished; _then over
+the railway_ (_l. c._). _Cross the Lys by the Nieppe Bridge and enter_
+=Armentieres=, _via the Rue de Nieppe_.
+
+_At the cross-roads take Rue Nationale on the right, and follow the
+tram-lines as far as the crossing of Rue de Lille with Rue de Marle.
+Take the latter to the right, and cross the railway_ (_l. c._).
+
+For particulars concerning Armentieres, see pp. 49--55, first Itinerary.
+
+_Keep straight to_ =Bois-Grenier=, _turning to the right in front of the
+ruined church_.
+
+_Outside the village take the second road on the right to_ =Fleurbaix=.
+
+_Pass the church, of which a few walls are still standing_ (photo
+below), _then turn to the left beyond the Square into Rue de Quesnes_.
+Numerous concrete shelters were built inside the houses.
+
+_Near the British cemetery the road turns to the right, then to the
+left, and enters_ =Laventie=. _Turn to the right in the Place de
+l'Eglise, then to the left over a level-crossing near the station_.
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED CHURCH OF FLEURBAIX]
+
+[Illustration: LAVENTIE CHURCH, RUINED BY THE BOMBARDMENTS]
+
+_After several turnings the road runs past a small ruined chapel,
+crosses a river, then turns to the right, and crosses the Lys. At the
+first houses of_ =Estaires=, _100 yards beyond the bridge, turn to the
+left, amid the ruins._
+
+_Pass the ruined gasworks and follow the main street shown in the photo
+below._ In the middle ground of this photograph are seen the walls of
+the church, the steeple of which has fallen in.
+
+[Illustration: ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE MAIN STREET OF ESTAIRES]
+
+[Illustration: MERVILLE (_from old engraving_)]
+
+_Leave on the left the Square, in which formerly stood the
+Hotel-de-Ville_; its ruined belfry is now a mere heap of bricks and
+stones.
+
+_Beyond a German cemetery on the right, pass through_ =Neuf-Berquin=,
+_after which, on turning to the left_, =Merville= comes into view.
+
+[Illustration: MERVILLE CHURCH, AS THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT IT
+_Seen from the Rue des Trois Pretres._]
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LESTREM CHURCH]
+
+At the entrance is the cemetery, the area of which has been doubled by
+serried rows of little wooden crosses, each marking a British grave.
+
+If time can be spared (two or three hours) proceed as far as =Nieppe
+Forest=, keeping straight on, and leaving Merville on the left.
+
+[Illustration: LESTREM CHATEAU
+(_Destroyed by the German bombardments._)]
+[Illustration: REMAINS OF LOCON VILLAGE]
+
+Contrarily to other forests in the battle area, Nieppe Forest did not
+suffer greatly, although, like the others, it concealed munitions and
+stores. (Note the numerous narrow-gauge rails lying along the roadside.)
+
+The roads themselves bear traces of hastily constructed defence-works.
+
+On the left, near the outskirts of the forest, a pathway leads to a
+cemetery containing British soldiers' graves.
+
+La Motte-au-Bois, lying in a clearing, suffered little. Its 17th century
+chateau, which escaped destruction, can be reached by crossing the canal
+over a temporary bridge, leaving on the right a small octagonal chapel
+of no special interest.
+
+_Return by the same road to_ =Merville=, _and pass through it_, taking a
+glance at the ruins of the church on the right. _Cross the canal, the
+Lys, and the railway near the station, and turn to the left immediately
+afterwards._
+
+_Follow the railway, then re-cross it. The road here runs parallel to
+the canal. At the next fork leave on the left the road to the Gorgue;
+turn to the right, cross the railway, and enter_ =Lestrem=. _Beyond the
+bridge over the Lawe, pass the church, then turn to the right, and skirt
+the grounds of an old ruined chateau._
+
+This chateau--completely restored in 1890--was used by the Germans as an
+observation-post, and subsequently blown up by them on April 10, 1918
+(photo, p. 122).
+
+On leaving Lestrem the road winds. On the left, broken fragments of
+ironwork mark the site of the distillery, which provided a livelihood
+for part of the working population of =La Fosse= village. The ruined
+church is seen to the left, on the far side of the canal.
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. THE CANAL AND SIDING (_Cliche LL._)]
+
+_Go through the hamlet of_ =Zelobes=, which, like that of =Lobes=, was
+razed to the ground.
+
+_Pass through what was_ =Locon= village (photo, p. 123).
+
+Lawe Canal, after running parallel to the road, turns and cuts it.
+_Cross the canal by the temporary bridge._
+
+A little further on, the road again follows the canal as far as the
+entrance to =Bethune=.
+
+_Cross the Aires Canal, pass the railway station on the left, then
+through the horse-market to the Place de la Republique. Cross the latter
+and take the Rue de Rivage to the Grande Place._
+
+For four years the whole district just passed through, since leaving
+Armentieres, was the scene of incessant fighting.
+
+In October, 1914, it saw the close of the fighting which concluded the
+"race to the sea," and the stabilising of the front here resulted in
+more than six months' continuous fighting.
+
+A little later, the Artois offensive of 1915 found an echo in local
+operations for the possession of key positions like Festubert and
+Neuve-Chapelle, giving rise to sanguinary struggles without decisive
+result for either side.
+
+Finally, in 1918, it was the scene of the third great German offensive
+for the conquest of the Hills (see pp. 38--43.)
