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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Viceroys of Ireland, by Charles O'Mahony
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Viceroys of Ireland
+
+Author: Charles O'Mahony
+
+Release Date: May 22, 2011 [EBook #36193]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE VICEROYS OF
+
+IRELAND
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE LONG LINE OF NOBLEMEN
+
+AND THEIR WIVES WHO HAVE RULED
+
+IRELAND AND IRISH SOCIETY FOR
+
+OVER SEVEN HUNDRED
+
+YEARS
+
+
+
+BY
+
+
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+
+
+WITH PHOTOGRAVURE FRONTISPIECE AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER
+
+PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+JOHN LONG, LIMITED
+
+NORRIS STREET, HAYMARKET
+
+MCMXII
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+MY WIFE
+
+
+
+
+{ix}
+
+PREFACE
+
+This is the first complete history of the viceroys of Ireland, the only
+other book on the subject being the late Sir John T. Gilbert's, which
+was published in 1864.  But as he dealt with the viceroys between 1172
+and 1509 only, his book has no claim to completeness.  In common with
+all writers on Ireland, however, I must express my acknowledgments to
+Gilbert.  His keen and discerning research work, covering the first two
+hundred years of the viceroyalty, has been of the utmost value to me.
+
+Irish affairs appear certain to monopolize public and parliamentary
+attention this year, and on this account I think that the history of
+the men who have ruled Ireland for nearly seven hundred and fifty years
+will be read with interest.
+
+Of the illustrations, that of Lord Aberdeen is from a photograph by M.
+Lafayette of Dublin and London, who has also supplied the photographs
+of Lady Aberdeen, Lords Dudley, Spencer, Londonderry, Cadogan, and
+Crewe, King Edward at the {x} Dublin Exhibition, and those of the
+Viceregal Lodge, St. Patrick's Hall, and the Throne Room in Dublin
+Castle.  All the other illustrations are from photographs of the
+originals in the National Portrait Gallery, Dublin.
+
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+
+LONDON
+
+_June_, 1912
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                               PAGE
+
+  CHAPTER I      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       15
+  CHAPTER II     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       28
+  CHAPTER III    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       48
+  CHAPTER IV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       62
+  CHAPTER V      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       71
+  CHAPTER VI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       86
+  CHAPTER VII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      103
+  CHAPTER VIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      120
+  CHAPTER IX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      139
+  CHAPTER X      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      161
+  CHAPTER XI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      173
+  CHAPTER XII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      188
+  CHAPTER XIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      201
+  CHAPTER XIV    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      216
+  CHAPTER XV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      229
+  CHAPTER XVI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      242
+  CHAPTER XVII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      261
+  CHAPTER XVIII  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      271
+  CHAPTER XIX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      289
+  CHAPTER XX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      303
+  CHAPTER XXI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      313
+  CHAPTER XXII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      326
+
+  INDEX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      343
+
+
+
+
+{xiii}
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                        FACING PAGE
+
+THE EARL OF ABERDEEN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   _Frontispiece_
+
+THE VICEREGAL LODGE, DUBLIN  -   -   -   -   -   -   -           30
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, DUBLIN CASTLE   -   -   -   -   -   -           42
+
+ST. PATRICK'S HALL, DUBLIN CASTLE    -   -   -   -   -           54
+
+ROBERT DEVEREUX, EARL OF ESSEX   -   -   -   -   -   -           68
+
+CHARLES BLOUNT, LORD MOUNTJOY    -   -   -   -   -   -           78
+
+THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF STRAFFORD  -   -   -   -   -           84
+
+JAMES BUTLER, FIRST DUKE OF ORMONDE  -   -   -   -   -           86
+
+OLIVER CROMWELL  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -           90
+
+ARTHUR, EARL OF ESSEX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          100
+
+LORD WHARTON -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          130
+
+JOHN, LORD CARTERET  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          140
+
+EARL OF CHESTERFIELD -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          150
+
+EARL OF HARRINGTON   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          152
+
+MARQUIS TOWNSHEND    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          176
+
+INSTALLATION BANQUET OF KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK   -   -          188
+
+DUKE OF RUTLAND  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          192
+
+EARL OF WESTMORELAND -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          194
+
+EARL FITZWILLIAM -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          200
+
+MARQUIS CAMDEN   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          204
+
+MARQUIS CORNWALLIS   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          210
+
+DUKE OF RICHMOND AND LENNOX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          214
+
+EARL TALBOT  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          218
+
+MARQUIS WELLESLEY    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          226
+
+LORD MULGRAVE    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          240
+
+{xiv}
+
+EARL OF CLARENDON    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          248
+
+EARL OF EGLINTON AND WINTON  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          256
+
+EARL SPENCER -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          280
+
+LORD CREWE   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          306
+
+EARL CADOGAN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          310
+
+LORD DUDLEY  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          318
+
+KING EDWARD CONVERSING WITH LORD ABERDEEN    -   -   -          334
+
+COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          338
+
+
+
+
+{15}
+
+THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The conquest of Ireland by Henry II. is one of the myths of history
+which Time has endeavoured to crystallize into fact.  Rome gave Ireland
+to the superstitious, cowardly King of England, but the Pope could not
+make Henry a conqueror, and so the invader, coming to claim that which
+did not belong to the Pope or to himself, discovered that the native
+Irish could defend themselves.  Ireland was a land of saints according
+to the chroniclers of the time; Henry discovered that it was also a
+land of fighters, and the armour and superior weapons of his army were
+outmatched by the sturdy patriotism of the Irish, whose weapons and
+methods were, doubtless, crude, but whose courage and determination
+were inspired by a love of country and intensified by a passion for
+independence.
+
+Henry II. landed at Waterford on October 11, 1171, accompanied by a
+great army.  The conquest of Ireland was to be short, sharp, and
+decisive.  The natives appeared to know nothing of the fine art of war,
+and even Henry must have tasted of courage when he viewed the ill-armed
+{16} legions he had to fight.  From Waterford he marched to Dublin, but
+the result of several battles and skirmishes was an attenuated army and
+unexpected defeat.  Had it not been for the inevitable Irish traitor,
+Henry and his followers would have been swept into the sea, but it is
+Ireland's tragedy that she produces almost as many traitors as heroes.
+Dermot McMurrough, King of Leinster, anxious to gain the unmistakable
+advantages offered by an alliance with the King of England, came to
+Henry's aid, and thus the invader was at any rate able to claim the
+conquest of the land covered by the feet of his soldiers.  Beyond that
+his jurisdiction was imaginary.  Realizing this, Henry determined to
+leave Ireland.  His expedition had proved profitless, but he foresaw
+possibilities of gain in the future.  The first of a long line of
+Englishmen who have never known when they were beaten, Henry, with a
+statesmanlike disregard for the realities, divided Ireland between ten
+of his followers, and, nominating one of them to act as his
+representative, sailed from the country on Easter Monday, April 17,
+1172.  This, in brief, is the story of the conquest of Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: The first Viceroy]
+
+Henry's representative, and, therefore, generally accepted as the first
+Viceroy of Ireland, was Hugh de Lacy, a descendant of one of William
+the Conqueror's companions in arms.  To De Lacy was committed the care
+of Dublin Castle and the command of the English in Ireland.  The
+viceroy was a small but muscular man, unscrupulous, immoral, and
+unsuccessful.  Henry gave him 800,000 acres which were not the king's
+to give, {17} even in the Dark Ages when right was might.  To a person
+of De Lacy's qualities the gift was valueless, for he was not the man
+to gain and hold the land.  Even when Tiarnan O'Ruarc, the original
+owner, was treacherously slain, the viceroy found it impossible to
+assert his authority over the vast estate.
+
+De Lacy was soon succeeded by another Anglo-Norman baron,
+Fitz-Gislebert, who gained Henry's confidence and gratitude by helping
+to subdue the rebellious sons of the King of England.  Fitz-Gislebert
+came from Normandy to Ireland.  His viceroyalty was undistinguished,
+and he was chiefly occupied in defending himself from the attacks of
+the Irish or in vain endeavours to assert his authority as the
+representative of the King of England.  When he died in 1176 his
+widow's brother, Raymond le Gros, acted as viceroy until Henry, having
+been acquainted with the decease of Fitz-Gislebert, appointed Guillaume
+Fitz-Aldelm de Burgh to the post in 1177.  Raymond was not at all
+pleased with Henry's choice, but he dissembled sufficiently to receive
+the new viceroy at Wexford.  Raymond had by now assumed the name and
+arms of the Geraldine family by virtue of his descent from an emigrant
+of an old Tuscan family, thus forming his kinsmen and followers under
+one banner, and becoming the most powerful member of the English colony
+in Ireland.  Fitz-Aldelm and the Geraldines were never friendly, and it
+is not surprising, therefore, that one of the Geraldine chroniclers
+should describe the viceroy as 'corpulent, crafty, plausible, {18}
+corrupt, addicted to wine and profligate luxuriousness.'  The
+description, save for the physical details, would, however, apply to
+almost every one of the early Viceroys of Ireland.  They were for the
+most part needy adventurers sent to Ireland to replenish empty purses,
+legalized robbers commissioned by the Kings of England, and none the
+less thieves because they were not always successful in their mission.
+
+[Sidenote: English defeats]
+
+In 1177 King Henry secured the permission of the Pope to style his son
+John, aged twelve, Lord of Ireland, and two years later the viceroy was
+recalled, De Lacy returning to Ireland as Governor with a colleague in
+the person of Robert de la Poer of Wexford.  De Lacy, however,
+committed the heinous crime of marrying without the king's permission,
+his bride being the daughter of King O'Connor, and he was superseded by
+Jean, Constable of Chester, who held the viceroyalty in conjunction
+with Richard de Peche, Bishop of Coventry.  The ex-viceroy, however,
+managed to secure a renewal of the king's favour, and he quickly
+returned to Ireland, though for safety's sake Henry gave him a
+colleague, the Bishop of Salisbury, who was the monarch's paid spy.  De
+Lacy pursued his policy unhampered, and very soon became wealthy and
+powerful.  The king, learning of his representative's arrogance,
+decided that it was dangerous to permit a subject to taste too much of
+kingly power, and in 1184 he appointed his son, Prince John, now
+nineteen years of age, to be the chief governor of Ireland.  Fortified
+by the Papal sanction, Prince John came {19} to Ireland with a large
+and costly army to impress De Lacy and his fellow-barons, and,
+incidentally, to subdue the turbulent Irish.  An assassin removed De
+Lacy from his path, but the natives were stubborn, and the English were
+defeated whenever they gave battle.  Thereupon John, with his retinue,
+indulged in a series of orgies, lost the remnant of his army, and after
+eight months returned to England in 1185.
+
+During the succeeding four years De Courcy, a powerful baron, ruled
+Dublin in parts and none of the rest of Ireland, but, of course,
+maintained the fiction that he was the king's representative, and,
+therefore, Viceroy of Ireland.  Then followed the first viceroyalty of
+Hugh de Lacy, a son of the previous viceroy, and in 1190 Guillaume le
+Petil took over the post and occupied it until 1191.  After him came in
+quick succession Guillaume, Earl Marechal (1191-94), Pierre Pipard
+(1194), Hamon de Valognes (1197-99), and Fitz-Henry, whose father was
+an illegitimate son of Henry I., whose first term began in 1199 and
+ended in 1203.  De Valognes, when he retired, had to pay 1,000 marks to
+the king's treasury to settle his viceregal accounts.  This was not
+exceptional.  The viceroys of Ireland were given considerable powers,
+but they had their responsibilities, and among these was a contract to
+supply so much money and soldiers to their royal masters.  To satisfy
+these contracts, the viceroys, when denied the spoils of battle, had to
+rob and plunder, while the viceroy who paid his debts was as rare as
+virtue in Dublin Castle.
+
+{20}
+
+Hugh de Lacy returned in 1203, but King John, his fears aroused by the
+viceroy's introduction of special coinage, recalled him in 1204, and
+for the space of a year Fitz-Henry occupied the viceregal position.  In
+1205 the king issued instructions for the erection of a new Dublin
+Castle.  De Lacy, however, had powerful friends, and in 1205 he came
+back once more, and ruled the English colony for five years, until King
+John landed at Waterford on June 20, 1210, when, of course, the
+vice-royalty ceased for the time being.  De Lacy, more courageous and
+skilful than his father, had carried war into the enemy's camp, and had
+done something towards extending the boundaries of England's dominions
+beyond the frontiers of Dublin.  He instituted a system of taxation
+which was very profitable to him and to his royal master, but it
+exasperated the Irish to such an extent that they rose in rebellion.
+The opposing forces met at Thurles in 1208, and the result was a signal
+defeat for De Lacy.  The coming of King John, who did not conceal his
+distrust of the viceroy, caused De Lacy to concentrate his forces with
+a view to impressing the king.  Fortune, however, was on the side of
+John, and De Lacy fled the country.  There are many legends recounting
+the adventures of the once powerful nobleman.  He and his brother are
+said to have laboured as brickmakers and gardeners in Normandy and
+Scotland, and suffered many other indignities.
+
+[Sidenote: Papal supremacy]
+
+King John's stay in Ireland was brief, as the critical state of his
+kingdom required his presence in England.  He left behind him as his
+representatives {21} Guillaume, Earl of Salisbury--an illegitimate son
+of Henry II. by the fair Rosemond Clifford--and De Grey, Bishop of
+Norwich.  In 1213 they were succeeded by Henry de Londres, Archbishop
+of Dublin, a powerful prelate and an unscrupulous statesman.  He was
+given the post because of his influence with the Pope, and John's first
+task for his new viceroy was to send him to Rome to induce the occupant
+of the Papal throne to side with him against the barons.  Geoffery de
+Marreis, a follower of the Archbishop's, acted as his deputy during his
+absence abroad.  The deputy robbed friend and foe alike, but eventually
+the trades-people of Dublin petitioned the king because De Marreis
+would not pay his debts and added insult to injury by compelling the
+traders of the city to give him further credit.  King Henry III. was on
+the throne now, and he ordered his representative to pay all his debts
+within forty days.  Furthermore, he was placed under the authority of
+the Archbishop of Dublin, Henry de Londres, who had helped to make
+history by forming one of the barons and ecclesiastics who compelled
+King John to sign the Magna Charta.  The archbishop was the most
+powerful Englishman in the kingdom of Ireland, and, as the
+representative of the Pope, took precedence of the representative of
+the king.  In 1221 he was appointed viceroy, and then ensued the usual
+conflict between the civil and religious powers that is inevitable when
+churchmen turn politicians.  The English colony complained to Henry
+that his viceroy was unable to cope with the insurgents, and they
+prayed {22} for a more warlike governor.  Guillaume Marechal, eldest
+son and heir of the first Earl of Pembroke, and afterwards second earl,
+was sent to Ireland as viceroy in 1224, but this brother-in-law of the
+king's did not find the country to his liking, and he departed in
+favour of Geoffery de Marreis, whose third term of office began in 1226
+and ended the following year.
+
+This viceroyalty was the first to which a definite salary was given,
+the sum of £580 a year being set aside for the use of Geoffery de
+Marreis.  Richard de Burgh followed De Marreis until, in 1229, Maurice
+Fitzgerald assumed the reins of government.  Fitzgerald was born in
+Ireland, and was the first Anglo-Irishman to become Viceroy of Ireland.
+His viceroyalty extended over fifteen years, though at intervals the
+government was in the hands of Geoffery de Marreis and Richard de Burgh
+for a few months.  The viceroy was given a salary of £500 a year, and
+unlimited authority to rob the native Irish, and even the English
+colony, provided he sent part of the proceeds to London to help to pay
+the king's debts and finance wars.  But he fell from grace in 1245, and
+was dismissed, the reason given being his dilatoriness in bringing
+reinforcements to his royal master in Wales.  Jean Fitz-Geoffery was
+appointed his successor, and during the ensuing ten years the
+government was nominally vested in him, minor changes occurring from
+time to time.  The next viceroy, Alain de la Zouche, reigned for four
+years (1255-59), and died as the result of an assault made upon him by
+the Earl of Warrene and {23} Surrey in Westminster Hall, while his
+successor, Etienne, who had married the widow of the second Hugh de
+Lacy, was murdered in 1260.
+
+The next half-dozen viceroys are summed up easily.  Guillaume le Dene
+(1260-61), Sir Richard de la Rochelle (1261-66), Jean Fitz-Geoffery for
+the third time (1266-67), Sir Robert D'Ufford (1268 and 1276-82),
+Richard D'Exeter (1269), and Jacques D'Audeley (1270-72).  The majority
+were adventurers and favourites of the king, and few could claim
+possession of the soldier-like qualities which were needed at the time.
+Sir Robert D'Ufford was an exception, but he spent most of his time
+fighting abroad in the service of the King of England.  Maurice
+Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, signalized a brief viceroyalty, extending from
+1272-73, by marching into the territory of the O'Connors, and promptly
+being made a prisoner.  The vacancy thus created was filled by Geoffery
+de Joinville, who held the post for three years.
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Jean Wogan]
+
+Jean de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin (1288-90), was one of the
+numerous deputies who governed the English colony between 1282 and
+1290.  These deputies were mainly ecclesiastics, for England's
+unsettled state and numerous wars called every leading warrior away
+from Ireland.  Sir Guillaume de Vesci (1290-93), Guillaume de la Haye
+(1293), Guillaume D'Ardingselles (1294), Thomas Fitzmaurice (1294-95)
+paved the way for Sir Jean Wogan, who was viceroy for thirteen years,
+and who did more to establish the authority of England than any of his
+predecessors.  When Wogan was appointed the chief source of danger {24}
+to the English colonists was the feud between the two great Anglo-Irish
+families, the Fitzgeralds and the De Burghs.  Wogan, however, succeeded
+in bringing them together, and they agreed to a truce.  The viceroy was
+also fairly successful against the natives, but he made no additions to
+the territory over which England nominally held sway.  In 1308 Sir
+Guillaume de Burgh was appointed to succeed Wogan, but an unexpected
+development occurred, and Edward II., urged on by his advisers,
+nominated his Gascon favourite, Piers de Gaveston, to the post.  This
+was virtually an act of banishment, and the gay Gascon regarded it as
+such, but for the time he had to accept the post, which was regarded by
+the wealthy English barons as tantamount to exile.  Ireland was not a
+garden of pleasant memories to the English warriors.  Not one of them
+who had tried his skill in the country had added to his laurels, and,
+consequently, the only men who would accept the viceroyalty or any of
+the posts attached to the Dublin Castle Government were the "needy
+adventurers" who stood to lose nothing and gain something.  From time
+to time the English colony petitioned the king not to send these 'needy
+adventurers,' but there were no others to fill the vacancies that arose.
+
+Piers de Gaveston's case was an exception.  Edward II. had advanced him
+to the Earldom of Cornwall, and the barons were jealous of him.  They
+plotted against his life, but the king stood by his favourite, and
+eventually both parties {25} compromised by permitting Piers to go to
+Ireland.  He did not stay in Ireland for more than a few months, for he
+hungered for the gay English court, and when he left the country Sir
+Jean Wogan renewed his viceroyalty.  It was in this year--1309--that
+John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, obtained a Bull from Clement V.
+authorizing the establishment of a university in Dublin.  The laudable
+project, however, was prematurely abandoned owing to the death of the
+archbishop.  Nearly three hundred years elapsed before Dublin received
+its now famous university.
+
+[Sidenote: Edward Bruce crowned]
+
+Sir Edmund le Botiller, or Butler, succeeded Wogan in 1312, and carried
+on his policy.  He is said to have succeeded in restoring order in the
+English colony and its immediate surroundings, but when reappointed in
+1315, after a viceroyalty of a few months by Theobaude de Verdun, he
+had to cope with the most serious rebellion Ireland had known for two
+hundred years.  The native Irish had been inspired by the exploits of
+King Robert Bruce of Scotland, and they called upon that monarch's
+brother, Edward Bruce, to rule over their country and lead them to
+victory.  Bruce responded with alacrity, and he was crowned King of
+Ireland in 1315.  Le Botiller collected a large army, and went in
+pursuit of the invader and his followers, but the viceroy suffered an
+overwhelming defeat, and it seemed as though the last day had come of
+English rule in Ireland.  The inhabitants of Dublin, who were, of
+course, mainly English, became alarmed, but some confidence was
+restored at a meeting of the chief {26} nobles, who swore fidelity to
+King Edward, and declared that they would forfeit life and lands if
+they failed in their duty.  The manifesto, signed by ten nobles, was
+delivered to Edward at Westminster, and he signified his approval and
+gratitude by creating the first of the signatories, Jean Fitz-Thomas,
+Earl of Kildare.  Fitz-Thomas had been Baron of Offaly.  The defeated
+and discomfited Le Botiller was superseded in 1317 by Roger de
+Mortimer, the paramour of King Edward's queen.  Mortimer brought with
+him 15,000 men, and while he was pursuing Bruce he appointed the
+Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin to act as his deputies at Dublin.
+
+Sunday, October 14, 1318, witnessed the last of Edward Bruce and his
+pretensions to the kingdom of Ireland.  Outnumbered and out-generalled,
+he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Faughard, and in accordance
+with the rules of war his head was sent to King Edward.  When this
+ghastly trophy arrived, Edward was seated at a banquet with the
+Ambassadors from King Robert Bruce of Scotland, who had asked and
+seemed likely to obtain the province of Ulster for Edward Bruce.  The
+sight of Bruce's head, however, ended the conference prematurely.
+
+[Sidenote: The first university]
+
+Roger de Mortimer was in 1319 induced to forsake the attractions of the
+queen's court for the rigours of Dublin Castle, but in 1320 he was back
+again in London, leaving Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, to rule in
+his stead.  Kildare was succeeded by Jean de Bermingham, Earl of Louth,
+{27} in 1321; while in the same year Sir Ralph de Gorges and Sir Jean
+d'Arcy occupied in turn the viceroyalty.  D'Arcy lasted until 1326.  It
+is worthy of note that in 1320 a university was opened in Dublin, but
+it was never more than a seminary for ecclesiastics.
+
+
+
+
+{28}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The year 1326 is memorable in English annals because of the deposition
+of Edward II.  The Viceroy of Ireland, Thomas, second Earl of Kildare,
+was appointed that year, the warrant stating that he represented Edward
+III., then a boy of fourteen.  The deposed monarch immediately looked
+to Ireland for support, and to Dublin he came, having heard that the
+English colony refused to acknowledge the authority of the Earl of
+Kildare.  He was misinformed, however, and he lost his throne without
+being able to strike a blow for it.
+
+[Sidenote: Prior Utlagh and witchcraft]
+
+The Earl of Kildare gave way in 1328 to a remarkable ecclesiastic,
+Prior Roger Utlagh, Chancellor and Prior of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham.  He ruled as an autocrat, outwardly acknowledging Edward's
+sovereignty, but in reality a combination of layman and priest, who
+feared neither God nor man.  When King Robert Bruce visited Ireland,
+and invited the Prior to a conference, he was ordered to leave the
+country, and he had to obey.  Fellow-ecclesiastics plotted against him,
+but he was more than their match.  When the Bishop of Ossory openly
+accused the viceroy of favouring heretics, Roger Utlagh made {29} it
+the occasion of a great public demonstration of his virtuous qualities.
+The charge was based on a rumour that the viceroy had shown kindness to
+a man imprisoned in Dublin Castle because he was the patron of a
+supposed witch's son.  The position was serious enough, and the
+viceroy, therefore, issued proclamations for three successive days,
+calling upon his enemies to appear and prefer a charge against him.  No
+one came forward, as was only to be expected, the viceroy possessing
+arbitrary punitive powers, and Utlagh thereupon nominated six
+commissioners in Dublin Castle and examined witnesses provided by
+himself.  The complacent commissioners formally declared Prior Utlagh's
+character to be spotless, and in return for this testimonial the worthy
+ecclesiastic presided over a banquet in the Castle.  Thus were his
+enemies confounded.
+
+The Prior retired for William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, who was styled
+Lieutenant, or locum tenens.  De Burgh's reign was brief, and in 1332,
+within a year of his appointment, he was replaced by Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+an ex-viceroy.  The Earl of Ulster was murdered in 1333, an act of
+revenge inspired by an aunt whose husband the earl had starved to death
+in one of his castles.  The crime had its effect on English history, as
+the Countess of Ulster fled to England with her only child, Elizabeth,
+who married a son of Edward III. and became an ancestor of Edward IV.
+Sir Jean d'Arcy was merely viceroy in name, the deputy, Sir Thomas de
+Burgh, ruling in Dublin Castle until 1337, when Sir John de Cherlton,
+who had been {30} appointed in place of the deputy--dismissed for
+irregularities--occupied the post for a year.  His successor was his
+brother, the Bishop of Hereford, who also became Chancellor.  Like most
+ecclesiastics of the time, the Bishop of Hereford was a very zealous
+politician, drawing a sharp line between his spiritual and his temporal
+powers.  He seized the cattle of the native Irish in large quantities,
+frequently despoiling the whole countryside of every head of live
+stock, and this so delighted the valorous Edward III. that he wrote a
+long letter of commendation to his faithful representative, and ordered
+the treasurer at Dublin Castle to pay the viceroy's salary before that
+of any other official.  The year 1340 witnessed the retirement of the
+cattle-stealing Bishop, the reappointment and death of Prior Utlagh,
+and the conferring for life of the viceroyalty upon Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+who had covered himself with glory in the numerous wars of Edward III.
+D'Arcy did not, of course, come to Ireland.  The appointment was in
+reality the king's way of rewarding his faithful warrior, and,
+therefore, D'Arcy was content to share in the spoils and gains of his
+deputy, Sir John Moriz.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Anglo-Irish]
+
+By now, however, a new factor entered into the protracted struggle for
+the possession of the rich lands of Ireland.  During the centuries of
+English occupation several great Anglo-Irish families had arisen, and,
+fattening upon their spoils, gradually came to occupy positions more
+powerful than the representatives of the king.  The heads of the
+Desmonds, the Geraldines, the De Burghs, and {31} others, resented the
+intrusion of English warriors sent to Dublin to refill their treasure
+chests.  They wished to rule Ireland, and declined to bow the knee to
+impecunious adventurers invested with royal powers by the King of
+England.  Slowly yet surely these powerful chieftains ranged themselves
+on one side until hostilities in Ireland were not between the English
+and the natives, but between the English by birth and the English by
+blood, jealousy and greed of gain forming the motive.
+
+[Illustration: The Viceregal lodge, Dublin]
+
+When Sir John Moriz, D'Arcy's deputy, called a Parliament together at
+Dublin to consider the state of the country and to promulgate new
+Edwardian ordinances, the Earl of Desmond and other leaders of the
+English by blood declined to attend.  In their opinion Sir Jean d'Arcy
+and his deputy were 'needy adventurers'--a description they applied to
+them in a petition sent direct to Edward III.  Desmond was a clever
+man, who openly advocated peace and secretly prepared for war.  His
+diplomacy, however, gained a surer victory than all his legions were
+capable of accomplishing, for in the petition already referred to he
+asked politely why his Majesty did not receive larger revenues from
+Ireland.  This caused Edward to realize some of the disadvantages of
+conferring the viceroyalty upon impecunious warriors, and he promptly
+surrendered to the petitioners, removing Moriz, and appointing Sir
+Raoul d'Ufford, who became viceroy in the early part of 1344.
+
+D'Ufford was wealthy enough to be trusted with {32} the government of
+Ireland, and Edward owed him something for his services in the French
+and Flemish wars.  It is more than likely, however, that he was
+indebted for his viceroyalty to the fact that his wife was Maud
+Plantagenet, widow of the murdered Earl of Ulster and also of Edward's
+son.  D'Ufford's commission authorized him to grant pardon to rebels on
+their swearing allegiance to the king, and, furthermore, it enjoined
+him to search for Irish mines of gold, silver, lead, and tin.
+D'Ufford's appointment evoked no enthusiasm and some fear.  The English
+colony knew the temper of Maud Plantagenet, a proud, revengeful, and
+ambitious woman, and greatly as they feared D'Ufford's reputation for
+severity, they realized that, urged on by his wife, he might be guilty
+of excesses exceeding those which had won for him the fear of his
+enemies in France.
+
+The entrance of the viceregal pair into Dublin in July, 1345,
+foreshadowed the kingly state they maintained throughout their brief
+reign.  They resided in the Priory of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham, and Maud Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster, put into practice
+the lessons she had learnt at the English court.  She exacted homage
+from her friends, maintained ladies-in-waiting, held courts of her own,
+and, in fact, was Queen of Ireland.  Letters were sent to Edward
+describing the conduct of his ambitious representatives, and the king's
+jealousy and fears were aroused.  Action on his part, however, was
+forestalled by the death of D'Ufford, who expired from a malignant
+disease on Palm Sunday, 1346.  Clergy and laity {33} combined to
+celebrate the tyrant's death, and thanksgiving services were held
+throughout the English colony.  D'Ufford and his wife occupied the
+viceroyalty for less than twelve months, but in that brief space of
+time they committed many acts of oppression, torturing, robbing,
+despoiling, and executing enemies and even friends to gratify a lust
+for gain and exhibit to the world their vanity of power.  Most of
+D'Ufford's tyrannies were ascribed by the populace to the evil counsels
+of his wife, and when he was no more they sought out the widow with the
+intention of laying violent hands upon her.  Tyrants have no friends
+when they fall from power, and Maud Plantagenet suffered the usual
+indignities of a changeable fate, though she managed to escape from
+Ireland and carry her husband's body to England.  She passed the
+remainder of her life in retirement.
+
+Since his dismissal Sir John Moriz had laboured to obtain his
+restoration, and he succeeded in this three days before D'Ufford's
+death.  Meanwhile the council in Ireland had elected Roger, son of Sir
+Jean d'Arcy, who, however, gave way to Moriz when the latter arrived.
+
+[Sidenote: The profits of the post]
+
+The new viceroy had been charged by the king to secure supplies of
+money for him from out of Ireland.  Indeed, the appointment was based
+on a sort of co-partnership, the king insisting upon a large percentage
+of the profits of the post.  Moriz knew that conciliation was the only
+means of obtaining the money, and he began by releasing the Earl of
+Kildare from imprisonment in Dublin Castle, and showing similar
+clemency to other {34} distinguished prisoners.  The policy of Walter
+de Bermingham (1348-49), John, Lord Carew (1349), and Sir Thomas de
+Rokeby (1349-55), was in direct contrast.  They favoured war where
+Moriz had tried peace, and with the usual result.  The native Irish had
+by now the protection and assistance of the leading Anglo-Irish
+families, who were influenced by the Irish blood in their veins, and
+took common cause against the viceroy and his battalions.  In almost
+every encounter the English were defeated, and, finally, Dublin itself
+was threatened.  In alarm the English colony began to make hasty
+preparations for flight to England.  They sold what they could and
+abandoned the rest, and it seemed as though the English in Ireland
+would cease to exist when an order came from England declaring that any
+English colonist deserting Ireland would be put to death.  Compelled to
+remain, they continued their miserable existence, threatened with
+murder by their foes, and in continual danger of robbery by the very
+men appointed to protect them.  Dublin at this period was in a wretched
+condition.  There had been no attempt to build a city, and in reality
+the place was a fort whereby England maintained its footing in Ireland.
+In the country the native chiefs and the Anglo-Irish noblemen ruled,
+administering justice in their crude fashion, and in some cases issuing
+their own coinage.  The Viceroy of Ireland was in reality Viceroy of
+Dublin, and not always even that.
+
+The next Lord-Deputy was Maurice, first Earl of Desmond, an
+Anglo-Irishman.  He died in 1356, {35} a year after his appointment,
+and Sir Thomas de Rokeby, who succeeded him, succumbed the same year.
+A return to the old condition of things was marked by the appointment
+of Baron Almaric de St. Amaud, who was created Lord of Gormanstown, but
+the baron did not care for Ireland, and he went back to England,
+leaving Maurice, fourth Earl of Kildare, to act as his deputy.  He gave
+way to James le Botiller, second Earl of Ormonde, who was a
+great-grandson of Edward I.  The appointment won the allegiance of
+Ormonde to the throne of England, and when, two years
+later--1361--Prince Lionel, third son of Edward III., was appointed
+viceroy and sent to Ireland with a large army, Ormonde promptly became
+one of his Generals.  In 1347, when the Prince was ten, he had been
+married to Elizabeth, daughter of the murdered Earl of Ulster and Maud
+Plantagenet, the girl being sixteen.  The object was to secure for the
+Royal Family the immense estates and vast wealth of the late Earl of
+Ulster, and when in 1361 Prince Lionel and his wife travelled with
+their army to Ireland, a considerable part of the expenditure was borne
+by his wife's estate.  Remembering the hostility of the Irish against
+his wife's mother, Lionel issued a proclamation forbidding the natives
+to approach his camp.
+
+[Sidenote: English army defeated]
+
+Having rested for a time, Prince Lionel began the march which was to
+conquer the land, but again an English army, strong, well armed and
+victualled, was outmatched and defeated by the Irish.  Disaster after
+disaster followed the prince, who could do nothing right.  Edward, when
+he {36} heard the news, was alarmed and astounded.  The first thing he
+did was to create the prince Duke of Clarence.  His second step was
+more practical, and consisted in raising another army, while he
+increased his son's allowance from 6s. 8d. a day to 13s. 4d.  Victory,
+however, was denied the prince, and though he returned to Ireland with
+increased forces in 1364, 1365, and 1366, he failed to improve upon his
+previous attempts.  In 1362 his wife had died, leaving an only child in
+the person of Phillipa.
+
+[Sidenote: The Statute of Kilkenny]
+
+Prince Lionel's term of office is chiefly remarkable because it
+witnessed the creation of the famous, or infamous, Statute of Kilkenny.
+At a special Parliament held in Kilkenny in 1367, the viceroy
+endeavoured to gain by legislation that which he and his soldiers had
+lost in a dozen battles.  It was therefore decreed that no English
+settler could marry into an Irish family; the selling of horses,
+armour, or victuals in peace or war was declared treason; English was
+the only language to be spoken; the English style of horsemanship was
+to be adopted; and no subject of the king's could be known except by an
+English name, and the education of the Irish was forbidden, no colleges
+or seminaries being permitted to receive them.  There were also special
+clauses dealing with ecclesiastics, who were ordered to expel any Irish
+amongst them.  The use of the English tongue was enjoined strictly, and
+if anyone offended the profits of his benefice were to be seized by his
+superior.  The English colonists were likewise warned against admitting
+itinerant {37} musicians into their houses, for these men were regarded
+as spies, and therefore dangerous.  The custom of calling the English
+by birth 'English Hobbes,' or clowns, was forbidden, as well as the
+nickname of 'Irish dogs' bestowed upon the English by blood.  The
+Government could not afford the luxury of schisms amongst its friends.
+The common people were ordered not to play hurlings and quoitings,
+'which had caused evils and maims,' but to accustom themselves 'to draw
+bows and cast lances and other gentleman-like sports whereby the Irish
+enemies might be better checked.'  Constables of castles were forbidden
+to take more than 5d. per day from any prisoner for maintenance, and
+torture was vetoed.  Not the least important enactment of the Statute
+of Kilkenny was the 'one war one peace' declaration.  This meant that
+in the event of a rebellion or uprising all those who did not side with
+the viceroy were to be regarded as the open enemies of the King of
+England.  Neutrality could not be acknowledged.
+
+When this laborious and comprehensive statute had been drawn up the
+viceroy requested the Archbishops of Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and the
+Bishops of Lismore and Waterford, Killaloe, Leighlin, and Cloyne to
+pronounce sentence of excommunication against all those who might by
+'rebellion of heart' resist the Statute of Kilkenny.
+
+This was Lionel's last act as viceroy, and he retired, being succeeded
+by Gerald, fourth Earl of Desmond, known as 'The Poet' by reason of his
+{38} writings.  He was popular, witty, and just, and for two years he
+ruled the English colony.  In 1369, however, Sir William de Windsor,
+who had been one of the leaders of Prince Lionel's army, was appointed
+viceroy, and given an annuity of £1,000 until lands producing an equal
+amount could be settled on him.  De Windsor's time was occupied chiefly
+in repelling attacks on the city of Dublin by the border Irish, but he
+performed an heroic action by marching to the South of Ireland and
+rescuing the preceding viceroy, whose poetical temperament and mild
+manner had not saved him from the hostility of the Irish.  In 1371 De
+Windsor retired for over two years.  The appointment of a successor
+caused Edward great trouble.  He was averse to sending a pauper,
+because that would entail a diminution in the royal receipts from
+Ireland, while the wealthy men about his court would not accept the
+post at any price.  Ireland to them was a savage country; a stay there
+tantamount to punishment and exile.  There was no prospect of military
+glory, for they knew that many of the gallant victors of France,
+Flanders, and Scotland had left their reputations behind them on many a
+lost battlefield in Ireland.  Edward thought that he could compel
+anybody he chose to go to Ireland, and he selected Sir Richard de
+Pembridge, who held several very profitable offices under the English
+Crown.  Naturally Pembridge declined the post, and Edward retorted by
+depriving him of his offices.  Pembridge, however, appealed to the
+Council and to Parliament, and it was decided that it was not the {39}
+king's prerogative to order anybody to leave the country.  Magna Charta
+distinctly stated that exile from England was the punishment for felony
+or treason, and that Parliament alone had the power to expel a subject.
+
+[Sidenote: The 'Lady of the Sun']
+
+Prior to the return of Sir William de Windsor, the government was
+undertaken for various short periods by Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of
+Kildare, Dean de Colton, of St. Patrick's, who secured the post by
+undertaking to repel the O'Briens at his own expense, and William de
+Taney, an ecclesiastic.  De Windsor came back in April, 1374, having
+come to an agreement with his royal master, whereby he was allowed 500
+marks from the Exchequer and the sum of £11,213 6s. 8d.  In return for
+the money he guaranteed to maintain 200 men-at-arms and 40 archers.  De
+Windsor's object was obviously to make as much money as he could out of
+the unfortunate country, which was already sending annually the
+enormous sum for the period of £10,000.  The viceroy came to regard all
+surplus moneys above that sum to be his perquisites, and his efforts to
+increase taxation and enrich himself were so unscrupulous and cynical
+that reports and complaints soon reached Edward.  The king immediately
+appointed Sir Nicholas de Dagworth to proceed to Ireland, and
+investigate the charges against De Windsor.  But the enemies of the
+viceroy reckoned without the famous Alice Perrers.  She was the aged
+king's favourite, and was clever and unscrupulous, a woman of humble
+birth who had risen high without the aid of a pretty face.  In love
+with Sir William {40} de Windsor, she remained faithful to him during
+his absence in Ireland, and although surrounded by his enemies, the
+'Lady of the Sun,' as Edward styled her, outwitted them all, her
+greatest achievement being the prevention of Dagworth's departure for
+Ireland.  Subsequently she married De Windsor, but as she belongs more
+to the history of England than Ireland her career cannot be treated
+here.
+
+In 1376 De Windsor was ordered to come to Westminster, and confer with
+the king on the state of his Irish dominions, but this was merely a
+pretext to deprive him of his post, and he never returned.  Maurice
+Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, once more acted as deputy for a short
+time, and then James le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, carried on the
+government from 1376 to 1378.  Ormonde retired dissatisfied, and the
+colony was governed by two members of the Council, Alexander de Balscot
+and John de Bromwich, until in 1380 the king sent over Edmund de
+Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, husband of Phillipa, daughter of
+Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and therefore owner of vast estates and
+commander of an army of his own.  On his appointment the colonists
+petitioned the king to compel De Mortimer to live in Dublin and protect
+his property.  The petitioners were successful, and the viceroy,
+instead of appointing a deputy and sharing the profits, graciously
+agreed to govern Ireland in person for a period of three years at a
+salary of 2,000 marks.  In princely splendour he entered the country,
+and immediately inaugurated a campaign against the rebellious south.
+Death, however, claimed him on {41} December 26, 1381, and he died at
+Cork in a Dominican Abbey, being only thirty years of age.
+
+The vacancy thus created was offered in turn to the Earls of Desmond
+and Ormonde, but they declined on the ground that if they were in
+Dublin they could not protect their own territories.  Dean de Colton,
+therefore, was appointed pending the pleasure of the king, who, when he
+heard of De Mortimer's death, at once nominated the deceased viceroy's
+son Roger to the post.  Roger de Mortimer was only eleven, but the
+viceroyalty was intended as a monetary compensation for the death of
+his father, and the commission appointing him stated that he was to
+receive all the profits of the office as well as a salary of 2,000
+marks.  Furthermore, as soon as he attained his majority he could
+retire from the post.  In pursuance of this convenient plan the boy's
+uncle, Sir Thomas de Mortimer, was chosen as his deputy.
+
+[Sidenote: A Parliament in Dublin]
+
+The presence of a deputy, however, always had an irritating effect upon
+the English colonists, and when in 1382 Richard II. ordered a
+Parliament to meet in Dublin, its first act was to protest against the
+absence of the viceroy.  To satisfy the nobles and prelates the king
+appointed Philip de Courtenay, a cousin of his, viceroy for life.  The
+commission was drawn up in 1385, but it was not until two years later
+that de Courtenay landed in Ireland.  His reign was brief and stormy.
+The two great Anglo-Irish families, the Desmonds and the Ormondes, were
+in conflict, and the Irish were besieging and harassing the colonists.
+De Courte was not the man for the occasion.  He was {42} charged with
+oppression and extortion, and the king, who had already made up his
+mind to make his favourite, de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Viceroy of
+Ireland, gladly accepted the accusations against de Courtenay, and
+ordered him to remain under arrest in Dublin until the arrival of his
+successor, who would investigate the charges against his character.  De
+Courtenay appealed to the Council in Dublin, and they declared the
+accusations to be unjust.
+
+[Illustration: The Throne Room, Dublin Castle]
+
+The appointment of de Vere to the viceroyalty was an outcome of the
+struggle between Richard II. and his Barons.  De Vere was the reigning
+favourite, and when it was proposed that he should be sent to Ireland
+as viceroy, the nobles enthusiastically endorsed the selection, and,
+glad to be rid of him at any price, cheerfully voted supplies.  Richard
+created his creature Marquis of Dublin, and allowed him to nominate Sir
+John de Stanley as his deputy.  It was not de Vere's intention to
+proceed to Ireland, and under various pretexts he avoided assuming
+personal control of the Irish government.  Meanwhile Richard had
+created him Duke of Ireland, and entrusted him with powers almost
+regal, at one time actually proposing to make him King of Ireland.
+When the nobles rebelled against Richard, de Vere raised an army on
+behalf of his king, but was defeated in his first encounter with the
+barons.  He died abroad after the five judges, who had supported
+Richard in his attempt to make de Vere King of Ireland, were brought to
+trial for having declared that the king was above the law, and were
+punished by being {43} exiled to Ireland!  Richard, weak-minded and
+unreliable, was at least faithful to de Vere, and he had his
+favourite's corpse brought from Louvain, and interred to the
+accompaniment of magnificent ceremonies at Colne Priory in Essex.
+
+[Sidenote: Richard II. arrives]
+
+From 1387 to 1389 the government was again in the hands of Alexander de
+Balscot, Bishop of Meath, who was assisted by Richard White, Prior of
+Kilmainham.  Then Sir John de Stanley came back until 1391, and was
+succeeded by James le Botiller, third Earl of Ormonde.  During
+Ormonde's term of office the king's uncle, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of
+Gloucester, was nominated Viceroy of Ireland, but the commission was
+quickly revoked.  Richard had decided to visit Ireland in person, and
+thus an English monarch again prepared a great army with which to
+conquer Ireland.  The king landed at Waterford on October 13, 1394,
+accompanied by the Duke of Gloucester.  Ormonde soon joined him, and
+the Irish were engaged in battle.  If the English king cherished any
+hopes that his deeds in Ireland might secure his tottering throne in
+England he was doomed to grievous disappointment.  He was defeated
+every time he joined battle with the natives, and in the end he was
+compelled to withdraw to Dublin and pass Christmas there.  A further
+series of reverses followed, and Richard decided to have recourse to
+arbitration and conciliation.  The Irish chieftains and nobles
+responded, and by means of various concessions Richard was enabled to
+return to England with at least a remnant of his army.
+
+The viceroy was now Roger de Mortimer, Earl {44} of March, cousin to
+Richard and heir to the throne of England.  De Mortimer had been
+viceroy in his youth, but not until this appointment--in 1395--did he
+rule in person.  In 1398 de Mortimer was killed in battle while leading
+his soldiers, a tragedy which paved the way for Richard's deposition
+and the accession of Henry IV., and created the motive that led to the
+Wars of the Roses.  John de Colton, now Archbishop of Armagh, again
+acted as temporary Governor while the Council proceeded to elect
+Reginald Grey of Ruthyn, whose appointment, however, was vetoed by
+Richard.  His nominee was Thomas Holland, Duke of Surrey, who entered
+Dublin in 1399.  Surrey's chief object was to people Ireland with
+English settlers, a plan that was to be tried again some 200 years
+later.  The viceroy could not carry out his plan for dispossessing the
+Irish, and he appealed to Richard for help, and so the king came on
+another Irish expedition, landing in Ireland in 1399.  This time his
+army was stronger and more experienced, but the result was a series of
+defeats and the loss of the throne of England.  While Henry was seizing
+the crown his son, afterwards Henry V., was with Richard in Ireland,
+but the king accepted the youth's explanation that he knew nothing of
+his father's designs.  As it was, Richard trusted to the fact that the
+legal heir to the throne was Edmund, Earl of March, son of the late
+viceroy.  Henry's success to the exclusion of Edmund de Mortimer was
+the cause of the Wars of the Roses.
+
+[Sidenote: Viceregal poverty]
+
+Sir John de Stanley, ever ready to step into a {45} breach, was again
+deputy, and he reigned in Dublin Castle to November, 1402.  In 1401
+Henry IV., anxious to secure the allegiance of the English colony,
+appointed his second son, Prince Thomas of Lancaster, viceroy.  The
+youthful prince--he was only thirteen when in November, 1402, he
+arrived in Ireland--was provided with a specially selected Council, but
+evidently not with the necessary money, as there is a letter extant
+from the Council to King Henry which vividly describes the position of
+the viceroy.  Henry had been asked for supplies, but as his own coffers
+were empty he could not send anything, and, realizing the seriousness
+of their position, the Council addressed His Majesty in the following
+terms:
+
+'With heavy hearts we testify anew to your highness that our lord, your
+son, is so destitute of money that he has not a penny in the world, nor
+can borrow a single penny, because all his jewels and his plate that he
+can spare of those which he must of necessity keep are pledged, and lie
+in pawn.  Also his soldiers have departed from him, and the people of
+his household are on the point of leaving, and, however much they might
+wish to remain, it is not in our lord's power to keep together, with a
+view to his aid, twenty or a dozen persons with me, your humble
+applicant of Dublin, and your humble liege, Janico, who has paid for
+your use his very all, but we will render our entire duty to him so
+long as we shall live, as we are bound by our sovereign obligation to
+you.  And the country is so weakened and impoverished by the long
+nonpayment, as well in the time of our {46} lord, your son, as in the
+time of other lieutenants before him, that the same land can no longer
+bear such charge as they affirm, and on this account have they
+importuned me.  In good faith, our most sovereign lord, it is
+marvellous that they have borne such a charge so long.  Wherefore we
+entreat, with all the humility and fulness that we may, that you will
+please to ordain speedy remedy of these said dangers and
+inconveniences, and to hold us excused also if any peril or
+disaster--which may God avert--befall our lord, your son, by the said
+causes.  For the more full declaring of these matters to your highness
+the three of us should have come to your high presence, but such is the
+great danger on this side that not one of us dares depart from the
+person of our lord.'
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Thomas's tenure]
+
+This eloquent appeal was unheeded, but the prince did not return to
+England until November, 1403, appointing Sir Stephen le Scrope, his
+deputy, and when that soldier retired in 1405 placing James, third Earl
+of Ormonde, at the head of the Government.  The death of the deputy in
+the same year led to the advancement of Gerald, fifth Earl of Kildare,
+whose rule was ended dramatically by the sudden reappearance of Prince
+Thomas in 1408 and the imprisonment of his deputy.  Two years earlier
+the prince, having lost his indenture creating him Viceroy of Ireland,
+was reappointed for twelve years at a salary of £7,000 a year.
+Remembering his previous experiences, the prince had a clause inserted
+which entitled him to leave Ireland if his salary was a month in
+arrear.  It was also agreed that in the event of the king or {47} the
+Prince of Wales deciding to take over the government Prince Thomas was
+to have six months' notice.  The Earl of Kildare was released as soon
+as he paid a fine of 300 marks for having interfered in an
+ecclesiastical appointment.  Prince Thomas remained two years at his
+post, retiring from the country in 1410, and selecting a son of James,
+third Earl of Ormonde, as his deputy.  This was Prior Thomas le
+Botiller.
+
+But the colonists could endure the Prior for three years only, and they
+succeeded in getting Sir John de Stanley reappointed.  He was, however,
+too old to be of much use, and at his death in 1414 the Archbishop of
+Dublin, who was the author of the pathetic plea to Henry IV., assumed
+the government for a few months.
+
+
+
+
+{48}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The state of the English colony was now so precarious that Henry IV.
+decided to send one of his most trusted and capable military commanders
+to act as viceroy.  This was Sir John Talbot, and his appointment was
+hailed with joy.  Talbot was given a term of six years of office, and a
+salary of £2,666 13s. 4d.  It was a large income, but as it was seldom
+paid, that was a detail which must have impressed Henry as being quite
+unimportant.  During his occasional journeys to England, the Archbishop
+of Dublin acted as the deputy.  Talbot soon intimated to the leading
+members of the English colony that as his salary was in arrear he
+intended leaving the country.  This was tantamount to placing them at
+the mercy of the Irish, whom Talbot had repelled from Dublin many
+times.  Thereupon the colonists petitioned the king, but without
+success, and Sir John departed in 1419, ostensibly recalled by the
+king, and leaving his brother, William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, to
+represent him.  Sir John Talbot, however, was destined to renew his
+acquaintance with the viceroyalty.
+
+The brief authority of the archbishop was succeeded by three years
+under James, fourth {49} Earl of Ormonde; and then Edmund de Mortimer,
+fifth Earl of March and Ulster, began a viceroyalty which lasted for
+less than two years, although he was appointed for nine.  Edmund de
+Mortimer was the legal heir to Richard II., but he was an unambitious
+man, and there was no guile in him.  He appointed Edward Dantsey,
+Bishop of Meath, his deputy, but William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin,
+declined to recognize the authority of his ecclesiastical inferior, and
+consequently the viceroy had to come to Dublin.  This was in 1424, and
+the following year the plague carried him off.  Sir John Talbot was
+then induced to accept the viceroyalty, but his services were wanted
+nearer home, and he agreed to the reappointment of the Earl of Ormonde,
+who acted for two years, and helped to maintain a sort of peace by
+conciliating the native Irish.
+
+The viceroyalties of Sir John de Gray (1427-28), Sir John Sutton
+(1428-29), Sir Thomas le Strange (1429-31), and Sir Leon de Welles and
+his brother, William, who became his deputy (1438-46), were
+undistinguished.  The deposed Earl of Ormonde succeeded in clearing
+himself of a charge of high treason, but the result of the bitterness
+and dissensions the charge provoked and fostered were felt for a long
+time.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Shrewsbury]
+
+The reappointment of Sir John Talbot, now Earl of Shrewsbury, brought
+that strong and merciless old man--he was seventy-three--back to
+Ireland.  He was created Earl of Waterford and Wexford, and Constable
+of Ireland, but even the valour and wiles of one of the bravest of {50}
+warriors could not prevail against the owners of the land which had
+been granted to Talbot.  Several times he quaintly informed the king
+that he was unable to collect a penny of his rents, an admission which
+the monarch politely disregarded.  But Talbot left his mark on Ireland.
+Long service in the Continental wars had taught him many forms of
+cruelty and lust, and at seventy-three he showed that he had not
+forgotten what he had learnt.  Not always victorious, he was always
+cruel and vicious.  He found time to ape the statesman by presiding
+over a Parliament that decreed various ordinances, including the
+prohibition of moustaches--which were then almost exclusively worn by
+the native Irish, and coming into fashion amongst the Anglo-Irish.  A
+writer of the period described Talbot as another Herod, and the
+country, including the colonists, who had found in him an oppressor
+instead of a protector, sighed with relief when the charms of a
+continental war called him from Ireland, and he left the Archbishop of
+Dublin to represent him.  Talbot was little better than a hireling, and
+when he was killed at the age of eighty in a battle in France, he was
+not fighting for his country or for himself, but for a salary, and, no
+doubt, inspired by the lust of conflict.
+
+[Sidenote: A mother of kings]
+
+Talbot's retirement from Dublin enabled the king to remove a dangerous
+person, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, from his court, but although
+the duke's commission as viceroy was executed in 1447, he did not see
+fit to leave England until 1449, landing at Howth, near Dublin, on {51}
+July 6.  His deputy, Richard Nugent, met him and the duchess, a
+remarkable woman, who was one of the Earl of Westmorland's twenty-two
+children, and was the most beautiful of them all.  Denied the throne
+for herself, she became the mother of two kings--Edward IV. and Richard
+III.--and it was her counsels which shaped her husband's destiny in
+Ireland.  As befitting a prince of the blood royal, the duke made a
+triumphal entry into Dublin, and, guided by his wife, wisely
+conciliated the native chiefs and the leaders of the Anglo-Irish.  They
+gave many banquets and entertainments in Dublin Castle, at which Irish
+and English mingled, quarrels being forgotten in the presence of the
+woman who was known as 'The Rose of Raby.'  And when on October 21,
+1449, she gave birth in Dublin Castle to her ninth child, George,
+afterwards Duke of Clarence, she diplomatically invited the Earls of
+Desmond and Ormonde to stand as sponsors.
+
+The object of the duke and duchess was, of course, to gain adherents in
+Ireland for the coming conflict between the rival claimants to the
+throne of England.  For hundreds of years Ireland had been looked upon
+as a source of income to the Kings of England; the viceroyalty was a
+place of profit, and most of the profits went into the king's treasury.
+Richard had many followers in England, and they were well aware of the
+fact that his viceroyalty was merely a pretext for exiling him, but
+they made good use of the misfortune, continually noising it abroad
+that the Duke of York was accomplishing wonders in {52} Ireland, that
+his statesmanship, diplomacy, and valour proved indisputably that when
+the time came he would make an admirable king of both countries.
+
+The disadvantage of a policy of conciliation, however, was the lack of
+revenues.  Taxes could only be levied by force, and the viceroy
+deprecated that.  He pawned his jewels manfully, and borrowed from his
+friends in England, France, and Ireland.  Twice he wrote to the king
+asking for supplies, but that monarch had no intention of disguising
+the exile by lavishing money upon him, and the duke was compelled to
+return to England.  This was in 1450, and for the next nine years he
+was absent from the country, his deputies in turn being the Archbishop
+of Armagh, 1454, Edmund Fitz-Eustace, 1454, and Thomas Fitz-Gerald,
+Earl of Kildare, who acted from 1455 to 1459.  The duke's first choice
+was Sir James le Botiller, who was created Earl of Wiltshire before he
+succeeded his father in the Earldom of Ormonde, but this nobleman
+resided chiefly in England, and eventually became a Lancastrian.
+
+[Sidenote: Independence of its Parliament]
+
+The bewildering changes of fortune brought about by the Wars of the
+Roses had their full effect upon Ireland.  The Duke of York was, of
+course, the leader of the Yorkists, and his sun was at its zenith when
+he defeated the Lancastrians at St. Albans and captured Henry VI.  He
+was declared Protector of England and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In
+1459 fortune turned against him; he was beaten in several encounters,
+and, finally, fled to Ireland with a few followers.  In Dublin {53} he
+found some consolation, although he had been unable to bring his wife
+with him.  The Irish and the English joyfully welcomed him, and the
+Irish Parliament met at once and proclaimed him viceroy, formally
+declaring the acts of the Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry null and
+void so far as they concerned Ireland.  The most significant feature of
+this meeting of the Irish Parliament was the formal statement that it
+was absolutely and entirely independent, and could not be controlled by
+the English Parliament.  It acknowledged the obedience of Ireland to
+England, but 'nevertheless, it was separate from it and from all its
+laws and statutes except such as were accepted by the lords spiritual
+and temporal.'  Richard established a mint at his castle of Trim; his
+son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, was appointed Chancellor of Ireland, the
+viceroy's person was declared sacred, and conspiracy against him high
+treason.
+
+The Duke of York was undoubtedly the most popular man in Ireland, but
+the Lancastrians, who had gained the adherence of the Earl of Ormonde
+and Wiltshire, looked to the latter to remove the viceroy.  The earl
+sent one of his retainers to arrest the duke on a charge of falsely
+representing himself to be His Majesty's--Henry VI.--Lieutenant for
+Ireland.  The luckless squire was seized by Richard's officers, brought
+to trial, and eventually hanged, drawn, and quartered.  The next move
+of the Lancastrian party was an abortive attempt to induce the native
+Irish to turn against the viceroy and murder him.  {54} This charge was
+denied vigorously, but there was every reason to believe that it was
+true.  The Earls of Kildare and Desmond, however, came to Richard's
+aid, and they speedily secured the allegiance of the principal
+chieftains in Leinster and Munster.  News of Yorkists' triumphs in
+England took Richard hastily to London, where he found an excited
+populace awaiting him, and calling upon him to crown himself King of
+England.  The path to the throne seemed easy, but Queen Margaret,
+making one desperate rally for her family, met Richard near Wakefield
+on the last day of 1461, defeated his army, and killed him.
+
+A nebulous state of affairs now existed in Ireland.  The Earl of
+Kildare ceased to be deputy at Richard's death, and Sir Roland
+Fitz-Eustace, who acted as deputy to the new viceroy, George, Duke of
+Clarence, was a mere figurehead.  In 1464 the Earl of Desmond succeeded
+as deputy to Clarence, but he incurred the enmity of Elizabeth Grey,
+Edward's plebeian wife, and she induced her husband to supersede the
+Irish earl by one of her favourites, the Earl of Worcester.  The
+marriage of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey had caused much dissension in
+English court circles, and the king regarded any criticism of his
+action as being tantamount to high treason.  A contemptuous remark
+about Elizabeth Grey cost the Earl of Desmond his life, Worcester
+executing him at Drogheda in 1468, ostensibly on a charge of high
+treason.  It was said that Edward IV., when quarrelling with his wife,
+had angrily exclaimed that he, if he had taken the advice of the {55}
+Earl of Desmond, would not have found himself burdened by such a wife.
+Elizabeth never forgot this, and, as we have seen, it led the deputy to
+his death.
+
+[Illustration: St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle]
+
+Worcester retired in 1468, and the Earl of Kildare ruled for the absent
+Duke of Clarence.  Edward IV., however, began to entertain fears that
+the young Prince might imitate the example of his late father, and make
+the viceroyalty an office rivalling the throne itself, and convert
+Ireland into a stronghold against him and his house.  The Duke of
+Clarence and the Earl of Warwick were undoubtedly conspiring against
+Edward, who promptly offered a reward of £1,000 or £100 a year for life
+to whoever captured the duke or the earl.  The latter, however, did not
+survive the _coup d'état_ of 1470, when Henry VI. was restored
+temporarily.  The Earl of Warwick, who was nominally Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, being represented there by Edmund Dudley, was beheaded by the
+Earl of Oxford on Tower Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Clarence]
+
+The Duke of Clarence, who had the faculty of pleasing both parties, was
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1470 by Henry VI., and on the
+deposition of that monarch Edward IV. confirmed the appointment,
+granting him the office for twenty years, to date from 1472.  Meanwhile
+the Earl of Kildare continued to rule the country until 1475.  Then the
+Bishop of Meath, William Sherwood, acted for a time, until Gerald,
+ninth Earl of Kildare, became deputy.  In 1478 Clarence was removed,
+and John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant for
+{56} twenty years.  He could not rule in person, however, and so he
+conveniently appointed his infant son, George, to the office, at the
+same time nominating Lord Grey as his locum tenens.  Grey arrived in
+Dublin to find that the Earl of Kildare refused to recognize his
+authority, giving as a reason his opinion that Grey's appointment was
+made under the Privy Seal, and was, therefore, illegal.  The Chancellor
+sided with Kildare, declined to surrender the Great Seal for Ireland,
+and advised Kildare to summon a Parliament at Naas.  That complacent
+assembly voted the Earl a subsidy.  This was the state of affairs in
+1478, and it really marked the beginning of the great struggle between
+Ireland and England.  By now the Anglo-Irish families had lost their
+sympathies for the English and had become almost exclusively Irish.
+
+Grey proceeded to hold a Parliament of his own at Trim, and, of course,
+it formally annulled all the acts passed by Kildare's assembly.  These
+Parliaments were merely travesties of the word as understood to-day;
+they did not represent even the opinions of those permitted to take
+part in their proceedings, while a cynical disregard of the English
+colony was their most characteristic feature.  They were termed
+'Parliaments' in order to dignify the proceedings, but their only use
+was to declare their subjection to the person summoning them.
+
+The death of the infant Prince George in 1479 enabled Grey to retire
+from the contest with dignity, and for two years Robert Preston, first
+{57} Viscount Gormanstown, represented the nominal viceroy, Richard,
+Duke of York.  Then in 1481 the Earl of Kildare, the only man who could
+rule Ireland with any hope of success, was reappointed deputy to the
+young prince.  The death of Edward IV. and the accession of Edward V.
+found Kildare still in power.
+
+The mysterious disappearance of the king and his younger brother from
+the Tower of London brought Richard III. to the throne, and he
+nominated his son, Edward, aged eleven, viceroy for a period of three
+years, Kildare remaining as deputy.  It was announced throughout the
+colony that Richard intended visiting Ireland, and Kildare was,
+therefore, declared Lord-Deputy for one year only.  The death of Prince
+Edward in 1484 brought the viceroyalty to Richard's nephew, John de la
+Pole, Earl of Lincoln, but the Battle of Bosworth opened a new era for
+Ireland as well as for England.
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of Bosworth Field]
+
+The Earl of Kildare, notified of the appointment of the new king's
+uncle, Jasper, Duke of Bedford, declined to be bound by the results of
+the Battle of Bosworth Field, and when a priest brought to Ireland a
+boy whom he declared to be the Earl of Warwick, son of the late Duke of
+Clarence, and therefore the rightful heir to the throne of England,
+Kildare eagerly seized the opportunity thus presented.  Lambert Simnel,
+the youth in question, was received with royal honours by Kildare and
+the Anglo-Irish, his claims declared proved, and his identity admitted.
+On May 24, 1487, the impostor was crowned King {58} of England and
+Ireland under the title of Edward VI.  The ceremony took place in the
+Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, and in the presence of the whole
+viceregal staff, the principal ecclesiastics and the civic officials,
+Kildare had the leading part after Lambert Simnel, although the Earl of
+Lincoln, who had been appointed viceroy by his uncle, Richard III., was
+also present.  Immediately the coronation was over a special coinage
+was struck, and the comedy protracted by the creation of Kildare as
+Regent and Protector.
+
+The Earl of Lincoln was given the command of the army to strike the
+decisive blow in England, but the Duke of Bedford, Henry's viceroy, met
+the rebel forces at Stoke and crushed them.  Simnel was taken prisoner,
+and Henry, with that sense of humour and a political tact rare in
+monarchs, decided to emphasize his victory by ridicule rather than the
+executioner's axe.  Simnel was made a turnspit in the royal kitchens
+and a salary paid him regularly.  Had he been executed, his unlucky
+followers might have made him a hero and themselves patriots; as it
+was, they were compelled to seek oblivion for their cause and hide
+their shame.  Kildare, however, remained defiant.  To him Simnel had
+been only the means to an end that had enabled him to demonstrate to
+the English throne and its advisers that the destinies of Ireland could
+not be subject to the vagaries of English politicians.  Henry
+determined to try diplomatic persuasion, and he sent Sir Richard
+Edgecombe, a Privy Councillor, to offer Kildare {59} a free pardon if
+he would swear fealty to the king and give a bond for his good
+behaviour.  The deputy offered to submit, though he would not give a
+bond, and after considerable wrangling the question of security was
+waived aside, and the Earl of Kildare once more reigned in Dublin
+Castle.  The records of the meetings between Kildare and Edgecombe are
+very full, and it would seem that the earl's threats to turn
+'Irish'--that is, formally separate his family from England--had more
+to do with Henry's capitulation than anything else.
+
+[Sidenote: Perkin Warbeck]
+
+Kildare's appointment was as deputy to the Duke of Bedford, and for
+four years Irish affairs had no connection with English.  But the
+success of usurpers breeds impostors, and Henry, who had seized his
+throne by force, had once more to face an impostor and a rebellion.
+Perkin Warbeck, avowing himself to be Richard, Duke of York, and armed
+with a circumstantial story of his escape from the Tower of London,
+landed at Cork, having journeyed from Lisbon, and sent messages to
+Kildare ordering him to join him there with an army.  Whatever the
+earl's answer may have been, Perkin did not wait for it, preferring to
+seek temporary safety in Paris.  The deputy, however, had always shown
+a fondness for impostors, and Henry, unable to trust any of the leaders
+of the English in Ireland, sent Walter Fitz-Simon to be the deputy in
+place of Kildare.  Fitz-Simon worked assiduously to secure the Earl's
+fall, and when he returned to England in 1493, leaving Viscount
+Gormanstown as his deputy, he was able {60} to nullify the effects of
+Kildare's passionate protests to Henry VII.  The next year Henry
+appointed his son, then aged four, afterwards Henry VIII., to be
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and his deputy was the notorious profligate
+and zealous soldier, Sir Edward Poynings, the son of Elizabeth Paston.
+The "Paston Letters" throw much light upon the workings of the
+viceroyalty of the period, although Poynings himself had only a couple
+of years' experience of that country.  He did Henry two notable acts of
+service, however, by capturing Kildare and sending him a prisoner to
+London, and by driving Perkin Warbeck out of Ireland.
+
+When Kildare was imprisoned in the Tower of London, his fate seemed
+settled, but he was too clever for the age he lived in, and he
+succeeded, a stranger in a strange country, in securing his liberation
+and the annulling by Parliament of his act of attainder.  Kildare
+thereupon became the lion of the London season.  He was invited
+everywhere, and every class of society crowded to see the man who had
+held Ireland in his power.  All the time he was nominally under arrest,
+with serious charges pending against him.  When Henry summoned the earl
+to his presence, and offered him the choice of any man in the kingdom
+to be his counsellor, Kildare promptly chose the king himself!  It was
+a piece of shrewd flattery, but it had less to do with Kildare's
+restoration to favour than his marriage with the king's first cousin,
+Elizabeth, daughter of Oliver St. John.  The moment his alliance with
+the clever daughter of a {61} powerful family became known, Kildare's
+enemies melted away, and the king, saving his face by insisting upon
+Kildare's son remaining in London as a hostage for his father's good
+conduct, restored Kildare to his deputyship, and sent him back to
+Ireland.  Henry Deane, a cleric who had been holding the post, retired,
+and was rewarded later with the See of Canterbury.
+
+The character of Kildare is well illustrated by a story told concerning
+his fiery temper.  The Bishop of Meath, suffering from jealousy and a
+grievance, declared to the king that all Ireland could not rule the
+earl.  'Then, in good faith,' cried the king, 'shall the earl rule all
+Ireland!'
+
+[Sidenote: The Hill of the Axes]
+
+Perkin Warbeck revisited Ireland, but the men of Waterford drove him
+from the country without any help from Dublin.  In 1503 Kildare was
+summoned to London to receive evidence of the king's pleasure and
+approbation.  This took the shape of a portion of the king's wardrobe,
+a signal mark of honour in those days.  Returning with his son Gerald,
+who had married into a powerful English family, Kildare won the famous
+Battle of Knocdoe, or 'The Hill of the Axes,' and was given the garter
+for his success.  The Battle of Knocdoe was the result of a bitter
+quarrel between the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Clanricarde.  The
+latter had married a daughter of the deputy's, and had treated her with
+such cruelty that Kildare intervened.  In revenge Clanricarde formed a
+confederacy between certain Irish chiefs to overthrow the authority of
+the king in Ireland.
+
+
+
+
+{62}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+The death of Henry VII. and the accession of Henry VIII. tended to
+strengthen Kildare's position.  He was continued in his office, and
+held it until his death in 1513.  Accounted one of the handsomest and
+bravest men of his time, he was succeeded by his son in the deputyship,
+as well as in the family honours, and Gerald, ninth earl, was worthy of
+such a parent.  For seven years Kildare was the deputy, with the
+exception of a brief period in England when Viscount Gormanstown was
+vice-deputy.  His enemies were secretly trying to undermine his
+position, for the rise of the Kildare family was resented by the other
+great Anglo-Irish houses.
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal Wolsey's nominee]
+
+In 1518, shortly after the death of his wife, Kildare was ordered to
+repair to London and answer the charges that he had illegally enriched
+himself and his followers, and that he had formed alliances with the
+native Irish and corresponded with them.  Kildare, however, showed no
+hurry to obey the summons, and not until 1519 did he arrive in London,
+his cousin, Sir Maurice Fitzgerald, looking after his official
+responsibilities.  While in London, Kildare followed the example of his
+father, and married a cousin of the king.  {63} This was the Lady
+Elizabeth Grey, a grand-daughter of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV.'s
+wife.  The marriage saved Kildare's life, for his most powerful enemy,
+Cardinal Wolsey, had resolved that the Irish earl should never return
+to his country.  Acting on the advice of the Cardinal, Henry VIII.,
+suspicious of the loyalty of the Irish nobility, appointed an
+Englishman, the Earl of Surrey, afterwards Duke of Norfolk,
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Surrey was one of Wolsey's adherents, and
+although the Earl of Kildare had, by reason of his valour and bearing
+on the famous 'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' risen high in Henry's
+favour, the Chancellor insisted upon his being brought to trial.  To
+make certain of the result, Wolsey inspired the Earl of Surrey to write
+from Ireland charging Kildare with having attempted to make the Irish
+oppose the authority of the new deputy, but, owing to the influence of
+his wife, Kildare secured his acquittal, and returned to Ireland.
+
+The Earl of Ormonde was selected in 1523 to succeed Surrey, principally
+because he was Kildare's bitter enemy, but Elizabeth, Henry's cousin
+and Kildare's wife, wrote to the king beseeching him to reconcile the
+earls and bring peace to their respective families.  Henry responded by
+sending a commission to try the charges preferred by Ormonde against
+Kildare, and, when it found in favour of the latter, he became deputy
+once more.  But again his enjoyment of the office was brief, further
+charges being preferred against him by Ormonde, now Earl of {64}
+Ossory.  Again Kildare went to London, and was imprisoned in the Tower,
+his brother, Sir James Fitzgerald, taking his post.  While Kildare was
+in the Tower, Wolsey attempted to have him executed without the
+knowledge of the king, but at the last moment the Lieutenant-Governor
+sought confirmation from His Majesty, and discovered that the
+Cardinal's order lacked the king's approval.
+
+The Earl of Ossory was now deputy, Kildare remaining in London after
+his release from the Tower.  Several noblemen went bail for his good
+conduct, and although there was another period of royal disfavour in
+1532, he accompanied Sir William Skeffington, the new Lord-Deputy, to
+Ireland, and received a welcome that overshadowed that accorded to the
+king's representative.  It is interesting to note that in 1530 Holbein
+painted this remarkable man's portrait, and that in the same year he
+was one of the peers who signed the letter to the Pope setting forth
+the grounds of Henry's divorce from Catherine.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of "King Kildare"]
+
+In 1532 he was once more deputy, and he gained the adherence of the
+Irish by marrying two of his daughters to Irish chiefs.  The country
+was now at his feet; he was respected and obeyed.  But he had enemies
+whose pertinacity equalled his, and they soon aroused the suspicions of
+a monarch whose chief weakness was a disinclination to trust others or
+cultivate loyalty in himself.  Henry at once ordered the deputy to come
+to him; instead, Kildare sent his wife to act as mediator.  The
+countess was a clever woman, but Henry's {65} experience of the sex was
+extensive, as we know, and he declined to receive her more than once.
+He wanted the person of Kildare, and eventually that nobleman obeyed
+the summons.  The earl appointed his twenty-year old son, Thomas, Lord
+Offaly, deputy, and left Ireland, never to return.  Lord Offaly was
+something of the mould of his father, and, although young, had been
+trained from early years to rule.  When, therefore, a rumour reached
+Dublin that the Earl of Kildare had been executed by Henry's orders,
+Lord Offaly immediately resigned his office, and gathered his followers
+under his banner with the avowed object of driving the English out of
+Ireland.  The earl was quickly apprised of his son's rebellion, and a
+copy of the youthful lord's sentence of excommunication shown him.  The
+effect was to hasten Kildare's death, and he died in the Tower on
+December 12, 1534.  Great as had been his father, Gerald, ninth earl,
+was even greater, and Wolsey, although he spoke sarcastically, was not
+wrong when he described him as 'King Kildare, who reigned, rather than
+ruled, in Ireland.'
+
+Sir William Skeffington, the deputy, was ordered to crush the
+rebellion, and he pursued the Kildare faction into their strongholds,
+besieging the Castle of Maynooth, while its owner was in Connaught
+collecting troops.  The castle could have held out until the arrival of
+its owner, but the inevitable Irish traitor appeared in the person of
+Christopher Parese, a creature who had received many benefits at the
+hands of Lord Offaly and his father.  Parese betrayed the castle for a
+reward, which was {66} promptly paid him, but the deputy immediately
+had him executed, because he dare not trust a rogue who had already
+betrayed one benefactor.  Treachery was again employed by Skeffington's
+successor, Lord Grey, and eventually Lord Offaly, tenth Earl of
+Kildare, and five of his uncles were executed on Tower Hill.  The
+ten-year-old heir to the earldom would, doubtless, have perished also,
+but he had a remarkable mother, who kept him in hiding for some years,
+and succeeded in smuggling him out of the country to France, where his
+education was supervised by the famous Cardinal Pole.
+
+Lord Grey continued in office until 1540, and although, from the
+English point of view, he ruled well and successfully, on his return to
+England he was imprisoned and subsequently executed, the ostensible
+reason being his partiality for the Kildares.
+
+Grey was replaced by a remarkable man, Sir Anthony St. Leger, whose
+three terms of office covered thirteen years.  Sir William Brereton, a
+foolish person, was the deputy until St. Leger arrived, and
+distinguished himself by leading a vast army in search of a phantom
+enemy.  St. Leger, from the moment he arrived in Ireland, set about
+restoring some order in the country, and he succeeded so well that the
+historians of the period call attention to the amazing fact that the
+sight was actually seen of English lords and Irish chiefs meeting in
+the same chamber and proclaiming Henry VIII. King of Ireland.  St.
+Leger went further than this, and {67} actually paid the debts incurred
+during his viceroyalty.
+
+[Sidenote: Religious persecution]
+
+In 1548 he was recalled, and Sir Edward Bellingham ordered to act as
+deputy and to punish those Irish who had not become Protestants by Act
+of Parliament.  This was a new feature in Irish politics, but
+Bellingham found diplomacy, force, and threats, and persecution equally
+ineffective, and he retired in disgust.  Sir Francis Bryan followed as
+deputy in 1550, but he died the same year, and Brabazon, hastily
+elected in his stead, retired when Sir Anthony St. Leger returned, to
+be welcomed by all classes.  He held office until 1556, save for a
+period between 1551-52, when Sir James Croft represented him, and when
+he retired he had the satisfaction of knowing that he left Ireland
+better off than when he found it.
+
+The appointment of the Earl of Sussex, however, undid all St. Leger's
+good work, and the new deputy had immediately to take the field.  He
+was lucky, however, to find the Irish chiefs quarrelling amongst
+themselves, and in the circumstances victory was achieved easily.  The
+O'Neills, headed by the famous Shane, advanced against him, but Sussex
+defeated them with great slaughter, and the chieftain escaped the
+battlefield to die a dishonourable death in a drunken brawl.
+
+England had greater attractions for the earl than Ireland could offer,
+and he returned there in 1557, nominating Sir Henry Sidney and the Lord
+Chancellor as vice-deputies.  Elizabeth, {68} immediately after her
+accession, sent the viceroy back, but he returned again to London.
+Hugh Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, anxious to retain his office as well
+as that of joint representative with Sir Henry Sidney of the absent
+viceroy, conveniently changed his religion now that a Protestant was on
+the throne, and to show the genuineness of his conversion he had the
+pictures that adorned the walls of Christ's Church and St. Patrick's
+whitewashed.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Essex]
+
+When the Earl of Sussex was recalled in 1564, Sir Henry Sidney was
+appointed deputy or viceroy, and he acted for fourteen years.  What he
+thought of the appointment may be inferred from a letter he wrote on
+his return after a brief absence in 1575.  Sir William Fitz-William had
+acted as his deputy, and no doubt Sidney hoped that Elizabeth might
+give him a more congenial task.  He declares that he 'took on for the
+third time that thankless charge, and so, taking leave of Her Majesty,
+kissed her sacred hands, with most gracious and comfortable words,
+departed from her at Dudley Castle, passed the seas, and arrived
+September 13, 1575, as near the city of Dublin as I could safely, for
+at that time the city was grievously infected with the contagion of the
+pestilence.'  In the depth of winter he went to Cork, and passed
+Christmas there.  The following February he visited Thomond, Earl of
+Clanricarde, and caused two of his sons to make public confession of
+their rebellion and sue for his pardon.  Sidney, in recounting this,
+adds fervently, 'whom would to God I had hanged!'
+
+{69}
+
+Sidney's interview with Grace O'Malley is historic.  The English
+warrior, unaccustomed to Amazonian women, out of curiosity granted an
+audience to Grace, who came to him in state.  This is how the viceroy
+describes the incident:
+
+'There came to me also a most famous feminine sea-captain, called Grace
+O'Malley, and offered her services to me wheresoe'er I would command
+her, with three galleys and two hundred fighting men.  She brought with
+her her husband, for she was as well by sea as by land more than
+master's mate with him.  He was of the nether Burkes, and called by
+nickname "Richard in Iron."  This was a notorious woman in all the
+coasts of Ireland.  This woman did Henry Sidney see and speak with.  He
+can no more at large inform you of her.'
+
+On May 26, 1578, Sidney retired from office, broken in health and
+fortune.  Describing his condition, he says that he was 'fifty-four
+years of age, toothless and trembling, being five thousand pounds in
+debt.'  Later he declared that he was twenty thousand pounds poorer
+than when he had succeeded to his father's estate--a commentary on his
+inability to take advantage in a pecuniary sense of his viceroyalty.
+His wail is dated 'from Ludlow Castle, with more pain than heart, March
+1, 1582.'
+
+[Sidenote: English colony absorbed]
+
+But Sidney was the victim of his time.  There was no English colony
+now; it had been absorbed by the native Irish families, and to make war
+against the natives was to make war against the {70} Fitzgeralds, the
+Butlers, and other great families better known by their titles.
+Happily for England, Ireland was never united, and if Sidney gained no
+great conquests he was, by reason of the schisms amongst his enemies,
+enabled to maintain the sovereignty of Elizabeth in Ireland.  It was a
+purely nominal sovereignty, but it sufficed for the time being.
+
+
+
+
+{71}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+The gradual disappearance of the distinctively English population did
+not pass unnoticed in England.  During some hundreds of years there had
+been many attempts to induce English families to emigrate to Ireland,
+but without any great success.  To the average English person Ireland
+was an uncivilized country inhabited by savages and murderers.
+Elizabeth's councillors, however, resolved to put into practice the
+theories of previous viceroys and their advisers.  A new English colony
+was to be created, but instead of crowding all the emigrants into
+Dublin, the bolder policy of scattering them all over the country was
+adopted.
+
+On the retirement of Sidney, Sir William Pelham was appointed Lord
+Justice until the arrival of Lord Grey of Wilton, 'the hanging
+viceroy.'  Two years of systematic brutalities were as much as the
+country and Elizabeth could stand.  She recalled Grey and left the
+government in the hands of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, and Sir
+Henry Wallop, treasurer, while she and her council, now firmly resolved
+on the great 'plantation' scheme, could find a willing and a competent
+instrument to carry out the plan.  They found {72} one in Sir John
+Perrott, and in June, 1584, he was made Lord Deputy.
+
+[Sidenote: The undertakers]
+
+Perrott was reputed to be a natural son of Henry VIII., whom he
+resembled in appearance, and, although brought up in the household of
+Thomas Perrott, who had married Mary Berkeley, Henry's mistress, he
+soon exchanged the serene life of a country gentleman for the freer and
+gayer court life of London.  He was advanced rapidly in the royal
+favour, and before his deputyship had had considerable experience of
+Ireland.  He now came as viceroy with a strong and definite policy,
+fully determined to carry it to a successful issue.  Munster was the
+first province selected for the 'plantation' scheme.  To induce English
+families to flock to Ireland, huge estates were offered for next to
+nothing.  Fertile lands were given at rentals of a penny or twopence an
+acre, and to allow the immigrants time to put their new homes in order,
+no rent was asked during the first five years, and only half for the
+following three.  Those who took over twelve thousand acres were termed
+'undertakers,' and required to settle or plant at least eighty-six
+English families whose members were skilled in trades and the arts
+agricultural.  Undertakers of smaller estates planted a less number,
+and so on in due proportion.  It was a splendid scheme on paper, and
+would, no doubt, have settled the Irish question effectively, but its
+weak point was its total disregard of the Irish.  The real owners of
+the property were in hiding with prices on their heads, but the people
+themselves were only awaiting {73} their opportunity to win back the
+lands of their chiefs and restore them to their rightful owners.
+
+The majority of the 'undertakers'--wealthy English noblemen and titled
+adventurers--did not, of course, trouble to come to Ireland, though
+they imported a number of families into the country.  Two of the
+'undertakers,' however, in Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spenser, the
+poet, actually resided on their new estates.  Raleigh, as a reward for
+butchering the peasantry, was given forty-two thousand acres; Spenser
+was granted twelve thousand acres in Cork, and took up his residence in
+Kilcolman Castle, residence in Ireland being the only condition upon
+which he was given the stolen land.  Spenser wrote the first three
+books of the 'Faerie Queen' here, and his only absence from Ireland was
+occasioned by a journey to London to secure the publication of his
+masterpiece.  On his return he married a country girl, and managed to
+live in some peace until 1598, when the Earl of Tyrone, eager to avenge
+his wrongs, roused the country.  Kilcolman Castle was burnt to the
+ground, and Spenser's youngest child perished in the flames.  The poet,
+penniless and ill, escaped to England to die in penury the following
+year.
+
+Perrott's policy required a certain ruthlessness to carry out, and
+friend and foe alike became his victims.  He could not be faithful to
+Elizabeth and please all parties in Ireland.  He shared the fate of his
+predecessors who had adopted a similar policy, for he discovered that
+he was being misrepresented in London by his personal enemies.  These
+included the Earl of Ormonde, Sir Richard {74} Brigham, and Sir
+Nicholas Bagenal, and they even went to the length of bribing a priest
+to forge treasonable letters in the viceroy's name.  When Perrott
+appealed to Elizabeth to be allowed to come to England and confront his
+adversaries, the queen refused him his request, bidding him to continue
+with his work.
+
+He was destined to do England and Elizabeth at least one great service
+during his viceroyalty.  In the middle of 1586 a rumour reached Ireland
+that Spain was about to strike a blow for Catholic Christendom.
+Ireland was, of course, Catholic, and always remained so, although its
+spiritual fathers were mostly 'vicars of Bray.'  The native Irish
+received the news joyfully, and waited anxiously for the day when the
+might of Catholic Spain would annihilate Protestant England.  Perrott
+heard these rumours, and went to great trouble to verify them, with the
+result that in 1587 he was able to send confidential despatches to
+Queen Elizabeth informing her that Philip of Spain was preparing a
+great fleet for the invasion and conquest of England.  That fleet,
+historically known as 'The Great Armada,' left its remnants off the
+coast of Ireland in 1588.
+
+[Sidenote: Perrott's retirement]
+
+When the viceroy realized that his policy, while outwardly prosperous,
+was never likely to develop into a permanent success, he prayed the
+queen to permit him to retire.  She was averse to this, but every
+person of influence about the throne was approached by him until the
+queen relented, and in 1588 the viceroy joyfully prepared to depart
+from the country which he hated worse than the {75} pestilence.  The
+court of England was then in an idealized state, mainly as a result of
+the rise of the great English school of dramatists and poets, and at
+such a time Ireland must have seemed more than ever a place of exile.
+Perrott, however, openly prided himself upon his success, and when he
+appeared in Dublin in order to hand over the sword of state to his
+successor, he made a fulsome speech in his own praise, declaring that
+he left the country in peace and quietness, and hinting that if Sir
+William Fitzwilliam, the incoming viceroy, informed Queen Elizabeth of
+the fact, he would be very grateful.  Sir William, as a gentleman, had
+to acknowledge Perrott's eulogies, and then the ex-viceroy left the
+country, feeling like a freed man.  His last act was to present the
+corporation of Dublin with a silver-gilt bowl bearing his arms and
+crest, together with the motto 'Relinquo in pace.'  The common people
+had a certain rough affection for Perrott.  He had not robbed
+them--perhaps because they had nothing to lose--but at any rate they
+gave him a great ovation, shedding tears of gratitude for the man whose
+code of morals happily included a partiality for paying just debts.
+
+Sir William Fitzwilliam had already experienced the advantages and
+disadvantages of the viceregal position in Ireland.  He married a
+sister of Sir Henry Sidney, a woman with a strength of character that
+absorbed her husband's.  Every act during Fitzwilliam's tenure of
+office was said to have originated from the fertile brain of Lady
+Fitzwilliam, and she was openly hailed as the real {76} ruler of
+Ireland.  But even Lady Fitzwilliam could not govern without money, and
+in 1594 she retired with her husband.  Fitzwilliam is best known as the
+Governor of Fotheringay Castle at the time of the execution of Mary,
+Queen of Scots.  Sir William Russell, his successor, was the youngest
+son of the Earl of Bedford, but his two years of office brought him
+nothing but censure from the queen.  Russell's principal fault was that
+he kept his word of honour to the rebel Earl of Tyrone.  The latter
+came in person to Dublin Castle at the invitation of the viceroy, and
+made submission.  Contented with this, the Lord-Lieutenant permitted
+him to depart, but Elizabeth wished for the imprisonment of the rebel,
+and, consequently, Russell retired to make way for Lord Gainsborough.
+In 1603 he was created a peer by James I.  A year sufficed for
+Gainsborough, who died at his post.  Sir Thomas Norris, Lord Justice,
+acted until superseded by Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, Sir Robert
+Gardiner, and the Earl of Ormonde.
+
+[Sidenote: Queen Elizabeth's favourite]
+
+Their services were dispensed with when Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex,
+arrived in Dublin on April 15, 1599, his appointment dating from March
+12, 1598.  The Earl of Essex was one of the most romantic figures in
+the later court of Queen Elizabeth.  When, as a boy of ten, Robert
+Devereux appeared at court, the queen was fascinated by his beauty and
+his charming manners.  She sent for him later, and his early days were
+distinguished by the confidence of the queen.  Elizabeth was an old
+woman when Essex was in {77} the first flower of his manhood, but he
+was as crafty as he was handsome, and he made every use of his power
+over the queen, a monarch aping youth with the aid of powder and paint.
+She made Essex the most powerful of courtiers, and he attempted to
+reserve her favour for himself.  When the queen showed kindness to
+Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, Essex, ever passionate and prone to
+quarrel, sought out his rival and challenged him to a duel.  The result
+was abortive, but it was only one of a series of incidents which showed
+Elizabeth that she was raising Essex higher than his peculiar
+temperament made promotion safe.  On one occasion he actually
+reproached the queen, who in a moment of rage forgot her pose of youth,
+and boxed the earl's ears.  But he was still in the royal favour when
+Elizabeth sent him to Ireland with fifteen thousand men, his mission
+being to crush the rebellion of O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.  From her
+palace in London the queen wrote almost daily to the viceroy, seldom
+commending him, often hampering, and always petulant and capricious.
+Essex tried one or two encounters with the enemy, and found the
+battlefields of Ireland profitless and dangerous to the health of one
+whose chivalry was better suited to the drawing-room.  He hastily
+concluded a treaty of peace with Tyrone, appointed Lords Justices to
+carry on the government, and repaired to England on September 24,
+having spent less than five months in Ireland.  Only one who was
+certain of Elizabeth's favour could have dared to do such a thing, but
+Essex entered {78} London in the temper of a spoilt child, prepared to
+rail at the queen for having dared to criticize him, and no doubt
+expecting to receive her apologies.  The queen upset his calculations
+by having him arrested promptly, and although the public offered up
+prayers for his restoration to the good graces of the queen, these
+prayers were unanswered, because Essex was not the man to believe in
+his sovereign's determination.  The arrest he regarded as a joke--in
+bad taste, perhaps, but still a joke--and when its seriousness dawned
+upon him he tried to retaliate in kind.  In 1601 he was executed.  The
+charges against him were, first, with making a dishonourable treaty
+with the rebels, and, second, leaving his Government without the
+permission of the authorities--that is, the queen and Council.  When
+released from the Tower and ordered to remain at York House, Essex
+attempted a rebellion, and the spoilt darling of fortune paid the
+penalty with his life.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Mountjoy]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Mountjoy]
+
+The next viceroy, Sir Charles Blount, afterwards Lord Mountjoy, was a
+typical product of the Elizabethan court.  He had been Essex's friend
+and afterwards his enemy, and when the earl retired prematurely from
+Ireland, Elizabeth sent Mountjoy to reopen the war against O'Neill and
+to crush him, irrespective of the treaty of security and peace signed
+by Essex in Elizabeth's name.  He carried out his duties faithfully,
+and succeeded in driving the Tyrones out of their territory.  On the
+final defeat of O'Neill, that chieftain made submission, and Mountjoy
+was graciously pleased to forgive the rebel and restore his title and
+{79} estates to him.  While in Ireland Mountjoy received a letter from
+Essex, then a prisoner on parole at York House, asking him to bring his
+army from Ireland, join a promised army of the King of Scotland, and
+drive Elizabeth's advisers from power.  Mountjoy at once declined to
+hazard his own neck, and he left Essex to his fate.  The hope that the
+earl placed on the viceroy was inspired by the latter's affection for
+Penelope, sister of Lord Essex.  This lady was so notorious that even
+Queen Elizabeth had to refuse to receive her, but her faults were the
+faults of the age she lived in.  At a very early age, and without
+having her wishes consulted at all, Penelope was married to an old roué
+named Lord Rich, a man of filthy habits and loathsome ways.  Penelope
+bore him seven children, but the gross brutalities of her husband drove
+her into the arms of Sidney, and when she became Mountjoy's mistress,
+she had five children by him.  The viceroy, however, was a faithful
+lover, and when Lord Rich divorced her after Mountjoy's resignation of
+his post, the viceroyalty, he married her, inducing his private
+chaplain, Laud, to perform the ceremony.  The act of Laud's very nearly
+ruined his career, and, at any rate, it stood in the way of his
+promotion for several years.  It is said that Mountjoy did intend to
+come to the rescue of his mistress's brother, and certainly Elizabeth,
+who wanted Mountjoy's services, suppressed a confession by a prisoner
+which, had it become public, must have cost Lord Mountjoy his head.  As
+it was, he held the viceroyalty until 1603, and could have {80}
+remained longer, for King James confirmed his appointment.  Mountjoy,
+however, wanted his Penelope, and he left Ireland for her sake.  James
+rewarded him with the Earldom of Devonshire, but as all his children
+were illegitimate, the titles died with him.
+
+[Sidenote: The Order of the Baronetage]
+
+The late viceroy's deputy, Sir George Cary, enjoyed only a few months
+in office, for Sir Arthur Chichester, afterwards Lord Chichester of
+Belfast, was given the post, and came to Ireland early in 1605.
+Chichester was forty-one, but he had already nearly thirty years'
+experience of public affairs, including the fight against the Armada.
+In his early youth he had assaulted an inoffensive citizen, and had
+fled from London to Ireland, but Elizabeth pardoned him and found him
+employment.  Fortunately for Chichester, Lord Mountjoy took him into
+favour, and when the latter returned to England, and was appointed
+adviser to James on Irish affairs, he nominated Chichester as the most
+suitable person to govern Ireland.  This viceroy made it a condition
+that religious persecution in Ireland should be abolished.  Every
+precedent was against the continuance of a protracted and futile
+attempt to force an objectionable religion upon the majority of the
+people, and when he secured this concession to common sense from James
+and Mountjoy, Chichester must have realized that he was in a fair way
+to make his term of office a success.  Some luck attended him.  He was
+given a good army, and very early in his career in Ireland two of his
+most dangerous opponents, Tyrone and Tyrconnell, left Ireland {81} for
+ever.  Chichester then proceeded to colonize Ulster.  The order of the
+Baronetage was created in 1611, and the title sold for £1,080, the
+proceeds being intended to pay the expenses of the colonization of
+Ulster.  The large estates of the Tyrone and Tyrconnell families were
+distributed amongst the native Irish, the English and some planters
+from Scotland, Chichester himself being rewarded with a peerage.  It
+was a wise move on his part, moreover, to give first choice to the
+native Irish in the matter of the division of the land, for he knew
+that peace could only be purchased at a price.
+
+On these lines he governed Ireland for twelve years, and when he
+retired in 1614, he had the satisfaction of earning the praise of those
+he ruled and those he served.  His wife, a daughter of Sir John
+Perrott, does not appear to have taken a very prominent part in Irish
+life.  She was an invalid and contemptuous of the Irish, though the
+records of some of their entertainments in Dublin Castle prove that she
+was lavish in her hospitality, and even invited the heads of the great
+Irish families.
+
+Sir Oliver St. John was in 1616 appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  During
+the interval the Government had been in the hands of Adam Loftus, the
+indispensable Archbishop of Dublin, whose power was as great as his
+cupidity and avarice.  St. John was a typical soldier of fortune, who
+had found fame and fortune on the battlefields of the Continent.  In
+1580, when twenty-one, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, out a
+legal career ended suddenly as the result of a duel with Best, the
+navigator.  Best died, and {82} St. John fled the country, but after
+many profitless years he had the luck to come under the notice of the
+Earl of Essex at Rouen.  Essex, who was in need of brave soldiers,
+enlisted St. John, and took him to Ireland to fight against Tyrone.  In
+a few years St. John was elected member for Roscommon in the Irish
+Parliament, and followed that up by entering the English House of
+Commons as member for Portsmouth.  Mountjoy knighted him and made him
+president of Connaught, so that when in 1616 he was made viceroy, he
+brought to the office a great experience of Irish affairs.
+
+His first official act was to banish all those ecclesiastics educated
+abroad, his second, to make the Protestant religion compulsory, and his
+third, even more remarkable, took the form of a proposal to emigrate
+100,000 Irish persons.  This was a short method of dealing with a
+pressing problem, but it was hopelessly impracticable, and St. John,
+less successful as a statesman than as soldier, was commanded to
+deliver the sword of state to Adam Loftus, and return to England.
+
+Henry Gary, Viscount Falkland, who succeeded, tried to carry on the St.
+John policy.  Proclamations were issued extensively, and all the Irish
+were ordered to go to heaven by the Protestant road.  Strangely enough,
+while Lord Falkland was doing his best to establish the Protestant
+religion, Lady Falkland was secretly a Catholic, and supplying the
+priests with money.  For over twenty years she kept her secret from her
+husband, but he discovered it eventually, and promptly separated from
+her.  The Privy Council, called {83} upon to judge between husband and
+wife, declared Falkland's act justified, but ordered him to pay her
+£500 a year.  Falkland retired in 1629 with the character of an
+unreliable, timid man.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Strafford]
+
+Another period of government by Council and Lords Justices covered the
+years from 1628 to 1633, and then Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,
+one of the great figures of the early days of the Civil War, was chosen
+by Charles I. to represent him in Ireland.  Wentworth's appointment was
+dated 1632, but that nobleman did not hurry to take over his post, and
+besides, there were many urgent affairs to keep him at home.  Wentworth
+was leader of the House of Commons, and at the first encounter with the
+king stood by the Commons.  Charles, however, determined to secure his
+personal adherence, and by means of titles, the bait of kings,
+Wentworth foreswore his radical opinions, came over on to the king's
+side, and was ever afterwards a most zealous and devoted servant of the
+Crown.  When Charles conferred with his advisers upon the coming
+struggle with the people, Wentworth made the first practical suggestion
+by subscribing £20,000 towards the royal treasury.  Wentworth was,
+therefore, the most trusted of the King's advisers, and he was sent to
+Ireland with the object of raising money for His Majesty.
+
+The new viceroy hastily summoned a Parliament at Dublin, and persuaded
+it to vote £180,000 for the king's use against the army of the
+Covenanters.  Further, Wentworth raised an army with the object of
+invading England and joining {84} Charles's forces.  The intention was
+never carried out; but when Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, stood
+his trial at Westminster Hall, on April 5, 1641, the principal charge
+against him was that he had raised an army of Irish Papists to make war
+upon His Majesty's subjects.  Strafford was executed on May 12.
+
+His history concerns England rather than Ireland, but he had
+considerable influence upon the latter country, and did something
+towards placing Irish industries upon a better footing.  In an age of
+wars and rebellions the reformer was out of place, but Ireland owes
+something to the Earl of Strafford's memory.  When he died, Ireland
+mourned for him, and Sir Charles Wandesford, who had acted as one of
+his deputies, died of a broken heart upon hearing the news.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Strafford]
+
+[Sidenote: The civil war]
+
+The fatal year of 1641 found Ireland without a viceroy.  The Lords
+Justices ruled in Dublin, but they carried no authority.  Throughout
+the country it was said that England had abandoned her compatriots.
+The Great Rebellion followed as a matter of course.  Centuries of
+oppression, outrage, robbery, and every other form of tyranny produced
+their natural offspring.  The native Irish, who had not accepted the
+dictum that time legalizes robbery and sanctifies wrong, rose in their
+passions and slaughtered the 'planted' settlers.  The less said about
+the rebellion the better.  The history of the world shows that when the
+democracy rises to avenge its wrongs, the innocent pay the debts of the
+guilty.
+
+Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, should have {85} succeeded Strafford,
+but he lingered in England, conscious that his own country would be the
+centre of great events.  He asked his son, Lord Lisle, to take his
+place, but that young man had no taste for the rigours of Ireland.  His
+prognostications were justified, and with the outbreak of the Civil War
+Lord Leicester abandoned all intention of taking up the office of
+viceroy.  Charles wanted every available soldier, and Ireland was left
+to look after itself.  There was a nominal Government in Dublin, and
+the Earl of Ormonde, at the beginning of his splendid career, was
+Commander-in-Chief.  Ormonde was a devoted royalist, and in the king's
+hour of need sent him 5,000 soldiers from Ireland, paying their
+expenses himself.  In the midst of his worries Charles found time to
+show his gratitude by making Ormonde a marquis, and appointing him
+Viceroy of Ireland.  This was in 1644, but strong man as he was,
+Ormonde's tenure of office was shorn of all its glory and strength.  He
+was destined later to play a leading--the leading--part in Irish
+affairs; but during the Civil War there was no effective government in
+Ireland, and the country went back to its ruling chiefs, and Dublin and
+a few provincial towns sheltered the remnants of the party that looked
+to England for protection and guidance.  Lord Ormonde's determination
+was to hold Ireland for the king, and with this object he strengthened
+the garrison towns.  The massacres of the settlers in the North he had
+punished, but until the settlement of the conflict in England he was in
+a dangerous and anomalous position.
+
+
+
+
+{86}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde, was born at Clerkenwell on October
+19, 1610.  For political reasons he was brought up in London under the
+immediate influence of the court.  The boy, who was known as Viscount
+Thurles, was as popular as he was handsome, and in his early manhood he
+was one of the most famous 'bucks' about town.  The story of his
+marriage is a romantic one, and much has been written about it.  The
+facts are that the young Lord Thurles saw Elizabeth Preston, only
+daughter and heiress of the Earl of Desmond, in church.  She was very
+beautiful and wealthy, and Thurles resolved to wed her.  Whether it was
+a case of love at first sight or not depends upon the sentiment of the
+reader.  We know that the lady's fortune did much towards restoring
+that of the house of Ormonde.