+
+
+=Bethune=
+
+The foundation in 984 of the Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew, by
+Robert I., ancestor of Sully, is the first mention of Bethune in
+history. The town, owned in turn by the Counts of Flanders, the Dukes of
+Burgundy, and the House of Austria, annexed to France at the Peace of
+Nimegue in 1678, taken in 1710 by the Triple Alliance, was finally
+restored to France in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht.
+
+A fraternity, called the "Confrerie des Charitables," still survives.
+Founded after the plague of 1188 by two blacksmiths, to whom St. Eloi
+appeared in a vision, asking them to assist their fellow-countrymen who
+were dying unsuccoured, it performed the burial rites of the dead.
+
+During the Great War the town was intermittently bombarded for three and
+a half years, but from the end of February, 1918, to April 21 the
+violence of the shelling increased tenfold, and on the latter date the
+civil population had to be evacuated, the battle having carried the
+German lines within two miles of Bethune.
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE, _from an old engraving_]
+
+On April 13--18 the bombardment became so intense that the town was
+almost razed to the ground.
+
+The officials and the miners of the district were mentioned in Orders of
+the Day for their courage and endurance.
+
+At first sight, the town does not seem to have suffered so much, but
+this impression soon passes.
+
+The Grande Place (photo, p. 126) where the chief beauties of this small
+town were concentrated, is now a heap of bricks and stones.
+
+The old houses have fallen in; only the facade of one of them (No. 44),
+dating from the 16th century, remains, and even this one was severely
+damaged and is now supported by wooden props.
+
+Of the modern Hotel-de-Ville there remains only a small portion of the
+facade (photo, p. 127), whilst the Savings Bank on the left is a
+shapeless ruin.
+
+The belfry, built in 1346 and restored forty years later, is still
+standing, but the upper portion of it has disappeared, and the houses
+which surrounded it have fallen in.
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. _Before the War._ (_Cliche
+LL._)]
+
+Its tower is standing, as far as the upper part of the sun-dial, whilst
+the four admirable gargoyles which project at the corners, and the
+graceful curve of the pointed windows of its first storey, escaped
+injury.
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. THE GRANDE PLACE. _After the Bombardments_]
+
+The remains of the spiral staircase leading to the top may still be
+seen, but the 15th century wooden spire has gone.
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. RUINS OF THE HOTEL-DE-VILLE]
+
+This spire contained a peal of bells, one of which, dated 1576, was
+called "La Joyeuse."
+
+"La Joyeuse" is silenced for ever.
+
+This peal gave its name to the street behind the belfry, which leads to
+the Church of St. Waast (1533--1545), whose massive tower was more than
+half-a-century later than the rest of the building.
+
+_To leave the town, return from the Grande Place to the Place de la
+Republique_ (in June, 1917, it was impossible to take the Rue d'Arras,
+which is the direct road, all this part of the town being obstructed by
+ruins).
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF ST. WAAST CHURCH]
+
+_In the Place de la Republique take the Boulevard Victor-Hugo on the
+right, and then Rue Marcelin-Berthelot, also on the right. At the
+cross-roads take the Rue de Lille to the left._ The Faubourg de Lille
+suffered severely from the bombardment. _Take N. 41 alongside the Aire
+Canal._
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. RUE D'ARRAS, BEFORE KULTUR'S BLIGHT FELL ON IT.
+(_Cliche LL._) (_See below_)]
+
+[Illustration: BETHUNE. RUE D'ARRAS--WHAT THE GERMAN SHELLS LEFT OF IT
+(_see above_)]
+
+[Illustration: DESTROYED BRIDGE ACROSS THE BASSEE]
+
+For four years the fighting never ceased in this region. _Leave the
+Festubert sector on the right._ Throughout the struggle, the Canadians
+fought so bravely that one of their recruiting posters was dedicated to
+the heroes of Festubert, with this inscription:
+
+    "Oui, vous avez raison, c'est hideux le carnage,
+    Oui, le progres blesse recule et se debat,
+    Notre siecle en fureur retourne au moyen age,
+    Mais sachons donc nous battre, au moins, puisqu'on se bat."
+
+_At the crossing of N. 41 and 43 leave the latter on the right._
+
+_Cross the Grande Rue d'Annequin._ From here, on the right, coalpit No.
+9 can be seen, with its wrecked machinery in the air--a mass of twisted
+ironwork.
+
+_The ruined village of_ =Cambrin= _is next passed through. On the other
+side of the level-crossing, leave on the right the badly damaged village
+of_ =Auchy-lez-La-Bassee=. _The road now follows the canal._ After
+crossing the railway (l. c.) vast heaps of broken railway trucks smashed
+by the shells can be seen in the fields on the right. Further on are
+eight or nine blockhouses which were formerly brick-kilns. _Turn to the
+left, cross the railway, then the Aire Canal by the new suspension
+bridge_ (beside the old one shown in the photograph) _and enter_ =La
+Bassee=, _now a heap of ruins_.
+
+La Bassee, an important centre standing at the junction of several roads
+and railways, in the heart of the plain of Flanders, south-west of
+Lille, was the objective of many desperate struggles during the war.
+
+In October, 1914, the district of La Bassee was the scene of endless
+conflicts between the Allied and enemy cavalry forces, the little town
+finally remaining in the hands of the Germans.