+
+[Illustration: James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Ormonde's marriage]
+
+Elizabeth Preston, however, was already reserved for someone else, and
+under the watchful and jealous guardianship of Lord Holland she was
+hidden from Lord Thurles.  Realizing that his attentions would not be
+displeasing, Lord Thurles disguised himself as a pedlar, and carried
+his pack to the back-door of Lord Holland's Kensington {87} residence.
+Happily for the course of true love, the ladies of the house were not
+above opening the door to pedlars, and Lord Holland's daughters
+performed that service for the lover.  They made a few purchases, and
+then hastened to Elizabeth, to tell her that the handsomest pedlar in
+England was at the back-door, and to beg her to come and patronize him.
+The girl recognized Thurles, and when he pressed a pair of gloves upon
+her, she asked him to wait while she went for some money, although her
+companions offered to save her the trouble by lending her the necessary
+amount.  This she declined, guessing that one of the gloves contained a
+love-letter.  In the safety of her own room she read Thurles'
+impassioned address, and then, having penned a suitable and favourable
+reply, came down again and returned the gloves, declaring that they
+smelt abominably, and could not be worn by a lady.  Never did a pedlar
+accept the cancellation of a bargain so gleefully as this one did.  The
+message the gloves contained settled his doubts and fears, and later
+Viscount Thurles and Elizabeth Preston were wedded.  Lord Holland's
+consent was purchased for £15,000, and when he succeeded to the Earldom
+of Ormonde, Butler took his bride to Ireland.
+
+The coming of the Earl of Ormonde to the country of his ancestors was
+hailed as a welcome sign by the leading Irish families.  By his
+marriage Ormonde had united two of the greatest and ended a bitter
+feud, and the native party looked to him to lead them against the
+English.  His only disadvantage was his religion.  He was a Protestant,
+{88} the result of his education in England, but the question of
+religion was ignored by the Irish, and the handsome and chivalrous earl
+was called upon to take his stand in the forefront of the Irish army.
+Lord Strafford was viceroy at the time, and upon him lay the
+responsibility of influencing Ormonde's choice.  The viceroy acted
+wisely.  Personally he disliked the young earl, but he realized that to
+make an enemy of the most powerful nobleman amongst the Irish families
+of distinction would be fatal to his own chances of success as Viceroy
+of Ireland, and so he immediately made overtures of friendship to the
+man whom he had known as a boy in London.  Lord Ormonde responded, and
+the two noblemen became fast friends, a friendship not forgotten to the
+last by Wentworth.  When the latter had been sentenced to death for
+treason against the State, he implored Charles to give Ormonde the
+garter left vacant by his death, and also warned that monarch that the
+only loyal servant he had in Ireland was the Earl of Ormonde, advising
+the king to appoint him Lord-Deputy.  The king, whose principal
+weakness was a tardiness of judgment, granted neither request at the
+time.  But in 1644 he made Ormonde viceroy, and later bestowed the
+garter, though at a time when that emblem of royal favour was little
+better than a brilliant mockery.
+
+Ormonde served an apprenticeship as Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+during Wentworth's viceroyalty, and on his own appointment to the
+latter position he combined the two offices.  His duties as viceroy
+were, however, merely nominal, {89} and believing that he could be of
+more service to the royal cause in England, he resigned his
+post--inspired, no doubt, by the fact that Parliament had appointed
+Philip Sidney, Lord Lisle, Lord-Lieutenant, under its jurisdiction--in
+1647.  Ormonde went at once to Charles at Hampton Court, and acquainted
+him with the news that it was the intention of the Parliamentary
+leaders to seize his person and bring him to trial.  Charles, of
+course, declined to believe the existence of the Parliamentary plot,
+and the ex-viceroy, again appointed Lord-Lieutenant, but armed with a
+worthless commission, returned to Ireland.  Lord Lisle was not in
+residence, and the Government that represented the Commons consisted of
+five commissioners--Arthur Annesley, Sir R. King, Sir R. Meredith,
+Colonel John Moor, and Colonel Michael Jones--a quintette scarcely
+likely to impress Ormonde with a sense of their dignity, or inspire in
+the country a feeling of security.
+
+Dublin, however, was in the hands of the Parliamentarians, and Ormonde
+chose to assert what authority he possessed from the provinces.  Had
+Charles's cause been the strongest in the world, it could not have
+survived the adverse verdict of the series of great and decisive
+battles that temporarily ended the monarchy.  Ormonde was not dismayed,
+however, and even the execution of the king found him dauntless and
+fearless.  He proclaimed the son of the murdered monarch king, and
+wrote entreating him to come to Ireland, assuring the prince that his
+troops could hold that {90} country for him.  Meanwhile Ormonde
+attacked Dublin, captured Drogheda, suffered defeat at Rathmines, where
+Colonel Jones, the Parliamentary leader, with that strange inspiration
+for successful fighting and generalship which inspired the leaders of
+the democracy, outpointed him, and drove him and his army from the
+field.
+
+[Illustration: Oliver Cromwell]
+
+[Sidenote: The Cromwellian campaign]
+
+Whatever hopes Ormonde may have entertained of recovering his position,
+they were soon extinguished by the arrival of Oliver Cromwell.  It was
+an unexpected move on the part of Parliament, but now that Charles was
+dead, and the royal family in exile, it was considered safe to send the
+strongest man of his generation to cope with the Irish rebellion.  In
+1642 Cromwell had subscribed £600 towards the cost of an expedition for
+avenging the massacres of the previous year, and this act showed that
+he took a practical interest in Irish affairs, and realized the
+country's importance to England.  Ormonde was a resourceful, determined
+leader, and a man of unquestioned courage, but Cromwell was his
+superior in the field and in the council-room, and he had the advantage
+also of a united army.  Twelve thousand picked soldiers, their courage
+exalted by a fanaticism that combined psalm-singing with murder, took
+the field under Cromwell against Lord Ormonde, who had to depend for
+the greater part upon ill-trained troops officered by men who were not
+the less incompetent because the Protestants among them refused to be
+led by Catholics, and Catholics declined to recognize the authority of
+Protestants.  Ormonde {91} strove frantically to unite his forces, but
+without success, and Drogheda, Wexford, Ross, and other towns were left
+to the cruel mercies of Cromwell.
+
+The English leader came to Ireland as Commander-in-Chief and
+Lord-Lieutenant at a combined salary of £13,000 a year.  His first act,
+characteristic of the man, was to issue a proclamation against
+swearing, and he discouraged plunder and looting by hanging even those
+of his own soldiers who transgressed his rules.  Inspired by a sense of
+his own rectitude, Cromwell marched on Drogheda.  The massacre has
+stained his memory almost as much as it stained the streets of the
+town, and after it Wexford's tragedy seems light in comparison.
+
+Ormonde, suspected by the native leaders, was in no enviable position.
+Waterford, besieged by Cromwell, declined to allow his army to enter
+because its leader was 'English.'  There was thus no work for him to
+do, but he remained on, contemptuously rejecting Cromwell's offer of a
+passport to the Continent.
+
+In the great Cromwellian campaign the ex-viceroy took no part.  The
+English leader, encouraged by a series of victories, was suddenly
+disconcerted by the successful resistance of the citizens of Waterford,
+and his failure to take Clonmel ended his enthusiasm for the task of
+conquering Ireland.  In a pessimistic letter to the House of Commons he
+warned the Speaker not to imagine that by his victories at Drogheda and
+Wexford he had subdued Ireland.  He knew too {92} well that in reality
+he had not conquered a square foot of the land.
+
+The outwitting of Cromwell by Hugh O'Neill, the gallant defender of
+Clonmel, is one of the lighter episodes of an era of tragedy.  The
+English leader had restarted his campaign following a rest after the
+setback at Waterford.  He besieged Kilkenny, and was compelled to stoop
+to an honourable treaty to secure the town, and then he marched on
+Clonmel, where O'Neill, the Irish idol who had supplanted Ormonde as
+the national hero, was performing wonders at the head of a small and
+badly-armed garrison.  And this garrison withstood the flower of
+Cromwell's soldiery, fighting for their country without any hope of
+gain, and repeatedly defeating the invaders.  Cromwell, sick at heart,
+was considering the advisability of abandoning the siege which had
+brought him so many rebuffs, when he was agreeably surprised to hear
+that the Mayor of Clonmel, Mathew White, wished to see him.  The
+mayor's object was to surrender the town on certain terms, and Cromwell
+was, of course, only too glad to save his face by granting any
+concessions so long as they brought him the town of Clonmel.  A treaty
+was hastily drawn up, guarding against the atrocities that had
+distinguished Drogheda and Wexford, and then the English General
+inquired if Hugh O'Neill was aware of the mayor's action.  Mathew White
+replied with well-assumed diffidence that O'Neill and his army had left
+the town some hours before!  Cromwell stormed and raged, and demanded
+his treaty back, but White {93} played upon the Puritan's vanity of
+reputation, and Cromwell kept his word.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Henry Ireton]
+
+Despite his reverses, Cromwell had hopes of firmly establishing English
+authority by means of the Protestant religion in Ireland.  He drew up a
+series of recommendations on the subject, but by now there was more
+important work for him to do.  England required his services, and on
+May 29, 1650, his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, was appointed Lord-Deputy
+and Commander-in-Chief, and instructed to carry out the Cromwellian
+policy.  Ireton did not spare himself or others.  He besieged Limerick,
+and in four months starved the garrison out, but it was his last
+effort, and on November 26, 1651, he died of the prevailing plague.
+
+The rest of the Commonwealth deputies were undistinguished so far as
+their Irish careers were concerned.  Major-General Lambert was chosen
+to succeed Ireton, but he was more suited for the camp than the council
+board, being a bluff soldier with a partiality for the rough pleasures
+of the average campaign.  Cromwell did not care for 'Honest John'
+Lambert, and having in mind a scheme whereby Lieutenant-General Sir
+Charles Fleetwood, who had wisely married Ireton's widow and the
+Protector's daughter, should be made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, he
+induced Parliament to abolish the post.  Lambert was enraged, for the
+prospect of ruling a country had excited his imagination, and he made
+great preparations to inaugurate his term of office.  The Protector
+gave him two thousand pounds as compensation, and offered him the post
+of {94} Commander-in-Chief, which he declined angrily.  Fleetwood was
+thereupon given the post, and after a couple of years of government by
+commissioners, he was created Lord-Deputy.
+
+Fleetwood distinguished himself by priest-baiting and an attempt to
+revive the 'plantation' methods of Sidney and Perrott.  Henry Cromwell,
+fourth son of Oliver, who had been given command of an army in Ireland,
+in order to amuse himself and learn the arts of war, replaced
+Fleetwood.  This Cromwell was unambitious, something of a poltroon, and
+only kept in the forefront by the personality of his father.  Nepotism
+nourishes even in democracies, and Henry, a Colonel at twenty-two and
+Lord-Deputy before he was thirty, was not the man to carry on the
+traditions of the Protector.  The Restoration found Henry Cromwell
+pitiably anxious to submit to the new order of things, and when the new
+reign opened and Lord Ormonde returned to resume his duties at Dublin
+Castle, Cromwell was grateful for being allowed to retire into private
+life.
+
+[Sidenote: The Restoration]
+
+During the years of the Commonwealth Lord Ormonde had resided abroad,
+stanchly faithful to the discredited cause of the Stuarts.  When others
+grew faint-hearted, and deserted, Ormonde spoke the encouraging word,
+and he spent all his revenues in the royal service.  Recalling a
+promise made by Cromwell that his wife's fortune would not be
+confiscated, he sent her to the Protector, and she succeeded in getting
+five hundred pounds in cash and two thousand a year for life.  In 1658,
+six years after his wife's visit, Ormonde entered {95} England
+disguised, charged with a mission from the Royalist party to ascertain
+if the times were rife for a rising.  The ex-viceroy returned with a
+pessimistic report, and on his advice Charles waited.  Two years later
+came the Restoration, and with it Ormonde's fortunes rose to a dazzling
+height.
+
+In the first flush of gratitude King Charles showered honours upon the
+Irish nobleman.  He was created Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage,
+Earl of Brecknock in the English, appointed Chancellor of Dublin
+University, Lord Steward, Lord-Lieutenant of Somerset, and High Steward
+of Kingston, Westminster, and Bristol.  At the coronation of Charles
+II. he carried the crown.  The restoration of his Irish estates
+followed as a matter of course, and the king added a promise to pay him
+a large sum of money.  This promise was never kept, but the Irish
+Parliament, anxious to curry favour with Ormonde and the king, voted
+him thirty thousand pounds.  At the close of his career Ormonde
+declared that he had spent nearly a million of money in the king's
+service, and although this is an obvious exaggeration, yet it is a fact
+that he lost heavily pecuniarily and otherwise by his adherence to the
+Stuart cause.
+
+Ultra-patriotic writers, with that passion for obscure data which
+characterizes the partisan historian in his search of an argument, have
+chosen to regard the first Duke of Ormonde as the friend of England and
+the enemy of Ireland.  They shed inky tears over the fate of men like
+Hugh O'Neill and Shane of that family, but the {96} success of either
+of these would have meant a return to the absurd state of affairs which
+made Ireland a nation of kingdoms and traitors.  O'Neill represented
+only his own followers, and his success would have bred rivals and
+imitators.  There was no hope of peace or prosperity if the country
+came under the dominion of men brave on the battlefield and foolish and
+quarrelsome in their councils.  Mere bravery is not statesmanship;
+victories on the battlefield have to be supported by wisdom in the
+council, or all their benefits are lost.
+
+[Sidenote: Ormonde and Lady Castlemaine]
+
+The Duke of Ormonde was the first of the great race of Irishmen,
+worthily descended from famous persons in the two countries, who aimed
+at a united Ireland in honourable federation with England.  To a man of
+his breeding and education the civilization of Pall Mall was more
+pleasing than the semi-barbarous condition of provincial Ireland, but
+he accepted again the thankless position of viceroy, and, hampered by
+the new school of politics that had arisen in London, he did his utmost
+for Ireland.  He was the best man for the task, and Charles knew it,
+and although his enemies never lost an opportunity for damaging his
+reputation, he retained the post until March 14, 1669, having conducted
+the government in person for nearly seven years.  Ormonde was one of
+the first to realize the fact that Charles was endangering his throne
+by his profligacy.  Almost every decree that emanated from Whitehall
+was inspired by the whims and vagaries of one of the mistresses of the
+'Merry Monarch,' and even Ormonde, {97} attached as he was to the
+person of the king, could not submit to the insolent demand on the part
+of Lady Castlemaine that her lover should grant her Phoenix Park as a
+private demesne.  Lady Castlemaine, however, ascribed her defeat to
+Ormonde's jealousy, and it was mainly through her that the viceroy's
+enemies continued their plottings and secured his recall.  The charges
+against him were that he had billeted soldiers on civilians and had
+executed martial law, charges so ridiculous that there was never any
+serious attempt to investigate them after Ormonde's return to London.
+
+He was not without honour, however, even in England, for Oxford
+University elected him her Chancellor, and in 1670 the city of Dublin
+presented an address to Lord Ossory, the duke's son, which consisted of
+complimentary references to the late viceroy and ignored the then
+holder of the post, Lord Robarts.  Lord Ossory had acted as deputy for
+his father in 1664-65, and gave promise of a brilliant career.
+
+Eight years of court life followed, during which Ormonde, who knew more
+about Ireland than any other living person, was seldom called in to
+advise Charles.  Robarts, a stolid nobleman of no accomplishments
+beyond a little pride, managed to last a year--1669-70.  On the
+Restoration, Robarts, the son of a tin merchant and a usurer, was
+appointed deputy to General Monck, whom he considered an upstart, but
+he declined to represent such a man, and Charles, who was heavily in
+his debt, made him Lord Privy Seal, and thus enabled {98} him to avoid
+the indignity of occupying an inferior position to General Monck.
+
+The next viceroy was a distinguished survivor of the Civil War in the
+person of John Berkeley, first Lord Berkeley of Stratton.  He was a
+nobleman of elaborate tastes, who took full advantage of Charles II.'s
+indebtedness to him for services rendered during the great exile.  This
+he supplemented by marrying three times, the third wife bringing him an
+immense fortune.  She was plain and old, but Berkeley overcame his
+natural repugnance to the ugly in this particular case.  In Ireland he
+was a success mainly because his sympathies inclined towards the
+Catholic religion, and he left well alone.  The country would have
+welcomed a longer viceroyalty than two years, but Berkeley was not the
+man to waste his energies in Dublin, and he was glad to return to
+London and to the court.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duchess of Cleveland]
+
+Ireland did not, of course, escape altogether from the evil
+consequences of Charles's partiality for frail femininity.  His
+illegitimate children had to be provided with money as well as with
+titles, and their mothers' anxiety for the future dispelled.  When
+there were murmurings in England against the king's extravagant methods
+in satisfying the cupidity of his creatures, these latter asked for
+something out of Ireland.  The Duchess of Portsmouth wanted Phoenix
+Park, and Charles was quite willing that she should have it, but the
+Duke of Ormonde and the Earl of Essex, who knew the fatal stupidity of
+the Stuarts, managed to convince Charles that he would run the risk of
+losing {99} his crown if he lost his head over the woman who made the
+title of duchess as cheap as water while she flaunted it in Whitehall.
+It was not to be expected that an illiterate woman would be able to
+understand the reasons that made the gift of Phoenix Park
+impracticable, and she plotted with all the feline spite that she was
+capable of to injure the men who had defeated her ambitions.  Ormonde,
+however, was too strong, but when Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, was
+appointed to succeed Lord Berkeley in 1672, she carried on an intrigue
+against him, and did not cease until his recall in 1677.  Lord Essex
+was the son of the Lord Capel who had been executed in 1649, and
+Charles owed him and his family something.  That debt was never repaid
+fully, and had it not been for a sudden revulsion of feeling in
+Ormonde's favour Lord Essex might never have gone to Ireland.  The new
+viceroy was not popular among the king's coterie of duchesses and
+countesses.  When at the Treasury he had declined to pay the Duchess of
+Cleveland £25,000 out of the public funds, and, of course, the duchess
+was furious.  Essex was not dismayed.  He knew that Charles dare not
+quarrel with a man of his position on the question of the subsidies he
+considered his mistresses ought to have.  Publicity was the last thing
+he desired.  Essex was not the man to send to Ireland to represent the
+Duchess of Cleveland or the Duchess of Portsmouth, and Ormonde
+persuaded Charles that in Ireland he was regarded as king, and that the
+people in that benighted country were so unacquainted with the manners
+{100} of polite society as to be quite unable to appreciate the
+delicate position of duchess without a duke.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Essex]
+
+Lord Essex found Ireland as peaceful as he could expect.  Fortunately
+for him, he lacked the ambition that had attacked so many former
+viceroys like a disease, and did not wish to conquer Ireland.  He
+realized that beyond Dublin and a few provincial cities the rule of
+England did not extend, but provided he was allowed to remain in peace
+at Dublin Castle, he did not worry.  And in fact Dublin was the only
+habitable place.  Centuries of warfare had left the land in a terrible
+state.  Education and all the arts were at a standstill, while the
+traders had not yet raised themselves to a position of independence,
+and the resident nobility dwelt in their strongholds or emigrated to
+fight under foreign flags.  If we are to believe the records of the
+times, Lord Essex confined himself to Dublin and the Castle, and all
+his entertainments were for the benefit of the officials and occasional
+visitors from London.  He did something to make Dublin worthier of its
+position as the capital city.  Highway and street robberies were
+punished severely and building improvements encouraged.
+
+Lady Essex took her part in the work of her husband, being really the
+first of the 'vicereines'--to use an apt if technically incorrect
+description of the wives of the viceroys--to enter into the social life
+of the people her husband governed.  She entertained as a great
+hostess, and was charming and popular.  It was her accessibility which
+led to an incident which rendered the last few {101} months of Essex's
+viceroyalty painful.  The times were ripe for the propagation of
+scandal.  The king's patronage of vice gave it an appearance of virtue,
+and certainly many rewards.  The chivalry of the time was an elaborate
+ritual in honour of free love, and, of course, the influence spread to
+Dublin.  Personally Lord Essex was almost a little better than his
+contemporaries, but he held the honour of his wife to be something very
+sacred, and when he heard that it was the talk of Dublin that she was
+carrying on an intrigue with a Captain Brabazon he was greatly
+embittered.  It was fashionable to be vicious, but Essex would not
+believe that his wife was guilty, although Captain Brabazon swore that
+she was.  According to the laws of honour, a duel with Brabazon was the
+viceroy's only court of appeal, but as the king's representative he
+could not issue a challenge or accept one, and he was therefore
+compelled to affect a haughty indifference to the covert insults heaped
+upon himself and Lady Essex.  Fortunately for the viceroy and his wife,
+Captain Brabazon, rejoicing in his immunity, became too precise; he
+offered details of times and places, and once he had sworn to these it
+was easy to prove them wicked and malicious falsehoods.
+
+The viceroy was not sorry to yield up office to Ormonde, although, as
+is always the case, popular feeling turned in his favour, and even
+gossip admitted nothing but good of the countess.  The whole plot had
+been hatched by the Duchess of Cleveland in revenge for his refusal to
+rob the Treasury on her behalf.  On his return to London, {102} Lord
+Essex immediately sought out Charles and complained of the scandalous
+treatment he had received.  The king was sympathetic--weak-minded
+persons find in sympathy their only virtue--but he would do nothing,
+and the ex-viceroy, disappointed and enraged, flung himself out of the
+royal presence.  He was a marked man now, and all his sayings were
+improved upon and reported to Charles.  The Rye House plot ended his
+career.  He was arrested and committed to the Tower, where he was said
+to have taken his own life in a fit of depression.  Whether true or not
+scarcely matters, for his act merely saved his head from the
+executioner's axe.
+
+
+
+
+{103}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Duke of Ormonde's career in London during his period of
+unemployment was not without excitement.  As a great nobleman he
+frequented the court without ever becoming one of its favoured
+habitués.  In his salad days Ormonde had been one of the gayest of the
+gay, but he was a veteran when Robarts succeeded him in Ireland, and
+his temperament was that of a statesman rather than a courtier.
+
+His enemies, however, feared and detested him, and finding that they
+could not compel the complacent Charles to banish the duke, they took
+it into their own hands to try and murder him.  One night,
+therefore--it was December 5, 1670--Ormonde's coach was stopped in St.
+James's Street by Thomas Blood and five other ruffians, who dragged the
+duke out and carried him off on horseback.  The affair created a
+tremendous sensation, the most widely-spread rumour being that the five
+accomplices were well-known friends of the King's, inspired by him to
+assassinate a man who had helped Charles to regain his throne.  Blood
+became famous in one quarter and infamous in another, while Lord
+Ossory, the duke's eldest son, believing that Buckingham had instigated
+{104} the plot, went in search of the duke, and, finding him with the
+king, did not hesitate to tell him that if his father died a violent
+death he would pistol Buckingham, even if he sought shelter behind the
+king.  Ormonde escaped mainly owing to the over-sureness of his
+captors.  The strangest incident, however, was yet to come.  Blood was
+captured--he made no attempt to escape--and it was expected as matter
+of course that he would be hanged, but Charles sent for the duke, and
+in a private interview persuaded that nobleman to pardon his would-be
+assassin.  This action of the king's proved conclusively that if
+Buckingham paid Blood to attempt Ormonde's life Charles must have had
+cognizance of the matter, while it is certain that the germ of the
+whole idea originated with one of Charles's mistresses, who hated
+Ormonde, not because he was excessively moral or squeamish, but because
+he declined to treat seriously their pretensions to be considered
+members of the nobility.
+
+Nearly seven years after this episode Charles reappointed Ormonde
+Viceroy of Ireland.  The duke was now sixty-seven, but he took up
+office with all his old zest, and he made his entry into Dublin an
+elaborate ceremonial, behaving himself as though he were the King of
+Ireland, and not merely a king's deputy.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde was not a patriot in the sense that the word is
+regarded nowadays.  His policy was to increase the English ascendancy.
+His religion naturally placed him in the minority.  He was a Protestant
+and a Royalist, but there can {105} be no mistaking the earnestness of
+his views.  He brought a conscientiousness to his task that
+distinguished him from the average viceroy, and he could pride himself
+upon knowing the country.  The O'Neills, in their brief day of squabble
+and treachery, had taunted Ormonde with being English, and their
+fondness for creating parties within a party had helped to defeat
+Ormonde's policy more than once.  In 1677, however, the duke had behind
+him the united power of England, and during his last viceroyalty he was
+all-powerful.
+
+[Sidenote: Proclamations against Catholics]
+
+The Popish plot that disturbed the Government towards the close of
+Charles's reign roused the fervid anti-Catholic spirit in Ormonde.  He
+issued a proclamation banishing all ecclesiastics who took their orders
+from Rome; dissolving societies, convents, and schools, and commanding
+all Catholics to surrender their arms within twenty days.  These
+measures, however, did not satisfy the bigots in London, and they
+clamoured for the viceroy's recall, declaring that he was in secret
+sympathy with the plotters.  But the duke had a brave defender in the
+person of his son, Lord Ossory, the handsomest and most hot-tempered
+man of his day.  Lord Ossory was his father's devoted friend, and
+during his long stay in London the younger man never lost an
+opportunity for confounding his father's enemies.  In an impassioned
+speech he defended him in the House of Lords, and he had the
+satisfaction of defeating the intriguers.
+
+The death of his son was a terrible blow to the {106} duke, and he lost
+all interest in public matters.  His supersession by the Earl of
+Rochester in 1683 was not unwelcome to him.  Ormonde was seventy-three,
+and had aged considerably during the preceding ten years.  On July 21,
+1688, he died, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, a fit sepulchre for
+a man whose loyalty and conscientiousness were rare virtues in his day,
+and who had given more to his king than he had received.  His last
+public act had been to carry the crown at the Coronation of King James,
+but he was spared the knowledge of the second and final exile of the
+Stuart family from England.  His eldest son, Lord Ossory, the most
+popular man about town in his day, a confirmed gambler and an intimate
+of King Charles, who occasionally paid his card debts for him, left
+behind a son who succeeded his grandfather in the title and estates,
+becoming second Duke of Ormonde, and later Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+In Evelyn's 'Diary' there is a notable tribute to Lord Ossory.
+Universal grief was occasioned by the announcement of his death at an
+early age.
+
+The new viceroy was the Earl of Rochester, a dull creature who grew
+restive in Dublin, where he ignored the local nobility, and was for
+ever pining for the pleasures of London.  The expenses of the
+viceroyalty were very considerable now, and there were few
+opportunities of making money out of the office.  Lord Tyrconnel, the
+Commander-in-Chief, treated him with open contempt, as he had treated
+the Duke of Ormonde, a stronger man than either of them, and Rochester,
+{107} a product of society, was not likely to succeed against the
+bullying, swaggering methods of Tyrconnel, who was clearly aiming at
+the viceroyalty for himself.
+
+[Sidenote: A Catholic régime]
+
+In 1683 Charles commissioned Laurence Hyde, brother of the Earl of
+Clarendon, to replace Rochester, but Hyde, who was anxious to remain in
+London at that particular time, managed to delay his departure for over
+a year, and when the king died and James ascended the throne, Henry
+Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and brother-in-law of James, was selected for
+the task of permeating Ireland, especially official Ireland, with the
+new Jacobean policy.  England was avowedly Protestant, and England in
+Ireland was similar.  James, who was that human paradox--an insincere
+fanatic--instructed Clarendon to proceed cautiously in his difficult
+task of placing the Government and laws of Ireland in the hands of
+Roman Catholics, while at the same time maintaining outwardly a
+Protestant régime.  Hyde, who was James's subservient minister, did his
+best, and within a year the majority of the judges, and nearly all the
+State officials, were Catholic.  He found it comparatively easy to
+appoint Catholic officers to the highest positions in the army, for
+Tyrconnel, the Commander-in-Chief, was a Catholic, and he raised no
+objection to Clarendon's nominations.  This was the only help the
+viceroy received from Tyrconnel, the most popular man in Ireland and
+the most powerful.  He had the army behind him, and, knowing that he
+could take the viceroyalty whenever he cared to do so, he had {108}
+sufficient sense of humour to wait until James had exhausted his stock
+of Pall Mall exquisites, and had to turn to him.  It was characteristic
+of the king that he should try to carry out a Catholic policy with the
+aid of Protestant ministers, relying upon nepotism rather than upon
+conviction or sincerity, but the Stuarts were born to blunder, and they
+blundered.
+
+Lord Tyrconnel pretended to obey the viceroy, but scarcely a single act
+from Dublin Castle was not ignored by him.  He was jealous of the
+king's preference for English noblemen, firmly believing that Ireland
+should be governed by an Irishman and a Catholic.  The Duke of Ormonde
+he had regarded as an Englishman, and that viceroy's terms of office
+were always noted for quarrels with Tyrconnel.  The old Irish families
+and the common people looked to Tyrconnel to save them from the evil
+consequences of the mad policy of Charles II. and his successor.  James
+certainly gratified them by his return to the old religion, but he went
+about it the wrong way, and with the usual result.  Clarendon did his
+best, but Fate was against him.  He was too weak to stand the strain
+fidelity imposed in such troublous times, and James removed him from
+office because he suspected his loyalty.  The suspicion was correct.
+Clarendon was one of the first of James's intimates to go over to the
+party that invited William and Mary to ascend the throne of England.
+Later he plotted against William, and only the influence of great
+friends and a remembrance of previous services saved his life.  He was
+released {109} from prison, and permitted to live in semi-retirement
+until his death in 1709 at the age of seventy-one.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Tyrconnel]
+
+When Clarendon's term of office ended there was only one man who could
+continue James's policy.  This was Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel,
+the man who had done his utmost to kill the authority of half a dozen
+occupants of Dublin Castle.  Fate retaliated by making his viceroyalty
+stormy and tragic.  At the time of his appointment in 1687 Tyrconnel
+was fifty-seven years of age, and he had a long record behind him
+which, despite the tendency to idealize in the course of more than two
+centuries, seems to prove that he was nothing better than a bully and
+an adventurer.  He was at the same time a brave soldier and a cowardly
+statesman, but his greatest defect lay in his utter inability to
+acquire the art of obeying.  He wished to rule always, and when the
+critical time came, this contributed more than anything else to the
+complete defeat of the Jacobean cause in Ireland.
+
+Born in 1630, Tyrconnel was twenty years of age when Cromwell came to
+Ireland and besieged Drogheda.  Even at that early age he was well
+known for his reckless courage, and he was certainly one of the most
+gallant defenders of the town.  He owed his escape to the fact that he
+was so dangerously wounded that he was placed amongst the dead, and he
+took advantage of the lonely battlefield to make his way out of
+Drogheda disguised as a woman.  Coming to London, Tyrconnel was
+arrested by Cromwell, but escaped to the Continent, {110} where he
+quickly determined to enter the inner circle of the royal exiles.
+Charles and his brother, the Duke of York, later James II., did not
+care for the society of a person who lacked the finer polish, and who
+found his acquaintances at the point of the sword.  Tyrconnel, however,
+was crafty enough to sum up James's character, and by offering to go to
+England and assassinate Cromwell, he was at once taken into the
+confidence of the duke.  Fortunately, it was soon realized that such a
+foul deed would merely serve to strengthen the Commonwealth in England,
+and certainly extinguish all hopes of another Stuart régime.  It is not
+at all unlikely that Tyrconnel knew this; anyhow, he gained his
+ambition, and by the time the Restoration was accomplished, he was one
+of the royal prince's most trusted companions.
+
+Unfortunately for Tyrconnel, he cast in his lot with the Duke of York,
+and twenty-five years passed before his patron was in a position to
+give him his earldom.  Talbot, who was a product of the battlefield,
+was not likely to shine in the court of Charles II.  He played a part
+in it for a time, and he was the hero of several love affairs, but he
+had not the courtly graces of a Buckingham or a Rochester.  Women were
+afraid of provoking him, for he brooked no rivalry, and the man who in
+one week fought five duels in London and wounded his opponent every
+time was no fit companion for ladies whose fame depended upon the
+number of conquests they made, but they admired his courage and
+success.  In his only really serious love affair Tyrconnel was
+rejected, and the lady {111} married Sir George Hamilton.  Richard
+Talbot also found consolation, but some years later, when his wife had
+died, he married Lady Hamilton, a widow with six children.
+
+Charles was speaking more than the truth when he declared that no one
+would ever assassinate him to make James king, and Talbot, leading an
+aimless life in London, a beggared gambler, distrusted by the old
+aristocracy and feared by the new, sought vainly for adequate
+employment for nearly ten years.  Then in 1669 Charles appointed him
+Commander-in-Chief in Ireland on the earnest and persistent
+solicitation of the Duke of York.  London society was not displeased to
+get rid of the bully so easily, for in their estimation Ireland was
+still a place of exile, especially so in view of the comfortable
+statesmanship practised by Charles and his satellites in the palace of
+Whitehall.  Talbot went to Ireland eagerly, knowing that the qualities
+which had won for him contempt in London would idealize him in Ireland.
+With the aid of the Duke of York, and also helped by the indolence of
+Charles, he knew that he could make his office of Commander-in-Chief at
+least equal to, if not more powerful than, the viceroyalty.  Ormonde
+had been superseded by Lord Robarts, and Talbot detested the duke,
+whose religion made him unpopular with the Duke of York and his friends.
+
+[Sidenote: 'Lying Dick Talbot']
+
+On the accession of James II., Richard Talbot--Macaulay's 'Lying Dick
+Talbot'--was created Earl of Tyrconnel, and his powers as
+Commander-in-Chief increased.  It was the king's ambition {112} to make
+himself independent of Parliament by means of the army, and he hoped
+that Tyrconnel would bring the army in Ireland to such a state of
+efficiency that would render it an important asset in the struggle
+between the king and his subjects.  To a man of Talbot's temperament
+unlimited power was a spur to unlimited ambition, and successive
+viceroys found themselves in a humiliating position.  The noted
+duellist and bully--the man at whom half London sneered and whom the
+other half feared--was set in authority over some of the best blood in
+the kingdom, and although they complained bitterly to the king, there
+was no redress.
+
+[Sidenote: The state of the country]
+
+The nomination of Tyrconnel to the vice-royalty was, therefore, the
+only way out of James's difficulties in Ireland.  Nearly every class in
+the country welcomed the appointment.  The new viceroy proceeded to
+strengthen his own position rather than that of the king's.  He had
+been instructed to pack the state and the bench with Catholics, but
+Tyrconnel, with thoughts of the future, selected creatures of his own,
+and in a short time he was master of the country.  The bench, the
+corporations, the Justices of the Peace, were all subservient to him.
+He made and unmade laws, and the spectacle of a bully ruling a country
+might have made the world laugh had it not been so tragic.  The
+disarmed Protestants were left to the mercy of the criminal classes and
+the legalized highway robbers; consequently many of the most prosperous
+and law-abiding families were compelled to leave their lands and homes
+{113} and emigrate to England.  Justice was a travesty; householders in
+Dublin had to keep watch all night to guard their property because the
+fear of punishment for crime no longer existed.  The viceroy and his
+wife reigned in Dublin Castle, where sectarianism influenced every
+single act.
+
+Lady Tyrconnel, who had been in her youth one of the most fascinating
+of the group of ingenuous beauties gathered about the court of Charles
+II., was in her middle age ugly, spiteful, and fanatical.  Her husband
+was rough and coarse; she was feline and fanciful, but she adapted
+herself to the ways of his policy, and the Catholic religion found in
+her a devout adherent.  She was not popular in Ireland, however.  The
+mother of six children, she was fond of recalling the glories of her
+Whitehall past.  Secretly she disliked James, and even at times broke
+out into petulant diatribes against her husband's patron; but all the
+time she aped the youth of her early years, and tried to hide the plain
+present by means of paint.
+
+There was no room for the finer arts of life in Tyrconnel.  He was now
+acting the statesman, and the result was very soon evident.  Ormonde,
+despite his defects and dislike for the ultra-patriots, had succeeded
+in improving the condition of Ireland, and his successors had been
+willing to continue his social policy if they could not improve upon
+it.  The Earl of Tyrconnel, however, was not the man to imitate others,
+no matter how praiseworthy such imitation might be, and in less than a
+couple of years he 'reduced Ireland {114} from a place of briskest
+trade and best-paid rents in Christendom to utter ruin and desolation.'
+Dublin had progressed amazingly under Ormonde, and it seemed as if the
+capital city would rise to a place amongst the most important cities of
+the world, when Tyrconnel came to set it back a hundred years.  England
+had never done anything for Dublin or any other town in Ireland, and
+the progress of the capital had been made in the face of the bitterest
+opposition and the most relentless persecution.  London, Bristol, and
+the other ports of England were jealous of Dublin, and they were able
+to get edicts passed interfering with the shipping and the trade of the
+country, in order that they might not lose in competition.  Dublin,
+however, rose superior to edicts and statutes, and by the end of the
+seventeenth century it was not a mean city.  Even in London it was
+realized with something approaching wonder that Dublin was not to be
+despised.  For five hundred years it had been the headquarters of the
+English colony, but it was in Tyrconnel's day entirely Irish.  The
+English families had been merged in the Irish, and the result was a
+population anxious for peace and freedom from the persecutions entailed
+by religious squabbles and political struggles.
+
+The Earl of Tyrconnel was too patriotic, however, to let the country
+rest.  His crude mind was full of ambitious schemes, and from England
+James fed him with ambitious food.  Between them they were to make
+England, Ireland, and Scotland wholly Catholic, and in the remote event
+of England failing the king, Ireland was to be {115} made a French
+protectorate, so that the supremacy of the Catholic religion might
+remain undisputed.
+
+Suddenly James appealed for help, and Tyrconnel sent him 3,000 men; but
+they could not keep the king's throne, and on March 12, 1689, James
+landed at Kinsale from France, a king without a throne, a Catholic
+without a conscience, and a fanatic without a scruple.  His visit to
+Ireland had an ominous precedent in the case of Richard II., and it had
+a similar result.  It was obvious that the English monarch relied
+entirely upon his viceroy to save his throne.  Ireland was even then
+renowned for its simple-hearted allegiance to the old faith, and James
+was under the impression that fanaticism can beat generalship and
+numbers.
+
+[Sidenote: King James in Dublin]
+
+Tyrconnel, ever optimistic when fighting was imminent, met James at
+Cork, and headed the triumphant procession into Dublin on March 24,
+1689.  The king was rapturously welcomed from Cork to Dublin as the
+friend of Ireland and of its religion, and Lady Tyrconnel organized a
+fête at the Castle, in which she endeavoured to remind the nervous and
+dejected king of the former glories of the Stuart dynasty when the
+family seemed all-powerful and secure.  James, however, unwisely and
+needlessly irritated her by a display of indifference, and at a dance
+he exasperated her by leading out a less-known but more beautiful
+member of Irish society.  The viceroy's wife was Duchess of Tyrconnel
+by now, for the Lord-Lieutenant had been created a duke on the {116}
+arrival of the king; but it is as Earl of Tyrconnel that he is known.
+James had not the power to create peerages in 1689.
+
+There is no need to enter minutely into any of the details of the
+Jacobean war in Ireland.  It was a religious and a political contest,
+but the presence of James and the multitude of his counsellors were the
+chief causes of the Catholic defeat.  In the Parliament James summoned
+at Dublin there was a member named Patrick Sarsfield, afterwards given
+the worthless and illegal title of Earl of Lucan, who was destined to
+play a leading part in the fortunes of James, and who might have won
+success for his royal master had his qualities been recognized in high
+quarters.  Tyrconnel, however, always ready to sacrifice the good of
+his country for the good of himself, kept Sarsfield under, and James,
+who had been given proof of Sarsfield's devotion, distrusted his
+ability.  At a time when everybody had deserted James, Patrick
+Sarsfield stood by him, and in the very first encounter with the army
+of William he proved his courage.  The viceroy was now old and crippled
+by gout, but he insisted upon holding the principal place in James's
+Council, and when it was announced that William was coming to Ireland,
+it was he who insisted upon James fighting for his crown, although that
+monarch was secretly preparing for his return to France.  James created
+defeat for himself, and his motley collection of adventurers made that
+defeat certain.  No real attempt was made to bring a disciplined army
+into the field against the King of England, and {117} only the bravery
+and genius of the troops made the Battle of the Boyne a battle at all.
+
+[Sidenote: The Battle of the Boyne]
+
+This decisive conflict was fought on Tuesday, July 1, 1690, and the
+stars in their courses fought for William.  James was in the way of his
+own Generals, and in the many critical moments of the battle there were
+schisms in the Council.  But it was James who contributed most to the
+defeat of his army, and well might Patrick Sarsfield exclaim bitterly:
+'Change kings, and we will fight you over again.'
+
+The ex-king was almost the first fugitive from the field, and he rode
+without cessation until he reached Dublin Castle, weary,
+travel-stained, but just the same sneering, disappointed incompetent,
+who had sacrificed many humble lives nobler than his own.  When Lady
+Tyrconnel, flustered and alarmed, came down to greet him, James
+caustically informed her that the Irish ran well.
+
+'Your Majesty seems to have won the race,' was Lady Tyrconnel's witty
+rejoinder; and the king remained silent.
+
+From Dublin James, thanks to his forethought, was able to cross to
+France immediately, and he scandalized Paris by declaring that the
+Irish were cowards to a man, who had run away at the first shot from
+the enemy.  The result of this libel was that the members of the Irish
+colony in Paris were mobbed in the streets, and long afterwards, when
+physical ill-treatment ceased, the name of an Irishman stood for
+cowardice in the best Parisian circles.
+
+{118}
+
+The ex-king left Tyrconnel, Lauzun, Boisseleau, and Sarsfield to fight
+his battle against William, and after the disastrous Boyne they retired
+on Limerick.  William followed hastily, and presently his 28,000 men
+were besieging the city, which was garrisoned by not more than 15,000
+troops.  The hero of the siege was Sarsfield, and it is to his story
+that this belongs.  Tyrconnel was anxious to get out of the country,
+and when Sarsfield had driven the English army from the walls of
+Limerick the viceroy followed King James into exile, the Duke of
+Berwick being styled 'viceroy.'  A Council of Twelve assisted the duke,
+while Tyrconnel, having, with his wife, gone to France with all their
+available resources, interviewed James, and induced him to send him
+back to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant.  Furthermore, James was persuaded
+to give Tyrconnel a grant of £8,000.  In such a state of war there
+could be no real viceroy, and Tyrconnel was compelled to pass his time
+between pleasures and fears.  Chroniclers recount stories of the
+festivities given by him in his own honour during a stay at Galway.  He
+was too old for anything else.  Meanwhile the rival generals in the
+field proved easy victims for William's commanders.  The Earl of
+Marlborough came to Ireland to supplement his small experience of
+warfare, and, of course, he performed creditably, for the Jacobean
+troops were badly clothed, fed, and armed.  Sarsfield alone seemed
+worth his position, and his efforts were negatived by the incompetence
+of his colleagues.
+
+[Sidenote: The Treaty of Limerick]
+
+On August 14, 1691, Tyrconnel died, sixty-one {119} years of age, but
+worn out and feeble.  He was buried by night and in such haste that his
+burial-place quickly became a mystery.  He died just before the end of
+the Jacobean struggle in Ireland, for a few days afterwards the Treaty
+of Limerick was signed, and Sarsfield left the country to fight as a
+soldier of fortune, and to die an honourable death on a foreign
+battlefield.  In the contest between James's Irish army and that of
+William the latter had all the luck and the former all the traitors.
+It was, therefore, a matter for astonishment that the Jacobean troops
+should have gained any victories at all.  Certain it is that the
+English commanders never gained reputations so cheaply.  When
+Marlborough returned to London he was fêted as a victor by the king;
+but all he did was to overcome by means of sheer force small and
+irregular bodies of troops indifferently armed and often badly led.
+Marlborough did not learn anything of the art of generalship by his
+month's visit to Ireland.  Patrick Sarsfield was the only man who
+proved his worth as a leader and his courage as a soldier.  We know
+that he fought for a good cause but an unworthy man, and that the cause
+was something better than the restoration of James to the throne of
+England.
+
+
+
+
+{120}}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+The Orange Government in Ireland was in the hands of two Lords Justices
+named Coningsby and Porter, but as soon as the Treaty of Limerick ended
+the hopes of the Jacobeans William decided to send one of his followers
+as viceroy.  There were many claimants on the king's gratitude, but
+Henry Sidney, fourth son of Robert, second Earl of Leicester, one of
+Charles I.'s viceroys, had been well rewarded by the Dutchman for his
+treachery towards James.  Sidney had been present at the Battle of the
+Boyne, being now a viscount, and when there was plenty of Irish land
+and money to be distributed Viscount Sidney received 50,000 acres and
+an allowance of £2,000 a year.  During the reign of Charles II. Sidney
+had taken a prominent part in court life, and his beauty was such that
+he was regarded as 'the greatest terror to husbands' of his day.
+James, Duke of York, and his duchess, formerly Anne Hyde, took young
+Sidney into their confidence, and gave him a court appointment.  He
+retorted by endeavouring to ruin the duchess's reputation, and when
+they dismissed him he continued his plottings.  He was successful in so
+far that he caused a temporary separation between James {121} and his
+wife; but at the accession of Charles's brother he was taken back into
+favour.  Sidney, however, was determined to act the part of the
+traitor, and he quickly betrayed his cause to William.  Besides this
+fondness for plotting Sidney found time to earn the reputation of one
+of the most immoral men, even in Charles's reign.  He regarded every
+woman of beauty as fit prey for his passion, and even when he was
+nearly seventy his intrigues were the talk of London.
+
+[Sidenote: Protestant Party dissatisfied]
+
+This was the man William sent to represent him in Ireland, and when
+Viscount Sidney arrived in Dublin in 1692 he was fifty-one years of
+age, unmarried, and still very handsome.  But he was not a statesman or
+a soldier, and his position alone made him great.  He was not equal to
+the task of carrying out the changes created by the Treaty of
+Limerick--a treaty hotly repudiated by the Protestant party in Ireland,
+who, now that William's cause had triumphed, naturally looked for a
+return of their supremacy and the subjection of the majority.  Sidney's
+conciliatory attitude towards the Catholics brought down upon him the
+wrath of the Protestant clergy and aristocracy; Parliament met, and
+denounced his indulgences to members of the rival faith, and, although
+Sidney dissolved it, the effect on the king was considerable.  He dare
+not remove the viceroy, and yet Sidney was dangerous so long as he
+remained in Ireland.  A way out of the difficulty was found by the
+'promotion' of the viceroy to the post of 'Master-General of the
+Ordnance,' and in {122} 1694--the year after he vacated office--he was
+created Earl of Romney.
+
+Sidney never married, but he did not altogether escape the
+responsibilities of parentage.  He complained very often of the worry
+many women gave him by pestering him with demands for the provision of
+their children.  During his brief viceroyalty one of his numerous
+victims had the courage to beard him in Dublin Castle, and demand that
+he should contribute towards the maintenance of the three children she
+had borne him.  Sidney dare not send the woman away empty-handed, and
+he gave her £500; but the majority of his victims never received
+anything, for he was as mean as he was vicious.  Had it not been that
+by accident he could claim to have given William and Mary the Crown of
+England, Sidney would never have risen to any position at all.  He
+became prominent by sheer chance.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Capel of Tewkesbury]
+
+It was expected that care would be taken to make the new viceroy
+acceptable to the Protestant party; but there was a delay, and William
+allowed the Government to be conducted by three Commissioners, the most
+powerful being Sir Henry Capel, Lord Capel of Tewkesbury.  Capel was a
+fanatical Protestant and a bitter opponent of Roman Catholicism in all
+shapes and forms.  His fellow-commissioners were less ferocious, but
+Capel managed to gain his way in most things, and he was viceroy in
+reality, though not in name.  Meanwhile the English party in Dublin
+used every atom of influence to secure the elevation of Capel to the
+viceroyalty, and in 1695 they succeeded.  {123} The cause of
+Protestantism seemed safe now, but Capel did not live long, and on May
+14, 1696, he died in Dublin Castle.  Capel is remembered mainly because
+he gave Jonathan Swift his first preferment--the benefice of Kilroot,
+worth about £100 a year.  This was in 1695.
+
+Commissioners in the persons of Lords Justices conducted the affairs of
+State without the supervision of a viceroy.  One of these was the Earl
+of Berkeley, whose dealings with Dean Swift, when that eccentric cleric
+was seeking a high appointment, have become historic.  Berkeley was one
+of the Lords Justices, and he had it in his power to bestow preferment,
+but Swift was unable or unwilling to pay his price, and one day in a
+rage he cried to Berkeley and his secretary: 'God confound you for a
+couple of scoundrels!'  On December 12, 1700, William appointed his
+wife's uncle, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, a nobleman who had
+accepted this office sixteen years before from Charles, and had not
+troubled to journey to Ireland.  His second appointment did not arouse
+any enthusiasm either in the man or in the country he was called upon
+to govern, and it was not until the following September that he landed
+in Ireland.  As a relative of the queen's--his sister, Anne Hyde, was
+her mother--the Earl of Rochester carried greater authority than many
+of his predecessors; but he was no statesman, and at sixty years of age
+he was not inclined to try experiments.  William thought he was
+indolent and contemptuous of his duties, and in 1702 he {124} informed
+him that he had been relieved of his office.  Immediately, however,
+further news came from London continuing Rochester in his office.  This
+was the result of the intervention by Queen Mary; but Rochester
+resigned on February 4, 1703, rather than be subjected any longer to
+the machinations of the Marlborough party at the court.
+
+Lord Rochester returned to London in a passion scarcely cooled by the
+length of the journey; but he was mollified somewhat by the fact that
+his successor, the Duke of Ormonde, was his son-in-law.  He had no
+objection to his daughter reigning at Dublin Castle.
+
+[Sidenote: The second Duke of Ormonde]
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Ormonde were received with an enthusiasm in
+Dublin that was reminiscent of the personal supremacy of the viceroy's
+grandfather, known as the 'Great Duke.'  The new viceroy had been
+carefully educated for his position.  A son of the celebrated Lord
+Ossory, he had been from his birth in 1665 educated with a view to
+future eminence in the service of the State.  The boy's grandfather
+sent him to France in 1675 to acquire the French language and the
+polite arts of the centre of good manners and tone.  When he was
+seventeen he was married to Anne Hyde, a daughter of Laurence Hyde, and
+a cousin to the Duchess of York.  She died early the following year,
+and when, in 1686, he married a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, he
+was a Lord of the Bedchamber to James II., and one of the most
+influential of the younger nobility.  The year of the Revolution
+witnessed Ormonde's succession to the title and estates, and {125} he
+became one of the most powerful pillars of the Protestant faith in the
+country.  The ancient Universities were in grave doubt as to the king's
+intention, and Oxford, therefore, in order to secure the aid of such a
+powerful nobleman in the cause of the Protestant faith, elected him
+Chancellor.  He had been a student at Christ Church, and the honour
+was, therefore, a fit one.
+
+James went to work cautiously to win over the young duke to his new
+policy.  He gave him the Garter, and hinted at even greater honours in
+store for one who by his birth became entitled to nearly everything
+that life had to offer.  The question of religion, however, caused a
+breach between James and the duke, and William's invasion of England
+brought Ormonde to his side.
+
+Ormonde's adhesion undoubtedly had the effect of bringing over to the
+new monarch a great many persons in Ireland who had acted previously
+like sheep without a shepherd.  All that the dethroned king could do
+was to declare Ormonde's estates forfeited and his person guilty of
+high treason.  But the acts of a fallen king are merely futilities, and
+the Duke of Ormonde was able to witness the triumph at Boyne and know
+that William's success meant his own.  The duke's principal task in the
+war was to secure Dublin for the king, and he accomplished this without
+much difficulty, thanks to the weakness and mistake of his opponents
+rather than to his own skill.  Later he entertained William at his
+ancestral home, Kilkenny Castle, in celebration of the royal successes.
+
+{126}
+
+The accession of Queen Anne, second daughter of James II., did not
+affect Ormonde's high position in the State.  He had stood by the
+bedside of William, and he was one of those who settled the difficult
+question of the succession.  Queen Anne must have guessed that Ormonde
+at heart wished for the success of the Jacobean cause, and it was
+during her reign that he was successively Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
+and Captain-General of the Forces in England.
+
+In 1703 Ormonde entered upon his first term of office as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, of course, the Protestant party
+welcomed him joyfully.  Parliament met, and subserviently voted him a
+subsidy, conscious of favours to come.  But the viceroy did not fulfil
+their hopes.  Ormonde was not the man to stoop to persecution and
+fraud, and, being only a layman, he could not see that religion covered
+a multitude of sins.  His Parliament grew unruly, and from asking for
+favours began to demand them.  This was too much for the grandson of
+the great duke, and so he dissolved the assembly, as his powers
+entitled him to do, and continued to rule, preferring, no doubt, the
+private criticisms of Jonathan Swift, who was in his favour, rather
+than submit to the arrogance of a minority as unscrupulous as it was
+intolerant.
+
+Swift was at this time beginning to make himself known in those high
+circles which soon began to fear him.  Ormonde liked the somewhat
+eccentric clergyman, while the duchess and her daughters were delighted
+with his witty conversation {127} and his powers of repartee.  Swift,
+however, was restlessly ambitious, and he was continually journeying to
+London, returning each time more disappointed and more ambitious.
+
+[Sidenote: Court intrigues]
+
+It was one of the most peculiar periods in the history of England.  The
+daughter of James II. was on the throne, and it was the generally
+accepted national policy that she should be the last of her family and
+race to wear the crown.  There were a dozen parties in the State, and
+the poor queen had to suffer herself to be buffeted by the numerous
+leaders, who plotted without principle, and were religious without
+having any religion.  Marlborough, Godolphin, Somers, and half a dozen
+others buzzed round the queen.  Ladies of high estate joined in the
+numerous intrigues, and every party had its literary hacks and
+hangers-on who wrote to order, and hoped to fatten on the carcass of
+the State when their particular masters had triumphed.  It was the
+Golden Age of the wirepullers.
+
+Ormonde's position in Dublin was at once safe and tantalizing.  The
+government was entirely in his hands, and he could do what he liked;
+but the knowledge that the plotters in London might precipitate a
+revolution or ruin the country made Ormonde--an ambitious man
+himself--long to be free to take his own part in the underground fight.
+The triumph of his opponents in 1707 naturally relieved him of his
+office, and it was not until the end of 1710 that his party returned,
+and the queen reappointed him.
+
+Meanwhile Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, {128} and Thomas, Earl of
+Wharton, ran their brief careers in the viceregal court.  Ormonde's
+second term lasted a little over two years, but his recall also brought
+with it the higher post of Captain-General of the Forces and the sweet
+satisfaction of seeing the Marlborough party in disfavour.  No doubt,
+if it had been possible, Ormonde would have used his great position to
+insure the Jacobean succession, but he knew that public opinion was
+unanimous in its detestation of the Stuarts, and that Jacobinism was
+merely a harmless political theory to be debated by students and
+ignored by statesmen.  Bowing to the inevitable, Ormonde signed the
+proclamation announcing the death of Anne and the accession of George
+I.  But he could not conceal his dislike of the Hanoverian monarch, and
+he made his house at Richmond a meeting-place for those who desired the
+return of the Stuarts.
+
+The remainder of his life is a record of disappointment.  There was no
+chance of his cause succeeding, and without even a blow he fled from
+England and spent the last thirty years of his life in exile, visiting
+England but once, and experiencing the humiliating poverty of the
+harmless plotter, the recipient of pity when he expected hero-worship,
+and, worse than that, regarded generally as a hopeless crank.  His
+estates were declared forfeited and vested in the Crown; but in 1721
+the exile's brother, Lord Arran, was allowed by Parliament to purchase
+them.  Thirty years after his flight Ormonde died, the year of his
+death--1745--marking the last attempt of the {129} Jacobites to regain
+the throne of England.  He outlived his glory, and those who met him
+during the last few years of his life could see nothing but a querulous
+old man who boasted of exploits forgotten if not altogether
+discredited; but he had been great once, and so merited their pity, and
+pity is all the fallen greatness earns in obscurity.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Pembroke and Swift]
+
+The Earl of Pembroke remained in Ireland less than a couple of years,
+playing at governing, and amused by Swift.  The post of Lord High
+Admiral was more to his liking, and he gladly resigned the viceroyalty
+to take it up.  Swift acted as chaplain to Pembroke, but his principal
+duty appears to have been that of amusing the earl with humorous
+doggerel or by his caustic criticisms of Dublin's leading citizens,
+official and otherwise.  The punning correspondence with the viceroy
+was the forerunner of a habit that lasted through Swift's life, and
+gained him a reputation for wit which, fortunately for the dean, was
+supplemented by something more recondite.  During several viceroyalties
+he exercised considerable influence, and although Swift hotly
+repudiated the title of Irishman, at times he rendered some service to
+the country in which he was born.  The Earl of Wharton was sixty when
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland on November 25, 1708, and there
+were forty years of profligacy behind him.  He was an atheist,
+unscrupulous, licentious, witty, contemptuous, and absolutely without
+fear.  From the first he had been an opponent of James II., and the
+invitation to William was suggested by {130} Wharton.  To send this man
+to Ireland to settle the religious question and maintain the supremacy
+of the Protestant party was a matchless piece of irony; but Wharton,
+who could insist upon an elaborate ritual of household prayers in his
+own home, undertook the task, undeterred by the sneers of his
+opponents, the amazement of his friends, and the bitter invective of
+that disappointed office-seeker, Jonathan Swift.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Wharton]
+
+Wharton had done considerable service to the cause of William by the
+writing of a single song that proved to be worth an army to the Orange
+party.  Like most of the English nobility, Wharton had been vastly
+amused by Tyrconnel's elevation to the viceroyalty.  In his opinion the
+position was one for a gentleman, and not a bully with Irish leanings
+and unrepentantly Catholic.  The famous song, set to music by Purcell,
+and known as 'Lilli Burlero, Bullen-a-la,' was the result, and,
+whistled and sung from one end of the country to the other, it
+ridiculed Tyrconnel out of existence.  That was Wharton's first
+contribution to the history of Ireland.
+
+His second took the form of a law declaring that all property held by
+Catholics must be inherited by their Protestant heirs--a statute which
+was declared to do more towards stamping out Popery in three months
+than all others had done in three years.  The viceroy, however, took no
+pains to please anybody but himself.  He lived in Dublin as he lived in
+London, and, when satiated with the pleasures of the Irish metropolis,
+he crossed over to London, following the example of his {131}
+predecessors, who never became too fond of Dublin to prefer it to
+London.
+
+Wharton's first wife, Ann Lee, brought him a large fortune and a plain
+face; his second, Lucy Loftus, was heavily dowered, but her character
+almost matched his own--and that is saying a great deal.  During his
+viceroyalty most of the royalty was absent, and Dublin Castle became a
+glorified tavern and brothel.  The viceroy's discarded mistresses were
+married to distressed profligates, whom Wharton promoted to office in
+the State or gave preferment in the Church.  Once he recommended a boon
+companion for a bishopric, declaring that 'James was the most
+honourable man alive, and possessed of a character practically
+faultless save for his damnable morals.'  This person did not secure
+the bishopric, but he found compensation in a deanery.
+
+[Sidenote: Joseph Addison]
+
+The only sober member of the viceroy's retinue was Joseph Addison,
+whose hackwork in the service of the party had been rewarded with this
+appointment, much to Swift's envy, for the Irishman was supposed to be
+entitled to payment before Addison, who served with zeal 'the
+profligate son of a Puritanical father, and the father of a son more
+licentious than himself.'  When the Lord-Lieutenant left Ireland the
+Parliament actually thanked the queen for having sent 'one so great in
+wisdom and experience to be our chief Governor.'  This was the man who
+had knighted potmen who served him with ale, tried to idealize the most
+abandoned women, and regarded with complacency the amours of his wife,
+who, having {132} lost the affections of her husband, found consolation
+in a dozen other men.  Cardsharpers, profligates, and every species of
+base adventurer had the _entrée_ to Dublin Castle, where the viceroy
+reigned as a 'prince of good fellows,' many of whom had been kicked out
+of decent society in London.  But Wharton was powerful enough to be
+more than unconventional, and it suited his peculiar sense of humour to
+shock even his most licentious companions-in-arms.  When they roamed
+Dublin at night seeking for prey, Wharton behaved like a drunken
+madman, and he fondly imagined that his identity was not discovered,
+except when, in an intoxicated mood, he called for a sword and bestowed
+knighthoods indiscriminately on waiters and landlords, and even went
+through the farce of knighting women of the street.  His motto was
+never to give a challenge and never to refuse one.  When in his teens
+he had fought two duels with outraged husbands, and gained the victory
+in each encounter.
+
+His viceroyalty was certainly unconventional.  Dignified prelates,
+hovering in draughty rooms and corridors, were twitted mercilessly by
+my Lord Wharton, who was the most contemptuous enemy the Protestant
+faith ever knew.  Once he declared that he hated all religions, but if
+he had to join one he would select the Presbyterian, because it was
+opposed to the Church of England.  Swift's famous attack on him merely
+created a temporary annoyance in the English nobleman.
+
+It was no misfortune for Ireland that the fall of the Government
+entailed Wharton's recall in {133} October, 1710, and the Duke of
+Ormonde's reappointment was at once announced.  Wharton, cynical and
+contemptuous, looked upon his supersession with indifference.  He had
+exhausted all the pleasures Dublin had to offer, and so London knew him
+once more.  He lived until 1715, and saw King George on the throne and
+his rival, Ormonde, a penniless fugitive.  The latter fact must have
+enabled him to believe that there were compensations in this world even
+for a man who defied it.  There is a story told of him which aptly
+illustrates his cynical sense of humour.  When the famous 'twelve
+peers' were created by Queen Anne in order that the Government might
+carry a certain measure in the House of Lords, Wharton nicknamed them
+'the jury,' and, rising in his place in the House of Lords, inquired
+blandly whether the twelve voted singly or through their foreman.  He
+was nearing the close of his life when a marquisate was conferred on
+him, and he maintained his influence on public affairs right to the end.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Shrewsbury]
+
+The second viceroyalty of Ormonde having terminated, Queen Anne
+selected Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and only Duke of Shrewsbury, to
+succeed him in 1713.  It was the queen's last important appointment,
+and Shrewsbury carried on the Government from 1713 to 1717, spending
+more time in England than in Ireland, and contenting himself by staying
+at Dublin Castle whenever the Irish Parliament was in session.  He was
+an interesting person in many ways.  Named after Charles II. because he
+was the first {134} of that king's godchildren--being born in the year
+of the Restoration--he passed his childhood amid Catholic influences.
+His mother carried on an intrigue with the Duke of Buckingham which
+resulted in her husband's death.  According to a contemporary, Lady
+Shrewsbury, disguised as a page, held Buckingham's horse whilst he
+killed her husband in the duel that followed the discovery of her
+infidelity.
+
+In 1699 Shrewsbury, who had formed one of the seven who invited William
+to come to England, was offered the viceroyalty, but declined it, as
+well as half a dozen alternative proposals made to him.  He was tired
+of politics, and for three years--1700-02--he lived in Rome, and then
+travelled about the Continent.  He brought back with him an Italian
+wife, a lady whose jealousy, ambition, and unscrupulousness shortened
+his life.  Shrewsbury was not ambitious, but his wife was, and it is
+supposed that she induced him to accept the viceroyalty so that she
+might play at being a queen amid the indifferent and unorganized state
+of Dublin society.  Swift, who met him very often, described him as
+'the finest gentleman we have'; and William referred to him more than
+once as 'the King of Hearts.'  Lady Shrewsbury insisted upon his
+keeping his Irish appointment, and, bullied by her, he did, although he
+neither loved nor respected her.  In London the Italian sought to place
+herself at the head of society as the wife of His Majesty's
+representative, but failed decisively.  Her husband became the butt of
+the wits; he was mercilessly ridiculed, and even the {135} gift of the
+office of Lord Chamberlain, to enable him to retire from the
+viceroyalty, could not help him to regain his prestige.  He died in
+1718, and all England ascribed his premature death to his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Draining the Irish exchequer]
+
+Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton and Marquis of Winchester, accepted the
+vacancy, and came to Dublin in 1719 to open the Irish Parliament.  This
+was two years after his appointment, but it was not necessary in those
+days for the viceroy to govern in person.  He had his share of the
+profits of the office remitted to him in London.  These consisted of
+the official salary and such annual sums as were due to him by persons
+whom he either continued in office or appointed.  It is related of Lord
+Wharton that, despite his wealth, he insisted upon all persons
+nominated by him paying a commission on their salaries, and in one
+particular instance he agreed with a certain lawyer to make him Lord
+Justice at a salary of £40 a month, the latter agreeing to hand over
+the balance of the official allowance of £100 per month to the viceroy.
+Ireland was regarded as a sort of till to be robbed by viceroys and
+their friends.  For many years it had been the practice to include the
+heavy expenses of the numerous mistresses of royalty in the accounts of
+the Government of Ireland; but most of the money came from London.  Yet
+Ireland got the reputation of being costly and useless, while every
+monarch and every English statesman continued to rob the Irish
+Exchequer and the people.  They drained the country without troubling
+to insure its stability and prosperity; active attempts were {136} made
+and succeeded in injuring Irish industries, and the greatest sufferers
+were the descendants of the English settlers.  By now there was no
+'English colony' to uphold the viceroy's rights or wrongs, and to every
+Englishman a resident in Ireland was 'savage and Irish.'  Dean Swift,
+who spent a lifetime endeavouring to disprove the--to him--terrible
+accusation of being Irish, was moved to declare that the Anglo-Irish
+families spoke the best English, and were the most civilized persons
+under the dominion of the English Crown.  It is amusing to read his
+letter to Pope (July 13, 1737), in which he scornfully protests against
+the confusion existing in English minds concerning the 'savage old
+Irish' and the 'English gentry in Ireland.'  Five years before this he
+declared to Sir Charles Wigan that the peasantry were distinguished by
+'a better natural taste for good sense, humour, and raillery than ever
+I observed among people of the like sort in England.'  Swift's attack
+on the English administration of Ireland was, however, not intended for
+the benefit of the country as a whole.  He represented the 'English in
+Ireland,' and was fond of describing them as 'English colonists.'
+Whigs and Tories alike used the unfortunate country for selfish
+reasons, and Irish trade was ruined to appease English voters or to
+guard the vested interests of great noblemen.  There was no purely
+Irish party to attack the abuses of the administration in Dublin; the
+leading men were placated with office, or else had to join in the
+scramble for emoluments, for fear that they should be left out in the
+cold.  {137} The Protestant Church was in the ascendancy; the Catholic
+hierarchy looked on complacently, leaving it to the priests to show
+that the Catholic religion was not altogether selfish and political.
+Swift himself was a typical clergyman of the Established Church,
+irreligious, scornful of his trust, and seeking preferment in the
+Church because it was the only way to power for a man of humble birth
+in those days.
+
+[Sidenote: Irish society]
+
+Dublin Castle seldom housed the viceroy, the administration being left
+to one or more Lords Justices who escaped criticism, provided their
+remittances to the absent Lord-Lieutenant were regular and satisfactory
+in amount.  Dublin society was scarcely half formed, and consisted of
+beggarly exiles from England, compelled to emigrate by reason of their
+debts and misdeeds, the friends and relatives of the Lords Justices,
+obscure army officers and their kind, and a few of the wealthier
+citizens who could not be ignored.  Those with English names affected
+to despise those with Irish; it was considered sheer savagery not to
+speak well of the Government, for the viceroy and his lady set the
+fashions, and not to follow them was to court ignominy and insult.
+
+It is said that the Duke of Bolton accepted the viceroyalty out of
+curiosity and on the condition that the Government paid the expenses of
+his journey to Dublin to see the Irish.  Charles Spencer, Earl of
+Sunderland, and Lord Townshend had allowed themselves in 1714 and 1716
+respectively to accept the post, but neither nobleman troubled to visit
+Ireland; and the Duke of {138} Bolton was regarded with a certain
+amount of admiration for his pluck and fortitude in surrendering the
+delights of London for the uncivilization of Dublin.  Charles Fitzroy,
+Duke of Grafton, a descendant of Charles II., became Lord-Lieutenant in
+1721, and tasted some of the sweets of sovereignty as the
+representative of the king, whose occupancy of the throne meant the
+extinction of the Stuarts.
+
+Grafton came to Ireland with no intention of overworking himself in the
+service of the State, and he was, therefore, disagreeably surprised
+when he found himself in the midst of a political turmoil.  Dean
+Swift's satire was stinging everybody, irrespective of position or
+class.  Roused by him, the people were actually protesting against the
+newest form of English tyranny, and they even dared to scream insults
+at the gilded fop as he drove about the city.  It was the irony of fate
+that all the trouble should be caused by the king's fondness for his
+mistress.  Grafton, however, was averse to facing a crisis; he was
+better in London--far from the maddening Irish--and when Grafton
+retired with alacrity in 1723, the Government decided to send John,
+Lord Carteret, to carry out their policy.  The descendant of Charles
+II. was not eager to battle for the vindication of a policy arising out
+of the turgid German morals of the oddest figure that ever sat on the
+throne of England.  King George's failing was that he possessed
+appetite without appreciation; he wanted the best, and yet never
+recognized it when he had it.
+
+
+
+
+{139}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Lord Carteret was only thirty-four when, on April 3, 1724, he was
+declared Viceroy of Ireland.  The appointment was Walpole's, whose
+accession to power presented him with the opportunity of sending
+Carteret to quell the disturbance in Ireland which he himself--the new
+viceroy--had encouraged secretly while occupying a private position in
+the State.  Carteret, however, did not flinch, nor did he exhibit any
+distaste for the task.  It was not necessary to treat the Irish as
+human beings, and he knew that if he propitiated the Anglo-Irish he
+would gain his own way in everything.
+
+The origin of the trouble and turmoil was the grant of a patent to the
+Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress, for the coining of halfpence in
+Ireland.  The duchess already drew £3,000 a year from the Irish
+Exchequer, but her avarice was aroused by stories of how easily the
+Irish were plundered, and she persuaded the king to give her the famous
+patent.  She passed it on to Wood, who paid her £10,000, and agreed to
+remit to the State £1,000 a year for fourteen years.  The coinage was
+not base, but it meant that a profit of £40,000 was to pass into the
+pockets of the {140} king's mistress and William Wood; they were to rob
+rich and poor alike, and the State was to lose heavily.  The grant was
+made without consulting the Irish Parliament or the Irish Privy Council.
+
+Swift, who had been waiting for this opportunity, seized it with
+avidity, and the 'Drapier's Letters' was the result.  Wood's halfpence
+was characteristic of English misrule of Ireland, and, roused to frenzy
+by the dean's pamphlets, the country unanimously obeyed his call to
+ignore the latest coins, and always to refuse to recognize their
+legality.  The dean's extravagant fancy found full scope in the
+'Drapier's Letters'; the pamphlets were sold in their tens of
+thousands, and Walpole's determination was outmatched by the fury of
+the Irish not to allow themselves to be swindled to provide for the
+expenses of the German's mistress.
+
+The new viceroy landed in Ireland in the month that witnessed the
+publication of the fourth 'Letter,' and his first act was to offer a
+reward of £300 for the discovery of the writer.  Swift's anonymity was
+too safe, however, and the Lord-Lieutenant had to be satisfied with the
+arrest of the printer, Harding.  When the dean heard of this, he
+bearded Carteret in Dublin Castle, and reproached him in singularly
+straightforward language with cowardice and weakness in persecuting a
+tradesman.  The viceroy took the verbal buffeting in good part, for
+Swift and he were old friends; but Harding was put to all the worry and
+expense of a prosecution at the hands of a {141} partisan Chief
+Justice--Whitshed--though the grand jury eventually threw out the bill
+against him, and he was discharged.
+
+[Sidenote: Swift's victory]
+
+The cancellation of the patent has been described as a victory for
+Swift and Ireland, but all that can be said truthfully is that it
+enabled the dean to claim a personal triumph, while the county actually
+lost by the agreement.  For the surrender of his rights Wood was paid
+£3,000 a year for eight years, a sum--£24,000--at least equal to the
+profits he would have made had he been allowed to carry out the terms
+of his patent without opposition.  The principal cause of the surrender
+to popular opinion was, undoubtedly, the indifference of Carteret to
+the policy he had been sent to carry out.  He was no enthusiastic
+admirer of Walpole's statesmanship, and he knew very well that Irish
+affairs were considered of no importance whatever in England, and that
+if he went to the trouble and worry of defeating the malcontents he
+would get no credit in London, and make himself and his presence in
+Dublin unpopular.  He was, therefore, only too willing to flatter
+public opinion by pretending to bow to it.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Carteret]
+
+Carteret was a scholar and a gentleman, who did much to popularize the
+Latin quotation as a substitute for logic.  The statesmen of the
+period, whenever they were puzzled in English, immediately had recourse
+to the safe obscurity of a Latin or Greek epigram.  It was polished,
+abstruse, and impressive.  This mannerism gained for him the reputation
+of an orator--even the best of his generation--and Lord Chatham has
+placed on {142} record his appreciation of Carteret: 'Whatever I am I
+owe to him.'
+
+The viceroy did not create any precedent by remaining very long in
+Dublin Castle.  It was an unwritten law that only during the actual
+sitting of Parliament was the Lord-Lieutenant's presence considered
+necessary, and Carteret took full advantage of his opportunities to
+spend at leisure in London the money he drew so readily from Ireland.
+Had it not been for Swift, he might not have stayed in Dublin half as
+long as he actually did.  The dean was the paramount power in Dublin
+society, although he complained that he was not popular among his
+equals.  The crowd, however, worshipped him; he was the national hero.
+All this was pleasing and yet displeasing to the dean, whose soul
+languished for the smiles of the great.  He disliked a popularity that
+entailed the sneers of the educated, but he was not the man to abjure
+the applause of the mob.  Carteret kept friendly with Swift, and never
+denied him anything.  When this became known, Swift's house was the
+meeting-place of all the office-seekers in Ireland, and some even came
+from England.  Swift had only to recommend a cleric to the viceroy's
+attention and the man's preferment was certain.
+
+One of Swift's recommendations was in favour of Sheridan, the
+grandfather of the celebrated dramatist and orator.  Carteret
+good-naturedly presented Sheridan with a living, and made him one of
+his chaplains; but the ex-schoolmaster, on the anniversary of the
+accession of the Hanoverian {143} family, preached a sermon from the
+text, 'Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.'  It was a pure
+accident, but Sheridan was accused of Jacobinism, and he was removed
+from his chaplaincy.  For the remainder of his life he was one of
+Swift's satellites, at the mercy of his generosity and his satire.
+Sheridan records a story which illustrates very vividly the popularity
+of the famous Dean of St. Patrick's.  A large crowd assembled to
+witness an eclipse.  Swift sent out the bellman to cry out to all and
+sundry that the eclipse had been postponed by the dean's orders, and
+the crowd quietly dispersed!
+
+Carteret summed up his administration in words that have become
+historic.  'When people asked me how I governed Ireland,' he remarked,
+'I say that I pleased Dr. Swift.'  Carteret's egotism and selfishness
+were diluted by a sense of humour that enabled him to tolerate Swift,
+his unofficial jester.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Carteret retires]
+
+The Lord-Lieutenant was reappointed in 1727, when George II. ascended
+the throne and the Hanoverian succession assured; but his last
+appearance in Dublin was in 1729, and his successor did not arrive
+until two years later.  In 1728 the new Parliament building was erected
+on the site of Chichester House.  From all accounts, Carteret was a
+success.  It was no disadvantage to him that he was a heavy
+drinker--had more viceroys taken to drink, Ireland might have escaped
+some of the consequences of their greater follies--and without
+imitating the example of Wharton, he was broad-minded enough to see no
+{144} harm in the lax condition of Dublin society, which was then
+following the lead set by London.  It is no exaggeration to ascribe
+Carteret's lack of failure to his cynical indifference to Irish
+affairs; he quite believed that Ireland was a nuisance, but a nuisance
+that had to be endured.  The so-called Parliament must have ministered
+to his sense of humour.  Its English prototype was bad enough, but to
+call the collection of retained nincompoops and Castle hacks a
+Parliament was to degrade the word to the lowest depths.  Ireland never
+had a Parliament, unless the generous historian grants that title to
+Grattan's.  In Carteret's time the 'Parliament' no more represented
+Ireland than it did the land of the Chaldeans.
+
+The successor to the late viceroy was Lionel Sackville, Duke of
+Dorset--a courtier whose ambition it had been for years to represent
+the king in Ireland.  It is significant of the progress Ireland, and
+especially Dublin, was making that a great English nobleman such as
+Dorset was should exert all his influence to secure the reversion of
+Carteret's post.  Not many years previously an Englishman of position
+would have accepted the viceroyalty under compulsion only.
+
+[Sidenote: Four great noblemen]
+
+Sackville resigned the post of Lord Steward to go to Ireland, and he
+arrived to open the Parliament of 1731, staying until the early part of
+the following year.  He visited the country again in 1733 and 1735, in
+accordance with the custom that rendered it imperative for the viceroy
+to preside at the opening of Parliament.  Beyond {145} that his duties
+did not extend, and Dorset found the viceroyalty greatly to his liking.
+He drew a large salary, executed several profitable deals in the shape
+of sales of offices, and took the money with him to England.
+'Uneventful' best describes his term of power, but to a man of his
+disposition it was all he desired.  When, therefore, in the latter part
+of 1736, he was informed that he was to be replaced by William
+Cavendish, third Duke of Devonshire, he hotly resented his
+supersession, but could not prevail against the ministry, which
+placated him with the post of Lord President of the Council.  But his
+experience of Ireland had been too congenial to make him satisfied with
+his position in London.  The loss of the great revenues, the sudden
+change from an almost regal position to one of mediocrity in a society
+where he had few equals and many superiors, and the ridiculous ease
+whereby the 'work' of his administration was accomplished, kept Dorset
+dissatisfied until his reappointment to Ireland in December, 1750.
+
+Meanwhile, however, three other viceroys played their parts in making
+the history of Ireland.  These were William Cavendish, Duke of
+Devonshire (1737-44), Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield (1745), and
+William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington (1746-51).
+
+Of these, it is obvious that the Earl of Chesterfield was the most
+remarkable.  The name of Devonshire suggests a yawn, and the third duke
+was characteristic of it.  His viceroyalty was more apparent than real,
+and seems to have been {146} conducted on the principle that Ireland
+and Irish affairs were a bore, the journeys to Dublin intolerable, and
+the Irish Parliament 'impossible.'  The duke, however, clung to the
+office until 1744, content to leave administration to the Lords
+Justices, and pocketing the salary readily--the only point of unanimity
+amongst the holders of the office in the eighteenth century.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Chesterfield]
+
+The great Earl of Chesterfield was Viceroy of Ireland for eight months
+only, and his life, therefore, belongs to the history of his native
+country; but he left his mark on Dublin, and in a few months
+accomplished more to raise the name of Englishman there than the seven
+years of Devonshire and the eight of Dorset.  It is unnecessary to
+recapitulate all the main facts of Chesterfield's life, while, as his
+'Letters' do not concern Irish affairs, they are no part of this
+history.  At the time of his appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 he
+had just passed his fiftieth year, and had left behind him many full
+years.  Before he was twenty-one he was a member of Parliament, and by
+the time he succeeded to the peerage in 1726 he had gained much of that
+renowned knowledge of the world which provided the inspiration of the
+famous 'Letters.'  Chesterfield appears to have had a passion for the
+unconventional, but he carried it to such an extent, and so
+successfully, that it almost became conventional.  Brought up in the
+society of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., he discovered in
+maturity that it is not wise to put faith in princes.  Chesterfield was
+the prince's henchman in all his escapades, {147} and when Henrietta
+Howard, Countess of Suffolk, became the prince's mistress, Chesterfield
+was the chosen friend of both.  This meant, of course, that the
+princess, better known as Queen Caroline, exerted all her influence to
+bring about an estrangement between her husband and the earl, and she
+succeeded, as she always was certain to do.
+
+Chesterfield, however, was too powerful a man for even the King of
+England to ruin, and although George II., after the inevitable quarrel,
+sought to keep the earl out of public life, he had to agree to his
+nomination to the embassy at the Hague.  He was very popular there, but
+his sojourn in Holland, while it is remembered by the Dutch by reason
+of the fortune Stanhope lost at cards, is only famous because it was at
+the Hague that the English Ambassador made the acquaintance of
+Madamoiselle du Bouchet.  To the son that was born to them Chesterfield
+addressed his 'Letters.'  Returning to England impecunious but as
+debonair as ever, Stanhope, nevertheless, realized that it was
+imperative that he should marry money.  The heiress of the day was
+Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg, the natural daughter of George
+I. by the notorious Duchess of Kendal, the heroine of Wood's halfpence.
+Petronilla, who was Countess of Walsingham in her own right, was not
+exactly a beauty, but she possessed a fortune of £50,000, and in
+addition an annuity of £3,000 payable out of the Irish treasury.  At
+the time of her father's death in 1727, the countess was thirty-four
+and unmarried.  The king had kept her guarded jealously, and {148}
+George II., mindful of the fact that if Lady Walsingham married, her
+husband might make awkward inquiries about her estate, continued the
+policy of his father.  Chesterfield, however, was not averse to
+offending George II.  There had been a great coolness between them, and
+the earl must have realized that Queen Caroline would make it utterly
+impossible for them to renew the friendship of early days.  He
+therefore courted the countess, who was his senior by a year, and the
+reputed wittiest and handsomest man of his time had little difficulty
+in capturing the hand and fortune of the illegitimate daughter of his
+king's father.  They were married in 1733, unknown to King George, and
+when the inevitable discovery came, the king, though passionately
+angry, could do nothing beyond uttering threats.  The marriage was
+entirely one of convenience--Chesterfield wanted money; the countess
+required a deliverer from the thraldom of the court.  Cynically
+indifferent to the opinions of the world, they lived in separate
+houses, but tried to humour Mrs. Grundy--who was born the day the
+serpent entered Eden--by taking houses next door to one another!
+
+His monetary affairs freed from embarrassment, Chesterfield entered
+once more into the life of the town, careless of the king's anger,
+oblivious of the queen's spite.  When he had looked into his wife's
+affairs he sent George a bill for £40,000, due to her from the royal
+estate, and on the monarch ignoring the hint, the earl promptly began
+an action in the Courts for the recovery of the money.  {149} The king
+eventually compromised by paying £20,000.
+
+[Sidenote: A political legacy]
+
+Even in the eighteenth century it was sometimes distinguished to act
+with the minority, and Chesterfield adopted the now favourite modern
+pose of championing the weak.  He railed at the Government, wrote
+pamphlets against it, hired men of letters to aid him, and quickly
+became the leader of that ever-present body of men and women who are
+dissatisfied, and yet know not what they want.  He patronized Johnson
+and Pope and many others, the majority completely forgotten, and
+chiefly with their help and his own ready tongue attained the
+distinction of being the most sought-after man in London society.
+Whatever Chesterfield did for pleasure, generally brought him gain, and
+it is only one of the many lucky incidents of his life that the Dowager
+Duchess of Marlborough should have left him £20,000 as a token of her
+approval of his opposition to the Government.  The legacy came in 1744,
+and at a time when Chesterfield's affairs were once more badly situated.
+
+The Earl of Chesterfield's character and life have been the subject of
+innumerable essays, but one incident forcibly illustrates the real
+weakness of the man who could afford to view with equanimity the bitter
+antagonism of his king and queen, and the animosity of the most
+powerful ministers of the day, and yet confess himself mortally wounded
+by a jest against him.  Like most great wits, Chesterfield had no sense
+of humour, and his witticisms were merely props {150} on which his
+general pose rested.  One day he happened to be standing in the hall of
+a coffee-house club in St. James's Street, when he overheard George
+Selwyn remark to an acquaintance, 'Here comes Joe Miller.'  This was
+too much for Chesterfield, and he struck his name off the club at once.
+
+[Illustration: The Earl of Chesterfield]
+
+His appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 was in the nature of a gift
+from the Government to the most dangerous dilettante of the day.  The
+king, however, point-blank refused to sign the commission, and there
+were several stormy interviews between the king and his ministers
+before the former succumbed and declared 'his loving cousin and
+counsellor' Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In Dublin the announcement of
+Chesterfield's coming roused the greatest enthusiasm.  His wit, his
+manners, his wealth, his influence and his handsome appearance were all
+eagerly discussed.  Dublin society, anxious to learn from the leader of
+society, welcomed him with open arms, and so the man who had been
+instructed that the Papists were dangerous and likely to become
+rebellious was able to write to London and glibly inform the Government
+that there was only one dangerous Papist in Ireland, and her name was
+Eleanor Ambrose, the daughter of a Dublin brewer, and the reigning
+beauty.
+
+The beginnings of Chesterfield's viceroyalty gave every promise of a
+brilliant and long reign at Dublin Castle.  He entertained freely and
+lavishly, and exhibited no scruples of refinement at meeting
+unofficially wealthy tradespeople or {151} successful lawyers.  The
+women, of course, loved him.  His reputation as the philosopher of
+everything that was delightfully wicked and depraved fascinated them,
+and Chesterfield maintained the pose with ease.  There was no one in
+Dublin to call him Joe Miller, or to sneer at the somewhat second-hand,
+if not second-rate, wit that flowed from his tongue and pen.
+
+In his serious moments he declared that the foe of Ireland was not
+Popery, but poverty, and he expressed his amazement that the Irish
+should be content to live in a condition worse than the negro slaves.
+He was viceroy for a very short time, but he gave one gift to
+Dublin--Phoenix Park, for it was Lord Chesterfield who planted that
+renowned demesne.
+
+The viceroy was essentially a man of the world, but he did not relax
+the strict etiquette of the viceregal court.  The wives of doctors and
+lawyers were not allowed within the precincts of the Castle, and great
+care was taken to limit the _entrée_ to the nobility and gentry.  The
+good-natured Lady Chesterfield, during her occasional appearances in
+Dublin, gained a sort of popularity, more pronounced among the trading
+classes, whom she benefited by giving splendid balls at Dublin Castle,
+at which only costumes of Irish manufacture were worn.  It was
+something towards the debt she owed the Irish treasury.
+
+She viewed her husband's amours with patience, and the fat and ugly old
+woman even encouraged them.
+
+[Sidenote: Chesterfield and Miss Ambrose]
+
+To Eleanor Ambrose he paid great attention, {152} carrying on an
+elaborate flirtation, with all Dublin as the audience.  Miss Ambrose,
+whose reign preceded that of the Gunnings, played her part well, and
+the brewer's daughter became the centre, if not the leader, of Dublin
+society.  Chesterfield wrote her verses and letters, and at Dublin
+Castle balls he always flattered her by his personal attentions.  Miss
+Ambrose, who subsequently became Lady Palmer, never forgot her brief
+acquaintance with Lord Chesterfield, and ever afterwards his portrait
+adorned her house.  When in the second decade of the nineteenth century
+Lady Palmer died at her lodgings in Henry Street, Dublin,
+Chesterfield's portrait hung in the most conspicuous place in her room.
+She was then within two years of a hundred in age.
+
+On April 23, 1746, Chesterfield departed from Ireland, having secured
+leave of absence, and although he promised to return, illness stepped
+in, and it was deemed advisable that the earl should not be exposed to
+the damp climate of Ireland.  The king was only too pleased to nominate
+Chesterfield's half-brother, William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington, to
+the viceroyalty, and even permit the ex-viceroy to become Secretary of
+State for the northern provinces.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Harrington]
+
+[Sidenote: The spirit of nationalism]
+
+The selection of Lord Harrington was received with great disfavour in
+Dublin, where the formation of a national or patriotic party was almost
+an accomplished fact.  Harrington had the misfortune to be viceroy when
+Charles Lucas was beginning his great campaign against the corruption
+{153} that existed in official circles in Dublin.  Lucas, doctor and
+enthusiast, was a remarkable man.  He was the creator of the idea that
+Ireland was a nation, and not the happy hunting-ground of Englishmen in
+search of pensions for themselves and their mistresses.  He attacked
+the Dublin Corporation and all official Ireland, and, of course, the
+bureaucracy roused itself and crushed him for a time.  Harrington, the
+viceroy, took a leading part in the persecution of Lucas, and succeeded
+in driving him from the country.  Lucas did not return until 1761, but
+his fearless exposure of corrupt officialdom had its full effects
+during Harrington's tenure of office.  It did more than this, for it
+aroused the latent intelligence of the masses, who began to think for
+themselves.  They saw the best paid positions in the country
+monopolized by Englishmen--in many cases the office-holders were
+illiterate--and they realized the monstrous injustice of the custom
+that permitted the farming out of remunerative situations under the
+Government.  Parliament had to move in the matter, and for the first
+time in the history of Ireland and England the viceroy and his Council
+had to be careful, when making or selling fresh appointments, not to do
+it too openly.  Once Harrington was mobbed in the streets of Dublin
+because he was supposed to be in favour of the abolition of the Irish
+Parliament--the latter consisting of a body of men bought body and soul
+by the English Government, though in some cases the price had not been
+paid.  These raised a protest against the exportation of salaries to
+{154} England for the use of men whose deputies did the work for
+starvation wages in Dublin.
+
+The viceroy fought with all the tenacity of the fanatic for the
+retention of the privileges of his class.  The new tone of the Irish
+Parliament amazed, but did not frighten him; he ascribed their
+rebellion to a desire to play to the gallery, but when he discovered to
+his cost that even the beggars and the blackguards of the city howled
+their execrations after him in the street, he became aware of the
+painful fact that the viceroy was no longer a law unto himself.
+
+Lord Chesterfield had described the Irish Parliament in very severe
+terms.  'The House of Lords is a hospital for incurables,' he wrote,
+'but the Commons can hardly be described.  Session after session
+presents one unvaried waste of provincial imbecility.'
+
+That this opinion was not the outcome of his English birth and training
+he proved by his impartial judgments on other classes of Irishmen.
+
+'We have more clever men here in a nutshell,' he wrote from Dublin to a
+friend in London, 'than can be produced in the whole circle of London.'
+
+Lord Harrington's opinion of the Irish Parliament was even more
+contemptuous than his brother's, and he affected at all times a
+sneering attitude towards the members of both houses.
+
+[Sidenote: The Gunning sisters]
+
+The reigning beauties of his viceroyalty were the Gunning sisters.
+During Lord Chesterfield's term they had lingered in squalid poverty in
+an unfashionable part of Dublin, but being old enough to attend the
+viceregal functions of 1748, {155} they overcame the disadvantage of
+poverty by accepting from Sheridan, the theatrical manager, the loan of
+the dresses they subsequently appeared in at the great ball given by
+the viceroy in honour of the birthday of George II., October 30, 1748.
+Lady Caroline Petersham, the viceroy's daughter-in-law, who acted as
+hostess for him, was greatly struck by the appearance of the Gunnings,
+and to her interest and that of Lord Harrington was due the first
+success of the family.  The viceroy settled a pension of £150 per annum
+on the girls' mother, and when they became Duchess of Hamilton and
+Countess of Coventry, they never forgot the generosity of their first
+patron.  The subsequent fame of the sisters was such that when, in
+1755, they paid a visit to Dublin, the viceroy, Lord Harrington, held a
+levée in their honour.
+
+Throughout his residence in Ireland, Harrington continued to fight, and
+used every weapon, fair or foul, at his disposal.  Lucas, driven from
+Ireland, was somewhere on the Continent, and several Irish members had
+been removed from the House by bribery and other methods.  Still, there
+was no suffocating the voice of the people, and in the last month of
+1750 Lionel Sackville, Duke of Dorset, was given his second chance as
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Harrington did not know whether to be pleased or
+not at his removal.  He was anxious to rest from the struggle of Irish
+politics, for he was not the man to create new measures or understand
+the sentiments of a new order of things, but he was eager to beat the
+Irish, and to teach them the strength of his authority.  Dublin,
+however, was {156} in no two minds about its attitude towards the
+departing viceroy.  From the moment that the citizens knew of his
+recall, they lighted bonfires to celebrate it, and held public meetings
+under the walls of Dublin Castle, in the course of which the speakers
+publicly thanked God for having relieved Dublin of the plaguy presence
+of Harrington.  An attempt was made to secure a peaceful and
+unostentatious exit from the country, but the people would not be
+denied, and at a hundred points along the route of his departure the
+ex-viceroy witnessed the humiliating sight of bonfires and speakers
+alike proclaiming their joy at his departure.
+
+It was, indeed, in remarkable contrast to Lord Chesterfield's brief and
+brilliant reign.
+
+[Sidenote: Peg Woffington]
+
+The Dublin of Dorset's time was squalid, dirty, and disease-ridden.
+The gentry were drinking themselves into penury; the city was crowded
+with young bloods, who gambled, and drank, and called out each other to
+give satisfaction on the famous duelling-ground of Phoenix Park.  Clubs
+of all sorts abounded, and were in reality drinking dens.  The most
+famous of all, Daly's, was the headquarters of most of the notorious
+gamblers and debauchées of the metropolis.  Five theatres ministered to
+the pleasures of the Court and people, and the leading actress was Peg
+Woffington, the mistress of the Provost of Trinity College.  Peg, as we
+all know, was a high-spirited woman, and full of a sparkling audacity
+that often amounted to impertinence.  On one occasion, when the Duke of
+Dorset was seated in the royal {157} box at the theatre, she saucily
+concluded a recitation with the lines:
+
+  'Let others with as small pretentions
+  'Tease you for places or for pensions,
+  I scorn a pension or a place.
+  My sole design upon your grace--
+  The sum of my petition this--
+  I claim, my lord, an annual kiss.'
+
+The verses were written by Dr. Andrews, the Provost, and caused great
+offence in the ranks of the fashionable ladies, who cut the actress for
+a time.  Peg Woffington, however, did not suffer to any considerable
+extent as a result of her pert address to the viceroy.
+
+Virtue was not the duke's strong point.  Many have been the scrapes
+Viceroys of Ireland have got themselves into, but the Duke of Dorset
+was the only one whose conduct enabled an outraged husband to divorce
+his wife.  The lady in the case was Mrs. La Touche, who declared that
+love was the hereditary passion in her family.  A woman who could
+resist nothing was easy prey to the tenant of Dublin Castle.
+
+Dorset had secured his reappointment by lavish promises.  He undertook
+to restore sanity to Ireland--meaning, of course, Dublin, for
+officialism did not recognize the provinces--and he guaranteed to bring
+the Irish Parliament to its senses.  In the circumstances Dorset had
+his way, and in 1751 he re-entered Dublin.  He might have succeeded in
+scoring a personal triumph if he had not brought his youngest son, Lord
+George Sackville, with him.  Hitherto it had been Dorset's policy to
+let well alone--he did nothing particularly well, {158} and was popular
+on that account.  Lord George Sackville, however, had neither the
+complacence nor the dignity of his father; he came as the viceroy's
+Secretary of State, his adviser, the man who saw that things were done.
+One of his first acts was to quarrel with the Speaker of the Irish
+House of Commons.  This was Henry Boyle, afterwards Earl of Shannon.
+Boyle was an Irish Parliamentary Hampden, who jealously guarded the
+rights of his assembly and of the country.  Harrington had left
+Parliament triumphant, and the House was not going to be brow-beaten by
+George Sackville.
+
+[Sidenote: The struggle with Parliament]
+
+The cause of the most important and vital dispute was a measure
+disposing of the surplus revenues of the country.  Parliament declared
+that it could dispose of them without the sanction of the king; the
+viceroy, through his Secretary of State, declared otherwise, and when
+the House of Commons sent the bill for the viceroy's approval, he
+inserted a clause giving the king's permission to its establishment by
+law.  The assembly ignored the clause, and proceeded to other business.
+Sackville and George Stone, the Primate, were furious.  They saw in
+this act of insubordination the terrible spectacle of a free Parliament
+sitting day after day and publicly criticizing the privileged
+class--the officials.  Acting under their advice, Dorset signed a
+warrant for the Speaker's arrest, and an attempt was made to execute
+it.  But in order to get at the person of Boyle--who was the hero of
+the hour--the officers would have had to arrest half the population of
+Dublin.  Thousands {159} of persons of all classes followed the Speaker
+wherever he went, forming an unofficial bodyguard that soon so
+impressed Sackville that the warrant was withdrawn.
+
+Meanwhile the dispute between Parliament and the viceroy formed the
+subject of all sorts and conditions of rumours.  Once it was reported
+that the king had signed a decree abolishing the Irish Parliament, and
+substituting for it the attendance of so many Irish members in the
+English Parliament.  There was no foundation for the rumour, but it was
+not an hour old before a vast mob surrounded Dublin Castle, shouting
+lurid threats against the person of the viceroy.  One of the most
+popular theatres, owned by one of the most popular men--Sheridan, the
+father of the famous dramatist--was wrecked because the leading
+comedian would not repeat some lines which seemed to be slightly
+veiled, satirical references to the national dispute.
+
+Boyle was now master of the situation, the real ruler of the country.
+The persecution of the Government had, as it often has done before,
+raised a man of mediocre ability to the pedestal of genius.
+Sensational rumours began to reach England and astound the frequenters
+of the clubs and the coffee-houses.  It was reported that Dorset had
+been murdered and Boyle elected King of Ireland, and there were visions
+that seemed like stern realities of the end of the English robbing of
+the Irish till.  The ministry became alarmed, and when the Government
+realized that Dorset was a menace to their authority in Dublin, {160}
+they decided to recall him, and appoint Lord Hartington in his place.
+It is said that when Dorset heard of this he burst into tears, and it
+is, indeed, extraordinary the passion this man had for the position of
+Viceroy of Ireland.  He wrote letters to the king, humbly praying that
+he might be allowed to return to the Government of Ireland as soon as
+order was restored, but in the long run he had to feign contentment
+with the minor post of Master of the Horse.
+
+
+
+
+{161}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+Lord Hartington was the son of that Duke of Devonshire who had been
+viceroy for seven years, and was only thirty-five when his commission
+was signed by the king.  Hartington appears to have been a typical
+Cavendish; everybody trusted and admired him without forming too great
+an opinion of his abilities; but he was a safe man, and this attribute
+brought him the premiership in November, 1756, when he was summoned
+from Dublin to take the control of the ministry.  Pitt, it is
+interesting to note, served under him during his brief premiership--it
+ended the following May--as Secretary of War.
+
+In the reshuffling that followed, John Russell, fourth Duke of Bedford,
+was appointed to Ireland.  His task was not a difficult one, because
+the complete surrender of the English Government was known in Dublin,
+and Bedford was regarded as a sort of peacemaker, prepared to accept
+any terms, provided he was allowed to style himself viceroy.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant and his wife lived in Dublin Castle and entertained.
+Hitherto great English ladies had been content to view Dublin from a
+distance, and were content to spend their husbands' earnings; but the
+Duchess of {162} Bedford had other ideals, and she did much to smooth
+her husband's path to power by her tact and graciousness.  She threw
+open Dublin Castle to everybody, and showed by her own and her
+husband's attention to the social side of Dublin life that their last
+concern was with the political.  The duke announced a great programme
+of reform, which was to be carried out quietly.  He would not favour
+either political party in the State--there were now two parties,
+English and Irish--and he endorsed cordially the recommendation of the
+Parliament that these Englishmen who farmed out their appointments in
+Dublin for less than the salaries they received should be recalled, and
+if they did not obey, dismissed from office.
+
+But it was the magnificent state they maintained in Dublin that won the
+allegiance of Ireland.  Parasites feed even on imitation Courts, and
+increase and multiply, while the not less important parasites--the
+beggars of Dublin--were fed bountifully from the remains of Dives' many
+tables.  The duke and duchess spent more money in Ireland than they
+drew from it, and remembering this, no patriot, however fervid his
+imagination, could accuse the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife of robbing
+the State.  When the potato crop failed in many countries, the duke
+started a fund for the relief of the sufferers, heading it with a large
+sum of money.
+
+It was a prosperous and a successful viceroyalty from the personal
+point of view of the Duke of Bedford.  He did not make the country any
+better or introduce any great social reforms, but {163} it was a relief
+to have a man who did not plunder the treasury to provide annuities for
+his poor relations, or satisfy the blackmailing propensities of his
+discarded mistresses.  Bedford was popular, and the duchess had Dublin
+society behind her to a woman.
+
+The riots of 1759, created by the ever-prevalent rumour that the Irish
+Parliament was to be abolished and a union between the legislatures of
+the two countries accomplished, did not affect the viceroy's
+popularity.  The truth of the matter was that Ireland was not proud of
+its Parliament, even with the history of Henry Boyle fresh in the minds
+of the people.  The Parliament had been just as unscrupulous as the
+numerous decadent and dishonest viceroys who had plundered the country,
+but in the eyes of the nation the Parliament and the viceroyalty were
+one and the same, the outward and visible sign of Ireland's importance.
+Society followed the lead of the viceroy with dumb obedience, and
+society feared that it might cease to exist if the Parliament were
+abolished.  Those not in society were anxious to retain the Parliament
+because it meant prosperity of the capital.  It was a question of
+money, and of the jealousy of the citizens of Dublin for the continued
+pre-eminence of their city.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Halifax]
+
+To the regret of nearly everybody, Bedford resigned the viceroyalty in
+March, 1761, and George Montague Dunk, second Earl of Halifax, took
+over the duties and emoluments of the high office.  Halifax, Nova
+Scotia, commemorates the name of this nobleman, who was given the title
+{164} of 'Father of the Colonies' for his encouragement of colonial
+enterprise.  He was popular enough in Ireland, but he lacked the social
+brilliance that distinguished the previous occupants of Dublin Castle.
+
+Lord Halifax's career was one unbroken record of personal success.
+Born in 1716, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he
+affected a learning many of his contemporaries despised.  But Halifax
+had to make his own way, for the family was poor, and only in political
+advancement and a fortunate marriage did the prospect of fortune lie.
+His marriage brought him the immense sum, for those days, of over
+£100,000, and in carrying off the wealthy heiress of the house of Dunk
+he accomplished something several rivals failed in.  Halifax was
+impecunious and pressed by creditors when he made the acquaintance of
+Miss Dunk, and she was by no means loath to become Countess of Halifax.
+A difficulty stood in the way, however, and that was the clause in the
+will bequeathing her her fortune which stated that she would be
+disinherited if she did not marry someone engaged in commercial
+pursuits.  For some time there seemed to be no way out of the
+difficulty--George Montague was not a commercial man; but at last some
+genius suggested that the earl should join one of the London trading
+companies.  This he did, and won the hand of the lady, paying her the
+compliment of adopting the name of Dunk, and conveniently hiding it
+under his title.  It was a marriage of convenience that developed into
+love on both sides, {165} and when the countess died, leaving two
+children, Halifax was greatly grieved.
+
+In 1761, after thirteen years as President of the Board of Trade, he
+was astonished to find himself appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  He had
+not been a candidate for the post, but he accepted it with alacrity,
+for by now the fortune of his late wife was almost gone, and the Board
+of Trade was not remunerative enough.  The salary of the viceroy was
+£12,000 a year, and there were many perquisites.
+
+[Sidenote: Mary Ann Faulkner]
+
+The newcomer was at the time of his elevation under the influence of a
+strong-minded woman, Mary Ann Faulkner, the adopted daughter of the
+well-known Dublin bookseller.  Halifax had found her starving in
+London, and, touched by a pathetic story of an early marriage and
+desertion by the husband, he made her the governess of his two
+children.  This position she vacated to become his mistress, and when
+Halifax told her that he had been given the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, she coolly informed him that she intended
+to go to Dublin with him.
+
+The woman's position in Dublin was not without its humorous side.  The
+viceroy was under her thumb, and the mistress governed him with all the
+jealous watchfulness of a shrewish wife.  She could not, of course,
+maintain her state in Dublin Castle, but she resided within a
+convenient distance of it, and by sheer force of personality the old
+Dublin bookseller's daughter gathered about her a large and influential
+court.  Halifax was by disposition a spendthrift, but Mary Faulkner
+{166} was a miser.  She saved every penny, and nothing passed through
+her hands without leaving a profit in them.  Practically every post in
+the gift of the viceroy was auctioned by Mary Faulkner, who kept the
+proceeds, and every day in the week her house was crowded with all
+sorts and conditions of place-seekers endeavouring to come to terms
+with the most unscrupulous placemonger that ever lived in Dublin.  Here
+was a clergyman offering to buy the vacant country deanery; there an
+officer anxious for a sinecure in Dublin Castle; again, a lawyer
+desirous of an official position in the law courts, or a doctor seeking
+the patronage of those in high places.  Mary Ann Faulkner saw them all,
+and conducted her auctions with no attempt at privacy.  When it was
+generally known that the viceroy's mistress was the real power behind
+the viceregal throne, Halifax found his levées deserted, and perhaps he
+was not sorry.  He never disguised his admiration for the enterprising
+Mary Ann, and if her position was something unconventional, there can
+be no doubt of the fact that she held the unique record of being the
+only woman who has directed and controlled the policy of a Viceroy of
+Ireland.  And this without the public status or private authority of a
+wife!
+
+The viceroy endeavoured to please everybody, and he earned general
+favour by melodramatically declining to accept for himself an increase
+of £4,000 a year in the salary of the Lord-Lieutenant.  It fell to his
+lot to endorse the action of Parliament in raising the salary of the
+post to a higher {167} figure, but, anxious to prove his probity, he
+took up a quixotic position--as it was, of course, regarded.
+
+Two of his retinue are remembered for different reasons.  One was his
+Secretary of State, 'Single-Speech Hamilton,' and the other, Richard
+Cumberland, the dramatist.  The latter was a particular friend of
+Halifax's, their friendship dating back from the viceroy's Cambridge
+days, and continuing through his official life.  He gave Cumberland a
+position at the Board of Trade, and, secured by this kindly act,
+Cumberland was able to indulge in his fancy for playwriting.  He did
+not approve of Mary Ann Faulkner, but as that lady was irresistible, he
+wisely decided not to provoke a conflict, and he was seen at her
+receptions, and even helped her occasionally in her appointments.
+
+Halifax left Ireland in 1763, popular and respected, and George III.
+gave him the garter.  When in England he attempted to break away from
+his mistress by entering into an engagement to marry a wealthy woman,
+but Mary Ann soundly rated him when she heard of it, and he meekly
+broke the engagement to please her.  This was the man who had ruled
+Ireland!
+
+[Sidenote: A great Smithson]
+
+As the result of royal favour the vacant viceroyalty was secured by
+Hugh Percy, Earl of Northumberland, later to become the first duke of
+the third creation.  Northumberland was a great Smithson, but an
+indifferent Percy, and it was only his wife's name and family that
+carried him into London society and into the presence of George III.
+{168} A man of vast wealth, and wedded to a woman with a passion for
+power, the viceroyalty of Ireland was the position they both craved
+for, and when powerful friends helped the Earl and Countess of
+Northumberland towards their goal, they entered with zest and
+enthusiasm into the task of governing Ireland.  Lady Northumberland was
+a lady of the bedchamber to the queen soon after her marriage, an
+appointment maliciously described by Lady Townshend as due to the fact
+that the queen, who was ignorant of the English language, was anxious
+to learn the _vulgar_ tongue, Lady Northumberland, she declared, being
+the most suitable person in the circumstances.
+
+During their two years' reign in Dublin Castle the viceroy and his wife
+entertained on a regal scale.  Their position had been a doubtful one
+in London, where society found it difficult to forget the old Smithson
+in the new Percy, but in Dublin the earl and countess led society
+without fear of any rivals.  The countess, more ambitious than proud,
+utilized her wealth to maintain her supremacy.  Dublin Castle was
+almost daily the scene of a great party, command performances at the
+theatres very common, and altogether the easily purchased homage of the
+people was accepted greedily, and created a growing appetite for more.
+Then in 1765 Lord Northumberland was abruptly dismissed from office,
+and the Earl of Hertford appointed.  Returning to London in a passion,
+Northumberland sought out the king and his ministers, demanding an
+explanation.  The {169} 'explanation' took the shape of a dukedom, and
+both husband and wife were content.
+
+Lord Hertford soon tired of Dublin, and his wife induced him to seek an
+early release from his distasteful task, and the home Government sent
+Lord Townshend to replace him.
+
+[Sidenote: A new era]
+
+The appointment of George, first Marquis Townshend, to the viceroyalty
+marked a new era in Irish history.  Ever since the days of the Duke of
+Dorset's first term of office Dublin had been progressing.  The Irish
+Parliament, though for the most part consisting of 'provincial
+imbeciles,' to use Chesterfield's words, was gradually attracting to it
+some of the most gifted Irishmen, and London, which affected to despise
+it, was perturbed by the reports coming from the Irish capital.  One
+viceroy expressed his amazement at the wealth of genius in Dublin;
+another confirmed it.  To convince the world, a great race of Irishmen
+was arising.  Edmund Burke was a power in London; Grattan, a young man,
+was renowned in his own circles in Dublin; Henry Flood, in the Irish
+House of Commons, was winning his reputation for eloquence; and a few
+years later Richard Brinsley Sheridan was to gain fresh laurels for the
+name of Irishman.  Goldsmith was at his zenith when Townshend came to
+Ireland in 1767.  Others whose names are now forgotten achieved the
+not-to-be-despised if brief fame that talent is proud of and genius
+despises.  Dublin was quickly losing its mean appearance.  An orgy of
+building had transformed the districts now known as Grafton Street,
+Sackville Street, {170} Merrion Square, and St. Stephen's Green.  In
+Dame Street Trinity College and the Irish Houses of Parliament, the
+latter having been built in 1729 on the site of Chichester House, gave
+the thoroughfare an imposing appearance.
+
+But the most important change lay in the people themselves.  The
+English influence was, of course, paramount, and those who wished to be
+considered fashionable aped London manners, but slowly and surely there
+was an awakening of the national spirit; the so-called English colony
+was beginning to realize the danger of allowing themselves to be
+subject to the caprices of a Government in London ignorant of Irish
+affairs.  They clamoured for legislative independence, and if their
+motives were purely selfish and local, yet on the whole they benefited
+Ireland.  Irish trade was being handicapped by English ministers
+anxious to gain the suffrages of the great trading towns of Bristol and
+London, and they attempted to impose restrictions on Ireland through
+the medium of the Dublin Parliament.  But the descendants of the
+Elizabethan and Cromwellian 'undertakers' would have none of it.  Their
+idea was that all Irish affairs should be under the control of the
+Irish Parliament because they were the Parliament.
+
+The eloquence and statesmanship of Grattan and his great contemporaries
+has gained a not undeserved fame for the Irish Parliament as it existed
+from 1760 to the Union, but in the fullest meaning of the word it was
+never a Parliament, even in the sense that the mother of Parliaments
+{171} in London was falsely supposed to represent England.  The
+majority of the Irish members were party hacks returned in their
+master's interests to vote without conscience.  Religion entered into
+everything, but in the sixties of the eighteenth century the problem
+that confronted the English ministry was the position of the
+'undertakers.'  The latter were now the paramount power in Ireland;
+they formed the ascendancy, and from their ranks came all the high
+officers of state and the men who carried out the policy of England.
+But time taught its lessons, and the Anglo-Irish ignored London--even
+defied it--and when in 1767 Lord Townshend was sent to Dublin, it was
+with the undisguised object of crushing the 'undertakers' and regaining
+for England the chief authority in Ireland.  For the first time in the
+history of Ireland a _resident_ viceroy was appointed.
+
+[Sidenote: Breaking the Irish Parliament]
+
+Townshend accepted the task with enthusiasm.  He was forty-three years
+of age, and had succeeded in achieving an unpopularity that provided
+him with a vast amount of inspiration for lampoons and caricatures.  He
+never cultivated friendship either in men or women, and he found his
+chief relaxation in vilifying his opponents.  He had fought under Wolfe
+at Quebec, and, the death of his superior having placed him in command,
+he claimed the honours, declaring that his fertile mind inspired
+Wolfe's plans and carried them into execution.  The man who did this
+was capable of anything, and he was selected to break the power of the
+Irish Parliament.  Lord Bristol had failed {172} the ministry,
+declining the post on Lord Hertford's resignation, although he started
+for Dublin.  When Bristol was informed that he would be expected to
+live in the Irish capital, he threw up the appointment in disgust.  In
+the circumstances Townshend's selection was a hurried one, but he had
+no scruples about anything, and was the man for an unscrupulous task.
+
+
+
+
+{173}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The five years of Lord Townshend's viceroyalty were fruitful for
+Ireland.  He might have adopted craftier methods and injured the
+country more than he did, but he openly pursued a stupid policy of
+bribery and spite: by the former gaining the adherence of the
+incompetent, and by the latter exasperating the men who in the end
+defeated him.
+
+Amongst the Irish peers whom he was anxious to win over to his side was
+a kinsman, Lord Loftus.  Loftus had some power in the Lords and in the
+Commons, and by reason of the viceroy's relationship to Lady Loftus he
+counted upon dealing the Opposition party a heavy blow.  Lady Loftus,
+with visions of a great social position for herself, fell in with
+Townshend's plans, though her husband was stubborn.  Then Lady
+Townshend died, and Lady Loftus had a fresh inspiration.  The viceroy
+was a widower, and during his visits to Rathfarnham Castle had often
+noticed pretty little Dorothea Munroe, her ladyship's niece.  Why
+should she not marry the couple?  With her niece as the viceroy's wife
+Lady Loftus would be the most powerful woman in Ireland, and the
+exchanging of a viscountess's coronet for a {174} countess's, or even a
+duchess's, would be accomplished easily.  From that moment she let
+Townshend know that the marriage of Dolly Munroe would be the price of
+her husband's allegiance, and the Lord-Lieutenant, cynical and daring,
+began to visit Rathfarnham Castle daily and flatter Dolly's hopes.  The
+girl was only seventeen when Lady Townshend died in 1770, and the
+leading beauty of her time.  Henry Grattan was one of her admirers, but
+the most favoured in a wide circle was Hercules Langrishe, afterwards
+the Sir Hercules Langrishe who accepted £15,000 from Lord Castlereagh
+not to vote against the Act of Union.  There is no doubt that Dolly
+would have married Hercules Langrishe but for her aunt.  Perhaps she
+had ambitions herself, and the prospect of reigning in Dublin Castle
+dazzled her mind and unbalanced her judgment.  Anyhow, she sent
+Langrishe about his business shortly after Lord Townshend had
+superintended the painting of her portrait by Angelica Kauffmann.
+Everything seemed favourable for a match, and Lady Loftus was hourly
+expecting a proposal.
+
+In her confidence in the viceroy's word she secured her husband's
+support for the Government in the House of Lords, but from the moment
+Lord Loftus joined the viceroy's party Lord Townshend immediately
+ceased his visits to Rathfarnham Castle, and all Dublin laughed at poor
+Dolly.  She became the butt of every wit.  Lady Loftus grew desperate.
+She believed that Townshend was actually in love with her niece, and in
+her anxiety she took Dolly with her to Dublin Castle, {175} and
+presented her to the viceroy.  He received them politely, but by now
+there was no need even to act the lover, and Lady Loftus retired in a
+rage.
+
+There was, however, one more trick in Lady Loftus's repertoire, and she
+caused the Dublin papers to print a notice to the effect that Dolly
+Munroe was going to marry the Right Honourable Thomas Andrews, Provost
+of Trinity College, Dublin.  Instead of exciting Townshend's chagrin
+and jealousy, it merely evoked a characteristic set of verses in which
+he lampooned the aged Provost and congratulated him in a sneer on his
+conquest.  Andrews was what would be called nowadays a 'character,'
+mainly because he had none.  At one time Peg Woffington, the celebrated
+actress, had been his mistress, and he secured the provostship through
+her influence, for which he paid her £5,000.  When Dolly Munroe was a
+girl Andrews was past seventy.  Lady Loftus could not have selected a
+more absurd bridegroom.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Irish beauties]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Townshend was flirting with Anne Montgomery, one of the
+three beautiful sisters.  Anne, strangely enough, was also brought up
+in Rathfarnham Castle, and was a niece of Lady Loftus, but it was on
+Dolly Munroe that Lady Loftus showered all her affection.  Anne was
+exceedingly pretty, and generally accepted as Dolly's rival, and when
+Lord Townshend was seen with Anne all Dublin became interested in the
+struggle between the two to secure the great matrimonial prize.  The
+viceroy accepted the somewhat embarrassing position with nonchalance,
+{176} affecting unconsciousness of the current gossip of the day.
+Everywhere the chances of the fair candidates were canvassed, and every
+man of fashion in Dublin had his 'book' on the contest.  Huge sums were
+wagered by the respective partisans of Dolly and Anne as to which
+should become Lady Townshend.  Dublin society had little else to do,
+for the city was crowded with loafers in every rank of society.
+Dinner-parties were the most popular form of entertaining, and the
+viceroy's matrimonial prospects were discussed at all.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Townshend]
+
+The viceroy did not permit these diversions to interfere with his
+political policy.  He poured out hundreds of thousands of pounds and
+almost as many promises in his desperate efforts to secure the
+destruction of the 'undertakers.'  No act was too unscrupulous or too
+mean for him to lend his name to, and to further his ends he made
+confidants of some of the most disreputable and discreditable
+hangers-on in Dublin society.  No speech did not contain a sneer at the
+Irish nobility, which he affected to despise as something utterly false
+and unreal.  For the defence Flood, Grattan, and Langrishe united, and
+produced the famous satire 'Baratariana.'  Townshend replied with
+spirit, writing his lampoon in a low-class tavern near the Castle.  He
+was a frequent visitor to the old Dublin taverns, excusing himself on
+the ground that they were better conducted and more hospitable than the
+Irish nobility.
+
+Dublin Castle gradually became isolated, as Lord Townshend alienated
+everybody of position {177} and clung to drunken brawlers and servile
+followers of the lowest class.  The few levées were ludicrous affairs,
+and were soon abandoned.  Even the official class detested their chief,
+and when in 1772 sixteen Irish peers drew up a petition against him and
+presented it to the king and Government, the patience and good temper
+of everybody had been exhausted.  Townshend had not the decency to
+observe the rules that bind every gentleman who mixes in good society,
+and he insulted women with the same ease as he insulted gentlemen.  To
+challenge him was to be informed that the representative of the king
+was privileged, and beyond that there was no appeal.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Townshend's dismissal]
+
+The peers' petition, however, resulted in Townshend's recall.  In
+itself the memorial would not have succeeded in causing the viceroy's
+removal from office, but the ministry in London had received reports
+from secret agents in Dublin, and it was deemed advisable, if a
+rebellion was to be prevented, that the unpopular Townshend should be
+superseded.  Lord Harcourt was sent to replace him, and when the new
+viceroy arrived at three in the morning, he found his predecessor
+playing cards with a couple of congenial ruffians.  With a half apology
+Townshend declared that at any rate Lord Harcourt had not caught him
+napping!
+
+The ex-viceroy was in no mood to leave Dublin, and with Harcourt's
+permission he remained in Dublin Castle for a fortnight, ostensibly
+with the object of accepting some of the dozen challenges with which he
+had been favoured before his dismissal.  But Townshend did not intend
+to {178} fight, and his real purpose must have been to make
+arrangements for leaving the country with some show of dignity.
+Rumours had reached him that an attempt would be made on his life.
+Later this was discounted to a plot for throwing him into the sea, and
+again a circumstantial report of a proposal to make his carriage into a
+bonfire was circulated.  Townshend affected to discredit all these, but
+he took the precaution of hiring a large body of roughs, whose duties
+were to escort his carriage and to raise stage cheers all the way.
+
+The hired mob did its duty and earned its money, but it was as nothing
+against the voices of thousands of persons who lined the streets of the
+city and shouted their joy at the departure of the hated ex-viceroy.
+There was no concerted attempt at violence, however, and Townshend was
+able to reach his ship in safety.
+
+Anne Montgomery was now the subject of many taunts.  The common people
+jested about her openly, and her character was defamed.  Dublin society
+began to look askance at the pretty girl whose name had been coupled
+with the notorious Townshend.  Naturally, her family was furious, and
+the girl's brother, Captain Montgomery, a noted duellist, determined to
+bring the ex-viceroy to reason.  In hot haste he followed him to
+England, and before Townshend reached London Captain Montgomery had
+overtaken him, and, literally at the point of the sword, compelled the
+viscount to send back a proposal of marriage to Anne.  There was no
+greater coward in the world at the time, and so the self-styled hero of
+Quebec {179} meekly accepted Captain Montgomery's terms and, rather
+than risk a duel, agreed to marry the girl.  In due course the marriage
+took place, and £20,000 was won by those of Anne's admirers who had
+wagered on her becoming the second Lady Townshend.  Her rival, Dolly
+Munroe, eventually married a Mr. Richardson, the rejected Langrishe
+never returning to her side.  Langrishe himself married and lived many
+years, gaining a reputation for wit, the best specimen of which is his
+reply to the viceroy, who declared that Phoenix Park was a swamp,
+Langrishe retorting that his predecessors had been too busy draining
+the rest of the kingdom to be able to pay any attention to the cause of
+his Excellency's complaint.
+
+[Sidenote: Extravagant society]
+
+The viceroyalty of Lord Harcourt, which lasted from October, 1772, to
+the last days of 1776, was distinguished for its social magnificence.
+The Lord-Lieutenant was no politician, and he left that part of his
+work to Lord de Blaquerie, his chief secretary.  He set the fashion for
+costly entertainments until to be economical was to confess oneself a
+social failure.  Dozens of families of note, in their wild efforts to
+imitate the example of the viceroy, beggared themselves, spending in a
+few years the income of a whole generation.  Thus the Lord-Lieutenant
+would be invited to a great dinner and dance given on a most lavish and
+extravagant scale.  Within twenty-four hours the scene of the
+festivities would be stripped of everything of value to pay for the
+previous night's excesses.
+
+There is a story told of an Irish gentleman who {180} had been
+compelled to pawn every piece of family plate to meet the expenses of a
+visit from the viceroy.  Of course, this misfortune was kept a profound
+secret, and when Lord Harcourt intimated shortly afterwards that he
+would like to be invited again, the would-be host was placed in a most
+embarrassing situation.  His mansion in Stephen's Green was well
+furnished and staffed, but there was no plate, and, of course, he would
+not think of refusing the honour of a visit from the king's
+representative.  There was only one thing to do: the pawnbroker must be
+induced to lend the plate for the occasion.  Now, it happened that the
+pawnbroker was a man with social aspirations; his one ambition was to
+mix with the gentry, and as he possessed considerable wealth he had
+almost as much assurance.  Finding that he would not lend the family
+plate, the viceroy's host had to make the pawnbroker one of his guests
+for the occasion, and, being a sensible fellow, the tradesman enjoyed
+discreetly the novel experience without adding to the worries of his
+patron.
+
+This is only one story of many, all illustrating the stupendous folly
+of the period.  Dublin literally danced, drank, and gambled itself into
+penury, whilst the Castle set, contemptuous and indifferent to public
+opinion, robbed and oppressed the country, and prepared the way for the
+ghastly year of 1798.  Harcourt was indifferent, careless, and somewhat
+contemptuous of Ireland and its affairs, and as his viceroyalty was
+marked by numerous visits to England, he was never on the spot long
+enough to become conscious {181} of the defects and shortcomings of his
+administration.
+
+[Sidenote: The free trade question]
+
+In 1775 Henry Grattan was elected to Parliament, and sat with Henry
+Flood, but Harcourt was replaced by the Earl of Buckinghamshire at the
+time when these two Irishmen began their great campaign for the freedom
+of Irish trade.  England's policy had been to restrict Irish commercial
+enterprise, and only men of the calibre of Grattan and Flood could have
+succeeded in compelling the Government to remove the embargo on Irish
+trade.  Lord Buckinghamshire, who had been Ambassador to Russia,
+carried out a policy of concessions, and he was able to give the royal
+approval to the bills for relieving Irish Dissenters from the
+sacramental test, and also grant some much-needed reforms in the
+franchise.
+
+It must have been during the viceroyalty of Lord Buckinghamshire that
+English statesmen first thought of a legislative union with Ireland,
+for the reforms initiated by the viceroy undoubtedly pointed that way,
+reading their history in view of subsequent events.  The rise of the
+Irish volunteer movement must have convinced the English Government
+that if Ireland was permitted to have its own legislation much longer
+the country would seek to break away from the monarchical union.  Lord
+Buckinghamshire, however, was never informed of the Government's
+intentions.  When he left in 1780, recalled by the Prime Minister, he
+was succeeded by Frederick Howard, fifth Earl of Carlisle, one of the
+commissioners {182} who had failed to conciliate the American rebels a
+few years earlier.  Lord Carlisle was a typical product of his age,
+when to graduate as a statesman one had to be at school or university
+with the reigning minister and have gambled one's way recklessly into
+favour.  Every gentleman was a gambler, and Lord Carlisle was no
+exception to the rule.  Before his sudden desire to shine as a
+politician he ruined himself at the card-tables, generously backing
+Fox's debts of honour, and, of course, paying them.  It was the
+influence of Fox that led to his appointment to Ireland.
+
+Lord Carlisle, with the easy assurance of a great nobleman whose
+position was secure, took over the government of Ireland in the spirit
+of the dilettante.  The chief secretary, Sir William Eden, afterwards
+Lord Auckland, supervised the more arduous work, while the viceroy and
+his wife--a daughter of the Marquis of Stafford--gratified Dublin
+society by patronizing the card-table and the ballroom.  In 1781 the
+present Viceregal Lodge was purchased for the use of the
+Lord-Lieutenant.  Lord Carlisle's common sense, however, was not
+nullified by his native prejudice against Ireland.  He came to Dublin
+prepared to administer laws made in England, but it was not long before
+he had to confess to his masters in London that it was utterly futile
+to attempt to govern Ireland by English-made laws.  This testimony from
+a man whose honour was never doubted had enormous effect in winning for
+the Irish Parliament the famous Declaration of Independence, though it
+would not have been {183} accomplished had not men like Henry Grattan
+and Flood devoted themselves to it.
+
+Public opinion in Ireland gave Grattan the full credit for the victory,
+and some enthusiastic patriots brought forward a resolution in the
+Irish House of Commons with the object of securing for Grattan and his
+heirs the viceregal desmesne in Phoenix Park.  This was very properly
+rejected, and nothing more was heard of the matter.
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteer movement]
+
+The rise of the Irish Volunteer movement during the viceroyalty of Lord
+Buckinghamshire had created a new problem in Irish affairs.  The
+Government in London, not understanding the crisis, magnified the
+Volunteers into a national army preparing to drive the English into the
+sea, and successive viceroys, well aware that the army in Ireland was
+in a disorganized and undisciplined state, regarded the Volunteers with
+a dismay their dignity compelled them to disguise.  For the time being
+Henry Grattan was a greater power than the Lord-Lieutenant, and
+whenever the Irish statesman appeared at the Castle he was received
+with a favour that plainly indicated the respect he had gained in
+official circles.  Grattan represented in his person the new Ireland.
+He was not a patriot in the sense the word is used nowadays; he did not
+fight the battles of all Ireland or advocate principles for the benefit
+of the whole country.  He was the representative of the Anglo-Irish
+class which had risen to place and power by reason of its English
+origin.
+
+When the Government in London realized that the descendants of the
+English colony and the {184} 'undertakers' were becoming too powerful
+for their masters, they made a determined effort to cripple them.  Lord
+Townshend's attempt was one of many, but fortunately for themselves the
+Anglo-Irish possessed in Grattan and Flood the two most powerful
+advocates in Parliament.  Edmund Burke, having sought the more
+respectable and more remunerative English Parliament for the display of
+his talents, was driven to express his sympathies with the efforts of
+his fellow-countrymen to secure an unhampered trade for Ireland.  This
+cost him his representation of Bristol, but the man who gave to mankind
+what was meant for Ireland might have done more for his native country
+and not diminished his political reputation.
+
+Lord Carlisle admired Grattan, who, from a fashionable buck, had
+developed with extraordinary facility into the statesman, and during
+his occupancy of the post the Irish orator led the country.  The solid
+qualities of Flood were obscured by the brilliance of Grattan, and the
+senior Parliamentarian had to give place to his youthful colleague.
+Grattan had the gift of social popularity, which Flood lacked.  In his
+youthful days the famous orator was one of the most noted men about
+town who seemed to overrun Dublin.  He was seen everywhere, and society
+ladies, anxious to shine in amateur theatricals, always came to Grattan
+for advice and specially written prologues.  Dolly Munroe obtained this
+service of him, and when her reign as queen of beauty was over, and a
+new star in Elizabeth la Touche {185} arose to dazzle Dublin, Grattan
+supervised some private theatricals for the fair Elizabeth, and wrote a
+prologue for her to recite before the then viceroy.  Elizabeth
+eventually became Countess of Lanesborough, and remained Grattan's
+friend and supporter throughout her life.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Carlisle's departure]
+
+Lord Carlisle was highly esteemed in official and society circles in
+Dublin, and there was genuine regret when, in April, 1782, the state of
+English politics compelled him to place his resignation in the hands of
+the Marquis of Rockingham, the Prime Minister.  The Irish Houses of
+Parliament, in resolutions couched in the most generous language,
+thanked the departing viceroy for his services.  He acknowledged their
+gratitude gracefully, but did not convey his private opinion that the
+sooner the great farce of their posing as an Irish Parliament was ended
+the better it would be for the country.  In later years he spoke
+several times in the House of Lords, advocating the legislative union
+with Ireland, and his opinions must have been genuine, because the idea
+was undoubtedly Pitt's, and we know that Carlisle was bitterly opposed
+to that great statesman on every possible occasion.
+
+Lord Carlisle's later life does not belong to the history of Ireland,
+although he lived for twenty-four years after the Union, and always
+took an interest in Irish affairs.  Apart from his viceroyalty, he is
+best known as the guardian of his kinsman, Lord Byron, and the
+dedication of the second edition of 'Hours of Idleness' is only a
+reminder of the subsequent quarrel between the two noblemen.
+
+{186}
+
+The successor to Carlisle was William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, third
+Duke of Portland.  Born in 1738, he married when he was twenty-eight
+Lady Dorothy Cavendish, a daughter of the fourth Duke of Devonshire,
+adding to his wealth and power by the union.  His appointment to
+Ireland was most momentous for that country, although his term of
+office began in April and ended the following September.  He had no
+great gifts of statesmanship, and owed his political advancement to his
+birth and his friendship with Lord Rockingham, but his few months'
+experience of Ireland imbued him with a passion for Irish affairs and
+an ambition to settle that disturbed country.  Portland, as Home
+Secretary from 1794 to 1801, had to deal with the Irish rebellion of
+1798 and the carrying of the Act of Union.  He worked very hard in both
+instances, but it is only fair to his memory to record the fact that he
+was opposed to the policy of bribery and corruption which terminated
+the existence of the Irish Parliament, and he allowed Castlereagh to do
+the dirty work.
+
+Little is to be said of his brief administration as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  He arrived in Dublin with a large retinue, and opened his
+season in Dublin Castle with a levée followed by a ball, where the
+official classes welcomed him because of his rank and birth.  Dublin
+loved a lord, but was passionately devoted to dukes, and had Portland
+remained in the metropolis he would have been successful, as all
+mediocrities are who possess sufficient good sense to let difficult
+problems solve {187} themselves.  A sudden crisis in England, however,
+recalled Portland from Ireland.  The Marquis of Rockingham had died
+suddenly, and the king had appointed Lord Shelburne to the premiership.
+This annoyed Fox, and he resigned, carrying Lord John Cavendish, the
+brother-in-law of the viceroy, Burke, and Sheridan with him.  When he
+heard of this development, Portland added his resignation, and Lord
+Shelburne, after a gallant attempt to defeat the malcontents, advised
+the king that the only possible solution was the elevation of the Duke
+of Portland to the premiership.  It is an historical fact that when
+great men differ mediocrities come into their kingdoms, and Portland as
+Prime Minister was a figurehead.
+
+[Sidenote: The Portland period]
+
+There is no more fruitful period in the history of the world than that
+bounded by the years 1782 and 1809--years selected because they mark
+the beginning of Portland's first ministry and the end of his second
+and last term of office--and yet he cannot be said to have done
+anything personally to enhance his reputation.  He had much of the
+dogged and dignified obstinacy of his class, and he made at least one
+attempt to introduce a code of honour into politics; but it was his
+misfortune to have Castlereagh as a colleague, and that gentleman's
+lack of scruple was too much for his ducal friend.  The 'Cornwallis
+Correspondence' gives a vivid picture of the vacillating nobleman,
+whose feeble attempts to stem the vigorous and unscrupulous polity of
+Lord Castlereagh might be humorous if they had not done so much harm.
+
+
+
+
+{188}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+The resignation of the Duke of Portland enabled Lord Shelburne to
+appoint his friend, Earl Temple, to the viceroyalty.  This was the
+premier's challenge to Fox and his followers, and was taken as evidence
+that he meant to do without their aid.  Temple, although well aware
+that his reign must be almost as short as his predecessor's, came to
+Dublin, and did his best to gain the support of the official party for
+the tottering ministry.
+
+[Illustration: Banquet given in Dublin Castle by Earl Temple to
+celebrate his installation as Knight of St. Patrick]
+
+Within a few months several Bills of importance were carried both in
+the English and the Irish Parliaments, and as a sop for the nobility
+the Order of St. Patrick was founded in the early months of 1783, the
+viceroy installing himself as grand master.  Previous to this Lord
+Shelburne had been compelled to resign, and Temple's resignation
+followed as a matter of course, but he waited for the arrival of his
+successor, Lord Northington, who was selected only after several
+noblemen had rejected the overtures of the Coalition Ministry of the
+Duke of Portland.  Temple, created Marquis of Buckingham in 1784,
+consistently opposed the Government, and he had his reward in 1787,
+when he returned to Ireland {189} on the sudden death of the viceroy,
+Charles Manners, Duke of Rutland.
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteer Convention]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Northington's brief tenure of office was not without
+incident.  He discovered more about Irish affairs in less than twelve
+months in Dublin than he had learned in ten years in England.  A great
+Volunteer convention in the vicinity of the Castle augured a disturbing
+time, but it passed off quietly enough, and the viceroy set about
+advising his friend and political patron, Fox, of the real condition of
+the country.  Fox was for a display of force; Northington, with the
+superior knowledge of the man on the spot, and able to gauge the temper
+of the Irish race, strongly urged a policy of conciliation.  More than
+once he complained to Fox that the evils of absentee officialism were
+endangering the position of the Government in Ireland; and, unable to
+cope with this scandal because he had the whole of the official and
+governing classes against him, he turned to the more congenial task of
+encouraging Irish industries.  Out of his own resources he helped in
+the promotion and development of the flax and tobacco trades, then in a
+very feeble state.  Parliament, anxious to show its friendliness
+towards Northington, increased his salary from £16,000 to £20,000 a
+year, but he never benefited by the change--even if he desired to--for
+the Coalition Ministry, defeated by the intrigues of the court party,
+went out of office in the early part of 1784, and the Duke of Rutland,
+a popular and wealthy nobleman, was selected to succeed him at Dublin.
+
+{190}
+
+It was at first proposed to send Temple, now Marquis of Buckingham,
+back again, but the king had need of his services, and the appointment
+was delayed for some three years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Rutland]
+
+Rutland was a close personal friend of the triumphant Pitt, and
+although only thirty years of age in 1784, was entrusted by his friend
+with the momentous secret that the Home Government had in contemplation
+the union of the two Parliaments.  Rutland's first move in Dublin was
+to sound carefully the leading officials and noblemen.  To his
+astonishment he found the most determined opposition everywhere.
+Nobody would listen to the proposal, and the viceroy was compelled to
+laugh the idea away, pretending that it was but an idle fancy of his
+own, and quite unimportant.
+
+It is not to be wondered at that Dublin should be unanimous against the
+proposal.  Its very existence depended upon the official classes.
+Seventy-five per cent. of the well-to-do drew their incomes from Dublin
+Castle; while the trades-people were for obvious reasons panic-stricken
+whenever it was rumoured that the Parliament should be transferred to
+London.
+
+Rutland thereupon sought distraction in such pleasures as the capital
+afforded, and his wife seconded him.  Both were young and in possession
+of more than viceregal wealth, and they cut the road to popularity
+short by a lavish expenditure.  The leading noblemen built themselves
+mansions, and the wealthy bourgeois followed suit.  Stephen's Green was
+the favourite residential quarter, but Merrion Square threatened {191}
+to rival it.  Architects, artists, and builders from England and the
+Continent crowded Dublin, some of them to found families not without
+renown in Irish annals, if bearing patronymics more suggestive of sunny
+Italy or France than their adopted country.  The professional classes
+were rapidly rising in social status, and although the rule that
+prohibited the recognition of lawyers' and doctors' wives by the
+Lord-Lieutenant and his consort were still in force, barristers and
+medical men sometimes gained admission to unofficial festivities at the
+Castle.  The large garrison contributed its quota of officers to Dublin
+society, which at that time and for many years after the union
+represented all Ireland.  The Duke and Duchess of Rutland cultivated
+society in a manner that gained them immense personal popularity.  They
+led the fashions in the drawing-rooms and in the clubs, and the duke,
+who dearly loved a good dinner, created a record for dining out never
+equalled by any subsequent viceroy.
+
+Tired at last of the rollicking pleasures of the capital, the viceroy
+decided to seek relaxation in a tour of Ireland.  He was strongly
+advised by his council not to undertake the journey, but he was anxious
+to witness for himself the feudal state some of the nobility maintained
+in their country castles, and he carried out his resolve.  Accompanied
+by the duchess, he journeyed from place to place, staying whenever
+possible at the residences of well-disposed noblemen.  To mark their
+appreciation of his visit, the latter spent thousands of pounds
+entertaining the {192} viceroy and his wife, and the chroniclers of the
+day dwell with awe on the vast amount of food consumed by the viceregal
+pair throughout their tour.  He must have undermined his constitution
+during his Irish travels, for on his return to Dublin he was almost
+immediately in the thrall of a fever, and, not being strong enough to
+resist it, expired suddenly at his residence in the Phoenix Park on
+October 24, 1787.
+
+[Illustration: Duke of Rutland]
+
+[Sidenote: Grattan and Dublin Castle]
+
+To the intense annoyance of the Grattan party the Marquis of
+Buckingham, who as Earl Temple had been viceroy in 1782, came over in
+December as the result of the king's influence.  The question of the
+regency during George III.'s illness was acute in Dublin as in London,
+and the Irish Houses of Parliament, true to its reputation, rushed in
+with a resolution requesting the Prince of Wales to assume the regency.
+This motion the viceroy angrily declined to communicate to the
+Government or the prince, and Parliament thereupon censured him in
+explicit language.  The sudden recovery of the king was a triumph for
+Buckingham's policy, and he dismissed his principal opponents in Dublin
+from office, utilizing the public funds to gain fresh adherents for his
+Government.  This action caused Grattan to enter an eloquent protest
+against the 'expensive genius' of the Marquis of Buckingham.  In vain
+did the viceroy attempt to undermine the position Grattan held.  The
+most popular Irishman of his time could set the viceroy and his
+satellites at defiance, and all the money that could be filched from
+the Irish treasury was insufficient to bring {193} about the downfall
+of the great orator.  Grattan was not received at Dublin Castle during
+Buckingham's viceroyalty, but from his place in Parliament he could
+thunder at the Lord-Lieutenant and even frighten the ministry in London.
+
+In Walpole's 'Journals of George III.'s Reign' there is an unflattering
+description of Buckingham, which depicts him as a liar and a thief, and
+more successful as the latter than the former.  Proud and stubborn as
+he was, Buckingham was compelled to give way, and in September, 1789,
+to the great joy of the country, he announced his resignation.  He left
+immediately, and dropped out of political life.  During a debate on the
+Irish situation in 1799 he followed the Earl of Carlisle--another
+ex-viceroy--with a speech advocating the union with Ireland.  This was
+a year after he had served in the rebellion of '98, commanding a
+regiment of Buckinghamshire militia in the country of which he never
+spoke without exhausting his powers of invective.
+
+The task of naming the new viceroy fell to William Pitt, and, after
+considering the matter in conjunction with his own policy, he
+remembered his old fellow-student at Cambridge, John Fane, now tenth
+Earl of Westmoreland.  The post was offered to and accepted by the
+earl, and in January, 1790, he was nominated Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Eight years previously he had startled and scandalized
+society by making a runaway marriage with the daughter of Child, the
+banker, and reputed to be the wealthiest heiress in the country.
+Westmoreland was a soldier and not {194} a statesman, but he gladly
+accepted Pitt's offer, and, disdainful of the growing power of the new
+Irish party, sought to govern the country from the point of view of the
+rough and courageous soldier.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Westmoreland]
+
+The Irish Volunteer movement--a Protestant organization--had gained
+independence for the Irish Parliament, and, incidentally, compelled
+England to grant certain measures of relief to the Catholics because,
+with the Protestant community opposed to English misrule, it was
+necessary for the predominant partner to curry favour with the
+Catholics.  Grattan, John Keogh, and other leaders, demanded complete
+Catholic emancipation, and the more sober-minded amongst the
+Protestants had come to realize that Ireland could not progress until
+the Catholics were freed from the obnoxious penal laws even then in
+existence.
+
+The first law of nature had compelled the rival religionists to join
+forces, so that when Lord Westmoreland arrived in Ireland he was faced
+with the problem of dealing with a strong and united Irish party.  Some
+years previously the Catholic Committee had been formed, and now, with
+Lord Kenmare and John Keogh controlling it, the organization was the
+most powerful in the country, with the notable exception of the Irish
+Volunteers.  Keogh was a remarkable man in every way.  A wealthy Dublin
+tradesman, he retired from business in order to fight the battle of
+Catholic Emancipation, and, although handicapped by internecine strife,
+succeeded in gaining {195} the control of the Catholic Committee and
+directing its policy.  The viceroy contributed to Keogh's triumph by
+contemptuously returning an address of welcome from the Catholic
+Committee because it contained a hope that further relief would be
+granted to Catholics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Volunteers revived]
+
+This act, which exasperated the moderate men, convinced the majority of
+the Committee that Keogh's aggressive policy was the only one worth
+adopting.  Parliament had been declared independent of its English
+prototype, but everybody knew that it was wholly subject to the
+bureaucrats who reigned in Dublin Castle.  Simultaneously with the rise
+to prominence of John Keogh came the revivification of the Volunteers.
+Since their great victory of 1782 they had been allowed to degenerate
+and dwindle, but the success of the French Revolution was not without
+its influence on Irish affairs, and the years between 1789 and 1792
+witnessed a revival on national lines.  Froude wrote eloquently of a
+Belfast Volunteer Review in 1791.  'The ceremonial commenced with a
+procession.  The Volunteer companies, refilled to their old numbers,
+marched past with banners and music.  A battery of cannon followed, and
+behind the cannon a portrait of Mirabeau.  Then a gigantic triumphal
+car, bearing a broad sheet of canvas, on which was painted the opening
+of the Bastille dungeons.  In the foreground was the wasted figure of
+the prisoner who had been confined there thirty years.  In the near
+distance the doors of the cells flung back, disclosing the skeletons of
+dead victims or living wretches writhing in chains {196} and torture.
+On the reverse of the canvas Hibernia was seen reclining, one hand and
+one foot in shackles, and a Volunteer artilleryman holding before her
+eyes the radiant image of Liberty....  In the evening three hundred and
+fifty patriots sat down to dinner in the Linen Hall.  They drank to the
+King of Ireland.  They drank to Washington, the ornament of mankind.
+They drank to Grattan, Molyneux, Franklin, and Mirabeau--these last two
+amidst applause that threatened to shake the building to the ground.'
+
+[Sidenote: Struggle for Catholic relief]
+
+The proposed co-operation of the Catholic Committee with the
+Volunteers, the latter being a Presbyterian organization, alarmed the
+viceroy and the ministers in London.  Westmoreland was advised to
+prevent the amalgamation of the forces by concessions to Catholics, and
+eventually a measure, granting everything save the franchise to
+Catholics, was passed by the Irish Parliament.  The Castle influence,
+however, was too strong for John Keogh to win the vote for his
+followers, but it was something to gain for his fellow-religionists
+admission to the magistracy, to the rank of King's Counsel, and to
+become solicitors and to open schools without the permission of the
+Protestant bishop.  Beyond that the Government would not go.  But the
+great Catholic Convention in 1792 won the vote for the majority,
+although Westmoreland and his secretary, Hobart, wrote imploring Pitt
+and Dundas not to give way to the importunities of the five
+Commissioners sent by the Catholic Convention to demand the franchise
+from the king.  The Commissioners convinced the {197} ministry that if
+their mission failed English rule in Ireland would be at an end, and
+the Lord-Lieutenant's advice was ignored.  In February, 1793, the Chief
+Secretary moved in Parliament the first reading of a Bill admitting
+Catholics to the parliamentary franchise, to the magistracy, to the
+grand jury, to the municipal corporations, to Dublin University, and to
+several civil and military offices.  But an amendment proposing the
+admission of Catholics to Parliament was defeated by 136 to 69 votes.
+
+Lord Westmoreland was personally a fanatical opponent of Roman
+Catholicism, and the weakness of Pitt, as he termed it, made his
+position in Dublin unbearable.  He would have resigned in 1792 but for
+a certain vanity that made him unwilling to admit defeat.  Besides, he
+was ever hoping that the natural passion for schism which permeates
+every Irish politician would dissever the alliance of the Presbyterians
+with the Catholic Committee.  In the North, while the Belfast
+Volunteers were welcoming with open arms the leaders of the Catholic
+movement, and making fervid speeches about liberty of conscience, two
+organizations in adjacent villages were 'cutting one another's throats
+for the love of God.'  The 'Defenders' was the name given to the Roman
+Catholic band, while the Presbyterians, or Orangemen, called themselves
+'Peep-o'-Day Boys.'  In September, 1795, when Camden was viceroy, the
+two factions came into conflict at a village called the 'Diamond,' and
+the battle that followed takes its name from the scene of the contest.
+Forty-eight Defenders were {198} killed, and to commemorate the victory
+the first Orange lodge was founded.
+
+Westmoreland knew that there could be no genuine alliance between the
+Catholics and the Protestants, and so he clung to office; but Pitt,
+alarmed by the state of Europe and the isolation of England, was for
+favouring the Catholics, and the viceroy, as one utterly at variance
+with the Home Government, resigned.
+
+Lord Westmoreland's term was purely a political one.  He came to
+Ireland at a most critical period in its history, and, although little
+more than thirty years of age, he showed a courage worthy of a man with
+better ideals.  He was not without his good qualities, and the Castle
+bureaucrats found in him a stanch friend.  He entertained lavishly, but
+the death of Lady Westmoreland towards the close of 1793 abruptly ended
+the gaieties of the Castle.  He lived until 1841, and held the post of
+Lord Privy Seal from 1798 to 1827--a period covering nearly thirty
+years and without precedent or example in the history of politics.
+
+It is interesting to recall that one of Lord Westmoreland's staff in
+Dublin during the early years of his viceroyalty was a young officer
+named Arthur Wellesley.  While attending a ball at the Castle he made
+the acquaintance of a girl of great beauty, Miss Catherine Pakenham, a
+daughter of Lord Longford.  They became engaged almost immediately, but
+Wellesley's family opposed the match, his mother, a haughty and severe
+woman, being very prominent in the matter.  The future Iron Duke,
+however, maintained the {199} engagement, and when he was in India he
+kept up a regular correspondence with his fiancée.  During his absence
+she was attacked by smallpox, and wrote to Wellesley releasing him, but
+he refused to do so, and on April 10, 1806, they were married in the
+church of St. George, Dublin.
+
+[Sidenote: A sensational viceroyalty]
+
+The removal of Westmoreland, the friend of the Protestant minority, was
+followed by the brief but sensational viceroyalty of the second Earl
+Fitzwilliam.  Pitt's avowed policy was to win the sympathies of the
+majority, and Lord Fitzwilliam was considered the best man to give
+effect to the policy of the Government.  He was gazetted, therefore, to
+Ireland in December, 1794, and a month later appeared in Dublin.  His
+wife was a daughter of the Earl of Bessborough, and both were very
+popular in Court circles.  Possessed of great wealth, it was thought
+that Fitzwilliam would be the less independent of the support of the
+Castle bureaucracy, which was fighting with venom the battle for its
+existence.  No sooner was Fitzwilliam in Dublin than he received
+instructions to continue Westmoreland's policy.  But he had started the
+work of reform before these reached him.  One morning Beresford, who
+had married Barbara Montgomery, a sister of Lady Townshend, was
+dismissed from his post of Commissioner of the Customs; Toler,
+Attorney-General--afterwards the notorious Lord Norbury--Wolfe, the
+Solicitor-General, and Cooke, the Military Secretary, also received
+notice that their services were no longer required.  The Castle people
+were panic-stricken; their occupations seemed to be {200} gone, but
+even Fitzwilliam, with all the prestige of great birth and wealth,
+could not overwhelm the bureaucracy.  Beresford appealed to Pitt and
+the king, and within a few days the dismissed officers were all
+reinstated.  This was too much for the viceroy, and on March 25, 1795,
+he left Ireland, to the accompaniment of a demonstration of mourning
+absolutely unique in the history of the country.  Dublin proclaimed it
+a day of humiliation; all the shops were closed, and the citizens lined
+the streets.  Grattan gave voice to the general regret, and fiercely
+denounced the treachery of Pitt, who had assured him that Lord
+Fitzwilliam was to adopt an essentially Catholic policy.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Fitzwilliam]
+
+In the circumstances the strongest of men might have hesitated before
+undertaking the ominous task of carrying on the Government.
+Unfortunately, there was a total ignorance of Ireland and its affairs
+amongst the English nobility, and when Lord Camden was offered the post
+he accepted it without demur, and confidently travelled to the Irish
+metropolis.  Ireland knew nothing of the viceroy, and certainly the
+latter knew even less of the country he was called upon to rule.  He
+was thirty-six years of age, but possessed all the pompous prejudices
+of a man twice his age.  On his coming of age he had been appointed
+Teller of the Exchequer, and held it for sixty years--1780 to
+1840--though after drawing about three-quarters of a million sterling
+from the Treasury, he 'patriotically' consented in 1812 to forego the
+income of the office.
+
+
+
+
+{201}
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+The new viceroy was received in sullen silence on the day of his
+arrival in Dublin, but when Lord Clare, the Chancellor, was returning
+after swearing in the Lord-Lieutenant, he was attacked by a frenzied
+mob which sought to lynch him on the lamp-post outside his own house.
+Beresford had taken the precaution to fill the approaches to the
+Custom-house with soldiers, and so escaped, but the residences of all
+the principal loyalists in Dublin were stoned, and for several days mob
+law was supreme.
+
+Camden, however, determined to show that he was uninfluenced by
+intimidation.  He was not a courageous person, but he knew that the
+English garrison was strong and that there could be no treachery within
+Dublin Castle, where everybody had been bought body and soul by the
+Government.  Pitt had advised him to adopt a strong anti-Catholic
+policy, and he carried out his instructions only too well.  It is
+significant of the attitude and position of the Catholic priesthood
+that the viceroy could be anti-Catholic and yet in a position to lay
+the foundation-stone of Maynooth College.  This was an open bribe to
+the clergy, and an intimation of favours to come if the {202}
+priesthood supported the policy of Pitt and the viceroy.
+
+Lord Castlereagh and the Duke of Portland--the latter as Home Secretary
+having charge of Irish affairs--had almost carried into execution their
+plan of endowing the Roman Catholic Church with English money, and
+thereby securing its allegiance and support for ever; but even the
+audacious Castlereagh hesitated for fear of the English Established
+Church, and it was decided to substitute Maynooth and an endowment for
+the original plan.
+
+Camden's aggressiveness was matched by the determination of his
+opponents.  The United Irishmen threw over their policy of 'peaceful
+persuasion,' and inspired by Wolfe Tone, became a rebellious
+organization.  Tone went to America, and from there to France.  The
+result was the abortive expedition under Hoche and Grouchy.
+
+[Sidenote: The United Irishmen]
+
+Camden was not idle.  He quickly discovered that there are always
+plenty of traitors in Ireland, and he bought them up by the score.  The
+news of Lord Edward Fitzgerald's adherence to the rebel cause was
+disconcerting, but Fitzgerald had friends, and these the viceroy
+purchased.  A similar policy was adopted in the case of every one of
+the rebel leaders, and every hero had his bodyguard of traitors.  The
+Government had merely to wait for the right moment to strike a decisive
+blow.  Castle money was never more plentiful than in the two years
+preceding the egregious rebellion of '98.  Many patriots who screamed
+for independence lost their voices at {203} the first sight of
+viceregal gold; the old bucks, penniless as the result of their early
+follies, found in the profession of traitor an easy escape from the
+demon Work; briefless barristers, and even successful ones, were drawn
+into the Castle circle until the viceroy could say with reason that he
+had bought practically every man of position or influence in the
+country.
+
+Despite this, however, Camden felt alarmed at the progress the rebel
+cause was making.  It was no longer a purely Catholic movement, and the
+knowledge that wealthy Protestant merchants were joining the United
+Irishmen convinced the Viceroy that, although he could arrest the
+leaders whenever he wished, yet there would be an army of rebels left
+which might prove difficult to overcome.  Lady Camden urged him to
+resign, and save the lives of their children and themselves.  She and
+her family existed in a state of siege; there was little entertaining,
+for no man trusted his neighbour, and in every street beggar the
+Government saw an embryo assassin.  Camden, with the disturbing
+conscience of the self-confessed coward, was compelled to act the
+bully.  He would not go in the guise of a frightened and defeated
+viceroy.  Then someone suggested that as the country was under arms it
+would be better if the viceroy happened to be a soldier.  Camden seized
+upon this pretext, and wrote to London offering to resign in favour of
+Lord Cornwallis, who, as one who had been Governor-General of India and
+Commander-in-Chief of the troops, was the most experienced man for the
+post.  Cornwallis {204} was not inclined to come to Ireland, though as
+a soldier he intimated to the Government that he was bound to obey any
+orders given him in that capacity.  Camden, therefore, remained on, and
+the long-expected rebellion broke out.  But the viceroy was not
+unprepared, and before the day arrived for the great blow to be struck
+by a united and concerted action of the rebels every one of the leaders
+was in gaol and scores of traitors were holding out their hands for
+payment.  News of the successes in the field of the leaderless rebels
+created a panic, and Camden increased it by despatching his wife and
+children to England.  The Orangemen demonstrated feebly, but they
+formed a small minority, and, although they had been very prominent
+since the rejection of the Catholic Bill in 1795, they were of no
+importance or use in the crisis.  Camden implored Pitt to send more
+troops, or Ireland would be lost for ever.  The English statesman
+replied that there were eighty thousand men in the country already, and
+gave him Sir Ralph Abercromby to command them.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Camden]
+
+Abercromby resigned in disgust, and General Lake was sent to replace
+him, and to this officer fell the task of dealing with the straggling
+bodies of rebels who were maintaining a 'sort of rebellion.'  Shortly
+after the arrest of the rebel leaders Camden had made way for Lord
+Cornwallis, and returned home.  The ex-viceroy was consulted by
+Portland, who had disapproved of his policy, and Camden declared that
+the only solution of the problem was the union of the two Parliaments.
+{205} While Ireland had a Parliament of its own--however
+unrepresentative--it would crave for its natural corollary, a native
+Government.  But even a Camden could learn by experience, and in 1829
+he voted in favour of Catholic Emancipation.
+
+[Sidenote: The Marquis Cornwallis]
+
+It was admitted in London that the rebellion of '98 was at an end, so
+far as its effectiveness was concerned, before Camden resigned, and the
+appointment of Lord Cornwallis was inspired by Pitt's dread that the
+shortly-to-be-introduced Act of Union would lead to further trouble.
+Cornwallis was a soldier and a statesman.  He was sixty years of age,
+and had led a very full life in India, America, and England.  One of
+the few far-seeing persons who had declaimed against the unjust
+taxation which lost the States of America, he nevertheless obeyed the
+call of duty, and fought in the War of Independence.  His surrender at
+Yorktown marked the beginning of the independence of the American
+Colonies.  His greatest and most prosperous years were spent in India,
+and it was as the successful Indian administrator and soldier that he
+was despatched to Ireland to prepare the country for Pitt's proposals.
+He found that there was plenty of work left over from the Camden era,
+and his first six months consisted of hangings and murders.  With a
+courage worthy of a better cause the peasantry were fighting the
+Imperial troops, but there could be only one end to such an unequal
+contest, and the soldiery enjoyed themselves after their kind.  The
+Dublin executive was busily employed reaping the {206} first-fruits of
+Camden's bribery; Lord Edward Fitzgerald was captured, the last of the
+'98 leaders.
+
+The history of Ireland must have a strong influence on men's hearts,
+for nobody can speak or write of it without exhibiting the feelings of
+the partisan.  The unstudied inaccuracies of the phlegmatic Froude show
+that historian to be capable of emotion when dealing with Irish
+affairs.  Froude had no sense of humour, and, therefore, no sense of
+proportion, and his detestation of the Celtic temperament caused his
+prejudices to run riot in his pages on Ireland.  On the other side are
+the painfully sincere patriots whose efforts to divide humanity into
+sheep and goats wrong both parties.  Perhaps one of these days it will
+be agreed that any event more than fifty years old shall be considered
+outside party politics.  As it is, the rebellion of '98 is a subject
+strong enough to-day to arouse as much passion as the latest proposal
+of a vote-bidding Government, Conservative or Liberal.
+
+It would be as easy as it is tempting to dwell upon the doings of the
+year 1798, but the 'rebellion' has its own historians.  One example of
+Castle methods must be given.  Among the lawyers who enjoyed a more or
+less fashionable practice was a man named McNally.  He was friendly
+with the leading patriots and also with the Government, and he approved
+in a purely intellectual manner of the rebellion.  When, therefore, a
+batch of important rebels were in need of a barrister to defend them,
+they sent for McNally, and as their counsel he was told everything,
+{207} including certain information which the wily lawyer knew would be
+of immense value to the Government.  This was his opportunity, and he
+never hesitated.  To the Castle he went, and sold his clients for a
+life-pension of £300 a year.  But this was a venial sin compared with
+some others which could be cited.
+
+[Sidenote: The Act of Union introduced]
+
+The surrender of General Humbert to Cornwallis marked the termination
+of the rebellion, and, in the opinion of Pitt and Portland, the Home
+Secretary, the most favourable time had arrived for the introduction of
+the Act of Union.  In November, 1798, the duke sent to Cornwallis the
+first articles of the Bill.  These were introduced into the House of
+Commons in Dublin in the certain hope that they would be accepted.  To
+the astonishment and dismay of the executive, the Bill was rejected by
+107 votes to 105.  Castlereagh was furious; Cornwallis indifferent.
+Both men advised Catholic Emancipation as the price for Parliamentary
+surrender, but the Government was averse to placing the majority in
+power.
+
+It was resolved to return to the old methods, the methods that had
+always proved effective when dealing with the Irish aristocracy and
+ruling class.  Castlereagh was given a free hand, and places, pelf, and
+peerages were promised with reckless lavishness.  There was a rush to
+be first in the field of favours, but Castlereagh was so ready to
+promise anything that the bribed became suspicious.  The English
+Government in Ireland had a reputation for treachery that was not
+undeserved, and the place and peerage seekers went {208} to Cornwallis
+to seek endorsement of Castlereagh's offers.  The viceroy gave his
+personal guarantee that they would be fulfilled, and, satisfied with
+this, the ready-made majority went to the Commons, and with a force
+numbering one hundred and fifty-three persons overwhelmed the
+opposition of eighty-eight.  Many of the latter had refused heavy
+bribes; as many had endangered their political lives.
+
+The Union accomplished, the Duke of Portland endeavoured to postpone,
+with an ultimate view to cancellation, the bestowal of the promised
+peerages and the payment of the monetary bribes, and only the
+threatened resignation of Cornwallis brought about the fulfilment of
+the Government's side of the bargain.
+
+[Sidenote: Society after the Union]
+
+The new nobility were received with derision in England and Ireland,
+and the wits of the day satirized them unmercifully.  There is a story
+told of John Philpot Curran, who had gained the admiration of the
+patriotic party by his fearless advocacy of the '98 rebels in the law
+courts.  The famous wit was accosted by one of the new peers outside
+the defunct Irish Parliament in College Green with the query as to the
+intention of the Government with regard to the empty building, adding,
+'For my part, I hate even the sight of it.'  'I do not wonder,'
+retorted Curran, 'I never yet heard of a murderer who was not afraid of
+a ghost.'  Curran had been a bitter opponent of the Union, and had
+proved himself incorruptible.
+
+Whatever its political effect, the closing of the Irish Parliament was
+a blow to the prestige of {209} Dublin as the metropolis.  The
+viceroyalty remained, but it was shorn of some of its glory.  With the
+death of the Irish House of Commons and the admittance of Irish peers
+to the English House of Lords, there was no longer any need for the
+native nobility to maintain expensive houses in Dublin.  London became
+their centre, and they made their country houses their headquarters
+while in Ireland.  Gradually the social power fell into the hands of
+the professional classes and the higher-grade civil servants; doctors,
+lawyers, officers in the army, and others of the professions dominated
+Dublin society.  The viceroy's court saw less of the aristocracy, and
+the levées degenerated into a meeting-place for those of doubtful
+pedigrees or persons anxious to make new ones.  Merrion Square and St.
+Stephen's Green attracted wealthy barristers and doctors, and
+prosperous tradespeople moved from the 'other side of the bridge' to
+the desirable regions surrounding Merrion Square.  Knighthoods and
+baronetcies were given to doctors and lawyers, and the wives of the men
+who could not have been 'received' at the viceregal court previous to
+the union were now the leaders of fashion and frequenters of the Castle
+and the Lodge.
+
+The energetic viceroy meanwhile pressed for Catholic emancipation,
+which he declared would save Ireland from self-destruction.  The state
+of the country was pitiable, and Dublin looked all the more wretched
+and squalid by reason of its patches of gaiety and wealth.  Trade was
+stagnant and education at a standstill.  Almost every viceroy {210} had
+to contribute to funds for starving peasantry.  Cornwallis was not
+deceived by the carelessness of his immediate circle.  He protested
+again and again against the laxity of the Government, and called aloud
+for the emancipation of the Catholics.  He was informed that the
+Government dared not bring in such a Bill, for it would be thrown out
+instantly, and when they wished to commit political suicide the
+ministers would follow the viceroy's advice.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Cornwallis]
+
+Tired and disgusted, Cornwallis resigned in February, 1801, and in May
+took his departure.  In 1805 he died in India, two years after he had,
+as the English plenipotentiary, signed the disastrous Treaty of Amiens.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Hardwicke]
+
+Pitt having been replaced by Addington, the new premier sent Lord
+Hardwicke to Dublin.  The earl was the eldest son of Lord Chancellor
+Yorke, and being of a genial and easy-going disposition, it was thought
+that he would eradicate, with the assistance of his wife, the
+ill-feeling caused by the union.  Lady Hardwicke certainly did her
+best, and cultivated every class of Dublin society.  The Castle for the
+time being lost its sinister political reputation, and for five years
+it remained the centre of the social life of the city.  There was much
+beauty and talent in Dublin, and the name of Irishman had gained
+something by the exploits of the sons of the late Earl of Mornington.
+Burke and Goldsmith had passed away, but Sheridan, Grattan, Curran,
+Keogh, and many others remained.  The Lord-Lieutenant dearly loved a
+good story and a good dinner, and he {211} surrounded himself with all
+the leading wits of the day.  The personality of John Philpot Curran
+dominated the Irish bar, and his refusal to defend Robert Emmet
+scarcely affected his popularity with the patriotic party.  The attempt
+on the part of Emmet to start a new rebellion failed miserably, and did
+not disturb the equanimity of Hardwicke.  He continued his policy of
+doing nothing and doing it well.  The viceregal etiquette that had
+prevailed for hundreds of years was relaxed somewhat, and Dublin began
+to realize that the reign of the official gang was nearly finished.
+Hitherto Castle functions had been for the few; now they were for the
+many.  The personal charm of Lady Hardwicke lessened the difficulties
+of the viceroyalty, and when, in May, 1804, it was announced that Lord
+Powis was to replace Hardwicke, there was great regret in Dublin.
+Fortunately, Powis would not come to Ireland, and the viceroy and his
+wife remained until the early part of 1806, when John Russell, sixth
+Duke of Bedford, was sent to govern the country under the auspices of
+the Ministry of All the Talents.
+
+The duke was no politician, and fourteen years in the House of Commons
+had given him a profound dislike for public life.  It was only at the
+earnest solicitation of the Prime Minister, Grenville, that he accepted
+the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and when the Duke of Portland began his
+second ministry Bedford gladly vacated Dublin Castle.  It was an
+undistinguished year in Irish affairs, but it is worth noting that
+amongst the duke's family at the time was a boy of fourteen, {212} who,
+as Lord John Russell, had in later years a great deal to do with Irish
+affairs.  He was at the head of the Government when the Irish famine of
+1847-48 ravaged the country, and it was to Russell that Gladstone owed
+his first acquaintance with Irish life.  He never had a very flattering
+opinion of the viceroyalty, regarding it as a useless encumbrance now
+that the country was controlled from London, and more than once he
+pressed upon his Cabinet colleagues a proposal for its abolition and
+the substitution for it of a Secretary of State for Ireland, ranking
+with the Home Secretary and conducting all Irish business.  His father
+retired into private life after leaving Dublin, and earned the
+gratitude of subsequent holders of the dukedom by building Covent
+Garden at a cost of £40,000 and otherwise improving the great Russell
+estates.  Agriculture also owes a great deal to the sixth Duke of
+Bedford, who was one of the first to cultivate the subject
+scientifically, and for many years of his life he was Vice-President of
+the Agricultural Society, which he helped to found and guide into
+prosperity.
+
+Although Catholic Emancipation was very much to the fore now, and the
+speeches of Catholic orators were embarrassing the Government, it was
+not considered essential that the Lord-Lieutenant should be something
+more than a man of fashion.  Dukes were plentiful, and to succeed
+Bedford, another one in the person of Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of
+Richmond and Lennox, was chosen.  The Duke of Richmond was forty-three
+years of age, and had gained the {213} reputation of a sportsman.  He
+was a keen cricketer and a patron of the 'noble art' of boxing.  In his
+early years he had distinguished himself in a duel with the Duke of
+York, and altogether was a typical man of the world, to whom the world
+was very kind.  He was assured that the Government of Ireland was a
+simple matter--no work to do and plenty of opportunities for
+cultivating those social arts so dear to him and to his duchess, who
+was a sister of the outgoing viceroy's wife, the Duchess of Bedford.
+
+[Sidenote: Colonel Arthur Wellesley]
+
+Richmond was given as his chief secretary Colonel Arthur Wellesley, a
+man who would perform any work there was to do.  In the circumstances
+the duke and duchess crossed over and inaugurated their reign with a
+brilliant ball which foreshadowed a very gay time for the metropolis.
+The viceroy was not interested in Catholic Emancipation or in any of
+the subjects that intimately concerned the country he was supposed to
+govern, but, to his great annoyance, Colonel Wellesley, in his anxiety
+to obtain further military service, neglected Ireland, and spent much
+of his time in London interviewing responsible ministers.  Richmond
+complained of his chief secretary's neglect, but Wellesley excused
+himself by pointing out that his civil appointment had been accepted on
+the understanding that he was at liberty to vacate it whenever there
+was a prospect of service in the field.
+
+Wellesley was nominally chief secretary for two years, and he did some
+good work during that time, but his sojourn in Ireland is merely an
+episode {214} in a splendid life.  Richmond's other famous secretary
+was Sir Robert Peel, who practised the arts of the statesman at
+twenty-four as chief secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+
+Despite Wellesley's neglect of his Dublin duties he became a warm
+friend of the viceroy and his wife.  It will be remembered that it was
+the Duchess of Richmond who gave the celebrated ball at Brussels on the
+historic night that preceded Quatre Bras.  At the Battle of Waterloo
+the duke was one of the suite in attendance on the Duke of Wellington.
+
+[Illustration: Duke of Richmond and Lennox]
+
+The Duke of Richmond was bitterly attacked by the Catholic party, and a
+libel action against the editor of the _Dublin Evening Post_ in 1813
+provided Daniel O'Connell with his first great opportunity for a public
+display of his oratory.  McGee, the editor in question, had published a
+daring article on the Lord-Lieutenant in which it was declared 'that he
+was not the superior of the worst of his predecessors--the profligate
+and unprincipled Westmoreland, the cold-hearted and cruel Camden, and
+artful and treacherous Cornwallis.  They all insulted, they oppressed,
+they murdered, and they deceived.'  The reference to murder was held
+sufficient to justify the Government in arresting McGee on the charge
+of having accused the Duke of Richmond with that crime.
+
+[Sidenote: O'Connell and the Duke]
+
+Daniel O'Connell took up the case for the imprisoned editor when no
+other member of the bar dare run the risk of offending the viceregal
+court.  The result was a foregone conclusion, and McGee was considered
+lucky to get off with two {215} years' imprisonment and a fine of £500,
+but the case was rescued from obscurity by the accused's advocate's
+introduction of the ultra-political speech for the defence.  In those
+days they allowed a degree of irrelevancy in counsels' speeches that
+would not be tolerated for a moment in the twentieth century.
+
+The duke did not go out of office until 1813.  The position of
+representative of the king had its advantages, and the almost regal
+state he maintained in Dublin soothed his vanity, and was,
+incidentally, good for the trade of the city.  The duchess loved power
+even more than her husband did, and the exploits of the late chief
+secretary, now well on his way to a dukedom, were her principal topic
+of conversation.  In Dublin she could lead, whereas in London she had
+to follow, and in Dublin she stayed for several years, an undisputed
+queen.  Curran, now Master of the Rolls, was her friend, and the wits
+of the town flattered her in their own charming way.  Years afterwards
+the duchess confessed that the happiest years of her life were spent in
+Dublin.
+
+
+
+
+{216}
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+The advocates of Catholic Emancipation could not be expected to be
+content with mere social pleasures, and the ministry decided to try a
+diplomat in the difficult post.  The duke having resigned in 1813, Lord
+Whitworth, an experienced diplomatist and a strong anti-Catholic, took
+his place.  The duke and duchess, after their experience of Brussels
+and Waterloo, consented to govern British North America, as Canada was
+then termed, and in 1819 the duke died of hydrophobia in the town of
+Richmond.
+
+Students of Napoleonic history will be able to recall the early career
+of the man chosen to foil the attempts of the popular party to force
+their policy of Catholic Emancipation on the Government.  Whitworth,
+who had been born without a title or great wealth, was a self-made man
+as far as it was possible for one who owed his opportunities to the
+generosity of well-disposed patrons.  He was first a soldier, and then,
+through the influence of the Duke of Dorset, a diplomat, representing
+England in Poland, Russia, and France.  As Ambassador in Paris he came
+into contact with Napoleon, and it was Whitworth who demanded his
+passports from the Corsican {217} when the Peace of Amiens was broken
+and all Europe plunged into war.
+
+Lord Whitworth was a man who took advantage of his opportunities, and
+from 1785 to 1803 fortune was very kind to him, but following his
+sudden withdrawal from Paris he seemed to lose his powers, and for ten
+years he chafed in obscurity.  In 1801 he had married the widow of his
+first great patron, and the Duchess of Dorset, a woman whose egotism
+was matched by her greed, brought him a large fortune and some
+influence.  This was increased by the marriage of her mother to Lord
+Liverpool, and when that nobleman had been at the head of the
+Government for about a year he succumbed to the importunities of his
+ambitious stepdaughter and appointed her husband to succeed the Duke of
+Richmond.
+
+[Sidenote: The haughty duchess]
+
+To a woman of the temperament that distinguished the Duchess of Dorset
+the acme of human bliss was the impersonation of royalty.  She revelled
+in the rites attendant upon the state the viceroy maintained, and as
+the haughty duchess she was known throughout the country.  Lord
+Whitworth, past sixty and somewhat bored, was a tool in the hands of
+his wife, who never forgot the fact that he was her late husband's
+protégé and, therefore, to some extent hers also.  She personally
+supervised the list of those who had the _entrée_ to the Castle, and
+her censorship of her predecessor's list caused a vast amount of
+ill-feeling.  Wives of respectable professional men found themselves
+relegated to the position occupied by their prototypes fifty years
+before, while {218} the intrepid duchess even attacked those who had
+married into plebeian families, and, therefore, forfeited her regard.
+It was due to her efforts that her relative, Lord Liverpool, conferred
+an earldom on Whitworth, though she retained her ducal title throughout
+her life.
+
+The viceregal pair were not unpopular, but Whitworth was scarcely the
+man to understand Irish affairs.  To a large extent the ruler of the
+country was Sir Robert Peel, the chief Secretary until 1818.  The
+Duchess of Dorset did not always approve of Peel, but, recognizing that
+he saved her husband a considerable amount of work, she delegated the
+task of maintaining the usual official correspondence with the ministry
+in London to him.  Peel was a strong--soon to become the
+strongest--opponent of the Catholic claims.  The viceroy was of the
+same opinion on this important matter, and, backed by an enormous
+English army, they defied public opinion.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Talbot]
+
+In the autumn of 1817 it was decided to replace Whitworth by Lord
+Talbot, and accordingly, on October 9, the new viceroy was sworn in,
+Peel taking a prominent part in the ceremony.  Talbot and Whitworth
+were old friends, having first met during the latter's embassy in
+Russia, when the younger nobleman was an attaché in the diplomatic
+service, and he owed his selection to the good offices of the outgoing
+viceroy and his wife.  That he was opposed to Catholic Emancipation was
+another point in his favour, while the Government were not unimpressed
+by the fact that Lady {219} Talbot was an Irish lady, the daughter of a
+County Meath gentleman.
+
+[Sidenote: Visit of George IV.]
+
+Lord and Lady Talbot made a determined effort to win the good-will of
+the country.  Daniel O'Connell's raging, tearing propaganda was
+disturbing, and ever threatened a revolution, but Talbot thought that
+by devoting some of his time to the patronage of agriculture he might
+gain more adherents to the Government's policy.  The farmers were not
+ungrateful, but Lord Talbot must have realized before he was a year in
+the country that the solution of the Irish question was not so easy as
+he had thought it to be.  Peel, summoned to London for more important
+duties, still maintained his opposition to O'Connell and the Catholic
+claims.  Then, in 1821, the Cabinet had a brilliant idea which resolved
+itself into this--that all Irish problems should be solved by a State
+visit from George IV.  Hitherto English kings had been accustomed to
+visit Ireland in the role of fugitives, but George IV. was to come as a
+great monarch, the first gentleman in Europe--and, as Thackeray had
+said, 'the biggest blackguard'--and Irish loyalty was to be aroused
+from its dormant condition.
+
+The king carried out the plans laid down for him, and he had no cause
+to regret making the acquaintance of his Irish subjects.  He
+scrutinized everything he saw in Ireland with the air and interest of a
+schoolboy visiting a waxworks show.  English uniforms seemed to
+fascinate him when worn by Irish soldiers, and he hummed and hawed
+question after question from the beginning to the end of his visit.
+
+{220}
+
+'Who is that magnificent-looking officer?' he asked the viceroy,
+indicating the figure of Sir Philip Crampton, the celebrated surgeon.
+
+'Oh, that is a general of the Lancers, sir,' was the witty reply, and
+the king passed on to something else.
+
+The most humorous incident of his visit arose out of His Majesty's
+desire to witness some racing at the Curragh.  In great state he
+travelled down, and every preparation was made to supply the royal
+visitor with a magnificent lunch.  The pantries of Dublin and London
+were searched for dainties, and everything possible pressed into
+service.
+
+It happened to be a very wet day, and the races did not prove very
+exciting, but the king chivalrously maintained his interest as long as
+he could.  When he retired to his room, where gorgeous flunkeys of all
+ranks waited breathlessly for the king to name his refreshment, George
+IV. did not keep them long in doubt--he wanted a cup of tea.
+
+A simple request, and one easily granted, for in the royal pavilion
+were the choicest teas, the finest sugar and cream, and, of course,
+plenty of hot water.  Then someone called for a cup and saucer.  Great
+consternation ensued when it was discovered that those simple
+requisites had been forgotten.  There was absolutely nothing in which
+to serve the tea to the royal visitor!
+
+With prayers that the king might not get impatient, a score of scouts
+were despatched to search the countryside for a cup and saucer, and
+{221} one of them proved successful, finding in a poor peasant's
+ramshackle cabin a twopenny blue cup and saucer.  They were hastily
+polished up, and with remarkable celerity the tea was served to the
+thirsty king.
+
+One of the caterers afterwards visited the owner of the cup and saucer,
+and gave her a guinea for them.  Needless to say, these precious
+articles were treasured by the caterer's family.
+
+  "A clod--a piece of orange-peel--
+    An end of a cigar--
+  Once trod on by a princely heel,
+    How beautiful they are!"
+
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Talbot, K.P.]
+
+He was received in Ireland with a courtesy that often swelled into
+enthusiasm, and Dublin, the centre of the local administration, went
+into ecstasies over the royal visitor.  Lord Talbot was installed a
+Knight of St. Patrick amidst a splendour that contrasted with horrible
+distinctness with the terrible misery and poverty that prevailed in the
+very environs of Dublin Castle itself.  The king must have seen the
+shadows of famine and desolation that lurked behind the gaudy trappings
+that did their best to make the city fit for a king, but he
+conveniently ignored them.  Monarchs have only a distant acquaintance
+with human nature, and so King George, flattered by attentions denied
+him in London except by his satellites, left the country convinced that
+the demand for Catholic Emancipation was an artificial one created by
+O'Connell, and that in reality Ireland was a most contented and
+prosperous nation.
+
+But the ills of humanity cannot be cured by a {222} display of royal
+dignity, and Talbot discovered that pressing social evils could not be
+eradicated by the bestowal of ribbons and orders.  It may have seemed
+unaccountable to him that when the country demanded bread it should be
+dissatisfied with the sight of the king.  Lady Talbot was feeding with
+'cake' the 'upper ten' of Dublin society, but Ireland was dissatisfied.
+The country was not progressing, the cities presented a squalid and
+lifeless appearance, and even Dublin, favoured by the being the
+residence of the well-paid official set and the home of the Government,
+scarcely looked the prosperous place it had been during the last
+quarter of the previous century.
+
+Talbot advised stringent measures against O'Connell, but by now the
+ministry was beginning to feel doubtful of its ready-made Irish policy,
+and soon rumours reached Talbot that he was to be succeeded by the
+Marquis Wellesley, a great Irishman, and an avowed Emancipationist.
+The viceroy resigned at once and left Ireland.  He died in 1849, five
+years after Peel had rewarded his Free Trade allegiance by giving him
+the garter.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Wellesley]
+
+The Marquis Wellesley, an Emancipationist by conviction, was sent to
+Ireland with promises the ministry did not intend to fulfil.  Peel,
+Goulburn, the Irish secretary, and the rest of his colleagues, were
+opposed to the granting of complete relief to the followers of the
+popular religion, and their selection of Lord Wellesley was merely an
+attempt to blind the eyes of the patriotic party.  When in the last
+months of 1821 it was declared officially that Wellesley was to succeed
+Lord {223} Talbot, the joy of the Catholics knew no bounds.  To them
+the new viceroyalty promised a speedy attainment of all their hopes,
+for they knew that Wellesley was a strong man, and one likely to have
+his own way.  Quite apart from political and sectarian reasons, Ireland
+welcomed Wellesley.  He was an Irishman by birth, and although Harrow,
+Eton, and Oxford in turn educated him, he had learnt the rudiments of
+the three R's in the town of Trim.  It was recalled that the
+Lord-Lieutenant in his younger days had been the friend of Henry
+Grattan, and as the result of thirty years' brilliant service on behalf
+of the Crown, no man--with the exception of his brother, the Duke of
+Wellington--commanded greater respect or admiration in the two
+kingdoms, while so far as Ireland was concerned, the marquis was vastly
+more popular than the duke, who had a constitutional objection to
+Catholicism in any form.  For eight years Lord Wellesley had acted as
+Governor-General of India, and during the Peninsular War he was
+Ambassador to Spain--one brother conquering the French and the other
+reaping the not less important diplomatic victories, made possible by
+the great battles.  From the foreign secretaryship under Percival
+Wellesley might have had the premiership, but his views on Ireland were
+unpopular, and his failure to form a ministry prepared the way for Lord
+Liverpool to assume the leadership for a period of nearly fifteen
+years.  Despite his opinions, Wellesley could have had the viceroyalty
+of Ireland in 1812, but he declined it.
+
+{224}
+
+When a young man of twenty-four, Wellesley--then the Earl of
+Mornington--contracted an irregular alliance with a Parisian girl of
+remarkable beauty, Hyacinthe Gabrielle Roland, and for nine years they
+lived together.  She bore him children, and they appear to have been
+happy.  Wellesley, however, was growing in public importance, and it
+was represented to him privately that his domestic relations might
+interfere with his chances of promotion.  To end an impossible
+situation, he married his mistress in 1793, and from the day of the
+marriage they seemed to lose their mutual affection.  Gabrielle Roland
+was modest in her demands, and content to look after her children; as
+Countess of Mornington she pestered her husband to compel society to
+recognize her new status.  He was helpless, of course, and quarrels
+ensued, but they lived together until 1797, when he was appointed
+Governor-General of India.  At first Lady Mornington wished to
+accompany him, but he was able to persuade her to remain at home.
+
+India at the time had a reputation for cruelty and treachery created by
+the episode of the Black Hole of Calcutta, and Lady Mornington,
+thinking doubtless of her children and not herself, consented to remain
+behind, and enjoy the generous allowance her husband proposed to make
+her.  For the rest of her life--which lasted until 1816--husband and
+wife saw little of each other; she failed to provide him with a
+legitimate heir, and at the time it seemed likely that Lord Wellesley
+would be Prime Minister he lived alone in London.  It was said {225}
+that he refused the viceroyalty in 1812 because it would mean taking
+'the Frenchwoman to Dublin,' though a close examination of the existing
+records points to the fact that Wellesley was unwilling to leave the
+centre of political interest at such a critical period in the history
+of England.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord-Lieutenant assaulted]
+
+The coming of Wellesley to Dublin Castle roused the enthusiasm of the
+Catholic party and the animosity of the governing minority.  In 1822 a
+great public meeting voted an address of congratulation to the marquis,
+the motion being proposed by O'Connell and seconded by Richard Lalor
+Sheil.  Meetings all over the country followed suit, and the squeakings
+of the Orange lodges were drowned in the popular welcome.  There was a
+temporary lull in the formation of secret societies, and the Whiteboys,
+the Orangemen, the Ribbonmen, and other associations for doing evil by
+stealth, waited for a sign from the Lord-Lieutenant.  He gave it by
+abolishing the annual Orange decoration of King William's statue, and
+instantly the Orangemen flew to 'arms.'  Wellesley attended a gala
+performance at the theatre, and an infuriated Orangeman entered a
+practical protest by hurling a bottle at his head.  It missed its mark
+by inches, and the culprit was arrested.  The Grand Jury, unanimously
+anti-Catholic, threw out the bill, and the powerful minority followed
+up this blow by inspiring a debate in the House of Commons, in which a
+vote of censure on the Lord-Lieutenant was rejected with the utmost
+difficulty.  It was only too evident that the {226} Orangemen were
+determined to contest every inch of ground with the viceroy.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Wellesley]
+
+The general opinion regarding the Marquis Wellesley, when it was known
+that he had no power to grant relief to the Catholics, was summed up in
+the lines by Furlong, the Irish poet:
+
+  'Who that hath viewed him in his past career
+  Of hard-earned fame could recognize him here?
+  Changed as he is in lengthened life's descent
+  To a mere instrument's mere instrument;
+  Crippled by Canning's fears and Eldon's rules,
+  Begirt with bigots and beset with fools.
+  A mournful mark of talents misapplied,
+  A handcuffed leader and a hoodwinked guide;
+  The lone opposer of a lawless band,
+  The fettered chieftain of a fettered land.'
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Catholic Association]
+
+In 1824 Daniel O'Connell, realizing that the Lord-Lieutenant could not
+force the hand of his superiors in London, founded the Catholic
+Association, and it is no exaggeration to say that the people clamoured
+for admission to it.  Every town and village throughout the country had
+its branch, and within twelve months it was the real authority in the
+land.  The English Government was superseded, and O'Connell was the
+virtual ruler of Ireland.  Wellesley, who did not approve of the aims
+and methods of the Association, was devoting his attention to the
+suppression of the secret societies, while the Cabinet in London wrote
+imploring him to deal effectively with O'Connell's society.  But the
+marquis was helpless.  There was no secrecy about the Catholic
+Association, and its objects were, academically speaking, lawful, and
+its methods legal.  Further alarm was caused by the statement in some
+English papers that {227} every Irish soldier was a member of the
+association.  Wellesley was asked for his opinion--he repeated again
+and again that the only way to make the country peaceful was to grant
+Catholic Emancipation.  Three Prime Ministers--Liverpool, Canning, and
+Goderich--in succession rejected the advice so disinterestedly given,
+and when a turn of Fortune's wheel placed the great Duke of Wellington
+in power, he intimated to his brother that as their views did not
+coincide, it would be better if the Marquis of Anglesey, an old friend
+of both, should replace him in the Government as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Lord Wellesley resigned without demur.  He was well aware
+that they differed widely on many important topics, and Wellington had
+never forgotten that if Wellesley's views on foreign policy had
+prevailed, there would have been no Waterloo and less glory.  In the
+House of Lords the marquis rose to denounce the Irish policy of his
+brother, but they never made the blunder of carrying their quarrel into
+private life.  Lord Wellesley had in 1825 married an American lady,
+Mrs. Patterson of Baltimore, the grand-daughter of one of the
+signatories to the document that recorded the independence of the
+United States of America, and she brought him a happiness he had never
+known before.  Witty, beautiful, and rich, the American marchioness
+held her own in London society, and Wellesley was content for her to
+remain out of political affairs, save when his seat in the House of
+Lords enabled him to speak against the Government.  Lady Wellesley, who
+{228} was a devout Catholic, was always escorted by a troop of dragoons
+to the Roman Catholic Provincial Cathedral in Marlborough Street,
+Dublin, when her husband was viceroy.
+
+In the Lower House Sir Robert Peel, now Home Secretary, was affirming
+his unalterable determination never to surrender to the O'Connellites,
+and his leader was also giving a display of the Iron Will.  But even
+Iron Dukes can unbend when they have been tempered by experience.  It
+was the Wellington Ministry that granted Catholic Emancipation, and it
+was Sir Robert Peel who sounded the note of surrender.  The collapse
+was caused by the historic Clare election of 1828, within a few months
+of the appointment of Lord Anglesey.
+
+There was, of course, considerable humour, intentional and otherwise,
+introduced during the agitation for and against Catholic Emancipation.
+Once King George IV. was heard to murmur plaintively:
+
+'Wellington is King of England, O'Connell is King of Ireland, and I am
+supposed to be the Dean of Windsor.'
+
+Lord Eldon presented to the House of Lords a petition of the tailors of
+Glasgow against the surrender to the Catholics.
+
+'What?' exclaimed Lord Lyndhurst, 'do tailors bother themselves about
+such measures?'
+
+'No wonder,' answered Eldon; 'you cannot suppose that tailors would
+like turncoats.'
+
+
+
+
+{229}
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+Wellington's premiership was four days old when Lord Anglesey accepted
+the viceroyalty.  The duke evidently selected his Waterloo comrade
+without taking the trouble to sound him upon the views he held, but
+George IV.--that fine champion of Protestantism!--immediately sent for
+the marquis, and in a touching interview implored him to keep the
+Catholics at bay, emphasizing his belief that the surrender of the
+Government to O'Connell would mean the dismemberment and destruction of
+the British Empire.  Anglesey, who knew nothing whatever about anything
+except women and war, sought refuge in meaningless platitudes.  He
+declared to the king that he intended to take no part in sectarian or
+political strife in Ireland; he would administer the law equally to
+all, and so forth, impressing George IV. with a sense of his extreme
+propriety and impartiality.
+
+On January 29, 1828, Lord Anglesey became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+He was in his sixtieth year, and could look back with some pride on a
+long and busy life.  He had fought with Moore at Corunna, and at
+Waterloo was Wellington's commander of cavalry.  These were landmarks
+{230} in his life, and even his unfortunate relations with the wife of
+his friend's brother did not create any ill-feeling between Anglesey
+and Wellington.  The Iron Duke had a great affection for his relations,
+and he often expressed his gratification at the remarkable successes
+achieved by his brothers, the Marquis Wellesley and Lord Cowley.
+Politically the Wellesleys were always at enmity, and in addition they
+were handicapped by inheriting from their mother some of her severe
+manner and not a little of her pride.  It is remarkable that the three
+brothers should each have had marital troubles.  The Duke of
+Wellington's marriage, begun as a romance, ended as a tragi-comedy;
+Lord Wellesley's went the same way, and he was burdened for years by a
+wife with whom he could not live; while Lord Cowley was compelled to
+seek a divorce.
+
+It was five years before Waterloo that society was startled by the news
+that Lord Cowley had presented a Bill to Parliament, praying to be
+divorced from his wife, a daughter of Lord Cadogan.  The Marquis of
+Anglesey, then known as the Earl of Uxbridge, was cited as the
+co-respondent, and as Lord Uxbridge was a married man with eight
+children, and, of course, an intimate friend of the Wellesley family,
+London discussed nothing else.  The affair was robbed of a great deal
+of publicity by the influence of the two families concerned, but Lady
+Uxbridge was not to be placated, and she divorced her husband.  Then
+Lord Cowley was awarded damages to the extent of £24,000 against the
+earl, and the complicated {231} affair was simplified by the Earl of
+Uxbridge marrying Lady Cowley.
+
+The Duke of Wellington was too fond of a good soldier to permit a mere
+family matter to stand in the way of Lord Uxbridge's prospects.  He
+took him to Waterloo, and if the earl lost a leg in that famous battle,
+he gained a marquisate, bestowed within less than three weeks of June
+18, 1815.  Promotion in the service followed, and owing to Wellington's
+influence it was rapid and remunerative.
+
+The appointment to Ireland was his patron's greatest gift.  It seemed
+only too obvious that a soldier at the head of affairs would be very
+necessary, for it was accepted as truth in ministerial circles that the
+entire Catholic priesthood of Ireland was engaged in a campaign for
+converting the Irish soldiers in the English army to the political
+principles of the Catholic Association.
+
+[Sidenote: The Clare election]
+
+When the Iron Duke formed a Government, the Catholic Association passed
+a resolution declaring that it would oppose the election of any Irish
+member who took office under the new premier.  Undisturbed by this, the
+member for Clare, Mr. Fitzgerald, accepted the post of President of the
+Board of Trade, and then O'Connell announced that he would be the
+nominee of the Association, and would contest the seat.  This created a
+veritable sensation.  The eyes of the world were centred on Clare, and
+Lord Anglesey sent an army of occupation to take possession of it.  On
+the polling days there were about five soldiers for every voter, and
+the Catholic Association {232} received an advertisement that made the
+world understand the seriousness of its principles.  No single election
+has ever had the effect produced by the election of Daniel O'Connell to
+represent Clare at Westminster.  A month before the result Sir Robert
+Peel declared that he would die politically rather than give way: the
+returns from Clare were still being discussed when the same man started
+to draft the Bill he introduced into the House of Commons in February,
+1829, a measure which completely emancipated the Roman Catholics.  The
+posts of Regent, of Lord Chancellor, and of Irish Viceroy were the only
+ones Catholics could not hold.  The Catholic Association had justified
+its existence.
+
+Meanwhile Lord Anglesey's position was not without interest.  He was
+very unpopular with the patriotic party, and the fact that George IV.
+was annoyed with him tended to increase further his popularity.
+Anglesey learned many things during his first six months in England,
+and he became an emancipationist while Peel was still defiant.  The
+Duke of Wellington was exasperated when Anglesey nullified his advice
+to Catholics to substitute patience for agitation by advising them to
+agitate until they obtained their demands.  The duke wrote curt
+letters, and Anglesey answered in a similar strain.  He was not fond of
+Dublin or Dublin society, and Irish affairs began to bore him.  The
+most interesting men were in his opinion the members of the Catholic
+Association, and he dare not be seen with them, while he knew, as every
+other viceroy had known, that {233} to withhold complete emancipation
+was the worst service the English ministry could do the country.  The
+Prime Minister, with the help of the king, compelled Anglesey to send
+in his resignation, and the vacancy was given at once to Hugh Percy,
+third Duke of Northumberland, Greville's 'prodigious bore,' and almost
+the wealthiest nobleman in England.  He accepted with the proviso that
+he was not to hold the post for more than eighteen months, while he
+advised the Government to reduce the viceroy's salary by £10,000--it
+then stood at £20,000 a year.  The latter piece of advice was not
+accepted, because the Government realized that there would be future
+viceroys without the wealth of the newer Percys.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tithe War]
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland gave a great display of their
+wealth in Dublin, and once more the official party revelled in
+feastings, balls, and flamboyant levées and drawing-rooms.  Some
+serious work was attempted, and in April, 1830, a proclamation was
+issued suppressing the Catholic Association.  Agitation feeds on
+agitation, and O'Connell's league had replaced Emancipation by Repeal.
+He was demanding the severance of the Union between the two countries,
+and Northumberland determined on a vigorous campaign against the
+agitator.  The Tithe War--arising out of the refusal of the Catholic
+peasantry to pay tribute to the ministers of an alien Church--had
+begun, and fierce encounters between the military and the country
+people were everyday occurrences.  Northumberland had a large army at
+his disposal, and the Cabinet advised him to {234} make full use of it,
+but realizing the temper of the country better than his superiors, he
+declared that O'Connell's agitation for Repeal could be rendered
+abortive by reason, and not by force.  Despite the friction with his
+official chiefs in London, Northumberland would have remained in Dublin
+had not the Tory ministry been replaced by Lord Grey's administration.
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland--the latter best known as one of
+the late Queen Victoria's governesses--left the country with the
+knowledge that they had been as successful as any viceregal pair before
+them.  Sir Robert Peel described him as the very best governor of
+Ireland, and Wellington, never an easy man to please, growled out some
+compliments when he met the duke at a dinner-party.  Lord Anglesey's
+second viceroyalty began in December, 1830, and ended in September,
+1833.  He had been popular during his brief reign of 1828-29, but he
+discovered speedily that patriots are susceptible, and the viceroy who
+earned popularity as an emancipationist in 1828 was disliked and
+distrusted by the O'Connellites, because he would not follow their lead
+and become equally as enthusiastic for Repeal.  Daniel O'Connell
+derided the viceroy in almost every speech made, and no epithet was too
+strong to be applied to Lord Anglesey.  O'Connell publicly prayed for
+his removal, and the viceroy, out of sympathy with all parties,
+lingered on at Dublin Castle, worried by the popularity of the
+Repealer, and disturbed by the havoc the Tithe War was playing with the
+progress of the country.
+
+{235}
+
+[Sidenote: The famous Doon auction]
+
+The history of the Tithe War has been told many times, and there is no
+room for it here, but it possessed so much comedy and tragedy that some
+of its incidents may be recalled.  When the peasantry tried passive
+resistance, their activities were aroused by the arrival of soldiers to
+take their goods and sell them by public auction.  In one battle twelve
+peasants were killed and twenty wounded; in another there were heavy
+casualties on both sides; and there were other affrays with equally
+deadly results.  A touch of humour was provided by the inhabitants of
+Doon, a Limerick town which, in the early thirties of the last century,
+contained a population of about 5,000 Roman Catholics and a single
+Protestant.  In due course, the Protestant clergyman demanded tithes
+from the priest, which the latter promptly refused to pay.  With the
+aid of the law, the priest's cow was seized, and elaborate preparations
+made for its sale by public auction.  The authorities at Dublin Castle
+were consulted, and a long correspondence dealing with the cow ensued;
+there was much advising and consultation; the viceroy discussed it in
+secret and laughed at it during dinner; the Commander-in-Chief of the
+forces was asked for his help, and he signed an order for the
+attendance of a small army at the forthcoming auction.  Meanwhile the
+cow, unmindful of its prominence and glory, browsed on contentedly
+until the time came when it was led into the field by its crown keeper
+and escorted by a force of police.  On the field of auction, besides
+the police were a troop of the 12th Lancers, five companies {236} of
+the 92nd Highlanders, and two pieces of artillery.  The auctioneer
+stood in the midst of an arsenal surrounded by the army.  Bids for the
+historic cow were invited; threats and jokes were all he got from the
+peasantry, and the proceedings finally left the Government in
+possession of the cow, no one having the courage to buy it.  This
+auction was one of many.  Cows and pigs, escorted by several hundred
+soldiers, became part of the pageantry of the country; officers and men
+were recalled from leave of absence to take their part in tending
+cattle captured from rebellious villagers.  No Government could
+maintain its dignity, and ridicule nullified the dearly bought
+victories in the field.  The net result was that the Government
+collected £12,000 at a cost of £27,000 and hundreds of lives, and
+£48,000 still due for tithes.
+
+Lord Anglesey saw nothing of the Tithe War, but from Dublin Castle he
+superintended the operations against the peasantry.  The Government
+regarded the objection to tithe-paying as one of O'Connell's devices
+for rousing the masses against England, and although the ministry was
+compelled to abolish the tithes, the victory of the peasants was more
+apparent than real, because the Tithe Commutation Act of 1838 placed
+the onus of collecting the dues on the landlord, who, of course, added
+the amount to the rent he levied on his tenants' holdings.
+
+Between July, 1834, and April, 1835, there were three ministries, two
+Melbourne administrations being interrupted by Sir Robert Peel's first
+and {237} brief government.  Lord Wellesley's second viceroyalty lasted
+a few months--from September, 1833, to April, 1834--and although in
+1835 he intimated to Lord Melbourne that he would not be averse to a
+third term, the premier appointed Lord Mulgrave, and Wellesley had to
+be content with the gilded post of Lord Chamberlain.  The Marquis
+Wellesley lived until 1842.
+
+The viceroyalty of the Earl of Haddington was as colourless as it was
+brief.  He had been in Parliament some years before he was given a
+peerage, and succeeding to the earldom shortly afterwards, passed into
+an obscurity from which he never emerged, even when Peel, on December
+29, 1834, made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  That ministry resigned
+in the April following, and Lord Melbourne formed his second Cabinet,
+sending Lord Mulgrave to Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish party in Parliament]
+
+The return to power of Lord Melbourne marked a new epoch in the history
+of the British Parliament.  For the first time English statesmen
+realized that the Irish vote could be capable of controlling the
+destinies of an English party.  Hitherto the Irish members had been
+regarded as of no account; ever since the Union one or other of the
+great parties had been able to act independently of the Irish members,
+but the kaleidoscopic ministerial changes that had taken place since
+the termination of Lord Liverpool's record premiership had gradually
+given the Irish members the balance of power between the two parties.
+In eight years seven distinct Cabinets were formed, and when the
+seventh, Lord Melbourne's, received {238} their seals from William IV.,
+they knew as well as O'Connell himself that their existence depended
+upon the Irish vote.
+
+It was only natural that O'Connell and his followers were delighted.
+They foresaw the time when England would tire of the domination of the
+Irish minority in Parliament, and would gladly send them back to
+College Green, and so certain were they of this that O'Connell agreed
+to suspend his demand for the repeal of the Union, and give Melbourne
+and his colleagues an opportunity of doing something great for Ireland.
+It was a strong Government and rich in statesmen.  Lord John Russell
+was Home Secretary, and Palmerston was Foreign Secretary.  The Cabinet
+had many long and anxious consultations on Irish affairs, and the
+ministers did their best to keep their bargain with O'Connell.  The
+House of Lords, however, blocked the way, and the Melbourne Government
+fell in the autumn of 1841.