+
+A year later, the British offensive in Artois drove back the Germans
+south of La Bassee, whilst to the north the positions of Neuve-Chapelle
+and Aubers were bitterly disputed. However, the lines shifted but
+little, and La Bassee still remained in the centre of the line of fire.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE, _from an old engraving_]
+
+During the German offensive of 1918, the town again came inside the
+German lines, but the enemy were driven out shortly afterwards, during
+the Allied offensive that led to the Armistice and to the consummation
+of victory.
+
+_Go through the Rue d'Estaires_, in which there is a large and very high
+armoured shelter that served as an observation-post. _Pass the ruined
+church_ (photo, p. 132), _then turn to the right into the Grande Place_.
+Inside a three-storied house, which later collapsed under the shell-fire
+(photo, p. 132), there was a German observation-post of concrete, armed
+with machine-guns.
+
+_On leaving La Bassee continue along N. 41_, with its fine trees cut
+down and left along the sides of the road. _Pass the first houses of_
+=Illies= _village, on the left, and 100 yards further on, cross a large
+avenue_ (_leading to the Chateau de Varneton_).
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE. STREET CAMOUFLAGED BY THE GERMANS (_Note the
+high poles on the left._)]
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE. RUE D'ESTAIRES BEFORE THE WAR (_Compare with
+photo below._)]
+
+On the right, and connected with _N. 41_ by a small bridge, there is a
+large German cemetery with a monument to the memory of the soldiers of
+the XVth Regiment (Prinz Friedrich) (photo, p. 133).
+
+_The road leads to_ =Fournes=, _the outskirts of which are crossed by
+Rue Pasteur_. Pass an avenue of fine trees leading to the Chateau of
+Comte d'Hespel, accidentally burned down.
+
+At the cross-roads there is a bandstand erected by the Germans. A crude
+painting on the back of the stand represents a tug-of-war between a
+German and British, French and American soldiers, in which the German
+wins apparently with ease. Italy, depicted as a monkey, is seen clinging
+to the rope.
+
+After turning to the right the road passes the large Gambert Boarding
+School, which was severely damaged. Behind it is a large cemetery.
+
+_Follow the road to the badly damaged village of_ =Beaucamps=, where
+there are numerous concrete shelters in the houses. _At the cross-roads
+turn to the left._ A wayside-cross, ten yards further on, indicate the
+road. A short distance further on are the ruins of the Chateau de
+Flandre, the basement of which, in reinforced concrete, was used as a
+machine-gun emplacement.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE. RUE D'ESTAIRES IN 1919 (_Compare with photo
+above._)]
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE. ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE CHURCH]
+
+The tourist next comes to what was =Radinghem=. _Beyond the ruined
+church_ (photo, p. 133), _turn to the right past an armoured shelter,
+which defended the road, pass under the railway, and at the hamlet of_
+=La Vallee=, _beyond a chapel, turn to the right into_ =Ennetieres=.
+_The road continues through the ruins of_ =Englos= _and_ =Haubourdin=.
+
+[Illustration: LA BASSEE. CONCRETE OBSERVATION-POST BUILT BY THE GERMANS
+INSIDE A HOUSE WHICH, LATER, COLLAPSED]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN CEMETERY ON THE RIGHT OF THE ROAD FROM LA BASSEE
+TO TOURNES, 100 YDS. FROM ILLIES. (_See Itinerary, p. 108._)]
+
+[Illustration: GERMAN FUNEREAL MONUMENT]
+
+Haubourdin suffered comparatively little from the shells, but like all
+the other occupied towns of France, it was subjected to exactions,
+war-levies, deportations and pillage. The German soldiers, when relieved
+from the Hindenburg line, had their rest-billets there. The church (of
+no especial interest), the hospital (15th century), and a chapel built
+in 1347, are still preserved.
+
+_After passing through_ =Loos=, _return to_ =Lille=, _entering by the
+Bethune Gate_.
+
+[Illustration: RADINGHEM IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. THE EX-KAISER IN THE PLACE CORMONTAIGNE]
+
+_For visiting Lille, see the Michelin Illustrated Guide: "Lille Before
+and During the War."_
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. THE COURTYARD OF THE BOURSE, WITH BRONZE STATUE OF
+NAPOLEON I. CAST FROM CANNONS CAPTURED AT AUSTERLITZ]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE, AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT OF 1914]
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLAPSE OF A HOUSE ON THE RUE DE PARIS]
+
+[Illustration: LILLE. ENTRY OF THE BRITISH 5TH ARMY ON OCT. 21, 1918]
+
+[Illustration: KEMMEL HILL
+
+Seen from the road to Warneton, at Neuve Eglise._]
+
+
+
+
+THE BRITISH FORCES ENGAGED in the YPRES SECTOR
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, F. A. Swaine, London._
+VISCOUNT FRENCH OF YPRES,
+K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G.]
+
+    _The Orders of Battle have been compiled from information
+    supplied by the Historical Section (Military Branch) Committee
+    of Imperial Defence, with permission of the Army Council, War
+    Office._
+
+
+THE BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: _Commander-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+_Photo, F. A. Swaine, London._
+FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT ALLENBY, G.C.B., C.M.G.]
+
+    _Cavalry Division._ MAJOR-GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. BRIGGS.
+    _2nd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _3rd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. DE LA P. GOUGH.