+
+When Lord Mulgrave was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1835, he
+was regarded as the best man for the position.  O'Connell expressed
+public approval of him, and the numerous religious and political
+associations added their testimonials.  The Irish leader's compact with
+the ministry was well known, and although Lord Mulgrave was regarded as
+O'Connell's puppet, he was not without opinions of his own.  Lord
+Anglesey had expressed the opinion that O'Connell was the real ruler of
+Ireland, and Mulgrave, in showing his sympathy with the Catholics,
+became as popular with the majority as he was unpopular {239} with the
+powerful Protestant minority.  He was considered to have the best
+opportunity to bring peace to Ireland, and English Liberal members of
+Parliament, in their enthusiasm for their leader, Lord Melbourne, were
+continually pointing out how peaceful Ireland had become under a Whig
+administration.  When a constable in the county of Clare appealed to
+Dublin Castle to remove him to the metropolis because the country had
+become so quiet that he had no chance of gaining promotion or
+distinguishing himself, the Whig Press and politicians went wild with
+delight.  The enterprising constable was written about in scores of
+pamphlets, and three-fourths of England got the impression--and
+retained it for many years, too!--that Ireland was most law-abiding, as
+well as one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
+
+[Sidenote: William IV. and Lord Mulgrave]
+
+The fatal weakness of Lord Mulgrave was his partisanship.  He could
+look at nothing except through the spectacles of well-grounded opinions
+of his own.  At a time when he should have exercised discretion, he
+rushed into the arms of the Catholic party, and thereby mortally
+offended the Orangemen and their not-to-be-despised co-religionists.
+The result was that at a Protestant meeting the mention of the
+viceroy's name was sufficient to fill the building with cries of
+derision, while at a gathering of the Catholics Lord Mulgrave was
+cheered to the echo.  It was an undignified reputation for a man
+supposed to hold the scales of justice evenly, and William IV.
+protested to Melbourne about the conduct of his viceroy.
+
+An examination of the crime returns of the {240} period shows that the
+compact between O'Connell and Lord Melbourne caused no appreciative
+diminution of violence in the country.  Protestants declared that Lord
+Mulgrave was encouraging political criminals by his leniency, the
+culmination of which was his decision in the case of the brutal murder
+of the second Earl of Norbury.  The earl was the younger son of the
+notorious Chief Justice Toler, who had received honours from a grateful
+government because of his anti-Irish and anti-Catholic policy.  On his
+deathbed Toler, hearing that his neighbour, Lord Erne, was also dying,
+sent a servant to assure his lordship that it would be a _dead heat_
+between them!  The anecdote is characteristic of the man and his times,
+but his children were of a different calibre.  The elder son died a
+lunatic, and the second was murdered because he evicted one of his
+tenants, a rogue who objected to paying rent.  The country cried out
+for the severe punishment of the murderers, but the viceroy more than
+tempered justice with mercy, and every landowner instantly became
+alarmed.  If murderers were permitted to escape the hangman because a
+Whig viceroy was at Dublin Castle, then assuredly no Tory landlord was
+safe.  Private and public appeals were made to the king and Lord
+Melbourne.  The premier was compelled to 'promote' him, and in 1839,
+shortly after he had been created Marquis of Normanby, the viceroy
+resigned in order to take up the post of Secretary for the Colonies.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Mulgrave]
+
+Lord Normanby's subsequent career was quite in keeping with his conduct
+in Ireland.  No matter {241} in what capacity he acted, he always took
+sides, and during his diplomatic career, the Foreign Office experienced
+too much Normanby for its liking.  His wife was one of the two women of
+the bedchamber to Queen Victoria to whom Peel objected when called upon
+to form a Government in 1841.  Normanby had been asked to take charge
+of affairs, but there were not half a dozen men willing to serve under
+him, and he soon abandoned his attempt to become Prime Minister.
+Thenceforward his public life was spent abroad in the diplomatic
+service, and a list of his diplomatic indiscretions would fill a
+volume.  From 1846 to 1852 he was Ambassador at Paris, and Palmerston's
+sudden recognition of Louis Napoleon exasperated him to an extent that
+he never forgot.  Normanby was not the man for Paris, and when given a
+chance to represent the English nation at the Court of Tuscany in
+Florence, his partisanship, when he ought to have been neutral, was
+such that Lord Malmesbury had to recall him by telegraph!  He returned
+to England, and until his death in 1863, at the age of sixty-six, he
+acted with the Tories against the Whigs.  His conduct was due entirely
+to his personal detestation of Lord Palmerston.  He was not in sympathy
+with a single act of the Whig, or Liberal, party, but he exerted
+himself to thwart Palmerston.  He shed tears when 'Pam' became premier
+for the second time, and he died while the Liberal statesman was
+half-way through his historic ministry.
+
+
+
+
+{242}
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+The Melbourne Government had two years to run when Lord Normanby left
+Ireland, and they were represented for that period at Dublin by Hugh
+Fortescue, Viscount Ebrington, and afterwards Earl Fortescue.  The
+O'Connell party welcomed Lord Ebrington as they would have welcomed
+anybody commissioned by Lord Melbourne, and although they had been
+disappointed by the barren results of the treaty so far, they hoped for
+the best.  The Repealer, realizing slowly, perhaps, that he was going
+to experience a bitter disappointment, was anxious to raise the
+standard of revolt, but he was advised by friends of the ministry to
+wait.  They prevailed upon him to give them another chance.
+
+[Sidenote: Encouraging Irish trade]
+
+The accession to power of Sir Robert Peel dispelled O'Connell's
+sanguine hopes.  It was true that the premier had twelve years
+previously conceded the claims of the Catholic party, but it was known
+that he would have none of the cry for Repeal, and that he would
+appoint a Lord-Lieutenant of his own stamp.  It is singular, indeed,
+how devotedly O'Connell admired the office of the viceroy.  To him it
+seemed to represent Ireland's scrap of royalty, and in the imitation
+{243} courts of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge he saw something
+of regal independence for the country.  He was always opposed to the
+abolition of the post, and during the Melbourne administration was
+continually suggesting to the premier the names of noblemen likely to
+make efficient viceroys.  When Lord Normanby retired, he promptly
+counselled Melbourne to send Lord Clarendon over, but the commission
+was given to Lord Ebrington, and this nobleman's compulsory resignation
+let in Earl de Grey, who governed Ireland from September, 1841, to
+July, 1844.  He was sixty years of age, wealthy, and popular, married
+to an Irish lady of great charm, when he was selected by Sir Robert
+Peel; and with a callous indifference to O'Connell's disapproval he
+came to Ireland, and with the help of his wife won the respect of all
+classes.  Lady de Grey was a daughter of the first Earl of Enniskillen,
+and was three years her husband's junior, whom she had married in 1805.
+While the Lord-Lieutenant entertained Dublin society, and spent
+thousands of pounds to the benefit of the country, Lady de Grey bore
+her part well, though she showed at times that she did not regard
+herself as a hostess only.  She realized that the country could do with
+more trade and less agitation, and without recourse to political means
+she set herself the task of helping the manufacturers of Ireland.
+Habitués of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge entertainments soon
+heard that they could not please her Excellency better than by
+patronizing Irish industries, and if the ladies were still compelled to
+buy their {244} dresses in London and Paris, they were induced to
+patronize the Irish dressmakers for their less expensive gowns.
+
+It was not, of course, the most auspicious time for a genuine attempt
+to do something practical towards the social salvation of Ireland.
+Crime was rife; agitation was rampant; patriotism rioting deliriously.
+Many districts became acquainted with famine, but if food was short
+orators were plentiful.  De Grey had plenty of work to do, and it was
+he who initiated the proceedings that led to the arrest of Daniel
+O'Connell and some of his friends in the autumn of 1843.  The
+Government took advantage of a public meeting of the agitators to
+apprehend them for conspiracy, and eventually O'Connell and his
+associates were placed on trial, found guilty by a packed jury, and
+subsequently 'imprisoned' in an old-fashioned country house, where they
+passed their time amidst a quiet that must have been to them a luxury.
+They were allowed to have their own servants and whatever food they
+wished, and never were prisoners more free than during the three months
+that elapsed between the conviction and sentence by the Lord Chief
+Justice of Ireland, and the reversal of the verdict by the House of
+Lords.  That memorable trial gave William Smith O'Brien his
+opportunity, for O'Brien became automatically the leader of the Repeal
+movement when O'Connell was in 'prison.'
+
+[Sidenote: The decline of O'Connell]
+
+Between the first and second trials Lord de Grey left Ireland, and was
+succeeded by Lord Heytesbury, who remained until 1846.  Born in 1779,
+{245} William a'Court, first Baron Heytesbury, was educated at Eton,
+and spent many years in the diplomatic service, holding the important
+position of Ambassador to the courts of Portugal and Russia.  In 1808
+he married a grand-daughter of the Earl of Radnor, and twenty years
+later his diplomatic services were rewarded by the bestowal of a
+peerage.  Peel always had a high opinion of Heytesbury, and only his
+resignation in 1835 prevented him making the ex-ambassador
+Governor-General of India.  On the resignation of Earl de Grey, Peel
+invited Heytesbury to go to Ireland, and the invitation was accepted.
+He was able to regard with indifference the censure of the Law Lords on
+the conduct of the Dublin Government in the matter of Daniel
+O'Connell's trial.  He could easily dissociate himself from the faults
+of the preceding régime.  The abandonment of the cry for Repeal by
+O'Connell lessened the anxieties of Heytesbury, but there were the
+usual economic problems to be dealt with, and from all over the country
+reports came of the terrible distress and poverty prevailing.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant did his best, and much money was spent in a vain
+attempt to ameliorate the conditions of peasant life.  By the close of
+Lord Heytesbury's brief reign, however, ominous clouds were rising on
+the political horizon.  Daniel O'Connell, tamed by age and experience,
+was by no means the raging propagandist of the twenties and thirties;
+he was ever counselling his fiery followers to concentrate their
+attention on the reform of the English Parliament, but his adherents
+demanded {246} Repeal, and when he disagreed, they passed on, despising
+the leader who refused to lead.  William Smith O'Brien was now the
+temporary hero, and he was fascinating the rank and file of agitators
+by his aristocratic manner and superficial unselfishness.  Here was a
+man--not one of themselves--who stood to lose everything and gain
+nothing by his association with a cause that was supposed to be the
+religion of the lower-class Irish and the scarcely superior patriotic
+attorneys and doctors.  William Smith O'Brien was a gentleman and a
+patriot!  The country gasped, and followed him, leaving Daniel
+O'Connell to realize that every generation produces its heroes and
+geniuses, and will not tolerate the rivalry of the aged, however
+eminent.
+
+[Sidenote: An Irish Lord-Lieutenant]
+
+Lord John Russell began his first ministry on July 6th, 1846.  His
+Cabinet was a strong one, and his prospects were bright save on the
+omni-present Irish question.  O'Connell was certainly a spent force,
+but a new race of agitators had arisen, and the principles of '98 were
+as strong as ever nearly fifty years later.  The premier, however, had
+some knowledge of Ireland.  As a boy he had played in the heavy rooms
+of Dublin Castle, and as Home Secretary he had studied Irish affairs
+besides administering them.  He was well aware that the chief defect of
+many viceroys was their inability to understand the national character,
+and he therefore came to the conclusion that if a resident Irish
+landlord should be appointed Lord-Lieutenant, something would be done
+at any rate to popularize the executive government {247} in Dublin.
+Happily for Russell, there was the man for his purpose in the ranks of
+his followers.  John William Ponsonby, fourth Earl of Bessborough, was
+a popular Irishman, a large landowner, and possessing considerable
+influence in his own country.  This had been proved by the Kilkenny
+election of 1826, when he was returned to Parliament despite the most
+energetic opposition of O'Connell.
+
+Five years later, when the agitator's position and power were almost
+impregnable, he retained his seat with a majority of sixty-five, thanks
+to the support of the most famous of Irish Roman Catholic Bishops, Dr.
+Doyle.  Retiring from Kilkenny, he represented Nottingham in the
+Commons until in 1834, after twenty-nine years of Parliamentary life,
+he was created a peer in his own right, and took his seat in the House
+of Lords as Lord Duncannon.  In 1834 he was Home Secretary, and from
+1835 to 1839 was Lord Privy Seal.  Two years after, succeeding to the
+earldom, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland immediately upon
+Lord John Russell's formation of a Government.  Between the date of the
+Kilkenny election and his accession to the House of Lords, one of the
+most important events in his life was his friendship with O'Connell.
+Once his bitterest enemy, the agitator became almost an intimate
+friend, and Russell's selection of Bessborough for the viceroyalty was
+a direct attempt to please the popular party.  Unfortunately for the
+designs of the premier, the appointment came too late.  There were new
+'shepherds in Israel,' and O'Connell {248} no longer led the Repealers
+or guided them in their councils.  Of course, in official circles Lord
+and Lady Bessborough were successful enough.  Lady Bessborough was a
+daughter of that Earl of Westmoreland who had been Viceroy of Ireland
+from 1790 to 1795, and her Excellency was like an old friend returning.
+But their stay in Dublin was destined to be very brief, and just when
+it appeared that the viceroy was to be overwhelmed by the enormous
+amount of work created by the followers of O'Brien, his Excellency died
+suddenly in Dublin Castle on May 16, 1847--a tragedy which, amongst
+other things, meant that the stormiest viceroyalty in the history of
+the country should be that of Lord Clarendon.  Lord Bessborough was
+sixty-six, and his death was regretted by everybody.  Those who had the
+welfare of the country at heart had been hoping that, with an Irishman
+and a resident landlord at the head of the Irish executive, peace might
+come to the nation, were left to seek consolations in speculations on
+the 'might-have-been,' while the party of revolution were relieved of
+the embarrassment of rebelling against the Government represented by a
+man against whom no charge of self-interest or lack of patriotism could
+be hurled.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Clarendon]
+
+One friend of O'Connell was succeeded by another, and George William
+Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of Clarendon, was sworn in as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland shortly after Lord Bessborough's death.  It
+was understood that he was to be the last Viceroy of Ireland.  He was
+then forty-seven years of age, twenty-seven of which {249} had been
+spent in the service of the country.  At twenty he was an attaché to
+the British Embassy at St. Petersburg; from 1827 to 1829 a
+commissionership of Customs took him to Ireland, where he studied the
+Irish question so effectively that the Lord-Lieutenant, the Marquis of
+Anglesey, was glad to have his advice.  When he left Madrid, the
+Spanish Government struck a medal in his honour as a tribute to his
+successful occupancy of an embassy by no means the easiest in Europe.
+In 1838 he declined the Governor-Generalship of Canada: indeed, he made
+a habit of declining honours, amongst these being a twice-offered
+marquisate and two pressing invitations to govern India.  In 1847,
+however, he accepted the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and with Lady
+Clarendon, who was a daughter of the Earl of Verulam, he entered upon
+his remarkable term of office.  A year before he had presided over the
+Board of Trade, and this was his most onerous ministerial appointment
+until he went to Ireland.
+
+The strongest and wisest of men would have failed in Ireland during the
+period bounded by the years 1847 and 1852--the time covered by Lord
+Clarendon's viceroyalty--and the Lord-Lieutenant was by no means
+entitled to be considered above the average in strength and wisdom.  He
+was a Liberal, and a Free Trader, and a friend of O'Connell, and he had
+numerous ideas that he hoped would fructify to Ireland's gain, but he
+never had a real chance.  In succession he had to face the Young
+Ireland insurrection, the famine, Orange disturbances in several
+counties, the {250} ghastly economic problems created by the increasing
+emigration of the peasantry, and the consequent bankruptcy of the
+landlords.  Clarendon laboured at the Castle and in London in a
+hopeless endeavour to restore order out of chaos.  To defeat William
+Smith O'Brien and his followers was ridiculously easy, but it was
+another matter coping with a famine that threatened to wipe the peasant
+population out of existence.  Ireland, ever the thorn in the crown of
+British statesmanship, drove Russell to distraction, and made Clarendon
+old before his time.  Daily plots to assassinate him were duly reported
+to the police, and by them to the viceroy; Lady Clarendon was induced
+to spend most of her time in England, and eventually so virulent did
+the enemies of the Government become that for days the viceroy was
+placed in the humiliating position of being unable to go beyond the
+precincts of Dublin Castle.  At viceregal parties a large percentage of
+those present consisted of spies and detectives.  In the country blood
+was being shed--at the Castle lives were being worn out.  Clarendon was
+courageous enough, but courage is only a secondary attribute in a
+statesman.  Wisdom was wanted, and wisdom was not to be found.  The
+executive at Dublin scarcely understood the temper of the country.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant's policy was vigorous, but its administration haphazard
+and spasmodic.
+
+Whenever an experiment or change was tried, it was abandoned in panic
+before anyone could judge the results.  The viceroy overshadowed {251}
+the Chief Secretary, and thus all the acts of the queen's
+representative were coloured by the opinions of one political party.
+To the mass of the people of Ireland the throne of England symbolized
+oppression and persecution.
+
+In this vague and bewildering state of affairs there was no room for
+social pleasantries, though Castle seasons came and went with grim
+regularity.  There was, however, some compensation in store for the
+harassed viceroy, for to everybody's surprise it was announced that
+Queen Victoria intended to visit Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: Queen Victoria's first visit]
+
+The first visit to Ireland of Queen Victoria took place in 1849.  Her
+Majesty was accompanied by the Prince Consort, and the royal parents
+brought their children with them.  Their stay in Ireland had to be
+limited to five days, and a great deal had to be compressed into the
+short time at their disposal.  Ireland has always been courteous to its
+visitors of whatever rank, but Queen Victoria received an enthusiastic
+welcome that voiced her popularity with every class and creed in the
+country.  She had undertaken the journey from a strong sense of duty;
+she actually experienced a sense of pleasure, and from that time
+forward there was at least one eminent person in England who understood
+the good qualities of the people of Ireland.  On the surface, and to
+suit the phrase-mongers, they might be disloyal, but at heart they
+entertained a strong affection for the occupant of the throne of
+England.  Queen Victoria knew this, and her opinion was endorsed by her
+successors, King Edward VII. and King George V., {252} when they made
+the acquaintance of the people of the 'kingdom of Ireland.'
+
+The royal visit accomplished, Dublin returned to its old condition of
+squalor.  Agitation was rife, fostered by the pens and voices of a
+group of brilliant Irishmen.  They had started the _Nation_ newspaper,
+and had made it one of the most powerful organs in the country; other
+offshoots of the Young Ireland Press helped to pepper the Government,
+and as there was no champion on the English side, the patriots appeared
+to have matters all their own way.  Arguments were unanswered, and
+were, therefore, accepted as infallible, and this condition of things
+continued for a time until the viceroy and his secretary, Mr. Corry
+Conellan, decided to have a newspaper champion of their very own.  Sir
+William Somerville, the Chief Secretary, was called into the
+conference, and ways and means discussed.  There can be no doubt of the
+fact that the Lord-Lieutenant could have had the aid of any one of a
+dozen clever journalists, but ashamed, perhaps, of their methods, they
+enlisted in their service a person of the name of Birch, whose only
+claim to notoriety was the proprietorship of the _World_, and a
+conviction ending in six months' imprisonment for having threatened to
+publish a defamatory article about a public official unless the latter
+paid for its suppression.  Lord Clarendon was, of course, unaware of
+his hireling's police-court experiences, and he agreed with his private
+secretary's recommendation of Mr. Birch.  The latter was, therefore,
+regularly supplied with {253} opinions from the Castle upon all
+subjects relating to Ireland, and week by week the _World_ did its best
+to counteract the effect produced by every issue of the _Nation_.  It
+was a feeble attempt on Birch's part, who possessed neither the wit nor
+the talent of the _Nation_ writers, and his employers tired of his
+futilities.  The hack was given notice, and his _World_ was abandoned
+by the viceregal party.  But Mr. Birch was a gentleman with a knowledge
+of a greater world; he decided that Lord Clarendon and his Chief
+Secretary could be made to pay, and so he concocted a list of services
+rendered and demanded a honorarium of £7,000 for his trouble.
+
+[Sidenote: A 'cause célèbre']
+
+When the claim was first made, the Lord-Lieutenant declined to pay a
+penny more.  He reminded Birch that he had received nearly £2,000 in
+return for very little work, but the journalist did not wish to argue
+the rights or wrongs of his claim--he wanted money, or else he would
+bring them into court and open his mouth.  This frightened Lord
+Clarendon, who compromised with Birch by paying him the sum of £2,000
+to withdraw his action.  The journalist accepted, and turned his
+attention to the Chief Secretary, who wisely refused to be blackmailed,
+and accordingly, in the month of December, 1851, the élite of Dublin
+crowded the approaches to the Four Courts, to witness the spectacle of
+a viceroy in the witness-box being cross-examined by counsel for the
+plaintiff.  There were rumours that the most sensational disclosures
+would be made, and in official circles there was much trepidation.
+{254} By now the viceroy had learned the lesson that to attempt to
+conciliate a blackmailer was the most stupid form folly could assume.
+He agreed to submit himself to cross-examination--the only course if he
+desired to free himself from his late confederate.
+
+Birch boldly stated his case, and described how he had been sent for by
+the viceroy's private secretary, and bought over by the Government.  He
+had been instructed to reply to the attacks of the _Nation_, and, so he
+said, given a free hand in the spending of money.  One story is good
+until another is told, and Birch's was largely discounted when the
+defence made its explanation.  Lord Clarendon confessed that he had
+paid £3,700 altogether to Birch, and had received practically nothing
+in return.  Of this sum £2,000 had been paid to the journalist to
+abandon an action he had entered against the viceroy, claiming £4,800
+and £3 10s. costs.  The action tried was ostensibly against Sir William
+Somerville, the Chief Secretary, but everybody knew that it was merely
+another attempt on the insatiable Birch's part to extract more money
+from the Lord-Lieutenant.
+
+The trial lasted several days, but when the jury were allowed to
+retire, they made short work of Birch, whose cross-examination had
+killed his chances of success.  Four minutes' deliberation was
+sufficient for the jurymen to bring in a verdict for the defendants, to
+whom they awarded costs to the amount of sixpence.  It was a blow to
+the prestige of Lord Clarendon, though the right-minded admitted his
+honesty in declining to be {255} blackmailed by an adventurer.
+Naturally, the opposition party made great capital out of it, and the
+_Nation_ attained the dignity of a classic.  For many weeks its pages
+were never without a reference to the _cause célèbre_, one of these
+being a neat epigram, which read:
+
+  '"Lord C. has grown most awfully religious,"
+    Said Corry Conellan with a rueful air;
+  "At least, his trepidation is prodigious
+    As to how in the next World he'll fare!":
+
+
+With all the stubbornness of an English gentleman, the viceroy remained
+on at his post.  He was anxious to discover the solution to the
+problems of the day.  English money poured into the country to relieve
+the famine-stricken areas, and the landlords were helped also, but this
+did not augur tranquillity in the future.  In despair the viceroy began
+a policy of favouring the patriotic party; he tried conciliation, made
+advances, and offered the hand of friendship, only to be called a
+coward, and earn the distrust of his own party.  He then reversed his
+policy with the usual result--nobody was pleased, and when in 1852 Lord
+Clarendon's term came to an end, he was adjudged by all classes to have
+failed, although in such times Clarendon's failure was not without its
+personal compensations.  He had the satisfaction of knowing that no man
+could have succeeded, and history has proved that to be a fact.  His
+subsequent career is part of the history of England, for he was Foreign
+Secretary from 1853 to 1858, an epoch rendered memorable by the {256}
+Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny.  In 1870 he died suddenly, seventy
+years of age.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Eglinton and Winton]
+
+[Sidenote: A remarkable sportsman]
+
+Lord Derby's first Government began on February 27, 1852, and ended in
+the following December.  During that short period the Viceroy of
+Ireland was Lord Eglinton and Winton, a nobleman who is best remembered
+as the promoter of the Eglinton tournament, an attempt to revive the
+old-time glory of the age of chivalry.  This freak cost him £40,000, a
+small sum to one possessed of great wealth, a fact he made evident
+throughout his stay in Dublin.  His lavish entertainments created a new
+era in viceregal hospitality.  Lord Eglinton was essentially what may
+be described as a sportsman, using the term in the old sense, and not
+as it is now understood.  His racing stable was about the largest and
+most successful in England, and during the forty-nine years (1812-61)
+he lived, he helped to enliven the crowd.  He was devoted to sport, and
+some surprise was expressed when he agreed to govern Ireland, but he
+liked the country, and in 1858, on Lord Derby's return, he went back to
+Dublin, but within sixteen months he resigned, and in June, 1859, it
+became necessary to find a successor.  He was scarcely interested in
+politics, though in 1854 he moved a resolution in the Lords asking for
+a commission to inquire into the working of the Board of Education in
+Ireland.  During his second viceroyalty he married again--the first
+Lady Eglinton having died in 1853--and for a few months a daughter of
+the Earl of Essex acted as the hostess of Dublin Castle and the
+Viceregal {257} Lodge.  Personally untouched by the political
+difficulties of the country, Lord Eglinton had the merit of realizing
+the hopelessness of trying to solve Irish problems, and he did more
+good with his lavish dinners than the well-meaning Clarendon had with
+his painstaking investigations into, and midnight studies of, what are
+termed, for want of a better name, 'Irish affairs.'  He was given the
+United Kingdom peerage of Winton--an earldom--on his retirement from
+Ireland, the grateful ministry thus acknowledging his popularity as a
+sportsman, and helping us to remember that he won the St. Leger three
+times and the Derby once.
+
+Political affairs having terminated Lord Eglinton's first viceroyalty
+towards the close of 1852, Lord Aberdeen, the Prime Minister, appointed
+the Earl of St. Germans to Ireland.  It was yet another attempt to meet
+the criticism that English statesmen and Irish viceroys were absolutely
+ignorant of and indifferent to Irish problems.  Lord St. Germans was
+fifty-four, and for some years--1841 to 1845--had been Chief Secretary
+for Ireland.  He was a man of ability and courage, and as the author of
+the Eliot Convention taught the participants in the Carlist rising in
+Spain something of the decencies of warfare.  As Chief Secretary for
+Ireland, his time had been spent in dealing with the numerous petty
+rebellions and their leaders; he introduced a Bill to restrict the sale
+of firearms and the importation of ammunition; the Government found it
+unacceptable, and Eliot went out of office to be given the {258}
+Postmaster-Generalship by Peel, and later the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Ireland.
+
+Lord St. Germans married in 1824 a grand-daughter of the first Marquis
+Cornwallis, and both became intimate friends of the royal family.  In
+1853 Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort visited Dublin to open the
+great International Exhibition, and, of course, they were
+enthusiastically welcomed by the whole of the country.  Lord and Lady
+St. Germans took the lead in a splendid series of festivities that
+celebrated the visit of the queen.  Political motives may have
+suggested the visit, but in all probability the anxiety of Her Majesty
+to see Ireland again was not lessened by the fact that her friend was
+the viceroy.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Carlisle]
+
+St. Germans' retirement in 1855 to become Lord Steward and confidant of
+the queen until his death, at the age of seventy-nine, in 1877, was
+followed by Lord Carlisle's first term of office.  As Lord Morpeth he
+had been Chief Secretary for more than six years--1835-41--the post
+having been given him because it was his amendment to the address that
+turned out the Peel administration in the spring of 1835.  Lord
+Morpeth, as he was known during the twenty odd years he sat in
+Parliament, was the most workmanlike minister of his generation.  With
+the assistance of Thomas Drummond, his under-secretary, he framed the
+Irish Tithe Bill, the Irish Municipal Reform Bill, and the Irish Poor
+Law Bill; and, although hampered by the House of Lords and by the fact
+that he was regarded as Lord Melbourne's {259} hostage for good
+behaviour to Daniel O'Connell, he was a most successful Chief Secretary
+in a time when success was very dearly bought.  He was, therefore,
+essentially a safe man when he became viceroy on the nomination of Lord
+Palmerston in February, 1855.  He held the post until October, 1864,
+with the exception of the sixteen months occupied by Lord Eglinton's
+second viceroyalty, between February, 1858, and June, 1859.
+
+It is not possible to say that any Viceroy of Ireland has been
+successful, because there is no such thing as pleasing the numerous
+parties into which the democracy and aristocracy of the country is
+divided, but Lord Carlisle went as near success as any human being
+could.  A fine statue by J. H. Foley, erected in Phoenix Park in 1870,
+is evidence of the popularity of George William Frederick Howard,
+seventh Earl of Carlisle.  He was an emancipationist when it was
+dangerous to confess to such ultra-Liberalism, and his speech when
+introducing the Irish Tithe Bill in the House of Commons in 1835--he
+was but thirty-three--remains one of the best speeches by an Englishman
+on Irish affairs.  He took a genuine interest in the welfare of the
+country, and did his best.  The 'patriots' denounced him as a tool of a
+tyrannical Government; the few that made his personal acquaintance
+discovered a scholarly nobleman with the most amiable manner in the
+world.  He never married, and consequently did not entertain on the
+same lavish and indiscriminate scale as his predecessors, but Dublin
+Castle was all the better for its acquaintance with the eminent {260}
+persons the viceroy dined and wined there.  Another visit of the Queen
+and Prince Albert, inspired by the fact that the Prince of Wales was
+quartered with his regiment at the Curragh, was a feature of Lord
+Carlisle's term.
+
+There were, of course, the usual political agitations, and although the
+Smith O'Brien rising had collapsed ignominiously, a new force in Irish
+affairs came into existence about the time that Lord Carlisle was
+concluding his first viceroyalty.  The Irish in America had begun to
+take a practical interest in Irish affairs.  They subscribed large sums
+of money to aid the cause of Irish independence, and for six years,
+beginning with 1858, great preparations were made for the striking of
+the decisive blow.  James Stephens and others founded the Fenian
+organization described by Mr. Gladstone as having its root in Ireland
+and its branches in the United States.  During the latter months of
+Lord Carlisle's viceroyalty there were one or two small attempts on the
+part of the Fenians to make themselves prominent, but it was not until
+Lord Wodehouse was in power at Dublin Castle that English ministers
+realized the gravity of the new situation created by Stephens and his
+friends.  Lord Carlisle's resignation was brought about by ill-health,
+and in October, 1864, he left Ireland, to die before the close of the
+year.  It illustrates the viceroy's position in social and literary
+circles to recall the fact that when the country celebrated in 1864 the
+tercentenary of the birth of William Shakespeare, Lord Carlisle should
+be selected to preside over the festivities at Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+
+
+
+{261}
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+The viceroyalty of Lord Wodehouse brought him an earldom in the year he
+retired from office--1868--but it would be an exaggeration to say that
+he was conspicuously successful.  Until his appointment to Ireland,
+Wodehouse had had experience of under-secretaryships only, at the
+Foreign and Indian Offices, and Lord Palmerston's selection came as a
+surprise.  It may have been due to the fact that Lord Wodehouse's wife
+was a daughter of an Irish peer, the last Earl of Clare, and there have
+been selections for the viceroyalty based on even more frivolous and
+cynical reasons.  There was, of course, a great deal of anxious and
+dangerous work for Lord Wodehouse to do, and within a few months of his
+arrival in Dublin he was coping night and day with the Fenian rising.
+At first all the viceroy's energy and the underground activities of his
+subordinates seemed helpless against the efforts of the latest society
+for bringing about separation from England, but Lord Wodehouse was not
+dismayed, and he met murder with execution and assassination with the
+rope.  The Fenian movement culminated in 1867 in a series of shameless
+murders that once more drew the {262} attention of the English nation
+to the disturbed condition of Ireland.
+
+In the May of 1867 Mr. Gladstone declared in the House of Commons that
+the time was near when the Government would have to deal with the Irish
+Church, one of the strongest arguments of the Fenian party.  Following
+this declaration came the murder of a policeman in Manchester, when an
+attempt was made to rescue two Fenian prisoners.  Three men were
+executed for the crime, and as the 'Manchester martyrs' they are to be
+found in the calendar of Nationalism.  There was a melodramatic attempt
+to blow up a London prison, and thus free a Fenian incarcerated within
+its walls.  Everywhere the mention of the name of Ireland produced a
+feeling of panic and an expression of profound contempt.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Kimberley]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Wodehouse, whose administration, ending in 1866, was
+wholly political, acted with rigour and fearlessness.  The Home Rulers
+mocked him, issuing imitation proclamations signed 'Woodlouse.'  He
+turned aside from signing warrants to welcome, in May, 1865, the Prince
+of Wales--afterwards King Edward VII.--to Dublin to open the
+International Exhibition, but that was almost the only occasion when he
+made a public appearance unassociated with politics.  There was some
+effort to maintain the social side of Dublin Castle government, but the
+times were not favourable to hospitality, and when in 1866 the viceroy
+was succeeded by the Marquis of Abercorn, and took his place in Mr.
+Gladstone's first ministry as Lord Privy Seal, under his new title of
+Earl of {263} Kimberley, there was neither regret nor gratitude
+expressed for his departure.  The Nationalists and their Fenian allies
+could not be expected to show approval or disapproval of persons who
+merely administered the same system.  To them Dublin Castle was the
+outward token of England's rule in Ireland, and their object was to
+destroy its existence.
+
+Lord Kimberley died in 1902, aged seventy-six.  He is not remembered
+for his Irish viceroyalty, but as Foreign Secretary under Lord Rosebery
+in 1892-94 he displayed an ability that was something above mere
+industry.  He declined to join an alliance which had for its object the
+coercion of Japan after the latter's victory over China, and this
+far-seeing act was the first step towards the Anglo-Japanese alliance
+which many consider Lord Lansdowne's greatest achievement during his
+tenure of the Foreign Office.  Lord Kimberley was Colonial Secretary in
+the days when the affairs of the outer Empire were not considered very
+important, and a knowledge of the colonies something akin to bad form.
+His administration of Indian affairs was decidedly tame, but he did no
+harm.  It was his fate who once had been a member of the strongest
+Liberal Cabinet in the history of party government to witness the
+Liberal debacle that followed the resignation of the Rosebery
+Government.  In the palmy days of Liberalism it was his good fortune to
+serve under Gladstone--towards the close of his life he sat in the
+Cabinet of a man who, having won the greatest prize of political life
+too easily, treated it with {264} contempt, and in doing so wrecked the
+party which enabled him to win some fame as a statesman.  To Lord
+Kimberley fell the task of leading the Liberal minority in the House of
+Lords, and when he died in 1902, the Conservative and Unionist party
+was in an apparently impregnable position, and Liberalism was in the
+depths.
+
+The fall of the Liberal ministry brought Lord Derby to the head of the
+Government, with Disraeli as his Chancellor of the Exchequer.  The
+Prime Minister thereupon asked the Marquis of Abercorn to accept the
+difficult and laborious post of Viceroy of Ireland, and the hazardous
+position was accepted from a sense of duty.  Lord Abercorn was in 1866
+fifty-five years of age, and thirty-four years earlier he had married
+Lady Louisa Russell, a daughter of the sixth Duke of Bedford, another
+viceregal family.  The viceroy was a popular landlord, though he, too,
+had a constitutional objection to tenants who would not pay their
+rents.  But the respectable classes admired him, and those who knew him
+personally considered that he was the right man for Ireland.  He was
+the proudest man in Ireland, with a flamboyant love of display.
+Fenianism was most active during his first term, and Abercorn was
+compelled to adopt similar methods in dealing with the trouble as had
+been part of the Liberal administration of his predecessor.  Ireland
+has always refused to accept the spirit of the English party system,
+and whether Liberal or Conservative ministry was in power, Dublin
+Castle remained the same.  There were the usual evictions, riots, {265}
+murders, and other crimes scarcely less reprehensible, and the viceroy,
+although protected to some extent by the Chief Secretary, who was, of
+course, the mouthpiece of the Irish Government in the House of Commons,
+found himself compelled by force of circumstances to undertake
+political work against which his soul revolted.  Lord Abercorn was not
+a man to revel in a display of the power of the police, or even of the
+tenacity and strength of the Castle bureaucracy.  He aimed at the
+improvement of the masses, the progress of education, and the
+cultivation of the fine arts.  In society the viceroy and the
+marchioness were most popular.  He was an intimate friend of the queen.
+No charge of alienism could be laid against the head of the Irish
+Hamiltons, and while every other great landlord had his land troubles,
+the tenants of the Marquis of Abercorn had realized in a practical
+manner their indebtedness to their landlord.  If anybody should have
+been the ideal viceroy Lord Abercorn was the man; but here, again, any
+success achieved was purely social, and confined to a small area.  The
+unruly state of the country, its increasing poverty, and its record of
+crime, found no palliative in the reign of the proudest of the
+Hamiltons.
+
+[Sidenote: Prince and Princess of Wales]
+
+In April, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Dublin, to
+prove again that if Ireland had the reputation of being a nation of
+rebels, it could be courteous to distinguished visitors.  Lord and Lady
+Abercorn received them in Dublin, and there were great rejoicings.  The
+executive had taken the most elaborate precautions for the safety {266}
+of the royal pair, but events proved that they were quite unnecessary,
+and Ireland might have been one of the most prosperous countries in the
+world for all the prince and princess saw to the contrary.  Within the
+sacred walls of St. Patrick's Cathedral the Lord-Lieutenant presided
+over a gorgeous ceremony, which formally created the Prince of Wales a
+Knight of St. Patrick, and the banquet that followed in St. Patrick's
+Hall was one of great splendour.  The dinner brought together not only
+all the notables of Ireland, but also the largest gathering of English
+and Irish detectives that the Castle has ever contained.  The number of
+the detectives was quite embarrassing, but it was considered necessary,
+with recollections of Manchester and Clerkenwell.  The royal guests
+were ignorant of this part of the programme, however, although the
+prince once addressed a question to a gentleman whom he thought was the
+viceroy's secretary.  He was not enlightened as to the identity of the
+detective-inspector from London, who was part of his bodyguard.
+
+Benjamin Disraeli was Prime Minister at the time of the royal visit to
+Ireland, and he had no difficulty in getting Abercorn a dukedom.  On
+August 10, 1868, his elevation was announced, and Ireland's only
+duke--his Grace of Leinster--was joined by a second wearer of the
+strawberry leaves.  The new dignity had been earned years before Lord
+Abercorn lived in Dublin Castle, and by no stretch of official
+imagination could it be said to hallmark the Abercorn administration of
+1866 to 1868.  The General Election in the latter {267} year displaced
+Disraeli, and gave Mr. Gladstone the reins of power, and the Duke of
+Abercorn went out with the Tory Government to enjoy himself in
+opposition until 1874, when Disraeli tasted the sweets of office again.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Church disestablished]
+
+We have Mr. Gladstone's own admission that the Fenian agitation of the
+sixties was the primary cause of English interest in the Irish Church,
+and in the great land question.  It is one of the truisms of history
+that agitation on unconstitutional methods is more effective than the
+employment of peaceful persuasion.  Catholic Emancipation proved that.
+When Gladstone took office it was known that he would attempt to create
+a contented Ireland by disestablishing the Irish Church, and by passing
+a great Land Act.  He chose as his Irish viceroy Earl Spencer, then an
+unknown and untried young man in his thirty-third year.  To be the
+representative of the premier in Ireland was the most onerous and
+dangerous position in the Government.  The viceroy found society, lay
+and clerical, against him, and with the passing of the Land Act of 1870
+the upper-class Irish believed what they had only doubted before--that
+Gladstone was the worst enemy of Ireland, and that Lord Spencer was his
+dangerous satellite.  There is no need to enter into the controversy
+that ensued when Gladstone introduced the Bill disestablishing the
+Church of Ireland, as the Protestant minority was termed absurdly.
+Archbishop Trench declared passionately that the disestablishment would
+'put to the Irish Protestants the choice between apostasy and
+expatriation, and every {268} man among them who has money or position,
+when he sees his Church go, will leave the country.  If you do that,'
+he continued, 'you will find the country so difficult to manage that
+you will have to depend upon the gibbet and the sword.'  It would be
+unfair to dwell upon the ludicrous moanings of the Church party; they
+prophesied not only the extinction of the Irish Protestants, but the
+end of Christendom.  We can be content with the knowledge that time has
+given us of the prosperity and progress of Protestantism in Ireland.
+
+It is a splendid example of the irony of life to recall Mr. Gladstone's
+declaration when the telegram arrived at Hawarden, informing him that
+an emissary was on his way from Windsor Castle.  'My mission,' he said,
+'is to pacify Ireland.'  That may have been true, but Gladstone brought
+a sword rather than peace to the country which had such a long and
+fateful connection with the statesmanship of the great Liberal.  Lord
+Spencer, his first viceroy, experienced all the fury of rebellious
+Nationalism, and during his second viceroyalty had the unfortunate
+distinction of being the governor of a country where no man's life was
+safe, and where murder and outrage were as common as sand.
+
+This is, however, anticipating events.  The refusal of Lord Halifax to
+accept the viceroyalty had restricted Gladstone's choice.  Liberalism,
+even in its mildest state, has never appealed to territorial magnates,
+and the Whiggism of Lord Spencer was scarcely the fire-and-thunder
+Liberalism {269} of his chief, but he stepped into the breach, and for
+the rest of his life was one of the strongest champions of a political
+faith unpopular amongst his own class.  Born in 1836, and married at
+the age of twenty-two, he brought the courage of youth to bear upon the
+Irish situation.  Gladstone never had a more faithful colleague and
+Dublin Castle a more conscientious occupant.  Dublin society was
+inclined to frown upon the viceroy, and there was some talk of a
+boycott of the viceregal functions, but Lord and Lady Spencer were
+independent of the support of the official and professional class which
+forms what is called society in the capital of Ireland.  A great
+English landlord and his wife could create any society they chose,
+being somewhat in a similar position to the Scotsman who declared that
+wherever he sat was the head of the table.  Lord Hartington, better
+known as the Duke of Devonshire, was Chichester Fortescue's successor
+as Chief Secretary, and the two noblemen carried out Gladstone's
+reforms with a thoroughness that for a time gave the impression that at
+last the Irish nation was to be pacified and made amenable to English
+rule.
+
+[Sidenote: The Land Act of 1870]
+
+The disestablishment of the Protestant Church in Ireland was, however,
+a minor reform compared with the great Land Act of 1870.  This was a
+measure of reform that took away the breath of the Tory leaders, but it
+has proved a most beneficial act, and when in the course of time it
+became obsolete, it was a Unionist administration that improved upon
+it, and passed an Act which, {270} compared with that of 1870, or even
+that of 1881, out-Gladstoned Gladstone.  It was not a brilliant
+success, because it tried to do too much, and, of course, offended both
+parties; but as the first attempt on a large scale to settle this
+many-sided question, it deserves a high place in the records of
+Gladstone's memorable Government of 1868-74.
+
+Any determined effort to ostracize the viceroy was soon killed by the
+presence and influence of Lady Spencer.  She had been no more than
+twenty-four hours in Dublin when she was nicknamed "Spencer's Fairy
+Queen," a most flattering description of a great beauty and a charming
+woman.  Lord Spencer's skill as a horseman was in his favour, and his
+regular attendance in the chase earned him the respect of a large
+community which has a hereditary affection for the noblest of animals.
+
+Castle seasons were enlivened by visits from the Prince of Wales, the
+Princess Louise, and the Prince Arthur, now the Duke of Connaught;
+while the important Dublin Exhibition was opened, and numerous Irish
+industries patronized and helped.
+
+
+
+
+{271}
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+The fall of the Government was hastened by the Premier's anxiety to
+fulfil his pledge to pacify Ireland.  The Church question was settled,
+the land problem on its way to solution, and now Gladstone turned his
+attention to the grievances of Roman Catholics on the question of a
+university.  The Prime Minister's pose as the only man capable of
+settling Irish affairs had not been strengthened by the passing of a
+coercion act in the spring of 1870, but if he imprisoned Fenians, he
+generally followed it up by pressing for their release.  And firmly
+believing that if he conciliated the Roman Catholics he would bring
+peace to the country, he introduced a measure into the House of Commons
+seeking powers to establish a university acceptable to all classes and
+creeds.  It was defeated by three votes in one of the most memorable
+and significant divisions Parliament has known.  Friends and foes
+abstained, and friends and foes voted with surprising inconsistency,
+but the net result was the discomfiture of the Gladstonians and the
+immediate resignation of the premier, the latter act prompted, no
+doubt, by the knowledge that there was no other possible leader of a
+Government in the country.  {272} Mr. Gladstone came back--as he knew
+he would--but the effects of the Irish University bill were felt right
+down to the day that the leader of the Liberal party heard the results
+of the General Election of 1874, and realized that his great rival,
+Benjamin Disraeli, was at last at the head of a working majority.
+
+When writing of Gladstone's colleagues, it is difficult to resist the
+temptation to turn from them to speak of their chief.  Lord Spencer,
+however, was something more than a mere official obeying the orders of
+his superior.  His first term in Ireland laid the foundation of his
+public life, and exhibited those principles of devotion to duty, as he
+considered his duty to be, and a single-minded adherence to the
+political principles that distinguished him above his changing and
+vacillating colleagues.  When Mr. Gladstone proposed his university
+reforms, the viceroy worked his hardest, and Dublin Castle witnessed
+numberless interviews between him and representatives of both Churches.
+He saw Cardinal Cullen and obtained his views.  As usual, the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy, never doubtful as to its wants, asked too much, but
+Spencer listened politely, and in due course informed Gladstone.
+Doubtless, the English nobleman failed to understand the extraordinary
+mixture of politics and religion that is always part of Irish affairs,
+but he tried to understand and even to sympathize.
+
+Gladstone's defeat in 1874 meant, of course, the viceroy's retirement
+from Dublin, and if the majority of the members of the Liberal
+administration {273} regretted their defeat, Lord Spencer was not one
+of them.  He merited the rest opposition gave him, and for six years
+Tory noblemen acted as viceroys of Ireland.
+
+The Duke of Abercorn's second viceroyalty was quiet and threadbare.
+Disraeli was not the man to attempt heroic measures.  Perhaps he
+laboured to avoid Irish affairs, which since the Union had threatened
+to monopolize the time of Parliament.  He sent Sir Michael Hicks-Beach,
+afterwards Viscount St. Aldwyn, to the Irish office, and trusted to the
+viceroy and the Chief Secretary to shield him from the worries created
+by the awkward fact that a Prime Minister's duties were not confined to
+England.  When the Duke of Abercorn sent in his resignation, in
+December, 1876, owing to the state of his wife's health, Disraeli
+prevailed upon another duke to take his place.  This was the sixth Duke
+of Marlborough, who had declined the viceroyalty in the first days of
+the Government's existence.  The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn retired
+into private life, popular and respected, the duke living until 1885.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Marlborough]
+
+The incoming Lord-Lieutenant was in his fifty-fifth year when in the
+early days of 1877 he was sworn in as Viceroy of Ireland.  One of
+Disraeli's personal friends, the influence of the duke had helped the
+Prime Minister from the outer ring of plebeian obscurity into the inner
+circle of Conservative exclusiveness.  Disraeli had a passion for
+dukes, although that rank suggested dulness to his bizarre and Oriental
+imagination.  Marlborough {274} had been Lord President of the Council
+in 1868 during Disraeli's first administration, and he was induced to
+reconsider his decision not to join the ministry when the Duke of
+Abercorn retired.
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough directed their attention to the
+amelioration of the lot of the poverty-stricken peasantry, and they
+endeavoured also to aid the trade of Ireland.  When the failure of the
+crops brought a famine, the duchess inaugurated a relief fund, which,
+with the help of the Mansion House, London, brought over £170,000 to
+the rescue of the sufferers.  Many other acts of kindness could be
+recorded of them, and although their reign necessarily concluded in
+May, 1880, on the destruction of the Tory Government, they accomplished
+much in a brief space of time, and, without being great reformers,
+achieved something in the way of reform.  Her Excellency had been
+before her marriage Lady Frances Tempest, and was a daughter of the
+third Marquis of Londonderry.  She was a dignified chatelaine of Dublin
+Castle, a fit partner for a great nobleman.  The rumblings of the Home
+Rule agitation storm could be heard before they vacated the viceregal
+position, for by now Charles Stewart Parnell had arisen to sound a new
+battle-cry for Nationalist Ireland.  The old methods of dead-and-gone
+agitators were to be improved upon, new ones invented and exploited,
+and a decisive battle fought for Irish independence.
+
+[Sidenote: Agitation and crime]
+
+The records of the day state that the Duke of Marlborough was 'popular'
+and 'successful,' but {275} these are the records written by partisans.
+A popular viceroy generally means a Lord-Lieutenant who exhibits an
+amiable weakness to let things remain as they are, and as Marlborough
+did this, he was an especial favourite of the official party.  He was,
+however, wise in his generation.  Before his time history had taught
+the vital lesson that the viceroy who did his best to please all
+parties earned the hatred of all, and the men who ignored the pressing
+problems of the day, and turned his term of office into a social orgy,
+was acclaimed by the unthinking multitudes.  Riots, and evictions, and
+murders, were common enough in the closing months of Marlborough's
+viceroyalty, but beyond giving his sanction to the various acts that
+dealt with agrarian crimes and the troublous land problem, the viceroy
+made no display of statesmanship or endangered his ducal equanimity.
+It was to the Duke of Marlborough that Disraeli addressed his letter
+asking the electors for a fresh mandate.  He lived long enough to feel
+thankful that the English electors decided in 1880 to have nothing to
+do with Toryism, and so ordained that, instead of Beaconsfield
+nominating a viceroy, the task should be Gladstone's.  During his stay
+in Dublin Marlborough had for private secretary Lord Randolph
+Churchill.  In 1883 the duke died at the comparatively early age of
+sixty-one.
+
+It was expected that Lord Spencer would return to Ireland, but he was
+selected to fill the decorative post of Lord President of the Council,
+and Earl Cowper was sent to cope with Parnell's {276} followers.
+Cowper was forty-six years of age, and ten years previous to his
+appointment had married a daughter of the fourth Lord Northampton.  He
+was a man of great strength of character, a charming host, and famous
+for a temperament that he never allowed to be ruffled.  A perfect host,
+and a man of the world endowed with many talents, Earl Cowper might
+have succeeded at almost anything except the one particular task to
+which he was assigned.  When he arrived in Dublin the country was in a
+state of rebellion, the remarkable success of Parnell in uniting all
+shades of Nationalists under his leadership having the result of
+presenting the most formidable opposition to the Government yet
+experienced in the history of both countries.  Parnell had entered
+Parliament in 1875, and four years later was popularly acclaimed the
+new leader of the Irish people.  His lightest words were sufficient to
+render null and void the most important Act of Parliament, his orders
+were reverenced and obeyed by a vast majority of his countrymen.  When
+Lord Cowper took up his duties Parnell was the ruler of Ireland, and
+the efforts of the English Government to maintain a semblance of
+authority would have been ludicrous if the results had not been so
+tragic.  Landlords, agents, and tenants were murdered in cold blood,
+peaceful citizens were dragged into foul conspiracy by their bullying
+neighbours, and Parnell went about in open defiance of the Government,
+preaching rebellion and its ghastly accompaniments wherever he came.
+Mr. W. E. Forster, the Chief Secretary, induced his official chief to
+advise the {277} Cabinet to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, and when
+Gladstone hesitated, a practical demonstration of its necessity was
+furnished by the arrest of Parnell charged with seditious conspiracy,
+his abortive trial owing to the disagreement of the Dublin jury, and
+the Irish leader's consequent triumph over his opponents.  Then the
+power to imprison without trial was given to the Irish executive, and
+soon the gaols of the country were full to overflowing.  With the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act the Land League was born, and a new
+terror to officialism created.
+
+[Sidenote: The Land League]
+
+Lord Cowper's viceroyalty has been tersely described as occupying 'two
+dismal years--the most dismal of the nineteenth century.'  His own life
+was threatened, elaborate plots to terminate the Chief Secretary's
+existence were discovered as fast as an overworked detective department
+could unravel its agents' reports, and from all over the country
+murders were reported until it seemed that all sense of decency had
+long since departed from the country.  Encouraged by the success of the
+Land League, a fresh series of revolting crimes shocked civilization.
+Terrified English ministers tried the effects of another Land Act, and
+in 1881 it was placed in the statute-book.  This was a great triumph
+for the Land League, and was regarded by its members as the
+justification of its existence.  Again a desire to conciliate had been
+interpreted as a sign of weakness.
+
+The new Land Act did not decrease the agitation, and on October 12,
+1881, a five-hour sitting of the Cabinet resulted in an order to the
+viceroy {278} to have Parnell arrested under the Coercion Act.  The
+Irish leader was thereupon taken to Kilmainham Gaol, and remained there
+for six months.  Optimists expected that this bold stroke would
+intimidate the intimidators; it had an opposite effect.  Mr. Forster
+had to report that crime was actually on the increase, and that the
+Land Act had not been of the slightest use.  It was easy to imprison
+Parnell, but the spirit of the movement remained abroad in the people.
+
+In despair Gladstone turned to Parnell, clutching at the straw
+presented by one of the Irishman's friends that Parnell was willing to
+discuss terms of peace with the Government.  The premier was willing,
+anxious, in fact, to remove the reproach from his Government the state
+of Ireland entailed, and he sent Forster to open negotiations with the
+prisoner, who was a dictator.  When Lord Cowper heard of the
+preliminaries to what became known as the Kilmainham Treaty he
+resigned, rightly deeming it demeaning and humiliating for responsible
+ministers to treat with a man who had roused the passions of the
+uncontrollables, and who, to his lasting disgrace, never denounced the
+crimes the Land League produced until the greatest crime of all
+convinced him that sometimes murder is a mistake.  Mr. Gladstone
+appealed to Lord Spencer, a member of his Cabinet, and an experienced
+administrator of Irish affairs, to take up the most dangerous and
+irksome post in the Government.  The earl could not, of course, refuse,
+for refusal in the circumstances could have been construed into a
+confession of cowardice.  {279} He had agreed in the Cabinet to the
+_pourparlers_ with Parnell, and he was determined to give the Irish
+leader an opportunity of retrieving the blunders of the Land League,
+and doing so with a show of victory over the Government, which did not
+care about its reputation on Irish matters provided an end was made of
+the reign of the murderers.
+
+[Sidenote: State of the country]
+
+Immediate events justified Lord Cowper up to the hilt, who must have
+watched with a grim satisfaction the terrible results of Mr.
+Gladstone's Irish policy in the early eighties.  When the time came
+that disclosed Mr. Gladstone as the champion of Home Rule, Lord Cowper
+took a leading part in the forces arrayed against his old chief.  At a
+meeting in a London theatre addressed by Lord Salisbury and the Marquis
+of Hartington, Lord Cowper was in the chair, and his presence was a
+tower of strength to the cause.  After the final defeat of Liberal Home
+Rule he dropped out of public life, and at his death--on July 19,
+1905--he was almost forgotten by his contemporaries.
+
+There is an admirable and eloquent description in Viscount Morley's
+'Life of Gladstone' of the condition of Ireland when Lord Spencer began
+his second viceroyalty: 'In 1882 Ireland seemed to be literally a
+society on the verge of dissolution.  The Invincibles still roved with
+knives about the streets of Dublin.  Discontent had been stirred in the
+ranks of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and a dangerous mutiny broke out
+in the metropolitan force.  Over half of the country the demoralization
+of every class, the terror, the fierce hatred, {280} the universal
+distrust, had grown to an incredible pitch.  The moral cowardice of
+what ought to have been the governing class was astounding.  The
+landlords would hold meetings and agree not to go beyond a certain
+abatement, and then they would go individually and privately offer to
+the tenant a greater abatement.  Even the agents of the law and the
+Courts were shaken in their duty.  The power of random arrest and
+detention under the Coercion Act of 1881 had not improved the morale of
+magistrates and police.  The Sheriff would let the word get out that he
+was coming to make a seizure, and profess surprise that the cattle had
+vanished.  The whole countryside turned out thousands in half the
+counties in Ireland to attend flaming meetings, and if a man did not
+attend angry neighbours trooped up to know the reason why.  The clergy
+hardly stirred a finger to restrain the wildness of the storm; some did
+their best to raise it.  All that was what Lord Spencer had to deal
+with, the very foundations of the social fabric rocking.'
+
+[Illustration: Earl Spencer, K.G.]
+
+The appointment of Earl Spencer was not pleasing to Mr. Forster, and he
+sent in his resignation, his ostensible reason being the proposed
+suspension of the Coercion Act, which had enabled the Irish executive
+to imprison Parnell.  Forster, however, was more concerned with his own
+status.  Lord Spencer would retain his seat in the Cabinet, which meant
+that the Chief Secretary's position would be of less importance than
+hitherto.  The Prime Minister accepted the resignation without more
+than the expected and usual formal expressions {281} of regret.  Lord
+Frederick Cavendish was selected to succeed him, and on the same day
+the viceroy and the Chief Secretary crossed the Channel.  This was the
+fatal May 6, 1882.  Lord Spencer was sworn in at Dublin Castle, and
+during the afternoon he was engaged in 'that grim apartment in Dublin
+Castle, where successive Secretaries spend unshining hours in saying
+"No" to impossible demands and hunting for plausible answers to
+insoluble riddles.'  At five o'clock the Viceroy started to ride to
+Phoenix Park, and at six Lord Frederick Cavendish followed.  In the
+Park he was overtaken by Mr. Burke, the Under-Secretary, and a few
+minutes later both men were foully murdered within sight of the
+Viceregal Lodge.
+
+[Sidenote: The Phoenix Park murders]
+
+Lord Spencer wrote the following account of his knowledge of the
+murders--a statement inspired by a report that he had actually
+witnessed the affray and innocently regarded it as an unimportant
+scuffle:
+
+'It is said that I saw the murder.  That is not so.  I had asked
+Cavendish to drive to the Park with me.  He said he would not; he would
+rather walk with Burke.  Of course, if he had come with me it would not
+have happened.  I then rode to the Park with a small escort--I think,
+my aide-de-camp and a trooper.  Curiously enough, I stopped to look at
+the polo-match which Carey described, so that he and I seem to have
+been together on that occasion.  I then turned towards the Viceregal
+Lodge.  The ordinary and more direct way for me to go was over the very
+scene {282} of the murder.  Had I so gone the murders would not
+probably have been committed.  Three men coming up would have prevented
+anything of that kind.  But I made a slight detour, and got to the
+lodge another way.  When I reached the Lodge I sat down near the window
+and began to read some papers.  Suddenly I heard a shriek which I shall
+never forget.  I seem to hear it now; it is always in my ears.  This
+shriek was repeated again and again.  I got up to look out.  I saw a
+man rushing along.  He jumped over the palings, and dashed up to the
+Lodge shouting: "Mr. Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish are killed!"
+There was great confusion, and immediately I rushed out; but someone of
+the household stopped me, saying that it might be a ruse to get me out,
+and advising me to wait and make inquiries.  Of course, the inquiries
+were made, and the truth soon discovered.  I always deplore my
+unfortunate decision to make that detour, always feeling that if I had
+gone to the Lodge by the ordinary way the murders would have been
+prevented.  I have said that I did not see the murder, but my servant
+did.  He was upstairs, and saw a scuffle going on, but, of course, did
+not know what it was about.'
+
+No political crime produced as great a sensation as these senseless and
+stupid murders.  The news came to London late in the evening, when
+Ministers were dining out.  The Home Secretary was attending a
+dinner-party at the Austrian Embassy when a messenger hurried in to
+tell of the dreadful calamity, and very soon all his colleagues were in
+possession of the dreadful tidings.
+
+{283}
+
+[Sidenote: Another Coercion Act]
+
+The murders meant the end of the policy of conciliation, and the House
+of Commons gave a ready assent to another Coercion Act.  Parnell wrote
+to Gladstone offering to resign his seat, but the premier was not the
+person to judge members of the House of Commons.  With perfect courtesy
+he acknowledged the feeling that had prompted the Irish leader's
+letter, though he must have known that if there had been no Land League
+there would have been no Phoenix Park murders.
+
+It is one of the most difficult of tasks to write familiar history in
+an original manner.  The worthless lives of the assassins paid the
+penalty of the law, and a crude justice was meted out to Carey, the
+informer, who was shot dead by O'Donnell on board the liner which was
+taking him to safety.  O'Donnell was brought back from South Africa and
+executed, but the punishment of the actual murderers was a small part
+of the after-effects of the whole disastrous episode.
+
+It was not long before the party of progress by murder and revolution
+cast off the sackcloth it had donned on the deaths of Mr. Burke and
+Lord Frederick Cavendish.  The viceroy, with his back against the wall,
+was compelled to fight for his own life as well as for the existence of
+law and order.  The Parnellites, confident in their well-established
+reputation for obstruction and their followers' capacity for riot,
+looked forward to the day when they could dictate terms to one of the
+great political parties in England.  The granting of an extended
+franchise in 1884 had cleared the {284} way for an all-Nationalist
+Ireland.  The Liberal party was, as usual, blindly handing to their
+opponents weapons to be used for the destruction of Liberalism.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was always a difficult leader to follow, but when he was
+dealing with Irish affairs his movements resembled the lines created by
+a maze.  With the best of motives he performed the worst and most
+foolish of actions, and Lord Spencer's task became more difficult every
+day.  The Government was defeated on the Budget, and a prolonged crisis
+ensued.  But before the resignation of the Cabinet Lord Spencer had to
+deal with the notorious Maamtrasna case.  This was, in brief, the trial
+of some forty persons for the murder of an entire family.  Twenty-one
+of the convicted prisoners were executed, and it was alleged that some
+of these were innocent.  A fierce debate absorbed three days in the
+House of Commons, and later on, when Lord Salisbury was premier and Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach was leader of the Commons, a motion was brought
+forward censuring the administration of Earl Spencer.  The only result
+was to draw public attention once more to the fearless manner in which
+the viceroy had carried out his duties, and even Tory members had to
+rise and protest in forcible language against the action of Tory
+leaders in condemning the man who risked his life to maintain law and
+order.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Spencer's character]
+
+A month after his retirement from the viceroyalty 300 members of both
+houses of Parliament attended a banquet in his honour.  It was {285}
+noticed that Mr. Chamberlain was absent, but the presence of Lord
+Hartington in the chair and Mr. Bright among the company testified
+eloquently to the general opinion of Lord Spencer's conduct of Irish
+affairs.
+
+The three years of office that remained to Lord Spencer subsequent to
+the Phoenix Park murders brought into prominence in Irish affairs Mr.
+G. O. Trevelyan and Mr. Campbell-Bannerman, successive Chief
+Secretaries.  Neither was a pronounced success.  The only person in the
+limelight was the viceroy.  His personal bravery dismayed his cowardly
+foes, who, judging human nature by their own standard, could not but
+stand in awe of the man who could ride to hounds while the country
+round seethed with assassins.  Trevelyan could earn the title of
+'jelly-fish,' while Campbell-Bannerman utilized the position of Chief
+Secretary to try and convince his superiors that he could do something
+better if given greater opportunities.  The viceroy was firm, just,
+knowing no fear and showing no favour.  The fury of his opponents found
+expression in the attempt of an hysterical woman to horsewhip him, but
+she got no farther than stopping the horses and brandishing her whip.
+He was first called 'Rufus' because of his red beard, but this being
+deemed too genial, was changed to the 'Red Earl,' and accepted as an
+omen of his alleged 'red policy' of punishing murderers by hanging
+them.  It was hinted that the Lord Chancellor, Sir Edward Sullivan, was
+the power behind the viceregal throne, and when the great lawyer died
+the first {286} favourable opportunity that presented itself to taunt
+the Lord-Lieutenant with leniency towards the criminal political
+classes he was declared to have lost his backbone.  On one occasion it
+was thought that he was suffering from lumbago because he was seen
+pressing his back with his hands; but a malicious wit declared that it
+was only 'His Excellency feeling for his backbone.'  The joke would
+have been more effective if it contained just a grain of truth to
+flavour it, but if there was one charge that could not be levelled
+against Lord Spencer it was this taunt of lack of firmness.  His only
+piece of good fortune was the submission of the Irish bishops to the
+Pope, who had censured them for disloyalty.  This was a great help to
+the castle.  A keen pleasure to the viceroy and a cause of anxiety to
+the police was a visit paid to Lord Spencer by the Prince of Wales on
+April 8, 1885.
+
+In the summer of 1885 Lord Salisbury formed a Government, and appointed
+Lord Carnarvon Viceroy of Ireland.  Within eight months a General
+Election placed Mr. Gladstone in power once more, and Lord Aberdeen
+spent the few but extremely critical months of life vouchsafed to the
+Liberal party until Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill split up his
+followers, and another General Election endorsed Lord Salisbury's claim
+that the Conservatives and Unionists represented the real opinion of
+the country on the question of Ireland and its government.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of the Home Rule Bill]
+
+Lord Spencer was President of the Council in 1885, and in 1892, when
+Mr. Gladstone became {287} Prime Minister for the fourth and last time,
+he was given the post of First Lord of the Admiralty.  That ministry
+brought in another Home Rule Bill, and passed it through the Commons;
+but the House of Lords rejected it by the overwhelming majority of 378,
+the actual figures being 419 for its rejection and 41 against.  Mr.
+Gladstone did not appeal to the country, and thus Home Rule passed out
+of the Liberal repertoire for nineteen years.
+
+If Queen Victoria had consulted Mr. Gladstone on the question of a
+successor, he would have advised Lord Spencer's selection.  Her
+Majesty, however, sent for that brilliant dilettante, Lord Rosebery,
+and Lord Spencer remained on at the Admiralty.  There was some talk of
+the premiership for him shortly before the resignation of Mr. Balfour's
+Ministry at the close of 1905, but by then he was a spent force, worn
+out and ill.  He could not join Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Cabinet,
+but he lent it his moral support, and that was not the least important
+factor in bringing to reason the members of the egregious Liberal
+Imperialist League, who at first viewed with suspicion the new premier,
+and then rushed with one accord to be received into the strangest
+political fold ever presided over by a Liberal shepherd.  Lord Spencer
+died in 1910 at the age of seventy-four, and it can be said of him, as
+of the late Duke of Devonshire, that he could have risen to greater
+heights had he not been born with a sense of modesty adorned by a good
+nature that permitted younger men to pass him, and left him without a
+{288} trace of rancour or bitterness.  He had the satisfaction of
+witnessing the amazing triumph of the Liberal party, and could die with
+the knowledge that it savoured of the Gladstonian Liberalism of the
+middle eighties and the early nineties--the Liberalism he fought for
+and in whose interest he had sacrificed his best years.
+
+
+
+
+{289}
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+Lord Carnarvon was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant on July 7, 1885, and on
+January 12, 1886, he tendered his resignation, departing from the
+country thirteen days later.  It was an unusually brief, yet an
+exceptionally interesting, viceroyalty.  He was rightfully regarded as
+a man of fastidious honour and sincerity.  On two occasions he had
+resigned Cabinet rank because of conscientious objections to the policy
+of his leaders, and there was scarcely anybody among the statesmen of
+his time who commanded greater respect and confidence.  The action of
+Lord Salisbury in giving him the viceroyalty was rightfully interpreted
+to mean that the Tory Prime Minister realized fully the gravity of the
+situation in Ireland.  Lord Carnarvon might have had a more exalted and
+powerful position in the ministry.  He accepted the viceroyalty in the
+same spirit of anxiety to benefit his fellows that had been
+characteristic of him since his entry into public life nearly thirty
+years before.  He was now fifty-four years of age, and was known to
+fame as the author of the act that consolidated the British possessions
+in North America in 1867.  Again Colonial Secretary in 1874, the
+foreign policy of the Cabinet did not {290} meet with his approval, and
+he resigned, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach succeeding him.
+
+Lord Carnarvon's state entry into Dublin evoked a display of
+enthusiasm, from all classes that indicated clearly the hopes of the
+people for something brilliant from his administration.  Lady Carnarvon
+was received for her own sake, as well as for that of her husband.  She
+possessed all the arts of the successful leader of society, and she
+exercised them fully while in Ireland.  There was keen competition to
+make the acquaintance of the viceroy and his wife, and Dublin Castle
+seemed likely to experience something quite different to its troubles
+of the previous five years.  But the wise knew that the imminent
+General Election would in all probability terminate the reign of Lord
+Carnarvon.  The Salisbury ministry was a 'Cabinet of Caretakers,' and
+the most that could be hoped for was the viceroy's return within a few
+years when the electors had had another opportunity of passing a
+verdict upon Gladstonian Liberalism.
+
+[Sidenote: Carnarvon and Parnell]
+
+Lord Carnarvon, however, quickly upset the equanimity of the prophets.
+Whatever may have been his own doubts about the durability of his
+position, he startled friends and foes alike by arranging for an
+interview with Charles Stewart Parnell.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant
+debating the policy of his Government with the Irish leader was even
+more productive of astonishment than the sight of Parnell accepting a
+place in the Government would have been.  The interview was kept a
+secret for a time, but it was too {291} important to escape disclosure
+and debate, and the result of the General Election of
+November-December, 1885, hastened the acrimonious and puzzling
+discussion, with its sequel of denials and denunciations.  The scene of
+the momentous interview was a London drawing-room.  The viceroy, the
+moment he was alone with Parnell, appears to have taken the trouble to
+explain elaborately--perhaps too elaborately--his adherence to Unionist
+principles.  As the representative of the queen, he could not listen to
+one word involving the separation of the two countries; as a Tory
+minister, he did not expect any result from the interview, and he did
+not even hope for an agreement; while further, to protect himself and
+his colleagues, he assured Mr. Parnell that he was acting entirely upon
+his own responsibility, and as an individual, and not as a Cabinet
+minister.
+
+Despite these preliminary precautions, the Irish leader came away from
+the meeting under the impression that the Tory party were willing to
+grant Ireland an assembly giving it complete control of its own
+affairs, and also a measure of land reform that would settle that
+difficult problem.  Of course, the price to be paid for this was to be
+the Irish vote.  On the other hand, Lord Carnarvon most emphatically
+contradicted this interpretation of what had passed between them.
+Nevertheless, Mr. Parnell adhered to his version.
+
+The General Election of November-December, 1885, did not give either of
+the English parties an independent majority.  Of Liberals there were
+{292} 335, Tories numbered 249; and 86 Irish Home Rulers, all followers
+of Mr. Parnell, held the balance of power.  Mr. Gladstone was now a
+Home Ruler, and a Bill for establishing a separate legislature for
+Ireland was introduced.  It was in the early days of Mr. Gladstone's
+conversion to the cause that Mr. Parnell hurled a charge against the
+Tory party of having at one time been willing to purchase the Irish
+vote by an eleventh-hour conversion to Home Rule.  The charge was
+denied indignantly, and then the Nationalist leader named Lord
+Carnarvon as the Tory emissary.  The ex-viceroy explained his position
+in the House of Lords.  This was on June 10--three days after Mr.
+Parnell's speech in the Commons.  The latter at once replied in a
+letter to the _Times_ of June 12.  It is worth reproducing:
+
+[Sidenote: The Tory Party and Home Rule]
+
+'Lord Carnarvon proceeded to say that he had sought the interview for
+the purpose of ascertaining my views regarding--should he call it?--a
+constitution for Ireland.  But I soon found out that he had brought me
+there in order that he might communicate to me his own views upon the
+matter, as well as ascertain mine.  In reply to an inquiry as to a
+proposal which had been made to build up a central legislative body
+upon the foundation of county boards, I told him that I thought this
+would be working in the wrong direction, and would not be accepted by
+Ireland; that the central legislative body should be a Parliament in
+name and in fact.  Lord Carnarvon assured me that this was his own view
+also, and he strongly appreciated the importance of giving {293} due
+weight to the sentiment of the Irish in this matter.  He had certain
+suggestions to this end, taking the Colonial model as a basis, which
+struck me as being the result of much thought and knowledge of the
+subject.  At the conclusion of the conversation, which lasted more than
+an hour, and to which Lord Carnarvon was very much the larger
+contributor, I left him, believing that I was in complete accord with
+him regarding the main outlines of a settlement conferring a
+legislature upon Ireland.'
+
+The viceroy's explanation of this was more general than particular.  He
+must have been satisfied with Lord Salisbury's verdict that he had
+conducted the interview with Mr. Parnell 'with perfect discretion,' but
+all the same it was many years before the Tory party lived down the
+allegation that had he wished Parnell could have purchased it lock,
+stock, and barrel, for service in the Home Rule cause.
+
+In social circles Lord Carnarvon's popularity never waned.  He was
+supposed to be that contradiction in terms, 'a Tory Home Ruler,' but he
+was only a high-minded gentleman who made a genuine attempt to deal
+with the Irish problem.  It was yet another instance of a viceroy
+risking peace and popularity by trying to be impartial.  One of his
+opponents in Dublin expressed amazement that he should 'bother his head
+about Home Rule when he had the viceroyalty and a beautiful wife.'  It
+is not to his discredit that he failed, and it must be remembered that
+he paid a price for his interest in Ireland.  The General Election
+placed {294} Mr. Gladstone in power with the aid of the Nationalists,
+but Gladstone soon committed political suicide, and Lord Salisbury
+returned for a six years' lease of power.  He did not invite Lord
+Carnarvon to join his Cabinet, and at fifty-five the earl passed from
+the political stage.  All he gained by his brief association with
+Ireland was the degree of LL.D. from Dublin University, when he replied
+to the Public Orator's congratulations with an elegant Latin speech
+that amazed the dons by reason of its splendour and faultlessness.
+Lord Carnarvon died in 1890, only fifty-nine, but with a generous
+record of work in the public service behind him.  Never a party hack
+nor a slave to political shibboleths, always an individualist and a
+thinker, it was scarcely a fault if his good nature led him into an
+unfortunate attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable.  He came to
+Ireland with no previous experience of the country and its people, and
+so he judged them by the standard applied to average men and women.  We
+have been told by an authority that the Celtic temperament is
+destructive, and not constructive, and the facts of history confirm
+him.  Lord Carnarvon forgot this, and therefore laid himself open to
+the charge that he was surrendering to Parnellism and reform by crime,
+and at the same time leading the Tory party to destruction.  But
+political catch-phrases are usually the work of the unthinking and the
+illogical, and the only mistake he made was the common one of being a
+little too much in advance of his time.  The Tory party has travelled
+many Irish miles since the day an {295} Irish viceroy and Parnell
+exchanged their opinions in a London drawing-room.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Aberdeen]
+
+The General Election of 1885 swept Liberalism out of Ireland, and gave
+the House of Commons eighty-six Nationalists, the remainder of the
+Irish members representing the opinions of the Unionist and
+Conservative party.  Mr. Gladstone had to solve the problem created by
+the indecisive election, and as he finally decided to cast in his lot
+with the Home Rulers, he formed a Government--his third--and appointed
+the Earl of Aberdeen Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Mr. John Morley--now
+Viscount Morley--entering the Cabinet for the first time as Chief
+Secretary.
+
+Lord Aberdeen was born on August 3, 1847, and in 1870 succeeded to the
+earldom--the seventh to hold the title.  Associated from his earliest
+days with the great Liberal statesman, he had always enjoyed his
+friendship and confidence.  It was to Lord and Lady Aberdeen's London
+residence in the eighties--Dollis Hill, near Willesden--that Mr.
+Gladstone went to seek repose after giving up his London house,
+recording in his diary that he felt too timid at seventy-seven to think
+of acquiring another London home.  When in 1894 he resigned the
+premiership, it was at Dollis Hill that he spent a few days in rest and
+quiet.  Ever a stanch and discriminating friend, Mr. Gladstone was
+delighted to bestow the viceroyalty upon Lord Aberdeen, and
+accordingly, on February 10, 1886, he was sworn in at Dublin Castle.
+
+It is almost impossible to write of contemporaries without revealing
+traces of prejudice or {296} partiality.  Lord Aberdeen's Liberalism
+was moulded by Mr. Gladstone, who was his political mentor; and Lady
+Aberdeen, his clever and energetic wife, has always displayed a
+masculine knowledge of politics and politicians.  She was a Miss Ishbel
+Marjoribanks before her marriage in 1877, and from all accounts seems
+to have been a Home Ruler before Mr. Gladstone's conversion.  When she
+entered Dublin in 1886 as the viceroy's wife she was under thirty, but
+already had achieved considerable fame as a determined politician, a
+philanthropist who had initiated common-sense methods in dealings with
+the grave problems of ill-health and poverty, and a loyal friend.  She
+entered with zest into the social pleasures of Ireland's capital, and
+practised the arts of the vice-queen which she has since brought to
+perfection in Canada and in Dublin.
+
+Their hospitality was generous, their popularity boundless.  The chosen
+of Gladstone could not but be an idol with the masses.  Until coached
+by their suspicious chieftains, the rank and file of Nationalism
+idolized the viceroy and his wife.  The Lord Mayor of Dublin and the
+leading citizens voiced the opinions of the people, and the 'Union of
+Hearts' appeared to be accomplished.  At last Liberalism seemed to have
+won the allegiance of the Irish.
+
+The influence of Lady Aberdeen was considerable, and she helped to earn
+success for the viceregal party.  An ardent politician, she never made
+the mistake of subordinating the hostess to the politician, and at her
+functions all classes and {297} creeds met.  It may be necessary here
+to state that the story which has been in circulation some years,
+describing how Lady Aberdeen was informed by the late Lord Morris that
+'herself and the waiters, bedad!' were the only Home Rulers in the
+room, is a wicked and malicious lie.  The alleged incident never took
+place, for Lady Aberdeen is not in the habit of introducing politics
+during dinner-parties and canvassing for opinions when entertaining.
+Lord Morris was the author of many witty sayings, and he does not
+require the aid of the unscrupulous to perpetuate his memory.  His
+sayings will live without the help of that type of person who delights
+in associating persons of eminence with their jokes, well aware that
+because of their position they are compelled to ignore their slanderers.
+
+While history was being made with startling rapidity in England, Lord
+Aberdeen continued to carry out the duties of his exalted office.  But
+the Liberal party was by now smashed to atoms.  Mr. Gladstone was
+acting like a broken and disappointed man, and the life of the ministry
+threatened at any time to cease.  It was merely a question of time for
+the Tory party and the rebellious Liberals to amalgamate and turn out
+the Gladstone Government.
+
+On July 20, 1886, Mr. Gladstone resigned, and Lord and Lady Aberdeen
+left Ireland, and it was now the turn of the Tory-Liberal-Unionist
+coalition to show what they could do in Ireland--the land of
+opportunities of which no one seemed capable of taking advantage.  Lord
+Salisbury had {298} already stated his views with characteristic
+bluntness.  During the debate on the Home Rule Bill of 1886 he forgot
+that he had not a reputation for humour, and informed his audience that
+the Irish were like the Hottentots, incapable of governing themselves,
+while he suggested that the best plan for Ireland would be the
+application for twenty years of a stringent Coercion Act.  The question
+of the Imperial contribution towards the setting up of a Parliament in
+Dublin he touched upon lightly by suggesting that the money would be
+better employed in aiding the emigration of a million Irishmen.
+
+This was the statesman who was given the opportunity of putting into
+practice his theories of Irish administration.  There was some
+curiosity as to the new viceroy, and when Lord Salisbury chose the
+Marquis of Londonderry the nervous felt more relieved.  The premier had
+selected a safe rather than a brilliant Lord-Lieutenant, and one who
+was capable of perpetrating as few blunders as any of his Tory
+contemporaries.  Sir Michael Hicks-Beach emphasized the new importance
+of the Irish Secretaryship by accepting it, and, as he had been
+Chancellor of the Exchequer in the previous Salisbury Cabinet, his
+action was regarded as a generous one.  It was a remarkable innovation
+to send a tried statesman to Dublin, for it had been the custom for
+many years to utilize the position as a sort of preparatory school for
+the Cabinet.  It was Sir Michael's second attempt, but this was only a
+half-hearted one.  Two Royal Commissions were appointed--one {299} to
+report on the land question, the other to examine into the material
+resources of the country.  Lord Cowper, an ex-viceroy, presided over
+the first.  Lord Salisbury was, indeed, making a worthy attempt to
+effect the political salvation of the Hottentots by Act of Parliament.
+
+The viceroy, Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, sixth Marquis of
+Londonderry, was thirty-four years of age, and had before his
+succession to the peerage in 1884 represented County Down in Parliament
+for six years.  As a descendant of the second marquis, who earned
+undying notoriety by his destruction of the so-called Irish Parliament,
+he was naturally of interest to all whose affairs brought them into
+close touch with Ireland.  He was an Irish landlord, the husband of a
+clever, ambitious woman, a daughter of the premier earl of England.
+They had married in 1875, and she was a leading Tory hostess when they
+transferred their headquarters from Londonderry House, Park Lane, to
+Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge for a period of three years.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Balfour as Chief Secretary]
+
+They were stirring times, but the viceroy, by a curious chance, was
+able to stand aloof.  The resignation of Sir Michael Hicks-Beach in the
+March following the arrival of Lord Londonderry brought the Prime
+Minister's nephew, Mr. A. J. Balfour, over as Chief Secretary.  We know
+how he made his years in Ireland peculiarly his own, obscuring our view
+of the viceroy until at times it seems that there was only a shadow
+behind the frail-looking personality that dominated Ireland in his
+capacity of Chief Secretary.  'Bloody' {300} Balfour, they called him,
+and plotted against his life, much to the annoyance of the viceroy, who
+detested fuss, and never could understand the prevailing passion for
+political principles.  Mr. Balfour answered force with force, and,
+remembering the history of attempts at conciliation, he went boldly and
+fearlessly for the criminals, their patrons and instigators.  Another
+Coercion Bill was framed, and, empowered by it, he sent about thirty
+members of Parliament to gaol, while evictions and murder continued to
+be reported, and Parnellism became synonymous with crime.
+
+A visit from Prince Albert Victor and Prince George towards the end of
+June, 1887, was appreciated by both viceroy and people.  The event had
+all the charm of spontaneity and unexpectedness, and Lord and Lady
+Londonderry had the one opportunity of their viceroyalty to show what
+they could do as representatives of the Queen of England.  There was a
+brilliant State banquet in the famous old dining-room of Dublin Castle,
+where the leading men of the country paid their respects to the then
+second heir to the throne and the youthful Prince who was destined by
+Fate to ascend the throne.  A review in the famous and superb Phoenix
+Park was another feature of the visit that must have appealed to the
+viceroy as an oasis does to the traveller in the desert.  Not that Lord
+Londonderry took a too prominent part in the inevitable political and
+agrarian troubles of his reign.  He left those to the efficient and
+indomitable Mr. Balfour, while he pursued the even way of life, gently
+patronizing the elect, and {301} good-humouredly tolerating the
+non-elect who are the clamouring and unsought satellites of every
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Lady Londonderry, who is clever enough to deserve
+a better title than that of mere giver of dinners, softened the
+crudities of office and gained a popularity in Ireland not confined to
+her political friends--a rare achievement in a confessedly party woman.
+She is the author of a study of Viscount Castlereagh, second Marquis of
+Londonderry.
+
+[Sidenote: The Mitchelstown affray]
+
+The affray at Mitchelstown in the September of 1887 was dealt with by
+Mr. Balfour with his usual splendid disregard for public opinion, and
+it was succeeded by the Parnell Commission.  During these historic
+incidents the viceroy remained in the background, jogging amiably
+along, and no doubt thanking Heaven that had cast his lot in pleasanter
+times than those that fell to Lord Cowper and Lord Spencer.  He
+resigned the office in 1889.  Eleven years later he sat in his first
+Cabinet as Postmaster-General, and when Mr. Balfour succeeded his uncle
+in the premiership he appointed his colleague President of the Board of
+Education--a nice, respectable post that nobody took seriously, and
+wondered why it was represented in the Cabinet at all.  The 'tariff'
+resignations in 1903 placed several important portfolios at Mr.
+Balfour's disposal, and he thereupon added to Lord Londonderry's
+official duties by making him Lord President of the Council.  And as
+President of the Board of Education and President of the Council the
+marquis continued to attend the Cabinet until the ministry perished in
+the {302} maelstrom that swallowed up the Tory party and astonished the
+world within a few weeks of Mr. Balfour's resignation of the
+premiership.  The Tory ex-Prime Minister appeared to have left most of
+his courage behind him in Ireland, where he went as 'Clara,' and stayed
+to earn the more flattering, if inelegant, sobriquet of 'Tiger Lily.'
+
+
+
+
+{303}
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+From out of the solid phalanx of Tory peers eligible for the post Lord
+Salisbury chose the Earl of Zetland, and sent him to Dublin.  The
+viceroy was then in his forty-fifth year, was chiefly distinguished by
+his fondness for horse-racing, while a painstaking press recorded the
+fact that his mother was an Irishwoman.  In 1871 he married Lady Lilian
+Lumley, a daughter of the ninth Earl of Scarborough, and the following
+year he was elected for the family borough of Richmond, Yorkshire.  The
+death of his uncle in 1873 terminated his career in the House of
+Commons, and until his appointment to Ireland in 1889 he led the life
+of a country gentleman and a sportsman.
+
+His viceroyalty was somewhat similar to that of Lord Londonderry's,
+though he soon lost the aid of Mr. Balfour, who was replaced by Mr. W.
+L. Jackson, raised to the peerage as Lord Allerton in King Edward's
+Coronation year.  He had not been long in office when the report of the
+Parnell Commission became the sensation of the season; indeed, it was
+all Parnell and no Zetland from the beginning to the end of his term.
+The Commission was followed by the divorce case that {304} extinguished
+the Irish leader; then came the sharp and bitter party schisms, the
+intervention of the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and last of all the death
+of the central figure of the sordid and miserable tragedy.  It was
+quite impossible for either viceroy or Chief Secretary to do more than
+be there if he was wanted, and, perhaps fortunately no great crisis
+called for their intervention.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant can always have
+a comfortable and easy life in Dublin provided he is not ambitious to
+be up and doing.  Lord Zetland was disinclined to create precedents or
+seek to alter established things.  Every good cause received his
+approval and the benediction of Lady Zetland.  They were not more
+political than they had to be, while the viceroy's fondness for the
+Turf was not without its effect, although the Irish sportsman is quite
+a different type to the Irish, and 'never the twain shall meet.'  The
+viceroyalty jogged on gently to its predestined end, and the General
+Election giving Mr. Gladstone a majority the six-year-old Salisbury
+Administration came to an end.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone in power]
+
+The return of Mr. Gladstone to the premiership caused great
+perturbation in Unionist circles in Ireland.  At last the polls had
+given him a mandate for Home Rule, and there was no prospect of
+rebellious Liberals rising again to destroy their chief.  There
+remained the House of Lords, ever the bulwark of the liberties of the
+people--whether the people appreciated it or not; but there was a doubt
+whether the Upper Chamber would peril its existence by defying
+Gladstone again.  Nevertheless, Unionist Ireland, with a {305}
+fanaticism and a determination not unworthy of the Irish Nationalist
+representatives, determined to fight the odds against them inspired by
+a 'No surrender' spirit.  They resolved not to touch Gladstone or his
+noble representative with a forty-foot pole, and, numbering in their
+ranks the majority of the gentry and nobility, their decision to
+boycott the incoming viceroy meant much more than it appeared on the
+surface.  It is true that any Tory viceroy can create the sort of court
+he pleases, and so can a Liberal in ordinary circumstances, but Lord
+Houghton was viceroy at a time when every snob, whether he took any
+interest in politics or not, became a Unionist in order to be known as
+a member of the gentlemanly party.  It was simply 'bad form' to favour
+Home Rule, and that was sufficient to unite Unionists as they have
+never been united before or since.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was in the position of having very few candidates for the
+viceroyalty.  Mr. John Morley was, of course, the Chief Secretary, and
+he could be depended upon to do all the political work.  The premier
+offered the viceroyalty to the then Lord Houghton, and it was accepted
+in the hope that it would lead to better things.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Houghton]
+
+Lord Houghton was born in 1858, on January 12, so that he was in his
+thirty-fifth year when he was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+His official training had been meagre, comprising the not fatiguing
+post of Assistant Private Secretary to Lord Granville during part of
+that statesman's occupancy of the Foreign Office in Mr. Gladstone's
+second Administration, and a few months as Lord-in-Waiting {306} to
+Queen Victoria in 1886.  The son of Monckton Milnes was always an
+object of interest to students of history, literary and political, and
+Lord Houghton had shown that he was not inexpert by writing a number of
+stray verses that exhibited a talent for rhyming.  His ability for
+statesmanship was, however, more doubtful, and, as events proved, he
+was not the man to conciliate the important body of opinion adverse to
+the Government he represented.  The position, certainly, was most
+difficult, and abler men than Lord Houghton would have failed.  He
+could not forget his own dignity, and therefore never attempted to
+conciliate the Opposition.  The distrust of the Nationalists must have
+struck him as savouring of ingratitude, and as every Liberal viceroy
+has found it, Lord Houghton was an object of suspicion and distrust to
+all Irishmen.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Crewe]
+
+Irish society boycotted the Liberal viceroy.  He started badly by
+declining to receive a loyal address because it contained a reference
+to the Home Rule question.  Lord Houghton, being temperamentally
+incapable of inspiring affection in inferiors, adopted an attitude of
+extreme _hauteur_, offending every class in turn.  Mr. Gladstone was in
+the midst of the battle of his life, ably seconded by Mr. John Morley;
+but the Lord-Lieutenant of the Government sat in gloomy solitude in
+Dublin, cognisant no doubt of the fact that for the first time since
+1172 Dublin Castle and Viceregal Lodge invitations were being declined
+or ignored by a society which in the ordinary course of events would
+sacrifice {307} anything rather than the _entrée_ to the miniature
+court of the viceroy.  No help could come from Ireland, where the
+masses watched the efforts to plant a Parliament in College Green with
+a sullenness of demeanour that indicated their lack of enthusiasm.  The
+educated classes were almost to a man and a woman Unionists, and the
+movement against the viceroy was inspired by party feelings, but Lord
+Houghton's personality did not tend towards the softening of the
+austerities.  The members of his _entourage_ suffered from the general
+disfavour, and the aides-de-camp, who are usually almost danced to
+death every season, ended their labours as fresh as they began them.
+The entertaining that had to be done was in the capable hands of the
+Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker, Lord Houghton's sister, a lady of many
+accomplishments.  The viceroy was a widower then, and some years from a
+second wife, an earldom, an heir, and a marquisate.
+
+Lord Houghton's position in Ireland was certainly unique.  In a country
+overwhelmingly Nationalist--using the word in its party sense--he was
+supposed to belong to the popular side.  Hitherto, the Lord-Lieutenant
+had been more or less a Tory, for the average Liberal was too superior
+to descend into the cockpit of Irish politics; but Lord Houghton was
+the Heaven-sent embodiment of Ireland's hopes of legislative
+independence.  He was a member of the Government that had for its first
+and only object the settlement of the Irish question, and yet the
+viceroy, with all these aids, might have been the most {308} bigoted
+Tory of Tories, judging by the attitude of the Nationalists.  The
+native politician well maintained his reputation for suspecting his
+best friends.  The prophets of gloom foretold of the fatal intervention
+of the House of Lords, and were so certain of defeat as to contribute
+towards it themselves.  Lord Houghton was regarded as a sham,
+Gladstone's noble self-sacrifice as a mere trick; the whole body
+politic seemed destitute of honour and honesty.  Wherever the viceroy
+went he was received in silence; there were no popular demonstrations
+in town or country.  Ireland was in the position of the beggar who
+awaits charity with curses ready on her tongue in the case of refusal
+or dissatisfaction.  She could not--would not--believe and understand
+that Mr. Gladstone was risking his own life, and that of his party, in
+his endeavour to grant the Nationalist demands.  Eventually he wrecked
+Liberalism, but it has since recovered--Ireland has not.
+
+The House of Lords is the stock enemy of Liberalism, but the peers did
+Lord Houghton a good turn when they rejected Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule
+Bill and numbered the days of the ministry.  Heroically enough, the
+viceroy agreed to continue in office when Lord Rosebery was
+unexpectedly given the premiership; but all men knew that the
+Government was merely a makeshift, and that a General Election and a
+Conservative-Unionist triumph was to be expected as a matter of course.
+It came in 1895, and with it the end of Liberalism for ten years.  Lord
+Houghton resigned with the ministry, and left {309} Dublin as glad to
+be out of the country as the country was as pleased to see the last of
+him.  When the whirligig of time brought its revenges, and the Lord
+Houghton of the 1892-95 viceroyalty was an earl of ten years' standing,
+earls being remarkably scarce on the Liberal red benches, he was
+admitted to the Cabinet in the respectable capacity of Lord President
+of the Council.  This post was vacated for a time when in Mr. Asquith's
+Ministry he was Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State for the
+Colonies.  In 1910 he became Secretary of State for India, exchanging
+offices with Viscount Morley.
+
+Lord Crewe's marriage in 1898 to Lady Margaret Primrose, the youngest
+daughter of the Earl of Rosebery, was a brilliant social function, and
+the birth of a son and heir in 1911 was more welcome than the
+marquisate which came to the Indian Secretary in the Coronation
+Honours' List.
+
+[Sidenote: Tory ascendancy]
+
+The triumph of the Conservative and Liberal-Unionist coalition cleared
+the political atmosphere.  Once more the rival parties in Ireland were
+on their old footing; the Castle and the Lodge would be exclusively
+Unionist, and the other side was saved the embarrassment of having a
+friend in power.  Lord Salisbury, in looking round for a suitable
+viceroy, found in his intimate friend and colleague, Lord Cadogan, the
+ideal viceroy.  Twenty years previously they had been members of the
+same Government--Lord Salisbury in the Cabinet, and Lord Cadogan
+Under-Secretary at the War Office and the Colonial Office in turn.
+{310} In Lord Salisbury's Government of 1886-92 he was Lord Privy Seal.
+Their political friendship served to cement a private friendship that
+lasted until Lord Salisbury's death, and it was the premier's
+resignation in 1902 that caused the then viceroy to retire.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Cadogan, K.G.]
+
+Lord Cadogan was born in 1840, and in 1865 he married Lady Beatrix
+Craven, who died in 1907.  Succeeding to the earldom in 1873, he was
+obliged to leave the House of Commons, to which he had been elected by
+the citizens of Bath the same year.  From the day of his elevation to
+one of the wealthiest places in the peerage Lord Cadogan became a
+valued asset of the Conservative party.  An intimate friend of the then
+Prince and Princess of Wales, given to hospitality, married to a lady
+with more than the usual gift for entertaining, the owner of Chelsea
+House and his wife became social leaders of the party.  Lord Salisbury
+was fortunate in securing Lord Cadogan for the viceroyalty, and a seat
+in the Cabinet was only right and proper for one whose influence and
+support were of paramount importance.  As Chief Secretary, Mr. Gerald
+Balfour accompanied Lord Cadogan, and after an imposing state entry on
+August 12, 1895, they settled down to work.
+
+In Dublin Castle there is an object-lesson of the relative political
+importance of the two chief executive officers of the Government in
+Ireland.  The Lord-Lieutenant's room is small and unpretentious, that
+of the Chief Secretary roomy, well furnished, and comfortable; but
+during Lord Cadogan's term he overshadowed his first Chief {311}
+Secretary, although the latter was a brother of the leader of the House
+of Commons.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Cadogan]
+
+Lord and Lady Cadogan quickly earned that popularity which never left
+them.  Charming to everybody, the soul of courtesy to all ranks and
+classes, ideal host and hostess, and spending their great wealth
+freely, it would have been surprising, indeed, if the viceroy and his
+wife had not achieved success.  Nationalists, professional and amateur,
+learnt the advantage of having a wealthy Lord-Lieutenant, even if he
+had been nominated by the hated and detested Tories, and the
+unostentatious munificence of the viceregal pair was not the least
+factor that contributed towards their success.  As a member of the
+Cabinet, Lord Cadogan's political sympathies were obvious, yet in an
+extraordinary way he managed to conceal the politician in the
+administrator.  He was even accused of favouring the Nationalists and
+Roman Catholics, and aggrieved place-hunters ruefully declared that the
+only qualification for office and promotion was Nationalist leanings or
+adherence to the Church of Rome.  Nevertheless, Lord and Lady Cadogan
+lost nothing of their influence over all classes.  Every Dublin season
+was brilliant and successful, simply because Lord and Lady Cadogan had
+the power to do things, and knew how to do them.  The visit of the then
+Duke and Duchess of York in 1897--a brilliant success--was a triumph
+for Lord Cadogan's political perspicacity.  The Local Government Bill
+of 1898--a measure frankly Liberal in tone--would have wrecked any
+other Lord-Lieutenant; it left Lord Cadogan as strong {312} as ever.
+It is the irony of fate that the Conservative-Unionist party should
+have done, and still be doing, more for Ireland than Gladstone or his
+colleagues ever did.  The Local Government Bill meant that the control
+of local affairs should pass from the hands of the minority to the
+majority.  Protestant and Unionist councillors, Chairmen of County
+Councils, aldermen, magistrates, and other minor dignitaries were swept
+out of existence, and that nebulous host, the people, reigned in their
+stead.  Had Gladstone proposed such a measure, and carried it, there
+would have been a revolt of the Unionists in Ireland, but as a
+Salisbury Government fathered the Act it was accepted without demur,
+and the revolution on the Nationalist side was a peaceful one.  In a
+single phrase, the Act meant that in future the Catholic majority
+should be the masters of the Protestant minority.  There is no quarter
+given or asked in Irish politics, and from that day to this the
+Protestants have had no share in the administration of local government
+in the country.
+
+
+
+
+{313}
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+The outbreak of the South African War initiated a display of disloyalty
+in Ireland which might have embarrassed a less adroit Administration.
+The policy of killing Home Rule by kindness had not succeeded, and it
+was very evident that the throwing open of practically every office to
+the people had not satisfied them.  Every Boer victory was received
+with jubilation, but it was mostly superficial.  An English tourist,
+tactfully extracting the opinions of a cabdriver, was informed that the
+English deserved to be beaten, as he hoped they would, adding with a
+grin of delight, 'But we did make them run, sor, didn't we?' referring
+to the account of an English victory over the enemy the day before in
+which an Irish regiment had gained fresh laurels.  Nothing is more
+ludicrous than the fervent politician who attempts unearthly
+consistency in thought, word, and deed.  Few persons take seriously the
+over-serious politician.
+
+The General Election of 1900 was preceded by a visit from Queen
+Victoria--the last of a successful series.  It was a tribute to the
+good sense of the Irish and their innate loyalty, and Lord Cadogan did
+much to bring the queen to Ireland by {314} assuring the Cabinet that
+there was not the slightest danger.  Four and a half years' residence
+in the country had taught the viceroy a great deal about the Irish
+people, and his trust and confidence in them were confirmed when, on
+April 3, 1900, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Sir Thomas D. Pile, Bart.,
+presented Her Majesty with the keys of the city and the civic sword.
+She entered Dublin in triumph, and was received by Lord and Lady
+Cadogan at the Viceregal Lodge amid great rejoicing and splendour.  The
+following day more than 50,000 children were reviewed in the Phoenix
+Park by the queen--a happy inspiration on the part of her advisers.
+There was, of course, a review of the troops, the queen's youngest son,
+the Duke of Connaught, in command, and several other incidents of an
+historic occasion passed off with as much success as though there was
+'no such a thing' as Irish disloyalty.  Thousands of persons who had
+cheered Boer victories without quite knowing why they did it cheered
+the queen until they were hoarse, because heart and head combined to
+welcome their illustrious visitor.  Well might the aged monarch write a
+letter reflecting the emotion of a grateful and proud queen.  No other
+monarch had the happy inspirations Queen Victoria constantly displayed
+in her messages to her people, and the secret of it all was that she
+wrote them as a woman, though compelled to publish them as a queen.
+
+Shortly after the conclusion of her visit she wrote to Lord Cadogan:
+'How very much gratified and how deeply touched she had been by her
+{315} reception.  After the lapse of thirty-nine years her reception
+had equalled that of previous visits, and she carried away with her a
+most pleasant and affectionate memory of the time she had spent in
+Ireland, having been received by all ranks and creeds with an
+enthusiasm and affection which cannot be surpassed.'
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Queen Victoria]
+
+The next important event was the reconstruction of the Salisbury
+Ministry following the Election of 1900.  Mr. Gerald Balfour, not too
+successful at the Irish Office, was transferred to the Board of Trade,
+and Mr. George Wyndham took his place in Ireland.  The new Chief
+Secretary was eager to effect reforms, but the influence of the
+Lord-Lieutenant and the Prime Minister compelled him to pursue the
+conventional course of Chief Secretaries who are neither poets nor
+dandies.  The death of Queen Victoria in January placed the court in
+mourning for a year, and when that was over the resignation of Lord
+Salisbury became an imminent event.  To Lord Cadogan it meant something
+more than the severance of old ties.  Lord Salisbury and he were bound
+together by numerous social and political ties, and when the great
+statesman resigned in the summer of 1902 Lord Cadogan immediately
+tendered his resignation to the king of the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Speaking to his tenantry on the subject,
+the viceroy declared that all his political life had been bound up with
+Lord Salisbury's, and he had no desire to continue in it now that his
+old chief was retiring.  He had spent seven years in Ireland--seven
+years of peace--and {316} his success was notable and inspiring.  Mere
+wealth could not have achieved it unaided; it was personality and the
+desire to be as non-political as one in his position could be.  It is
+no exaggeration to say that his departure was universally regretted.
+For the time the acerbities of political life were forgotten, and
+Ireland turned out to say good-bye to a good friend and his charming
+comrade, Lady Cadogan.  On all sides people expressed the opinion that
+Mr. Balfour would find it impossible to nominate a suitable successor,
+and bad times were predicted for the man brave enough to attempt to
+follow Lord Cadogan in the viceroyalty.
+
+Had he chosen to do so, the retiring viceroy might have taken a high
+post in Mr. Balfour's ministry, but he stood aside to accompany Lord
+Salisbury into private life--that is, as private as the husband of a
+political hostess can be.  His social services were still at the
+disposal of the party to which he belonged, and they were strong
+supporters of the Balfour régime.
+
+In 1907 Lady Cadogan died, and this tragedy was succeeded by the death
+of his eldest son, Viscount Chelsea, in 1908.  Two years later his
+grandson and heir passed away.  These events isolated Lord Cadogan, and
+he led a somewhat lonely life until he married for a second time.  The
+marriage took place on January 12, 1911, the bride being the Countess
+Adele Palagi, a cousin of the bridegroom.
+
+About two years after Lord Cadogan's retirement from the viceroyalty a
+deputation of leading {317} Irishmen called at his London residence to
+present him with a token of the esteem in which he was held by all
+those who had come in contact with him during his viceroyalty.  The
+deputation was headed by Lord Iveagh, and included Sir David Harrel,
+Sir James Blyth, Sir Thomas Pile, Sir Lambert Ormsby, and Sir James
+Henderson.  They represented all Ireland, and on their behalf the
+chairman presented the earl with an address, a silver bowl, and his
+portrait painted by Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A.  It was a unique
+ceremony, this tribute to one of the most successful viceroys Ireland
+had ever known.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Dudley]
+
+Lord Dudley succeeded to the viceroyalty at the youthful age of
+thirty-five.  For seven years he had been Parliamentary Secretary to
+the Board of Trade, and had proved himself to be a hard-working,
+ambitious peer.  Immensely wealthy and generous, he was the most
+suitable man to follow Lord Cadogan, especially as Lady Dudley was a
+hostess of renown--one of the most popular of the younger
+hostesses--and a general favourite with royalty.
+
+The Dudley reign in Ireland was full of incident, social and political.
+It opened unluckily enough, for in the early days of December, 1902,
+Lady Dudley was seized with a serious illness at the Viceregal Lodge,
+and at one time the gravest fears were entertained.  The operation for
+appendicitis, however, was successful, and the countess recovered to
+adorn the office she shared with her husband.  The mother of a young
+family, she won the hearts of all Ireland by sending one of {318} her
+daughters to the Alexandra High School--an institution deservedly
+famous for its successful training and teaching of girls.  This was one
+of many triumphs achieved by tact and good nature, and within a few
+months of her arrival in Ireland there was no more popular person in
+the country.  Mr. Balfour had been fortunate, indeed, in finding a Lady
+Dudley to follow a Lady Cadogan, while the Lord-Lieutenant at once
+proved himself to be strong, fearless, open-minded, and just.  It was
+said of a Chief Secretary--Sir Robert Peel--that his one-sided opinions
+of Irish affairs were due to the fact that he had driven through the
+country on an outside car.  Lord Dudley went all over Ireland in a
+motor-car, and therefore could not help but see both sides.  Ever an
+enthusiastic motorist, His Excellency pursued his hobby all the time he
+was in Ireland, and unexpected visits to remote hamlets were numerous.
+This passion for motoring had a practical result--it enabled the
+viceroy to gather a great deal of first-hand information about the
+country and the people; and when he consented to become chairman of the
+Royal Commission on Congestion in Ireland, the year he retired from the
+viceroyalty, he brought to bear upon the subject and the problem a
+knowledge unequalled by any other non-Irish member of the Board.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Dudley]
+
+[Sidenote: The Wyndham Land Act]
+
+The supreme political event of Lord Dudley's term was undoubtedly Mr.
+George Wyndham's Land Act of 1903.  Had Gladstone lived to witness a
+Tory Chief Secretary piloting such a measure through Parliament he must
+assuredly have gasped.  {319} It caused great searchings of heart
+amongst the colleagues of Mr. Wyndham, but it came into the
+statute-book--another proof of the political axiom that the Tory party
+have done more for Ireland than the Liberal, that Tory Cabinets have
+worked more for Home Rule than their political rivals.
+
+The revolutionary Tory Chief Secretary aroused the suspicions of his
+friends.  Loud-voiced Unionists in Ireland declared that he was at
+heart a Home Ruler, and when the Lord-Lieutenant declined to take this
+accusation seriously he was in his turn labelled Home Ruler, too.
+Reports were sent to London of the dreadful backsliding of Lord Dudley.
+As time crawled by he was described as an out-and-out Nationalist, a
+traitor to the party he was sent to represent in Ireland.  The
+devolution scheme ascribed to Lord Dunraven, the late Captain Shaw, and
+others, was said to have received the viceroy's benediction.
+Superficially, that plan seemed the easiest method by which the eternal
+Irish question could be settled; it appeared so nice and equitable.
+But there was the dangerous rock of finance, on which all devolution
+schemes must be wrecked.  During the uproar the Lord-Lieutenant was
+compelled to adopt measures of precaution.  The party leaders in
+England demanded a sign from him, for it would not do to permit Liberal
+and Nationalist orators to assure receptive and eager audiences night
+after night that the Tory Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had learned by
+experience in Ireland that the only cure for the evils of the country
+was Home Rule.  The Wyndham Land Act was merely a palliative, {320}
+they added.  It was deemed necessary that Lord Dudley should write an
+elaborate explanation of his views on Ireland, and entrust the document
+to Lord Lansdowne, the leader of the Government in the House of Lords.
+This precious epistle was to recline in the noble marquis's pocket
+until, goaded by the taunts of the Opposition, he should be able to
+produce it dramatically and confound the scoffers and unbelievers.  The
+letter was written, but never read in the Lords, the minds of men
+turning to other matters when Mr. Wyndham was recalled from Ireland and
+Mr. Walter Long appointed Chief Secretary.  It was Mr. Balfour's way of
+announcing his dislike of the already dead and buried devolution plan.
+
+The period of doubt left the viceroy unshorn of his friends.  Those who
+knew him personally were well aware that he was a genuine friend of
+Ireland, and the whole country knew that this English nobleman stood
+rather to lose than gain by any active display of good-will towards the
+people he ruled in the name of the king.  The personal popularity of
+Lord and Lady Dudley was such that no political crisis could affect
+materially.  Lady Dudley, a clever woman of rare charm, an artist and a
+linguist, was not without experience of the vicissitudes of life, and
+her knowledge of things human had been increased thereby.  The daughter
+of a once wealthy banker, she knew what poverty was, and at one time
+she was associated along with her sister in the millinery shop their
+mother started in London soon after the Gurney bank failure.  The shop
+was not a {321} success, and had to be abandoned.  The girls were
+adopted by friends of the family, the Duke and Duchess of Bedford
+taking charge of Miss Rachel Gurney.  Under their wing she made the
+acquaintance of the young Earl of Dudley, and they were married in
+1891, society, headed by the Prince of Wales, attending the function.
+Never very strong, and often suffering great pain, Lady Dudley,
+nevertheless, preserved a sweetness of temper and a kindliness to all
+and sundry that both in Ireland and Australia helped immensely in
+establishing the influence of her husband.  In Ireland, especially, a
+viceroy's wife has many opportunities, and they are not always easy to
+grasp.  Lady Dudley succeeded every time, and it is not to be wondered
+at that by thousands of those whose experience entitle them to be
+considered experts on the subject she is named as the most successful
+and popular 'vicereine' the country has known for over a hundred years.
+
+[Sidenote: Royal visitors]
+
+The busiest social year of the Dudley régime was that of 1903, when
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra visited Ireland.  It was the first
+occasion a King of England was seen in Ireland for eighty-two years,
+and the people marked the honour by a display of enthusiasm unequalled
+in the history of the country.  The king and queen were greatly touched
+by the loyalty of the Irish, and under the capable direction of Lord
+and Lady Dudley the series of festivities went with a vim that
+gratified the distinguished visitors and added fresh laurels to those
+already earned by the _chatelaine_ of the Viceregal Lodge and Dublin
+Castle.  {322} A royal visit produces more anxiety than pleasure, as a
+rule, for those whose duty it is to see that the arrangements for
+entertaining the guests are perfect and carried out to the letter; but
+a genius for organization displayed itself in the arrangements devised
+for the filling up of their Majesties' programme, and that was the
+genius of the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife.  The most significant event
+of the visit was the Levee held at Dublin Castle by the king.  All the
+leading men of Ireland were invited, irrespective of politics and
+religion.  It was a daring thing to do, but Lord Dudley could count
+upon his own popularity, and he confidently invited Roman Catholic
+Archbishops, Catholic gentlemen, Nationalists, and many others whose
+political opinions were against the Government.  The occasion was
+historic--a King of England holding a Levee in 'the worst castle in the
+worst situation in Christendom,' as a former viceroy described it--and
+it was almost unprecedented.  With characteristic good feeling and
+understanding all classes and creeds attended to do homage to His
+Majesty, who had the gratification of receiving many notable Irishmen
+and seeing them mingling together, their differences forgotten in the
+presence of their Sovereign.  The success of that Levee was a splendid
+tribute to Lord Dudley's tenure of the post of Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Another visit by King Edward and Queen Alexandra the
+following April was equally successful.
+
+The dying days of the Balfour ministry found Irish affairs inert.  The
+respectable Mr. Long was {323} ready to do anything to prove his stanch
+Unionist principles, but both countries and parties were in that frame
+of mind produced by a sense of impending death.  There had been ten
+unbroken years of Unionist sway in Ireland; two viceroys of great
+wealth and popularity had carried on the Government, assisted by Chief
+Secretaries of varying qualities of statesmanship; the country had
+grown accustomed to Tory control, and rather liked it, judging by the
+experience of Liberal predecessors.  Every charitable cause had met
+with a ready response from the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife, and for
+ten years the viceroy had appeared almost non-political.  The
+numberless acts of kindness placed to the credit of Lady Cadogan and
+Lady Dudley created for them a genuine feeling of admiration and
+affection.  The heads of the Government in Ireland were no longer mere
+party 'jobbers.'  The anxiety to be impartial was at times almost
+painful, but it was not without effect.
+
+[Sidenote: Social splendour]
+
+Socially, the two viceroyalties had been brilliant successes.  The Tory
+Government had everything in its favour.  Two such hostesses as the
+wives of Lords Cadogan and Dudley are rarely met with, and for ten
+years in succession the Dublin season was ever one of splendour.  There
+had been periods of mourning, but, apart from these, the years were
+notable.
+
+And yet the cry for Home Rule was not less shrill nor less determined.
+Nationalists could say with some reason that all that Lord Cadogan and
+Lord Dudley had done could be done again with {324} a Parliament in
+College Green.  The growing feeling in English constituencies against
+the Conservative Government was hailed with delight by the Irish party.
+They saw Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, an avowed Home Ruler, gladly and
+eagerly putting their demand for Home Rule in the forefront of the
+great fight, and when the polls had placed him in power making Home
+Rule the first plank in the programme of the resuscitated Liberal party.
+
+England could not be expected to be impressed by the successes of the
+Tory Government in Dublin.  As a matter of fact, English electors were
+feeling rather bored with Irish affairs, and at the polls they scarcely
+stopped to think about Home Rule, but voted for the Liberal candidate
+for the negative reason that they did not like his opponent.  The
+General Election was a triumph for the pure, undiluted political faith
+of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, and, besides smashing all hopes that
+the Irish party would be the masters of the situation, compelled those
+minute particles of Liberalism labelled Imperialists, Radicals, and so
+on, to unite under the lead of the new Prime Minister.
+
+[Sidenote: The spirit of conciliation]
+
+In the ordinary course of events Lord Dudley resigned with the
+Conservative Ministry, and on the appointment of a successor departed
+from Ireland.  A few months' previously--September 21, 1905, to be
+exact--he had escaped death in the waters of Lough Erne, where, with a
+small party, he was unlucky enough to see his yacht capsize during a
+race.  It was one adventure of many he {325} has experienced in his
+comparatively brief life.  Following his resignation, he still evinced
+a keen interest in Ireland, and when the Liberal premier asked him to
+preside over the deliberations of a Royal Commission on Congestion, he
+accepted it as one who has never allowed his actions to be guided and
+controlled solely by party motives.  The work of the Commission
+finishing, he went to the other end of the world as Governor-General of
+Australia, holding the post for three years, when Lady Dudley's
+ill-health compelled him to return home in 1911.  This willingness to
+serve the Liberal party has been taken by some as additional evidence
+of his lukewarm Unionism, but Lord Dudley remains a member of the party
+that made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and he is a Unionist at
+heart, though he permits himself the luxury of thinking on the subject.
+It is certain that while in Ireland he examined the claims and
+pretensions of the Home Rule party, and endeavoured to arrive at an
+understanding.  The fact that he was not hounded out of the country by
+his fellow-Unionists is proof positive of the fact that a new spirit of
+conciliation has arisen, and that Irish political controversialists are
+aware that there can be two sides to every question, even an Irish one.
+
+
+
+
+{326}
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Aberdeen's return]
+
+Lord Aberdeen's return to Ireland, twenty years after his first entry
+into Dublin as Lord-Lieutenant, was announced immediately after the
+resignation of Mr. Balfour's ministry.  It was to a new Ireland that
+the viceroy came.  Much history had been made since the days when the
+'Union of Hearts' presaged a smooth passage to popularity for the Earl
+of Aberdeen.  Successive Tory Governments had laboured upon Irish
+affairs, and if they had stopped short at Home Rule they had come very
+near it.  The Nationalist party was inclined to be sullen, realizing
+their futility, and compelled to wait humbly upon Sir Henry
+Campbell-Bannerman's pleasure.  He was independent of them.  They were
+free to join the Opposition if they chose to do so, although the Prime
+Minister, always consistent, hinted that a Home Rule Bill was about to
+appear on the Parliamentary horizon.  There was the South African
+business to be got through first; then the fiscal question seemed
+capable of wasting more public time, and questions of Empire and home
+finance all blocked the way to the ambitions of the group led by Mr.
+John Redmond.  Astute Nationalists quickly understood that they must
+wait for another General Election, perhaps two, before {327} their
+hopes could be realized, and therefore they stood aside while the
+country blinked its eyes at the unusual sight of Liberals sitting in
+the seats of the mighty, and new men with even newer names flocking to
+the Cabinet room in Downing Street.
+
+Meanwhile, the Viceroy of Ireland took possession of his high office.
+For nearly eight years he had lived in retirement, his
+Governor-Generalship of Canada beginning in 1893 and ending in 1898.
+The Canadian period was another record of success for the viceregal
+pair, who were undoubtedly the most valuable at the disposal of the
+Government for viceregal positions requiring a long pedigree, a long
+purse, and the royal attribute of being all things to all men.
+
+The position of a Lord-Lieutenant nominated by a Liberal Prime Minister
+is the most anomalous and difficult in the Government.  He is selected
+because he is a member of the party in power, and asked to fill a post
+in which, as the representative of the king, he must not display any
+political leanings.  His Majesty is above politics, and the man who is
+accorded royal honours in Ireland must represent the king
+non-politically.  Even in this attempt he must needs lay himself open
+to the charges--eagerly laid against him--of showing favour to either
+political party, for even a Viceroy of Ireland cannot help being aware
+of the politics and religion of some of those upon whom he bestows
+office.  In the case of a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant he dwells in a
+country where Liberalism has been buried for more than a generation,
+where {328} a religious motive colours every political action, and
+where bones of contention provide the only food for the hungry
+politicians.
+
+But the severest handicap to which a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant is
+subjected arises out of the prevalent notion that Nationalism and
+disloyalty are almost interchangeable terms.  This enables every
+Unionist to charge the viceroy with pandering to the prejudices of the
+disloyal majority, and thereby degrading the dignity of his office by
+condoning insults to the king whom he represents.  From time to time
+Nationalist politicians have declined to drink the king's health, or
+have marched out of a hall or room at the sound of the first bars of
+'God save the King.'  Instances readily occur to all acquainted with
+Ireland.  Unionists naturally make the most of this, and the
+Lord-Lieutenant finds himself criticized by all, the fiercest being
+those who ought to support him.  Had Daniel O'Connell and his fiery
+successors bred a spirit of personal devotion to the throne of England,
+Home Rule might have been an accomplished fact thirty years ago, but
+the attitude adopted by Home Rule's leading propagandists has alienated
+the sympathies of the voters of Great Britain.  Comfortable politicians
+in Westminster can legislate and talk of Ireland far from the centre of
+the problem, and unhampered by the local difficulties that are to be
+met with in Ireland.  They know nothing, or else conveniently forget
+that, while Liberalism in England can, and does, hold Home Rule
+compatible with loyalty to the king, such an amalgamation of ideas has
+not been {329} recognized hitherto in Ireland.  The viceroy, however,
+has to face the music, and as the embodiment of kingly rule in Ireland
+he has to remain a Liberal and a Home Ruler despite the knowledge that
+Nationalists feel bound to hold aloof from the king's representative
+until self-government is granted.
+
+Very few Viceroys of Ireland have been Cabinet ministers, and it is,
+indeed, surprising how any statesman can be expected to act as king in
+Ireland and as an exponent of his party's policy in Downing Street; but
+the fact that viceroys do not often sit in the Cabinet does not remove
+the political aspect of the post.  The unwritten law seems to be that
+while a Tory occupant of the Viceregal Lodge may be as partisan as he
+wishes, no Lord-Lieutenant chosen by a Liberal premier must open his
+mouth on the political questions of the day.  It is easy to account for
+this.  Unionism superficially means this, at any rate--that the party
+believes in loyalty to the Crown and the Constitution, while the other
+side can only retort by declaring that a readjustment of the
+Constitution would not affect the indissolubility of the Crown.
+
+[Sidenote: Nationalists and the Castle]
+
+Then, Nationalists are by training and instinct suspicious of the
+Castle.  Irishmen are seldom cowards, but it is only necessary to bring
+a charge of sycophancy against an Irishman to make him forswear the
+Castle and all its works.  It is, in his opinion, the greatest insult
+you can offer him.  You may question the honour of his ancestors, doubt
+his honour, or even deride his alleged sense {330} of humour--all these
+things will leave him cold; but hint that he wants a job, sneer at him
+because you imagine he is hankering after the fleshpots of Castle Yard
+or the messes of the Viceregal Lodge, and then take steps to insure
+your safety.  This weapon has proved most effective in the hands of
+Nationalist writers and journalists, though it has not always succeeded
+in preventing men holding Nationalist opinions from serving their
+country on the bench or in the administration of the Government of the
+land.
+
+English ministers possess more patronage than the Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and jobbery is ever rampant in London; but the business of the
+metropolis is not stopped in order that the multitude may hold up their
+hands in horror at the action of the jobbers.  Happily, England's
+strength is not in its Civil Service.  In Ireland it is different, and
+whereas the ambition of every family was to have a priest amongst its
+sons, now a Civil Servant within its ranks is considered more
+desirable.  And the Lord-Lieutenant, as Chief Patron, is the natural
+prey of the eager, and hopeful, and the disappointed.
+
+Not since the mayoralty of T. D. Sullivan in 1886--during Lord
+Aberdeen's previous term of office--has the Mansion House in Dawson
+Street known the presence of a viceroy.  Successive Lord Mayors of
+Dublin have held aloof from the Government--some from conviction, the
+majority frightened by the bogie of sycophancy.  Amateur politicians
+continue to practise the art of debate on the floors and in the
+galleries of the City Hall, and their brethren in a more sophisticated
+manner {331} demonstrated their statesmanlike qualities in Westminster;
+while the Lord-Lieutenant, the symbol of England's despotic rule,
+mingles with the aristocratic and official sets, which are mainly Tory.
+In fact, the Nationalists are afraid to indicate loyalty by accepting
+the hospitality of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, curiously
+enough, the extreme Unionists adopt precisely the same course when a
+Liberal Government is in power.
+
+[Sidenote: Welcoming the Lord-Lieutenant]
+
+Lord Aberdeen made his state entry on February 3, 1906.  Only veterans
+could recall the doings of the Lord-Lieutenant of 1886, but Lord and
+Lady Aberdeen's names were household words, as they had been no
+strangers to Ireland during these twenty years, but had identified
+themselves with much work for the benefit of her industries and
+welfare, and in many ways the new viceroy and his wife received a
+sympathetic welcome.  They were anxious to mark their term of office by
+social reform, and to keep the office as far removed from party
+politics as possible.
+
+Two notable deputations waited on the viceroy at Dublin Castle within a
+fortnight of his arrival.  One consisted of the survivors of the
+extraordinary popular demonstration that had escorted Lord and Lady
+Aberdeen out of Dublin in 1886.  On that occasion the Lord Mayor of
+Dublin and members of the Corporation had headed the procession, which
+was intended to show the affection of the Home Rule party for the Home
+Rule viceroy.  The survivors now read an address of welcome to the
+Lord-Lieutenant, and as all addresses to the viceroy are carefully
+subedited, Lord Aberdeen {332} was able to listen to the compliments
+this particular one contained, and reply in set terms indicating his
+desire to work in sympathy with all parties in Ireland.  Twenty years
+earlier a different reply might have been possible, but during the
+interval between the first and second Aberdeen reigns the Tory party
+had stolen much of the Liberal thunder, and the deputation represented
+something as Victorian as an antimacassar.
+
+The second deputation was from the City of Belfast, and expressed
+devotion and loyalty to the throne and to the king's representative.
+In other words, it was a grim reminder to Lord Aberdeen that the
+Unionists had their eye on him, and that it behoved him not to air his
+Home Rule opinions during his viceroyalty.  There is an unwritten law
+that all Lord-Lieutenants of Ireland must be non-political in thought
+and word, if not in deed, and the rule is always applied with rigour in
+the case of a Liberal viceroy.  To this and all other addresses of
+welcome it was easy to return a speech of thanks, and Lord Aberdeen
+promised to visit Belfast at the first available opportunity--a promise
+which was soon fulfilled, and resulted in many subsequent visits to the
+northern capital, where Lord and Lady Aberdeen have always been
+accorded a hearty welcome.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Aberdeen in Rome]
+
+It was not very long before the viceroy provided his watchful opponents
+with food for criticism.  In January, 1907, he actually visited Rome
+without taking the trouble to obtain the consent of the Orangemen, who
+were horrified to hear that the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had been
+received {333} in audience by the Pope.  In this atrocious act they
+discovered all the evidence of the intention of the Government to
+consign the lives and property of Protestants to the inquisitorial
+mercies of the Catholics.  The ministry was going to pass Home Rule at
+once, and in order to make it complete sent the Viceroy of Ireland to
+interview the Pope, and obtain his views on the matter.  This was the
+opinion of the easily terrified Opposition.  These excitable
+religionists were well aware of the fact that Lord Aberdeen is a
+Presbyterian, and an office-bearer in that Church.  Ready themselves to
+sacrifice every shred of religion in the cause of politics, they
+doubted the sincerity of others, and the Lord-Lieutenant was accused of
+selling his soul to Rome to further the ends of the Government he
+represented.  Religious extremists, whether they be Protestants or
+Catholics, always present an unedifying caricature of human nature and
+human sense.  English Protestants made themselves just as ridiculous
+over the visit of the late King Edward paid to the Pope a few years
+ago.  We know that, in the phrase of a great Irishman, the Catholics in
+England are a sect, while in Ireland they are a nation; but the
+brass-tongued minority in Ireland seem to dominate the country when
+they have any opportunity to bring charges against their Catholic
+fellow-countrymen.  Lord Aberdeen passed from the Vatican to the
+presence of the king of Rome, but this act did not serve to mitigate
+the heinousness of his first offence.
+
+The year of 1907 was a full and exciting one for all concerned in the
+viceregal administration of {334} Ireland.  On January 24 Mr. Augustine
+Birrell became Chief Secretary, as Mr. James Bryce was appointed to the
+embassy at Washington--or, at any rate, was induced to think so--and
+the new broom came with the intention of sweeping out many abuses.
+There was to be a superb Irish University; there were whispers of a new
+Land Act that would bring peace to all concerned; the reform of Trinity
+College would be accomplished on the advice of the Royal Commission
+appointed the previous June; and, finally, there was a promise of Home
+Rule.  Apart from these more or less political topics, quieter folk
+discussed the forthcoming visit of the king and queen, who were
+venerated by their Irish subjects.
+
+[Illustration: King Edward conversing with Lord Aberdeen at the Irish
+International Exhibition, 1907]
+
+[Sidenote: The Dublin Castle jewels]
+
+The royal visitors were expected to arrive during the second week of
+July, and a few days before--on the 6th--it was announced that the
+famous collection of jewellery, known as the Dublin Castle jewels, had
+disappeared.  The pecuniary value of the jewels was about £40,000, but
+their intrinsic worth was considerably more than this.  The public
+amazement was nothing compared with the official consternation.  These
+jewels were to have been used during the installation of Lord Pirrie as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, and King Edward was to have presided at the
+ceremony.  Strange rumours flooded Dublin and travelled on to London.
+No name was too high or too sacred to be associated with the theft, and
+every bar-loafer could pose as a _persona grata_ in Court circles by
+slyly mentioning the mystery and declaring that 'everybody' knew
+So-and-so was the thief, and that his family {335} were paying ransom
+for him.  It seemed as though the police confined their investigations
+to Debrett, ignoring those whose lack of rank and title disqualified
+them for suspicion.  The circumstances of this official tragedy were
+well in keeping with the romantic result.  Dublin Castle is the
+headquarters of the police force and the detective staff, and on
+ordinary days presents the appearance of a German fort.  Those
+acquainted with Dublin Castle declined to believe for a moment that
+professional thieves had entered this glorified police-station and
+stolen the most rigorously-guarded collection of jewels in the country.
+
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra entered Ireland to the accompaniment of
+ringing cheers, the people being independent of Crown jewels or any
+other baubles to symbolize their loyalty.  The Irish love a sportsman,
+and if he should happen to be a king as well they love him all the
+better for that.  The magnetic personality of Edward VII. and the
+infectious charm of Queen Alexandra triumphed in Ireland, and everybody
+forgot for the time being that there was a Home Rule Government in
+power, and that a Liberal peer was their Majesties' host.  Dublin was
+favoured greatly by the royal visitors, who daily performed some public
+act and received the salutations of the people.  Those who expected
+that the absence of the Crown jewels would tend to depreciate the
+importance and effect of the visit were disappointed agreeably.
+
+It is scarcely necessary to record that throughout the memorable visit
+of the king and queen {336} Lord and Lady Aberdeen displayed to the
+best advantage those perfect social qualities for which they are
+renowned in two continents.  Such a period is necessarily one of hard
+and often anxious work, and the thousand and one questions to be
+settled offhand, the numberless applications for invitations to be
+studied and settled, and the natural anxiety for the safety and comfort
+of their royal guests, are matters that would place the average person
+at a disadvantage.  Lord and Lady Aberdeen, however, have the happy
+quality of rising to the great heights great occasions demand, and so,
+if their Majesties' reception was tumultuous and their welcome regal,
+that accorded day after day to the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife can be
+described as viceregal.  Second only in popularity to their illustrious
+guests, they proved to the thousands of strangers who visit Ireland in
+the wake of royalty that it is by no means certain that a Liberal
+viceroy cannot earn the affection of the country.  Common courtesy
+might account for the respect royalty and royalty's representatives
+meet with in Ireland, but only genuine affection could inspire the
+enthusiastic welcomes accorded to King Edward and his son and their
+viceroy, the Earl of Aberdeen.
+
+The report of the Viceregal Commission appointed to inquire into the
+circumstances of the theft of the Crown jewels appeared on February 1,
+1908.  It stated that Sir Arthur Vicars, the Ulster King of Arms, who
+was the official custodian of the jewels, did not exercise due
+vigilance or proper care.  His resignation followed as a matter of
+{337} course, though it must be recorded that there was a general
+impression that Sir Arthur Vicars had been made the official scapegoat.
+The decision of the Commission by no means satisfied public opinion,
+and rumour raged furiously again, inspired by all sorts and conditions
+of statements said to have been omitted from the report, although
+stated in evidence before the Commissioners.  One of these days the
+secret history of the disappearance of the Dublin Castle jewellery may
+be revealed.  Until that time, it must be classed among the unsolved
+mysteries of the twentieth century.
+
+A state visit to Belfast in the autumn of 1907, and the unveiling of a
+statue of Queen Victoria in Dublin on February 15, 1908, were the most
+notable events of these years.  The tragic death of the Hon. Ian
+Archibald Gordon, their Excellencies' youngest son, took place in
+November, 1909, the result of a motor-car accident.  Mr. Gordon had
+just become engaged to Miss Violet Asquith, the daughter of the Prime
+Minister, and the marriage had been looked forward to with pardonable
+eagerness on both sides, as it would have united at the altar two
+families bound together by many ties of friendship.  The engagement was
+a secret until the fact was published that Lord Aberdeen's son was at
+the point of death.  Great sympathy was expressed with his devoted
+parents.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of King Edward]
+
+The termination of King Edward's brief and splendid reign necessarily
+placed the court in mourning for twelve months, and the viceroyalty
+underwent a period of quiescence.  King George's {338} accession was
+proclaimed in Dublin and other cities on May 11, 1910.
+
+The visit of King George and Queen Mary in July, 1911, was the great
+event of the year.  Fresh from the Coronation, their Majesties arrived
+in Dublin on July 8, holding a Levee, a garden-party, and a
+drawing-room, reviewing troops in Phoenix Park, and visiting hospitals
+and institutions.  And all in five days!  The Prince of Wales and
+Princess Mary of Wales accompanied their parents, and won for
+themselves no little popularity.  The magnificent reception accorded to
+the king and queen astonished even those who possessed a knowledge of
+previous royal visits.  At times it exceeded in warmth that extended to
+King Edward--a feat which many declared to be impossible until it was
+an accomplished fact.  Again Lord and Lady Aberdeen demonstrated their
+ability and popularity.  Once more they were second only to the king
+and queen.  The perfect organization that had displayed itself on the
+occasion of King Edward's visit was seen again, and if their Majesties
+had a most strenuous time, they were equally as pleased as their
+subjects and their viceregal representatives.  Not a single discordant
+note was struck throughout the series of public and private ceremonies
+performed by the king and queen, and well might Nationalists fear that
+the spectacle of Irish men and women outdoing the welcome accorded to
+the king and queen at their Coronation would give to all the world the
+impression that Ireland's dislike of England was purely a paper one.
+
+{339}
+
+When the visit was over, King George telegraphed from the royal yacht
+expressing his thanks to Lord and Lady Aberdeen.
+
+'Having just arrived, after a most beautiful passage,' he said, 'the
+queen and I, with the hearty cheers of the Irish people still ringing
+in our ears, wish once more to express to you and Lady Aberdeen our
+warm appreciation of all your kindness and trouble to insure our stay
+in Dublin being a happy and pleasant one.  You have indeed succeeded,
+and we thank you sincerely.'
+
+[Illustration: The Countess of Aberdeen]
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Aberdeen]
+
+From the earliest days of her husband's viceroyalty Lady Aberdeen
+worked actively in connection with numerous philanthropic societies.  A
+champion of women, with a record dating back to the seventies, her
+specialities are the eradicating of consumption and the improvement of
+the lot of female workers.  Her enthusiasm has led her into conflict
+with the old order, but Lady Aberdeen has ever been inspired with the
+best of motives, and she has done a great deal of good.
+
+Lady Aberdeen founded the Women's National Health Association of
+Ireland in 1907, and the fact that this society has united
+representatives of every creed and party in the cause of public health
+and the stamping out of consumption has in itself wrought much indirect
+good in all parts of Ireland, in addition to the direct result of
+reducing the death-rate from consumption by one-seventh in three years.
+There are now over one hundred and fifty branches of this organization,
+composed of men and women representing all sections of the community,
+in all parts of Ireland, working {340} devotedly together for the
+welfare and the happiness of the people as a whole; and these workers
+have shown a power of initiative in meeting local needs by providing
+meals for school-children; forming Babies' Clubs, where mothers and
+their elder daughters are taught how to care for the babies, and how to
+make small resources go a long way in selecting nourishing food and
+suitable garments; turning derelict spaces into garden playgrounds;
+organizing health lectures, health exhibitions, travelling health
+caravans, besides supporting sanatoria, hospitals, convalescent homes,
+and maintaining nurses for the care of tuberculosis patients in their
+own homes.
+
+The success of other notable undertakings might be quoted as an
+evidence of the support which the present occupants of the Viceregal
+Lodge can count upon when they identify themselves with any special
+enterprise.
+
+The Irish Lace Ball of 1907 at the Castle, the Pageant of Irish
+Industries of 1909, the great Ui Breasail Exhibition and Fête of Irish
+Industries and Health in 1911, visited by over 176,000 persons in
+fourteen days, of every shade of opinion and of every class of the
+community, are events which will be long remembered in the Irish
+capital in connection with Lord Aberdeen's lengthy reign.
+
+There was a 'storm in a teacup' during the General Election of
+December, 1910, when Lord Aberdeen aroused the wrath of the
+Conservatives and Unionists by telegraphing to the Liberal candidate in
+West Aberdeenshire expressing his own belief that the apprehension that
+under Home {341} Rule the Protestant minority would suffer was
+unfounded.  A Committee of Privileges composed of members of both
+Houses of Parliament inquired into the matter, and reported that they
+found that the viceroy's action had not contravened any Standing Order
+or regulation.  This was accepted, and nothing more was heard of the
+matter.
+
+Further criticism fell his way when Ireland was in the grip of a
+railway strike, and he was spending a holiday in Scotland.  There was a
+clamour for the viceroy's presence in Ireland.  He was already on his
+way thither, but though he had been successful in settling the
+Carriers' Strike some years previously, the present occasion did not
+offer an opportunity for personal mediation.
+
+[Sidenote: The place-hunters]
+
+When his term of office ends, Lord Aberdeen can look back upon several
+years of success in Ireland.  He may not be a racing man, and
+Punchestown may not be a favourite haunt of his, but sterner qualities
+than a fondness for horse-racing are necessary to succeed as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In the most favourable times it requires a
+vast amount of tact, a keen sense of humour, and a sense of proportion.
+Place-hunters abound and office-seekers are innumerable.  Dublin Castle
+is regarded as the haven of hope for all younger sons without talent
+and briefless barristers hungering for a regular income.  They are all
+suppliants of the Lord-Lieutenant, and several hundreds of years of
+ascendancy have given them a sense of right in receiving favours, and
+one of indignation and injustice in the case of refusal.  But when all
+is said and done, the {342} outcry over jobbery in Ireland is absurd,
+for it is a fact that there is more jobbery in London in a month than
+in the whole of Ireland in a year.
+
+There have been some attempts to abolish the viceroyalty, but if
+ornamental it is also useful, because the Irish instinctively respect
+royalty, and a country populated by the descendants of kings could not
+be expected to have an instinctive respect for any form of government
+savouring of Republicanism, or one that left wholly to the imagination
+the majesty of the Sovereign ruler.
+
+To satisfy all classes, to tolerate the intolerant, and to represent
+the non-political King of England, although appointed for his political
+opinions, are the duties of the Lord-Lieutenant.  Surrounded by
+lynx-eyed critics, Tory and Nationalist, he has to be something more
+than the shadow of the monarch, and he is not allowed to escape
+criticism, although the king for whom he acts as deputy is supposed to
+be above it.  It is not an enviable post, and never will be.  That Lord
+Aberdeen and Lady Aberdeen have been successful nobody will deny, and
+Ireland will lose two good friends when their term of office comes to
+an end.
+
+The introduction of Mr. Asquith's Home Rule Bill makes the Irish
+viceroy's position more delicate than ever.  Its success means the end
+of the official ascendancy, and bureaucracies always fight desperately
+until the first shot is fired.  When Liberalism has achieved its
+ambition, the Irish bureaucracy will cease to hold the power that makes
+or mars every viceroyalty.
+
+
+
+
+{343}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abercorn, Marquis and first Duke of, 264
+  Abercorn's second viceroyalty, Duke of, 273
+  Aberdeen and Belfast, Lord, 332
+  Aberdeen and Gladstone, Lord, 295
+  Aberdeen, fourth Earl of, 257
+  Aberdeen's first viceroyalty, Lord, 295
+  Aberdeen, Lady, 296
+  Aberdeen's second viceroyalty, Lord, 326-342
+  Aberdeen, seventh Earl of, 295
+  Aberdeen's visit to Rome, Lord, 332
+  Abercromby, Sir Ralph, 204
+  Addison, Joseph, 131
+  Albert, visit of Prince, 300
+  Ambrose, Eleanor, 150
+  America, British North, 216
+  Andrews, Dr., 157, 175
+  Anglesey and George IV., Lord, 229
+  Anglesey and O'Connell, 234
+  Anglesey divorced, Lord, 230
+  Anglesey, Marquis of, 227
+  Anglesey on agitation, 232
+  Anglesey's second viceroyalty, Lord, 234
+  Anglo-Irish, Rise of, 31
+  Annesley, Arthur, 89
+  Armagh, Archbishop of, 52
+  Arran, Lord, 128
+  Asquith's Home Rule Bill, Mr., 342
+  Asquith, Miss Violet, 337
+
+
+  Bagenal, Sir Nicholas, 74
+  Balfour, Mr. A. J., 299
+  Balfour, Mr. Gerald, 310, 315
+  'Baratariana,' 176
+  Bedford, fourth Duke of, 161
+  Bedford, Jasper, Duke of, 57
+  Bedford, sixth Duke of, 211
+  Belfast and Lord Aberdeen, 332
+  Belfast Volunteer Review, 195
+  Bellingham, Sir Edward, 67
+  Beresford, 199, 201
+  Berkeley, Lord, John, 98
+  Berkeley, Lord Justice, 123
+  Berkeley, Mary, 72
+  Berwick, Duke of, 118
+  Bessborough, fourth Earl of, 247
+  Bessborough, Lady, 248
+  Bessborough, O'Connell and Lord, 247
+  Birch _v._ Clarendon, 253
+  Birrell, Mr. Augustine, 334
+  Blyth, Sir James, 317
+  Boisseleau, 118
+  Bolton, Charles Paulet, Duke of, 135
+  Bosworth, Battle of, 57
+  'Bottle riot, the,' 225
+  Boyle, Earl of Shannon, 158
+  Boyne, Battle of the, 117
+  Brabazon, 67
+  Brabazon, Captain, 101
+  Brereton, Sir William, 66
+  Brigham, Sir Richard, 74
+  Bristol and Edmund Burke, 184
+  Bristol, Lord, 171
+  British North America, 216
+  Bruce, Edward, 26
+      crowned King of Ireland, 25
+      defeated and killed, 26
+  Bruce, Robert, 25
+      and Prior Roger Utlagh, 28
+  Bryan, Sir Francis, 67
+  Bryce, Mr. James, 334
+  Buckingham, Duke of, 103
+  Buckingham, Marquis of, 192
+      and Grattan, 190
+      and Parliament, 190
+  Buckinghamshire, Earl of, 181
+  Burke, Edmund, 169
+      and Bristol, 184
+      and Irish trade, 184
+  Burke, murder of Mr., 281
+  Byron, Lord, 185
+
+
+  Cadogan, Earl, 309
+  Cadogan's resignation, Lord, 315
+  Camden, Lady, 203
+  Camden, Lord, 200
+  Camden on the Union, 204
+  Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H., 285
+  Canada, 216
+  Canning, 227
+  Capel of Tewkesbury, Lord, 122
+      and Jonathan Swift, 122
+  Carew, John, Lord, 34
+  Carlisle and Grattan, 184
+  Carlisle, fifth Earl of, 181
+  Carlisle, seventh Earl of, 258
+  Carnarvon and Dublin University, 294
+  Carnarvon and Parnell, Lord, 290
+  Carnarvon interview, Parnell on, 292
+  Carnarvon, Lady, 290
+  Carnarvon, Lord, 286, 289
+  Caroline, Queen, 147
+  Carteret and Swift, 142
+  Carteret, John, Lord, 139
+  Cary, 283
+  Cary, Sir George, 80
+  Cashel, Archbishop of, 26
+  Castle, Dublin, 16
+  Castle, Dudley, 68
+  Castle, Fotheringay, 76
+  Castle, Kilcolman, 73
+  Castle, Ludlow, 69
+  Castle, Rathfarnham, 173
+  Castle rebuilt, Dublin, 20
+  Castlemaine, Ormonde and Lady, 97
+  Caatlemaine, Phoenix Park and Lady, 97
+  Castlereagh and Roman Catholic Church, 202
+  Castlereagh, Lord, 174, 202
+  Castlereagh's methods, 207
+  Catholic Association, 232
+  Catholic Association, O'Connell founds, 226
+  Catholic Bill, rejection of, 204
+  Catholic committee, 194
+  Catholic convention, 196
+  Catholic disabilities, 196
+  Catholic Emancipation, 212, 228
+  Catholic Emancipation, Cornwallis and, 209
+  Catholic Emancipation and Union, 207
+  Catholic relief, struggle for, 197
+  Catholics emancipated, 232
+  Cavendish, Lady Dorothy, 186
+  Cavendish, Lord John, 187
+  Cavendish, murder of Lord Frederick, 281
+  Chamberlain, Mr., 285
+  Charles I. and Ormonde, 88
+  Charles I., Irish money for, 83
+  Chesterfield and Eleanor Ambrose, 150
+  Chesterfield and Phoenix Park, 151
+  Chesterfield, Lady, 151
+  Chesterfield on Ireland, 151
+  Chesterfield on Irishmen, 154
+  Chesterfield on the Irish Parliament, Lord, 154
+  Chesterfield's 'Letters,' 147
+  Chesterfield's marriage, 147
+  Chesterfield's political legacy, 149
+  Chesterfield, the Earl of, 146
+  Chichester House, 143
+  Chichester, Lord, 80
+  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 275
+  Church, Gladstone and the Irish, 262
+  Church of Ireland, Disestablishment of, 267
+  Clanricarde, Earl of, 61
+  Clanricarde, Thomond, Earl of, 68
+  Clare, attempt to lynch Lord, 201
+  Clare Election, 231
+  Clare, O'Connell stands for, 231
+  Clarence, George, Duke of, 54
+  Clarendon and O'Connell, 249
+  Clarendon, fourth Earl of, 248
+  Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl of, 107
+  Clarendon _v._ Birch, 253
+  Clement V. and Dublin University, 25
+  Cleveland's plot, Duchess of, 101
+  Clifford, Rosemond, 21
+  Clonmel, Siege of, 92
+  Coercion Act of 1881, 280
+  Coinage, introduction of special, 20
+  Commissioners, Parliamentary, 89
+  Conellan, Mr. Corry, 252
+  Coningsby, Lord Justice, 120
+  Connaught, Visit of Duke of, 270
+  Cooke, military secretary, 199
+  Cornwallis and Catholic Emancipation, 209
+  'Cornwallis Correspondence,' 187
+  Cornwallis, Lord, 203, 205
+  Cornwallis, surrender of Humbert to, 207
+  Corunna, 229
+  Coventry, Bishop of, 18
+  Cowley, Lord, 230
+  Cowper, Earl, 275
+  Crampton, Sir Philip, 220
+  Craven, Lady Beatrix, 310
+  Cromwell, Henry, 94
+  Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland, 90
+  Croft, Sir James, 67
+  Cullen, Cardinal, 272
+  Cumberland, Richard, 167
+  Curragh, George IV. at, 220
+  Curran, 215
+  Curran and Emmet, 211
+  Curran and the Union, 208
+  Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, 68
+
+
+  Dantsey, Bishop of Meath, 49
+  d'Arcy's parliament, 31
+  d'Arcy, Roger, 33
+  d'Audeley, Jacques, 23
+  d'Ardingselles, Guillaume, 23
+  Deane, Henry, 61
+  de Balscot, Alexander, 40, 43
+  de Bermingham, Jean, Earl of Louth, 26
+  de Bermingham, Walter, 34
+  de Blaquerie, Lord, 179
+  de Bromwich, John, 40
+  de Burgh, Guillaume Fitz-Aldelm, 17
+  de Burgh, Richard, 22
+  de Burgh, Sir Guillaume, 24
+  de Burgh, Sir Thomas, 29
+  de Burgh, William, Earl of Ulster, 29
+  de Burghs, the, 30
+  de Cherlton, Sir John, 29
+  de Colton, Dean, 39, 41, 44
+  de Courcy, 19
+  de Courtenay, Philip, 41
+  de Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, 39
+  'Defenders, the,' 197
+  de Gaveston, Piers, 24
+  de Gorges, Sir Ralph, 27
+  de Gray, Sir John, 49
+  de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, 21
+  de Grey, Earl, 243
+  de Grey, Lady, 243
+  de Joinville, Geoffery, 23
+  de Lacy, assassination of Hugh, 19
+  de Lacy, Hugh, 16
+  de Lacy, Hugh, 18
+  de Lacy II., Hugh, 19
+  de la Haye, Guillaume, 23
+  de la Rochelle, Sir Richard, 23
+  de la Zouche, Alain, 22
+  de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin, 21
+  de Marreis, Geoffery, 22
+  de Mortimer, Edmund, 40, 49
+  de Mortimer, Roger, 26
+  de Mortimer, Roger, 43
+  de Mortimer, Sir Thomas, 41
+  de Peche, Richard, 18
+  de Pembridge, Sir Richard, 38
+  Derby, Lord, 256, 264
+  de Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 34
+  de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin, 23
+  Desmond, Earl of, 31
+  Desmond, Earl of, 54
+  Desmond, Gerald, fourth Earl of, 37
+  Desmond, Maurice, Earl of, 34
+  Desmonds, the, 30
+  de Stanley, Sir John, 43
+  de Stanley, Sir John, 44
+  de Taney, William, 39
+  de Valognes, Hamon, 19
+  de Verdun, Theobaude, 25
+  de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 42
+  de Vesci, Sir Guillaume, 23
+  Devolution, 319
+  Devonshire, William, third Duke of, 145
+  de Welles, Sir Leon, 49
+  de Welles, William, 49
+  de Windsor, Sir William, 38
+  de Windsor, Sir William, 39
+  D'Exeter, Richard, 23
+  'Diamond, Battle of,' 197
+  Disraeli, 264
+  Disraeli and Marlborough, 273
+  Doon, the auction at, 235
+  Dorset and Mrs. La Touche, 157
+  Dorset and Peg Woffington, 157
+  Dorset and the Irish Parliament, 159
+  Dorset, Duchess of, 217
+  Dorset, Duke of, 216
+  Dorset, Lionel Sackville, Duke of, 144, 155
+  Doyle, Bishop, 247
+  'Drapier's Letters,' 140
+  Drogheda, massacre of, 91
+  Drummond, Thomas, 258
+  du Bouchet, Mdlle., 147
+  Dublin after the Union, 209
+  Dublin Castle, 16
+  Dublin Castle rebuilt, 20
+  Dublin Corporation, Perrott's present to, 75
+  _Dublin Evening Post_, 214
+  Dublin, Exhibition of 1870, 270
+  Dublin Exhibition of 1853, 258
+  Dublin, Marquis of, 42
+  Dublin Parliament, 31, 41
+  Dublin in the eighteenth century, 137, 156
+  Dublin in the fourteenth century, 34
+  Dublin in the seventeenth century, 100
+  Dublin streets, famous, 169
+  Dublin trade and England, 115
+  Dublin University and Lord Carnarvon, 294
+  Dublin University, first mention of, 25
+  Dublin, university opened in, 27
+  Dudley Castle, 68
+  Dudley, Earl of, 317
+  Dudley, Edmund, 55
+  Dudley, Lady, 320
+  d'Ufford, Sir Raoul, 31
+  D'Ufford, Sir Robert, 23
+  Duncannon, Lord.  See Bessborough
+  Dundas, 196
+  Dunraven, Lord, 319
+
+
+  Ebrington, Viscount, 242
+  Ecclesiastics, banishment of, 82
+  Ecclesiastical deputies, 23
+  Eden, Sir William, 182
+  Edgecumbe, Sir Richard, 58
+  Edward II., 24
+  Edward III., 28
+  Edward IV. and Desmond, 54
+  Edward VII., death of King, 337
+  Edward and Queen Alexandra, last visit of King, 335
+  Edward and Queen Alexandra, visit of King, 321
+  Edward, Prince, 57
+  Eglinton and Winton, Earl of, 256
+  Eglinton tournament, 256
+  Eldon, Lord, 228
+  Election of 1885, result of General, 292
+  Election of 1906, General, 324
+  Emmet and Curran, 211
+  Emmet, Robert, 211
+  Enniskillen, Earl of, 243
+  English defeats, 19, 34, 43, 44
+  Erne, Lord, 240
+  Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of, 99
+      Lady, 100
+      death of, 102
+  Essex, Captain Brabazon and Lady, 101
+  Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 76
+      and Mountjoy, 77, 79
+  Etienne, 23
+
+
+  'Faerie Queen,' Spenser's, 73
+  Falkland, Lady, 82
+  Falkland, Viscount, 82
+  Famine, the great, 249
+  Faughard, Battle of, 26
+  Faulkner, Mary Ann, 165
+  Fenianism, 260
+  Fenianism and Mr. Gladstone, 267
+  Fenianism, Gladstone on, 260
+  'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' 63
+  Fitz-Eustace, Edmund, 52
+  Fitz-Eustace, Sir Roland, 54
+  Fitz-Geoffery, Jean, 22
+  Fitzgerald and Clare, Mr., 231
+  Fitzgerald, Capture of Lord Edward, 206
+  Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, Thomas, 26
+  Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 202
+  Fitzgerald, Maurice, 22
+  Fitzgerald, Maurice Fitzmaurice, 23
+  Fitzgerald, Sir James, 64
+  Fitzgerald, Sir Maurice, 62
+  Fitz-Gislebert, 17
+  Fitzmaurice, Thomas, 23
+  Fitz-Simon, Walter, 59
+  Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, 26
+  Fitzwilliam, Earl, 199
+  Fitzwilliam, Lady, 75
+  Fitz-William, Sir William, 68, 75
+  Fleetwood, Sir Charles, 93
+  Flood, Henry, 169
+  Foley's statue of Carlisle, 259
+  Forster, Mr. W. E., 276
+  Forster, resignation of, 280
+  Fotheringay Castle, 76
+  Fox, Charles James, 182
+  Franklin, 196
+  Free Trade and Grattan, 181
+  Free Trade for Ireland, 181
+  Froude on Ireland, 206
+  Froude on Irish Volunteers, 195
+  Furlong on Lord Wellesley, 226
+
+
+  Gainsborough, Lord, 76
+  Gardiner, Sir Robert, 76
+  George and Queen Mary, visit of King, 338
+  George II. and Lord Chesterfield, 146
+  George IV. and Lord Anglesey, 229
+  George IV.'s visit, 219
+  George on his visit, King, 339
+  George proclaimed, King, 337
+  George, visit of Prince, 300
+  Geraldine family, first of, 17
+  Geraldines, the, 30
+  Gladstone and Ireland, 268
+  Gladstone and the Irish Church, 262
+  Gladstone and Irish University, 271
+  Gladstone and Lord Aberdeen, 295
+  Gladstone on Fenianism, 260
+  Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of, 43
+  Goderich, 227
+  Godolphin, 127
+  Gordon, death of Hon. Archibald, 337
+  Gormanstown, Lord of, 35
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 57
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 62
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 59
+  Government bribery, 202
+  Grafton, Duke of, 138
+  Grattan and Dolly Munroe, 174
+  Grattan and Free Trade, 181
+  Grattan and Lord Carlisle, 184
+  Grattan and Phoenix Park, 183
+  Grattan, Henry, 169
+  Grattan's position, 183
+  Grenville, 211
+  Greville, 233
+  Grey, Elizabeth, 54
+  Grey, Lady Elizabeth, 63
+  Grey, Lord, 56
+  Grey of Ruthyn, Reginald, 44
+  Grey of Wilton, Lord, 71
+  Grouchy, 202
+  Gunning sisters, the, 154
+
+
+  Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, 277
+  Halifax, George, second Earl of, 163
+  Halifax, Lord, 268
+  Haddington, Earl of, 237
+  Hamilton, 'Single-Speech,' 167
+  Hamilton, Sir George, 111
+  Hardwicke, Lady, 210
+  Hardwicke, Lord, 210
+  Harcourt, Lord, 177
+  Harcourt, Lord, 179
+  Harding, 140
+  Barrel, Sir David, 317
+  Harrington, William Stanhope, Earl of, 152
+  Hartington, Lord, 161
+  Henderson, Sir James, 317
+  Henniker, Hon. Mrs. Arthur, 307
+  Henry II. invades Ireland, 15
+  Henry III. and viceroy, 21
+  Henry IV. and English colony, 45
+  Henry VIII., 60
+  Hereford, Bishop of, 30
+  Hertford, Earl of, 168
+  Heytesbury, Lord, 244
+  Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael, 273, 284, 299
+  Hobart, 196
+  Hoche, 202
+  Holbein's portrait of Kildare, 64
+  Holland, Lord, 86
+  Home Rule Bill, defeat of second, 308
+  Home Rule Bill of 1912, Mr. Asquith's, 342
+  Home Rule, Gladstone and, 279
+  Home Rule, Tory party and, 291
+  Houghton, Lord, 305
+  'Hours of Idleness,' 185
+  Humbert to Cornwallis, surrender of, 207
+  Hyde, Anne, 120
+  Hyde, Laurence, 107
+
+
+  Ireland and the English party system, 264
+  Ireland and the Pope, 15, 18
+  Ireland, Duke of, 42
+  Ireland, Edward Bruce crowned King of, 25
+  Ireland, first viceroy of, 16
+  Ireland, Gladstone on, 268
+  Ireland, Henry II. invades, 15
+  Ireland in 1882, 279
+  Ireland, Jacobean war in, 116
+  Ireland, proposal to create King of, 42
+  Ireton, Henry, 93
+  Irish land, prices of, 72
+  Irish land, struggle for, 30
+  Irishmen, Chesterfield on, 154
+  Irish Free Trade, 181
+  Irish mines, 32
+  Irish Parliament and the Civil War, 83
+  Irish Parliament, character of, 170
+  Irish Parliament, Declaration of Independence of, 53
+  Irish Parliament and Duke of York, 53
+  Irish Parliament's independence, 182
+  Irish party and Melbourne, 237
+  Irish trade, 114
+  Irish trade, Burke and, 184
+  Irish volunteers, 183
+  Iveagh, Lord, 317
+
+
+  Jackson, Mr. W. L., 303
+  Jacobean war in Ireland, 116
+  James II. and Lady Tyrconnel, 115, 117
+  James II.'s grant to Tyrconnel, 118
+  James II. in Ireland, 115
+  James II.'s Irish policy, 107
+  Jean, Constable of Chester, 18
+  Jewels, disappearance of Castle, 334
+  John in Ireland, King, 20
+  Jones, Colonel Michael, 89
+
+
+  Kauffmann, Angelica, 174
+  Kendal, Duchess of, 139
+  Kenmare, Lord, 194
+  Keogh, John, 194
+  Kilcolman Castle, 73
+  Kildare and London society, 60
+  Kildare, death of, 65
+  Kildare, Earl of, 55
+  Kildare, execution of tenth Earl of, 66
+  Kildare, Gerald, fifth Earl of, 46
+  Kildare, Gerald, ninth Earl of, 55
+  Kildare, Holbein's portrait of, 64
+  Kildare, Jean Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, 26
+  Kildare, Maurice, fourth Earl of, 35
+  Kildare, Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, 39
+  Kildare, release of Earl of, 33
+  Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of, 26
+  Kildare, Thomas Fitz-Gerald, Earl of, 52
+  Kildare, Thomas, second Earl of, 28
+  Kilkenny Castle and William III., 125
+  Kilkenny Election of 1828, 247
+  Kilkenny, Statute of, 36
+  Kilmainham Treaty, 278
+  Kimberley, Lord, 263
+  'King Kildare,' 65
+  King, Sir R., 89
+  Kingale, 115
+  Knocdoe, Battle of, 61
+
+
+  'Lady of the Sun, the,' 40
+  Lake, General, 204
+  Lambert, Major-General, 93
+  Land Act of 1870, 267
+  Land Act of 1870, 269
+  Land Act of 1881, 277
+  Land Act of 1903, 318
+  Land League founded, 277
+  Langrishe, Hercules, 174
+  La Touche, Elizabeth, 184
+  La Touche, Mrs., and Dorset, 157
+  Laud, 79
+  Lauzun, 118
+  le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, 35
+  le Botiller, Prior Thomas, 47
+  le Botiller, Sir Edmund, 25
+  Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, 25
+  le Dene, Guillaume, 23
+  le Gros, Raymond, 17
+  Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, 84
+  Leinster, Duke of, 266
+  Leinster, King of, 16
+  le Petril, Guillaume, 19
+  le Scrope, Sir Stephen, 46
+  le Strange, Sir Thomas, 49
+  Liberalism in Ireland, 295
+  'Lilli Burlero, Bullen a la,' 130
+  Limerick, Siege of, 93
+  Limerick, Siege of, 118
+  Limerick, Treaty of, 119
+  Lionel's army, defeat of Prince, 35
+  Lionel, Prince, 35
+  Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, 57
+  Lisle, Lord, 85
+  Local Government Bill, the, 311
+  Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, 71
+  Loftus, Lady, 173
+  Loftus, Lord, 173
+  Londonderry, Lady, 301
+  Londonderry, sixth Marquis of, 298
+  Londonderry, third Marquis of, 274
+  Long, Mr. Walter, 320
+  Lord-Lieutenant, first mention of, 29
+  Louise, visit of Princess, 270
+  Louth, Jean de Bermingham, Earl of, 26
+  Lucas, Charles, 152
+  Ludlow Castle, 69
+  Lyndhurst, Lord, 228
+
+
+  Maamtrasna case, the, 284
+  McNally, treachery of, 206
+  'Magna Charta,' 21
+  Malmesbury, Lord, 241
+  'Manchester Martyrs,' 262
+  Mansion House, last visit by viceroy to, 330
+  Mansion House Relief Fund, 274
+  Marechal, Guillaume, 22
+  Marechal, Guillaume, Earl, 19
+  Marlborough and Disraeli, 273
+  Marlborough, Earl of, 118-119
+  Marlborough, sixth Duke of, 273
+  Mary of Wales, Princess, 338
+  Maynooth Castle, Siege of, 65
+  Maynooth College, foundation of, 201
+      origin of, 202
+  McMurrough, Dermot, 16
+  Melbourne, Irish party and Lord, 237
+  Melbourne, Lord, 237
+  Melbourne, O'Connell and Lord, 238
+  Mirabeau, 195
+  Mitchelstown affray, 301
+  Molyneux, 196
+  Monck, General, 97
+  Montgomery, Anne, 175
+  Montgomery, Barbara, 199
+  Montgomery, Captain, 178
+  Moor, Colonel John, 89
+  Moore, Sir John, 229
+  Moriz, Sir John, 30
+  Morley, Mr. John, 295, 305
+  Morley's 'Life of Gladstone' quoted, 279
+  Mornington, Earl of, 210
+  Mountjoy and Essex, 77, 79
+  Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, 78
+  Mountjoy, Lady, 79
+  Mulgrave, Lord, 237
+  Mulgrave, William IV. and Lord, 239
+  Municipal Bill, Irish, 258
+  Munroe, Dorothea, 173
+  Munster, plantation of, 72
+
+
+  Naas Parliament, 56
+  Napoleon, 216
+  Napoleon, Louis, 241
+  Nationalism, beginnings of, 153
+  'Nation, the,' 252
+  Norbury, murder of Earl of, 240
+  Norbury, Toler, Lord, 199
+  Norfolk, Duke of, 63
+  Normanby, Lord.  See Mulgrave, Lord
+  Norris, Sir Thomas, 76
+  Northampton, Lord, 276
+  Northington, Lord, 189
+  Northumberland, Hugh Percy, Duke of, 233
+  Northumberland, Hugh Smithson, Earl and Duke of, 167
+  Northumberland, Lady, 168
+  Nugent, Richard, 51
+
+
+  O'Brien, William Smith, 244, 246, 250
+  O'Connell abandons Repeal, 245
+  O'Connell and Lord Anglesey, 234
+  O'Connell and Lord Bessborough, 247
+  O'Connell and Lord Clarendon, 249
+  O'Connell and Lord Melbourne, 238
+  O'Connell and Lord Wellesley, 225
+  O'Connell and the Duke of Richmond, 214
+  O'Connell and the viceroyalty, 242
+  O'Connell arrested, 244
+  O'Connell, Daniel, 219
+  O'Connell founds Catholic Association, 226
+  O'Connell stands for Clare, 231
+  O'Connell starts Repeal movement, 233
+  O'Connor, King, 18
+  O'Donnell, 283
+  Offaly, Thomas, Lord, 65
+  Orange Government, 120
+  Orange lodges, 225
+  O'Malley, Grace, 69
+  O'Neill and Cromwell, 92
+  O'Neill, defeat of, 78
+  O'Neill, Shane, 67
+  Ormonde and Wiltshire, Earl of, 53
+  Ormonde, Cromwell and Lady, 94
+  Ormonde, death of, 106
+  Ormonde, Earl of, 63
+  Ormonde, Earl of, 73, 76
+  Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, 86
+      and the Civil War, 85
+  Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, and Stafford, 88
+      honours showered upon, 95
+      and Lady Castlemaine, 97
+      recalled, 97
+      attempt to assassinate, 103
+      return to Ireland, 104
+      and the Catholics, 105
+      superseded, 106
+  Ormonde, James le Botiller, Earl of, 40
+  Ormonde, second Earl of, 35
+  Ormonde's exile, 128
+  Ormonde, the second Duke of, 124
+  Ormonde, third Earl of, 43
+  Ormsby, Sir Lambert, 317
+  O'Ruarc, murder of Tiarnan, 17
+  Ossory, death of Lord, 105
+  Ossory, Earl of, 64
+  Ossory, Lord, 103
+  Oxford, Earl of, 55
+
+
+  Pakenham, Catherine, 198
+  Palmer, Lady.  See Ambrose, Eleanor
+  Palmerston, Lord, 241, 259
+  Parese, Christopher, 65
+  Parliament and Act of Union, Irish, 207
+  Parliament and the Civil War, Irish, 83
+  Parliament at Naas, 56
+  Parliament at Trim, 56
+  Parliament, bribing the Irish, 208
+  Parliament, character of Irish, 170
+  Parliamentary commissioners, 89
+  Parliament, Declaration of Independence of Irish, 53
+  Parliament, Dorset and the Irish, 159
+  Parliament House, rebuilding of, 143
+  Parliament in Dublin, 31, 41
+  Parliament, Lord Chesterfield on the Irish, 154
+  Parliament's independence, Irish, 182
+  Parliament, Townshend and Irish, 171
+  Parnell and Lord Carnarvon, 290
+  Parnell and Phoenix Park murders, 283
+  Parnell arrested and discharged, 277
+  Parnell, Charles Stewart, 274
+  Parnell Commission, 301
+  Parnell, death of, 304
+  Parnell's leadership, 276
+  Parnell on the Carnarvon interview, 292
+  Parnell's second arrest, 278
+  'Paston Letters,' 60
+  Patterson of Baltimore, Mrs., 227
+  Peel, Sir Robert, 214, 218, 228, 232, 242, 243
+  'Peep o'-day' Boys, 197
+  Pelham, Sir William, 71
+  Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, Earl of, 127
+  Ferrers, Alice, 39
+  Perrott, Sir John, 72
+      charges against, 74
+      and Spanish Armada, 74
+  Perrott, Thomas, 72
+  Petersham, Lady Caroline, 155
+  Phoenix Park and Grattan, 183
+  Phoenix Park, Chesterfield and, 151
+  Phoenix Park, Lady Castlemaine and, 97
+  Phoenix Park murders, 281
+  Phoenix Park murders, Parnell and, 283
+  Pile, Sir Thomas D., 314
+  Pipard, Pierre, 19
+  Pirrie, Lord, 334
+  Pitt, William, 161, 193, 196
+      and the Union, 205
+  Plantagenet, Maud, 32
+  Plantation methods, attempt to revive, 94
+  Plantation of Ireland, 71
+  Pole, Cardinal, 66
+  Poor Law Bill, Irish, 258
+  Pope, Alexander, 136
+  Pope and Ireland, the, 15, 18
+  Pope and viceroy, the, 21
+  Porter, Lord Justice, 120
+  Portland, third Duke of, 186, 202
+  Portsmouth, Duchess of, 98
+  Powis, Lord, 211
+  Poynings, Sir Edward, 60
+  Preston, Elizabeth, 86
+  Primrose, Lady Margaret, 309
+  Purcell, 130
+
+
+  Radnor, Earl of, 245
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 73
+  Rathfarnham Castle, 173
+  Rebellion of 1641, the, 84
+  Rebellion of '98, 204
+  Rebellion, Robert Emmet, 211
+  Redmond, Mr. John, 326
+  Religious persecution, beginning of, 67
+  Repeal Movement, O'Connell starts, 233
+  Repeal, O'Connell abandons, 245
+  Restoration, the, 95
+  Ribbonmen, 225
+  Rich, Lord, 79
+  Richard II., deposition of, 28
+  Richard II. in Ireland, 28, 43
+  'Richard in Iron,' 69
+  Richmond and Lennox, fourth Duke of, 212
+  Richmond's libel action, Duke of, 214
+  Robarts, Lord, 97
+  Rochester, Earl of, 106
+  Rochester, Laurence, Earl of, 123
+  Rockingham, Lord, 185
+  Roland, Hyacinthe Gabrielle, 224
+  Roman Catholic Church, plan to endow, 202
+  Rosebery, Lord, 263
+  'Rose of Raby, the,' 51
+  Royal Commissions, 299
+  Russell, Lady Louisa, 264
+  Russell, Lord John, 212, 238, 246
+      and Gladstone, Lord John, 212
+      and abolition of viceroyalty, 212
+  Russell, Sir William, 76
+  Rutland, Duke of, 189
+  Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, 53
+  Rye House plot, 102
+
+
+  Sackville, Lord George, 157
+  Salisbury, Bishop of, 18
+  Salisbury, Guillaume, Earl of, 21
+  Salisbury, Lord, 279, 284, 310
+  Salisbury Ministry, 290
+  Salisbury's retirement, Lord, 315
+  Sarsfield, Patrick, 116
+  St. Albans, Battle of, 52
+  St. Amaud, Lord of Gormanstown, 35
+  St. Germans, Earl of, 257
+  St. John, Elizabeth, 60
+  St. John, Sir Oliver, 81
+  St. Leger, Sir Anthony, 66
+  St. Patrick, creation of Order of, 188
+  Shannon, Earl of, 158
+  Shaw, Captain, 319
+  Sheil, Richard Lalor, 225
+  Shelburne, Lord, 187
+  Sheridan, 142
+  Sheridan, 155
+  Sheridan, actor, 159
+  Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 169
+  Sherwood, Bishop of Meath, 54
+  Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of, 133
+  Shrewsbury, Sir John Talbot, Earl of, 49
+  Sidney on the viceroyalty, 68
+  Sidney, Sir Henry, 67
+  Sidney, Viscount, 120
+  Simnel, Lambert, 57
+      crowned King of Ireland, 57
+  Skeffington, Sir William, 64
+  Solomon, R.A., Mr. Solomon J., 317
+  Somers, 127
+  Somerville, Sir William, 252
+  South African War, Ireland and, 313
+  Spanish Armada and Perrott, 74
+  Spencer, Earl, 267
+      on Phoenix Park murders, 281
+      motion of censure on, 284
+      banquet to, 284
+      second viceroyalty, 278
+      and the Premiership, 287
+  Spencer, Lady, 270
+  Spenser, Edmund 73
+  Statute of Kilkenny, 36
+  Stephens, James, 260
+  Stoke, Battle of, 58
+  Stone, Archbishop, 158
+  Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 83
+      and Ormonde, 88
+  Suffolk, Henrietta Howard, Countess of, 147
+  Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of, 55
+  Sullivan, Lord Mayor, T. D., 330
+  Sullivan, Sir Edward, 285
+  Sunderland, Earl of, 137
+  Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of, 44
+  Sussex, Earl of, 67
+  Sutton, Sir John, 49
+  Swift, Jonathan, 122, 126, 131, 136, 142, 143
+
+
+  Talbot and his salary, Sir John, 48
+  Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, 49
+  Talbot, Lord, 218
+  Talbot, Richard.  See Tyrconnel, Earl of
+  Talbot, Sir John, 48
+  Tempest, Lady Frances, 274
+  Temple, Earl, 188
+  Thomas of Lancaster, Prince, 45
+  Thurlos, Battle of, 20
+  Tithe Bill, Irish, 258
+  Tithe Commutation Act of 1838, 236
+  Tithe War, the, 235
+  Tithe War, cost of, 236
+  Toler, Chief Justice, 240
+  Tone, Wolfe, 202
+  Townshend and duelling, 177
+  Townshend and Irish Parliament, 171
+  Townshend, death of Lady, 173
+  Townshend, Lord, 169
+  Townshend marries Anne Montgomery, 179
+  Tory party and Home Rule, 291
+  Treaty of Limerick, 119
+  Treaty, the Kilmainham, 278
+  Trench on disestablishment, Archbishop, 267
+  Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 285
+  Trim Castle, mint at, 53
+  Trim Parliament, 56
+  Trinity College, 334
+  Tyrone, Earl of, 76
+  Tyrconnel and James II., Lady, 115, 117
+  Tyrconnel, James II.'s grant to, 118
+  Tyrconnel, Lady, 113
+  Tyrconnel, Lord, 107
+  Tyrconnel's death, 118
+
+
+  Ulster, colonization of, 81
+  Ulster, Countess of, 29
+  Ulster, murder of Earl of, 29
+  Ulster, William de Burgh, Earl of, 29
+  'Undertakers,' 72
+  Union, Camden on the, 204
+  Union carried, Act of, 208
+  Union, Catholic emancipation and Act of, 207
+  Union, Curran and the, 208
+  Union, defeat of Act of, 207
+  Union, Dublin after the, 209
+  Union, first articles of the, 207
+  Union, first thoughts of, 181
+  'Union of Hearts, The,' 296
+  Union, Pitt and the, 205
+  United Irishmen, the, 202
+  University and Lord Carnarvon, Dublin, 294
+  University, Clement V. and Dublin, 25
+  University, first mention of Dublin, 25
+  University, Gladstone and Irish, 271
+  University opened in Dublin, 27
+  Utlagh and Robert Bruce, 28
+  Utlagh, charge against, 28
+  Utlagh, death of, 30
+  Utlagh, Prior Roger, 28
+
+
+  Verulam, Earl of, 249
+  Vicars, Sir Arthur, 336
+  Viceregal allowance, 39
+  Viceregal Commission on Castle jewels, 336
+  Viceregal contracts, 19
+  Viceregal lodge, purchase of, 182
+  Viceregal profits, 33
+  Viceroy and cattle-stealing, 30
+  Viceroy and Dublin tradespeople, 21
+  Viceroy and Henry III., 21
+  Viceroy and Pope, 21
+  Viceroy of Ireland, the first, 16
+  Viceroy, petition against, 21
+  Viceroy sued, 253
+  'Viceroy, the Hanging,' 71
+  Viceroy's army, defeat of, 25
+  Viceroys, character of early, 17
+  Viceroy's debts, 21
+  Viceroys, rival, 56
+  Viceroy's salary, 22, 46
+  Viceroy's salary increased, 189
+  Viceroy's salary in eighteenth century, 165
+  Viceroyalty, early English views regarding, 24
+  Viceroyalty, Nationalist attitude towards, 329
+  Viceroyalty, O'Connell and the, 242
+  Viceroyalty, proposal to abolish, 212
+  Viceroyalty, Sidney on the, 68
+  Victoria and Prince Consort in Ireland, Queen, 258
+  Victoria, death of Queen, 315
+  Victoria on her visit, Queen, 314
+  Victoria's first visit to Ireland, Queen, 251
+  Victoria's last visit, Queen, 313
+  Victoria's third visit, Queen, 260
+  Volunteers, Irish, 183
+  Volunteer review, Belfast, 195
+  Volunteers, revival of, 195
+
+
+  Wakefield, Battle of, 54
+  Wales, Edward, Prince of, 338
+  Wales in Dublin, Prince of, 262
+  Wales, visit of Prince and Princess of, 265
+  Wales, visit of Prince of, 286
+  Wallop, Sir Henry, 71
+  Walpole's 'Journal of George III.'s Reign,' 193
+  Walsingham, Petronilla, Countess of, 147
+  Wandesford, Sir Charles, 84
+  Warbeck, Perkin, 59
+  Warrenne and Surrey, Earl of, 22
+  Warwick, Earl of, 55
+  Washington, 196
+  Waterford, Siege of, 91
+  Waterloo, Battle of, 214
+  Wellesley, Arthur, 198, 213
+  Wellesley, Marquis, 222
+      marriage, 199
+      attacked in theatre, 225
+      and O'Connell, 225
+      Furlong on Lord, 226
+      second marriage, 227
+      second Viceroyalty, Lord, 237
+  Wellington, Duke of, 227
+  Wellington, Prime Minister, Duke of, 231
+  Westmoreland, tenth Earl of, 193
+  Wexford, massacre of, 91
+  Wharton, the first Lady, 131
+  Wharton, the second Lady, 131
+  Wharton, Thomas, Earl of, 128
+  Whiteboys, 225
+  White, Mathew, 92
+  White, Richard, 43
+  Whitshed, Chief Justice, 141
+  Whitworth, Lord, 216
+  William III. at Kilkenny Castle, 125
+  William IV., 238
+  William IV. and Lord Mulgrave, 239
+  Wiltshire, Earl of, 52
+  Wodehouse, Lord, 260
+  Woffington and Dorset, 156
+  Wogan, Sir Jean, 23, 25
+  Wolfe, Solicitor-General, 199
+  Wolsey and Kildare, 63
+  Women's National Health Association of Ireland, 339
+  Wood's halfpence, 139
+  Woodville, Elizabeth, 63
+  World, the, 253
+  Wyndham Land Act, 318
+  Wyndham, Mr. George, 315
+
+
+  York, Richard, Duke of, 50, 57
+  York, visit of Duke and Duchess of, 311
+  Yorke, Lord Chancellor, 210
+  Yorktown, Cornwallis's surrender at, 205
+  Young Ireland insurrection, 249
+
+
+  Zetland, Earl and first Marquis of, 330
+
+
+
+
+BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
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+
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+
+<TITLE>
+The Project Gutenberg E-text of The Viceroys of Ireland, by Charles O'Mahony
+</TITLE>
+
+<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
+BODY { color: Black;
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+
+IMG.imgcenter { margin-left: auto;
+                margin-bottom: 0;
+                margin-top: 1%;
+                margin-right: auto; }
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Viceroys of Ireland, by Charles O'Mahony
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Viceroys of Ireland
+
+Author: Charles O'Mahony
+
+Release Date: May 22, 2011 [EBook #36193]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-front"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-front.jpg" ALT="The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T." BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t1" STYLE="color: red">
+THE VICEROYS OF
+<BR>
+IRELAND
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+THE STORY OF THE LONG LINE OF NOBLEMEN
+<BR>
+AND THEIR WIVES WHO HAVE RULED
+<BR>
+IRELAND AND IRISH SOCIETY FOR
+<BR>
+OVER SEVEN HUNDRED
+<BR>
+YEARS
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+BY
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t2" STYLE="color: red">
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+WITH PHOTOGRAVURE FRONTISPIECE AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER
+<BR>
+PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+LONDON
+<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="color: red">JOHN LONG, LIMITED</SPAN>
+<BR>
+NORRIS STREET, HAYMARKET
+<BR>
+MCMXII
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+TO
+<BR>
+MY WIFE
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pix"></A>ix}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+PREFACE
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is the first complete history of the viceroys of Ireland, the only
+other book on the subject being the late Sir John T. Gilbert's, which
+was published in 1864.  But as he dealt with the viceroys between 1172
+and 1509 only, his book has no claim to completeness.  In common with
+all writers on Ireland, however, I must express my acknowledgments to
+Gilbert.  His keen and discerning research work, covering the first two
+hundred years of the viceroyalty, has been of the utmost value to me.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Irish affairs appear certain to monopolize public and parliamentary
+attention this year, and on this account I think that the history of
+the men who have ruled Ireland for nearly seven hundred and fifty years
+will be read with interest.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Of the illustrations, that of Lord Aberdeen is from a photograph by M.
+Lafayette of Dublin and London, who has also supplied the photographs
+of Lady Aberdeen, Lords Dudley, Spencer, Londonderry, Cadogan, and
+Crewe, King Edward at the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Px"></A>x}</SPAN>
+Dublin Exhibition, and those of the
+Viceregal Lodge, St. Patrick's Hall, and the Throne Room in Dublin
+Castle.  All the other illustrations are from photographs of the
+originals in the National Portrait Gallery, Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+LONDON
+<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>June</I>, 1912
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxi"></A>xi}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+CONTENTS
+</P>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+                                                             PAGE
+
+CHAPTER I      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P15">15</A>
+CHAPTER II     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+CHAPTER III    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P48">48</A>
+CHAPTER IV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P62">62</A>
+CHAPTER V      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+CHAPTER VI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       <A HREF="#P86">86</A>
+CHAPTER VII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+CHAPTER VIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+CHAPTER IX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P139">139</A>
+CHAPTER X      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P161">161</A>
+CHAPTER XI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+CHAPTER XII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P188">188</A>
+CHAPTER XIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P201">201</A>
+CHAPTER XIV    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+CHAPTER XV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P229">229</A>
+CHAPTER XVI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P242">242</A>
+CHAPTER XVII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P261">261</A>
+CHAPTER XVIII  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P271">271</A>
+CHAPTER XIX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P289">289</A>
+CHAPTER XX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P303">303</A>
+CHAPTER XXI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P313">313</A>
+CHAPTER XXII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P326">326</A>
+
+INDEX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      <A HREF="#P343">343</A>
+</PRE>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxiii"></A>xiii}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+</P>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+                                                        FACING PAGE
+
+THE EARL OF ABERDEEN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -     <A HREF="#img-front"><I>Frontispiece</I></A>
+
+THE VICEREGAL LODGE, DUBLIN  -   -   -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-030">30</A>
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, DUBLIN CASTLE   -   -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-042">42</A>
+
+ST. PATRICK'S HALL, DUBLIN CASTLE    -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-054">54</A>
+
+ROBERT DEVEREUX, EARL OF ESSEX   -   -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-068">68</A>
+
+CHARLES BLOUNT, LORD MOUNTJOY    -   -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-078">78</A>
+
+THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF STRAFFORD  -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-084">84</A>
+
+JAMES BUTLER, FIRST DUKE OF ORMONDE  -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-086">86</A>
+
+OLIVER CROMWELL  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -           <A HREF="#img-090">90</A>
+
+ARTHUR, EARL OF ESSEX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-100">100</A>
+
+LORD WHARTON -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-130">130</A>
+
+JOHN, LORD CARTERET  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-140">140</A>
+
+EARL OF CHESTERFIELD -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-150">150</A>
+
+EARL OF HARRINGTON   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-152">152</A>
+
+MARQUIS TOWNSHEND    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-176">176</A>
+
+INSTALLATION BANQUET OF KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK   -   -          <A HREF="#img-188">188</A>
+
+DUKE OF RUTLAND  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-192">192</A>
+
+EARL OF WESTMORELAND -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-194">194</A>
+
+EARL FITZWILLIAM -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-200">200</A>
+
+MARQUIS CAMDEN   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-204">204</A>
+
+MARQUIS CORNWALLIS   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-210">210</A>
+
+DUKE OF RICHMOND AND LENNOX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-214">214</A>
+
+EARL TALBOT  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-218">218</A>
+
+MARQUIS WELLESLEY    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-226">226</A>
+
+LORD MULGRAVE    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-240">240</A>
+</PRE>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxiv"></A>xiv}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+EARL OF CLARENDON    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-248">248</A>
+
+EARL OF EGLINTON AND WINTON  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-256">256</A>
+
+EARL SPENCER -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-280">280</A>
+
+LORD CREWE   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-306">306</A>
+
+EARL CADOGAN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-310">310</A>
+
+LORD DUDLEY  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-318">318</A>
+
+KING EDWARD CONVERSING WITH LORD ABERDEEN    -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-334">334</A>
+
+COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          <A HREF="#img-338">338</A>
+</PRE>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap01"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P15"></A>15}</SPAN>
+
+<H2 ALIGN="center">
+THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND
+</H2>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER I
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The conquest of Ireland by Henry II. is one of the myths of history
+which Time has endeavoured to crystallize into fact.  Rome gave Ireland
+to the superstitious, cowardly King of England, but the Pope could not
+make Henry a conqueror, and so the invader, coming to claim that which
+did not belong to the Pope or to himself, discovered that the native
+Irish could defend themselves.  Ireland was a land of saints according
+to the chroniclers of the time; Henry discovered that it was also a
+land of fighters, and the armour and superior weapons of his army were
+outmatched by the sturdy patriotism of the Irish, whose weapons and
+methods were, doubtless, crude, but whose courage and determination
+were inspired by a love of country and intensified by a passion for
+independence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Henry II. landed at Waterford on October 11, 1171, accompanied by a
+great army.  The conquest of Ireland was to be short, sharp, and
+decisive.  The natives appeared to know nothing of the fine art of war,
+and even Henry must have tasted of courage when he viewed the ill-armed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P16"></A>16}</SPAN>
+legions he had to fight.  From Waterford he marched to Dublin, but
+the result of several battles and skirmishes was an attenuated army and
+unexpected defeat.  Had it not been for the inevitable Irish traitor,
+Henry and his followers would have been swept into the sea, but it is
+Ireland's tragedy that she produces almost as many traitors as heroes.
+Dermot McMurrough, King of Leinster, anxious to gain the unmistakable
+advantages offered by an alliance with the King of England, came to
+Henry's aid, and thus the invader was at any rate able to claim the
+conquest of the land covered by the feet of his soldiers.  Beyond that
+his jurisdiction was imaginary.  Realizing this, Henry determined to
+leave Ireland.  His expedition had proved profitless, but he foresaw
+possibilities of gain in the future.  The first of a long line of
+Englishmen who have never known when they were beaten, Henry, with a
+statesmanlike disregard for the realities, divided Ireland between ten
+of his followers, and, nominating one of them to act as his
+representative, sailed from the country on Easter Monday, April 17,
+1172.  This, in brief, is the story of the conquest of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The first Viceroy
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Henry's representative, and, therefore, generally accepted as the first
+Viceroy of Ireland, was Hugh de Lacy, a descendant of one of William
+the Conqueror's companions in arms.  To De Lacy was committed the care
+of Dublin Castle and the command of the English in Ireland.  The
+viceroy was a small but muscular man, unscrupulous, immoral, and
+unsuccessful.  Henry gave him 800,000 acres which were not the king's
+to give,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P17"></A>17}</SPAN>
+even in the Dark Ages when right was might.  To a person
+of De Lacy's qualities the gift was valueless, for he was not the man
+to gain and hold the land.  Even when Tiarnan O'Ruarc, the original
+owner, was treacherously slain, the viceroy found it impossible to
+assert his authority over the vast estate.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+De Lacy was soon succeeded by another Anglo-Norman baron,
+Fitz-Gislebert, who gained Henry's confidence and gratitude by helping
+to subdue the rebellious sons of the King of England.  Fitz-Gislebert
+came from Normandy to Ireland.  His viceroyalty was undistinguished,
+and he was chiefly occupied in defending himself from the attacks of
+the Irish or in vain endeavours to assert his authority as the
+representative of the King of England.  When he died in 1176 his
+widow's brother, Raymond le Gros, acted as viceroy until Henry, having
+been acquainted with the decease of Fitz-Gislebert, appointed Guillaume
+Fitz-Aldelm de Burgh to the post in 1177.  Raymond was not at all
+pleased with Henry's choice, but he dissembled sufficiently to receive
+the new viceroy at Wexford.  Raymond had by now assumed the name and
+arms of the Geraldine family by virtue of his descent from an emigrant
+of an old Tuscan family, thus forming his kinsmen and followers under
+one banner, and becoming the most powerful member of the English colony
+in Ireland.  Fitz-Aldelm and the Geraldines were never friendly, and it
+is not surprising, therefore, that one of the Geraldine chroniclers
+should describe the viceroy as 'corpulent, crafty, plausible,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P18"></A>18}</SPAN>
+corrupt, addicted to wine and profligate luxuriousness.'  The
+description, save for the physical details, would, however, apply to
+almost every one of the early Viceroys of Ireland.  They were for the
+most part needy adventurers sent to Ireland to replenish empty purses,
+legalized robbers commissioned by the Kings of England, and none the
+less thieves because they were not always successful in their mission.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+English defeats
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1177 King Henry secured the permission of the Pope to style his son
+John, aged twelve, Lord of Ireland, and two years later the viceroy was
+recalled, De Lacy returning to Ireland as Governor with a colleague in
+the person of Robert de la Poer of Wexford.  De Lacy, however,
+committed the heinous crime of marrying without the king's permission,
+his bride being the daughter of King O'Connor, and he was superseded by
+Jean, Constable of Chester, who held the viceroyalty in conjunction
+with Richard de Peche, Bishop of Coventry.  The ex-viceroy, however,
+managed to secure a renewal of the king's favour, and he quickly
+returned to Ireland, though for safety's sake Henry gave him a
+colleague, the Bishop of Salisbury, who was the monarch's paid spy.  De
+Lacy pursued his policy unhampered, and very soon became wealthy and
+powerful.  The king, learning of his representative's arrogance,
+decided that it was dangerous to permit a subject to taste too much of
+kingly power, and in 1184 he appointed his son, Prince John, now
+nineteen years of age, to be the chief governor of Ireland.  Fortified
+by the Papal sanction, Prince John came
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P19"></A>19}</SPAN>
+to Ireland with a large
+and costly army to impress De Lacy and his fellow-barons, and,
+incidentally, to subdue the turbulent Irish.  An assassin removed De
+Lacy from his path, but the natives were stubborn, and the English were
+defeated whenever they gave battle.  Thereupon John, with his retinue,
+indulged in a series of orgies, lost the remnant of his army, and after
+eight months returned to England in 1185.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the succeeding four years De Courcy, a powerful baron, ruled
+Dublin in parts and none of the rest of Ireland, but, of course,
+maintained the fiction that he was the king's representative, and,
+therefore, Viceroy of Ireland.  Then followed the first viceroyalty of
+Hugh de Lacy, a son of the previous viceroy, and in 1190 Guillaume le
+Petil took over the post and occupied it until 1191.  After him came in
+quick succession Guillaume, Earl Marechal (1191-94), Pierre Pipard
+(1194), Hamon de Valognes (1197-99), and Fitz-Henry, whose father was
+an illegitimate son of Henry I., whose first term began in 1199 and
+ended in 1203.  De Valognes, when he retired, had to pay 1,000 marks to
+the king's treasury to settle his viceregal accounts.  This was not
+exceptional.  The viceroys of Ireland were given considerable powers,
+but they had their responsibilities, and among these was a contract to
+supply so much money and soldiers to their royal masters.  To satisfy
+these contracts, the viceroys, when denied the spoils of battle, had to
+rob and plunder, while the viceroy who paid his debts was as rare as
+virtue in Dublin Castle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P20"></A>20}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Hugh de Lacy returned in 1203, but King John, his fears aroused by the
+viceroy's introduction of special coinage, recalled him in 1204, and
+for the space of a year Fitz-Henry occupied the viceregal position.  In
+1205 the king issued instructions for the erection of a new Dublin
+Castle.  De Lacy, however, had powerful friends, and in 1205 he came
+back once more, and ruled the English colony for five years, until King
+John landed at Waterford on June 20, 1210, when, of course, the
+vice-royalty ceased for the time being.  De Lacy, more courageous and
+skilful than his father, had carried war into the enemy's camp, and had
+done something towards extending the boundaries of England's dominions
+beyond the frontiers of Dublin.  He instituted a system of taxation
+which was very profitable to him and to his royal master, but it
+exasperated the Irish to such an extent that they rose in rebellion.
+The opposing forces met at Thurles in 1208, and the result was a signal
+defeat for De Lacy.  The coming of King John, who did not conceal his
+distrust of the viceroy, caused De Lacy to concentrate his forces with
+a view to impressing the king.  Fortune, however, was on the side of
+John, and De Lacy fled the country.  There are many legends recounting
+the adventures of the once powerful nobleman.  He and his brother are
+said to have laboured as brickmakers and gardeners in Normandy and
+Scotland, and suffered many other indignities.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Papal supremacy
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+King John's stay in Ireland was brief, as the critical state of his
+kingdom required his presence in England.  He left behind him as his
+representatives
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P21"></A>21}</SPAN>
+Guillaume, Earl of Salisbury&mdash;an illegitimate son
+of Henry II. by the fair Rosemond Clifford&mdash;and De Grey, Bishop of
+Norwich.  In 1213 they were succeeded by Henry de Londres, Archbishop
+of Dublin, a powerful prelate and an unscrupulous statesman.  He was
+given the post because of his influence with the Pope, and John's first
+task for his new viceroy was to send him to Rome to induce the occupant
+of the Papal throne to side with him against the barons.  Geoffery de
+Marreis, a follower of the Archbishop's, acted as his deputy during his
+absence abroad.  The deputy robbed friend and foe alike, but eventually
+the trades-people of Dublin petitioned the king because De Marreis
+would not pay his debts and added insult to injury by compelling the
+traders of the city to give him further credit.  King Henry III. was on
+the throne now, and he ordered his representative to pay all his debts
+within forty days.  Furthermore, he was placed under the authority of
+the Archbishop of Dublin, Henry de Londres, who had helped to make
+history by forming one of the barons and ecclesiastics who compelled
+King John to sign the Magna Charta.  The archbishop was the most
+powerful Englishman in the kingdom of Ireland, and, as the
+representative of the Pope, took precedence of the representative of
+the king.  In 1221 he was appointed viceroy, and then ensued the usual
+conflict between the civil and religious powers that is inevitable when
+churchmen turn politicians.  The English colony complained to Henry
+that his viceroy was unable to cope with the insurgents, and they
+prayed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P22"></A>22}</SPAN>
+for a more warlike governor.  Guillaume Marechal, eldest
+son and heir of the first Earl of Pembroke, and afterwards second earl,
+was sent to Ireland as viceroy in 1224, but this brother-in-law of the
+king's did not find the country to his liking, and he departed in
+favour of Geoffery de Marreis, whose third term of office began in 1226
+and ended the following year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This viceroyalty was the first to which a definite salary was given,
+the sum of £580 a year being set aside for the use of Geoffery de
+Marreis.  Richard de Burgh followed De Marreis until, in 1229, Maurice
+Fitzgerald assumed the reins of government.  Fitzgerald was born in
+Ireland, and was the first Anglo-Irishman to become Viceroy of Ireland.
+His viceroyalty extended over fifteen years, though at intervals the
+government was in the hands of Geoffery de Marreis and Richard de Burgh
+for a few months.  The viceroy was given a salary of £500 a year, and
+unlimited authority to rob the native Irish, and even the English
+colony, provided he sent part of the proceeds to London to help to pay
+the king's debts and finance wars.  But he fell from grace in 1245, and
+was dismissed, the reason given being his dilatoriness in bringing
+reinforcements to his royal master in Wales.  Jean Fitz-Geoffery was
+appointed his successor, and during the ensuing ten years the
+government was nominally vested in him, minor changes occurring from
+time to time.  The next viceroy, Alain de la Zouche, reigned for four
+years (1255-59), and died as the result of an assault made upon him by
+the Earl of Warrene and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P23"></A>23}</SPAN>
+Surrey in Westminster Hall, while his
+successor, Etienne, who had married the widow of the second Hugh de
+Lacy, was murdered in 1260.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The next half-dozen viceroys are summed up easily.  Guillaume le Dene
+(1260-61), Sir Richard de la Rochelle (1261-66), Jean Fitz-Geoffery for
+the third time (1266-67), Sir Robert D'Ufford (1268 and 1276-82),
+Richard D'Exeter (1269), and Jacques D'Audeley (1270-72).  The majority
+were adventurers and favourites of the king, and few could claim
+possession of the soldier-like qualities which were needed at the time.
+Sir Robert D'Ufford was an exception, but he spent most of his time
+fighting abroad in the service of the King of England.  Maurice
+Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, signalized a brief viceroyalty, extending from
+1272-73, by marching into the territory of the O'Connors, and promptly
+being made a prisoner.  The vacancy thus created was filled by Geoffery
+de Joinville, who held the post for three years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Sir Jean Wogan
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Jean de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin (1288-90), was one of the
+numerous deputies who governed the English colony between 1282 and
+1290.  These deputies were mainly ecclesiastics, for England's
+unsettled state and numerous wars called every leading warrior away
+from Ireland.  Sir Guillaume de Vesci (1290-93), Guillaume de la Haye
+(1293), Guillaume D'Ardingselles (1294), Thomas Fitzmaurice (1294-95)
+paved the way for Sir Jean Wogan, who was viceroy for thirteen years,
+and who did more to establish the authority of England than any of his
+predecessors.  When Wogan was appointed the chief source of danger
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P24"></A>24}</SPAN>
+to the English colonists was the feud between the two great Anglo-Irish
+families, the Fitzgeralds and the De Burghs.  Wogan, however, succeeded
+in bringing them together, and they agreed to a truce.  The viceroy was
+also fairly successful against the natives, but he made no additions to
+the territory over which England nominally held sway.  In 1308 Sir
+Guillaume de Burgh was appointed to succeed Wogan, but an unexpected
+development occurred, and Edward II., urged on by his advisers,
+nominated his Gascon favourite, Piers de Gaveston, to the post.  This
+was virtually an act of banishment, and the gay Gascon regarded it as
+such, but for the time he had to accept the post, which was regarded by
+the wealthy English barons as tantamount to exile.  Ireland was not a
+garden of pleasant memories to the English warriors.  Not one of them
+who had tried his skill in the country had added to his laurels, and,
+consequently, the only men who would accept the viceroyalty or any of
+the posts attached to the Dublin Castle Government were the "needy
+adventurers" who stood to lose nothing and gain something.  From time
+to time the English colony petitioned the king not to send these 'needy
+adventurers,' but there were no others to fill the vacancies that arose.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Piers de Gaveston's case was an exception.  Edward II. had advanced him
+to the Earldom of Cornwall, and the barons were jealous of him.  They
+plotted against his life, but the king stood by his favourite, and
+eventually both parties
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P25"></A>25}</SPAN>
+compromised by permitting Piers to go to
+Ireland.  He did not stay in Ireland for more than a few months, for he
+hungered for the gay English court, and when he left the country Sir
+Jean Wogan renewed his viceroyalty.  It was in this year&mdash;1309&mdash;that
+John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, obtained a Bull from Clement V.
+authorizing the establishment of a university in Dublin.  The laudable
+project, however, was prematurely abandoned owing to the death of the
+archbishop.  Nearly three hundred years elapsed before Dublin received
+its now famous university.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Edward Bruce crowned
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sir Edmund le Botiller, or Butler, succeeded Wogan in 1312, and carried
+on his policy.  He is said to have succeeded in restoring order in the
+English colony and its immediate surroundings, but when reappointed in
+1315, after a viceroyalty of a few months by Theobaude de Verdun, he
+had to cope with the most serious rebellion Ireland had known for two
+hundred years.  The native Irish had been inspired by the exploits of
+King Robert Bruce of Scotland, and they called upon that monarch's
+brother, Edward Bruce, to rule over their country and lead them to
+victory.  Bruce responded with alacrity, and he was crowned King of
+Ireland in 1315.  Le Botiller collected a large army, and went in
+pursuit of the invader and his followers, but the viceroy suffered an
+overwhelming defeat, and it seemed as though the last day had come of
+English rule in Ireland.  The inhabitants of Dublin, who were, of
+course, mainly English, became alarmed, but some confidence was
+restored at a meeting of the chief
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P26"></A>26}</SPAN>
+nobles, who swore fidelity to
+King Edward, and declared that they would forfeit life and lands if
+they failed in their duty.  The manifesto, signed by ten nobles, was
+delivered to Edward at Westminster, and he signified his approval and
+gratitude by creating the first of the signatories, Jean Fitz-Thomas,
+Earl of Kildare.  Fitz-Thomas had been Baron of Offaly.  The defeated
+and discomfited Le Botiller was superseded in 1317 by Roger de
+Mortimer, the paramour of King Edward's queen.  Mortimer brought with
+him 15,000 men, and while he was pursuing Bruce he appointed the
+Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin to act as his deputies at Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sunday, October 14, 1318, witnessed the last of Edward Bruce and his
+pretensions to the kingdom of Ireland.  Outnumbered and out-generalled,
+he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Faughard, and in accordance
+with the rules of war his head was sent to King Edward.  When this
+ghastly trophy arrived, Edward was seated at a banquet with the
+Ambassadors from King Robert Bruce of Scotland, who had asked and
+seemed likely to obtain the province of Ulster for Edward Bruce.  The
+sight of Bruce's head, however, ended the conference prematurely.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The first university
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Roger de Mortimer was in 1319 induced to forsake the attractions of the
+queen's court for the rigours of Dublin Castle, but in 1320 he was back
+again in London, leaving Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, to rule in
+his stead.  Kildare was succeeded by Jean de Bermingham, Earl of Louth,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P27"></A>27}</SPAN>
+in 1321; while in the same year Sir Ralph de Gorges and Sir Jean
+d'Arcy occupied in turn the viceroyalty.  D'Arcy lasted until 1326.  It
+is worthy of note that in 1320 a university was opened in Dublin, but
+it was never more than a seminary for ecclesiastics.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap02"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P28"></A>28}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER II
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The year 1326 is memorable in English annals because of the deposition
+of Edward II.  The Viceroy of Ireland, Thomas, second Earl of Kildare,
+was appointed that year, the warrant stating that he represented Edward
+III., then a boy of fourteen.  The deposed monarch immediately looked
+to Ireland for support, and to Dublin he came, having heard that the
+English colony refused to acknowledge the authority of the Earl of
+Kildare.  He was misinformed, however, and he lost his throne without
+being able to strike a blow for it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Prior Utlagh and witchcraft
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Kildare gave way in 1328 to a remarkable ecclesiastic,
+Prior Roger Utlagh, Chancellor and Prior of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham.  He ruled as an autocrat, outwardly acknowledging Edward's
+sovereignty, but in reality a combination of layman and priest, who
+feared neither God nor man.  When King Robert Bruce visited Ireland,
+and invited the Prior to a conference, he was ordered to leave the
+country, and he had to obey.  Fellow-ecclesiastics plotted against him,
+but he was more than their match.  When the Bishop of Ossory openly
+accused the viceroy of favouring heretics, Roger Utlagh made
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P29"></A>29}</SPAN>
+it
+the occasion of a great public demonstration of his virtuous qualities.