+    _4th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. THE HON. C. E. BINGHAM.
+    _5th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. SIR P. W. CHETWODE.
+    _R.H.A._: BRIG.-GEN. B. F. DRAKE.
+
+[Illustration: FIELD-MARSHAL EARL HAIG,
+K.T., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, F. A. Swaine, London_.
+GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,
+G.C.B, G.C.M.G., D.S.O.]
+
+    _First Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR DOUGLAS HAIG.
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. H. S. HORNE.
+
+    _1st Division_, MAJOR-GEN. S. H. LOMAX.
+    _1st Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. I. MAXSE.
+    _2nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+    _3rd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. S. LANDON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. N. D. FINDLAY.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. S. B. RICE.
+
+    _2nd Division_, MAJOR-GEN. C. C. MUNRO.
+    _4th Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. SCOTT-KERR.
+    _5th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. C. B. HAKING.
+    _6th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. H. DAVIES.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. M. PERCEVAL.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_ GENERAL SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. A. H. SHORT.
+
+    _3rd Division_, MAJOR-GEN. H. I. W. HAMILTON.
+    _7th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. W. N. MCCRACKEN
+    _8th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. B. J. C. DORAN.
+    _9th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. C. SHAW.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. F. D. V. WING.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. SANDBACH.
+
+    _5th Division_, MAJOR-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSSON. BT.
+    _13th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. CUTHBERT.
+    _14th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. S. P. ROLT.
+    _15th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. W. COUNT GLEICHEN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. J. E. W. HEADLAM.
+    _19th Inf. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. L. DRUMMOND.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_    MAJOR-GEN. W. P. PULTENEY.
+    (_Formed in France, August 31, 1919._)
+
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.A._: BRIG.-GEN. E. J. PHILLIPS-HORNBY, V.C.
+    _Brig.-Gen. R.E._: BRIG.-GEN. F. M. GLUBB.
+
+    _4th Division_, MAJOR-GEN. T. D'O. SNOW.
+    _10th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. J. A. L. HALDANE.
+    _11th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _12th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. G. F. MILNE.
+
+    _6th Division_, MAJOR-GEN.: J. L. KEIR.
+    (_Embarked for S. Nazaire, Sept. 8--9, 1914._)
+    _16th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. C. INGOUVILLE-WILLIAMS.
+    _17th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. R. B. DORAN.
+    _18th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. N. CONGREVE V.C.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. W. L. H. PAGET.
+
+
+=FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(October 19--November 21, 1914.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+    _Cavalry Corps._ GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _1st Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. J. BRIGGS.
+    _2nd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. L MULLENS.
+
+    _2nd Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. P. GOUGH.
+    _3rd Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. J. A. BELL SMYTHE.
+    _4th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. E. BINGHAM.
+    _5th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. P. CHEPWODE.
+
+    _3rd Cav. Division_: MAJOR-GEN. J. W. BYNG.
+    _6th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. MAKINS.
+    _7th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. M. KAVANAGH.
+    _8th Cav. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. B. BULKELEY-JOHNSON.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Russell, London._
+LORD RAWLINSON, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.,
+K.C.M.G., A.D.C.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, "Daily Mirror" Studios._
+LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH,
+G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.]
+
+    _First Army Corps_ GEN. SIR D. HAIG.
+
+    _1st Division_: MAJOR-GEN. S. H. LOMAX.
+    _1st Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. FITZCLARENCE.
+    _2nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+    _3rd Inf. Bde._: BRIG. GEN. H. J. S LANDON. V C.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. A. FANSHAWE.
+
+    _2nd Division_: MAJOR-GEN. C. C. MONRO.
+    _4th Guards Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. LORD CAVAN.
+    _5th Inf. Bde._: COL. C. B. WESTMACOTT.
+    _6th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. FANSHAWE.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. E. M. PERCEVAL.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_ GEN. SIR H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN.
+
+    _3rd Division_: MAJOR-GEN. C. J. MACKENZIE.
+    _7th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. W. MCCRAKEN.
+    _8th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. B. J. C. DORAN,
+    _9th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. C. SHAW.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. A. H. SHORT.
+
+    _5th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. N. MORLAND.
+    _13th Inf. Bde_: COL. A. W. MARTYN.
+    _14th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN, E. S. MAUDE.
+    _15th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. A. E. W. COUNT GLEICHEN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN J. E. W. HEADLAM.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_  GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+
+    _4th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _10th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. P. A. HULL.
+    _11th Inf. Bde_: BRIG.-GEN A. HUNTER WESTON.
+    _12th Inf. Bde._: BRIG-GEN. F. G. ANLEY.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. G. F. MILNE.
+
+    _6th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. L. KEIR.
+    _16th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. E. C. INGOUVILLE-WILLIAMS.
+    _17th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. R. B. DORAN.
+    _18th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. W. N. CONGREVE.
+    _19th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. HON. F. GORDON.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN W. H. L. PAGET.
+
+    _Fourth Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. S. RAWLINSON.
+
+    _7th Division_: MAJOR-GEN. T. CAPPER.
+    _20th Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. RUGGLES-BRISE.
+    _21st Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. H. E. WATTS.
+    _22nd Inf. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. S. T. B. LAWFORD.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. H. K. JACKSON.
+
+    _Indian Army Corps_ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR J. WILLCOCKS.
+
+    _3rd_ (_Lahore_) _Div._: LIEUT.-GEN. H. A. WATKINS.
+    _7th Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. R. G. EGERTON.
+    _8th Ind. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. P. M. CARMEDY.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. F. E. JOHNSON.
+    _7th (Meerut) Div._: LIEUT.-GEN. C. A. ANDERSON.
+    _19th Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. C. E. JOHNSON.
+    _20th Ind. Bde._: MAJOR-GEN. H. DU KEARY.
+    _21st Ind. Bde._: BRIG.-GEN. F. MACBEAN.
+    _Artillery_: BRIG.-GEN. A. P. SCOTT.
+
+
+=SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(April 22--May 24, 1915.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_ FIELD-MARSHAL SIR JOHN FRENCH.
+
+    _Cavalry Corps._ GEN. SIR E. H. H. ALLENBY.
+
+    _1st Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. H. DE B. DE LISLE.
+    _2nd Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. C. T. KAVANAGH.
+    _3rd Cav. Div._: MAJOR-GEN. J. W. BYNG.
+
+    _Second Army_GEN. SIR H. SMITH-DORRIEN.
+
+    _Second Army Corps_        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSON.
+
+    _5th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. N. MORLAND.
+    _46th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. E. J. MONTAGUE-STUART-WORTLEY.
+
+    _Fifth Army Corps_LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. PLUMER.
+
+[Illustration:_Photo, Russell, London._
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD PLUMER,
+G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.]
+
+[Illustration:_Photo, Russell, London._
+LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR E. A. H. ALDERSON,
+K.C.B.]
+
+    _27th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. D'O. SNOW.
+    _28th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. E. S. BULFIN.
+
+    _Third Army Corps_ GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+
+    _4th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. H. F. M. WILSON.
+    _6th Div._: MAJOR-GEN. T. L. KEIR.
+    _50th Div._ (_General Reserve_): MAJOR-GEN. SIR W. F. LINDSAY.
+
+
+=THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES.=
+(July 31--November 6, 1916.)
+
+    _General Officer Commanding-in-Chief_
+        FIELD-MARSHAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG.
+
+    _First Army._ LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. S. HORNE.
+    _1st Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. A. E. A. HOLLAND.
+    _11th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR E. C. R. HAKING.
+    _13th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. F. W. N. MCCRACKEN.
+
+    _Second Army_ GENERAL SIR H. C. O. PLUMER.
+    _2nd Army Corps_ (_with 5th Army during Aug._):
+        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. W. JACOB.
+    _8th Army Corps_ (_with 5th Army during Aug. & Sept._):
+        MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _9th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. A. HAMILTON GORDON.
+    _10th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR T. L. N. MORLAND.
+    _1st Anzac Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. R. BIRDWOOD.
+    2nd Anzac Corps: Major-Gen. Sir A. J. Godley.
+
+    _Third Army._ LIEUT.-GEN. THE HON. SIR J. H. G. BYNG.
+    _3rd Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. P. PULTENEY.
+    _4th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. L. WOOLLCOMBE.
+    _6th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. J. A. L. HALDANE.
+    _17th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. FERGUSON.
+
+    _Fourth Army_ GENERAL SIR H. S. RAWLINSON, BART.
+    _15th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR J. P. DU CANE.
+
+    _Fifth Army_        LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. DE LA P. GOUGH.
+    _2nd Army Corps (see 2nd Army)_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. W. JACOB.
+    _5th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. E. A. FANSHAW.
+    _8th Army Corps (see 2nd Army)_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. G. HUNTER-WESTON.
+    _14th Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. LORD CAVAN.
+    _18th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR F. L. MAXSE.
+    _19th Army Corps_: MAJOR-GEN. H. E. WATTS.
+    _New Zealand Division (Unattached)_: MAJOR-GEN. SIR A. H. RUSSELL.