+The charge was based on a rumour that the viceroy had shown kindness to
+a man imprisoned in Dublin Castle because he was the patron of a
+supposed witch's son.  The position was serious enough, and the
+viceroy, therefore, issued proclamations for three successive days,
+calling upon his enemies to appear and prefer a charge against him.  No
+one came forward, as was only to be expected, the viceroy possessing
+arbitrary punitive powers, and Utlagh thereupon nominated six
+commissioners in Dublin Castle and examined witnesses provided by
+himself.  The complacent commissioners formally declared Prior Utlagh's
+character to be spotless, and in return for this testimonial the worthy
+ecclesiastic presided over a banquet in the Castle.  Thus were his
+enemies confounded.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Prior retired for William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, who was styled
+Lieutenant, or locum tenens.  De Burgh's reign was brief, and in 1332,
+within a year of his appointment, he was replaced by Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+an ex-viceroy.  The Earl of Ulster was murdered in 1333, an act of
+revenge inspired by an aunt whose husband the earl had starved to death
+in one of his castles.  The crime had its effect on English history, as
+the Countess of Ulster fled to England with her only child, Elizabeth,
+who married a son of Edward III. and became an ancestor of Edward IV.
+Sir Jean d'Arcy was merely viceroy in name, the deputy, Sir Thomas de
+Burgh, ruling in Dublin Castle until 1337, when Sir John de Cherlton,
+who had been
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P30"></A>30}</SPAN>
+appointed in place of the deputy&mdash;dismissed for
+irregularities&mdash;occupied the post for a year.  His successor was his
+brother, the Bishop of Hereford, who also became Chancellor.  Like most
+ecclesiastics of the time, the Bishop of Hereford was a very zealous
+politician, drawing a sharp line between his spiritual and his temporal
+powers.  He seized the cattle of the native Irish in large quantities,
+frequently despoiling the whole countryside of every head of live
+stock, and this so delighted the valorous Edward III. that he wrote a
+long letter of commendation to his faithful representative, and ordered
+the treasurer at Dublin Castle to pay the viceroy's salary before that
+of any other official.  The year 1340 witnessed the retirement of the
+cattle-stealing Bishop, the reappointment and death of Prior Utlagh,
+and the conferring for life of the viceroyalty upon Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+who had covered himself with glory in the numerous wars of Edward III.
+D'Arcy did not, of course, come to Ireland.  The appointment was in
+reality the king's way of rewarding his faithful warrior, and,
+therefore, D'Arcy was content to share in the spoils and gains of his
+deputy, Sir John Moriz.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Rise of the Anglo-Irish
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+By now, however, a new factor entered into the protracted struggle for
+the possession of the rich lands of Ireland.  During the centuries of
+English occupation several great Anglo-Irish families had arisen, and,
+fattening upon their spoils, gradually came to occupy positions more
+powerful than the representatives of the king.  The heads of the
+Desmonds, the Geraldines, the De Burghs, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P31"></A>31}</SPAN>
+others, resented the
+intrusion of English warriors sent to Dublin to refill their treasure
+chests.  They wished to rule Ireland, and declined to bow the knee to
+impecunious adventurers invested with royal powers by the King of
+England.  Slowly yet surely these powerful chieftains ranged themselves
+on one side until hostilities in Ireland were not between the English
+and the natives, but between the English by birth and the English by
+blood, jealousy and greed of gain forming the motive.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-030"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-030.jpg" ALT="The Viceregal lodge, Dublin" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+The Viceregal lodge, Dublin
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+When Sir John Moriz, D'Arcy's deputy, called a Parliament together at
+Dublin to consider the state of the country and to promulgate new
+Edwardian ordinances, the Earl of Desmond and other leaders of the
+English by blood declined to attend.  In their opinion Sir Jean d'Arcy
+and his deputy were 'needy adventurers'&mdash;a description they applied to
+them in a petition sent direct to Edward III.  Desmond was a clever
+man, who openly advocated peace and secretly prepared for war.  His
+diplomacy, however, gained a surer victory than all his legions were
+capable of accomplishing, for in the petition already referred to he
+asked politely why his Majesty did not receive larger revenues from
+Ireland.  This caused Edward to realize some of the disadvantages of
+conferring the viceroyalty upon impecunious warriors, and he promptly
+surrendered to the petitioners, removing Moriz, and appointing Sir
+Raoul d'Ufford, who became viceroy in the early part of 1344.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+D'Ufford was wealthy enough to be trusted with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P32"></A>32}</SPAN>
+the government of
+Ireland, and Edward owed him something for his services in the French
+and Flemish wars.  It is more than likely, however, that he was
+indebted for his viceroyalty to the fact that his wife was Maud
+Plantagenet, widow of the murdered Earl of Ulster and also of Edward's
+son.  D'Ufford's commission authorized him to grant pardon to rebels on
+their swearing allegiance to the king, and, furthermore, it enjoined
+him to search for Irish mines of gold, silver, lead, and tin.
+D'Ufford's appointment evoked no enthusiasm and some fear.  The English
+colony knew the temper of Maud Plantagenet, a proud, revengeful, and
+ambitious woman, and greatly as they feared D'Ufford's reputation for
+severity, they realized that, urged on by his wife, he might be guilty
+of excesses exceeding those which had won for him the fear of his
+enemies in France.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The entrance of the viceregal pair into Dublin in July, 1345,
+foreshadowed the kingly state they maintained throughout their brief
+reign.  They resided in the Priory of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham, and Maud Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster, put into practice
+the lessons she had learnt at the English court.  She exacted homage
+from her friends, maintained ladies-in-waiting, held courts of her own,
+and, in fact, was Queen of Ireland.  Letters were sent to Edward
+describing the conduct of his ambitious representatives, and the king's
+jealousy and fears were aroused.  Action on his part, however, was
+forestalled by the death of D'Ufford, who expired from a malignant
+disease on Palm Sunday, 1346.  Clergy and laity
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P33"></A>33}</SPAN>
+combined to
+celebrate the tyrant's death, and thanksgiving services were held
+throughout the English colony.  D'Ufford and his wife occupied the
+viceroyalty for less than twelve months, but in that brief space of
+time they committed many acts of oppression, torturing, robbing,
+despoiling, and executing enemies and even friends to gratify a lust
+for gain and exhibit to the world their vanity of power.  Most of
+D'Ufford's tyrannies were ascribed by the populace to the evil counsels
+of his wife, and when he was no more they sought out the widow with the
+intention of laying violent hands upon her.  Tyrants have no friends
+when they fall from power, and Maud Plantagenet suffered the usual
+indignities of a changeable fate, though she managed to escape from
+Ireland and carry her husband's body to England.  She passed the
+remainder of her life in retirement.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Since his dismissal Sir John Moriz had laboured to obtain his
+restoration, and he succeeded in this three days before D'Ufford's
+death.  Meanwhile the council in Ireland had elected Roger, son of Sir
+Jean d'Arcy, who, however, gave way to Moriz when the latter arrived.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The profits of the post
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new viceroy had been charged by the king to secure supplies of
+money for him from out of Ireland.  Indeed, the appointment was based
+on a sort of co-partnership, the king insisting upon a large percentage
+of the profits of the post.  Moriz knew that conciliation was the only
+means of obtaining the money, and he began by releasing the Earl of
+Kildare from imprisonment in Dublin Castle, and showing similar
+clemency to other
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P34"></A>34}</SPAN>
+distinguished prisoners.  The policy of Walter
+de Bermingham (1348-49), John, Lord Carew (1349), and Sir Thomas de
+Rokeby (1349-55), was in direct contrast.  They favoured war where
+Moriz had tried peace, and with the usual result.  The native Irish had
+by now the protection and assistance of the leading Anglo-Irish
+families, who were influenced by the Irish blood in their veins, and
+took common cause against the viceroy and his battalions.  In almost
+every encounter the English were defeated, and, finally, Dublin itself
+was threatened.  In alarm the English colony began to make hasty
+preparations for flight to England.  They sold what they could and
+abandoned the rest, and it seemed as though the English in Ireland
+would cease to exist when an order came from England declaring that any
+English colonist deserting Ireland would be put to death.  Compelled to
+remain, they continued their miserable existence, threatened with
+murder by their foes, and in continual danger of robbery by the very
+men appointed to protect them.  Dublin at this period was in a wretched
+condition.  There had been no attempt to build a city, and in reality
+the place was a fort whereby England maintained its footing in Ireland.
+In the country the native chiefs and the Anglo-Irish noblemen ruled,
+administering justice in their crude fashion, and in some cases issuing
+their own coinage.  The Viceroy of Ireland was in reality Viceroy of
+Dublin, and not always even that.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The next Lord-Deputy was Maurice, first Earl of Desmond, an
+Anglo-Irishman.  He died in 1356,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P35"></A>35}</SPAN>
+a year after his appointment,
+and Sir Thomas de Rokeby, who succeeded him, succumbed the same year.
+A return to the old condition of things was marked by the appointment
+of Baron Almaric de St. Amaud, who was created Lord of Gormanstown, but
+the baron did not care for Ireland, and he went back to England,
+leaving Maurice, fourth Earl of Kildare, to act as his deputy.  He gave
+way to James le Botiller, second Earl of Ormonde, who was a
+great-grandson of Edward I.  The appointment won the allegiance of
+Ormonde to the throne of England, and when, two years
+later&mdash;1361&mdash;Prince Lionel, third son of Edward III., was appointed
+viceroy and sent to Ireland with a large army, Ormonde promptly became
+one of his Generals.  In 1347, when the Prince was ten, he had been
+married to Elizabeth, daughter of the murdered Earl of Ulster and Maud
+Plantagenet, the girl being sixteen.  The object was to secure for the
+Royal Family the immense estates and vast wealth of the late Earl of
+Ulster, and when in 1361 Prince Lionel and his wife travelled with
+their army to Ireland, a considerable part of the expenditure was borne
+by his wife's estate.  Remembering the hostility of the Irish against
+his wife's mother, Lionel issued a proclamation forbidding the natives
+to approach his camp.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+English army defeated
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Having rested for a time, Prince Lionel began the march which was to
+conquer the land, but again an English army, strong, well armed and
+victualled, was outmatched and defeated by the Irish.  Disaster after
+disaster followed the prince, who could do nothing right.  Edward, when
+he
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P36"></A>36}</SPAN>
+heard the news, was alarmed and astounded.  The first thing he
+did was to create the prince Duke of Clarence.  His second step was
+more practical, and consisted in raising another army, while he
+increased his son's allowance from 6s. 8d. a day to 13s. 4d.  Victory,
+however, was denied the prince, and though he returned to Ireland with
+increased forces in 1364, 1365, and 1366, he failed to improve upon his
+previous attempts.  In 1362 his wife had died, leaving an only child in
+the person of Phillipa.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Statute of Kilkenny
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Prince Lionel's term of office is chiefly remarkable because it
+witnessed the creation of the famous, or infamous, Statute of Kilkenny.
+At a special Parliament held in Kilkenny in 1367, the viceroy
+endeavoured to gain by legislation that which he and his soldiers had
+lost in a dozen battles.  It was therefore decreed that no English
+settler could marry into an Irish family; the selling of horses,
+armour, or victuals in peace or war was declared treason; English was
+the only language to be spoken; the English style of horsemanship was
+to be adopted; and no subject of the king's could be known except by an
+English name, and the education of the Irish was forbidden, no colleges
+or seminaries being permitted to receive them.  There were also special
+clauses dealing with ecclesiastics, who were ordered to expel any Irish
+amongst them.  The use of the English tongue was enjoined strictly, and
+if anyone offended the profits of his benefice were to be seized by his
+superior.  The English colonists were likewise warned against admitting
+itinerant
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P37"></A>37}</SPAN>
+musicians into their houses, for these men were regarded
+as spies, and therefore dangerous.  The custom of calling the English
+by birth 'English Hobbes,' or clowns, was forbidden, as well as the
+nickname of 'Irish dogs' bestowed upon the English by blood.  The
+Government could not afford the luxury of schisms amongst its friends.
+The common people were ordered not to play hurlings and quoitings,
+'which had caused evils and maims,' but to accustom themselves 'to draw
+bows and cast lances and other gentleman-like sports whereby the Irish
+enemies might be better checked.'  Constables of castles were forbidden
+to take more than 5d. per day from any prisoner for maintenance, and
+torture was vetoed.  Not the least important enactment of the Statute
+of Kilkenny was the 'one war one peace' declaration.  This meant that
+in the event of a rebellion or uprising all those who did not side with
+the viceroy were to be regarded as the open enemies of the King of
+England.  Neutrality could not be acknowledged.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When this laborious and comprehensive statute had been drawn up the
+viceroy requested the Archbishops of Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and the
+Bishops of Lismore and Waterford, Killaloe, Leighlin, and Cloyne to
+pronounce sentence of excommunication against all those who might by
+'rebellion of heart' resist the Statute of Kilkenny.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This was Lionel's last act as viceroy, and he retired, being succeeded
+by Gerald, fourth Earl of Desmond, known as 'The Poet' by reason of his
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P38"></A>38}</SPAN>
+writings.  He was popular, witty, and just, and for two years he
+ruled the English colony.  In 1369, however, Sir William de Windsor,
+who had been one of the leaders of Prince Lionel's army, was appointed
+viceroy, and given an annuity of £1,000 until lands producing an equal
+amount could be settled on him.  De Windsor's time was occupied chiefly
+in repelling attacks on the city of Dublin by the border Irish, but he
+performed an heroic action by marching to the South of Ireland and
+rescuing the preceding viceroy, whose poetical temperament and mild
+manner had not saved him from the hostility of the Irish.  In 1371 De
+Windsor retired for over two years.  The appointment of a successor
+caused Edward great trouble.  He was averse to sending a pauper,
+because that would entail a diminution in the royal receipts from
+Ireland, while the wealthy men about his court would not accept the
+post at any price.  Ireland to them was a savage country; a stay there
+tantamount to punishment and exile.  There was no prospect of military
+glory, for they knew that many of the gallant victors of France,
+Flanders, and Scotland had left their reputations behind them on many a
+lost battlefield in Ireland.  Edward thought that he could compel
+anybody he chose to go to Ireland, and he selected Sir Richard de
+Pembridge, who held several very profitable offices under the English
+Crown.  Naturally Pembridge declined the post, and Edward retorted by
+depriving him of his offices.  Pembridge, however, appealed to the
+Council and to Parliament, and it was decided that it was not the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P39"></A>39}</SPAN>
+king's prerogative to order anybody to leave the country.  Magna Charta
+distinctly stated that exile from England was the punishment for felony
+or treason, and that Parliament alone had the power to expel a subject.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The 'Lady of the Sun'
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Prior to the return of Sir William de Windsor, the government was
+undertaken for various short periods by Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of
+Kildare, Dean de Colton, of St. Patrick's, who secured the post by
+undertaking to repel the O'Briens at his own expense, and William de
+Taney, an ecclesiastic.  De Windsor came back in April, 1374, having
+come to an agreement with his royal master, whereby he was allowed 500
+marks from the Exchequer and the sum of £11,213 6s. 8d.  In return for
+the money he guaranteed to maintain 200 men-at-arms and 40 archers.  De
+Windsor's object was obviously to make as much money as he could out of
+the unfortunate country, which was already sending annually the
+enormous sum for the period of £10,000.  The viceroy came to regard all
+surplus moneys above that sum to be his perquisites, and his efforts to
+increase taxation and enrich himself were so unscrupulous and cynical
+that reports and complaints soon reached Edward.  The king immediately
+appointed Sir Nicholas de Dagworth to proceed to Ireland, and
+investigate the charges against De Windsor.  But the enemies of the
+viceroy reckoned without the famous Alice Perrers.  She was the aged
+king's favourite, and was clever and unscrupulous, a woman of humble
+birth who had risen high without the aid of a pretty face.  In love
+with Sir William
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P40"></A>40}</SPAN>
+de Windsor, she remained faithful to him during
+his absence in Ireland, and although surrounded by his enemies, the
+'Lady of the Sun,' as Edward styled her, outwitted them all, her
+greatest achievement being the prevention of Dagworth's departure for
+Ireland.  Subsequently she married De Windsor, but as she belongs more
+to the history of England than Ireland her career cannot be treated
+here.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1376 De Windsor was ordered to come to Westminster, and confer with
+the king on the state of his Irish dominions, but this was merely a
+pretext to deprive him of his post, and he never returned.  Maurice
+Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, once more acted as deputy for a short
+time, and then James le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, carried on the
+government from 1376 to 1378.  Ormonde retired dissatisfied, and the
+colony was governed by two members of the Council, Alexander de Balscot
+and John de Bromwich, until in 1380 the king sent over Edmund de
+Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, husband of Phillipa, daughter of
+Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and therefore owner of vast estates and
+commander of an army of his own.  On his appointment the colonists
+petitioned the king to compel De Mortimer to live in Dublin and protect
+his property.  The petitioners were successful, and the viceroy,
+instead of appointing a deputy and sharing the profits, graciously
+agreed to govern Ireland in person for a period of three years at a
+salary of 2,000 marks.  In princely splendour he entered the country,
+and immediately inaugurated a campaign against the rebellious south.
+Death, however, claimed him on
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P41"></A>41}</SPAN>
+December 26, 1381, and he died at
+Cork in a Dominican Abbey, being only thirty years of age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The vacancy thus created was offered in turn to the Earls of Desmond
+and Ormonde, but they declined on the ground that if they were in
+Dublin they could not protect their own territories.  Dean de Colton,
+therefore, was appointed pending the pleasure of the king, who, when he
+heard of De Mortimer's death, at once nominated the deceased viceroy's
+son Roger to the post.  Roger de Mortimer was only eleven, but the
+viceroyalty was intended as a monetary compensation for the death of
+his father, and the commission appointing him stated that he was to
+receive all the profits of the office as well as a salary of 2,000
+marks.  Furthermore, as soon as he attained his majority he could
+retire from the post.  In pursuance of this convenient plan the boy's
+uncle, Sir Thomas de Mortimer, was chosen as his deputy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A Parliament in Dublin
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The presence of a deputy, however, always had an irritating effect upon
+the English colonists, and when in 1382 Richard II. ordered a
+Parliament to meet in Dublin, its first act was to protest against the
+absence of the viceroy.  To satisfy the nobles and prelates the king
+appointed Philip de Courtenay, a cousin of his, viceroy for life.  The
+commission was drawn up in 1385, but it was not until two years later
+that de Courtenay landed in Ireland.  His reign was brief and stormy.
+The two great Anglo-Irish families, the Desmonds and the Ormondes, were
+in conflict, and the Irish were besieging and harassing the colonists.
+De Courte was not the man for the occasion.  He was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P42"></A>42}</SPAN>
+charged with
+oppression and extortion, and the king, who had already made up his
+mind to make his favourite, de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Viceroy of
+Ireland, gladly accepted the accusations against de Courtenay, and
+ordered him to remain under arrest in Dublin until the arrival of his
+successor, who would investigate the charges against his character.  De
+Courtenay appealed to the Council in Dublin, and they declared the
+accusations to be unjust.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-042"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-042.jpg" ALT="The Throne Room, Dublin Castle" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+The Throne Room, Dublin Castle
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The appointment of de Vere to the viceroyalty was an outcome of the
+struggle between Richard II. and his Barons.  De Vere was the reigning
+favourite, and when it was proposed that he should be sent to Ireland
+as viceroy, the nobles enthusiastically endorsed the selection, and,
+glad to be rid of him at any price, cheerfully voted supplies.  Richard
+created his creature Marquis of Dublin, and allowed him to nominate Sir
+John de Stanley as his deputy.  It was not de Vere's intention to
+proceed to Ireland, and under various pretexts he avoided assuming
+personal control of the Irish government.  Meanwhile Richard had
+created him Duke of Ireland, and entrusted him with powers almost
+regal, at one time actually proposing to make him King of Ireland.
+When the nobles rebelled against Richard, de Vere raised an army on
+behalf of his king, but was defeated in his first encounter with the
+barons.  He died abroad after the five judges, who had supported
+Richard in his attempt to make de Vere King of Ireland, were brought to
+trial for having declared that the king was above the law, and were
+punished by being
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P43"></A>43}</SPAN>
+exiled to Ireland!  Richard, weak-minded and
+unreliable, was at least faithful to de Vere, and he had his
+favourite's corpse brought from Louvain, and interred to the
+accompaniment of magnificent ceremonies at Colne Priory in Essex.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Richard II. arrives
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From 1387 to 1389 the government was again in the hands of Alexander de
+Balscot, Bishop of Meath, who was assisted by Richard White, Prior of
+Kilmainham.  Then Sir John de Stanley came back until 1391, and was
+succeeded by James le Botiller, third Earl of Ormonde.  During
+Ormonde's term of office the king's uncle, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of
+Gloucester, was nominated Viceroy of Ireland, but the commission was
+quickly revoked.  Richard had decided to visit Ireland in person, and
+thus an English monarch again prepared a great army with which to
+conquer Ireland.  The king landed at Waterford on October 13, 1394,
+accompanied by the Duke of Gloucester.  Ormonde soon joined him, and
+the Irish were engaged in battle.  If the English king cherished any
+hopes that his deeds in Ireland might secure his tottering throne in
+England he was doomed to grievous disappointment.  He was defeated
+every time he joined battle with the natives, and in the end he was
+compelled to withdraw to Dublin and pass Christmas there.  A further
+series of reverses followed, and Richard decided to have recourse to
+arbitration and conciliation.  The Irish chieftains and nobles
+responded, and by means of various concessions Richard was enabled to
+return to England with at least a remnant of his army.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy was now Roger de Mortimer, Earl
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P44"></A>44}</SPAN>
+of March, cousin to
+Richard and heir to the throne of England.  De Mortimer had been
+viceroy in his youth, but not until this appointment&mdash;in 1395&mdash;did he
+rule in person.  In 1398 de Mortimer was killed in battle while leading
+his soldiers, a tragedy which paved the way for Richard's deposition
+and the accession of Henry IV., and created the motive that led to the
+Wars of the Roses.  John de Colton, now Archbishop of Armagh, again
+acted as temporary Governor while the Council proceeded to elect
+Reginald Grey of Ruthyn, whose appointment, however, was vetoed by
+Richard.  His nominee was Thomas Holland, Duke of Surrey, who entered
+Dublin in 1399.  Surrey's chief object was to people Ireland with
+English settlers, a plan that was to be tried again some 200 years
+later.  The viceroy could not carry out his plan for dispossessing the
+Irish, and he appealed to Richard for help, and so the king came on
+another Irish expedition, landing in Ireland in 1399.  This time his
+army was stronger and more experienced, but the result was a series of
+defeats and the loss of the throne of England.  While Henry was seizing
+the crown his son, afterwards Henry V., was with Richard in Ireland,
+but the king accepted the youth's explanation that he knew nothing of
+his father's designs.  As it was, Richard trusted to the fact that the
+legal heir to the throne was Edmund, Earl of March, son of the late
+viceroy.  Henry's success to the exclusion of Edmund de Mortimer was
+the cause of the Wars of the Roses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Viceregal poverty
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sir John de Stanley, ever ready to step into a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P45"></A>45}</SPAN>
+breach, was again
+deputy, and he reigned in Dublin Castle to November, 1402.  In 1401
+Henry IV., anxious to secure the allegiance of the English colony,
+appointed his second son, Prince Thomas of Lancaster, viceroy.  The
+youthful prince&mdash;he was only thirteen when in November, 1402, he
+arrived in Ireland&mdash;was provided with a specially selected Council, but
+evidently not with the necessary money, as there is a letter extant
+from the Council to King Henry which vividly describes the position of
+the viceroy.  Henry had been asked for supplies, but as his own coffers
+were empty he could not send anything, and, realizing the seriousness
+of their position, the Council addressed His Majesty in the following
+terms:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'With heavy hearts we testify anew to your highness that our lord, your
+son, is so destitute of money that he has not a penny in the world, nor
+can borrow a single penny, because all his jewels and his plate that he
+can spare of those which he must of necessity keep are pledged, and lie
+in pawn.  Also his soldiers have departed from him, and the people of
+his household are on the point of leaving, and, however much they might
+wish to remain, it is not in our lord's power to keep together, with a
+view to his aid, twenty or a dozen persons with me, your humble
+applicant of Dublin, and your humble liege, Janico, who has paid for
+your use his very all, but we will render our entire duty to him so
+long as we shall live, as we are bound by our sovereign obligation to
+you.  And the country is so weakened and impoverished by the long
+nonpayment, as well in the time of our
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P46"></A>46}</SPAN>
+lord, your son, as in the
+time of other lieutenants before him, that the same land can no longer
+bear such charge as they affirm, and on this account have they
+importuned me.  In good faith, our most sovereign lord, it is
+marvellous that they have borne such a charge so long.  Wherefore we
+entreat, with all the humility and fulness that we may, that you will
+please to ordain speedy remedy of these said dangers and
+inconveniences, and to hold us excused also if any peril or
+disaster&mdash;which may God avert&mdash;befall our lord, your son, by the said
+causes.  For the more full declaring of these matters to your highness
+the three of us should have come to your high presence, but such is the
+great danger on this side that not one of us dares depart from the
+person of our lord.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Prince Thomas's tenure
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This eloquent appeal was unheeded, but the prince did not return to
+England until November, 1403, appointing Sir Stephen le Scrope, his
+deputy, and when that soldier retired in 1405 placing James, third Earl
+of Ormonde, at the head of the Government.  The death of the deputy in
+the same year led to the advancement of Gerald, fifth Earl of Kildare,
+whose rule was ended dramatically by the sudden reappearance of Prince
+Thomas in 1408 and the imprisonment of his deputy.  Two years earlier
+the prince, having lost his indenture creating him Viceroy of Ireland,
+was reappointed for twelve years at a salary of £7,000 a year.
+Remembering his previous experiences, the prince had a clause inserted
+which entitled him to leave Ireland if his salary was a month in
+arrear.  It was also agreed that in the event of the king or
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P47"></A>47}</SPAN>
+the
+Prince of Wales deciding to take over the government Prince Thomas was
+to have six months' notice.  The Earl of Kildare was released as soon
+as he paid a fine of 300 marks for having interfered in an
+ecclesiastical appointment.  Prince Thomas remained two years at his
+post, retiring from the country in 1410, and selecting a son of James,
+third Earl of Ormonde, as his deputy.  This was Prior Thomas le
+Botiller.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the colonists could endure the Prior for three years only, and they
+succeeded in getting Sir John de Stanley reappointed.  He was, however,
+too old to be of much use, and at his death in 1414 the Archbishop of
+Dublin, who was the author of the pathetic plea to Henry IV., assumed
+the government for a few months.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap03"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P48"></A>48}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER III
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The state of the English colony was now so precarious that Henry IV.
+decided to send one of his most trusted and capable military commanders
+to act as viceroy.  This was Sir John Talbot, and his appointment was
+hailed with joy.  Talbot was given a term of six years of office, and a
+salary of £2,666 13s. 4d.  It was a large income, but as it was seldom
+paid, that was a detail which must have impressed Henry as being quite
+unimportant.  During his occasional journeys to England, the Archbishop
+of Dublin acted as the deputy.  Talbot soon intimated to the leading
+members of the English colony that as his salary was in arrear he
+intended leaving the country.  This was tantamount to placing them at
+the mercy of the Irish, whom Talbot had repelled from Dublin many
+times.  Thereupon the colonists petitioned the king, but without
+success, and Sir John departed in 1419, ostensibly recalled by the
+king, and leaving his brother, William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, to
+represent him.  Sir John Talbot, however, was destined to renew his
+acquaintance with the viceroyalty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The brief authority of the archbishop was succeeded by three years
+under James, fourth
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P49"></A>49}</SPAN>
+Earl of Ormonde; and then Edmund de Mortimer,
+fifth Earl of March and Ulster, began a viceroyalty which lasted for
+less than two years, although he was appointed for nine.  Edmund de
+Mortimer was the legal heir to Richard II., but he was an unambitious
+man, and there was no guile in him.  He appointed Edward Dantsey,
+Bishop of Meath, his deputy, but William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin,
+declined to recognize the authority of his ecclesiastical inferior, and
+consequently the viceroy had to come to Dublin.  This was in 1424, and
+the following year the plague carried him off.  Sir John Talbot was
+then induced to accept the viceroyalty, but his services were wanted
+nearer home, and he agreed to the reappointment of the Earl of Ormonde,
+who acted for two years, and helped to maintain a sort of peace by
+conciliating the native Irish.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroyalties of Sir John de Gray (1427-28), Sir John Sutton
+(1428-29), Sir Thomas le Strange (1429-31), and Sir Leon de Welles and
+his brother, William, who became his deputy (1438-46), were
+undistinguished.  The deposed Earl of Ormonde succeeded in clearing
+himself of a charge of high treason, but the result of the bitterness
+and dissensions the charge provoked and fostered were felt for a long
+time.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Shrewsbury
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reappointment of Sir John Talbot, now Earl of Shrewsbury, brought
+that strong and merciless old man&mdash;he was seventy-three&mdash;back to
+Ireland.  He was created Earl of Waterford and Wexford, and Constable
+of Ireland, but even the valour and wiles of one of the bravest of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P50"></A>50}</SPAN>
+warriors could not prevail against the owners of the land which had
+been granted to Talbot.  Several times he quaintly informed the king
+that he was unable to collect a penny of his rents, an admission which
+the monarch politely disregarded.  But Talbot left his mark on Ireland.
+Long service in the Continental wars had taught him many forms of
+cruelty and lust, and at seventy-three he showed that he had not
+forgotten what he had learnt.  Not always victorious, he was always
+cruel and vicious.  He found time to ape the statesman by presiding
+over a Parliament that decreed various ordinances, including the
+prohibition of moustaches&mdash;which were then almost exclusively worn by
+the native Irish, and coming into fashion amongst the Anglo-Irish.  A
+writer of the period described Talbot as another Herod, and the
+country, including the colonists, who had found in him an oppressor
+instead of a protector, sighed with relief when the charms of a
+continental war called him from Ireland, and he left the Archbishop of
+Dublin to represent him.  Talbot was little better than a hireling, and
+when he was killed at the age of eighty in a battle in France, he was
+not fighting for his country or for himself, but for a salary, and, no
+doubt, inspired by the lust of conflict.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A mother of kings
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Talbot's retirement from Dublin enabled the king to remove a dangerous
+person, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, from his court, but although
+the duke's commission as viceroy was executed in 1447, he did not see
+fit to leave England until 1449, landing at Howth, near Dublin, on
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P51"></A>51}</SPAN>
+July 6.  His deputy, Richard Nugent, met him and the duchess, a
+remarkable woman, who was one of the Earl of Westmorland's twenty-two
+children, and was the most beautiful of them all.  Denied the throne
+for herself, she became the mother of two kings&mdash;Edward IV. and Richard
+III.&mdash;and it was her counsels which shaped her husband's destiny in
+Ireland.  As befitting a prince of the blood royal, the duke made a
+triumphal entry into Dublin, and, guided by his wife, wisely
+conciliated the native chiefs and the leaders of the Anglo-Irish.  They
+gave many banquets and entertainments in Dublin Castle, at which Irish
+and English mingled, quarrels being forgotten in the presence of the
+woman who was known as 'The Rose of Raby.'  And when on October 21,
+1449, she gave birth in Dublin Castle to her ninth child, George,
+afterwards Duke of Clarence, she diplomatically invited the Earls of
+Desmond and Ormonde to stand as sponsors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The object of the duke and duchess was, of course, to gain adherents in
+Ireland for the coming conflict between the rival claimants to the
+throne of England.  For hundreds of years Ireland had been looked upon
+as a source of income to the Kings of England; the viceroyalty was a
+place of profit, and most of the profits went into the king's treasury.
+Richard had many followers in England, and they were well aware of the
+fact that his viceroyalty was merely a pretext for exiling him, but
+they made good use of the misfortune, continually noising it abroad
+that the Duke of York was accomplishing wonders in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P52"></A>52}</SPAN>
+Ireland, that
+his statesmanship, diplomacy, and valour proved indisputably that when
+the time came he would make an admirable king of both countries.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The disadvantage of a policy of conciliation, however, was the lack of
+revenues.  Taxes could only be levied by force, and the viceroy
+deprecated that.  He pawned his jewels manfully, and borrowed from his
+friends in England, France, and Ireland.  Twice he wrote to the king
+asking for supplies, but that monarch had no intention of disguising
+the exile by lavishing money upon him, and the duke was compelled to
+return to England.  This was in 1450, and for the next nine years he
+was absent from the country, his deputies in turn being the Archbishop
+of Armagh, 1454, Edmund Fitz-Eustace, 1454, and Thomas Fitz-Gerald,
+Earl of Kildare, who acted from 1455 to 1459.  The duke's first choice
+was Sir James le Botiller, who was created Earl of Wiltshire before he
+succeeded his father in the Earldom of Ormonde, but this nobleman
+resided chiefly in England, and eventually became a Lancastrian.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Independence of its Parliament
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The bewildering changes of fortune brought about by the Wars of the
+Roses had their full effect upon Ireland.  The Duke of York was, of
+course, the leader of the Yorkists, and his sun was at its zenith when
+he defeated the Lancastrians at St. Albans and captured Henry VI.  He
+was declared Protector of England and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In
+1459 fortune turned against him; he was beaten in several encounters,
+and, finally, fled to Ireland with a few followers.  In Dublin
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P53"></A>53}</SPAN>
+he
+found some consolation, although he had been unable to bring his wife
+with him.  The Irish and the English joyfully welcomed him, and the
+Irish Parliament met at once and proclaimed him viceroy, formally
+declaring the acts of the Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry null and
+void so far as they concerned Ireland.  The most significant feature of
+this meeting of the Irish Parliament was the formal statement that it
+was absolutely and entirely independent, and could not be controlled by
+the English Parliament.  It acknowledged the obedience of Ireland to
+England, but 'nevertheless, it was separate from it and from all its
+laws and statutes except such as were accepted by the lords spiritual
+and temporal.'  Richard established a mint at his castle of Trim; his
+son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, was appointed Chancellor of Ireland, the
+viceroy's person was declared sacred, and conspiracy against him high
+treason.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of York was undoubtedly the most popular man in Ireland, but
+the Lancastrians, who had gained the adherence of the Earl of Ormonde
+and Wiltshire, looked to the latter to remove the viceroy.  The earl
+sent one of his retainers to arrest the duke on a charge of falsely
+representing himself to be His Majesty's&mdash;Henry VI.&mdash;Lieutenant for
+Ireland.  The luckless squire was seized by Richard's officers, brought
+to trial, and eventually hanged, drawn, and quartered.  The next move
+of the Lancastrian party was an abortive attempt to induce the native
+Irish to turn against the viceroy and murder him.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P54"></A>54}</SPAN>
+This charge was
+denied vigorously, but there was every reason to believe that it was
+true.  The Earls of Kildare and Desmond, however, came to Richard's
+aid, and they speedily secured the allegiance of the principal
+chieftains in Leinster and Munster.  News of Yorkists' triumphs in
+England took Richard hastily to London, where he found an excited
+populace awaiting him, and calling upon him to crown himself King of
+England.  The path to the throne seemed easy, but Queen Margaret,
+making one desperate rally for her family, met Richard near Wakefield
+on the last day of 1461, defeated his army, and killed him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A nebulous state of affairs now existed in Ireland.  The Earl of
+Kildare ceased to be deputy at Richard's death, and Sir Roland
+Fitz-Eustace, who acted as deputy to the new viceroy, George, Duke of
+Clarence, was a mere figurehead.  In 1464 the Earl of Desmond succeeded
+as deputy to Clarence, but he incurred the enmity of Elizabeth Grey,
+Edward's plebeian wife, and she induced her husband to supersede the
+Irish earl by one of her favourites, the Earl of Worcester.  The
+marriage of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey had caused much dissension in
+English court circles, and the king regarded any criticism of his
+action as being tantamount to high treason.  A contemptuous remark
+about Elizabeth Grey cost the Earl of Desmond his life, Worcester
+executing him at Drogheda in 1468, ostensibly on a charge of high
+treason.  It was said that Edward IV., when quarrelling with his wife,
+had angrily exclaimed that he, if he had taken the advice of the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P55"></A>55}</SPAN>
+Earl of Desmond, would not have found himself burdened by such a wife.
+Elizabeth never forgot this, and, as we have seen, it led the deputy to
+his death.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-054"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-054.jpg" ALT="St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Worcester retired in 1468, and the Earl of Kildare ruled for the absent
+Duke of Clarence.  Edward IV., however, began to entertain fears that
+the young Prince might imitate the example of his late father, and make
+the viceroyalty an office rivalling the throne itself, and convert
+Ireland into a stronghold against him and his house.  The Duke of
+Clarence and the Earl of Warwick were undoubtedly conspiring against
+Edward, who promptly offered a reward of £1,000 or £100 a year for life
+to whoever captured the duke or the earl.  The latter, however, did not
+survive the <I>coup d'état</I> of 1470, when Henry VI. was restored
+temporarily.  The Earl of Warwick, who was nominally Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, being represented there by Edmund Dudley, was beheaded by the
+Earl of Oxford on Tower Hill.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Duke of Clarence
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Clarence, who had the faculty of pleasing both parties, was
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1470 by Henry VI., and on the
+deposition of that monarch Edward IV. confirmed the appointment,
+granting him the office for twenty years, to date from 1472.  Meanwhile
+the Earl of Kildare continued to rule the country until 1475.  Then the
+Bishop of Meath, William Sherwood, acted for a time, until Gerald,
+ninth Earl of Kildare, became deputy.  In 1478 Clarence was removed,
+and John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant for
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P56"></A>56}</SPAN>
+twenty years.  He could not rule in person, however, and so he
+conveniently appointed his infant son, George, to the office, at the
+same time nominating Lord Grey as his locum tenens.  Grey arrived in
+Dublin to find that the Earl of Kildare refused to recognize his
+authority, giving as a reason his opinion that Grey's appointment was
+made under the Privy Seal, and was, therefore, illegal.  The Chancellor
+sided with Kildare, declined to surrender the Great Seal for Ireland,
+and advised Kildare to summon a Parliament at Naas.  That complacent
+assembly voted the Earl a subsidy.  This was the state of affairs in
+1478, and it really marked the beginning of the great struggle between
+Ireland and England.  By now the Anglo-Irish families had lost their
+sympathies for the English and had become almost exclusively Irish.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Grey proceeded to hold a Parliament of his own at Trim, and, of course,
+it formally annulled all the acts passed by Kildare's assembly.  These
+Parliaments were merely travesties of the word as understood to-day;
+they did not represent even the opinions of those permitted to take
+part in their proceedings, while a cynical disregard of the English
+colony was their most characteristic feature.  They were termed
+'Parliaments' in order to dignify the proceedings, but their only use
+was to declare their subjection to the person summoning them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The death of the infant Prince George in 1479 enabled Grey to retire
+from the contest with dignity, and for two years Robert Preston, first
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P57"></A>57}</SPAN>
+Viscount Gormanstown, represented the nominal viceroy, Richard,
+Duke of York.  Then in 1481 the Earl of Kildare, the only man who could
+rule Ireland with any hope of success, was reappointed deputy to the
+young prince.  The death of Edward IV. and the accession of Edward V.
+found Kildare still in power.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The mysterious disappearance of the king and his younger brother from
+the Tower of London brought Richard III. to the throne, and he
+nominated his son, Edward, aged eleven, viceroy for a period of three
+years, Kildare remaining as deputy.  It was announced throughout the
+colony that Richard intended visiting Ireland, and Kildare was,
+therefore, declared Lord-Deputy for one year only.  The death of Prince
+Edward in 1484 brought the viceroyalty to Richard's nephew, John de la
+Pole, Earl of Lincoln, but the Battle of Bosworth opened a new era for
+Ireland as well as for England.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Effect of Bosworth Field
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Kildare, notified of the appointment of the new king's
+uncle, Jasper, Duke of Bedford, declined to be bound by the results of
+the Battle of Bosworth Field, and when a priest brought to Ireland a
+boy whom he declared to be the Earl of Warwick, son of the late Duke of
+Clarence, and therefore the rightful heir to the throne of England,
+Kildare eagerly seized the opportunity thus presented.  Lambert Simnel,
+the youth in question, was received with royal honours by Kildare and
+the Anglo-Irish, his claims declared proved, and his identity admitted.
+On May 24, 1487, the impostor was crowned King
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P58"></A>58}</SPAN>
+of England and
+Ireland under the title of Edward VI.  The ceremony took place in the
+Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, and in the presence of the whole
+viceregal staff, the principal ecclesiastics and the civic officials,
+Kildare had the leading part after Lambert Simnel, although the Earl of
+Lincoln, who had been appointed viceroy by his uncle, Richard III., was
+also present.  Immediately the coronation was over a special coinage
+was struck, and the comedy protracted by the creation of Kildare as
+Regent and Protector.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Lincoln was given the command of the army to strike the
+decisive blow in England, but the Duke of Bedford, Henry's viceroy, met
+the rebel forces at Stoke and crushed them.  Simnel was taken prisoner,
+and Henry, with that sense of humour and a political tact rare in
+monarchs, decided to emphasize his victory by ridicule rather than the
+executioner's axe.  Simnel was made a turnspit in the royal kitchens
+and a salary paid him regularly.  Had he been executed, his unlucky
+followers might have made him a hero and themselves patriots; as it
+was, they were compelled to seek oblivion for their cause and hide
+their shame.  Kildare, however, remained defiant.  To him Simnel had
+been only the means to an end that had enabled him to demonstrate to
+the English throne and its advisers that the destinies of Ireland could
+not be subject to the vagaries of English politicians.  Henry
+determined to try diplomatic persuasion, and he sent Sir Richard
+Edgecombe, a Privy Councillor, to offer Kildare
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P59"></A>59}</SPAN>
+a free pardon if
+he would swear fealty to the king and give a bond for his good
+behaviour.  The deputy offered to submit, though he would not give a
+bond, and after considerable wrangling the question of security was
+waived aside, and the Earl of Kildare once more reigned in Dublin
+Castle.  The records of the meetings between Kildare and Edgecombe are
+very full, and it would seem that the earl's threats to turn
+'Irish'&mdash;that is, formally separate his family from England&mdash;had more
+to do with Henry's capitulation than anything else.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Perkin Warbeck
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Kildare's appointment was as deputy to the Duke of Bedford, and for
+four years Irish affairs had no connection with English.  But the
+success of usurpers breeds impostors, and Henry, who had seized his
+throne by force, had once more to face an impostor and a rebellion.
+Perkin Warbeck, avowing himself to be Richard, Duke of York, and armed
+with a circumstantial story of his escape from the Tower of London,
+landed at Cork, having journeyed from Lisbon, and sent messages to
+Kildare ordering him to join him there with an army.  Whatever the
+earl's answer may have been, Perkin did not wait for it, preferring to
+seek temporary safety in Paris.  The deputy, however, had always shown
+a fondness for impostors, and Henry, unable to trust any of the leaders
+of the English in Ireland, sent Walter Fitz-Simon to be the deputy in
+place of Kildare.  Fitz-Simon worked assiduously to secure the Earl's
+fall, and when he returned to England in 1493, leaving Viscount
+Gormanstown as his deputy, he was able
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P60"></A>60}</SPAN>
+to nullify the effects of
+Kildare's passionate protests to Henry VII.  The next year Henry
+appointed his son, then aged four, afterwards Henry VIII., to be
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and his deputy was the notorious profligate
+and zealous soldier, Sir Edward Poynings, the son of Elizabeth Paston.
+The "Paston Letters" throw much light upon the workings of the
+viceroyalty of the period, although Poynings himself had only a couple
+of years' experience of that country.  He did Henry two notable acts of
+service, however, by capturing Kildare and sending him a prisoner to
+London, and by driving Perkin Warbeck out of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When Kildare was imprisoned in the Tower of London, his fate seemed
+settled, but he was too clever for the age he lived in, and he
+succeeded, a stranger in a strange country, in securing his liberation
+and the annulling by Parliament of his act of attainder.  Kildare
+thereupon became the lion of the London season.  He was invited
+everywhere, and every class of society crowded to see the man who had
+held Ireland in his power.  All the time he was nominally under arrest,
+with serious charges pending against him.  When Henry summoned the earl
+to his presence, and offered him the choice of any man in the kingdom
+to be his counsellor, Kildare promptly chose the king himself!  It was
+a piece of shrewd flattery, but it had less to do with Kildare's
+restoration to favour than his marriage with the king's first cousin,
+Elizabeth, daughter of Oliver St. John.  The moment his alliance with
+the clever daughter of a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P61"></A>61}</SPAN>
+powerful family became known, Kildare's
+enemies melted away, and the king, saving his face by insisting upon
+Kildare's son remaining in London as a hostage for his father's good
+conduct, restored Kildare to his deputyship, and sent him back to
+Ireland.  Henry Deane, a cleric who had been holding the post, retired,
+and was rewarded later with the See of Canterbury.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The character of Kildare is well illustrated by a story told concerning
+his fiery temper.  The Bishop of Meath, suffering from jealousy and a
+grievance, declared to the king that all Ireland could not rule the
+earl.  'Then, in good faith,' cried the king, 'shall the earl rule all
+Ireland!'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Hill of the Axes
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perkin Warbeck revisited Ireland, but the men of Waterford drove him
+from the country without any help from Dublin.  In 1503 Kildare was
+summoned to London to receive evidence of the king's pleasure and
+approbation.  This took the shape of a portion of the king's wardrobe,
+a signal mark of honour in those days.  Returning with his son Gerald,
+who had married into a powerful English family, Kildare won the famous
+Battle of Knocdoe, or 'The Hill of the Axes,' and was given the garter
+for his success.  The Battle of Knocdoe was the result of a bitter
+quarrel between the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Clanricarde.  The
+latter had married a daughter of the deputy's, and had treated her with
+such cruelty that Kildare intervened.  In revenge Clanricarde formed a
+confederacy between certain Irish chiefs to overthrow the authority of
+the king in Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap04"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P62"></A>62}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER IV
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The death of Henry VII. and the accession of Henry VIII. tended to
+strengthen Kildare's position.  He was continued in his office, and
+held it until his death in 1513.  Accounted one of the handsomest and
+bravest men of his time, he was succeeded by his son in the deputyship,
+as well as in the family honours, and Gerald, ninth earl, was worthy of
+such a parent.  For seven years Kildare was the deputy, with the
+exception of a brief period in England when Viscount Gormanstown was
+vice-deputy.  His enemies were secretly trying to undermine his
+position, for the rise of the Kildare family was resented by the other
+great Anglo-Irish houses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Cardinal Wolsey's nominee
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1518, shortly after the death of his wife, Kildare was ordered to
+repair to London and answer the charges that he had illegally enriched
+himself and his followers, and that he had formed alliances with the
+native Irish and corresponded with them.  Kildare, however, showed no
+hurry to obey the summons, and not until 1519 did he arrive in London,
+his cousin, Sir Maurice Fitzgerald, looking after his official
+responsibilities.  While in London, Kildare followed the example of his
+father, and married a cousin of the king.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P63"></A>63}</SPAN>
+This was the Lady
+Elizabeth Grey, a grand-daughter of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV.'s
+wife.  The marriage saved Kildare's life, for his most powerful enemy,
+Cardinal Wolsey, had resolved that the Irish earl should never return
+to his country.  Acting on the advice of the Cardinal, Henry VIII.,
+suspicious of the loyalty of the Irish nobility, appointed an
+Englishman, the Earl of Surrey, afterwards Duke of Norfolk,
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Surrey was one of Wolsey's adherents, and
+although the Earl of Kildare had, by reason of his valour and bearing
+on the famous 'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' risen high in Henry's
+favour, the Chancellor insisted upon his being brought to trial.  To
+make certain of the result, Wolsey inspired the Earl of Surrey to write
+from Ireland charging Kildare with having attempted to make the Irish
+oppose the authority of the new deputy, but, owing to the influence of
+his wife, Kildare secured his acquittal, and returned to Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Ormonde was selected in 1523 to succeed Surrey, principally
+because he was Kildare's bitter enemy, but Elizabeth, Henry's cousin
+and Kildare's wife, wrote to the king beseeching him to reconcile the
+earls and bring peace to their respective families.  Henry responded by
+sending a commission to try the charges preferred by Ormonde against
+Kildare, and, when it found in favour of the latter, he became deputy
+once more.  But again his enjoyment of the office was brief, further
+charges being preferred against him by Ormonde, now Earl of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P64"></A>64}</SPAN>
+Ossory.  Again Kildare went to London, and was imprisoned in the Tower,
+his brother, Sir James Fitzgerald, taking his post.  While Kildare was
+in the Tower, Wolsey attempted to have him executed without the
+knowledge of the king, but at the last moment the Lieutenant-Governor
+sought confirmation from His Majesty, and discovered that the
+Cardinal's order lacked the king's approval.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Ossory was now deputy, Kildare remaining in London after
+his release from the Tower.  Several noblemen went bail for his good
+conduct, and although there was another period of royal disfavour in
+1532, he accompanied Sir William Skeffington, the new Lord-Deputy, to
+Ireland, and received a welcome that overshadowed that accorded to the
+king's representative.  It is interesting to note that in 1530 Holbein
+painted this remarkable man's portrait, and that in the same year he
+was one of the peers who signed the letter to the Pope setting forth
+the grounds of Henry's divorce from Catherine.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Death of "King Kildare"
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1532 he was once more deputy, and he gained the adherence of the
+Irish by marrying two of his daughters to Irish chiefs.  The country
+was now at his feet; he was respected and obeyed.  But he had enemies
+whose pertinacity equalled his, and they soon aroused the suspicions of
+a monarch whose chief weakness was a disinclination to trust others or
+cultivate loyalty in himself.  Henry at once ordered the deputy to come
+to him; instead, Kildare sent his wife to act as mediator.  The
+countess was a clever woman, but Henry's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P65"></A>65}</SPAN>
+experience of the sex was
+extensive, as we know, and he declined to receive her more than once.
+He wanted the person of Kildare, and eventually that nobleman obeyed
+the summons.  The earl appointed his twenty-year old son, Thomas, Lord
+Offaly, deputy, and left Ireland, never to return.  Lord Offaly was
+something of the mould of his father, and, although young, had been
+trained from early years to rule.  When, therefore, a rumour reached
+Dublin that the Earl of Kildare had been executed by Henry's orders,
+Lord Offaly immediately resigned his office, and gathered his followers
+under his banner with the avowed object of driving the English out of
+Ireland.  The earl was quickly apprised of his son's rebellion, and a
+copy of the youthful lord's sentence of excommunication shown him.  The
+effect was to hasten Kildare's death, and he died in the Tower on
+December 12, 1534.  Great as had been his father, Gerald, ninth earl,
+was even greater, and Wolsey, although he spoke sarcastically, was not
+wrong when he described him as 'King Kildare, who reigned, rather than
+ruled, in Ireland.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sir William Skeffington, the deputy, was ordered to crush the
+rebellion, and he pursued the Kildare faction into their strongholds,
+besieging the Castle of Maynooth, while its owner was in Connaught
+collecting troops.  The castle could have held out until the arrival of
+its owner, but the inevitable Irish traitor appeared in the person of
+Christopher Parese, a creature who had received many benefits at the
+hands of Lord Offaly and his father.  Parese betrayed the castle for a
+reward, which was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P66"></A>66}</SPAN>
+promptly paid him, but the deputy immediately
+had him executed, because he dare not trust a rogue who had already
+betrayed one benefactor.  Treachery was again employed by Skeffington's
+successor, Lord Grey, and eventually Lord Offaly, tenth Earl of
+Kildare, and five of his uncles were executed on Tower Hill.  The
+ten-year-old heir to the earldom would, doubtless, have perished also,
+but he had a remarkable mother, who kept him in hiding for some years,
+and succeeded in smuggling him out of the country to France, where his
+education was supervised by the famous Cardinal Pole.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Grey continued in office until 1540, and although, from the
+English point of view, he ruled well and successfully, on his return to
+England he was imprisoned and subsequently executed, the ostensible
+reason being his partiality for the Kildares.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Grey was replaced by a remarkable man, Sir Anthony St. Leger, whose
+three terms of office covered thirteen years.  Sir William Brereton, a
+foolish person, was the deputy until St. Leger arrived, and
+distinguished himself by leading a vast army in search of a phantom
+enemy.  St. Leger, from the moment he arrived in Ireland, set about
+restoring some order in the country, and he succeeded so well that the
+historians of the period call attention to the amazing fact that the
+sight was actually seen of English lords and Irish chiefs meeting in
+the same chamber and proclaiming Henry VIII. King of Ireland.  St.
+Leger went further than this, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P67"></A>67}</SPAN>
+actually paid the debts incurred
+during his viceroyalty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Religious persecution
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1548 he was recalled, and Sir Edward Bellingham ordered to act as
+deputy and to punish those Irish who had not become Protestants by Act
+of Parliament.  This was a new feature in Irish politics, but
+Bellingham found diplomacy, force, and threats, and persecution equally
+ineffective, and he retired in disgust.  Sir Francis Bryan followed as
+deputy in 1550, but he died the same year, and Brabazon, hastily
+elected in his stead, retired when Sir Anthony St. Leger returned, to
+be welcomed by all classes.  He held office until 1556, save for a
+period between 1551-52, when Sir James Croft represented him, and when
+he retired he had the satisfaction of knowing that he left Ireland
+better off than when he found it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The appointment of the Earl of Sussex, however, undid all St. Leger's
+good work, and the new deputy had immediately to take the field.  He
+was lucky, however, to find the Irish chiefs quarrelling amongst
+themselves, and in the circumstances victory was achieved easily.  The
+O'Neills, headed by the famous Shane, advanced against him, but Sussex
+defeated them with great slaughter, and the chieftain escaped the
+battlefield to die a dishonourable death in a drunken brawl.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+England had greater attractions for the earl than Ireland could offer,
+and he returned there in 1557, nominating Sir Henry Sidney and the Lord
+Chancellor as vice-deputies.  Elizabeth,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P68"></A>68}</SPAN>
+immediately after her
+accession, sent the viceroy back, but he returned again to London.
+Hugh Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, anxious to retain his office as well
+as that of joint representative with Sir Henry Sidney of the absent
+viceroy, conveniently changed his religion now that a Protestant was on
+the throne, and to show the genuineness of his conversion he had the
+pictures that adorned the walls of Christ's Church and St. Patrick's
+whitewashed.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-068"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-068.jpg" ALT="Earl of Essex" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Essex
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+When the Earl of Sussex was recalled in 1564, Sir Henry Sidney was
+appointed deputy or viceroy, and he acted for fourteen years.  What he
+thought of the appointment may be inferred from a letter he wrote on
+his return after a brief absence in 1575.  Sir William Fitz-William had
+acted as his deputy, and no doubt Sidney hoped that Elizabeth might
+give him a more congenial task.  He declares that he 'took on for the
+third time that thankless charge, and so, taking leave of Her Majesty,
+kissed her sacred hands, with most gracious and comfortable words,
+departed from her at Dudley Castle, passed the seas, and arrived
+September 13, 1575, as near the city of Dublin as I could safely, for
+at that time the city was grievously infected with the contagion of the
+pestilence.'  In the depth of winter he went to Cork, and passed
+Christmas there.  The following February he visited Thomond, Earl of
+Clanricarde, and caused two of his sons to make public confession of
+their rebellion and sue for his pardon.  Sidney, in recounting this,
+adds fervently, 'whom would to God I had hanged!'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P69"></A>69}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sidney's interview with Grace O'Malley is historic.  The English
+warrior, unaccustomed to Amazonian women, out of curiosity granted an
+audience to Grace, who came to him in state.  This is how the viceroy
+describes the incident:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'There came to me also a most famous feminine sea-captain, called Grace
+O'Malley, and offered her services to me wheresoe'er I would command
+her, with three galleys and two hundred fighting men.  She brought with
+her her husband, for she was as well by sea as by land more than
+master's mate with him.  He was of the nether Burkes, and called by
+nickname "Richard in Iron."  This was a notorious woman in all the
+coasts of Ireland.  This woman did Henry Sidney see and speak with.  He
+can no more at large inform you of her.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On May 26, 1578, Sidney retired from office, broken in health and
+fortune.  Describing his condition, he says that he was 'fifty-four
+years of age, toothless and trembling, being five thousand pounds in
+debt.'  Later he declared that he was twenty thousand pounds poorer
+than when he had succeeded to his father's estate&mdash;a commentary on his
+inability to take advantage in a pecuniary sense of his viceroyalty.
+His wail is dated 'from Ludlow Castle, with more pain than heart, March
+1, 1582.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+English colony absorbed
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But Sidney was the victim of his time.  There was no English colony
+now; it had been absorbed by the native Irish families, and to make war
+against the natives was to make war against the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P70"></A>70}</SPAN>
+Fitzgeralds, the
+Butlers, and other great families better known by their titles.
+Happily for England, Ireland was never united, and if Sidney gained no
+great conquests he was, by reason of the schisms amongst his enemies,
+enabled to maintain the sovereignty of Elizabeth in Ireland.  It was a
+purely nominal sovereignty, but it sufficed for the time being.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap05"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P71"></A>71}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER V
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The gradual disappearance of the distinctively English population did
+not pass unnoticed in England.  During some hundreds of years there had
+been many attempts to induce English families to emigrate to Ireland,
+but without any great success.  To the average English person Ireland
+was an uncivilized country inhabited by savages and murderers.
+Elizabeth's councillors, however, resolved to put into practice the
+theories of previous viceroys and their advisers.  A new English colony
+was to be created, but instead of crowding all the emigrants into
+Dublin, the bolder policy of scattering them all over the country was
+adopted.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On the retirement of Sidney, Sir William Pelham was appointed Lord
+Justice until the arrival of Lord Grey of Wilton, 'the hanging
+viceroy.'  Two years of systematic brutalities were as much as the
+country and Elizabeth could stand.  She recalled Grey and left the
+government in the hands of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, and Sir
+Henry Wallop, treasurer, while she and her council, now firmly resolved
+on the great 'plantation' scheme, could find a willing and a competent
+instrument to carry out the plan.  They found
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P72"></A>72}</SPAN>
+one in Sir John
+Perrott, and in June, 1584, he was made Lord Deputy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The undertakers
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perrott was reputed to be a natural son of Henry VIII., whom he
+resembled in appearance, and, although brought up in the household of
+Thomas Perrott, who had married Mary Berkeley, Henry's mistress, he
+soon exchanged the serene life of a country gentleman for the freer and
+gayer court life of London.  He was advanced rapidly in the royal
+favour, and before his deputyship had had considerable experience of
+Ireland.  He now came as viceroy with a strong and definite policy,
+fully determined to carry it to a successful issue.  Munster was the
+first province selected for the 'plantation' scheme.  To induce English
+families to flock to Ireland, huge estates were offered for next to
+nothing.  Fertile lands were given at rentals of a penny or twopence an
+acre, and to allow the immigrants time to put their new homes in order,
+no rent was asked during the first five years, and only half for the
+following three.  Those who took over twelve thousand acres were termed
+'undertakers,' and required to settle or plant at least eighty-six
+English families whose members were skilled in trades and the arts
+agricultural.  Undertakers of smaller estates planted a less number,
+and so on in due proportion.  It was a splendid scheme on paper, and
+would, no doubt, have settled the Irish question effectively, but its
+weak point was its total disregard of the Irish.  The real owners of
+the property were in hiding with prices on their heads, but the people
+themselves were only awaiting
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P73"></A>73}</SPAN>
+their opportunity to win back the
+lands of their chiefs and restore them to their rightful owners.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The majority of the 'undertakers'&mdash;wealthy English noblemen and titled
+adventurers&mdash;did not, of course, trouble to come to Ireland, though
+they imported a number of families into the country.  Two of the
+'undertakers,' however, in Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spenser, the
+poet, actually resided on their new estates.  Raleigh, as a reward for
+butchering the peasantry, was given forty-two thousand acres; Spenser
+was granted twelve thousand acres in Cork, and took up his residence in
+Kilcolman Castle, residence in Ireland being the only condition upon
+which he was given the stolen land.  Spenser wrote the first three
+books of the 'Faerie Queen' here, and his only absence from Ireland was
+occasioned by a journey to London to secure the publication of his
+masterpiece.  On his return he married a country girl, and managed to
+live in some peace until 1598, when the Earl of Tyrone, eager to avenge
+his wrongs, roused the country.  Kilcolman Castle was burnt to the
+ground, and Spenser's youngest child perished in the flames.  The poet,
+penniless and ill, escaped to England to die in penury the following
+year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perrott's policy required a certain ruthlessness to carry out, and
+friend and foe alike became his victims.  He could not be faithful to
+Elizabeth and please all parties in Ireland.  He shared the fate of his
+predecessors who had adopted a similar policy, for he discovered that
+he was being misrepresented in London by his personal enemies.  These
+included the Earl of Ormonde, Sir Richard
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P74"></A>74}</SPAN>
+Brigham, and Sir
+Nicholas Bagenal, and they even went to the length of bribing a priest
+to forge treasonable letters in the viceroy's name.  When Perrott
+appealed to Elizabeth to be allowed to come to England and confront his
+adversaries, the queen refused him his request, bidding him to continue
+with his work.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He was destined to do England and Elizabeth at least one great service
+during his viceroyalty.  In the middle of 1586 a rumour reached Ireland
+that Spain was about to strike a blow for Catholic Christendom.
+Ireland was, of course, Catholic, and always remained so, although its
+spiritual fathers were mostly 'vicars of Bray.'  The native Irish
+received the news joyfully, and waited anxiously for the day when the
+might of Catholic Spain would annihilate Protestant England.  Perrott
+heard these rumours, and went to great trouble to verify them, with the
+result that in 1587 he was able to send confidential despatches to
+Queen Elizabeth informing her that Philip of Spain was preparing a
+great fleet for the invasion and conquest of England.  That fleet,
+historically known as 'The Great Armada,' left its remnants off the
+coast of Ireland in 1588.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Perrott's retirement
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the viceroy realized that his policy, while outwardly prosperous,
+was never likely to develop into a permanent success, he prayed the
+queen to permit him to retire.  She was averse to this, but every
+person of influence about the throne was approached by him until the
+queen relented, and in 1588 the viceroy joyfully prepared to depart
+from the country which he hated worse than the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P75"></A>75}</SPAN>
+pestilence.  The
+court of England was then in an idealized state, mainly as a result of
+the rise of the great English school of dramatists and poets, and at
+such a time Ireland must have seemed more than ever a place of exile.
+Perrott, however, openly prided himself upon his success, and when he
+appeared in Dublin in order to hand over the sword of state to his
+successor, he made a fulsome speech in his own praise, declaring that
+he left the country in peace and quietness, and hinting that if Sir
+William Fitzwilliam, the incoming viceroy, informed Queen Elizabeth of
+the fact, he would be very grateful.  Sir William, as a gentleman, had
+to acknowledge Perrott's eulogies, and then the ex-viceroy left the
+country, feeling like a freed man.  His last act was to present the
+corporation of Dublin with a silver-gilt bowl bearing his arms and
+crest, together with the motto 'Relinquo in pace.'  The common people
+had a certain rough affection for Perrott.  He had not robbed
+them&mdash;perhaps because they had nothing to lose&mdash;but at any rate they
+gave him a great ovation, shedding tears of gratitude for the man whose
+code of morals happily included a partiality for paying just debts.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sir William Fitzwilliam had already experienced the advantages and
+disadvantages of the viceregal position in Ireland.  He married a
+sister of Sir Henry Sidney, a woman with a strength of character that
+absorbed her husband's.  Every act during Fitzwilliam's tenure of
+office was said to have originated from the fertile brain of Lady
+Fitzwilliam, and she was openly hailed as the real
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P76"></A>76}</SPAN>
+ruler of
+Ireland.  But even Lady Fitzwilliam could not govern without money, and
+in 1594 she retired with her husband.  Fitzwilliam is best known as the
+Governor of Fotheringay Castle at the time of the execution of Mary,
+Queen of Scots.  Sir William Russell, his successor, was the youngest
+son of the Earl of Bedford, but his two years of office brought him
+nothing but censure from the queen.  Russell's principal fault was that
+he kept his word of honour to the rebel Earl of Tyrone.  The latter
+came in person to Dublin Castle at the invitation of the viceroy, and
+made submission.  Contented with this, the Lord-Lieutenant permitted
+him to depart, but Elizabeth wished for the imprisonment of the rebel,
+and, consequently, Russell retired to make way for Lord Gainsborough.
+In 1603 he was created a peer by James I.  A year sufficed for
+Gainsborough, who died at his post.  Sir Thomas Norris, Lord Justice,
+acted until superseded by Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, Sir Robert
+Gardiner, and the Earl of Ormonde.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Queen Elizabeth's favourite
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Their services were dispensed with when Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex,
+arrived in Dublin on April 15, 1599, his appointment dating from March
+12, 1598.  The Earl of Essex was one of the most romantic figures in
+the later court of Queen Elizabeth.  When, as a boy of ten, Robert
+Devereux appeared at court, the queen was fascinated by his beauty and
+his charming manners.  She sent for him later, and his early days were
+distinguished by the confidence of the queen.  Elizabeth was an old
+woman when Essex was in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P77"></A>77}</SPAN>
+the first flower of his manhood, but he
+was as crafty as he was handsome, and he made every use of his power
+over the queen, a monarch aping youth with the aid of powder and paint.
+She made Essex the most powerful of courtiers, and he attempted to
+reserve her favour for himself.  When the queen showed kindness to
+Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, Essex, ever passionate and prone to
+quarrel, sought out his rival and challenged him to a duel.  The result
+was abortive, but it was only one of a series of incidents which showed
+Elizabeth that she was raising Essex higher than his peculiar
+temperament made promotion safe.  On one occasion he actually
+reproached the queen, who in a moment of rage forgot her pose of youth,
+and boxed the earl's ears.  But he was still in the royal favour when
+Elizabeth sent him to Ireland with fifteen thousand men, his mission
+being to crush the rebellion of O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.  From her
+palace in London the queen wrote almost daily to the viceroy, seldom
+commending him, often hampering, and always petulant and capricious.
+Essex tried one or two encounters with the enemy, and found the
+battlefields of Ireland profitless and dangerous to the health of one
+whose chivalry was better suited to the drawing-room.  He hastily
+concluded a treaty of peace with Tyrone, appointed Lords Justices to
+carry on the government, and repaired to England on September 24,
+having spent less than five months in Ireland.  Only one who was
+certain of Elizabeth's favour could have dared to do such a thing, but
+Essex entered
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P78"></A>78}</SPAN>
+London in the temper of a spoilt child, prepared to
+rail at the queen for having dared to criticize him, and no doubt
+expecting to receive her apologies.  The queen upset his calculations
+by having him arrested promptly, and although the public offered up
+prayers for his restoration to the good graces of the queen, these
+prayers were unanswered, because Essex was not the man to believe in
+his sovereign's determination.  The arrest he regarded as a joke&mdash;in
+bad taste, perhaps, but still a joke&mdash;and when its seriousness dawned
+upon him he tried to retaliate in kind.  In 1601 he was executed.  The
+charges against him were, first, with making a dishonourable treaty
+with the rebels, and, second, leaving his Government without the
+permission of the authorities&mdash;that is, the queen and Council.  When
+released from the Tower and ordered to remain at York House, Essex
+attempted a rebellion, and the spoilt darling of fortune paid the
+penalty with his life.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-078"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-078.jpg" ALT="Lord Mountjoy" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Mountjoy
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Mountjoy
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The next viceroy, Sir Charles Blount, afterwards Lord Mountjoy, was a
+typical product of the Elizabethan court.  He had been Essex's friend
+and afterwards his enemy, and when the earl retired prematurely from
+Ireland, Elizabeth sent Mountjoy to reopen the war against O'Neill and
+to crush him, irrespective of the treaty of security and peace signed
+by Essex in Elizabeth's name.  He carried out his duties faithfully,
+and succeeded in driving the Tyrones out of their territory.  On the
+final defeat of O'Neill, that chieftain made submission, and Mountjoy
+was graciously pleased to forgive the rebel and restore his title and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P79"></A>79}</SPAN>
+estates to him.  While in Ireland Mountjoy received a letter from
+Essex, then a prisoner on parole at York House, asking him to bring his
+army from Ireland, join a promised army of the King of Scotland, and
+drive Elizabeth's advisers from power.  Mountjoy at once declined to
+hazard his own neck, and he left Essex to his fate.  The hope that the
+earl placed on the viceroy was inspired by the latter's affection for
+Penelope, sister of Lord Essex.  This lady was so notorious that even
+Queen Elizabeth had to refuse to receive her, but her faults were the
+faults of the age she lived in.  At a very early age, and without
+having her wishes consulted at all, Penelope was married to an old roué
+named Lord Rich, a man of filthy habits and loathsome ways.  Penelope
+bore him seven children, but the gross brutalities of her husband drove
+her into the arms of Sidney, and when she became Mountjoy's mistress,
+she had five children by him.  The viceroy, however, was a faithful
+lover, and when Lord Rich divorced her after Mountjoy's resignation of
+his post, the viceroyalty, he married her, inducing his private
+chaplain, Laud, to perform the ceremony.  The act of Laud's very nearly
+ruined his career, and, at any rate, it stood in the way of his
+promotion for several years.  It is said that Mountjoy did intend to
+come to the rescue of his mistress's brother, and certainly Elizabeth,
+who wanted Mountjoy's services, suppressed a confession by a prisoner
+which, had it become public, must have cost Lord Mountjoy his head.  As
+it was, he held the viceroyalty until 1603, and could have
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P80"></A>80}</SPAN>
+remained longer, for King James confirmed his appointment.  Mountjoy,
+however, wanted his Penelope, and he left Ireland for her sake.  James
+rewarded him with the Earldom of Devonshire, but as all his children
+were illegitimate, the titles died with him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Order of the Baronetage
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The late viceroy's deputy, Sir George Cary, enjoyed only a few months
+in office, for Sir Arthur Chichester, afterwards Lord Chichester of
+Belfast, was given the post, and came to Ireland early in 1605.
+Chichester was forty-one, but he had already nearly thirty years'
+experience of public affairs, including the fight against the Armada.
+In his early youth he had assaulted an inoffensive citizen, and had
+fled from London to Ireland, but Elizabeth pardoned him and found him
+employment.  Fortunately for Chichester, Lord Mountjoy took him into
+favour, and when the latter returned to England, and was appointed
+adviser to James on Irish affairs, he nominated Chichester as the most
+suitable person to govern Ireland.  This viceroy made it a condition
+that religious persecution in Ireland should be abolished.  Every
+precedent was against the continuance of a protracted and futile
+attempt to force an objectionable religion upon the majority of the
+people, and when he secured this concession to common sense from James
+and Mountjoy, Chichester must have realized that he was in a fair way
+to make his term of office a success.  Some luck attended him.  He was
+given a good army, and very early in his career in Ireland two of his
+most dangerous opponents, Tyrone and Tyrconnell, left Ireland
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P81"></A>81}</SPAN>
+for
+ever.  Chichester then proceeded to colonize Ulster.  The order of the
+Baronetage was created in 1611, and the title sold for £1,080, the
+proceeds being intended to pay the expenses of the colonization of
+Ulster.  The large estates of the Tyrone and Tyrconnell families were
+distributed amongst the native Irish, the English and some planters
+from Scotland, Chichester himself being rewarded with a peerage.  It
+was a wise move on his part, moreover, to give first choice to the
+native Irish in the matter of the division of the land, for he knew
+that peace could only be purchased at a price.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On these lines he governed Ireland for twelve years, and when he
+retired in 1614, he had the satisfaction of earning the praise of those
+he ruled and those he served.  His wife, a daughter of Sir John
+Perrott, does not appear to have taken a very prominent part in Irish
+life.  She was an invalid and contemptuous of the Irish, though the
+records of some of their entertainments in Dublin Castle prove that she
+was lavish in her hospitality, and even invited the heads of the great
+Irish families.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sir Oliver St. John was in 1616 appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  During
+the interval the Government had been in the hands of Adam Loftus, the
+indispensable Archbishop of Dublin, whose power was as great as his
+cupidity and avarice.  St. John was a typical soldier of fortune, who
+had found fame and fortune on the battlefields of the Continent.  In
+1580, when twenty-one, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, out a
+legal career ended suddenly as the result of a duel with Best, the
+navigator.  Best died, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P82"></A>82}</SPAN>
+St. John fled the country, but after
+many profitless years he had the luck to come under the notice of the
+Earl of Essex at Rouen.  Essex, who was in need of brave soldiers,
+enlisted St. John, and took him to Ireland to fight against Tyrone.  In
+a few years St. John was elected member for Roscommon in the Irish
+Parliament, and followed that up by entering the English House of
+Commons as member for Portsmouth.  Mountjoy knighted him and made him
+president of Connaught, so that when in 1616 he was made viceroy, he
+brought to the office a great experience of Irish affairs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His first official act was to banish all those ecclesiastics educated
+abroad, his second, to make the Protestant religion compulsory, and his
+third, even more remarkable, took the form of a proposal to emigrate
+100,000 Irish persons.  This was a short method of dealing with a
+pressing problem, but it was hopelessly impracticable, and St. John,
+less successful as a statesman than as soldier, was commanded to
+deliver the sword of state to Adam Loftus, and return to England.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Henry Gary, Viscount Falkland, who succeeded, tried to carry on the St.
+John policy.  Proclamations were issued extensively, and all the Irish
+were ordered to go to heaven by the Protestant road.  Strangely enough,
+while Lord Falkland was doing his best to establish the Protestant
+religion, Lady Falkland was secretly a Catholic, and supplying the
+priests with money.  For over twenty years she kept her secret from her
+husband, but he discovered it eventually, and promptly separated from
+her.  The Privy Council, called
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P83"></A>83}</SPAN>
+upon to judge between husband and
+wife, declared Falkland's act justified, but ordered him to pay her
+£500 a year.  Falkland retired in 1629 with the character of an
+unreliable, timid man.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Strafford
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Another period of government by Council and Lords Justices covered the
+years from 1628 to 1633, and then Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,
+one of the great figures of the early days of the Civil War, was chosen
+by Charles I. to represent him in Ireland.  Wentworth's appointment was
+dated 1632, but that nobleman did not hurry to take over his post, and
+besides, there were many urgent affairs to keep him at home.  Wentworth
+was leader of the House of Commons, and at the first encounter with the
+king stood by the Commons.  Charles, however, determined to secure his
+personal adherence, and by means of titles, the bait of kings,
+Wentworth foreswore his radical opinions, came over on to the king's
+side, and was ever afterwards a most zealous and devoted servant of the
+Crown.  When Charles conferred with his advisers upon the coming
+struggle with the people, Wentworth made the first practical suggestion
+by subscribing £20,000 towards the royal treasury.  Wentworth was,
+therefore, the most trusted of the King's advisers, and he was sent to
+Ireland with the object of raising money for His Majesty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new viceroy hastily summoned a Parliament at Dublin, and persuaded
+it to vote £180,000 for the king's use against the army of the
+Covenanters.  Further, Wentworth raised an army with the object of
+invading England and joining
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P84"></A>84}</SPAN>
+Charles's forces.  The intention was
+never carried out; but when Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, stood
+his trial at Westminster Hall, on April 5, 1641, the principal charge
+against him was that he had raised an army of Irish Papists to make war
+upon His Majesty's subjects.  Strafford was executed on May 12.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His history concerns England rather than Ireland, but he had
+considerable influence upon the latter country, and did something
+towards placing Irish industries upon a better footing.  In an age of
+wars and rebellions the reformer was out of place, but Ireland owes
+something to the Earl of Strafford's memory.  When he died, Ireland
+mourned for him, and Sir Charles Wandesford, who had acted as one of
+his deputies, died of a broken heart upon hearing the news.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-084"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-084.jpg" ALT="Earl of Strafford" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Strafford
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The civil war
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The fatal year of 1641 found Ireland without a viceroy.  The Lords
+Justices ruled in Dublin, but they carried no authority.  Throughout
+the country it was said that England had abandoned her compatriots.
+The Great Rebellion followed as a matter of course.  Centuries of
+oppression, outrage, robbery, and every other form of tyranny produced
+their natural offspring.  The native Irish, who had not accepted the
+dictum that time legalizes robbery and sanctifies wrong, rose in their
+passions and slaughtered the 'planted' settlers.  The less said about
+the rebellion the better.  The history of the world shows that when the
+democracy rises to avenge its wrongs, the innocent pay the debts of the
+guilty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, should have
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P85"></A>85}</SPAN>
+succeeded Strafford,
+but he lingered in England, conscious that his own country would be the
+centre of great events.  He asked his son, Lord Lisle, to take his
+place, but that young man had no taste for the rigours of Ireland.  His
+prognostications were justified, and with the outbreak of the Civil War
+Lord Leicester abandoned all intention of taking up the office of
+viceroy.  Charles wanted every available soldier, and Ireland was left
+to look after itself.  There was a nominal Government in Dublin, and
+the Earl of Ormonde, at the beginning of his splendid career, was
+Commander-in-Chief.  Ormonde was a devoted royalist, and in the king's
+hour of need sent him 5,000 soldiers from Ireland, paying their
+expenses himself.  In the midst of his worries Charles found time to
+show his gratitude by making Ormonde a marquis, and appointing him
+Viceroy of Ireland.  This was in 1644, but strong man as he was,
+Ormonde's tenure of office was shorn of all its glory and strength.  He
+was destined later to play a leading&mdash;the leading&mdash;part in Irish
+affairs; but during the Civil War there was no effective government in
+Ireland, and the country went back to its ruling chiefs, and Dublin and
+a few provincial towns sheltered the remnants of the party that looked
+to England for protection and guidance.  Lord Ormonde's determination
+was to hold Ireland for the king, and with this object he strengthened
+the garrison towns.  The massacres of the settlers in the North he had
+punished, but until the settlement of the conflict in England he was in
+a dangerous and anomalous position.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap06"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P86"></A>86}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VI
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde, was born at Clerkenwell on October
+19, 1610.  For political reasons he was brought up in London under the
+immediate influence of the court.  The boy, who was known as Viscount
+Thurles, was as popular as he was handsome, and in his early manhood he
+was one of the most famous 'bucks' about town.  The story of his
+marriage is a romantic one, and much has been written about it.  The
+facts are that the young Lord Thurles saw Elizabeth Preston, only
+daughter and heiress of the Earl of Desmond, in church.  She was very
+beautiful and wealthy, and Thurles resolved to wed her.  Whether it was
+a case of love at first sight or not depends upon the sentiment of the
+reader.  We know that the lady's fortune did much towards restoring
+that of the house of Ormonde.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-086"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-086.jpg" ALT="James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Ormonde's marriage
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Elizabeth Preston, however, was already reserved for someone else, and
+under the watchful and jealous guardianship of Lord Holland she was
+hidden from Lord Thurles.  Realizing that his attentions would not be
+displeasing, Lord Thurles disguised himself as a pedlar, and carried
+his pack to the back-door of Lord Holland's Kensington
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P87"></A>87}</SPAN>
+residence.
+Happily for the course of true love, the ladies of the house were not
+above opening the door to pedlars, and Lord Holland's daughters
+performed that service for the lover.  They made a few purchases, and
+then hastened to Elizabeth, to tell her that the handsomest pedlar in
+England was at the back-door, and to beg her to come and patronize him.
+The girl recognized Thurles, and when he pressed a pair of gloves upon
+her, she asked him to wait while she went for some money, although her
+companions offered to save her the trouble by lending her the necessary
+amount.  This she declined, guessing that one of the gloves contained a
+love-letter.  In the safety of her own room she read Thurles'
+impassioned address, and then, having penned a suitable and favourable
+reply, came down again and returned the gloves, declaring that they
+smelt abominably, and could not be worn by a lady.  Never did a pedlar
+accept the cancellation of a bargain so gleefully as this one did.  The
+message the gloves contained settled his doubts and fears, and later
+Viscount Thurles and Elizabeth Preston were wedded.  Lord Holland's
+consent was purchased for £15,000, and when he succeeded to the Earldom
+of Ormonde, Butler took his bride to Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The coming of the Earl of Ormonde to the country of his ancestors was
+hailed as a welcome sign by the leading Irish families.  By his
+marriage Ormonde had united two of the greatest and ended a bitter
+feud, and the native party looked to him to lead them against the
+English.  His only disadvantage was his religion.  He was a Protestant,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P88"></A>88}</SPAN>
+the result of his education in England, but the question of
+religion was ignored by the Irish, and the handsome and chivalrous earl
+was called upon to take his stand in the forefront of the Irish army.
+Lord Strafford was viceroy at the time, and upon him lay the
+responsibility of influencing Ormonde's choice.  The viceroy acted
+wisely.  Personally he disliked the young earl, but he realized that to
+make an enemy of the most powerful nobleman amongst the Irish families
+of distinction would be fatal to his own chances of success as Viceroy
+of Ireland, and so he immediately made overtures of friendship to the
+man whom he had known as a boy in London.  Lord Ormonde responded, and
+the two noblemen became fast friends, a friendship not forgotten to the
+last by Wentworth.  When the latter had been sentenced to death for
+treason against the State, he implored Charles to give Ormonde the
+garter left vacant by his death, and also warned that monarch that the
+only loyal servant he had in Ireland was the Earl of Ormonde, advising
+the king to appoint him Lord-Deputy.  The king, whose principal
+weakness was a tardiness of judgment, granted neither request at the
+time.  But in 1644 he made Ormonde viceroy, and later bestowed the
+garter, though at a time when that emblem of royal favour was little
+better than a brilliant mockery.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ormonde served an apprenticeship as Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+during Wentworth's viceroyalty, and on his own appointment to the
+latter position he combined the two offices.  His duties as viceroy
+were, however, merely nominal,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P89"></A>89}</SPAN>
+and believing that he could be of
+more service to the royal cause in England, he resigned his
+post&mdash;inspired, no doubt, by the fact that Parliament had appointed
+Philip Sidney, Lord Lisle, Lord-Lieutenant, under its jurisdiction&mdash;in
+1647.  Ormonde went at once to Charles at Hampton Court, and acquainted
+him with the news that it was the intention of the Parliamentary
+leaders to seize his person and bring him to trial.  Charles, of
+course, declined to believe the existence of the Parliamentary plot,
+and the ex-viceroy, again appointed Lord-Lieutenant, but armed with a
+worthless commission, returned to Ireland.  Lord Lisle was not in
+residence, and the Government that represented the Commons consisted of
+five commissioners&mdash;Arthur Annesley, Sir R. King, Sir R. Meredith,
+Colonel John Moor, and Colonel Michael Jones&mdash;a quintette scarcely
+likely to impress Ormonde with a sense of their dignity, or inspire in
+the country a feeling of security.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dublin, however, was in the hands of the Parliamentarians, and Ormonde
+chose to assert what authority he possessed from the provinces.  Had
+Charles's cause been the strongest in the world, it could not have
+survived the adverse verdict of the series of great and decisive
+battles that temporarily ended the monarchy.  Ormonde was not dismayed,
+however, and even the execution of the king found him dauntless and
+fearless.  He proclaimed the son of the murdered monarch king, and
+wrote entreating him to come to Ireland, assuring the prince that his
+troops could hold that
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P90"></A>90}</SPAN>
+country for him.  Meanwhile Ormonde
+attacked Dublin, captured Drogheda, suffered defeat at Rathmines, where
+Colonel Jones, the Parliamentary leader, with that strange inspiration
+for successful fighting and generalship which inspired the leaders of
+the democracy, outpointed him, and drove him and his army from the
+field.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-090"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-090.jpg" ALT="Oliver Cromwell" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Oliver Cromwell
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Cromwellian campaign
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whatever hopes Ormonde may have entertained of recovering his position,
+they were soon extinguished by the arrival of Oliver Cromwell.  It was
+an unexpected move on the part of Parliament, but now that Charles was
+dead, and the royal family in exile, it was considered safe to send the
+strongest man of his generation to cope with the Irish rebellion.  In
+1642 Cromwell had subscribed £600 towards the cost of an expedition for
+avenging the massacres of the previous year, and this act showed that
+he took a practical interest in Irish affairs, and realized the
+country's importance to England.  Ormonde was a resourceful, determined
+leader, and a man of unquestioned courage, but Cromwell was his
+superior in the field and in the council-room, and he had the advantage
+also of a united army.  Twelve thousand picked soldiers, their courage
+exalted by a fanaticism that combined psalm-singing with murder, took
+the field under Cromwell against Lord Ormonde, who had to depend for
+the greater part upon ill-trained troops officered by men who were not
+the less incompetent because the Protestants among them refused to be
+led by Catholics, and Catholics declined to recognize the authority of
+Protestants.  Ormonde
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P91"></A>91}</SPAN>
+strove frantically to unite his forces, but
+without success, and Drogheda, Wexford, Ross, and other towns were left
+to the cruel mercies of Cromwell.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The English leader came to Ireland as Commander-in-Chief and
+Lord-Lieutenant at a combined salary of £13,000 a year.  His first act,
+characteristic of the man, was to issue a proclamation against
+swearing, and he discouraged plunder and looting by hanging even those
+of his own soldiers who transgressed his rules.  Inspired by a sense of
+his own rectitude, Cromwell marched on Drogheda.  The massacre has
+stained his memory almost as much as it stained the streets of the
+town, and after it Wexford's tragedy seems light in comparison.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ormonde, suspected by the native leaders, was in no enviable position.
+Waterford, besieged by Cromwell, declined to allow his army to enter
+because its leader was 'English.'  There was thus no work for him to
+do, but he remained on, contemptuously rejecting Cromwell's offer of a
+passport to the Continent.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the great Cromwellian campaign the ex-viceroy took no part.  The
+English leader, encouraged by a series of victories, was suddenly
+disconcerted by the successful resistance of the citizens of Waterford,
+and his failure to take Clonmel ended his enthusiasm for the task of
+conquering Ireland.  In a pessimistic letter to the House of Commons he
+warned the Speaker not to imagine that by his victories at Drogheda and
+Wexford he had subdued Ireland.  He knew too
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P92"></A>92}</SPAN>
+well that in reality
+he had not conquered a square foot of the land.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The outwitting of Cromwell by Hugh O'Neill, the gallant defender of
+Clonmel, is one of the lighter episodes of an era of tragedy.  The
+English leader had restarted his campaign following a rest after the
+setback at Waterford.  He besieged Kilkenny, and was compelled to stoop
+to an honourable treaty to secure the town, and then he marched on
+Clonmel, where O'Neill, the Irish idol who had supplanted Ormonde as
+the national hero, was performing wonders at the head of a small and
+badly-armed garrison.  And this garrison withstood the flower of
+Cromwell's soldiery, fighting for their country without any hope of
+gain, and repeatedly defeating the invaders.  Cromwell, sick at heart,
+was considering the advisability of abandoning the siege which had
+brought him so many rebuffs, when he was agreeably surprised to hear
+that the Mayor of Clonmel, Mathew White, wished to see him.  The
+mayor's object was to surrender the town on certain terms, and Cromwell
+was, of course, only too glad to save his face by granting any
+concessions so long as they brought him the town of Clonmel.  A treaty
+was hastily drawn up, guarding against the atrocities that had
+distinguished Drogheda and Wexford, and then the English General
+inquired if Hugh O'Neill was aware of the mayor's action.  Mathew White
+replied with well-assumed diffidence that O'Neill and his army had left
+the town some hours before!  Cromwell stormed and raged, and demanded
+his treaty back, but White
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P93"></A>93}</SPAN>
+played upon the Puritan's vanity of
+reputation, and Cromwell kept his word.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Death of Henry Ireton
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Despite his reverses, Cromwell had hopes of firmly establishing English
+authority by means of the Protestant religion in Ireland.  He drew up a
+series of recommendations on the subject, but by now there was more
+important work for him to do.  England required his services, and on
+May 29, 1650, his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, was appointed Lord-Deputy
+and Commander-in-Chief, and instructed to carry out the Cromwellian
+policy.  Ireton did not spare himself or others.  He besieged Limerick,
+and in four months starved the garrison out, but it was his last
+effort, and on November 26, 1651, he died of the prevailing plague.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The rest of the Commonwealth deputies were undistinguished so far as
+their Irish careers were concerned.  Major-General Lambert was chosen
+to succeed Ireton, but he was more suited for the camp than the council
+board, being a bluff soldier with a partiality for the rough pleasures
+of the average campaign.  Cromwell did not care for 'Honest John'
+Lambert, and having in mind a scheme whereby Lieutenant-General Sir
+Charles Fleetwood, who had wisely married Ireton's widow and the
+Protector's daughter, should be made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, he
+induced Parliament to abolish the post.  Lambert was enraged, for the
+prospect of ruling a country had excited his imagination, and he made
+great preparations to inaugurate his term of office.  The Protector
+gave him two thousand pounds as compensation, and offered him the post
+of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P94"></A>94}</SPAN>
+Commander-in-Chief, which he declined angrily.  Fleetwood was
+thereupon given the post, and after a couple of years of government by
+commissioners, he was created Lord-Deputy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Fleetwood distinguished himself by priest-baiting and an attempt to
+revive the 'plantation' methods of Sidney and Perrott.  Henry Cromwell,
+fourth son of Oliver, who had been given command of an army in Ireland,
+in order to amuse himself and learn the arts of war, replaced
+Fleetwood.  This Cromwell was unambitious, something of a poltroon, and
+only kept in the forefront by the personality of his father.  Nepotism
+nourishes even in democracies, and Henry, a Colonel at twenty-two and
+Lord-Deputy before he was thirty, was not the man to carry on the
+traditions of the Protector.  The Restoration found Henry Cromwell
+pitiably anxious to submit to the new order of things, and when the new
+reign opened and Lord Ormonde returned to resume his duties at Dublin
+Castle, Cromwell was grateful for being allowed to retire into private
+life.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Restoration
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the years of the Commonwealth Lord Ormonde had resided abroad,
+stanchly faithful to the discredited cause of the Stuarts.  When others
+grew faint-hearted, and deserted, Ormonde spoke the encouraging word,
+and he spent all his revenues in the royal service.  Recalling a
+promise made by Cromwell that his wife's fortune would not be
+confiscated, he sent her to the Protector, and she succeeded in getting
+five hundred pounds in cash and two thousand a year for life.  In 1658,
+six years after his wife's visit, Ormonde entered
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P95"></A>95}</SPAN>
+England
+disguised, charged with a mission from the Royalist party to ascertain
+if the times were rife for a rising.  The ex-viceroy returned with a
+pessimistic report, and on his advice Charles waited.  Two years later
+came the Restoration, and with it Ormonde's fortunes rose to a dazzling
+height.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the first flush of gratitude King Charles showered honours upon the
+Irish nobleman.  He was created Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage,
+Earl of Brecknock in the English, appointed Chancellor of Dublin
+University, Lord Steward, Lord-Lieutenant of Somerset, and High Steward
+of Kingston, Westminster, and Bristol.  At the coronation of Charles
+II. he carried the crown.  The restoration of his Irish estates
+followed as a matter of course, and the king added a promise to pay him
+a large sum of money.  This promise was never kept, but the Irish
+Parliament, anxious to curry favour with Ormonde and the king, voted
+him thirty thousand pounds.  At the close of his career Ormonde
+declared that he had spent nearly a million of money in the king's
+service, and although this is an obvious exaggeration, yet it is a fact
+that he lost heavily pecuniarily and otherwise by his adherence to the
+Stuart cause.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ultra-patriotic writers, with that passion for obscure data which
+characterizes the partisan historian in his search of an argument, have
+chosen to regard the first Duke of Ormonde as the friend of England and
+the enemy of Ireland.  They shed inky tears over the fate of men like
+Hugh O'Neill and Shane of that family, but the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P96"></A>96}</SPAN>
+success of either
+of these would have meant a return to the absurd state of affairs which
+made Ireland a nation of kingdoms and traitors.  O'Neill represented
+only his own followers, and his success would have bred rivals and
+imitators.  There was no hope of peace or prosperity if the country
+came under the dominion of men brave on the battlefield and foolish and
+quarrelsome in their councils.  Mere bravery is not statesmanship;
+victories on the battlefield have to be supported by wisdom in the
+council, or all their benefits are lost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Ormonde and Lady Castlemaine
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Ormonde was the first of the great race of Irishmen,
+worthily descended from famous persons in the two countries, who aimed
+at a united Ireland in honourable federation with England.  To a man of
+his breeding and education the civilization of Pall Mall was more
+pleasing than the semi-barbarous condition of provincial Ireland, but
+he accepted again the thankless position of viceroy, and, hampered by
+the new school of politics that had arisen in London, he did his utmost
+for Ireland.  He was the best man for the task, and Charles knew it,
+and although his enemies never lost an opportunity for damaging his
+reputation, he retained the post until March 14, 1669, having conducted
+the government in person for nearly seven years.  Ormonde was one of
+the first to realize the fact that Charles was endangering his throne
+by his profligacy.  Almost every decree that emanated from Whitehall
+was inspired by the whims and vagaries of one of the mistresses of the
+'Merry Monarch,' and even Ormonde,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P97"></A>97}</SPAN>
+attached as he was to the
+person of the king, could not submit to the insolent demand on the part
+of Lady Castlemaine that her lover should grant her Phoenix Park as a
+private demesne.  Lady Castlemaine, however, ascribed her defeat to
+Ormonde's jealousy, and it was mainly through her that the viceroy's
+enemies continued their plottings and secured his recall.  The charges
+against him were that he had billeted soldiers on civilians and had
+executed martial law, charges so ridiculous that there was never any
+serious attempt to investigate them after Ormonde's return to London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He was not without honour, however, even in England, for Oxford
+University elected him her Chancellor, and in 1670 the city of Dublin
+presented an address to Lord Ossory, the duke's son, which consisted of
+complimentary references to the late viceroy and ignored the then
+holder of the post, Lord Robarts.  Lord Ossory had acted as deputy for
+his father in 1664-65, and gave promise of a brilliant career.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eight years of court life followed, during which Ormonde, who knew more
+about Ireland than any other living person, was seldom called in to
+advise Charles.  Robarts, a stolid nobleman of no accomplishments
+beyond a little pride, managed to last a year&mdash;1669-70.  On the
+Restoration, Robarts, the son of a tin merchant and a usurer, was
+appointed deputy to General Monck, whom he considered an upstart, but
+he declined to represent such a man, and Charles, who was heavily in
+his debt, made him Lord Privy Seal, and thus enabled
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P98"></A>98}</SPAN>
+him to avoid
+the indignity of occupying an inferior position to General Monck.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The next viceroy was a distinguished survivor of the Civil War in the
+person of John Berkeley, first Lord Berkeley of Stratton.  He was a
+nobleman of elaborate tastes, who took full advantage of Charles II.'s
+indebtedness to him for services rendered during the great exile.  This
+he supplemented by marrying three times, the third wife bringing him an
+immense fortune.  She was plain and old, but Berkeley overcame his
+natural repugnance to the ugly in this particular case.  In Ireland he
+was a success mainly because his sympathies inclined towards the
+Catholic religion, and he left well alone.  The country would have
+welcomed a longer viceroyalty than two years, but Berkeley was not the
+man to waste his energies in Dublin, and he was glad to return to
+London and to the court.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Duchess of Cleveland
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ireland did not, of course, escape altogether from the evil
+consequences of Charles's partiality for frail femininity.  His
+illegitimate children had to be provided with money as well as with
+titles, and their mothers' anxiety for the future dispelled.  When
+there were murmurings in England against the king's extravagant methods
+in satisfying the cupidity of his creatures, these latter asked for
+something out of Ireland.  The Duchess of Portsmouth wanted Phoenix
+Park, and Charles was quite willing that she should have it, but the
+Duke of Ormonde and the Earl of Essex, who knew the fatal stupidity of
+the Stuarts, managed to convince Charles that he would run the risk of
+losing
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P99"></A>99}</SPAN>
+his crown if he lost his head over the woman who made the
+title of duchess as cheap as water while she flaunted it in Whitehall.
+It was not to be expected that an illiterate woman would be able to
+understand the reasons that made the gift of Phoenix Park
+impracticable, and she plotted with all the feline spite that she was
+capable of to injure the men who had defeated her ambitions.  Ormonde,
+however, was too strong, but when Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, was
+appointed to succeed Lord Berkeley in 1672, she carried on an intrigue
+against him, and did not cease until his recall in 1677.  Lord Essex
+was the son of the Lord Capel who had been executed in 1649, and
+Charles owed him and his family something.  That debt was never repaid
+fully, and had it not been for a sudden revulsion of feeling in
+Ormonde's favour Lord Essex might never have gone to Ireland.  The new
+viceroy was not popular among the king's coterie of duchesses and
+countesses.  When at the Treasury he had declined to pay the Duchess of
+Cleveland £25,000 out of the public funds, and, of course, the duchess
+was furious.  Essex was not dismayed.  He knew that Charles dare not
+quarrel with a man of his position on the question of the subsidies he
+considered his mistresses ought to have.  Publicity was the last thing
+he desired.  Essex was not the man to send to Ireland to represent the
+Duchess of Cleveland or the Duchess of Portsmouth, and Ormonde
+persuaded Charles that in Ireland he was regarded as king, and that the
+people in that benighted country were so unacquainted with the manners
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P100"></A>100}</SPAN>
+of polite society as to be quite unable to appreciate the
+delicate position of duchess without a duke.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-100"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-100.jpg" ALT="Earl of Essex" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Essex
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Lord Essex found Ireland as peaceful as he could expect.  Fortunately
+for him, he lacked the ambition that had attacked so many former
+viceroys like a disease, and did not wish to conquer Ireland.  He
+realized that beyond Dublin and a few provincial cities the rule of
+England did not extend, but provided he was allowed to remain in peace
+at Dublin Castle, he did not worry.  And in fact Dublin was the only
+habitable place.  Centuries of warfare had left the land in a terrible
+state.  Education and all the arts were at a standstill, while the
+traders had not yet raised themselves to a position of independence,
+and the resident nobility dwelt in their strongholds or emigrated to
+fight under foreign flags.  If we are to believe the records of the
+times, Lord Essex confined himself to Dublin and the Castle, and all
+his entertainments were for the benefit of the officials and occasional
+visitors from London.  He did something to make Dublin worthier of its
+position as the capital city.  Highway and street robberies were
+punished severely and building improvements encouraged.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lady Essex took her part in the work of her husband, being really the
+first of the 'vicereines'&mdash;to use an apt if technically incorrect
+description of the wives of the viceroys&mdash;to enter into the social life
+of the people her husband governed.  She entertained as a great
+hostess, and was charming and popular.  It was her accessibility which
+led to an incident which rendered the last few
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P101"></A>101}</SPAN>
+months of Essex's
+viceroyalty painful.  The times were ripe for the propagation of
+scandal.  The king's patronage of vice gave it an appearance of virtue,
+and certainly many rewards.  The chivalry of the time was an elaborate
+ritual in honour of free love, and, of course, the influence spread to
+Dublin.  Personally Lord Essex was almost a little better than his
+contemporaries, but he held the honour of his wife to be something very
+sacred, and when he heard that it was the talk of Dublin that she was
+carrying on an intrigue with a Captain Brabazon he was greatly
+embittered.  It was fashionable to be vicious, but Essex would not
+believe that his wife was guilty, although Captain Brabazon swore that
+she was.  According to the laws of honour, a duel with Brabazon was the
+viceroy's only court of appeal, but as the king's representative he
+could not issue a challenge or accept one, and he was therefore
+compelled to affect a haughty indifference to the covert insults heaped
+upon himself and Lady Essex.  Fortunately for the viceroy and his wife,
+Captain Brabazon, rejoicing in his immunity, became too precise; he
+offered details of times and places, and once he had sworn to these it
+was easy to prove them wicked and malicious falsehoods.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy was not sorry to yield up office to Ormonde, although, as
+is always the case, popular feeling turned in his favour, and even
+gossip admitted nothing but good of the countess.  The whole plot had
+been hatched by the Duchess of Cleveland in revenge for his refusal to
+rob the Treasury on her behalf.  On his return to London,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P102"></A>102}</SPAN>
+Lord
+Essex immediately sought out Charles and complained of the scandalous
+treatment he had received.  The king was sympathetic&mdash;weak-minded
+persons find in sympathy their only virtue&mdash;but he would do nothing,
+and the ex-viceroy, disappointed and enraged, flung himself out of the
+royal presence.  He was a marked man now, and all his sayings were
+improved upon and reported to Charles.  The Rye House plot ended his
+career.  He was arrested and committed to the Tower, where he was said
+to have taken his own life in a fit of depression.  Whether true or not
+scarcely matters, for his act merely saved his head from the
+executioner's axe.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap07"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P103"></A>103}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Ormonde's career in London during his period of
+unemployment was not without excitement.  As a great nobleman he
+frequented the court without ever becoming one of its favoured
+habitués.  In his salad days Ormonde had been one of the gayest of the
+gay, but he was a veteran when Robarts succeeded him in Ireland, and
+his temperament was that of a statesman rather than a courtier.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His enemies, however, feared and detested him, and finding that they
+could not compel the complacent Charles to banish the duke, they took
+it into their own hands to try and murder him.  One night,
+therefore&mdash;it was December 5, 1670&mdash;Ormonde's coach was stopped in St.