+
+    _Canadian Army Corps_: LIEUT.-GEN. SIR E. A. H. ALDERSON.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Russell, London._
+LORD BYNG, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., M.V.O.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo, Chandler, Exeter._
+THE EARL OF CAVAN, K.P., G.C.M.G., K.C.B.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO NAMES OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
+
+
+_The figures in heavy type indicate the pages on which there are
+illustrations._
+
+    Abeele, 116
+
+    Aire Canal, 124, 127
+
+    Allaines, 45
+
+    =Amiens=, 37, 45
+
+    Anzac Redoubt, 28
+
+    =Armentieres=, 5, 18, 38, 39, 45, 46, =49=, =50=, =51=, =52=,
+    =53=, =54=, 58, 108, 119, 124
+
+    =Arras=, 37
+
+    Artois, 37
+
+    Aschhoop, 35
+
+    Aubers, 129
+
+    Auchy-la-Bassee, 129
+
+
+    =Bailleul=, 39, 40, 41, 45, 119
+
+    Baisieux, 18
+
+    Beaucamps, 131
+
+    Becelaere, 3, 7, 30, 48, 61, =62=, 63
+
+    Bellewarde Lake, 105
+
+    Berthem, 118
+
+    =Bethune=, 39, 48, 108, =124=, =125=, =126=, =127=, =128=
+
+    Bixschoote, 12, 14, 25, 32
+
+    Bizet, =55=
+
+    Boeschepe, =115=
+
+    Boesinghe, 23, 66, =67=, 68
+
+    Bois Grenier, 38, 39, 119
+
+    Borry Farm, 28
+
+    Broodseinde, 3, 15, 30, 32, 63
+
+    =Bruges=, 69
+
+    Brulooze Inn, 43
+
+
+    Calonne, 39
+
+    =Cambrai=, 45, 46
+
+    Cambrin, 129
+
+    Canal du Nord, 45
+
+    Canteleu, 48
+
+    =Cassel=, 40
+
+    Cats Hill, 40, 42, 48, 58, 108, 109, =116=, =117=, =118=
+
+    Chapelle d'Armentieres, 49
+
+    Clarence River, 39
+
+    Clercken, 3
+
+    Comines, 46
+
+    Corverbeek Stream, 34
+
+
+    Denain, 46
+
+    Dickebusch Pond, 42, 43
+
+    =Dixmude=, 13, 23, 25, 26, 46
+
+    =Douai=, 46
+
+    Douve River, 58
+
+    Draeibank, 34
+
+    Dranoutre, 41, 42
+
+    Driegrachten, 26
+
+
+    Elverdinghe, 23
+
+    Englos, 132
+
+    Ennetieres, 132
+
+    Essenfarm, 23
+
+    Estaires, 39, 45, 48, =120=
+
+
+    =Festubert=, 39, 124
+
+    Fleurbaix, 39, =119=
+
+    Fokker Farm, 28
+
+    Fourues, 131
+
+    Frezenburg, 7, 16, 25
+
+
+    Gallipoli Farm, 28
+
+    Gapaard, 21, 23, =59=
+
+    Gaverbeck Canal, 60
+
+    =Gheluvelt=, 3, 4, 7, 28, 46, 48, =60=, 61
+
+    =Ghent=, 69
+
+    =Givenchy=, 39, 45
+
+    Glencorse Wood, 3, 26, 28
+
+    Godewaerstelde, 116
+
+    Goudberg, 35
+
+    Gouzeaucourt, 45
+
+    Gravenstafel, 31
+
+
+    Hanebeke Stream, 115
+
+    Haubourdin, 58, 132
+
+    Haute-Deule Canal, 46, 48
+
+    Havrincourt Wood, 45
+
+    =Hazebrouck=, 39, 40, 45
+
+    Heksken, 115
+
+    Herenthage Wood, 3, 28, 106
+
+    Het Sas, 14, 15, 17, 23, 67
+
+    =Hill 60=, 3, 14, 16, 18, 106
+
+    Hill 63, 57
+
+    =Hindenburg Line=, 133
+
+    Hockske, 35
+
+    Hollebeke, 7, 10, 23, 25, 26, 28, 59, =60=
+
+    =Hooge=, 16, 19, 23, 25, 48, =105=, =106=
+
+    Houthem, 11, 48, 59, 60
+
+    Houthulst Forest, 3, 32, 33, 46, 66
+
+
+    Iberian Farm, 28
+
+    Illies, 130
+
+    "International Trench", 18
+
+    Inverness Wood, 3, 26, 28
+
+
+    =Kemmel=, 14, 41, 42, 109, =113=, =114=, 115
+
+    Kemmel Hill, 40, 42, 48, 58, 108, 109, =114=, 115, 136
+
+    Kemmelbeek, 42, 107, 112
+
+    Kippe, 35
+
+    Klein Zillebeke, 7, 21, 23, 28
+
+    Kortekeer Inn, 25
+
+    Kortewilde, 60
+
+    Kruppfarm, 23
+
+
+    =La Bassee=, 13, 37, 38, 45, 48, 129, =130=, =131=, =132=
+
+    La Bassee Canal, 46
+
+    La Clytte, 42, 43, 109, =111=, 115
+
+    La Couture, 39
+
+    La Croix de Poperinghe, 118
+
+    La Fosse, 123
+
+    La Motte du Bois, 123
+
+    =Langemarck=, 12, 15, 16, 18, 26, 27, 28, 30, 48, =66=, =67=
+
+    La Vallee, 132
+
+    Laventie, 39, 45, 119, =120=
+
+    Lawe River, 39, 123, 124
+
+    =Lens=, 45, 46
+
+    Lestrem, =122=, 123
+
+    Le Transloy, 45
+
+    Lille, 40, 46, =48=, 50, 108, 133, =134=, =135=
+
+    Lille-Hazebrouck Rly., 30
+
+    Lindenhoek, 41, 42
+
+    Little Hill, 119
+
+    Lizerne, 15, 23
+
+    Lobes, 124
+
+    Locon, 39, =123=, 124
+
+    =Locre=, 42, 43 110, =112=, 115
+
+    Lombaertzyde, 23
+
+    Lomme, 48
+
+    =Loos=, 133
+
+    Luyghem, 35
+
+    =Lys River=, 13, 23, 25 37, 39, 45, 46, =50=, =51=, 53, 55, 119,
+    120, 123
+
+
+    Mangelhaere, 32
+
+    Marchiennes, 46
+
+    Marquion, 45
+
+    Martjet-Vaart Canal, 26
+
+    =Menin=, 7, 9, 16, 28, 46, 61, 103, 105
+
+    Menin Road, 30
+
+    Merckem, 35
+
+    Merris, 39
+
+    Merville, 39, 45, 108, =121=, 122, 123
+
+    =Messines=, 5, 8, 9, 20, 21, 23, 48, =56=, =58=, 59, 61
+
+    Messines-Wytschaete Crest, 39
+
+    Meteren, 39, 40, 41, 45
+
+    Molenaarelsthoek, 30
+