+James's Street by Thomas Blood and five other ruffians, who dragged the
+duke out and carried him off on horseback.  The affair created a
+tremendous sensation, the most widely-spread rumour being that the five
+accomplices were well-known friends of the King's, inspired by him to
+assassinate a man who had helped Charles to regain his throne.  Blood
+became famous in one quarter and infamous in another, while Lord
+Ossory, the duke's eldest son, believing that Buckingham had instigated
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P104"></A>104}</SPAN>
+the plot, went in search of the duke, and, finding him with the
+king, did not hesitate to tell him that if his father died a violent
+death he would pistol Buckingham, even if he sought shelter behind the
+king.  Ormonde escaped mainly owing to the over-sureness of his
+captors.  The strangest incident, however, was yet to come.  Blood was
+captured&mdash;he made no attempt to escape&mdash;and it was expected as matter
+of course that he would be hanged, but Charles sent for the duke, and
+in a private interview persuaded that nobleman to pardon his would-be
+assassin.  This action of the king's proved conclusively that if
+Buckingham paid Blood to attempt Ormonde's life Charles must have had
+cognizance of the matter, while it is certain that the germ of the
+whole idea originated with one of Charles's mistresses, who hated
+Ormonde, not because he was excessively moral or squeamish, but because
+he declined to treat seriously their pretensions to be considered
+members of the nobility.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Nearly seven years after this episode Charles reappointed Ormonde
+Viceroy of Ireland.  The duke was now sixty-seven, but he took up
+office with all his old zest, and he made his entry into Dublin an
+elaborate ceremonial, behaving himself as though he were the King of
+Ireland, and not merely a king's deputy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Ormonde was not a patriot in the sense that the word is
+regarded nowadays.  His policy was to increase the English ascendancy.
+His religion naturally placed him in the minority.  He was a Protestant
+and a Royalist, but there can
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P105"></A>105}</SPAN>
+be no mistaking the earnestness of
+his views.  He brought a conscientiousness to his task that
+distinguished him from the average viceroy, and he could pride himself
+upon knowing the country.  The O'Neills, in their brief day of squabble
+and treachery, had taunted Ormonde with being English, and their
+fondness for creating parties within a party had helped to defeat
+Ormonde's policy more than once.  In 1677, however, the duke had behind
+him the united power of England, and during his last viceroyalty he was
+all-powerful.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Proclamations against Catholics
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Popish plot that disturbed the Government towards the close of
+Charles's reign roused the fervid anti-Catholic spirit in Ormonde.  He
+issued a proclamation banishing all ecclesiastics who took their orders
+from Rome; dissolving societies, convents, and schools, and commanding
+all Catholics to surrender their arms within twenty days.  These
+measures, however, did not satisfy the bigots in London, and they
+clamoured for the viceroy's recall, declaring that he was in secret
+sympathy with the plotters.  But the duke had a brave defender in the
+person of his son, Lord Ossory, the handsomest and most hot-tempered
+man of his day.  Lord Ossory was his father's devoted friend, and
+during his long stay in London the younger man never lost an
+opportunity for confounding his father's enemies.  In an impassioned
+speech he defended him in the House of Lords, and he had the
+satisfaction of defeating the intriguers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The death of his son was a terrible blow to the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P106"></A>106}</SPAN>
+duke, and he lost
+all interest in public matters.  His supersession by the Earl of
+Rochester in 1683 was not unwelcome to him.  Ormonde was seventy-three,
+and had aged considerably during the preceding ten years.  On July 21,
+1688, he died, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, a fit sepulchre for
+a man whose loyalty and conscientiousness were rare virtues in his day,
+and who had given more to his king than he had received.  His last
+public act had been to carry the crown at the Coronation of King James,
+but he was spared the knowledge of the second and final exile of the
+Stuart family from England.  His eldest son, Lord Ossory, the most
+popular man about town in his day, a confirmed gambler and an intimate
+of King Charles, who occasionally paid his card debts for him, left
+behind a son who succeeded his grandfather in the title and estates,
+becoming second Duke of Ormonde, and later Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+In Evelyn's 'Diary' there is a notable tribute to Lord Ossory.
+Universal grief was occasioned by the announcement of his death at an
+early age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new viceroy was the Earl of Rochester, a dull creature who grew
+restive in Dublin, where he ignored the local nobility, and was for
+ever pining for the pleasures of London.  The expenses of the
+viceroyalty were very considerable now, and there were few
+opportunities of making money out of the office.  Lord Tyrconnel, the
+Commander-in-Chief, treated him with open contempt, as he had treated
+the Duke of Ormonde, a stronger man than either of them, and Rochester,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P107"></A>107}</SPAN>
+a product of society, was not likely to succeed against the
+bullying, swaggering methods of Tyrconnel, who was clearly aiming at
+the viceroyalty for himself.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A Catholic régime
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1683 Charles commissioned Laurence Hyde, brother of the Earl of
+Clarendon, to replace Rochester, but Hyde, who was anxious to remain in
+London at that particular time, managed to delay his departure for over
+a year, and when the king died and James ascended the throne, Henry
+Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and brother-in-law of James, was selected for
+the task of permeating Ireland, especially official Ireland, with the
+new Jacobean policy.  England was avowedly Protestant, and England in
+Ireland was similar.  James, who was that human paradox&mdash;an insincere
+fanatic&mdash;instructed Clarendon to proceed cautiously in his difficult
+task of placing the Government and laws of Ireland in the hands of
+Roman Catholics, while at the same time maintaining outwardly a
+Protestant régime.  Hyde, who was James's subservient minister, did his
+best, and within a year the majority of the judges, and nearly all the
+State officials, were Catholic.  He found it comparatively easy to
+appoint Catholic officers to the highest positions in the army, for
+Tyrconnel, the Commander-in-Chief, was a Catholic, and he raised no
+objection to Clarendon's nominations.  This was the only help the
+viceroy received from Tyrconnel, the most popular man in Ireland and
+the most powerful.  He had the army behind him, and, knowing that he
+could take the viceroyalty whenever he cared to do so, he had
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P108"></A>108}</SPAN>
+sufficient sense of humour to wait until James had exhausted his stock
+of Pall Mall exquisites, and had to turn to him.  It was characteristic
+of the king that he should try to carry out a Catholic policy with the
+aid of Protestant ministers, relying upon nepotism rather than upon
+conviction or sincerity, but the Stuarts were born to blunder, and they
+blundered.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Tyrconnel pretended to obey the viceroy, but scarcely a single act
+from Dublin Castle was not ignored by him.  He was jealous of the
+king's preference for English noblemen, firmly believing that Ireland
+should be governed by an Irishman and a Catholic.  The Duke of Ormonde
+he had regarded as an Englishman, and that viceroy's terms of office
+were always noted for quarrels with Tyrconnel.  The old Irish families
+and the common people looked to Tyrconnel to save them from the evil
+consequences of the mad policy of Charles II. and his successor.  James
+certainly gratified them by his return to the old religion, but he went
+about it the wrong way, and with the usual result.  Clarendon did his
+best, but Fate was against him.  He was too weak to stand the strain
+fidelity imposed in such troublous times, and James removed him from
+office because he suspected his loyalty.  The suspicion was correct.
+Clarendon was one of the first of James's intimates to go over to the
+party that invited William and Mary to ascend the throne of England.
+Later he plotted against William, and only the influence of great
+friends and a remembrance of previous services saved his life.  He was
+released
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P109"></A>109}</SPAN>
+from prison, and permitted to live in semi-retirement
+until his death in 1709 at the age of seventy-one.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Tyrconnel
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When Clarendon's term of office ended there was only one man who could
+continue James's policy.  This was Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel,
+the man who had done his utmost to kill the authority of half a dozen
+occupants of Dublin Castle.  Fate retaliated by making his viceroyalty
+stormy and tragic.  At the time of his appointment in 1687 Tyrconnel
+was fifty-seven years of age, and he had a long record behind him
+which, despite the tendency to idealize in the course of more than two
+centuries, seems to prove that he was nothing better than a bully and
+an adventurer.  He was at the same time a brave soldier and a cowardly
+statesman, but his greatest defect lay in his utter inability to
+acquire the art of obeying.  He wished to rule always, and when the
+critical time came, this contributed more than anything else to the
+complete defeat of the Jacobean cause in Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Born in 1630, Tyrconnel was twenty years of age when Cromwell came to
+Ireland and besieged Drogheda.  Even at that early age he was well
+known for his reckless courage, and he was certainly one of the most
+gallant defenders of the town.  He owed his escape to the fact that he
+was so dangerously wounded that he was placed amongst the dead, and he
+took advantage of the lonely battlefield to make his way out of
+Drogheda disguised as a woman.  Coming to London, Tyrconnel was
+arrested by Cromwell, but escaped to the Continent,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P110"></A>110}</SPAN>
+where he
+quickly determined to enter the inner circle of the royal exiles.
+Charles and his brother, the Duke of York, later James II., did not
+care for the society of a person who lacked the finer polish, and who
+found his acquaintances at the point of the sword.  Tyrconnel, however,
+was crafty enough to sum up James's character, and by offering to go to
+England and assassinate Cromwell, he was at once taken into the
+confidence of the duke.  Fortunately, it was soon realized that such a
+foul deed would merely serve to strengthen the Commonwealth in England,
+and certainly extinguish all hopes of another Stuart régime.  It is not
+at all unlikely that Tyrconnel knew this; anyhow, he gained his
+ambition, and by the time the Restoration was accomplished, he was one
+of the royal prince's most trusted companions.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Unfortunately for Tyrconnel, he cast in his lot with the Duke of York,
+and twenty-five years passed before his patron was in a position to
+give him his earldom.  Talbot, who was a product of the battlefield,
+was not likely to shine in the court of Charles II.  He played a part
+in it for a time, and he was the hero of several love affairs, but he
+had not the courtly graces of a Buckingham or a Rochester.  Women were
+afraid of provoking him, for he brooked no rivalry, and the man who in
+one week fought five duels in London and wounded his opponent every
+time was no fit companion for ladies whose fame depended upon the
+number of conquests they made, but they admired his courage and
+success.  In his only really serious love affair Tyrconnel was
+rejected, and the lady
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P111"></A>111}</SPAN>
+married Sir George Hamilton.  Richard
+Talbot also found consolation, but some years later, when his wife had
+died, he married Lady Hamilton, a widow with six children.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Charles was speaking more than the truth when he declared that no one
+would ever assassinate him to make James king, and Talbot, leading an
+aimless life in London, a beggared gambler, distrusted by the old
+aristocracy and feared by the new, sought vainly for adequate
+employment for nearly ten years.  Then in 1669 Charles appointed him
+Commander-in-Chief in Ireland on the earnest and persistent
+solicitation of the Duke of York.  London society was not displeased to
+get rid of the bully so easily, for in their estimation Ireland was
+still a place of exile, especially so in view of the comfortable
+statesmanship practised by Charles and his satellites in the palace of
+Whitehall.  Talbot went to Ireland eagerly, knowing that the qualities
+which had won for him contempt in London would idealize him in Ireland.
+With the aid of the Duke of York, and also helped by the indolence of
+Charles, he knew that he could make his office of Commander-in-Chief at
+least equal to, if not more powerful than, the viceroyalty.  Ormonde
+had been superseded by Lord Robarts, and Talbot detested the duke,
+whose religion made him unpopular with the Duke of York and his friends.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+'Lying Dick Talbot'
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On the accession of James II., Richard Talbot&mdash;Macaulay's 'Lying Dick
+Talbot'&mdash;was created Earl of Tyrconnel, and his powers as
+Commander-in-Chief increased.  It was the king's ambition
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P112"></A>112}</SPAN>
+to make
+himself independent of Parliament by means of the army, and he hoped
+that Tyrconnel would bring the army in Ireland to such a state of
+efficiency that would render it an important asset in the struggle
+between the king and his subjects.  To a man of Talbot's temperament
+unlimited power was a spur to unlimited ambition, and successive
+viceroys found themselves in a humiliating position.  The noted
+duellist and bully&mdash;the man at whom half London sneered and whom the
+other half feared&mdash;was set in authority over some of the best blood in
+the kingdom, and although they complained bitterly to the king, there
+was no redress.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The state of the country
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The nomination of Tyrconnel to the vice-royalty was, therefore, the
+only way out of James's difficulties in Ireland.  Nearly every class in
+the country welcomed the appointment.  The new viceroy proceeded to
+strengthen his own position rather than that of the king's.  He had
+been instructed to pack the state and the bench with Catholics, but
+Tyrconnel, with thoughts of the future, selected creatures of his own,
+and in a short time he was master of the country.  The bench, the
+corporations, the Justices of the Peace, were all subservient to him.
+He made and unmade laws, and the spectacle of a bully ruling a country
+might have made the world laugh had it not been so tragic.  The
+disarmed Protestants were left to the mercy of the criminal classes and
+the legalized highway robbers; consequently many of the most prosperous
+and law-abiding families were compelled to leave their lands and homes
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P113"></A>113}</SPAN>
+and emigrate to England.  Justice was a travesty; householders in
+Dublin had to keep watch all night to guard their property because the
+fear of punishment for crime no longer existed.  The viceroy and his
+wife reigned in Dublin Castle, where sectarianism influenced every
+single act.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lady Tyrconnel, who had been in her youth one of the most fascinating
+of the group of ingenuous beauties gathered about the court of Charles
+II., was in her middle age ugly, spiteful, and fanatical.  Her husband
+was rough and coarse; she was feline and fanciful, but she adapted
+herself to the ways of his policy, and the Catholic religion found in
+her a devout adherent.  She was not popular in Ireland, however.  The
+mother of six children, she was fond of recalling the glories of her
+Whitehall past.  Secretly she disliked James, and even at times broke
+out into petulant diatribes against her husband's patron; but all the
+time she aped the youth of her early years, and tried to hide the plain
+present by means of paint.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was no room for the finer arts of life in Tyrconnel.  He was now
+acting the statesman, and the result was very soon evident.  Ormonde,
+despite his defects and dislike for the ultra-patriots, had succeeded
+in improving the condition of Ireland, and his successors had been
+willing to continue his social policy if they could not improve upon
+it.  The Earl of Tyrconnel, however, was not the man to imitate others,
+no matter how praiseworthy such imitation might be, and in less than a
+couple of years he 'reduced Ireland
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P114"></A>114}</SPAN>
+from a place of briskest
+trade and best-paid rents in Christendom to utter ruin and desolation.'
+Dublin had progressed amazingly under Ormonde, and it seemed as if the
+capital city would rise to a place amongst the most important cities of
+the world, when Tyrconnel came to set it back a hundred years.  England
+had never done anything for Dublin or any other town in Ireland, and
+the progress of the capital had been made in the face of the bitterest
+opposition and the most relentless persecution.  London, Bristol, and
+the other ports of England were jealous of Dublin, and they were able
+to get edicts passed interfering with the shipping and the trade of the
+country, in order that they might not lose in competition.  Dublin,
+however, rose superior to edicts and statutes, and by the end of the
+seventeenth century it was not a mean city.  Even in London it was
+realized with something approaching wonder that Dublin was not to be
+despised.  For five hundred years it had been the headquarters of the
+English colony, but it was in Tyrconnel's day entirely Irish.  The
+English families had been merged in the Irish, and the result was a
+population anxious for peace and freedom from the persecutions entailed
+by religious squabbles and political struggles.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Tyrconnel was too patriotic, however, to let the country
+rest.  His crude mind was full of ambitious schemes, and from England
+James fed him with ambitious food.  Between them they were to make
+England, Ireland, and Scotland wholly Catholic, and in the remote event
+of England failing the king, Ireland was to be
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P115"></A>115}</SPAN>
+made a French
+protectorate, so that the supremacy of the Catholic religion might
+remain undisputed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Suddenly James appealed for help, and Tyrconnel sent him 3,000 men; but
+they could not keep the king's throne, and on March 12, 1689, James
+landed at Kinsale from France, a king without a throne, a Catholic
+without a conscience, and a fanatic without a scruple.  His visit to
+Ireland had an ominous precedent in the case of Richard II., and it had
+a similar result.  It was obvious that the English monarch relied
+entirely upon his viceroy to save his throne.  Ireland was even then
+renowned for its simple-hearted allegiance to the old faith, and James
+was under the impression that fanaticism can beat generalship and
+numbers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+King James in Dublin
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Tyrconnel, ever optimistic when fighting was imminent, met James at
+Cork, and headed the triumphant procession into Dublin on March 24,
+1689.  The king was rapturously welcomed from Cork to Dublin as the
+friend of Ireland and of its religion, and Lady Tyrconnel organized a
+fête at the Castle, in which she endeavoured to remind the nervous and
+dejected king of the former glories of the Stuart dynasty when the
+family seemed all-powerful and secure.  James, however, unwisely and
+needlessly irritated her by a display of indifference, and at a dance
+he exasperated her by leading out a less-known but more beautiful
+member of Irish society.  The viceroy's wife was Duchess of Tyrconnel
+by now, for the Lord-Lieutenant had been created a duke on the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P116"></A>116}</SPAN>
+arrival of the king; but it is as Earl of Tyrconnel that he is known.
+James had not the power to create peerages in 1689.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is no need to enter minutely into any of the details of the
+Jacobean war in Ireland.  It was a religious and a political contest,
+but the presence of James and the multitude of his counsellors were the
+chief causes of the Catholic defeat.  In the Parliament James summoned
+at Dublin there was a member named Patrick Sarsfield, afterwards given
+the worthless and illegal title of Earl of Lucan, who was destined to
+play a leading part in the fortunes of James, and who might have won
+success for his royal master had his qualities been recognized in high
+quarters.  Tyrconnel, however, always ready to sacrifice the good of
+his country for the good of himself, kept Sarsfield under, and James,
+who had been given proof of Sarsfield's devotion, distrusted his
+ability.  At a time when everybody had deserted James, Patrick
+Sarsfield stood by him, and in the very first encounter with the army
+of William he proved his courage.  The viceroy was now old and crippled
+by gout, but he insisted upon holding the principal place in James's
+Council, and when it was announced that William was coming to Ireland,
+it was he who insisted upon James fighting for his crown, although that
+monarch was secretly preparing for his return to France.  James created
+defeat for himself, and his motley collection of adventurers made that
+defeat certain.  No real attempt was made to bring a disciplined army
+into the field against the King of England, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P117"></A>117}</SPAN>
+only the bravery
+and genius of the troops made the Battle of the Boyne a battle at all.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Battle of the Boyne
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This decisive conflict was fought on Tuesday, July 1, 1690, and the
+stars in their courses fought for William.  James was in the way of his
+own Generals, and in the many critical moments of the battle there were
+schisms in the Council.  But it was James who contributed most to the
+defeat of his army, and well might Patrick Sarsfield exclaim bitterly:
+'Change kings, and we will fight you over again.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The ex-king was almost the first fugitive from the field, and he rode
+without cessation until he reached Dublin Castle, weary,
+travel-stained, but just the same sneering, disappointed incompetent,
+who had sacrificed many humble lives nobler than his own.  When Lady
+Tyrconnel, flustered and alarmed, came down to greet him, James
+caustically informed her that the Irish ran well.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Your Majesty seems to have won the race,' was Lady Tyrconnel's witty
+rejoinder; and the king remained silent.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From Dublin James, thanks to his forethought, was able to cross to
+France immediately, and he scandalized Paris by declaring that the
+Irish were cowards to a man, who had run away at the first shot from
+the enemy.  The result of this libel was that the members of the Irish
+colony in Paris were mobbed in the streets, and long afterwards, when
+physical ill-treatment ceased, the name of an Irishman stood for
+cowardice in the best Parisian circles.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P118"></A>118}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The ex-king left Tyrconnel, Lauzun, Boisseleau, and Sarsfield to fight
+his battle against William, and after the disastrous Boyne they retired
+on Limerick.  William followed hastily, and presently his 28,000 men
+were besieging the city, which was garrisoned by not more than 15,000
+troops.  The hero of the siege was Sarsfield, and it is to his story
+that this belongs.  Tyrconnel was anxious to get out of the country,
+and when Sarsfield had driven the English army from the walls of
+Limerick the viceroy followed King James into exile, the Duke of
+Berwick being styled 'viceroy.'  A Council of Twelve assisted the duke,
+while Tyrconnel, having, with his wife, gone to France with all their
+available resources, interviewed James, and induced him to send him
+back to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant.  Furthermore, James was persuaded
+to give Tyrconnel a grant of £8,000.  In such a state of war there
+could be no real viceroy, and Tyrconnel was compelled to pass his time
+between pleasures and fears.  Chroniclers recount stories of the
+festivities given by him in his own honour during a stay at Galway.  He
+was too old for anything else.  Meanwhile the rival generals in the
+field proved easy victims for William's commanders.  The Earl of
+Marlborough came to Ireland to supplement his small experience of
+warfare, and, of course, he performed creditably, for the Jacobean
+troops were badly clothed, fed, and armed.  Sarsfield alone seemed
+worth his position, and his efforts were negatived by the incompetence
+of his colleagues.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Treaty of Limerick
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On August 14, 1691, Tyrconnel died, sixty-one
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P119"></A>119}</SPAN>
+years of age, but
+worn out and feeble.  He was buried by night and in such haste that his
+burial-place quickly became a mystery.  He died just before the end of
+the Jacobean struggle in Ireland, for a few days afterwards the Treaty
+of Limerick was signed, and Sarsfield left the country to fight as a
+soldier of fortune, and to die an honourable death on a foreign
+battlefield.  In the contest between James's Irish army and that of
+William the latter had all the luck and the former all the traitors.
+It was, therefore, a matter for astonishment that the Jacobean troops
+should have gained any victories at all.  Certain it is that the
+English commanders never gained reputations so cheaply.  When
+Marlborough returned to London he was fêted as a victor by the king;
+but all he did was to overcome by means of sheer force small and
+irregular bodies of troops indifferently armed and often badly led.
+Marlborough did not learn anything of the art of generalship by his
+month's visit to Ireland.  Patrick Sarsfield was the only man who
+proved his worth as a leader and his courage as a soldier.  We know
+that he fought for a good cause but an unworthy man, and that the cause
+was something better than the restoration of James to the throne of
+England.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap08"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P120"></A>120}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VIII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The Orange Government in Ireland was in the hands of two Lords Justices
+named Coningsby and Porter, but as soon as the Treaty of Limerick ended
+the hopes of the Jacobeans William decided to send one of his followers
+as viceroy.  There were many claimants on the king's gratitude, but
+Henry Sidney, fourth son of Robert, second Earl of Leicester, one of
+Charles I.'s viceroys, had been well rewarded by the Dutchman for his
+treachery towards James.  Sidney had been present at the Battle of the
+Boyne, being now a viscount, and when there was plenty of Irish land
+and money to be distributed Viscount Sidney received 50,000 acres and
+an allowance of £2,000 a year.  During the reign of Charles II. Sidney
+had taken a prominent part in court life, and his beauty was such that
+he was regarded as 'the greatest terror to husbands' of his day.
+James, Duke of York, and his duchess, formerly Anne Hyde, took young
+Sidney into their confidence, and gave him a court appointment.  He
+retorted by endeavouring to ruin the duchess's reputation, and when
+they dismissed him he continued his plottings.  He was successful in so
+far that he caused a temporary separation between James
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P121"></A>121}</SPAN>
+and his
+wife; but at the accession of Charles's brother he was taken back into
+favour.  Sidney, however, was determined to act the part of the
+traitor, and he quickly betrayed his cause to William.  Besides this
+fondness for plotting Sidney found time to earn the reputation of one
+of the most immoral men, even in Charles's reign.  He regarded every
+woman of beauty as fit prey for his passion, and even when he was
+nearly seventy his intrigues were the talk of London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Protestant Party dissatisfied
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This was the man William sent to represent him in Ireland, and when
+Viscount Sidney arrived in Dublin in 1692 he was fifty-one years of
+age, unmarried, and still very handsome.  But he was not a statesman or
+a soldier, and his position alone made him great.  He was not equal to
+the task of carrying out the changes created by the Treaty of
+Limerick&mdash;a treaty hotly repudiated by the Protestant party in Ireland,
+who, now that William's cause had triumphed, naturally looked for a
+return of their supremacy and the subjection of the majority.  Sidney's
+conciliatory attitude towards the Catholics brought down upon him the
+wrath of the Protestant clergy and aristocracy; Parliament met, and
+denounced his indulgences to members of the rival faith, and, although
+Sidney dissolved it, the effect on the king was considerable.  He dare
+not remove the viceroy, and yet Sidney was dangerous so long as he
+remained in Ireland.  A way out of the difficulty was found by the
+'promotion' of the viceroy to the post of 'Master-General of the
+Ordnance,' and in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P122"></A>122}</SPAN>
+1694&mdash;the year after he vacated office&mdash;he was
+created Earl of Romney.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sidney never married, but he did not altogether escape the
+responsibilities of parentage.  He complained very often of the worry
+many women gave him by pestering him with demands for the provision of
+their children.  During his brief viceroyalty one of his numerous
+victims had the courage to beard him in Dublin Castle, and demand that
+he should contribute towards the maintenance of the three children she
+had borne him.  Sidney dare not send the woman away empty-handed, and
+he gave her £500; but the majority of his victims never received
+anything, for he was as mean as he was vicious.  Had it not been that
+by accident he could claim to have given William and Mary the Crown of
+England, Sidney would never have risen to any position at all.  He
+became prominent by sheer chance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Capel of Tewkesbury
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was expected that care would be taken to make the new viceroy
+acceptable to the Protestant party; but there was a delay, and William
+allowed the Government to be conducted by three Commissioners, the most
+powerful being Sir Henry Capel, Lord Capel of Tewkesbury.  Capel was a
+fanatical Protestant and a bitter opponent of Roman Catholicism in all
+shapes and forms.  His fellow-commissioners were less ferocious, but
+Capel managed to gain his way in most things, and he was viceroy in
+reality, though not in name.  Meanwhile the English party in Dublin
+used every atom of influence to secure the elevation of Capel to the
+viceroyalty, and in 1695 they succeeded.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P123"></A>123}</SPAN>
+The cause of
+Protestantism seemed safe now, but Capel did not live long, and on May
+14, 1696, he died in Dublin Castle.  Capel is remembered mainly because
+he gave Jonathan Swift his first preferment&mdash;the benefice of Kilroot,
+worth about £100 a year.  This was in 1695.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Commissioners in the persons of Lords Justices conducted the affairs of
+State without the supervision of a viceroy.  One of these was the Earl
+of Berkeley, whose dealings with Dean Swift, when that eccentric cleric
+was seeking a high appointment, have become historic.  Berkeley was one
+of the Lords Justices, and he had it in his power to bestow preferment,
+but Swift was unable or unwilling to pay his price, and one day in a
+rage he cried to Berkeley and his secretary: 'God confound you for a
+couple of scoundrels!'  On December 12, 1700, William appointed his
+wife's uncle, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, a nobleman who had
+accepted this office sixteen years before from Charles, and had not
+troubled to journey to Ireland.  His second appointment did not arouse
+any enthusiasm either in the man or in the country he was called upon
+to govern, and it was not until the following September that he landed
+in Ireland.  As a relative of the queen's&mdash;his sister, Anne Hyde, was
+her mother&mdash;the Earl of Rochester carried greater authority than many
+of his predecessors; but he was no statesman, and at sixty years of age
+he was not inclined to try experiments.  William thought he was
+indolent and contemptuous of his duties, and in 1702 he
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P124"></A>124}</SPAN>
+informed
+him that he had been relieved of his office.  Immediately, however,
+further news came from London continuing Rochester in his office.  This
+was the result of the intervention by Queen Mary; but Rochester
+resigned on February 4, 1703, rather than be subjected any longer to
+the machinations of the Marlborough party at the court.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Rochester returned to London in a passion scarcely cooled by the
+length of the journey; but he was mollified somewhat by the fact that
+his successor, the Duke of Ormonde, was his son-in-law.  He had no
+objection to his daughter reigning at Dublin Castle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The second Duke of Ormonde
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke and Duchess of Ormonde were received with an enthusiasm in
+Dublin that was reminiscent of the personal supremacy of the viceroy's
+grandfather, known as the 'Great Duke.'  The new viceroy had been
+carefully educated for his position.  A son of the celebrated Lord
+Ossory, he had been from his birth in 1665 educated with a view to
+future eminence in the service of the State.  The boy's grandfather
+sent him to France in 1675 to acquire the French language and the
+polite arts of the centre of good manners and tone.  When he was
+seventeen he was married to Anne Hyde, a daughter of Laurence Hyde, and
+a cousin to the Duchess of York.  She died early the following year,
+and when, in 1686, he married a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, he
+was a Lord of the Bedchamber to James II., and one of the most
+influential of the younger nobility.  The year of the Revolution
+witnessed Ormonde's succession to the title and estates, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P125"></A>125}</SPAN>
+he
+became one of the most powerful pillars of the Protestant faith in the
+country.  The ancient Universities were in grave doubt as to the king's
+intention, and Oxford, therefore, in order to secure the aid of such a
+powerful nobleman in the cause of the Protestant faith, elected him
+Chancellor.  He had been a student at Christ Church, and the honour
+was, therefore, a fit one.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+James went to work cautiously to win over the young duke to his new
+policy.  He gave him the Garter, and hinted at even greater honours in
+store for one who by his birth became entitled to nearly everything
+that life had to offer.  The question of religion, however, caused a
+breach between James and the duke, and William's invasion of England
+brought Ormonde to his side.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ormonde's adhesion undoubtedly had the effect of bringing over to the
+new monarch a great many persons in Ireland who had acted previously
+like sheep without a shepherd.  All that the dethroned king could do
+was to declare Ormonde's estates forfeited and his person guilty of
+high treason.  But the acts of a fallen king are merely futilities, and
+the Duke of Ormonde was able to witness the triumph at Boyne and know
+that William's success meant his own.  The duke's principal task in the
+war was to secure Dublin for the king, and he accomplished this without
+much difficulty, thanks to the weakness and mistake of his opponents
+rather than to his own skill.  Later he entertained William at his
+ancestral home, Kilkenny Castle, in celebration of the royal successes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P126"></A>126}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The accession of Queen Anne, second daughter of James II., did not
+affect Ormonde's high position in the State.  He had stood by the
+bedside of William, and he was one of those who settled the difficult
+question of the succession.  Queen Anne must have guessed that Ormonde
+at heart wished for the success of the Jacobean cause, and it was
+during her reign that he was successively Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
+and Captain-General of the Forces in England.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1703 Ormonde entered upon his first term of office as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, of course, the Protestant party
+welcomed him joyfully.  Parliament met, and subserviently voted him a
+subsidy, conscious of favours to come.  But the viceroy did not fulfil
+their hopes.  Ormonde was not the man to stoop to persecution and
+fraud, and, being only a layman, he could not see that religion covered
+a multitude of sins.  His Parliament grew unruly, and from asking for
+favours began to demand them.  This was too much for the grandson of
+the great duke, and so he dissolved the assembly, as his powers
+entitled him to do, and continued to rule, preferring, no doubt, the
+private criticisms of Jonathan Swift, who was in his favour, rather
+than submit to the arrogance of a minority as unscrupulous as it was
+intolerant.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Swift was at this time beginning to make himself known in those high
+circles which soon began to fear him.  Ormonde liked the somewhat
+eccentric clergyman, while the duchess and her daughters were delighted
+with his witty conversation
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P127"></A>127}</SPAN>
+and his powers of repartee.  Swift,
+however, was restlessly ambitious, and he was continually journeying to
+London, returning each time more disappointed and more ambitious.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Court intrigues
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was one of the most peculiar periods in the history of England.  The
+daughter of James II. was on the throne, and it was the generally
+accepted national policy that she should be the last of her family and
+race to wear the crown.  There were a dozen parties in the State, and
+the poor queen had to suffer herself to be buffeted by the numerous
+leaders, who plotted without principle, and were religious without
+having any religion.  Marlborough, Godolphin, Somers, and half a dozen
+others buzzed round the queen.  Ladies of high estate joined in the
+numerous intrigues, and every party had its literary hacks and
+hangers-on who wrote to order, and hoped to fatten on the carcass of
+the State when their particular masters had triumphed.  It was the
+Golden Age of the wirepullers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ormonde's position in Dublin was at once safe and tantalizing.  The
+government was entirely in his hands, and he could do what he liked;
+but the knowledge that the plotters in London might precipitate a
+revolution or ruin the country made Ormonde&mdash;an ambitious man
+himself&mdash;long to be free to take his own part in the underground fight.
+The triumph of his opponents in 1707 naturally relieved him of his
+office, and it was not until the end of 1710 that his party returned,
+and the queen reappointed him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P128"></A>128}</SPAN>
+and Thomas, Earl of
+Wharton, ran their brief careers in the viceregal court.  Ormonde's
+second term lasted a little over two years, but his recall also brought
+with it the higher post of Captain-General of the Forces and the sweet
+satisfaction of seeing the Marlborough party in disfavour.  No doubt,
+if it had been possible, Ormonde would have used his great position to
+insure the Jacobean succession, but he knew that public opinion was
+unanimous in its detestation of the Stuarts, and that Jacobinism was
+merely a harmless political theory to be debated by students and
+ignored by statesmen.  Bowing to the inevitable, Ormonde signed the
+proclamation announcing the death of Anne and the accession of George
+I.  But he could not conceal his dislike of the Hanoverian monarch, and
+he made his house at Richmond a meeting-place for those who desired the
+return of the Stuarts.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The remainder of his life is a record of disappointment.  There was no
+chance of his cause succeeding, and without even a blow he fled from
+England and spent the last thirty years of his life in exile, visiting
+England but once, and experiencing the humiliating poverty of the
+harmless plotter, the recipient of pity when he expected hero-worship,
+and, worse than that, regarded generally as a hopeless crank.  His
+estates were declared forfeited and vested in the Crown; but in 1721
+the exile's brother, Lord Arran, was allowed by Parliament to purchase
+them.  Thirty years after his flight Ormonde died, the year of his
+death&mdash;1745&mdash;marking the last attempt of the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P129"></A>129}</SPAN>
+Jacobites to regain
+the throne of England.  He outlived his glory, and those who met him
+during the last few years of his life could see nothing but a querulous
+old man who boasted of exploits forgotten if not altogether
+discredited; but he had been great once, and so merited their pity, and
+pity is all the fallen greatness earns in obscurity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Pembroke and Swift
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Pembroke remained in Ireland less than a couple of years,
+playing at governing, and amused by Swift.  The post of Lord High
+Admiral was more to his liking, and he gladly resigned the viceroyalty
+to take it up.  Swift acted as chaplain to Pembroke, but his principal
+duty appears to have been that of amusing the earl with humorous
+doggerel or by his caustic criticisms of Dublin's leading citizens,
+official and otherwise.  The punning correspondence with the viceroy
+was the forerunner of a habit that lasted through Swift's life, and
+gained him a reputation for wit which, fortunately for the dean, was
+supplemented by something more recondite.  During several viceroyalties
+he exercised considerable influence, and although Swift hotly
+repudiated the title of Irishman, at times he rendered some service to
+the country in which he was born.  The Earl of Wharton was sixty when
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland on November 25, 1708, and there
+were forty years of profligacy behind him.  He was an atheist,
+unscrupulous, licentious, witty, contemptuous, and absolutely without
+fear.  From the first he had been an opponent of James II., and the
+invitation to William was suggested by
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P130"></A>130}</SPAN>
+Wharton.  To send this man
+to Ireland to settle the religious question and maintain the supremacy
+of the Protestant party was a matchless piece of irony; but Wharton,
+who could insist upon an elaborate ritual of household prayers in his
+own home, undertook the task, undeterred by the sneers of his
+opponents, the amazement of his friends, and the bitter invective of
+that disappointed office-seeker, Jonathan Swift.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-130"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-130.jpg" ALT="Lord Wharton" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Wharton
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Wharton had done considerable service to the cause of William by the
+writing of a single song that proved to be worth an army to the Orange
+party.  Like most of the English nobility, Wharton had been vastly
+amused by Tyrconnel's elevation to the viceroyalty.  In his opinion the
+position was one for a gentleman, and not a bully with Irish leanings
+and unrepentantly Catholic.  The famous song, set to music by Purcell,
+and known as 'Lilli Burlero, Bullen-a-la,' was the result, and,
+whistled and sung from one end of the country to the other, it
+ridiculed Tyrconnel out of existence.  That was Wharton's first
+contribution to the history of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His second took the form of a law declaring that all property held by
+Catholics must be inherited by their Protestant heirs&mdash;a statute which
+was declared to do more towards stamping out Popery in three months
+than all others had done in three years.  The viceroy, however, took no
+pains to please anybody but himself.  He lived in Dublin as he lived in
+London, and, when satiated with the pleasures of the Irish metropolis,
+he crossed over to London, following the example of his
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P131"></A>131}</SPAN>
+predecessors, who never became too fond of Dublin to prefer it to
+London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wharton's first wife, Ann Lee, brought him a large fortune and a plain
+face; his second, Lucy Loftus, was heavily dowered, but her character
+almost matched his own&mdash;and that is saying a great deal.  During his
+viceroyalty most of the royalty was absent, and Dublin Castle became a
+glorified tavern and brothel.  The viceroy's discarded mistresses were
+married to distressed profligates, whom Wharton promoted to office in
+the State or gave preferment in the Church.  Once he recommended a boon
+companion for a bishopric, declaring that 'James was the most
+honourable man alive, and possessed of a character practically
+faultless save for his damnable morals.'  This person did not secure
+the bishopric, but he found compensation in a deanery.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Joseph Addison
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The only sober member of the viceroy's retinue was Joseph Addison,
+whose hackwork in the service of the party had been rewarded with this
+appointment, much to Swift's envy, for the Irishman was supposed to be
+entitled to payment before Addison, who served with zeal 'the
+profligate son of a Puritanical father, and the father of a son more
+licentious than himself.'  When the Lord-Lieutenant left Ireland the
+Parliament actually thanked the queen for having sent 'one so great in
+wisdom and experience to be our chief Governor.'  This was the man who
+had knighted potmen who served him with ale, tried to idealize the most
+abandoned women, and regarded with complacency the amours of his wife,
+who, having
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P132"></A>132}</SPAN>
+lost the affections of her husband, found consolation
+in a dozen other men.  Cardsharpers, profligates, and every species of
+base adventurer had the <I>entrée</I> to Dublin Castle, where the viceroy
+reigned as a 'prince of good fellows,' many of whom had been kicked out
+of decent society in London.  But Wharton was powerful enough to be
+more than unconventional, and it suited his peculiar sense of humour to
+shock even his most licentious companions-in-arms.  When they roamed
+Dublin at night seeking for prey, Wharton behaved like a drunken
+madman, and he fondly imagined that his identity was not discovered,
+except when, in an intoxicated mood, he called for a sword and bestowed
+knighthoods indiscriminately on waiters and landlords, and even went
+through the farce of knighting women of the street.  His motto was
+never to give a challenge and never to refuse one.  When in his teens
+he had fought two duels with outraged husbands, and gained the victory
+in each encounter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His viceroyalty was certainly unconventional.  Dignified prelates,
+hovering in draughty rooms and corridors, were twitted mercilessly by
+my Lord Wharton, who was the most contemptuous enemy the Protestant
+faith ever knew.  Once he declared that he hated all religions, but if
+he had to join one he would select the Presbyterian, because it was
+opposed to the Church of England.  Swift's famous attack on him merely
+created a temporary annoyance in the English nobleman.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was no misfortune for Ireland that the fall of the Government
+entailed Wharton's recall in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P133"></A>133}</SPAN>
+October, 1710, and the Duke of
+Ormonde's reappointment was at once announced.  Wharton, cynical and
+contemptuous, looked upon his supersession with indifference.  He had
+exhausted all the pleasures Dublin had to offer, and so London knew him
+once more.  He lived until 1715, and saw King George on the throne and
+his rival, Ormonde, a penniless fugitive.  The latter fact must have
+enabled him to believe that there were compensations in this world even
+for a man who defied it.  There is a story told of him which aptly
+illustrates his cynical sense of humour.  When the famous 'twelve
+peers' were created by Queen Anne in order that the Government might
+carry a certain measure in the House of Lords, Wharton nicknamed them
+'the jury,' and, rising in his place in the House of Lords, inquired
+blandly whether the twelve voted singly or through their foreman.  He
+was nearing the close of his life when a marquisate was conferred on
+him, and he maintained his influence on public affairs right to the end.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Duke of Shrewsbury
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The second viceroyalty of Ormonde having terminated, Queen Anne
+selected Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and only Duke of Shrewsbury, to
+succeed him in 1713.  It was the queen's last important appointment,
+and Shrewsbury carried on the Government from 1713 to 1717, spending
+more time in England than in Ireland, and contenting himself by staying
+at Dublin Castle whenever the Irish Parliament was in session.  He was
+an interesting person in many ways.  Named after Charles II. because he
+was the first
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P134"></A>134}</SPAN>
+of that king's godchildren&mdash;being born in the year
+of the Restoration&mdash;he passed his childhood amid Catholic influences.
+His mother carried on an intrigue with the Duke of Buckingham which
+resulted in her husband's death.  According to a contemporary, Lady
+Shrewsbury, disguised as a page, held Buckingham's horse whilst he
+killed her husband in the duel that followed the discovery of her
+infidelity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1699 Shrewsbury, who had formed one of the seven who invited William
+to come to England, was offered the viceroyalty, but declined it, as
+well as half a dozen alternative proposals made to him.  He was tired
+of politics, and for three years&mdash;1700-02&mdash;he lived in Rome, and then
+travelled about the Continent.  He brought back with him an Italian
+wife, a lady whose jealousy, ambition, and unscrupulousness shortened
+his life.  Shrewsbury was not ambitious, but his wife was, and it is
+supposed that she induced him to accept the viceroyalty so that she
+might play at being a queen amid the indifferent and unorganized state
+of Dublin society.  Swift, who met him very often, described him as
+'the finest gentleman we have'; and William referred to him more than
+once as 'the King of Hearts.'  Lady Shrewsbury insisted upon his
+keeping his Irish appointment, and, bullied by her, he did, although he
+neither loved nor respected her.  In London the Italian sought to place
+herself at the head of society as the wife of His Majesty's
+representative, but failed decisively.  Her husband became the butt of
+the wits; he was mercilessly ridiculed, and even the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P135"></A>135}</SPAN>
+gift of the
+office of Lord Chamberlain, to enable him to retire from the
+viceroyalty, could not help him to regain his prestige.  He died in
+1718, and all England ascribed his premature death to his wife.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Draining the Irish exchequer
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton and Marquis of Winchester, accepted the
+vacancy, and came to Dublin in 1719 to open the Irish Parliament.  This
+was two years after his appointment, but it was not necessary in those
+days for the viceroy to govern in person.  He had his share of the
+profits of the office remitted to him in London.  These consisted of
+the official salary and such annual sums as were due to him by persons
+whom he either continued in office or appointed.  It is related of Lord
+Wharton that, despite his wealth, he insisted upon all persons
+nominated by him paying a commission on their salaries, and in one
+particular instance he agreed with a certain lawyer to make him Lord
+Justice at a salary of £40 a month, the latter agreeing to hand over
+the balance of the official allowance of £100 per month to the viceroy.
+Ireland was regarded as a sort of till to be robbed by viceroys and
+their friends.  For many years it had been the practice to include the
+heavy expenses of the numerous mistresses of royalty in the accounts of
+the Government of Ireland; but most of the money came from London.  Yet
+Ireland got the reputation of being costly and useless, while every
+monarch and every English statesman continued to rob the Irish
+Exchequer and the people.  They drained the country without troubling
+to insure its stability and prosperity; active attempts were
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P136"></A>136}</SPAN>
+made
+and succeeded in injuring Irish industries, and the greatest sufferers
+were the descendants of the English settlers.  By now there was no
+'English colony' to uphold the viceroy's rights or wrongs, and to every
+Englishman a resident in Ireland was 'savage and Irish.'  Dean Swift,
+who spent a lifetime endeavouring to disprove the&mdash;to him&mdash;terrible
+accusation of being Irish, was moved to declare that the Anglo-Irish
+families spoke the best English, and were the most civilized persons
+under the dominion of the English Crown.  It is amusing to read his
+letter to Pope (July 13, 1737), in which he scornfully protests against
+the confusion existing in English minds concerning the 'savage old
+Irish' and the 'English gentry in Ireland.'  Five years before this he
+declared to Sir Charles Wigan that the peasantry were distinguished by
+'a better natural taste for good sense, humour, and raillery than ever
+I observed among people of the like sort in England.'  Swift's attack
+on the English administration of Ireland was, however, not intended for
+the benefit of the country as a whole.  He represented the 'English in
+Ireland,' and was fond of describing them as 'English colonists.'
+Whigs and Tories alike used the unfortunate country for selfish
+reasons, and Irish trade was ruined to appease English voters or to
+guard the vested interests of great noblemen.  There was no purely
+Irish party to attack the abuses of the administration in Dublin; the
+leading men were placated with office, or else had to join in the
+scramble for emoluments, for fear that they should be left out in the
+cold.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P137"></A>137}</SPAN>
+The Protestant Church was in the ascendancy; the Catholic
+hierarchy looked on complacently, leaving it to the priests to show
+that the Catholic religion was not altogether selfish and political.
+Swift himself was a typical clergyman of the Established Church,
+irreligious, scornful of his trust, and seeking preferment in the
+Church because it was the only way to power for a man of humble birth
+in those days.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Irish society
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dublin Castle seldom housed the viceroy, the administration being left
+to one or more Lords Justices who escaped criticism, provided their
+remittances to the absent Lord-Lieutenant were regular and satisfactory
+in amount.  Dublin society was scarcely half formed, and consisted of
+beggarly exiles from England, compelled to emigrate by reason of their
+debts and misdeeds, the friends and relatives of the Lords Justices,
+obscure army officers and their kind, and a few of the wealthier
+citizens who could not be ignored.  Those with English names affected
+to despise those with Irish; it was considered sheer savagery not to
+speak well of the Government, for the viceroy and his lady set the
+fashions, and not to follow them was to court ignominy and insult.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is said that the Duke of Bolton accepted the viceroyalty out of
+curiosity and on the condition that the Government paid the expenses of
+his journey to Dublin to see the Irish.  Charles Spencer, Earl of
+Sunderland, and Lord Townshend had allowed themselves in 1714 and 1716
+respectively to accept the post, but neither nobleman troubled to visit
+Ireland; and the Duke of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P138"></A>138}</SPAN>
+Bolton was regarded with a certain
+amount of admiration for his pluck and fortitude in surrendering the
+delights of London for the uncivilization of Dublin.  Charles Fitzroy,
+Duke of Grafton, a descendant of Charles II., became Lord-Lieutenant in
+1721, and tasted some of the sweets of sovereignty as the
+representative of the king, whose occupancy of the throne meant the
+extinction of the Stuarts.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Grafton came to Ireland with no intention of overworking himself in the
+service of the State, and he was, therefore, disagreeably surprised
+when he found himself in the midst of a political turmoil.  Dean
+Swift's satire was stinging everybody, irrespective of position or
+class.  Roused by him, the people were actually protesting against the
+newest form of English tyranny, and they even dared to scream insults
+at the gilded fop as he drove about the city.  It was the irony of fate
+that all the trouble should be caused by the king's fondness for his
+mistress.  Grafton, however, was averse to facing a crisis; he was
+better in London&mdash;far from the maddening Irish&mdash;and when Grafton
+retired with alacrity in 1723, the Government decided to send John,
+Lord Carteret, to carry out their policy.  The descendant of Charles
+II. was not eager to battle for the vindication of a policy arising out
+of the turgid German morals of the oddest figure that ever sat on the
+throne of England.  King George's failing was that he possessed
+appetite without appreciation; he wanted the best, and yet never
+recognized it when he had it.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap09"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P139"></A>139}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER IX
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carteret was only thirty-four when, on April 3, 1724, he was
+declared Viceroy of Ireland.  The appointment was Walpole's, whose
+accession to power presented him with the opportunity of sending
+Carteret to quell the disturbance in Ireland which he himself&mdash;the new
+viceroy&mdash;had encouraged secretly while occupying a private position in
+the State.  Carteret, however, did not flinch, nor did he exhibit any
+distaste for the task.  It was not necessary to treat the Irish as
+human beings, and he knew that if he propitiated the Anglo-Irish he
+would gain his own way in everything.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The origin of the trouble and turmoil was the grant of a patent to the
+Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress, for the coining of halfpence in
+Ireland.  The duchess already drew £3,000 a year from the Irish
+Exchequer, but her avarice was aroused by stories of how easily the
+Irish were plundered, and she persuaded the king to give her the famous
+patent.  She passed it on to Wood, who paid her £10,000, and agreed to
+remit to the State £1,000 a year for fourteen years.  The coinage was
+not base, but it meant that a profit of £40,000 was to pass into the
+pockets of the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P140"></A>140}</SPAN>
+king's mistress and William Wood; they were to rob
+rich and poor alike, and the State was to lose heavily.  The grant was
+made without consulting the Irish Parliament or the Irish Privy Council.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Swift, who had been waiting for this opportunity, seized it with
+avidity, and the 'Drapier's Letters' was the result.  Wood's halfpence
+was characteristic of English misrule of Ireland, and, roused to frenzy
+by the dean's pamphlets, the country unanimously obeyed his call to
+ignore the latest coins, and always to refuse to recognize their
+legality.  The dean's extravagant fancy found full scope in the
+'Drapier's Letters'; the pamphlets were sold in their tens of
+thousands, and Walpole's determination was outmatched by the fury of
+the Irish not to allow themselves to be swindled to provide for the
+expenses of the German's mistress.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new viceroy landed in Ireland in the month that witnessed the
+publication of the fourth 'Letter,' and his first act was to offer a
+reward of £300 for the discovery of the writer.  Swift's anonymity was
+too safe, however, and the Lord-Lieutenant had to be satisfied with the
+arrest of the printer, Harding.  When the dean heard of this, he
+bearded Carteret in Dublin Castle, and reproached him in singularly
+straightforward language with cowardice and weakness in persecuting a
+tradesman.  The viceroy took the verbal buffeting in good part, for
+Swift and he were old friends; but Harding was put to all the worry and
+expense of a prosecution at the hands of a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P141"></A>141}</SPAN>
+partisan Chief
+Justice&mdash;Whitshed&mdash;though the grand jury eventually threw out the bill
+against him, and he was discharged.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Swift's victory
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The cancellation of the patent has been described as a victory for
+Swift and Ireland, but all that can be said truthfully is that it
+enabled the dean to claim a personal triumph, while the county actually
+lost by the agreement.  For the surrender of his rights Wood was paid
+£3,000 a year for eight years, a sum&mdash;£24,000&mdash;at least equal to the
+profits he would have made had he been allowed to carry out the terms
+of his patent without opposition.  The principal cause of the surrender
+to popular opinion was, undoubtedly, the indifference of Carteret to
+the policy he had been sent to carry out.  He was no enthusiastic
+admirer of Walpole's statesmanship, and he knew very well that Irish
+affairs were considered of no importance whatever in England, and that
+if he went to the trouble and worry of defeating the malcontents he
+would get no credit in London, and make himself and his presence in
+Dublin unpopular.  He was, therefore, only too willing to flatter
+public opinion by pretending to bow to it.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-140"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-140.jpg" ALT="Lord Carteret" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Carteret
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Carteret was a scholar and a gentleman, who did much to popularize the
+Latin quotation as a substitute for logic.  The statesmen of the
+period, whenever they were puzzled in English, immediately had recourse
+to the safe obscurity of a Latin or Greek epigram.  It was polished,
+abstruse, and impressive.  This mannerism gained for him the reputation
+of an orator&mdash;even the best of his generation&mdash;and Lord Chatham has
+placed on
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P142"></A>142}</SPAN>
+record his appreciation of Carteret: 'Whatever I am I owe to
+him.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy did not create any precedent by remaining very long in
+Dublin Castle.  It was an unwritten law that only during the actual
+sitting of Parliament was the Lord-Lieutenant's presence considered
+necessary, and Carteret took full advantage of his opportunities to
+spend at leisure in London the money he drew so readily from Ireland.
+Had it not been for Swift, he might not have stayed in Dublin half as
+long as he actually did.  The dean was the paramount power in Dublin
+society, although he complained that he was not popular among his
+equals.  The crowd, however, worshipped him; he was the national hero.
+All this was pleasing and yet displeasing to the dean, whose soul
+languished for the smiles of the great.  He disliked a popularity that
+entailed the sneers of the educated, but he was not the man to abjure
+the applause of the mob.  Carteret kept friendly with Swift, and never
+denied him anything.  When this became known, Swift's house was the
+meeting-place of all the office-seekers in Ireland, and some even came
+from England.  Swift had only to recommend a cleric to the viceroy's
+attention and the man's preferment was certain.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of Swift's recommendations was in favour of Sheridan, the
+grandfather of the celebrated dramatist and orator.  Carteret
+good-naturedly presented Sheridan with a living, and made him one of
+his chaplains; but the ex-schoolmaster, on the anniversary of the
+accession of the Hanoverian
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P143"></A>143}</SPAN>
+family, preached a sermon from the
+text, 'Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.'  It was a pure
+accident, but Sheridan was accused of Jacobinism, and he was removed
+from his chaplaincy.  For the remainder of his life he was one of
+Swift's satellites, at the mercy of his generosity and his satire.
+Sheridan records a story which illustrates very vividly the popularity
+of the famous Dean of St. Patrick's.  A large crowd assembled to
+witness an eclipse.  Swift sent out the bellman to cry out to all and
+sundry that the eclipse had been postponed by the dean's orders, and
+the crowd quietly dispersed!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Carteret summed up his administration in words that have become
+historic.  'When people asked me how I governed Ireland,' he remarked,
+'I say that I pleased Dr. Swift.'  Carteret's egotism and selfishness
+were diluted by a sense of humour that enabled him to tolerate Swift,
+his unofficial jester.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Carteret retires
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lord-Lieutenant was reappointed in 1727, when George II. ascended
+the throne and the Hanoverian succession assured; but his last
+appearance in Dublin was in 1729, and his successor did not arrive
+until two years later.  In 1728 the new Parliament building was erected
+on the site of Chichester House.  From all accounts, Carteret was a
+success.  It was no disadvantage to him that he was a heavy
+drinker&mdash;had more viceroys taken to drink, Ireland might have escaped
+some of the consequences of their greater follies&mdash;and without
+imitating the example of Wharton, he was broad-minded enough to see no
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P144"></A>144}</SPAN>
+harm in the lax condition of Dublin society, which was then
+following the lead set by London.  It is no exaggeration to ascribe
+Carteret's lack of failure to his cynical indifference to Irish
+affairs; he quite believed that Ireland was a nuisance, but a nuisance
+that had to be endured.  The so-called Parliament must have ministered
+to his sense of humour.  Its English prototype was bad enough, but to
+call the collection of retained nincompoops and Castle hacks a
+Parliament was to degrade the word to the lowest depths.  Ireland never
+had a Parliament, unless the generous historian grants that title to
+Grattan's.  In Carteret's time the 'Parliament' no more represented
+Ireland than it did the land of the Chaldeans.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The successor to the late viceroy was Lionel Sackville, Duke of
+Dorset&mdash;a courtier whose ambition it had been for years to represent
+the king in Ireland.  It is significant of the progress Ireland, and
+especially Dublin, was making that a great English nobleman such as
+Dorset was should exert all his influence to secure the reversion of
+Carteret's post.  Not many years previously an Englishman of position
+would have accepted the viceroyalty under compulsion only.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Four great noblemen
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sackville resigned the post of Lord Steward to go to Ireland, and he
+arrived to open the Parliament of 1731, staying until the early part of
+the following year.  He visited the country again in 1733 and 1735, in
+accordance with the custom that rendered it imperative for the viceroy
+to preside at the opening of Parliament.  Beyond
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P145"></A>145}</SPAN>
+that his duties
+did not extend, and Dorset found the viceroyalty greatly to his liking.
+He drew a large salary, executed several profitable deals in the shape
+of sales of offices, and took the money with him to England.
+'Uneventful' best describes his term of power, but to a man of his
+disposition it was all he desired.  When, therefore, in the latter part
+of 1736, he was informed that he was to be replaced by William
+Cavendish, third Duke of Devonshire, he hotly resented his
+supersession, but could not prevail against the ministry, which
+placated him with the post of Lord President of the Council.  But his
+experience of Ireland had been too congenial to make him satisfied with
+his position in London.  The loss of the great revenues, the sudden
+change from an almost regal position to one of mediocrity in a society
+where he had few equals and many superiors, and the ridiculous ease
+whereby the 'work' of his administration was accomplished, kept Dorset
+dissatisfied until his reappointment to Ireland in December, 1750.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile, however, three other viceroys played their parts in making
+the history of Ireland.  These were William Cavendish, Duke of
+Devonshire (1737-44), Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield (1745), and
+William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington (1746-51).
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Of these, it is obvious that the Earl of Chesterfield was the most
+remarkable.  The name of Devonshire suggests a yawn, and the third duke
+was characteristic of it.  His viceroyalty was more apparent than real,
+and seems to have been
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P146"></A>146}</SPAN>
+conducted on the principle that Ireland
+and Irish affairs were a bore, the journeys to Dublin intolerable, and
+the Irish Parliament 'impossible.'  The duke, however, clung to the
+office until 1744, content to leave administration to the Lords
+Justices, and pocketing the salary readily&mdash;the only point of unanimity
+amongst the holders of the office in the eighteenth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Chesterfield
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The great Earl of Chesterfield was Viceroy of Ireland for eight months
+only, and his life, therefore, belongs to the history of his native
+country; but he left his mark on Dublin, and in a few months
+accomplished more to raise the name of Englishman there than the seven
+years of Devonshire and the eight of Dorset.  It is unnecessary to
+recapitulate all the main facts of Chesterfield's life, while, as his
+'Letters' do not concern Irish affairs, they are no part of this
+history.  At the time of his appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 he
+had just passed his fiftieth year, and had left behind him many full
+years.  Before he was twenty-one he was a member of Parliament, and by
+the time he succeeded to the peerage in 1726 he had gained much of that
+renowned knowledge of the world which provided the inspiration of the
+famous 'Letters.'  Chesterfield appears to have had a passion for the
+unconventional, but he carried it to such an extent, and so
+successfully, that it almost became conventional.  Brought up in the
+society of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., he discovered in
+maturity that it is not wise to put faith in princes.  Chesterfield was
+the prince's henchman in all his escapades,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P147"></A>147}</SPAN>
+and when Henrietta
+Howard, Countess of Suffolk, became the prince's mistress, Chesterfield
+was the chosen friend of both.  This meant, of course, that the
+princess, better known as Queen Caroline, exerted all her influence to
+bring about an estrangement between her husband and the earl, and she
+succeeded, as she always was certain to do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Chesterfield, however, was too powerful a man for even the King of
+England to ruin, and although George II., after the inevitable quarrel,
+sought to keep the earl out of public life, he had to agree to his
+nomination to the embassy at the Hague.  He was very popular there, but
+his sojourn in Holland, while it is remembered by the Dutch by reason
+of the fortune Stanhope lost at cards, is only famous because it was at
+the Hague that the English Ambassador made the acquaintance of
+Madamoiselle du Bouchet.  To the son that was born to them Chesterfield
+addressed his 'Letters.'  Returning to England impecunious but as
+debonair as ever, Stanhope, nevertheless, realized that it was
+imperative that he should marry money.  The heiress of the day was
+Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg, the natural daughter of George
+I. by the notorious Duchess of Kendal, the heroine of Wood's halfpence.
+Petronilla, who was Countess of Walsingham in her own right, was not
+exactly a beauty, but she possessed a fortune of £50,000, and in
+addition an annuity of £3,000 payable out of the Irish treasury.  At
+the time of her father's death in 1727, the countess was thirty-four
+and unmarried.  The king had kept her guarded jealously, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P148"></A>148}</SPAN>
+George II., mindful of the fact that if Lady Walsingham married, her
+husband might make awkward inquiries about her estate, continued the
+policy of his father.  Chesterfield, however, was not averse to
+offending George II.  There had been a great coolness between them, and
+the earl must have realized that Queen Caroline would make it utterly
+impossible for them to renew the friendship of early days.  He
+therefore courted the countess, who was his senior by a year, and the
+reputed wittiest and handsomest man of his time had little difficulty
+in capturing the hand and fortune of the illegitimate daughter of his
+king's father.  They were married in 1733, unknown to King George, and
+when the inevitable discovery came, the king, though passionately
+angry, could do nothing beyond uttering threats.  The marriage was
+entirely one of convenience&mdash;Chesterfield wanted money; the countess
+required a deliverer from the thraldom of the court.  Cynically
+indifferent to the opinions of the world, they lived in separate
+houses, but tried to humour Mrs. Grundy&mdash;who was born the day the
+serpent entered Eden&mdash;by taking houses next door to one another!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His monetary affairs freed from embarrassment, Chesterfield entered
+once more into the life of the town, careless of the king's anger,
+oblivious of the queen's spite.  When he had looked into his wife's
+affairs he sent George a bill for £40,000, due to her from the royal
+estate, and on the monarch ignoring the hint, the earl promptly began
+an action in the Courts for the recovery of the money.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P149"></A>149}</SPAN>
+The king
+eventually compromised by paying £20,000.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A political legacy
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Even in the eighteenth century it was sometimes distinguished to act
+with the minority, and Chesterfield adopted the now favourite modern
+pose of championing the weak.  He railed at the Government, wrote
+pamphlets against it, hired men of letters to aid him, and quickly
+became the leader of that ever-present body of men and women who are
+dissatisfied, and yet know not what they want.  He patronized Johnson
+and Pope and many others, the majority completely forgotten, and
+chiefly with their help and his own ready tongue attained the
+distinction of being the most sought-after man in London society.
+Whatever Chesterfield did for pleasure, generally brought him gain, and
+it is only one of the many lucky incidents of his life that the Dowager
+Duchess of Marlborough should have left him £20,000 as a token of her
+approval of his opposition to the Government.  The legacy came in 1744,
+and at a time when Chesterfield's affairs were once more badly situated.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Earl of Chesterfield's character and life have been the subject of
+innumerable essays, but one incident forcibly illustrates the real
+weakness of the man who could afford to view with equanimity the bitter
+antagonism of his king and queen, and the animosity of the most
+powerful ministers of the day, and yet confess himself mortally wounded
+by a jest against him.  Like most great wits, Chesterfield had no sense
+of humour, and his witticisms were merely props
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P150"></A>150}</SPAN>
+on which his
+general pose rested.  One day he happened to be standing in the hall of
+a coffee-house club in St. James's Street, when he overheard George
+Selwyn remark to an acquaintance, 'Here comes Joe Miller.'  This was
+too much for Chesterfield, and he struck his name off the club at once.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-150"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-150.jpg" ALT="The Earl of Chesterfield" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+The Earl of Chesterfield
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+His appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 was in the nature of a gift
+from the Government to the most dangerous dilettante of the day.  The
+king, however, point-blank refused to sign the commission, and there
+were several stormy interviews between the king and his ministers
+before the former succumbed and declared 'his loving cousin and
+counsellor' Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In Dublin the announcement of
+Chesterfield's coming roused the greatest enthusiasm.  His wit, his
+manners, his wealth, his influence and his handsome appearance were all
+eagerly discussed.  Dublin society, anxious to learn from the leader of
+society, welcomed him with open arms, and so the man who had been
+instructed that the Papists were dangerous and likely to become
+rebellious was able to write to London and glibly inform the Government
+that there was only one dangerous Papist in Ireland, and her name was
+Eleanor Ambrose, the daughter of a Dublin brewer, and the reigning
+beauty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The beginnings of Chesterfield's viceroyalty gave every promise of a
+brilliant and long reign at Dublin Castle.  He entertained freely and
+lavishly, and exhibited no scruples of refinement at meeting
+unofficially wealthy tradespeople or
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P151"></A>151}</SPAN>
+successful lawyers.  The
+women, of course, loved him.  His reputation as the philosopher of
+everything that was delightfully wicked and depraved fascinated them,
+and Chesterfield maintained the pose with ease.  There was no one in
+Dublin to call him Joe Miller, or to sneer at the somewhat second-hand,
+if not second-rate, wit that flowed from his tongue and pen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In his serious moments he declared that the foe of Ireland was not
+Popery, but poverty, and he expressed his amazement that the Irish
+should be content to live in a condition worse than the negro slaves.
+He was viceroy for a very short time, but he gave one gift to
+Dublin&mdash;Phoenix Park, for it was Lord Chesterfield who planted that
+renowned demesne.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy was essentially a man of the world, but he did not relax
+the strict etiquette of the viceregal court.  The wives of doctors and
+lawyers were not allowed within the precincts of the Castle, and great
+care was taken to limit the <I>entrée</I> to the nobility and gentry.  The
+good-natured Lady Chesterfield, during her occasional appearances in
+Dublin, gained a sort of popularity, more pronounced among the trading
+classes, whom she benefited by giving splendid balls at Dublin Castle,
+at which only costumes of Irish manufacture were worn.  It was
+something towards the debt she owed the Irish treasury.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+She viewed her husband's amours with patience, and the fat and ugly old
+woman even encouraged them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Chesterfield and Miss Ambrose
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To Eleanor Ambrose he paid great attention,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P152"></A>152}</SPAN>
+carrying on an
+elaborate flirtation, with all Dublin as the audience.  Miss Ambrose,
+whose reign preceded that of the Gunnings, played her part well, and
+the brewer's daughter became the centre, if not the leader, of Dublin
+society.  Chesterfield wrote her verses and letters, and at Dublin
+Castle balls he always flattered her by his personal attentions.  Miss
+Ambrose, who subsequently became Lady Palmer, never forgot her brief
+acquaintance with Lord Chesterfield, and ever afterwards his portrait
+adorned her house.  When in the second decade of the nineteenth century
+Lady Palmer died at her lodgings in Henry Street, Dublin,
+Chesterfield's portrait hung in the most conspicuous place in her room.
+She was then within two years of a hundred in age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On April 23, 1746, Chesterfield departed from Ireland, having secured
+leave of absence, and although he promised to return, illness stepped
+in, and it was deemed advisable that the earl should not be exposed to
+the damp climate of Ireland.  The king was only too pleased to nominate
+Chesterfield's half-brother, William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington, to
+the viceroyalty, and even permit the ex-viceroy to become Secretary of
+State for the northern provinces.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-152"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-152.jpg" ALT="Earl of Harrington" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Harrington
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The spirit of nationalism
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The selection of Lord Harrington was received with great disfavour in
+Dublin, where the formation of a national or patriotic party was almost
+an accomplished fact.  Harrington had the misfortune to be viceroy when
+Charles Lucas was beginning his great campaign against the corruption
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P153"></A>153}</SPAN>
+that existed in official circles in Dublin.  Lucas, doctor and
+enthusiast, was a remarkable man.  He was the creator of the idea that
+Ireland was a nation, and not the happy hunting-ground of Englishmen in
+search of pensions for themselves and their mistresses.  He attacked
+the Dublin Corporation and all official Ireland, and, of course, the
+bureaucracy roused itself and crushed him for a time.  Harrington, the
+viceroy, took a leading part in the persecution of Lucas, and succeeded
+in driving him from the country.  Lucas did not return until 1761, but
+his fearless exposure of corrupt officialdom had its full effects
+during Harrington's tenure of office.  It did more than this, for it
+aroused the latent intelligence of the masses, who began to think for
+themselves.  They saw the best paid positions in the country
+monopolized by Englishmen&mdash;in many cases the office-holders were
+illiterate&mdash;and they realized the monstrous injustice of the custom
+that permitted the farming out of remunerative situations under the
+Government.  Parliament had to move in the matter, and for the first
+time in the history of Ireland and England the viceroy and his Council
+had to be careful, when making or selling fresh appointments, not to do
+it too openly.  Once Harrington was mobbed in the streets of Dublin
+because he was supposed to be in favour of the abolition of the Irish
+Parliament&mdash;the latter consisting of a body of men bought body and soul
+by the English Government, though in some cases the price had not been
+paid.  These raised a protest against the exportation of salaries to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P154"></A>154}</SPAN>
+England for the use of men whose deputies did the work for
+starvation wages in Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy fought with all the tenacity of the fanatic for the
+retention of the privileges of his class.  The new tone of the Irish
+Parliament amazed, but did not frighten him; he ascribed their
+rebellion to a desire to play to the gallery, but when he discovered to
+his cost that even the beggars and the blackguards of the city howled
+their execrations after him in the street, he became aware of the
+painful fact that the viceroy was no longer a law unto himself.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Chesterfield had described the Irish Parliament in very severe
+terms.  'The House of Lords is a hospital for incurables,' he wrote,
+'but the Commons can hardly be described.  Session after session
+presents one unvaried waste of provincial imbecility.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+That this opinion was not the outcome of his English birth and training
+he proved by his impartial judgments on other classes of Irishmen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'We have more clever men here in a nutshell,' he wrote from Dublin to a
+friend in London, 'than can be produced in the whole circle of London.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Harrington's opinion of the Irish Parliament was even more
+contemptuous than his brother's, and he affected at all times a
+sneering attitude towards the members of both houses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Gunning sisters
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reigning beauties of his viceroyalty were the Gunning sisters.
+During Lord Chesterfield's term they had lingered in squalid poverty in
+an unfashionable part of Dublin, but being old enough to attend the
+viceregal functions of 1748,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P155"></A>155}</SPAN>
+they overcame the disadvantage of
+poverty by accepting from Sheridan, the theatrical manager, the loan of
+the dresses they subsequently appeared in at the great ball given by
+the viceroy in honour of the birthday of George II., October 30, 1748.
+Lady Caroline Petersham, the viceroy's daughter-in-law, who acted as
+hostess for him, was greatly struck by the appearance of the Gunnings,
+and to her interest and that of Lord Harrington was due the first
+success of the family.  The viceroy settled a pension of £150 per annum
+on the girls' mother, and when they became Duchess of Hamilton and
+Countess of Coventry, they never forgot the generosity of their first
+patron.  The subsequent fame of the sisters was such that when, in
+1755, they paid a visit to Dublin, the viceroy, Lord Harrington, held a
+levée in their honour.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Throughout his residence in Ireland, Harrington continued to fight, and
+used every weapon, fair or foul, at his disposal.  Lucas, driven from
+Ireland, was somewhere on the Continent, and several Irish members had
+been removed from the House by bribery and other methods.  Still, there
+was no suffocating the voice of the people, and in the last month of
+1750 Lionel Sackville, Duke of Dorset, was given his second chance as
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Harrington did not know whether to be pleased or
+not at his removal.  He was anxious to rest from the struggle of Irish
+politics, for he was not the man to create new measures or understand
+the sentiments of a new order of things, but he was eager to beat the
+Irish, and to teach them the strength of his authority.  Dublin,
+however, was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P156"></A>156}</SPAN>
+in no two minds about its attitude towards the
+departing viceroy.  From the moment that the citizens knew of his
+recall, they lighted bonfires to celebrate it, and held public meetings
+under the walls of Dublin Castle, in the course of which the speakers
+publicly thanked God for having relieved Dublin of the plaguy presence
+of Harrington.  An attempt was made to secure a peaceful and
+unostentatious exit from the country, but the people would not be
+denied, and at a hundred points along the route of his departure the
+ex-viceroy witnessed the humiliating sight of bonfires and speakers
+alike proclaiming their joy at his departure.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was, indeed, in remarkable contrast to Lord Chesterfield's brief and
+brilliant reign.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Peg Woffington
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Dublin of Dorset's time was squalid, dirty, and disease-ridden.
+The gentry were drinking themselves into penury; the city was crowded
+with young bloods, who gambled, and drank, and called out each other to
+give satisfaction on the famous duelling-ground of Phoenix Park.  Clubs
+of all sorts abounded, and were in reality drinking dens.  The most
+famous of all, Daly's, was the headquarters of most of the notorious
+gamblers and debauchées of the metropolis.  Five theatres ministered to
+the pleasures of the Court and people, and the leading actress was Peg
+Woffington, the mistress of the Provost of Trinity College.  Peg, as we
+all know, was a high-spirited woman, and full of a sparkling audacity
+that often amounted to impertinence.  On one occasion, when the Duke of
+Dorset was seated in the royal
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P157"></A>157}</SPAN>
+box at the theatre, she saucily
+concluded a recitation with the lines:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+'Let others with as small pretentions<BR>
+'Tease you for places or for pensions,<BR>
+I scorn a pension or a place.<BR>
+My sole design upon your grace&mdash;<BR>
+The sum of my petition this&mdash;<BR>
+I claim, my lord, an annual kiss.'<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+The verses were written by Dr. Andrews, the Provost, and caused great
+offence in the ranks of the fashionable ladies, who cut the actress for
+a time.  Peg Woffington, however, did not suffer to any considerable
+extent as a result of her pert address to the viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Virtue was not the duke's strong point.  Many have been the scrapes
+Viceroys of Ireland have got themselves into, but the Duke of Dorset
+was the only one whose conduct enabled an outraged husband to divorce
+his wife.  The lady in the case was Mrs. La Touche, who declared that
+love was the hereditary passion in her family.  A woman who could
+resist nothing was easy prey to the tenant of Dublin Castle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dorset had secured his reappointment by lavish promises.  He undertook
+to restore sanity to Ireland&mdash;meaning, of course, Dublin, for
+officialism did not recognize the provinces&mdash;and he guaranteed to bring
+the Irish Parliament to its senses.  In the circumstances Dorset had
+his way, and in 1751 he re-entered Dublin.  He might have succeeded in
+scoring a personal triumph if he had not brought his youngest son, Lord
+George Sackville, with him.  Hitherto it had been Dorset's policy to
+let well alone&mdash;he did nothing particularly well,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P158"></A>158}</SPAN>
+and was popular
+on that account.  Lord George Sackville, however, had neither the
+complacence nor the dignity of his father; he came as the viceroy's
+Secretary of State, his adviser, the man who saw that things were done.
+One of his first acts was to quarrel with the Speaker of the Irish
+House of Commons.  This was Henry Boyle, afterwards Earl of Shannon.
+Boyle was an Irish Parliamentary Hampden, who jealously guarded the
+rights of his assembly and of the country.  Harrington had left
+Parliament triumphant, and the House was not going to be brow-beaten by
+George Sackville.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The struggle with Parliament
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The cause of the most important and vital dispute was a measure
+disposing of the surplus revenues of the country.  Parliament declared
+that it could dispose of them without the sanction of the king; the
+viceroy, through his Secretary of State, declared otherwise, and when
+the House of Commons sent the bill for the viceroy's approval, he
+inserted a clause giving the king's permission to its establishment by
+law.  The assembly ignored the clause, and proceeded to other business.
+Sackville and George Stone, the Primate, were furious.  They saw in
+this act of insubordination the terrible spectacle of a free Parliament
+sitting day after day and publicly criticizing the privileged
+class&mdash;the officials.  Acting under their advice, Dorset signed a
+warrant for the Speaker's arrest, and an attempt was made to execute
+it.  But in order to get at the person of Boyle&mdash;who was the hero of
+the hour&mdash;the officers would have had to arrest half the population of
+Dublin.  Thousands
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P159"></A>159}</SPAN>
+of persons of all classes followed the Speaker
+wherever he went, forming an unofficial bodyguard that soon so
+impressed Sackville that the warrant was withdrawn.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile the dispute between Parliament and the viceroy formed the
+subject of all sorts and conditions of rumours.  Once it was reported
+that the king had signed a decree abolishing the Irish Parliament, and
+substituting for it the attendance of so many Irish members in the
+English Parliament.  There was no foundation for the rumour, but it was
+not an hour old before a vast mob surrounded Dublin Castle, shouting
+lurid threats against the person of the viceroy.  One of the most
+popular theatres, owned by one of the most popular men&mdash;Sheridan, the
+father of the famous dramatist&mdash;was wrecked because the leading
+comedian would not repeat some lines which seemed to be slightly
+veiled, satirical references to the national dispute.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Boyle was now master of the situation, the real ruler of the country.
+The persecution of the Government had, as it often has done before,
+raised a man of mediocre ability to the pedestal of genius.
+Sensational rumours began to reach England and astound the frequenters
+of the clubs and the coffee-houses.  It was reported that Dorset had
+been murdered and Boyle elected King of Ireland, and there were visions
+that seemed like stern realities of the end of the English robbing of
+the Irish till.  The ministry became alarmed, and when the Government
+realized that Dorset was a menace to their authority in Dublin,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P160"></A>160}</SPAN>
+they decided to recall him, and appoint Lord Hartington in his place.
+It is said that when Dorset heard of this he burst into tears, and it
+is, indeed, extraordinary the passion this man had for the position of
+Viceroy of Ireland.  He wrote letters to the king, humbly praying that
+he might be allowed to return to the Government of Ireland as soon as
+order was restored, but in the long run he had to feign contentment
+with the minor post of Master of the Horse.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap10"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P161"></A>161}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER X
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Lord Hartington was the son of that Duke of Devonshire who had been
+viceroy for seven years, and was only thirty-five when his commission
+was signed by the king.  Hartington appears to have been a typical
+Cavendish; everybody trusted and admired him without forming too great
+an opinion of his abilities; but he was a safe man, and this attribute
+brought him the premiership in November, 1756, when he was summoned
+from Dublin to take the control of the ministry.  Pitt, it is
+interesting to note, served under him during his brief premiership&mdash;it
+ended the following May&mdash;as Secretary of War.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the reshuffling that followed, John Russell, fourth Duke of Bedford,
+was appointed to Ireland.  His task was not a difficult one, because
+the complete surrender of the English Government was known in Dublin,
+and Bedford was regarded as a sort of peacemaker, prepared to accept
+any terms, provided he was allowed to style himself viceroy.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant and his wife lived in Dublin Castle and entertained.
+Hitherto great English ladies had been content to view Dublin from a
+distance, and were content to spend their husbands' earnings; but the
+Duchess of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P162"></A>162}</SPAN>
+Bedford had other ideals, and she did much to smooth
+her husband's path to power by her tact and graciousness.  She threw
+open Dublin Castle to everybody, and showed by her own and her
+husband's attention to the social side of Dublin life that their last
+concern was with the political.  The duke announced a great programme
+of reform, which was to be carried out quietly.  He would not favour
+either political party in the State&mdash;there were now two parties,
+English and Irish&mdash;and he endorsed cordially the recommendation of the
+Parliament that these Englishmen who farmed out their appointments in
+Dublin for less than the salaries they received should be recalled, and
+if they did not obey, dismissed from office.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But it was the magnificent state they maintained in Dublin that won the
+allegiance of Ireland.  Parasites feed even on imitation Courts, and
+increase and multiply, while the not less important parasites&mdash;the
+beggars of Dublin&mdash;were fed bountifully from the remains of Dives' many
+tables.  The duke and duchess spent more money in Ireland than they
+drew from it, and remembering this, no patriot, however fervid his
+imagination, could accuse the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife of robbing
+the State.  When the potato crop failed in many countries, the duke
+started a fund for the relief of the sufferers, heading it with a large
+sum of money.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was a prosperous and a successful viceroyalty from the personal
+point of view of the Duke of Bedford.  He did not make the country any
+better or introduce any great social reforms, but
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P163"></A>163}</SPAN>
+it was a relief
+to have a man who did not plunder the treasury to provide annuities for
+his poor relations, or satisfy the blackmailing propensities of his
+discarded mistresses.  Bedford was popular, and the duchess had Dublin
+society behind her to a woman.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The riots of 1759, created by the ever-prevalent rumour that the Irish
+Parliament was to be abolished and a union between the legislatures of
+the two countries accomplished, did not affect the viceroy's
+popularity.  The truth of the matter was that Ireland was not proud of
+its Parliament, even with the history of Henry Boyle fresh in the minds
+of the people.  The Parliament had been just as unscrupulous as the
+numerous decadent and dishonest viceroys who had plundered the country,
+but in the eyes of the nation the Parliament and the viceroyalty were
+one and the same, the outward and visible sign of Ireland's importance.
+Society followed the lead of the viceroy with dumb obedience, and
+society feared that it might cease to exist if the Parliament were
+abolished.  Those not in society were anxious to retain the Parliament
+because it meant prosperity of the capital.  It was a question of
+money, and of the jealousy of the citizens of Dublin for the continued
+pre-eminence of their city.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Halifax
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To the regret of nearly everybody, Bedford resigned the viceroyalty in
+March, 1761, and George Montague Dunk, second Earl of Halifax, took
+over the duties and emoluments of the high office.  Halifax, Nova
+Scotia, commemorates the name of this nobleman, who was given the title
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P164"></A>164}</SPAN>
+of 'Father of the Colonies' for his encouragement of colonial
+enterprise.  He was popular enough in Ireland, but he lacked the social
+brilliance that distinguished the previous occupants of Dublin Castle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Halifax's career was one unbroken record of personal success.
+Born in 1716, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he
+affected a learning many of his contemporaries despised.  But Halifax
+had to make his own way, for the family was poor, and only in political
+advancement and a fortunate marriage did the prospect of fortune lie.
+His marriage brought him the immense sum, for those days, of over
+£100,000, and in carrying off the wealthy heiress of the house of Dunk
+he accomplished something several rivals failed in.  Halifax was
+impecunious and pressed by creditors when he made the acquaintance of
+Miss Dunk, and she was by no means loath to become Countess of Halifax.
+A difficulty stood in the way, however, and that was the clause in the
+will bequeathing her her fortune which stated that she would be
+disinherited if she did not marry someone engaged in commercial
+pursuits.  For some time there seemed to be no way out of the
+difficulty&mdash;George Montague was not a commercial man; but at last some
+genius suggested that the earl should join one of the London trading
+companies.  This he did, and won the hand of the lady, paying her the
+compliment of adopting the name of Dunk, and conveniently hiding it
+under his title.  It was a marriage of convenience that developed into
+love on both sides,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P165"></A>165}</SPAN>
+and when the countess died, leaving two
+children, Halifax was greatly grieved.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1761, after thirteen years as President of the Board of Trade, he
+was astonished to find himself appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  He had
+not been a candidate for the post, but he accepted it with alacrity,
+for by now the fortune of his late wife was almost gone, and the Board
+of Trade was not remunerative enough.  The salary of the viceroy was
+£12,000 a year, and there were many perquisites.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Mary Ann Faulkner
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The newcomer was at the time of his elevation under the influence of a
+strong-minded woman, Mary Ann Faulkner, the adopted daughter of the
+well-known Dublin bookseller.  Halifax had found her starving in
+London, and, touched by a pathetic story of an early marriage and
+desertion by the husband, he made her the governess of his two
+children.  This position she vacated to become his mistress, and when
+Halifax told her that he had been given the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, she coolly informed him that she intended
+to go to Dublin with him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The woman's position in Dublin was not without its humorous side.  The
+viceroy was under her thumb, and the mistress governed him with all the
+jealous watchfulness of a shrewish wife.  She could not, of course,
+maintain her state in Dublin Castle, but she resided within a
+convenient distance of it, and by sheer force of personality the old
+Dublin bookseller's daughter gathered about her a large and influential
+court.  Halifax was by disposition a spendthrift, but Mary Faulkner
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P166"></A>166}</SPAN>
+was a miser.  She saved every penny, and nothing passed through
+her hands without leaving a profit in them.  Practically every post in
+the gift of the viceroy was auctioned by Mary Faulkner, who kept the
+proceeds, and every day in the week her house was crowded with all
+sorts and conditions of place-seekers endeavouring to come to terms
+with the most unscrupulous placemonger that ever lived in Dublin.  Here
+was a clergyman offering to buy the vacant country deanery; there an
+officer anxious for a sinecure in Dublin Castle; again, a lawyer
+desirous of an official position in the law courts, or a doctor seeking
+the patronage of those in high places.  Mary Ann Faulkner saw them all,
+and conducted her auctions with no attempt at privacy.  When it was
+generally known that the viceroy's mistress was the real power behind
+the viceregal throne, Halifax found his levées deserted, and perhaps he
+was not sorry.  He never disguised his admiration for the enterprising
+Mary Ann, and if her position was something unconventional, there can
+be no doubt of the fact that she held the unique record of being the
+only woman who has directed and controlled the policy of a Viceroy of
+Ireland.  And this without the public status or private authority of a
+wife!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy endeavoured to please everybody, and he earned general
+favour by melodramatically declining to accept for himself an increase
+of £4,000 a year in the salary of the Lord-Lieutenant.  It fell to his
+lot to endorse the action of Parliament in raising the salary of the
+post to a higher
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P167"></A>167}</SPAN>
+figure, but, anxious to prove his probity, he
+took up a quixotic position&mdash;as it was, of course, regarded.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Two of his retinue are remembered for different reasons.  One was his
+Secretary of State, 'Single-Speech Hamilton,' and the other, Richard
+Cumberland, the dramatist.  The latter was a particular friend of
+Halifax's, their friendship dating back from the viceroy's Cambridge
+days, and continuing through his official life.  He gave Cumberland a
+position at the Board of Trade, and, secured by this kindly act,
+Cumberland was able to indulge in his fancy for playwriting.  He did
+not approve of Mary Ann Faulkner, but as that lady was irresistible, he
+wisely decided not to provoke a conflict, and he was seen at her
+receptions, and even helped her occasionally in her appointments.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Halifax left Ireland in 1763, popular and respected, and George III.
+gave him the garter.  When in England he attempted to break away from
+his mistress by entering into an engagement to marry a wealthy woman,
+but Mary Ann soundly rated him when she heard of it, and he meekly
+broke the engagement to please her.  This was the man who had ruled
+Ireland!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A great Smithson
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As the result of royal favour the vacant viceroyalty was secured by
+Hugh Percy, Earl of Northumberland, later to become the first duke of
+the third creation.  Northumberland was a great Smithson, but an
+indifferent Percy, and it was only his wife's name and family that
+carried him into London society and into the presence of George III.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P168"></A>168}</SPAN>
+A man of vast wealth, and wedded to a woman with a passion for
+power, the viceroyalty of Ireland was the position they both craved
+for, and when powerful friends helped the Earl and Countess of
+Northumberland towards their goal, they entered with zest and
+enthusiasm into the task of governing Ireland.  Lady Northumberland was
+a lady of the bedchamber to the queen soon after her marriage, an
+appointment maliciously described by Lady Townshend as due to the fact
+that the queen, who was ignorant of the English language, was anxious
+to learn the <I>vulgar</I> tongue, Lady Northumberland, she declared, being
+the most suitable person in the circumstances.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During their two years' reign in Dublin Castle the viceroy and his wife
+entertained on a regal scale.  Their position had been a doubtful one
+in London, where society found it difficult to forget the old Smithson
+in the new Percy, but in Dublin the earl and countess led society
+without fear of any rivals.  The countess, more ambitious than proud,
+utilized her wealth to maintain her supremacy.  Dublin Castle was
+almost daily the scene of a great party, command performances at the
+theatres very common, and altogether the easily purchased homage of the
+people was accepted greedily, and created a growing appetite for more.
+Then in 1765 Lord Northumberland was abruptly dismissed from office,
+and the Earl of Hertford appointed.  Returning to London in a passion,
+Northumberland sought out the king and his ministers, demanding an
+explanation.  The
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P169"></A>169}</SPAN>
+'explanation' took the shape of a dukedom, and both
+husband and wife were content.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Hertford soon tired of Dublin, and his wife induced him to seek an
+early release from his distasteful task, and the home Government sent
+Lord Townshend to replace him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A new era
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The appointment of George, first Marquis Townshend, to the viceroyalty
+marked a new era in Irish history.  Ever since the days of the Duke of
+Dorset's first term of office Dublin had been progressing.  The Irish
+Parliament, though for the most part consisting of 'provincial
+imbeciles,' to use Chesterfield's words, was gradually attracting to it
+some of the most gifted Irishmen, and London, which affected to despise
+it, was perturbed by the reports coming from the Irish capital.  One
+viceroy expressed his amazement at the wealth of genius in Dublin;
+another confirmed it.  To convince the world, a great race of Irishmen
+was arising.  Edmund Burke was a power in London; Grattan, a young man,
+was renowned in his own circles in Dublin; Henry Flood, in the Irish
+House of Commons, was winning his reputation for eloquence; and a few
+years later Richard Brinsley Sheridan was to gain fresh laurels for the
+name of Irishman.  Goldsmith was at his zenith when Townshend came to
+Ireland in 1767.  Others whose names are now forgotten achieved the
+not-to-be-despised if brief fame that talent is proud of and genius
+despises.  Dublin was quickly losing its mean appearance.  An orgy of
+building had transformed the districts now known as Grafton Street,
+Sackville Street,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P170"></A>170}</SPAN>
+Merrion Square, and St. Stephen's Green.  In
+Dame Street Trinity College and the Irish Houses of Parliament, the
+latter having been built in 1729 on the site of Chichester House, gave
+the thoroughfare an imposing appearance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the most important change lay in the people themselves.  The
+English influence was, of course, paramount, and those who wished to be
+considered fashionable aped London manners, but slowly and surely there
+was an awakening of the national spirit; the so-called English colony
+was beginning to realize the danger of allowing themselves to be
+subject to the caprices of a Government in London ignorant of Irish
+affairs.  They clamoured for legislative independence, and if their
+motives were purely selfish and local, yet on the whole they benefited
+Ireland.  Irish trade was being handicapped by English ministers
+anxious to gain the suffrages of the great trading towns of Bristol and
+London, and they attempted to impose restrictions on Ireland through
+the medium of the Dublin Parliament.  But the descendants of the
+Elizabethan and Cromwellian 'undertakers' would have none of it.  Their
+idea was that all Irish affairs should be under the control of the
+Irish Parliament because they were the Parliament.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The eloquence and statesmanship of Grattan and his great contemporaries
+has gained a not undeserved fame for the Irish Parliament as it existed
+from 1760 to the Union, but in the fullest meaning of the word it was
+never a Parliament, even in the sense that the mother of Parliaments
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P171"></A>171}</SPAN>
+in London was falsely supposed to represent England.  The
+majority of the Irish members were party hacks returned in their
+master's interests to vote without conscience.  Religion entered into
+everything, but in the sixties of the eighteenth century the problem
+that confronted the English ministry was the position of the
+'undertakers.'  The latter were now the paramount power in Ireland;
+they formed the ascendancy, and from their ranks came all the high
+officers of state and the men who carried out the policy of England.
+But time taught its lessons, and the Anglo-Irish ignored London&mdash;even
+defied it&mdash;and when in 1767 Lord Townshend was sent to Dublin, it was
+with the undisguised object of crushing the 'undertakers' and regaining
+for England the chief authority in Ireland.  For the first time in the
+history of Ireland a <I>resident</I> viceroy was appointed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Breaking the Irish Parliament
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Townshend accepted the task with enthusiasm.  He was forty-three years
+of age, and had succeeded in achieving an unpopularity that provided
+him with a vast amount of inspiration for lampoons and caricatures.  He
+never cultivated friendship either in men or women, and he found his
+chief relaxation in vilifying his opponents.  He had fought under Wolfe
+at Quebec, and, the death of his superior having placed him in command,
+he claimed the honours, declaring that his fertile mind inspired
+Wolfe's plans and carried them into execution.  The man who did this
+was capable of anything, and he was selected to break the power of the
+Irish Parliament.  Lord Bristol had failed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P172"></A>172}</SPAN>
+the ministry,
+declining the post on Lord Hertford's resignation, although he started
+for Dublin.  When Bristol was informed that he would be expected to
+live in the Irish capital, he threw up the appointment in disgust.  In
+the circumstances Townshend's selection was a hurried one, but he had
+no scruples about anything, and was the man for an unscrupulous task.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap11"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P173"></A>173}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XI
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The five years of Lord Townshend's viceroyalty were fruitful for
+Ireland.  He might have adopted craftier methods and injured the
+country more than he did, but he openly pursued a stupid policy of
+bribery and spite: by the former gaining the adherence of the
+incompetent, and by the latter exasperating the men who in the end
+defeated him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Amongst the Irish peers whom he was anxious to win over to his side was
+a kinsman, Lord Loftus.  Loftus had some power in the Lords and in the
+Commons, and by reason of the viceroy's relationship to Lady Loftus he
+counted upon dealing the Opposition party a heavy blow.  Lady Loftus,
+with visions of a great social position for herself, fell in with
+Townshend's plans, though her husband was stubborn.  Then Lady
+Townshend died, and Lady Loftus had a fresh inspiration.  The viceroy
+was a widower, and during his visits to Rathfarnham Castle had often
+noticed pretty little Dorothea Munroe, her ladyship's niece.  Why
+should she not marry the couple?  With her niece as the viceroy's wife
+Lady Loftus would be the most powerful woman in Ireland, and the
+exchanging of a viscountess's coronet for a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P174"></A>174}</SPAN>
+countess's, or even a
+duchess's, would be accomplished easily.  From that moment she let
+Townshend know that the marriage of Dolly Munroe would be the price of
+her husband's allegiance, and the Lord-Lieutenant, cynical and daring,
+began to visit Rathfarnham Castle daily and flatter Dolly's hopes.  The
+girl was only seventeen when Lady Townshend died in 1770, and the
+leading beauty of her time.  Henry Grattan was one of her admirers, but
+the most favoured in a wide circle was Hercules Langrishe, afterwards
+the Sir Hercules Langrishe who accepted £15,000 from Lord Castlereagh
+not to vote against the Act of Union.  There is no doubt that Dolly
+would have married Hercules Langrishe but for her aunt.  Perhaps she
+had ambitions herself, and the prospect of reigning in Dublin Castle
+dazzled her mind and unbalanced her judgment.  Anyhow, she sent
+Langrishe about his business shortly after Lord Townshend had
+superintended the painting of her portrait by Angelica Kauffmann.
+Everything seemed favourable for a match, and Lady Loftus was hourly
+expecting a proposal.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In her confidence in the viceroy's word she secured her husband's
+support for the Government in the House of Lords, but from the moment
+Lord Loftus joined the viceroy's party Lord Townshend immediately
+ceased his visits to Rathfarnham Castle, and all Dublin laughed at poor
+Dolly.  She became the butt of every wit.  Lady Loftus grew desperate.
+She believed that Townshend was actually in love with her niece, and in
+her anxiety she took Dolly with her to Dublin Castle,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P175"></A>175}</SPAN>
+and
+presented her to the viceroy.  He received them politely, but by now
+there was no need even to act the lover, and Lady Loftus retired in a
+rage.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was, however, one more trick in Lady Loftus's repertoire, and she
+caused the Dublin papers to print a notice to the effect that Dolly
+Munroe was going to marry the Right Honourable Thomas Andrews, Provost
+of Trinity College, Dublin.  Instead of exciting Townshend's chagrin
+and jealousy, it merely evoked a characteristic set of verses in which
+he lampooned the aged Provost and congratulated him in a sneer on his
+conquest.  Andrews was what would be called nowadays a 'character,'
+mainly because he had none.  At one time Peg Woffington, the celebrated
+actress, had been his mistress, and he secured the provostship through
+her influence, for which he paid her £5,000.  When Dolly Munroe was a
+girl Andrews was past seventy.  Lady Loftus could not have selected a
+more absurd bridegroom.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Famous Irish beauties
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile Lord Townshend was flirting with Anne Montgomery, one of the
+three beautiful sisters.  Anne, strangely enough, was also brought up
+in Rathfarnham Castle, and was a niece of Lady Loftus, but it was on
+Dolly Munroe that Lady Loftus showered all her affection.  Anne was
+exceedingly pretty, and generally accepted as Dolly's rival, and when
+Lord Townshend was seen with Anne all Dublin became interested in the
+struggle between the two to secure the great matrimonial prize.  The
+viceroy accepted the somewhat embarrassing position with nonchalance,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P176"></A>176}</SPAN>
+affecting unconsciousness of the current gossip of the day.
+Everywhere the chances of the fair candidates were canvassed, and every
+man of fashion in Dublin had his 'book' on the contest.  Huge sums were
+wagered by the respective partisans of Dolly and Anne as to which
+should become Lady Townshend.  Dublin society had little else to do,
+for the city was crowded with loafers in every rank of society.
+Dinner-parties were the most popular form of entertaining, and the
+viceroy's matrimonial prospects were discussed at all.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-176"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-176.jpg" ALT="Marquis Townshend" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Marquis Townshend
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy did not permit these diversions to interfere with his
+political policy.  He poured out hundreds of thousands of pounds and
+almost as many promises in his desperate efforts to secure the
+destruction of the 'undertakers.'  No act was too unscrupulous or too
+mean for him to lend his name to, and to further his ends he made
+confidants of some of the most disreputable and discreditable
+hangers-on in Dublin society.  No speech did not contain a sneer at the
+Irish nobility, which he affected to despise as something utterly false
+and unreal.  For the defence Flood, Grattan, and Langrishe united, and
+produced the famous satire 'Baratariana.'  Townshend replied with
+spirit, writing his lampoon in a low-class tavern near the Castle.  He
+was a frequent visitor to the old Dublin taverns, excusing himself on
+the ground that they were better conducted and more hospitable than the
+Irish nobility.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dublin Castle gradually became isolated, as Lord Townshend alienated
+everybody of position
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P177"></A>177}</SPAN>
+and clung to drunken brawlers and servile
+followers of the lowest class.  The few levées were ludicrous affairs,
+and were soon abandoned.  Even the official class detested their chief,
+and when in 1772 sixteen Irish peers drew up a petition against him and
+presented it to the king and Government, the patience and good temper
+of everybody had been exhausted.  Townshend had not the decency to
+observe the rules that bind every gentleman who mixes in good society,
+and he insulted women with the same ease as he insulted gentlemen.  To
+challenge him was to be informed that the representative of the king
+was privileged, and beyond that there was no appeal.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Townshend's dismissal
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The peers' petition, however, resulted in Townshend's recall.  In
+itself the memorial would not have succeeded in causing the viceroy's
+removal from office, but the ministry in London had received reports
+from secret agents in Dublin, and it was deemed advisable, if a
+rebellion was to be prevented, that the unpopular Townshend should be
+superseded.  Lord Harcourt was sent to replace him, and when the new
+viceroy arrived at three in the morning, he found his predecessor
+playing cards with a couple of congenial ruffians.  With a half apology
+Townshend declared that at any rate Lord Harcourt had not caught him
+napping!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The ex-viceroy was in no mood to leave Dublin, and with Harcourt's
+permission he remained in Dublin Castle for a fortnight, ostensibly
+with the object of accepting some of the dozen challenges with which he
+had been favoured before his dismissal.  But Townshend did not intend
+to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P178"></A>178}</SPAN>
+fight, and his real purpose must have been to make
+arrangements for leaving the country with some show of dignity.
+Rumours had reached him that an attempt would be made on his life.
+Later this was discounted to a plot for throwing him into the sea, and
+again a circumstantial report of a proposal to make his carriage into a
+bonfire was circulated.  Townshend affected to discredit all these, but
+he took the precaution of hiring a large body of roughs, whose duties
+were to escort his carriage and to raise stage cheers all the way.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The hired mob did its duty and earned its money, but it was as nothing
+against the voices of thousands of persons who lined the streets of the
+city and shouted their joy at the departure of the hated ex-viceroy.