+    Molenhoek, 62
+
+    Mosselmarkt, 35
+
+
+    Neuf-Berquin, 39, 121
+
+    =Neuve-Chapelle=, 13, 38, 39, 45, 124, 129
+
+    Neuve-Eglise, 39, 40, 45, 58
+
+    Nieppe, 39, 119
+
+    Nieppe Forest, 38, 39, 45, 108, 122, 123
+
+    Noir Hill, 40, 48, 58, 108, =118=
+
+    Nonnes Wood, 3, 28
+
+    Noordhemhoek, 30, 63
+
+    Noreuil, 45
+
+    Notre-Dame-de-Grace, 58
+
+
+    Oosttraverne, 20
+
+    Orchies, 46
+
+    Outtersteene, 45
+
+
+    Papegoed Wood, 34
+
+    =Passchendaele=, 3, 30, 32, 34, 35, 46, 48, 63, =64=, 65
+
+    Petite Doure Stream, 58
+
+    Petit-Kemmel, 42
+
+    Pilkem, 14, 15, 23, 25, 66
+
+    =Ploegsteert=, 18, 23, 39, 45, 55, =56=, =57=
+
+    Poelcapelle, 3, 7, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, =46=, =65=, 66
+
+    Polderhoek, 30
+
+    Polygon Wood, 3, 26, 28, 63
+
+    =Poperinghe=, 16, 40, 48, =107=, 108, 115
+
+    Poterie Farm, 21
+
+    Potsdam Redoubt, 28
+
+    Premesques Chateau, 49
+
+
+    Quatre Chemins, 23
+
+    Queant, 45
+
+
+    Radinghem, 132, =133=
+
+    Ramscapelle, 16
+
+    Ravelsberg, 119
+
+    Ravetsberg, 40
+
+    Rayon Wood, 20
+
+    Reninghe, 23
+
+    =Reninghelst=, 109, 115
+
+    Reutel, 80
+
+    Richebourg-St.-Waast, 39
+
+    Robecq, 39
+
+    Rose Farm, 28
+
+    Rossignol, 58
+
+    Rouge Hill, =40=, 48, 58, 108, =109=, 110, =112=
+
+    =Roubaix=, 46, 50
+
+    =Roulers=, 15, 34, 64
+
+
+    Sailly-Saillisel, 45
+
+    =St. Eloi=, 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 41
+
+    St. Janshoek, 32, 34
+
+    St. Julien, 16, 25, 27, 28
+
+    St. Maur Ferry, 39
+
+    St. Yves, 8, 21, 23
+
+    Sanctuary Wood, 19, 23, 25, 106
+
+    Schaexnen, 118
+
+    Scherpenberg Hill, =37=, 48, 108, 109, 110, =111=
+
+    Soetart Farm, 16
+
+    Steenbeck Canal, 25, 26, 58
+
+    Steenstraat, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26
+
+    Steenwerck, 39, 45
+
+    Steenwoorde, 116
+
+    Stilebecque Stream, 119
+
+
+    Terhand, 61, =62=
+
+    Therouanne, 70
+
+    Thielt, 6
+
+    =Tourcoing=, 46, 50
+
+    =Tournai=, 18
+
+    Tower Hamlet, 28, 29, 30, 61
+
+
+    =Valenciennes=, 46
+
+    Vampire Farm, 28
+
+    Veldhoek, 28, 32, 106
+
+    Vendin-le-Vieil, 46
+
+    Verbranden-Molen, 10
+
+    Verlorenhoek, 23, 25
+
+    Vidaigne Hill, 40, 48, 108, 110, =112=, =118=
+
+    Vieux-Berquin, 39, 45
+
+    Villers-au-Flos, 45
+
+    =Vlamertinghe=, 107
+
+    Voormezelo, 42
+
+
+    Wanbecke River, 59
+
+    Warneton, 58
+
+    Wervicq, 46
+
+    Westhoek, 26
+
+    =Westoutre=, 43, 110
+
+    Westroosebeke, =65=
+
+    Wez Macquart, 49
+
+    Wieltje, 16, 23
+
+    Wulverghem, 14, 39, 40, 45, 58
+
+    =Wytschaete=, 8, 9, 20, 40, 48, =59=
+
+    Wytschaete-Messines Crest, 39
+
+
+    Yperlee River, 23, 68, 71, 80
+
+    =Ypres=, =4=, =11=, =14=, =18=, =35=, =58=, =68--102=
+
+    Ypres-Bruges Rly., 23, 25
+
+    Ypres-Comines Canal, 17, 21, 23, 26, 28
+
+      "     "     Rly., 19
+
+      "   Lille Rly., 60
+
+      "   Roulers Rly., 23, 30, 103
+
+    =Yser Canal=, 3, 15, 17, 23, 25, 26, 68
+
+
+    Zandvoorde, 4, 5, 7, 48, 61
+
+    Zelobes, 124
+
+    Zevecoten, 109, 115
+
+    Zevencote, 28
+
+    =Zillebeke=, 3, 19, 42, 43, 102, =103=, =104=, 105
+
+    Zollebeke, 48
+
+    Zonnebeke, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 28, 29, 48, =63=
+
+    Zuydschoote, 15
+
+    Zwarteleen, 9, 23
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                         PAGES
+    FOREWORD                                                 3
+    THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE, 1914 (1st Battle of Ypres)     4--11
+    SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES                              14--16
+    THE ALLIES OFFENSIVE, 1917 (3rd Battle of Ypres)    20--23
+        1st Phase                                       23--26
+        2nd Phase                                       26--27
+        3rd Phase                                       28--29
+        4th Phase                                       30--31
+        5th Phase                                       32--33
+        6th Phase                                       34--35
+    GERMAN OFFENSIVE, 1918                                  37
+    BATTLE OF THE FLANDERS HILLS                        38--40
+    CAPTURE OF KEMMEL HILL                              41--42
+    LAST GERMAN ATTACK, 1918                                43
+    THE ALLIES' VICTORY OFFENSIVE, 1918                 44--47
+    VISIT TO THE BATTLEFIELDS                          48--133
+        First Day                                      48--107
+        Second Day                                    108--133
+    CHIEF HISTORICAL EVENTS                             69--71
+    BRITISH FORCES ENGAGED                            137--141
+        British Expeditionary Force, 1914             138--139
+        1st Battle of Ypres, 1914                          139
+        2nd Battle of Ypres, 1915                          140
+        3rd Battle of Ypres, 1916                          141
+    INDEX TO NAMES OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME 142--143
+
+
+PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN DURING THE WAR
+
+    THE MICHELIN HOSPITAL
+
+    When the Great War broke out, Michelin at once converted an
+    immense new four-storied warehouse into an up-to-date Hospital,
+    with Operating Theatre, X-Ray, Bacteriological Laboratory, etc.
+    Seven weeks later (September 22, 1914) Doctors, Dispensers,
+    Nurses, Sisters of Mercy, and auxiliaries were all at their
+    posts. The first wounded arrived the same night. In all, 2,993
+    wounded were received.
+
+    All expenses were paid by Michelin.
+
+    The story of how Michelin did "his bit" during the war is told
+    briefly and simply in the illustrated booklet, "The Michelin
+    Hospital," sent post free on application.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF ONE OF THE WARDS.]
+
+    MICHELIN & Cie., Clermont-Ferrand, France.
+    MICHELIN TYRE Co., Ltd., 81, Fulham Road, London, S.W. 3.
+
+
+
+
+    THE
+    _MICHELIN_
+    TOURING OFFICE
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE]
+
+    =Open to all Motorists seeking information and
+    advice regarding Tours=
+
+    The MICHELIN Touring Office saves the intending Tourist time and
+    trouble, and generally assists him in mapping out his Tour _free
+    of charge, and irrespective of the make of Tyres he uses_.
+
+    Send us a rough draft of your next proposed Tour and we will
+    prepare a complete and detailed itinerary and forward it on to
+    you, within three or four days.
+
+    MICHELIN TOURING OFFICE
+    81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.
+    Telephone: Kensington 4400. Telegrams: "Pneumiclin, London."
+
+
+
+
+    MICHELIN ROAD MAPS
+
+    _Scale 1.200,000 or 3.15 Miles to the Inch._
+
+[Illustration:
+    NORTH
+
+    MICHELIN
+    MAP
+    of the
+    BRITISH ISLES
+
+    Scale. 3.15 Miles to the Inch.
+    or 1/200,000
+
+    London-Bath
+    No. 18
+
+    ENGRAVED AND EDITED
+    BY
+    THE MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD,
+    81, FULHAM ROAD,
+    LONDON.
+
+    SOUTH
+]
+
+    BRITISH ISLES
+        Published in 31 Sheets.
+            On Canvas 2_s._ net: post free 2_s._ 2_d._
+            On Paper 1_s._ net: post free 1_s._ 11/2_d._
+
+    FRANCE
+       Published in 48 Sheets.
+            On Canvas 2_s._ net. Post free 2_s._ 2_d._
+            On Paper 1_s._ net. Post free 1_s._ 11/2_d._
+
+    _The MICHELIN MAPS may be obtained at all Booksellers, at the
+    Royal Automobile Club, London, The Automobile Association,
+    London, at all MICHELIN Stockists, at MICHELIN & Cie., Paris,
+    and at_
+
+    MICHELIN TYRE CO., LTD.
+    81, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 3.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Hyphen removed: "iron[-]work" (page 123).
+
+Pages 25, 142: "Kortekeert" changed to "Kortekeer".
+
+Page 25: "Ypers" changed to "Ypres" (on the right of the Ypres-Roulers
+Road).
+
+Page 26: "asault" changed to "assault" (they took by assault the
+village).
+
+Page 32: "Houlthulst" changed to "Houthulst" (the south-western edge of
+Houthulst Forest).
+
+Page 37: "of" changed to "to" (the driving back to the Channel coast).
+
+Page 71: "coverd" changed to "covered" (waterways are now covered).
+
+Page 101: "tmypana" changed to "tympana" (whose tympana are decorated).
+
+Page 116: "Itinerery" changed to "Itinerary" (See Itinerary p. 108).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Ypres and the Battles of Ypres, by Unknown
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YPRES AND THE BATTLES OF YPRES ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36213.txt or 36213.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/2/1/36213/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/36213.zip b/36213.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa65917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/36213.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e280df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #36213 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36213)