+There was no concerted attempt at violence, however, and Townshend was
+able to reach his ship in safety.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Anne Montgomery was now the subject of many taunts.  The common people
+jested about her openly, and her character was defamed.  Dublin society
+began to look askance at the pretty girl whose name had been coupled
+with the notorious Townshend.  Naturally, her family was furious, and
+the girl's brother, Captain Montgomery, a noted duellist, determined to
+bring the ex-viceroy to reason.  In hot haste he followed him to
+England, and before Townshend reached London Captain Montgomery had
+overtaken him, and, literally at the point of the sword, compelled the
+viscount to send back a proposal of marriage to Anne.  There was no
+greater coward in the world at the time, and so the self-styled hero of
+Quebec
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P179"></A>179}</SPAN>
+meekly accepted Captain Montgomery's terms and, rather
+than risk a duel, agreed to marry the girl.  In due course the marriage
+took place, and £20,000 was won by those of Anne's admirers who had
+wagered on her becoming the second Lady Townshend.  Her rival, Dolly
+Munroe, eventually married a Mr. Richardson, the rejected Langrishe
+never returning to her side.  Langrishe himself married and lived many
+years, gaining a reputation for wit, the best specimen of which is his
+reply to the viceroy, who declared that Phoenix Park was a swamp,
+Langrishe retorting that his predecessors had been too busy draining
+the rest of the kingdom to be able to pay any attention to the cause of
+his Excellency's complaint.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Extravagant society
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroyalty of Lord Harcourt, which lasted from October, 1772, to
+the last days of 1776, was distinguished for its social magnificence.
+The Lord-Lieutenant was no politician, and he left that part of his
+work to Lord de Blaquerie, his chief secretary.  He set the fashion for
+costly entertainments until to be economical was to confess oneself a
+social failure.  Dozens of families of note, in their wild efforts to
+imitate the example of the viceroy, beggared themselves, spending in a
+few years the income of a whole generation.  Thus the Lord-Lieutenant
+would be invited to a great dinner and dance given on a most lavish and
+extravagant scale.  Within twenty-four hours the scene of the
+festivities would be stripped of everything of value to pay for the
+previous night's excesses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is a story told of an Irish gentleman who
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P180"></A>180}</SPAN>
+had been
+compelled to pawn every piece of family plate to meet the expenses of a
+visit from the viceroy.  Of course, this misfortune was kept a profound
+secret, and when Lord Harcourt intimated shortly afterwards that he
+would like to be invited again, the would-be host was placed in a most
+embarrassing situation.  His mansion in Stephen's Green was well
+furnished and staffed, but there was no plate, and, of course, he would
+not think of refusing the honour of a visit from the king's
+representative.  There was only one thing to do: the pawnbroker must be
+induced to lend the plate for the occasion.  Now, it happened that the
+pawnbroker was a man with social aspirations; his one ambition was to
+mix with the gentry, and as he possessed considerable wealth he had
+almost as much assurance.  Finding that he would not lend the family
+plate, the viceroy's host had to make the pawnbroker one of his guests
+for the occasion, and, being a sensible fellow, the tradesman enjoyed
+discreetly the novel experience without adding to the worries of his
+patron.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is only one story of many, all illustrating the stupendous folly
+of the period.  Dublin literally danced, drank, and gambled itself into
+penury, whilst the Castle set, contemptuous and indifferent to public
+opinion, robbed and oppressed the country, and prepared the way for the
+ghastly year of 1798.  Harcourt was indifferent, careless, and somewhat
+contemptuous of Ireland and its affairs, and as his viceroyalty was
+marked by numerous visits to England, he was never on the spot long
+enough to become conscious
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P181"></A>181}</SPAN>
+of the defects and shortcomings of his
+administration.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The free trade question
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1775 Henry Grattan was elected to Parliament, and sat with Henry
+Flood, but Harcourt was replaced by the Earl of Buckinghamshire at the
+time when these two Irishmen began their great campaign for the freedom
+of Irish trade.  England's policy had been to restrict Irish commercial
+enterprise, and only men of the calibre of Grattan and Flood could have
+succeeded in compelling the Government to remove the embargo on Irish
+trade.  Lord Buckinghamshire, who had been Ambassador to Russia,
+carried out a policy of concessions, and he was able to give the royal
+approval to the bills for relieving Irish Dissenters from the
+sacramental test, and also grant some much-needed reforms in the
+franchise.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It must have been during the viceroyalty of Lord Buckinghamshire that
+English statesmen first thought of a legislative union with Ireland,
+for the reforms initiated by the viceroy undoubtedly pointed that way,
+reading their history in view of subsequent events.  The rise of the
+Irish volunteer movement must have convinced the English Government
+that if Ireland was permitted to have its own legislation much longer
+the country would seek to break away from the monarchical union.  Lord
+Buckinghamshire, however, was never informed of the Government's
+intentions.  When he left in 1780, recalled by the Prime Minister, he
+was succeeded by Frederick Howard, fifth Earl of Carlisle, one of the
+commissioners
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P182"></A>182}</SPAN>
+who had failed to conciliate the American rebels a
+few years earlier.  Lord Carlisle was a typical product of his age,
+when to graduate as a statesman one had to be at school or university
+with the reigning minister and have gambled one's way recklessly into
+favour.  Every gentleman was a gambler, and Lord Carlisle was no
+exception to the rule.  Before his sudden desire to shine as a
+politician he ruined himself at the card-tables, generously backing
+Fox's debts of honour, and, of course, paying them.  It was the
+influence of Fox that led to his appointment to Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carlisle, with the easy assurance of a great nobleman whose
+position was secure, took over the government of Ireland in the spirit
+of the dilettante.  The chief secretary, Sir William Eden, afterwards
+Lord Auckland, supervised the more arduous work, while the viceroy and
+his wife&mdash;a daughter of the Marquis of Stafford&mdash;gratified Dublin
+society by patronizing the card-table and the ballroom.  In 1781 the
+present Viceregal Lodge was purchased for the use of the
+Lord-Lieutenant.  Lord Carlisle's common sense, however, was not
+nullified by his native prejudice against Ireland.  He came to Dublin
+prepared to administer laws made in England, but it was not long before
+he had to confess to his masters in London that it was utterly futile
+to attempt to govern Ireland by English-made laws.  This testimony from
+a man whose honour was never doubted had enormous effect in winning for
+the Irish Parliament the famous Declaration of Independence, though it
+would not have been
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P183"></A>183}</SPAN>
+accomplished had not men like Henry Grattan
+and Flood devoted themselves to it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Public opinion in Ireland gave Grattan the full credit for the victory,
+and some enthusiastic patriots brought forward a resolution in the
+Irish House of Commons with the object of securing for Grattan and his
+heirs the viceregal desmesne in Phoenix Park.  This was very properly
+rejected, and nothing more was heard of the matter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Volunteer movement
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The rise of the Irish Volunteer movement during the viceroyalty of Lord
+Buckinghamshire had created a new problem in Irish affairs.  The
+Government in London, not understanding the crisis, magnified the
+Volunteers into a national army preparing to drive the English into the
+sea, and successive viceroys, well aware that the army in Ireland was
+in a disorganized and undisciplined state, regarded the Volunteers with
+a dismay their dignity compelled them to disguise.  For the time being
+Henry Grattan was a greater power than the Lord-Lieutenant, and
+whenever the Irish statesman appeared at the Castle he was received
+with a favour that plainly indicated the respect he had gained in
+official circles.  Grattan represented in his person the new Ireland.
+He was not a patriot in the sense the word is used nowadays; he did not
+fight the battles of all Ireland or advocate principles for the benefit
+of the whole country.  He was the representative of the Anglo-Irish
+class which had risen to place and power by reason of its English
+origin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the Government in London realized that the descendants of the
+English colony and the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P184"></A>184}</SPAN>
+'undertakers' were becoming too powerful
+for their masters, they made a determined effort to cripple them.  Lord
+Townshend's attempt was one of many, but fortunately for themselves the
+Anglo-Irish possessed in Grattan and Flood the two most powerful
+advocates in Parliament.  Edmund Burke, having sought the more
+respectable and more remunerative English Parliament for the display of
+his talents, was driven to express his sympathies with the efforts of
+his fellow-countrymen to secure an unhampered trade for Ireland.  This
+cost him his representation of Bristol, but the man who gave to mankind
+what was meant for Ireland might have done more for his native country
+and not diminished his political reputation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carlisle admired Grattan, who, from a fashionable buck, had
+developed with extraordinary facility into the statesman, and during
+his occupancy of the post the Irish orator led the country.  The solid
+qualities of Flood were obscured by the brilliance of Grattan, and the
+senior Parliamentarian had to give place to his youthful colleague.
+Grattan had the gift of social popularity, which Flood lacked.  In his
+youthful days the famous orator was one of the most noted men about
+town who seemed to overrun Dublin.  He was seen everywhere, and society
+ladies, anxious to shine in amateur theatricals, always came to Grattan
+for advice and specially written prologues.  Dolly Munroe obtained this
+service of him, and when her reign as queen of beauty was over, and a
+new star in Elizabeth la Touche
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P185"></A>185}</SPAN>
+arose to dazzle Dublin, Grattan
+supervised some private theatricals for the fair Elizabeth, and wrote a
+prologue for her to recite before the then viceroy.  Elizabeth
+eventually became Countess of Lanesborough, and remained Grattan's
+friend and supporter throughout her life.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Carlisle's departure
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carlisle was highly esteemed in official and society circles in
+Dublin, and there was genuine regret when, in April, 1782, the state of
+English politics compelled him to place his resignation in the hands of
+the Marquis of Rockingham, the Prime Minister.  The Irish Houses of
+Parliament, in resolutions couched in the most generous language,
+thanked the departing viceroy for his services.  He acknowledged their
+gratitude gracefully, but did not convey his private opinion that the
+sooner the great farce of their posing as an Irish Parliament was ended
+the better it would be for the country.  In later years he spoke
+several times in the House of Lords, advocating the legislative union
+with Ireland, and his opinions must have been genuine, because the idea
+was undoubtedly Pitt's, and we know that Carlisle was bitterly opposed
+to that great statesman on every possible occasion.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carlisle's later life does not belong to the history of Ireland,
+although he lived for twenty-four years after the Union, and always
+took an interest in Irish affairs.  Apart from his viceroyalty, he is
+best known as the guardian of his kinsman, Lord Byron, and the
+dedication of the second edition of 'Hours of Idleness' is only a
+reminder of the subsequent quarrel between the two noblemen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P186"></A>186}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The successor to Carlisle was William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, third
+Duke of Portland.  Born in 1738, he married when he was twenty-eight
+Lady Dorothy Cavendish, a daughter of the fourth Duke of Devonshire,
+adding to his wealth and power by the union.  His appointment to
+Ireland was most momentous for that country, although his term of
+office began in April and ended the following September.  He had no
+great gifts of statesmanship, and owed his political advancement to his
+birth and his friendship with Lord Rockingham, but his few months'
+experience of Ireland imbued him with a passion for Irish affairs and
+an ambition to settle that disturbed country.  Portland, as Home
+Secretary from 1794 to 1801, had to deal with the Irish rebellion of
+1798 and the carrying of the Act of Union.  He worked very hard in both
+instances, but it is only fair to his memory to record the fact that he
+was opposed to the policy of bribery and corruption which terminated
+the existence of the Irish Parliament, and he allowed Castlereagh to do
+the dirty work.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Little is to be said of his brief administration as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  He arrived in Dublin with a large retinue, and opened his
+season in Dublin Castle with a levée followed by a ball, where the
+official classes welcomed him because of his rank and birth.  Dublin
+loved a lord, but was passionately devoted to dukes, and had Portland
+remained in the metropolis he would have been successful, as all
+mediocrities are who possess sufficient good sense to let difficult
+problems solve
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P187"></A>187}</SPAN>
+themselves.  A sudden crisis in England, however,
+recalled Portland from Ireland.  The Marquis of Rockingham had died
+suddenly, and the king had appointed Lord Shelburne to the premiership.
+This annoyed Fox, and he resigned, carrying Lord John Cavendish, the
+brother-in-law of the viceroy, Burke, and Sheridan with him.  When he
+heard of this development, Portland added his resignation, and Lord
+Shelburne, after a gallant attempt to defeat the malcontents, advised
+the king that the only possible solution was the elevation of the Duke
+of Portland to the premiership.  It is an historical fact that when
+great men differ mediocrities come into their kingdoms, and Portland as
+Prime Minister was a figurehead.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Portland period
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is no more fruitful period in the history of the world than that
+bounded by the years 1782 and 1809&mdash;years selected because they mark
+the beginning of Portland's first ministry and the end of his second
+and last term of office&mdash;and yet he cannot be said to have done
+anything personally to enhance his reputation.  He had much of the
+dogged and dignified obstinacy of his class, and he made at least one
+attempt to introduce a code of honour into politics; but it was his
+misfortune to have Castlereagh as a colleague, and that gentleman's
+lack of scruple was too much for his ducal friend.  The 'Cornwallis
+Correspondence' gives a vivid picture of the vacillating nobleman,
+whose feeble attempts to stem the vigorous and unscrupulous polity of
+Lord Castlereagh might be humorous if they had not done so much harm.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap12"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P188"></A>188}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The resignation of the Duke of Portland enabled Lord Shelburne to
+appoint his friend, Earl Temple, to the viceroyalty.  This was the
+premier's challenge to Fox and his followers, and was taken as evidence
+that he meant to do without their aid.  Temple, although well aware
+that his reign must be almost as short as his predecessor's, came to
+Dublin, and did his best to gain the support of the official party for
+the tottering ministry.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-188"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-188.jpg" ALT="Banquet given in Dublin Castle by Earl Temple to celebrate his installation as Knight of St. Patrick" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Banquet given in Dublin Castle by Earl Temple to celebrate his installation as Knight of St. Patrick
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Within a few months several Bills of importance were carried both in
+the English and the Irish Parliaments, and as a sop for the nobility
+the Order of St. Patrick was founded in the early months of 1783, the
+viceroy installing himself as grand master.  Previous to this Lord
+Shelburne had been compelled to resign, and Temple's resignation
+followed as a matter of course, but he waited for the arrival of his
+successor, Lord Northington, who was selected only after several
+noblemen had rejected the overtures of the Coalition Ministry of the
+Duke of Portland.  Temple, created Marquis of Buckingham in 1784,
+consistently opposed the Government, and he had his reward in 1787,
+when he returned to Ireland
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P189"></A>189}</SPAN>
+on the sudden death of the viceroy,
+Charles Manners, Duke of Rutland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Volunteer Convention
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile Lord Northington's brief tenure of office was not without
+incident.  He discovered more about Irish affairs in less than twelve
+months in Dublin than he had learned in ten years in England.  A great
+Volunteer convention in the vicinity of the Castle augured a disturbing
+time, but it passed off quietly enough, and the viceroy set about
+advising his friend and political patron, Fox, of the real condition of
+the country.  Fox was for a display of force; Northington, with the
+superior knowledge of the man on the spot, and able to gauge the temper
+of the Irish race, strongly urged a policy of conciliation.  More than
+once he complained to Fox that the evils of absentee officialism were
+endangering the position of the Government in Ireland; and, unable to
+cope with this scandal because he had the whole of the official and
+governing classes against him, he turned to the more congenial task of
+encouraging Irish industries.  Out of his own resources he helped in
+the promotion and development of the flax and tobacco trades, then in a
+very feeble state.  Parliament, anxious to show its friendliness
+towards Northington, increased his salary from £16,000 to £20,000 a
+year, but he never benefited by the change&mdash;even if he desired to&mdash;for
+the Coalition Ministry, defeated by the intrigues of the court party,
+went out of office in the early part of 1784, and the Duke of Rutland,
+a popular and wealthy nobleman, was selected to succeed him at Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P190"></A>190}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was at first proposed to send Temple, now Marquis of Buckingham,
+back again, but the king had need of his services, and the appointment
+was delayed for some three years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Duke of Rutland
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Rutland was a close personal friend of the triumphant Pitt, and
+although only thirty years of age in 1784, was entrusted by his friend
+with the momentous secret that the Home Government had in contemplation
+the union of the two Parliaments.  Rutland's first move in Dublin was
+to sound carefully the leading officials and noblemen.  To his
+astonishment he found the most determined opposition everywhere.
+Nobody would listen to the proposal, and the viceroy was compelled to
+laugh the idea away, pretending that it was but an idle fancy of his
+own, and quite unimportant.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is not to be wondered at that Dublin should be unanimous against the
+proposal.  Its very existence depended upon the official classes.
+Seventy-five per cent. of the well-to-do drew their incomes from Dublin
+Castle; while the trades-people were for obvious reasons panic-stricken
+whenever it was rumoured that the Parliament should be transferred to
+London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Rutland thereupon sought distraction in such pleasures as the capital
+afforded, and his wife seconded him.  Both were young and in possession
+of more than viceregal wealth, and they cut the road to popularity
+short by a lavish expenditure.  The leading noblemen built themselves
+mansions, and the wealthy bourgeois followed suit.  Stephen's Green was
+the favourite residential quarter, but Merrion Square threatened
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P191"></A>191}</SPAN>
+to rival it.  Architects, artists, and builders from England and the
+Continent crowded Dublin, some of them to found families not without
+renown in Irish annals, if bearing patronymics more suggestive of sunny
+Italy or France than their adopted country.  The professional classes
+were rapidly rising in social status, and although the rule that
+prohibited the recognition of lawyers' and doctors' wives by the
+Lord-Lieutenant and his consort were still in force, barristers and
+medical men sometimes gained admission to unofficial festivities at the
+Castle.  The large garrison contributed its quota of officers to Dublin
+society, which at that time and for many years after the union
+represented all Ireland.  The Duke and Duchess of Rutland cultivated
+society in a manner that gained them immense personal popularity.  They
+led the fashions in the drawing-rooms and in the clubs, and the duke,
+who dearly loved a good dinner, created a record for dining out never
+equalled by any subsequent viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Tired at last of the rollicking pleasures of the capital, the viceroy
+decided to seek relaxation in a tour of Ireland.  He was strongly
+advised by his council not to undertake the journey, but he was anxious
+to witness for himself the feudal state some of the nobility maintained
+in their country castles, and he carried out his resolve.  Accompanied
+by the duchess, he journeyed from place to place, staying whenever
+possible at the residences of well-disposed noblemen.  To mark their
+appreciation of his visit, the latter spent thousands of pounds
+entertaining the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P192"></A>192}</SPAN>
+viceroy and his wife, and the chroniclers of the
+day dwell with awe on the vast amount of food consumed by the viceregal
+pair throughout their tour.  He must have undermined his constitution
+during his Irish travels, for on his return to Dublin he was almost
+immediately in the thrall of a fever, and, not being strong enough to
+resist it, expired suddenly at his residence in the Phoenix Park on
+October 24, 1787.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-192"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-192.jpg" ALT="Duke of Rutland" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Duke of Rutland
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Grattan and Dublin Castle
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To the intense annoyance of the Grattan party the Marquis of
+Buckingham, who as Earl Temple had been viceroy in 1782, came over in
+December as the result of the king's influence.  The question of the
+regency during George III.'s illness was acute in Dublin as in London,
+and the Irish Houses of Parliament, true to its reputation, rushed in
+with a resolution requesting the Prince of Wales to assume the regency.
+This motion the viceroy angrily declined to communicate to the
+Government or the prince, and Parliament thereupon censured him in
+explicit language.  The sudden recovery of the king was a triumph for
+Buckingham's policy, and he dismissed his principal opponents in Dublin
+from office, utilizing the public funds to gain fresh adherents for his
+Government.  This action caused Grattan to enter an eloquent protest
+against the 'expensive genius' of the Marquis of Buckingham.  In vain
+did the viceroy attempt to undermine the position Grattan held.  The
+most popular Irishman of his time could set the viceroy and his
+satellites at defiance, and all the money that could be filched from
+the Irish treasury was insufficient to bring
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P193"></A>193}</SPAN>
+about the downfall
+of the great orator.  Grattan was not received at Dublin Castle during
+Buckingham's viceroyalty, but from his place in Parliament he could
+thunder at the Lord-Lieutenant and even frighten the ministry in London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Walpole's 'Journals of George III.'s Reign' there is an unflattering
+description of Buckingham, which depicts him as a liar and a thief, and
+more successful as the latter than the former.  Proud and stubborn as
+he was, Buckingham was compelled to give way, and in September, 1789,
+to the great joy of the country, he announced his resignation.  He left
+immediately, and dropped out of political life.  During a debate on the
+Irish situation in 1799 he followed the Earl of Carlisle&mdash;another
+ex-viceroy&mdash;with a speech advocating the union with Ireland.  This was
+a year after he had served in the rebellion of '98, commanding a
+regiment of Buckinghamshire militia in the country of which he never
+spoke without exhausting his powers of invective.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The task of naming the new viceroy fell to William Pitt, and, after
+considering the matter in conjunction with his own policy, he
+remembered his old fellow-student at Cambridge, John Fane, now tenth
+Earl of Westmoreland.  The post was offered to and accepted by the
+earl, and in January, 1790, he was nominated Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Eight years previously he had startled and scandalized
+society by making a runaway marriage with the daughter of Child, the
+banker, and reputed to be the wealthiest heiress in the country.
+Westmoreland was a soldier and not
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P194"></A>194}</SPAN>
+a statesman, but he gladly
+accepted Pitt's offer, and, disdainful of the growing power of the new
+Irish party, sought to govern the country from the point of view of the
+rough and courageous soldier.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-194"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-194.jpg" ALT="Earl of Westmoreland" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Westmoreland
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Irish Volunteer movement&mdash;a Protestant organization&mdash;had gained
+independence for the Irish Parliament, and, incidentally, compelled
+England to grant certain measures of relief to the Catholics because,
+with the Protestant community opposed to English misrule, it was
+necessary for the predominant partner to curry favour with the
+Catholics.  Grattan, John Keogh, and other leaders, demanded complete
+Catholic emancipation, and the more sober-minded amongst the
+Protestants had come to realize that Ireland could not progress until
+the Catholics were freed from the obnoxious penal laws even then in
+existence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first law of nature had compelled the rival religionists to join
+forces, so that when Lord Westmoreland arrived in Ireland he was faced
+with the problem of dealing with a strong and united Irish party.  Some
+years previously the Catholic Committee had been formed, and now, with
+Lord Kenmare and John Keogh controlling it, the organization was the
+most powerful in the country, with the notable exception of the Irish
+Volunteers.  Keogh was a remarkable man in every way.  A wealthy Dublin
+tradesman, he retired from business in order to fight the battle of
+Catholic Emancipation, and, although handicapped by internecine strife,
+succeeded in gaining
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P195"></A>195}</SPAN>
+the control of the Catholic Committee and
+directing its policy.  The viceroy contributed to Keogh's triumph by
+contemptuously returning an address of welcome from the Catholic
+Committee because it contained a hope that further relief would be
+granted to Catholics.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Irish Volunteers revived
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This act, which exasperated the moderate men, convinced the majority of
+the Committee that Keogh's aggressive policy was the only one worth
+adopting.  Parliament had been declared independent of its English
+prototype, but everybody knew that it was wholly subject to the
+bureaucrats who reigned in Dublin Castle.  Simultaneously with the rise
+to prominence of John Keogh came the revivification of the Volunteers.
+Since their great victory of 1782 they had been allowed to degenerate
+and dwindle, but the success of the French Revolution was not without
+its influence on Irish affairs, and the years between 1789 and 1792
+witnessed a revival on national lines.  Froude wrote eloquently of a
+Belfast Volunteer Review in 1791.  'The ceremonial commenced with a
+procession.  The Volunteer companies, refilled to their old numbers,
+marched past with banners and music.  A battery of cannon followed, and
+behind the cannon a portrait of Mirabeau.  Then a gigantic triumphal
+car, bearing a broad sheet of canvas, on which was painted the opening
+of the Bastille dungeons.  In the foreground was the wasted figure of
+the prisoner who had been confined there thirty years.  In the near
+distance the doors of the cells flung back, disclosing the skeletons of
+dead victims or living wretches writhing in chains
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P196"></A>196}</SPAN>
+and torture.
+On the reverse of the canvas Hibernia was seen reclining, one hand and
+one foot in shackles, and a Volunteer artilleryman holding before her
+eyes the radiant image of Liberty....  In the evening three hundred and
+fifty patriots sat down to dinner in the Linen Hall.  They drank to the
+King of Ireland.  They drank to Washington, the ornament of mankind.
+They drank to Grattan, Molyneux, Franklin, and Mirabeau&mdash;these last two
+amidst applause that threatened to shake the building to the ground.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Struggle for Catholic relief
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The proposed co-operation of the Catholic Committee with the
+Volunteers, the latter being a Presbyterian organization, alarmed the
+viceroy and the ministers in London.  Westmoreland was advised to
+prevent the amalgamation of the forces by concessions to Catholics, and
+eventually a measure, granting everything save the franchise to
+Catholics, was passed by the Irish Parliament.  The Castle influence,
+however, was too strong for John Keogh to win the vote for his
+followers, but it was something to gain for his fellow-religionists
+admission to the magistracy, to the rank of King's Counsel, and to
+become solicitors and to open schools without the permission of the
+Protestant bishop.  Beyond that the Government would not go.  But the
+great Catholic Convention in 1792 won the vote for the majority,
+although Westmoreland and his secretary, Hobart, wrote imploring Pitt
+and Dundas not to give way to the importunities of the five
+Commissioners sent by the Catholic Convention to demand the franchise
+from the king.  The Commissioners convinced the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P197"></A>197}</SPAN>
+ministry that if
+their mission failed English rule in Ireland would be at an end, and
+the Lord-Lieutenant's advice was ignored.  In February, 1793, the Chief
+Secretary moved in Parliament the first reading of a Bill admitting
+Catholics to the parliamentary franchise, to the magistracy, to the
+grand jury, to the municipal corporations, to Dublin University, and to
+several civil and military offices.  But an amendment proposing the
+admission of Catholics to Parliament was defeated by 136 to 69 votes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Westmoreland was personally a fanatical opponent of Roman
+Catholicism, and the weakness of Pitt, as he termed it, made his
+position in Dublin unbearable.  He would have resigned in 1792 but for
+a certain vanity that made him unwilling to admit defeat.  Besides, he
+was ever hoping that the natural passion for schism which permeates
+every Irish politician would dissever the alliance of the Presbyterians
+with the Catholic Committee.  In the North, while the Belfast
+Volunteers were welcoming with open arms the leaders of the Catholic
+movement, and making fervid speeches about liberty of conscience, two
+organizations in adjacent villages were 'cutting one another's throats
+for the love of God.'  The 'Defenders' was the name given to the Roman
+Catholic band, while the Presbyterians, or Orangemen, called themselves
+'Peep-o'-Day Boys.'  In September, 1795, when Camden was viceroy, the
+two factions came into conflict at a village called the 'Diamond,' and
+the battle that followed takes its name from the scene of the contest.
+Forty-eight Defenders were
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P198"></A>198}</SPAN>
+killed, and to commemorate the victory
+the first Orange lodge was founded.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Westmoreland knew that there could be no genuine alliance between the
+Catholics and the Protestants, and so he clung to office; but Pitt,
+alarmed by the state of Europe and the isolation of England, was for
+favouring the Catholics, and the viceroy, as one utterly at variance
+with the Home Government, resigned.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Westmoreland's term was purely a political one.  He came to
+Ireland at a most critical period in its history, and, although little
+more than thirty years of age, he showed a courage worthy of a man with
+better ideals.  He was not without his good qualities, and the Castle
+bureaucrats found in him a stanch friend.  He entertained lavishly, but
+the death of Lady Westmoreland towards the close of 1793 abruptly ended
+the gaieties of the Castle.  He lived until 1841, and held the post of
+Lord Privy Seal from 1798 to 1827&mdash;a period covering nearly thirty
+years and without precedent or example in the history of politics.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is interesting to recall that one of Lord Westmoreland's staff in
+Dublin during the early years of his viceroyalty was a young officer
+named Arthur Wellesley.  While attending a ball at the Castle he made
+the acquaintance of a girl of great beauty, Miss Catherine Pakenham, a
+daughter of Lord Longford.  They became engaged almost immediately, but
+Wellesley's family opposed the match, his mother, a haughty and severe
+woman, being very prominent in the matter.  The future Iron Duke,
+however, maintained the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P199"></A>199}</SPAN>
+engagement, and when he was in India he
+kept up a regular correspondence with his fiancée.  During his absence
+she was attacked by smallpox, and wrote to Wellesley releasing him, but
+he refused to do so, and on April 10, 1806, they were married in the
+church of St. George, Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A sensational viceroyalty
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The removal of Westmoreland, the friend of the Protestant minority, was
+followed by the brief but sensational viceroyalty of the second Earl
+Fitzwilliam.  Pitt's avowed policy was to win the sympathies of the
+majority, and Lord Fitzwilliam was considered the best man to give
+effect to the policy of the Government.  He was gazetted, therefore, to
+Ireland in December, 1794, and a month later appeared in Dublin.  His
+wife was a daughter of the Earl of Bessborough, and both were very
+popular in Court circles.  Possessed of great wealth, it was thought
+that Fitzwilliam would be the less independent of the support of the
+Castle bureaucracy, which was fighting with venom the battle for its
+existence.  No sooner was Fitzwilliam in Dublin than he received
+instructions to continue Westmoreland's policy.  But he had started the
+work of reform before these reached him.  One morning Beresford, who
+had married Barbara Montgomery, a sister of Lady Townshend, was
+dismissed from his post of Commissioner of the Customs; Toler,
+Attorney-General&mdash;afterwards the notorious Lord Norbury&mdash;Wolfe, the
+Solicitor-General, and Cooke, the Military Secretary, also received
+notice that their services were no longer required.  The Castle people
+were panic-stricken; their occupations seemed to be
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P200"></A>200}</SPAN>
+gone, but
+even Fitzwilliam, with all the prestige of great birth and wealth,
+could not overwhelm the bureaucracy.  Beresford appealed to Pitt and
+the king, and within a few days the dismissed officers were all
+reinstated.  This was too much for the viceroy, and on March 25, 1795,
+he left Ireland, to the accompaniment of a demonstration of mourning
+absolutely unique in the history of the country.  Dublin proclaimed it
+a day of humiliation; all the shops were closed, and the citizens lined
+the streets.  Grattan gave voice to the general regret, and fiercely
+denounced the treachery of Pitt, who had assured him that Lord
+Fitzwilliam was to adopt an essentially Catholic policy.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-200"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-200.jpg" ALT="Earl Fitzwilliam" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl Fitzwilliam
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In the circumstances the strongest of men might have hesitated before
+undertaking the ominous task of carrying on the Government.
+Unfortunately, there was a total ignorance of Ireland and its affairs
+amongst the English nobility, and when Lord Camden was offered the post
+he accepted it without demur, and confidently travelled to the Irish
+metropolis.  Ireland knew nothing of the viceroy, and certainly the
+latter knew even less of the country he was called upon to rule.  He
+was thirty-six years of age, but possessed all the pompous prejudices
+of a man twice his age.  On his coming of age he had been appointed
+Teller of the Exchequer, and held it for sixty years&mdash;1780 to
+1840&mdash;though after drawing about three-quarters of a million sterling
+from the Treasury, he 'patriotically' consented in 1812 to forego the
+income of the office.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap13"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P201"></A>201}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XIII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The new viceroy was received in sullen silence on the day of his
+arrival in Dublin, but when Lord Clare, the Chancellor, was returning
+after swearing in the Lord-Lieutenant, he was attacked by a frenzied
+mob which sought to lynch him on the lamp-post outside his own house.
+Beresford had taken the precaution to fill the approaches to the
+Custom-house with soldiers, and so escaped, but the residences of all
+the principal loyalists in Dublin were stoned, and for several days mob
+law was supreme.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Camden, however, determined to show that he was uninfluenced by
+intimidation.  He was not a courageous person, but he knew that the
+English garrison was strong and that there could be no treachery within
+Dublin Castle, where everybody had been bought body and soul by the
+Government.  Pitt had advised him to adopt a strong anti-Catholic
+policy, and he carried out his instructions only too well.  It is
+significant of the attitude and position of the Catholic priesthood
+that the viceroy could be anti-Catholic and yet in a position to lay
+the foundation-stone of Maynooth College.  This was an open bribe to
+the clergy, and an intimation of favours to come if the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P202"></A>202}</SPAN>
+priesthood supported the policy of Pitt and the viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Castlereagh and the Duke of Portland&mdash;the latter as Home Secretary
+having charge of Irish affairs&mdash;had almost carried into execution their
+plan of endowing the Roman Catholic Church with English money, and
+thereby securing its allegiance and support for ever; but even the
+audacious Castlereagh hesitated for fear of the English Established
+Church, and it was decided to substitute Maynooth and an endowment for
+the original plan.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Camden's aggressiveness was matched by the determination of his
+opponents.  The United Irishmen threw over their policy of 'peaceful
+persuasion,' and inspired by Wolfe Tone, became a rebellious
+organization.  Tone went to America, and from there to France.  The
+result was the abortive expedition under Hoche and Grouchy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The United Irishmen
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Camden was not idle.  He quickly discovered that there are always
+plenty of traitors in Ireland, and he bought them up by the score.  The
+news of Lord Edward Fitzgerald's adherence to the rebel cause was
+disconcerting, but Fitzgerald had friends, and these the viceroy
+purchased.  A similar policy was adopted in the case of every one of
+the rebel leaders, and every hero had his bodyguard of traitors.  The
+Government had merely to wait for the right moment to strike a decisive
+blow.  Castle money was never more plentiful than in the two years
+preceding the egregious rebellion of '98.  Many patriots who screamed
+for independence lost their voices at
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P203"></A>203}</SPAN>
+the first sight of
+viceregal gold; the old bucks, penniless as the result of their early
+follies, found in the profession of traitor an easy escape from the
+demon Work; briefless barristers, and even successful ones, were drawn
+into the Castle circle until the viceroy could say with reason that he
+had bought practically every man of position or influence in the
+country.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Despite this, however, Camden felt alarmed at the progress the rebel
+cause was making.  It was no longer a purely Catholic movement, and the
+knowledge that wealthy Protestant merchants were joining the United
+Irishmen convinced the Viceroy that, although he could arrest the
+leaders whenever he wished, yet there would be an army of rebels left
+which might prove difficult to overcome.  Lady Camden urged him to
+resign, and save the lives of their children and themselves.  She and
+her family existed in a state of siege; there was little entertaining,
+for no man trusted his neighbour, and in every street beggar the
+Government saw an embryo assassin.  Camden, with the disturbing
+conscience of the self-confessed coward, was compelled to act the
+bully.  He would not go in the guise of a frightened and defeated
+viceroy.  Then someone suggested that as the country was under arms it
+would be better if the viceroy happened to be a soldier.  Camden seized
+upon this pretext, and wrote to London offering to resign in favour of
+Lord Cornwallis, who, as one who had been Governor-General of India and
+Commander-in-Chief of the troops, was the most experienced man for the
+post.  Cornwallis
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P204"></A>204}</SPAN>
+was not inclined to come to Ireland, though as
+a soldier he intimated to the Government that he was bound to obey any
+orders given him in that capacity.  Camden, therefore, remained on, and
+the long-expected rebellion broke out.  But the viceroy was not
+unprepared, and before the day arrived for the great blow to be struck
+by a united and concerted action of the rebels every one of the leaders
+was in gaol and scores of traitors were holding out their hands for
+payment.  News of the successes in the field of the leaderless rebels
+created a panic, and Camden increased it by despatching his wife and
+children to England.  The Orangemen demonstrated feebly, but they
+formed a small minority, and, although they had been very prominent
+since the rejection of the Catholic Bill in 1795, they were of no
+importance or use in the crisis.  Camden implored Pitt to send more
+troops, or Ireland would be lost for ever.  The English statesman
+replied that there were eighty thousand men in the country already, and
+gave him Sir Ralph Abercromby to command them.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-204"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-204.jpg" ALT="Marquis Camden" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Marquis Camden
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Abercromby resigned in disgust, and General Lake was sent to replace
+him, and to this officer fell the task of dealing with the straggling
+bodies of rebels who were maintaining a 'sort of rebellion.'  Shortly
+after the arrest of the rebel leaders Camden had made way for Lord
+Cornwallis, and returned home.  The ex-viceroy was consulted by
+Portland, who had disapproved of his policy, and Camden declared that
+the only solution of the problem was the union of the two Parliaments.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P205"></A>205}</SPAN>
+While Ireland had a Parliament of its own&mdash;however
+unrepresentative&mdash;it would crave for its natural corollary, a native
+Government.  But even a Camden could learn by experience, and in 1829
+he voted in favour of Catholic Emancipation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Marquis Cornwallis
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was admitted in London that the rebellion of '98 was at an end, so
+far as its effectiveness was concerned, before Camden resigned, and the
+appointment of Lord Cornwallis was inspired by Pitt's dread that the
+shortly-to-be-introduced Act of Union would lead to further trouble.
+Cornwallis was a soldier and a statesman.  He was sixty years of age,
+and had led a very full life in India, America, and England.  One of
+the few far-seeing persons who had declaimed against the unjust
+taxation which lost the States of America, he nevertheless obeyed the
+call of duty, and fought in the War of Independence.  His surrender at
+Yorktown marked the beginning of the independence of the American
+Colonies.  His greatest and most prosperous years were spent in India,
+and it was as the successful Indian administrator and soldier that he
+was despatched to Ireland to prepare the country for Pitt's proposals.
+He found that there was plenty of work left over from the Camden era,
+and his first six months consisted of hangings and murders.  With a
+courage worthy of a better cause the peasantry were fighting the
+Imperial troops, but there could be only one end to such an unequal
+contest, and the soldiery enjoyed themselves after their kind.  The
+Dublin executive was busily employed reaping the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P206"></A>206}</SPAN>
+first-fruits of
+Camden's bribery; Lord Edward Fitzgerald was captured, the last of the
+'98 leaders.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of Ireland must have a strong influence on men's hearts,
+for nobody can speak or write of it without exhibiting the feelings of
+the partisan.  The unstudied inaccuracies of the phlegmatic Froude show
+that historian to be capable of emotion when dealing with Irish
+affairs.  Froude had no sense of humour, and, therefore, no sense of
+proportion, and his detestation of the Celtic temperament caused his
+prejudices to run riot in his pages on Ireland.  On the other side are
+the painfully sincere patriots whose efforts to divide humanity into
+sheep and goats wrong both parties.  Perhaps one of these days it will
+be agreed that any event more than fifty years old shall be considered
+outside party politics.  As it is, the rebellion of '98 is a subject
+strong enough to-day to arouse as much passion as the latest proposal
+of a vote-bidding Government, Conservative or Liberal.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It would be as easy as it is tempting to dwell upon the doings of the
+year 1798, but the 'rebellion' has its own historians.  One example of
+Castle methods must be given.  Among the lawyers who enjoyed a more or
+less fashionable practice was a man named McNally.  He was friendly
+with the leading patriots and also with the Government, and he approved
+in a purely intellectual manner of the rebellion.  When, therefore, a
+batch of important rebels were in need of a barrister to defend them,
+they sent for McNally, and as their counsel he was told everything,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P207"></A>207}</SPAN>
+including certain information which the wily lawyer knew would be
+of immense value to the Government.  This was his opportunity, and he
+never hesitated.  To the Castle he went, and sold his clients for a
+life-pension of £300 a year.  But this was a venial sin compared with
+some others which could be cited.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Act of Union introduced
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The surrender of General Humbert to Cornwallis marked the termination
+of the rebellion, and, in the opinion of Pitt and Portland, the Home
+Secretary, the most favourable time had arrived for the introduction of
+the Act of Union.  In November, 1798, the duke sent to Cornwallis the
+first articles of the Bill.  These were introduced into the House of
+Commons in Dublin in the certain hope that they would be accepted.  To
+the astonishment and dismay of the executive, the Bill was rejected by
+107 votes to 105.  Castlereagh was furious; Cornwallis indifferent.
+Both men advised Catholic Emancipation as the price for Parliamentary
+surrender, but the Government was averse to placing the majority in
+power.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was resolved to return to the old methods, the methods that had
+always proved effective when dealing with the Irish aristocracy and
+ruling class.  Castlereagh was given a free hand, and places, pelf, and
+peerages were promised with reckless lavishness.  There was a rush to
+be first in the field of favours, but Castlereagh was so ready to
+promise anything that the bribed became suspicious.  The English
+Government in Ireland had a reputation for treachery that was not
+undeserved, and the place and peerage seekers went
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P208"></A>208}</SPAN>
+to Cornwallis
+to seek endorsement of Castlereagh's offers.  The viceroy gave his
+personal guarantee that they would be fulfilled, and, satisfied with
+this, the ready-made majority went to the Commons, and with a force
+numbering one hundred and fifty-three persons overwhelmed the
+opposition of eighty-eight.  Many of the latter had refused heavy
+bribes; as many had endangered their political lives.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Union accomplished, the Duke of Portland endeavoured to postpone,
+with an ultimate view to cancellation, the bestowal of the promised
+peerages and the payment of the monetary bribes, and only the
+threatened resignation of Cornwallis brought about the fulfilment of
+the Government's side of the bargain.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Society after the Union
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new nobility were received with derision in England and Ireland,
+and the wits of the day satirized them unmercifully.  There is a story
+told of John Philpot Curran, who had gained the admiration of the
+patriotic party by his fearless advocacy of the '98 rebels in the law
+courts.  The famous wit was accosted by one of the new peers outside
+the defunct Irish Parliament in College Green with the query as to the
+intention of the Government with regard to the empty building, adding,
+'For my part, I hate even the sight of it.'  'I do not wonder,'
+retorted Curran, 'I never yet heard of a murderer who was not afraid of
+a ghost.'  Curran had been a bitter opponent of the Union, and had
+proved himself incorruptible.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whatever its political effect, the closing of the Irish Parliament was
+a blow to the prestige of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P209"></A>209}</SPAN>
+Dublin as the metropolis.  The
+viceroyalty remained, but it was shorn of some of its glory.  With the
+death of the Irish House of Commons and the admittance of Irish peers
+to the English House of Lords, there was no longer any need for the
+native nobility to maintain expensive houses in Dublin.  London became
+their centre, and they made their country houses their headquarters
+while in Ireland.  Gradually the social power fell into the hands of
+the professional classes and the higher-grade civil servants; doctors,
+lawyers, officers in the army, and others of the professions dominated
+Dublin society.  The viceroy's court saw less of the aristocracy, and
+the levées degenerated into a meeting-place for those of doubtful
+pedigrees or persons anxious to make new ones.  Merrion Square and St.
+Stephen's Green attracted wealthy barristers and doctors, and
+prosperous tradespeople moved from the 'other side of the bridge' to
+the desirable regions surrounding Merrion Square.  Knighthoods and
+baronetcies were given to doctors and lawyers, and the wives of the men
+who could not have been 'received' at the viceregal court previous to
+the union were now the leaders of fashion and frequenters of the Castle
+and the Lodge.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The energetic viceroy meanwhile pressed for Catholic emancipation,
+which he declared would save Ireland from self-destruction.  The state
+of the country was pitiable, and Dublin looked all the more wretched
+and squalid by reason of its patches of gaiety and wealth.  Trade was
+stagnant and education at a standstill.  Almost every viceroy
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P210"></A>210}</SPAN>
+had
+to contribute to funds for starving peasantry.  Cornwallis was not
+deceived by the carelessness of his immediate circle.  He protested
+again and again against the laxity of the Government, and called aloud
+for the emancipation of the Catholics.  He was informed that the
+Government dared not bring in such a Bill, for it would be thrown out
+instantly, and when they wished to commit political suicide the
+ministers would follow the viceroy's advice.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-210"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-210.jpg" ALT="Marquis Cornwallis" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Marquis Cornwallis
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Tired and disgusted, Cornwallis resigned in February, 1801, and in May
+took his departure.  In 1805 he died in India, two years after he had,
+as the English plenipotentiary, signed the disastrous Treaty of Amiens.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord and Lady Hardwicke
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Pitt having been replaced by Addington, the new premier sent Lord
+Hardwicke to Dublin.  The earl was the eldest son of Lord Chancellor
+Yorke, and being of a genial and easy-going disposition, it was thought
+that he would eradicate, with the assistance of his wife, the
+ill-feeling caused by the union.  Lady Hardwicke certainly did her
+best, and cultivated every class of Dublin society.  The Castle for the
+time being lost its sinister political reputation, and for five years
+it remained the centre of the social life of the city.  There was much
+beauty and talent in Dublin, and the name of Irishman had gained
+something by the exploits of the sons of the late Earl of Mornington.
+Burke and Goldsmith had passed away, but Sheridan, Grattan, Curran,
+Keogh, and many others remained.  The Lord-Lieutenant dearly loved a
+good story and a good dinner, and he
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P211"></A>211}</SPAN>
+surrounded himself with all
+the leading wits of the day.  The personality of John Philpot Curran
+dominated the Irish bar, and his refusal to defend Robert Emmet
+scarcely affected his popularity with the patriotic party.  The attempt
+on the part of Emmet to start a new rebellion failed miserably, and did
+not disturb the equanimity of Hardwicke.  He continued his policy of
+doing nothing and doing it well.  The viceregal etiquette that had
+prevailed for hundreds of years was relaxed somewhat, and Dublin began
+to realize that the reign of the official gang was nearly finished.
+Hitherto Castle functions had been for the few; now they were for the
+many.  The personal charm of Lady Hardwicke lessened the difficulties
+of the viceroyalty, and when, in May, 1804, it was announced that Lord
+Powis was to replace Hardwicke, there was great regret in Dublin.
+Fortunately, Powis would not come to Ireland, and the viceroy and his
+wife remained until the early part of 1806, when John Russell, sixth
+Duke of Bedford, was sent to govern the country under the auspices of
+the Ministry of All the Talents.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The duke was no politician, and fourteen years in the House of Commons
+had given him a profound dislike for public life.  It was only at the
+earnest solicitation of the Prime Minister, Grenville, that he accepted
+the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and when the Duke of Portland began his
+second ministry Bedford gladly vacated Dublin Castle.  It was an
+undistinguished year in Irish affairs, but it is worth noting that
+amongst the duke's family at the time was a boy of fourteen,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P212"></A>212}</SPAN>
+who,
+as Lord John Russell, had in later years a great deal to do with Irish
+affairs.  He was at the head of the Government when the Irish famine of
+1847-48 ravaged the country, and it was to Russell that Gladstone owed
+his first acquaintance with Irish life.  He never had a very flattering
+opinion of the viceroyalty, regarding it as a useless encumbrance now
+that the country was controlled from London, and more than once he
+pressed upon his Cabinet colleagues a proposal for its abolition and
+the substitution for it of a Secretary of State for Ireland, ranking
+with the Home Secretary and conducting all Irish business.  His father
+retired into private life after leaving Dublin, and earned the
+gratitude of subsequent holders of the dukedom by building Covent
+Garden at a cost of £40,000 and otherwise improving the great Russell
+estates.  Agriculture also owes a great deal to the sixth Duke of
+Bedford, who was one of the first to cultivate the subject
+scientifically, and for many years of his life he was Vice-President of
+the Agricultural Society, which he helped to found and guide into
+prosperity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Although Catholic Emancipation was very much to the fore now, and the
+speeches of Catholic orators were embarrassing the Government, it was
+not considered essential that the Lord-Lieutenant should be something
+more than a man of fashion.  Dukes were plentiful, and to succeed
+Bedford, another one in the person of Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of
+Richmond and Lennox, was chosen.  The Duke of Richmond was forty-three
+years of age, and had gained the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P213"></A>213}</SPAN>
+reputation of a sportsman.  He
+was a keen cricketer and a patron of the 'noble art' of boxing.  In his
+early years he had distinguished himself in a duel with the Duke of
+York, and altogether was a typical man of the world, to whom the world
+was very kind.  He was assured that the Government of Ireland was a
+simple matter&mdash;no work to do and plenty of opportunities for
+cultivating those social arts so dear to him and to his duchess, who
+was a sister of the outgoing viceroy's wife, the Duchess of Bedford.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Colonel Arthur Wellesley
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Richmond was given as his chief secretary Colonel Arthur Wellesley, a
+man who would perform any work there was to do.  In the circumstances
+the duke and duchess crossed over and inaugurated their reign with a
+brilliant ball which foreshadowed a very gay time for the metropolis.
+The viceroy was not interested in Catholic Emancipation or in any of
+the subjects that intimately concerned the country he was supposed to
+govern, but, to his great annoyance, Colonel Wellesley, in his anxiety
+to obtain further military service, neglected Ireland, and spent much
+of his time in London interviewing responsible ministers.  Richmond
+complained of his chief secretary's neglect, but Wellesley excused
+himself by pointing out that his civil appointment had been accepted on
+the understanding that he was at liberty to vacate it whenever there
+was a prospect of service in the field.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wellesley was nominally chief secretary for two years, and he did some
+good work during that time, but his sojourn in Ireland is merely an
+episode
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P214"></A>214}</SPAN>
+in a splendid life.  Richmond's other famous secretary
+was Sir Robert Peel, who practised the arts of the statesman at
+twenty-four as chief secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Despite Wellesley's neglect of his Dublin duties he became a warm
+friend of the viceroy and his wife.  It will be remembered that it was
+the Duchess of Richmond who gave the celebrated ball at Brussels on the
+historic night that preceded Quatre Bras.  At the Battle of Waterloo
+the duke was one of the suite in attendance on the Duke of Wellington.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-214"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-214.jpg" ALT="Duke of Richmond and Lennox" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Duke of Richmond and Lennox
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Richmond was bitterly attacked by the Catholic party, and a
+libel action against the editor of the <I>Dublin Evening Post</I> in 1813
+provided Daniel O'Connell with his first great opportunity for a public
+display of his oratory.  McGee, the editor in question, had published a
+daring article on the Lord-Lieutenant in which it was declared 'that he
+was not the superior of the worst of his predecessors&mdash;the profligate
+and unprincipled Westmoreland, the cold-hearted and cruel Camden, and
+artful and treacherous Cornwallis.  They all insulted, they oppressed,
+they murdered, and they deceived.'  The reference to murder was held
+sufficient to justify the Government in arresting McGee on the charge
+of having accused the Duke of Richmond with that crime.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+O'Connell and the Duke
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Daniel O'Connell took up the case for the imprisoned editor when no
+other member of the bar dare run the risk of offending the viceregal
+court.  The result was a foregone conclusion, and McGee was considered
+lucky to get off with two
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P215"></A>215}</SPAN>
+years' imprisonment and a fine of £500,
+but the case was rescued from obscurity by the accused's advocate's
+introduction of the ultra-political speech for the defence.  In those
+days they allowed a degree of irrelevancy in counsels' speeches that
+would not be tolerated for a moment in the twentieth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The duke did not go out of office until 1813.  The position of
+representative of the king had its advantages, and the almost regal
+state he maintained in Dublin soothed his vanity, and was,
+incidentally, good for the trade of the city.  The duchess loved power
+even more than her husband did, and the exploits of the late chief
+secretary, now well on his way to a dukedom, were her principal topic
+of conversation.  In Dublin she could lead, whereas in London she had
+to follow, and in Dublin she stayed for several years, an undisputed
+queen.  Curran, now Master of the Rolls, was her friend, and the wits
+of the town flattered her in their own charming way.  Years afterwards
+the duchess confessed that the happiest years of her life were spent in
+Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap14"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P216"></A>216}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XIV
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The advocates of Catholic Emancipation could not be expected to be
+content with mere social pleasures, and the ministry decided to try a
+diplomat in the difficult post.  The duke having resigned in 1813, Lord
+Whitworth, an experienced diplomatist and a strong anti-Catholic, took
+his place.  The duke and duchess, after their experience of Brussels
+and Waterloo, consented to govern British North America, as Canada was
+then termed, and in 1819 the duke died of hydrophobia in the town of
+Richmond.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Students of Napoleonic history will be able to recall the early career
+of the man chosen to foil the attempts of the popular party to force
+their policy of Catholic Emancipation on the Government.  Whitworth,
+who had been born without a title or great wealth, was a self-made man
+as far as it was possible for one who owed his opportunities to the
+generosity of well-disposed patrons.  He was first a soldier, and then,
+through the influence of the Duke of Dorset, a diplomat, representing
+England in Poland, Russia, and France.  As Ambassador in Paris he came
+into contact with Napoleon, and it was Whitworth who demanded his
+passports from the Corsican
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P217"></A>217}</SPAN>
+when the Peace of Amiens was broken
+and all Europe plunged into war.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Whitworth was a man who took advantage of his opportunities, and
+from 1785 to 1803 fortune was very kind to him, but following his
+sudden withdrawal from Paris he seemed to lose his powers, and for ten
+years he chafed in obscurity.  In 1801 he had married the widow of his
+first great patron, and the Duchess of Dorset, a woman whose egotism
+was matched by her greed, brought him a large fortune and some
+influence.  This was increased by the marriage of her mother to Lord
+Liverpool, and when that nobleman had been at the head of the
+Government for about a year he succumbed to the importunities of his
+ambitious stepdaughter and appointed her husband to succeed the Duke of
+Richmond.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The haughty duchess
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To a woman of the temperament that distinguished the Duchess of Dorset
+the acme of human bliss was the impersonation of royalty.  She revelled
+in the rites attendant upon the state the viceroy maintained, and as
+the haughty duchess she was known throughout the country.  Lord
+Whitworth, past sixty and somewhat bored, was a tool in the hands of
+his wife, who never forgot the fact that he was her late husband's
+protégé and, therefore, to some extent hers also.  She personally
+supervised the list of those who had the <I>entrée</I> to the Castle, and
+her censorship of her predecessor's list caused a vast amount of
+ill-feeling.  Wives of respectable professional men found themselves
+relegated to the position occupied by their prototypes fifty years
+before, while
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P218"></A>218}</SPAN>
+the intrepid duchess even attacked those who had
+married into plebeian families, and, therefore, forfeited her regard.
+It was due to her efforts that her relative, Lord Liverpool, conferred
+an earldom on Whitworth, though she retained her ducal title throughout
+her life.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceregal pair were not unpopular, but Whitworth was scarcely the
+man to understand Irish affairs.  To a large extent the ruler of the
+country was Sir Robert Peel, the chief Secretary until 1818.  The
+Duchess of Dorset did not always approve of Peel, but, recognizing that
+he saved her husband a considerable amount of work, she delegated the
+task of maintaining the usual official correspondence with the ministry
+in London to him.  Peel was a strong&mdash;soon to become the
+strongest&mdash;opponent of the Catholic claims.  The viceroy was of the
+same opinion on this important matter, and, backed by an enormous
+English army, they defied public opinion.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-218"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-218.jpg" ALT="Earl Talbot" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl Talbot
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In the autumn of 1817 it was decided to replace Whitworth by Lord
+Talbot, and accordingly, on October 9, the new viceroy was sworn in,
+Peel taking a prominent part in the ceremony.  Talbot and Whitworth
+were old friends, having first met during the latter's embassy in
+Russia, when the younger nobleman was an attaché in the diplomatic
+service, and he owed his selection to the good offices of the outgoing
+viceroy and his wife.  That he was opposed to Catholic Emancipation was
+another point in his favour, while the Government were not unimpressed
+by the fact that Lady
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P219"></A>219}</SPAN>
+Talbot was an Irish lady, the daughter of a
+County Meath gentleman.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Visit of George IV.
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord and Lady Talbot made a determined effort to win the good-will of
+the country.  Daniel O'Connell's raging, tearing propaganda was
+disturbing, and ever threatened a revolution, but Talbot thought that
+by devoting some of his time to the patronage of agriculture he might
+gain more adherents to the Government's policy.  The farmers were not
+ungrateful, but Lord Talbot must have realized before he was a year in
+the country that the solution of the Irish question was not so easy as
+he had thought it to be.  Peel, summoned to London for more important
+duties, still maintained his opposition to O'Connell and the Catholic
+claims.  Then, in 1821, the Cabinet had a brilliant idea which resolved
+itself into this&mdash;that all Irish problems should be solved by a State
+visit from George IV.  Hitherto English kings had been accustomed to
+visit Ireland in the role of fugitives, but George IV. was to come as a
+great monarch, the first gentleman in Europe&mdash;and, as Thackeray had
+said, 'the biggest blackguard'&mdash;and Irish loyalty was to be aroused
+from its dormant condition.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The king carried out the plans laid down for him, and he had no cause
+to regret making the acquaintance of his Irish subjects.  He
+scrutinized everything he saw in Ireland with the air and interest of a
+schoolboy visiting a waxworks show.  English uniforms seemed to
+fascinate him when worn by Irish soldiers, and he hummed and hawed
+question after question from the beginning to the end of his visit.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P220"></A>220}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Who is that magnificent-looking officer?' he asked the viceroy,
+indicating the figure of Sir Philip Crampton, the celebrated surgeon.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Oh, that is a general of the Lancers, sir,' was the witty reply, and
+the king passed on to something else.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The most humorous incident of his visit arose out of His Majesty's
+desire to witness some racing at the Curragh.  In great state he
+travelled down, and every preparation was made to supply the royal
+visitor with a magnificent lunch.  The pantries of Dublin and London
+were searched for dainties, and everything possible pressed into
+service.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It happened to be a very wet day, and the races did not prove very
+exciting, but the king chivalrously maintained his interest as long as
+he could.  When he retired to his room, where gorgeous flunkeys of all
+ranks waited breathlessly for the king to name his refreshment, George
+IV. did not keep them long in doubt&mdash;he wanted a cup of tea.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A simple request, and one easily granted, for in the royal pavilion
+were the choicest teas, the finest sugar and cream, and, of course,
+plenty of hot water.  Then someone called for a cup and saucer.  Great
+consternation ensued when it was discovered that those simple
+requisites had been forgotten.  There was absolutely nothing in which
+to serve the tea to the royal visitor!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+With prayers that the king might not get impatient, a score of scouts
+were despatched to search the countryside for a cup and saucer, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P221"></A>221}</SPAN>
+one of them proved successful, finding in a poor peasant's
+ramshackle cabin a twopenny blue cup and saucer.  They were hastily
+polished up, and with remarkable celerity the tea was served to the
+thirsty king.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the caterers afterwards visited the owner of the cup and saucer,
+and gave her a guinea for them.  Needless to say, these precious
+articles were treasured by the caterer's family.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"A clod&mdash;a piece of orange-peel&mdash;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An end of a cigar&mdash;<BR>
+Once trod on by a princely heel,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How beautiful they are!"<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Talbot, K.P.
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He was received in Ireland with a courtesy that often swelled into
+enthusiasm, and Dublin, the centre of the local administration, went
+into ecstasies over the royal visitor.  Lord Talbot was installed a
+Knight of St. Patrick amidst a splendour that contrasted with horrible
+distinctness with the terrible misery and poverty that prevailed in the
+very environs of Dublin Castle itself.  The king must have seen the
+shadows of famine and desolation that lurked behind the gaudy trappings
+that did their best to make the city fit for a king, but he
+conveniently ignored them.  Monarchs have only a distant acquaintance
+with human nature, and so King George, flattered by attentions denied
+him in London except by his satellites, left the country convinced that
+the demand for Catholic Emancipation was an artificial one created by
+O'Connell, and that in reality Ireland was a most contented and
+prosperous nation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the ills of humanity cannot be cured by a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P222"></A>222}</SPAN>
+display of royal
+dignity, and Talbot discovered that pressing social evils could not be
+eradicated by the bestowal of ribbons and orders.  It may have seemed
+unaccountable to him that when the country demanded bread it should be
+dissatisfied with the sight of the king.  Lady Talbot was feeding with
+'cake' the 'upper ten' of Dublin society, but Ireland was dissatisfied.
+The country was not progressing, the cities presented a squalid and
+lifeless appearance, and even Dublin, favoured by the being the
+residence of the well-paid official set and the home of the Government,
+scarcely looked the prosperous place it had been during the last
+quarter of the previous century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Talbot advised stringent measures against O'Connell, but by now the
+ministry was beginning to feel doubtful of its ready-made Irish policy,
+and soon rumours reached Talbot that he was to be succeeded by the
+Marquis Wellesley, a great Irishman, and an avowed Emancipationist.
+The viceroy resigned at once and left Ireland.  He died in 1849, five
+years after Peel had rewarded his Free Trade allegiance by giving him
+the garter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Wellesley
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Marquis Wellesley, an Emancipationist by conviction, was sent to
+Ireland with promises the ministry did not intend to fulfil.  Peel,
+Goulburn, the Irish secretary, and the rest of his colleagues, were
+opposed to the granting of complete relief to the followers of the
+popular religion, and their selection of Lord Wellesley was merely an
+attempt to blind the eyes of the patriotic party.  When in the last
+months of 1821 it was declared officially that Wellesley was to succeed
+Lord
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P223"></A>223}</SPAN>
+Talbot, the joy of the Catholics knew no bounds.  To them
+the new viceroyalty promised a speedy attainment of all their hopes,
+for they knew that Wellesley was a strong man, and one likely to have
+his own way.  Quite apart from political and sectarian reasons, Ireland
+welcomed Wellesley.  He was an Irishman by birth, and although Harrow,
+Eton, and Oxford in turn educated him, he had learnt the rudiments of
+the three R's in the town of Trim.  It was recalled that the
+Lord-Lieutenant in his younger days had been the friend of Henry
+Grattan, and as the result of thirty years' brilliant service on behalf
+of the Crown, no man&mdash;with the exception of his brother, the Duke of
+Wellington&mdash;commanded greater respect or admiration in the two
+kingdoms, while so far as Ireland was concerned, the marquis was vastly
+more popular than the duke, who had a constitutional objection to
+Catholicism in any form.  For eight years Lord Wellesley had acted as
+Governor-General of India, and during the Peninsular War he was
+Ambassador to Spain&mdash;one brother conquering the French and the other
+reaping the not less important diplomatic victories, made possible by
+the great battles.  From the foreign secretaryship under Percival
+Wellesley might have had the premiership, but his views on Ireland were
+unpopular, and his failure to form a ministry prepared the way for Lord
+Liverpool to assume the leadership for a period of nearly fifteen
+years.  Despite his opinions, Wellesley could have had the viceroyalty
+of Ireland in 1812, but he declined it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P224"></A>224}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When a young man of twenty-four, Wellesley&mdash;then the Earl of
+Mornington&mdash;contracted an irregular alliance with a Parisian girl of
+remarkable beauty, Hyacinthe Gabrielle Roland, and for nine years they
+lived together.  She bore him children, and they appear to have been
+happy.  Wellesley, however, was growing in public importance, and it
+was represented to him privately that his domestic relations might
+interfere with his chances of promotion.  To end an impossible
+situation, he married his mistress in 1793, and from the day of the
+marriage they seemed to lose their mutual affection.  Gabrielle Roland
+was modest in her demands, and content to look after her children; as
+Countess of Mornington she pestered her husband to compel society to
+recognize her new status.  He was helpless, of course, and quarrels
+ensued, but they lived together until 1797, when he was appointed
+Governor-General of India.  At first Lady Mornington wished to
+accompany him, but he was able to persuade her to remain at home.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+India at the time had a reputation for cruelty and treachery created by
+the episode of the Black Hole of Calcutta, and Lady Mornington,
+thinking doubtless of her children and not herself, consented to remain
+behind, and enjoy the generous allowance her husband proposed to make
+her.  For the rest of her life&mdash;which lasted until 1816&mdash;husband and
+wife saw little of each other; she failed to provide him with a
+legitimate heir, and at the time it seemed likely that Lord Wellesley
+would be Prime Minister he lived alone in London.  It was said
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P225"></A>225}</SPAN>
+that he refused the viceroyalty in 1812 because it would mean taking
+'the Frenchwoman to Dublin,' though a close examination of the existing
+records points to the fact that Wellesley was unwilling to leave the
+centre of political interest at such a critical period in the history
+of England.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord-Lieutenant assaulted
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The coming of Wellesley to Dublin Castle roused the enthusiasm of the
+Catholic party and the animosity of the governing minority.  In 1822 a
+great public meeting voted an address of congratulation to the marquis,
+the motion being proposed by O'Connell and seconded by Richard Lalor
+Sheil.  Meetings all over the country followed suit, and the squeakings
+of the Orange lodges were drowned in the popular welcome.  There was a
+temporary lull in the formation of secret societies, and the Whiteboys,
+the Orangemen, the Ribbonmen, and other associations for doing evil by
+stealth, waited for a sign from the Lord-Lieutenant.  He gave it by
+abolishing the annual Orange decoration of King William's statue, and
+instantly the Orangemen flew to 'arms.'  Wellesley attended a gala
+performance at the theatre, and an infuriated Orangeman entered a
+practical protest by hurling a bottle at his head.  It missed its mark
+by inches, and the culprit was arrested.  The Grand Jury, unanimously
+anti-Catholic, threw out the bill, and the powerful minority followed
+up this blow by inspiring a debate in the House of Commons, in which a
+vote of censure on the Lord-Lieutenant was rejected with the utmost
+difficulty.  It was only too evident that the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P226"></A>226}</SPAN>
+Orangemen were
+determined to contest every inch of ground with the viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-226"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-226.jpg" ALT="Marquis Wellesley" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Marquis Wellesley
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The general opinion regarding the Marquis Wellesley, when it was known
+that he had no power to grant relief to the Catholics, was summed up in
+the lines by Furlong, the Irish poet:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+'Who that hath viewed him in his past career<BR>
+Of hard-earned fame could recognize him here?<BR>
+Changed as he is in lengthened life's descent<BR>
+To a mere instrument's mere instrument;<BR>
+Crippled by Canning's fears and Eldon's rules,<BR>
+Begirt with bigots and beset with fools.<BR>
+A mournful mark of talents misapplied,<BR>
+A handcuffed leader and a hoodwinked guide;<BR>
+The lone opposer of a lawless band,<BR>
+The fettered chieftain of a fettered land.'<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Catholic Association
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1824 Daniel O'Connell, realizing that the Lord-Lieutenant could not
+force the hand of his superiors in London, founded the Catholic
+Association, and it is no exaggeration to say that the people clamoured
+for admission to it.  Every town and village throughout the country had
+its branch, and within twelve months it was the real authority in the
+land.  The English Government was superseded, and O'Connell was the
+virtual ruler of Ireland.  Wellesley, who did not approve of the aims
+and methods of the Association, was devoting his attention to the
+suppression of the secret societies, while the Cabinet in London wrote
+imploring him to deal effectively with O'Connell's society.  But the
+marquis was helpless.  There was no secrecy about the Catholic
+Association, and its objects were, academically speaking, lawful, and
+its methods legal.  Further alarm was caused by the statement in some
+English papers that
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P227"></A>227}</SPAN>
+every Irish soldier was a member of the
+association.  Wellesley was asked for his opinion&mdash;he repeated again
+and again that the only way to make the country peaceful was to grant
+Catholic Emancipation.  Three Prime Ministers&mdash;Liverpool, Canning, and
+Goderich&mdash;in succession rejected the advice so disinterestedly given,
+and when a turn of Fortune's wheel placed the great Duke of Wellington
+in power, he intimated to his brother that as their views did not
+coincide, it would be better if the Marquis of Anglesey, an old friend
+of both, should replace him in the Government as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Lord Wellesley resigned without demur.  He was well aware
+that they differed widely on many important topics, and Wellington had
+never forgotten that if Wellesley's views on foreign policy had
+prevailed, there would have been no Waterloo and less glory.  In the
+House of Lords the marquis rose to denounce the Irish policy of his
+brother, but they never made the blunder of carrying their quarrel into
+private life.  Lord Wellesley had in 1825 married an American lady,
+Mrs. Patterson of Baltimore, the grand-daughter of one of the
+signatories to the document that recorded the independence of the
+United States of America, and she brought him a happiness he had never
+known before.  Witty, beautiful, and rich, the American marchioness
+held her own in London society, and Wellesley was content for her to
+remain out of political affairs, save when his seat in the House of
+Lords enabled him to speak against the Government.  Lady Wellesley, who
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P228"></A>228}</SPAN>
+was a devout Catholic, was always escorted by a troop of dragoons
+to the Roman Catholic Provincial Cathedral in Marlborough Street,
+Dublin, when her husband was viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the Lower House Sir Robert Peel, now Home Secretary, was affirming
+his unalterable determination never to surrender to the O'Connellites,
+and his leader was also giving a display of the Iron Will.  But even
+Iron Dukes can unbend when they have been tempered by experience.  It
+was the Wellington Ministry that granted Catholic Emancipation, and it
+was Sir Robert Peel who sounded the note of surrender.  The collapse
+was caused by the historic Clare election of 1828, within a few months
+of the appointment of Lord Anglesey.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was, of course, considerable humour, intentional and otherwise,
+introduced during the agitation for and against Catholic Emancipation.
+Once King George IV. was heard to murmur plaintively:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Wellington is King of England, O'Connell is King of Ireland, and I am
+supposed to be the Dean of Windsor.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Eldon presented to the House of Lords a petition of the tailors of
+Glasgow against the surrender to the Catholics.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'What?' exclaimed Lord Lyndhurst, 'do tailors bother themselves about
+such measures?'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'No wonder,' answered Eldon; 'you cannot suppose that tailors would
+like turncoats.'
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap15"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P229"></A>229}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XV
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Wellington's premiership was four days old when Lord Anglesey accepted
+the viceroyalty.  The duke evidently selected his Waterloo comrade
+without taking the trouble to sound him upon the views he held, but
+George IV.&mdash;that fine champion of Protestantism!&mdash;immediately sent for
+the marquis, and in a touching interview implored him to keep the
+Catholics at bay, emphasizing his belief that the surrender of the
+Government to O'Connell would mean the dismemberment and destruction of
+the British Empire.  Anglesey, who knew nothing whatever about anything
+except women and war, sought refuge in meaningless platitudes.  He
+declared to the king that he intended to take no part in sectarian or
+political strife in Ireland; he would administer the law equally to
+all, and so forth, impressing George IV. with a sense of his extreme
+propriety and impartiality.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On January 29, 1828, Lord Anglesey became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+He was in his sixtieth year, and could look back with some pride on a
+long and busy life.  He had fought with Moore at Corunna, and at
+Waterloo was Wellington's commander of cavalry.  These were landmarks
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P230"></A>230}</SPAN>
+in his life, and even his unfortunate relations with the wife of
+his friend's brother did not create any ill-feeling between Anglesey
+and Wellington.  The Iron Duke had a great affection for his relations,
+and he often expressed his gratification at the remarkable successes
+achieved by his brothers, the Marquis Wellesley and Lord Cowley.
+Politically the Wellesleys were always at enmity, and in addition they
+were handicapped by inheriting from their mother some of her severe
+manner and not a little of her pride.  It is remarkable that the three
+brothers should each have had marital troubles.  The Duke of
+Wellington's marriage, begun as a romance, ended as a tragi-comedy;
+Lord Wellesley's went the same way, and he was burdened for years by a
+wife with whom he could not live; while Lord Cowley was compelled to
+seek a divorce.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was five years before Waterloo that society was startled by the news
+that Lord Cowley had presented a Bill to Parliament, praying to be
+divorced from his wife, a daughter of Lord Cadogan.  The Marquis of
+Anglesey, then known as the Earl of Uxbridge, was cited as the
+co-respondent, and as Lord Uxbridge was a married man with eight
+children, and, of course, an intimate friend of the Wellesley family,
+London discussed nothing else.  The affair was robbed of a great deal
+of publicity by the influence of the two families concerned, but Lady
+Uxbridge was not to be placated, and she divorced her husband.  Then
+Lord Cowley was awarded damages to the extent of £24,000 against the
+earl, and the complicated
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P231"></A>231}</SPAN>
+affair was simplified by the Earl of
+Uxbridge marrying Lady Cowley.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Wellington was too fond of a good soldier to permit a mere
+family matter to stand in the way of Lord Uxbridge's prospects.  He
+took him to Waterloo, and if the earl lost a leg in that famous battle,
+he gained a marquisate, bestowed within less than three weeks of June
+18, 1815.  Promotion in the service followed, and owing to Wellington's
+influence it was rapid and remunerative.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The appointment to Ireland was his patron's greatest gift.  It seemed
+only too obvious that a soldier at the head of affairs would be very
+necessary, for it was accepted as truth in ministerial circles that the
+entire Catholic priesthood of Ireland was engaged in a campaign for
+converting the Irish soldiers in the English army to the political
+principles of the Catholic Association.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Clare election
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the Iron Duke formed a Government, the Catholic Association passed
+a resolution declaring that it would oppose the election of any Irish
+member who took office under the new premier.  Undisturbed by this, the
+member for Clare, Mr. Fitzgerald, accepted the post of President of the
+Board of Trade, and then O'Connell announced that he would be the
+nominee of the Association, and would contest the seat.  This created a
+veritable sensation.  The eyes of the world were centred on Clare, and
+Lord Anglesey sent an army of occupation to take possession of it.  On
+the polling days there were about five soldiers for every voter, and
+the Catholic Association
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P232"></A>232}</SPAN>
+received an advertisement that made the
+world understand the seriousness of its principles.  No single election
+has ever had the effect produced by the election of Daniel O'Connell to
+represent Clare at Westminster.  A month before the result Sir Robert
+Peel declared that he would die politically rather than give way: the
+returns from Clare were still being discussed when the same man started
+to draft the Bill he introduced into the House of Commons in February,
+1829, a measure which completely emancipated the Roman Catholics.  The
+posts of Regent, of Lord Chancellor, and of Irish Viceroy were the only
+ones Catholics could not hold.  The Catholic Association had justified
+its existence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile Lord Anglesey's position was not without interest.  He was
+very unpopular with the patriotic party, and the fact that George IV.
+was annoyed with him tended to increase further his popularity.
+Anglesey learned many things during his first six months in England,
+and he became an emancipationist while Peel was still defiant.  The
+Duke of Wellington was exasperated when Anglesey nullified his advice
+to Catholics to substitute patience for agitation by advising them to
+agitate until they obtained their demands.  The duke wrote curt
+letters, and Anglesey answered in a similar strain.  He was not fond of
+Dublin or Dublin society, and Irish affairs began to bore him.  The
+most interesting men were in his opinion the members of the Catholic
+Association, and he dare not be seen with them, while he knew, as every
+other viceroy had known, that
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P233"></A>233}</SPAN>
+to withhold complete emancipation
+was the worst service the English ministry could do the country.  The
+Prime Minister, with the help of the king, compelled Anglesey to send
+in his resignation, and the vacancy was given at once to Hugh Percy,
+third Duke of Northumberland, Greville's 'prodigious bore,' and almost
+the wealthiest nobleman in England.  He accepted with the proviso that
+he was not to hold the post for more than eighteen months, while he
+advised the Government to reduce the viceroy's salary by £10,000&mdash;it
+then stood at £20,000 a year.  The latter piece of advice was not
+accepted, because the Government realized that there would be future
+viceroys without the wealth of the newer Percys.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Tithe War
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland gave a great display of their
+wealth in Dublin, and once more the official party revelled in
+feastings, balls, and flamboyant levées and drawing-rooms.  Some
+serious work was attempted, and in April, 1830, a proclamation was
+issued suppressing the Catholic Association.  Agitation feeds on
+agitation, and O'Connell's league had replaced Emancipation by Repeal.
+He was demanding the severance of the Union between the two countries,
+and Northumberland determined on a vigorous campaign against the
+agitator.  The Tithe War&mdash;arising out of the refusal of the Catholic
+peasantry to pay tribute to the ministers of an alien Church&mdash;had
+begun, and fierce encounters between the military and the country
+people were everyday occurrences.  Northumberland had a large army at
+his disposal, and the Cabinet advised him to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P234"></A>234}</SPAN>
+make full use of it,
+but realizing the temper of the country better than his superiors, he
+declared that O'Connell's agitation for Repeal could be rendered
+abortive by reason, and not by force.  Despite the friction with his
+official chiefs in London, Northumberland would have remained in Dublin
+had not the Tory ministry been replaced by Lord Grey's administration.
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland&mdash;the latter best known as one of
+the late Queen Victoria's governesses&mdash;left the country with the
+knowledge that they had been as successful as any viceregal pair before
+them.  Sir Robert Peel described him as the very best governor of
+Ireland, and Wellington, never an easy man to please, growled out some
+compliments when he met the duke at a dinner-party.  Lord Anglesey's
+second viceroyalty began in December, 1830, and ended in September,
+1833.  He had been popular during his brief reign of 1828-29, but he
+discovered speedily that patriots are susceptible, and the viceroy who
+earned popularity as an emancipationist in 1828 was disliked and
+distrusted by the O'Connellites, because he would not follow their lead
+and become equally as enthusiastic for Repeal.  Daniel O'Connell
+derided the viceroy in almost every speech made, and no epithet was too
+strong to be applied to Lord Anglesey.  O'Connell publicly prayed for
+his removal, and the viceroy, out of sympathy with all parties,
+lingered on at Dublin Castle, worried by the popularity of the
+Repealer, and disturbed by the havoc the Tithe War was playing with the
+progress of the country.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P235"></A>235}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The famous Doon auction
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of the Tithe War has been told many times, and there is no
+room for it here, but it possessed so much comedy and tragedy that some
+of its incidents may be recalled.  When the peasantry tried passive
+resistance, their activities were aroused by the arrival of soldiers to
+take their goods and sell them by public auction.  In one battle twelve
+peasants were killed and twenty wounded; in another there were heavy
+casualties on both sides; and there were other affrays with equally
+deadly results.  A touch of humour was provided by the inhabitants of
+Doon, a Limerick town which, in the early thirties of the last century,
+contained a population of about 5,000 Roman Catholics and a single
+Protestant.  In due course, the Protestant clergyman demanded tithes
+from the priest, which the latter promptly refused to pay.  With the
+aid of the law, the priest's cow was seized, and elaborate preparations
+made for its sale by public auction.  The authorities at Dublin Castle
+were consulted, and a long correspondence dealing with the cow ensued;
+there was much advising and consultation; the viceroy discussed it in
+secret and laughed at it during dinner; the Commander-in-Chief of the
+forces was asked for his help, and he signed an order for the
+attendance of a small army at the forthcoming auction.  Meanwhile the
+cow, unmindful of its prominence and glory, browsed on contentedly
+until the time came when it was led into the field by its crown keeper
+and escorted by a force of police.  On the field of auction, besides
+the police were a troop of the 12th Lancers, five companies
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P236"></A>236}</SPAN>
+of
+the 92nd Highlanders, and two pieces of artillery.  The auctioneer
+stood in the midst of an arsenal surrounded by the army.  Bids for the
+historic cow were invited; threats and jokes were all he got from the
+peasantry, and the proceedings finally left the Government in
+possession of the cow, no one having the courage to buy it.  This
+auction was one of many.  Cows and pigs, escorted by several hundred
+soldiers, became part of the pageantry of the country; officers and men
+were recalled from leave of absence to take their part in tending
+cattle captured from rebellious villagers.  No Government could
+maintain its dignity, and ridicule nullified the dearly bought
+victories in the field.  The net result was that the Government
+collected £12,000 at a cost of £27,000 and hundreds of lives, and
+£48,000 still due for tithes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Anglesey saw nothing of the Tithe War, but from Dublin Castle he
+superintended the operations against the peasantry.  The Government
+regarded the objection to tithe-paying as one of O'Connell's devices
+for rousing the masses against England, and although the ministry was
+compelled to abolish the tithes, the victory of the peasants was more
+apparent than real, because the Tithe Commutation Act of 1838 placed
+the onus of collecting the dues on the landlord, who, of course, added
+the amount to the rent he levied on his tenants' holdings.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Between July, 1834, and April, 1835, there were three ministries, two
+Melbourne administrations being interrupted by Sir Robert Peel's first
+and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P237"></A>237}</SPAN>
+brief government.  Lord Wellesley's second viceroyalty lasted
+a few months&mdash;from September, 1833, to April, 1834&mdash;and although in
+1835 he intimated to Lord Melbourne that he would not be averse to a
+third term, the premier appointed Lord Mulgrave, and Wellesley had to
+be content with the gilded post of Lord Chamberlain.  The Marquis
+Wellesley lived until 1842.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroyalty of the Earl of Haddington was as colourless as it was
+brief.  He had been in Parliament some years before he was given a
+peerage, and succeeding to the earldom shortly afterwards, passed into
+an obscurity from which he never emerged, even when Peel, on December
+29, 1834, made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  That ministry resigned
+in the April following, and Lord Melbourne formed his second Cabinet,
+sending Lord Mulgrave to Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Irish party in Parliament
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The return to power of Lord Melbourne marked a new epoch in the history
+of the British Parliament.  For the first time English statesmen
+realized that the Irish vote could be capable of controlling the
+destinies of an English party.  Hitherto the Irish members had been
+regarded as of no account; ever since the Union one or other of the
+great parties had been able to act independently of the Irish members,
+but the kaleidoscopic ministerial changes that had taken place since
+the termination of Lord Liverpool's record premiership had gradually
+given the Irish members the balance of power between the two parties.
+In eight years seven distinct Cabinets were formed, and when the
+seventh, Lord Melbourne's, received
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P238"></A>238}</SPAN>
+their seals from William IV.,
+they knew as well as O'Connell himself that their existence depended
+upon the Irish vote.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was only natural that O'Connell and his followers were delighted.
+They foresaw the time when England would tire of the domination of the
+Irish minority in Parliament, and would gladly send them back to
+College Green, and so certain were they of this that O'Connell agreed
+to suspend his demand for the repeal of the Union, and give Melbourne
+and his colleagues an opportunity of doing something great for Ireland.
+It was a strong Government and rich in statesmen.  Lord John Russell
+was Home Secretary, and Palmerston was Foreign Secretary.  The Cabinet
+had many long and anxious consultations on Irish affairs, and the
+ministers did their best to keep their bargain with O'Connell.  The
+House of Lords, however, blocked the way, and the Melbourne Government
+fell in the autumn of 1841.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When Lord Mulgrave was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1835, he
+was regarded as the best man for the position.  O'Connell expressed
+public approval of him, and the numerous religious and political
+associations added their testimonials.  The Irish leader's compact with
+the ministry was well known, and although Lord Mulgrave was regarded as
+O'Connell's puppet, he was not without opinions of his own.  Lord
+Anglesey had expressed the opinion that O'Connell was the real ruler of
+Ireland, and Mulgrave, in showing his sympathy with the Catholics,
+became as popular with the majority as he was unpopular
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P239"></A>239}</SPAN>
+with the
+powerful Protestant minority.  He was considered to have the best
+opportunity to bring peace to Ireland, and English Liberal members of
+Parliament, in their enthusiasm for their leader, Lord Melbourne, were
+continually pointing out how peaceful Ireland had become under a Whig
+administration.  When a constable in the county of Clare appealed to
+Dublin Castle to remove him to the metropolis because the country had
+become so quiet that he had no chance of gaining promotion or
+distinguishing himself, the Whig Press and politicians went wild with
+delight.  The enterprising constable was written about in scores of
+pamphlets, and three-fourths of England got the impression&mdash;and
+retained it for many years, too!&mdash;that Ireland was most law-abiding, as
+well as one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+William IV. and Lord Mulgrave
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The fatal weakness of Lord Mulgrave was his partisanship.  He could
+look at nothing except through the spectacles of well-grounded opinions
+of his own.  At a time when he should have exercised discretion, he
+rushed into the arms of the Catholic party, and thereby mortally
+offended the Orangemen and their not-to-be-despised co-religionists.
+The result was that at a Protestant meeting the mention of the
+viceroy's name was sufficient to fill the building with cries of
+derision, while at a gathering of the Catholics Lord Mulgrave was
+cheered to the echo.  It was an undignified reputation for a man
+supposed to hold the scales of justice evenly, and William IV.
+protested to Melbourne about the conduct of his viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An examination of the crime returns of the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P240"></A>240}</SPAN>
+period shows that the
+compact between O'Connell and Lord Melbourne caused no appreciative
+diminution of violence in the country.  Protestants declared that Lord
+Mulgrave was encouraging political criminals by his leniency, the
+culmination of which was his decision in the case of the brutal murder
+of the second Earl of Norbury.  The earl was the younger son of the
+notorious Chief Justice Toler, who had received honours from a grateful
+government because of his anti-Irish and anti-Catholic policy.  On his
+deathbed Toler, hearing that his neighbour, Lord Erne, was also dying,
+sent a servant to assure his lordship that it would be a <I>dead heat</I>
+between them!  The anecdote is characteristic of the man and his times,
+but his children were of a different calibre.  The elder son died a
+lunatic, and the second was murdered because he evicted one of his
+tenants, a rogue who objected to paying rent.  The country cried out
+for the severe punishment of the murderers, but the viceroy more than
+tempered justice with mercy, and every landowner instantly became
+alarmed.  If murderers were permitted to escape the hangman because a
+Whig viceroy was at Dublin Castle, then assuredly no Tory landlord was
+safe.  Private and public appeals were made to the king and Lord
+Melbourne.  The premier was compelled to 'promote' him, and in 1839,
+shortly after he had been created Marquis of Normanby, the viceroy
+resigned in order to take up the post of Secretary for the Colonies.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-240"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-240.jpg" ALT="Lord Mulgrave" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Mulgrave
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Lord Normanby's subsequent career was quite in keeping with his conduct
+in Ireland.  No matter
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P241"></A>241}</SPAN>
+in what capacity he acted, he always took
+sides, and during his diplomatic career, the Foreign Office experienced
+too much Normanby for its liking.  His wife was one of the two women of
+the bedchamber to Queen Victoria to whom Peel objected when called upon
+to form a Government in 1841.  Normanby had been asked to take charge
+of affairs, but there were not half a dozen men willing to serve under
+him, and he soon abandoned his attempt to become Prime Minister.
+Thenceforward his public life was spent abroad in the diplomatic
+service, and a list of his diplomatic indiscretions would fill a
+volume.  From 1846 to 1852 he was Ambassador at Paris, and Palmerston's
+sudden recognition of Louis Napoleon exasperated him to an extent that
+he never forgot.  Normanby was not the man for Paris, and when given a
+chance to represent the English nation at the Court of Tuscany in
+Florence, his partisanship, when he ought to have been neutral, was
+such that Lord Malmesbury had to recall him by telegraph!  He returned
+to England, and until his death in 1863, at the age of sixty-six, he
+acted with the Tories against the Whigs.  His conduct was due entirely
+to his personal detestation of Lord Palmerston.  He was not in sympathy
+with a single act of the Whig, or Liberal, party, but he exerted
+himself to thwart Palmerston.  He shed tears when 'Pam' became premier
+for the second time, and he died while the Liberal statesman was
+half-way through his historic ministry.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap16"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P242"></A>242}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XVI
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The Melbourne Government had two years to run when Lord Normanby left
+Ireland, and they were represented for that period at Dublin by Hugh
+Fortescue, Viscount Ebrington, and afterwards Earl Fortescue.  The
+O'Connell party welcomed Lord Ebrington as they would have welcomed
+anybody commissioned by Lord Melbourne, and although they had been
+disappointed by the barren results of the treaty so far, they hoped for
+the best.  The Repealer, realizing slowly, perhaps, that he was going
+to experience a bitter disappointment, was anxious to raise the
+standard of revolt, but he was advised by friends of the ministry to
+wait.  They prevailed upon him to give them another chance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Encouraging Irish trade
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The accession to power of Sir Robert Peel dispelled O'Connell's
+sanguine hopes.  It was true that the premier had twelve years
+previously conceded the claims of the Catholic party, but it was known
+that he would have none of the cry for Repeal, and that he would
+appoint a Lord-Lieutenant of his own stamp.  It is singular, indeed,
+how devotedly O'Connell admired the office of the viceroy.  To him it
+seemed to represent Ireland's scrap of royalty, and in the imitation
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P243"></A>243}</SPAN>
+courts of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge he saw something
+of regal independence for the country.  He was always opposed to the
+abolition of the post, and during the Melbourne administration was
+continually suggesting to the premier the names of noblemen likely to
+make efficient viceroys.  When Lord Normanby retired, he promptly
+counselled Melbourne to send Lord Clarendon over, but the commission
+was given to Lord Ebrington, and this nobleman's compulsory resignation
+let in Earl de Grey, who governed Ireland from September, 1841, to
+July, 1844.  He was sixty years of age, wealthy, and popular, married
+to an Irish lady of great charm, when he was selected by Sir Robert
+Peel; and with a callous indifference to O'Connell's disapproval he
+came to Ireland, and with the help of his wife won the respect of all
+classes.  Lady de Grey was a daughter of the first Earl of Enniskillen,
+and was three years her husband's junior, whom she had married in 1805.
+While the Lord-Lieutenant entertained Dublin society, and spent
+thousands of pounds to the benefit of the country, Lady de Grey bore
+her part well, though she showed at times that she did not regard
+herself as a hostess only.  She realized that the country could do with
+more trade and less agitation, and without recourse to political means
+she set herself the task of helping the manufacturers of Ireland.
+Habitués of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge entertainments soon
+heard that they could not please her Excellency better than by
+patronizing Irish industries, and if the ladies were still compelled to
+buy their
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P244"></A>244}</SPAN>
+dresses in London and Paris, they were induced to
+patronize the Irish dressmakers for their less expensive gowns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was not, of course, the most auspicious time for a genuine attempt
+to do something practical towards the social salvation of Ireland.
+Crime was rife; agitation was rampant; patriotism rioting deliriously.
+Many districts became acquainted with famine, but if food was short
+orators were plentiful.  De Grey had plenty of work to do, and it was
+he who initiated the proceedings that led to the arrest of Daniel
+O'Connell and some of his friends in the autumn of 1843.  The
+Government took advantage of a public meeting of the agitators to
+apprehend them for conspiracy, and eventually O'Connell and his
+associates were placed on trial, found guilty by a packed jury, and
+subsequently 'imprisoned' in an old-fashioned country house, where they
+passed their time amidst a quiet that must have been to them a luxury.
+They were allowed to have their own servants and whatever food they
+wished, and never were prisoners more free than during the three months
+that elapsed between the conviction and sentence by the Lord Chief
+Justice of Ireland, and the reversal of the verdict by the House of
+Lords.  That memorable trial gave William Smith O'Brien his
+opportunity, for O'Brien became automatically the leader of the Repeal
+movement when O'Connell was in 'prison.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The decline of O'Connell
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Between the first and second trials Lord de Grey left Ireland, and was
+succeeded by Lord Heytesbury, who remained until 1846.  Born in 1779,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P245"></A>245}</SPAN>
+William a'Court, first Baron Heytesbury, was educated at Eton,
+and spent many years in the diplomatic service, holding the important
+position of Ambassador to the courts of Portugal and Russia.  In 1808
+he married a grand-daughter of the Earl of Radnor, and twenty years
+later his diplomatic services were rewarded by the bestowal of a
+peerage.  Peel always had a high opinion of Heytesbury, and only his
+resignation in 1835 prevented him making the ex-ambassador
+Governor-General of India.  On the resignation of Earl de Grey, Peel
+invited Heytesbury to go to Ireland, and the invitation was accepted.
+He was able to regard with indifference the censure of the Law Lords on
+the conduct of the Dublin Government in the matter of Daniel
+O'Connell's trial.  He could easily dissociate himself from the faults
+of the preceding régime.  The abandonment of the cry for Repeal by
+O'Connell lessened the anxieties of Heytesbury, but there were the
+usual economic problems to be dealt with, and from all over the country
+reports came of the terrible distress and poverty prevailing.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant did his best, and much money was spent in a vain
+attempt to ameliorate the conditions of peasant life.  By the close of
+Lord Heytesbury's brief reign, however, ominous clouds were rising on
+the political horizon.  Daniel O'Connell, tamed by age and experience,
+was by no means the raging propagandist of the twenties and thirties;
+he was ever counselling his fiery followers to concentrate their
+attention on the reform of the English Parliament, but his adherents
+demanded
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P246"></A>246}</SPAN>
+Repeal, and when he disagreed, they passed on, despising
+the leader who refused to lead.  William Smith O'Brien was now the
+temporary hero, and he was fascinating the rank and file of agitators
+by his aristocratic manner and superficial unselfishness.  Here was a
+man&mdash;not one of themselves&mdash;who stood to lose everything and gain
+nothing by his association with a cause that was supposed to be the
+religion of the lower-class Irish and the scarcely superior patriotic
+attorneys and doctors.  William Smith O'Brien was a gentleman and a
+patriot!  The country gasped, and followed him, leaving Daniel
+O'Connell to realize that every generation produces its heroes and
+geniuses, and will not tolerate the rivalry of the aged, however
+eminent.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+An Irish Lord-Lieutenant
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord John Russell began his first ministry on July 6th, 1846.  His
+Cabinet was a strong one, and his prospects were bright save on the
+omni-present Irish question.  O'Connell was certainly a spent force,
+but a new race of agitators had arisen, and the principles of '98 were
+as strong as ever nearly fifty years later.  The premier, however, had
+some knowledge of Ireland.  As a boy he had played in the heavy rooms
+of Dublin Castle, and as Home Secretary he had studied Irish affairs
+besides administering them.  He was well aware that the chief defect of
+many viceroys was their inability to understand the national character,
+and he therefore came to the conclusion that if a resident Irish
+landlord should be appointed Lord-Lieutenant, something would be done
+at any rate to popularize the executive government
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P247"></A>247}</SPAN>
+in Dublin.
+Happily for Russell, there was the man for his purpose in the ranks of
+his followers.  John William Ponsonby, fourth Earl of Bessborough, was
+a popular Irishman, a large landowner, and possessing considerable
+influence in his own country.  This had been proved by the Kilkenny
+election of 1826, when he was returned to Parliament despite the most
+energetic opposition of O'Connell.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Five years later, when the agitator's position and power were almost
+impregnable, he retained his seat with a majority of sixty-five, thanks
+to the support of the most famous of Irish Roman Catholic Bishops, Dr.
+Doyle.  Retiring from Kilkenny, he represented Nottingham in the
+Commons until in 1834, after twenty-nine years of Parliamentary life,
+he was created a peer in his own right, and took his seat in the House
+of Lords as Lord Duncannon.  In 1834 he was Home Secretary, and from
+1835 to 1839 was Lord Privy Seal.  Two years after, succeeding to the
+earldom, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland immediately upon
+Lord John Russell's formation of a Government.  Between the date of the
+Kilkenny election and his accession to the House of Lords, one of the
+most important events in his life was his friendship with O'Connell.
+Once his bitterest enemy, the agitator became almost an intimate
+friend, and Russell's selection of Bessborough for the viceroyalty was
+a direct attempt to please the popular party.  Unfortunately for the
+designs of the premier, the appointment came too late.  There were new
+'shepherds in Israel,' and O'Connell
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P248"></A>248}</SPAN>
+no longer led the Repealers
+or guided them in their councils.  Of course, in official circles Lord
+and Lady Bessborough were successful enough.  Lady Bessborough was a
+daughter of that Earl of Westmoreland who had been Viceroy of Ireland
+from 1790 to 1795, and her Excellency was like an old friend returning.
+But their stay in Dublin was destined to be very brief, and just when
+it appeared that the viceroy was to be overwhelmed by the enormous
+amount of work created by the followers of O'Brien, his Excellency died
+suddenly in Dublin Castle on May 16, 1847&mdash;a tragedy which, amongst
+other things, meant that the stormiest viceroyalty in the history of
+the country should be that of Lord Clarendon.  Lord Bessborough was
+sixty-six, and his death was regretted by everybody.  Those who had the
+welfare of the country at heart had been hoping that, with an Irishman
+and a resident landlord at the head of the Irish executive, peace might
+come to the nation, were left to seek consolations in speculations on
+the 'might-have-been,' while the party of revolution were relieved of
+the embarrassment of rebelling against the Government represented by a
+man against whom no charge of self-interest or lack of patriotism could
+be hurled.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-248"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-248.jpg" ALT="Earl of Clarendon" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Clarendon
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+One friend of O'Connell was succeeded by another, and George William
+Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of Clarendon, was sworn in as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland shortly after Lord Bessborough's death.  It
+was understood that he was to be the last Viceroy of Ireland.  He was
+then forty-seven years of age, twenty-seven of which
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P249"></A>249}</SPAN>
+had been
+spent in the service of the country.  At twenty he was an attaché to
+the British Embassy at St. Petersburg; from 1827 to 1829 a
+commissionership of Customs took him to Ireland, where he studied the
+Irish question so effectively that the Lord-Lieutenant, the Marquis of
+Anglesey, was glad to have his advice.  When he left Madrid, the
+Spanish Government struck a medal in his honour as a tribute to his
+successful occupancy of an embassy by no means the easiest in Europe.
+In 1838 he declined the Governor-Generalship of Canada: indeed, he made
+a habit of declining honours, amongst these being a twice-offered
+marquisate and two pressing invitations to govern India.  In 1847,
+however, he accepted the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and with Lady
+Clarendon, who was a daughter of the Earl of Verulam, he entered upon
+his remarkable term of office.  A year before he had presided over the
+Board of Trade, and this was his most onerous ministerial appointment
+until he went to Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The strongest and wisest of men would have failed in Ireland during the
+period bounded by the years 1847 and 1852&mdash;the time covered by Lord
+Clarendon's viceroyalty&mdash;and the Lord-Lieutenant was by no means
+entitled to be considered above the average in strength and wisdom.  He
+was a Liberal, and a Free Trader, and a friend of O'Connell, and he had
+numerous ideas that he hoped would fructify to Ireland's gain, but he
+never had a real chance.  In succession he had to face the Young
+Ireland insurrection, the famine, Orange disturbances in several
+counties, the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P250"></A>250}</SPAN>
+ghastly economic problems created by the increasing
+emigration of the peasantry, and the consequent bankruptcy of the
+landlords.  Clarendon laboured at the Castle and in London in a
+hopeless endeavour to restore order out of chaos.  To defeat William
+Smith O'Brien and his followers was ridiculously easy, but it was
+another matter coping with a famine that threatened to wipe the peasant
+population out of existence.  Ireland, ever the thorn in the crown of
+British statesmanship, drove Russell to distraction, and made Clarendon
+old before his time.  Daily plots to assassinate him were duly reported
+to the police, and by them to the viceroy; Lady Clarendon was induced
+to spend most of her time in England, and eventually so virulent did
+the enemies of the Government become that for days the viceroy was
+placed in the humiliating position of being unable to go beyond the
+precincts of Dublin Castle.  At viceregal parties a large percentage of
+those present consisted of spies and detectives.  In the country blood
+was being shed&mdash;at the Castle lives were being worn out.  Clarendon was
+courageous enough, but courage is only a secondary attribute in a
+statesman.  Wisdom was wanted, and wisdom was not to be found.  The
+executive at Dublin scarcely understood the temper of the country.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant's policy was vigorous, but its administration haphazard
+and spasmodic.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whenever an experiment or change was tried, it was abandoned in panic
+before anyone could judge the results.  The viceroy overshadowed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P251"></A>251}</SPAN>
+the Chief Secretary, and thus all the acts of the queen's
+representative were coloured by the opinions of one political party.
+To the mass of the people of Ireland the throne of England symbolized
+oppression and persecution.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In this vague and bewildering state of affairs there was no room for
+social pleasantries, though Castle seasons came and went with grim
+regularity.  There was, however, some compensation in store for the
+harassed viceroy, for to everybody's surprise it was announced that
+Queen Victoria intended to visit Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Queen Victoria's first visit
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first visit to Ireland of Queen Victoria took place in 1849.  Her
+Majesty was accompanied by the Prince Consort, and the royal parents
+brought their children with them.  Their stay in Ireland had to be
+limited to five days, and a great deal had to be compressed into the
+short time at their disposal.  Ireland has always been courteous to its
+visitors of whatever rank, but Queen Victoria received an enthusiastic
+welcome that voiced her popularity with every class and creed in the
+country.  She had undertaken the journey from a strong sense of duty;
+she actually experienced a sense of pleasure, and from that time
+forward there was at least one eminent person in England who understood
+the good qualities of the people of Ireland.  On the surface, and to
+suit the phrase-mongers, they might be disloyal, but at heart they
+entertained a strong affection for the occupant of the throne of
+England.  Queen Victoria knew this, and her opinion was endorsed by her
+successors, King Edward VII. and King George V.,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P252"></A>252}</SPAN>
+when they made
+the acquaintance of the people of the 'kingdom of Ireland.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The royal visit accomplished, Dublin returned to its old condition of
+squalor.  Agitation was rife, fostered by the pens and voices of a
+group of brilliant Irishmen.  They had started the <I>Nation</I> newspaper,
+and had made it one of the most powerful organs in the country; other
+offshoots of the Young Ireland Press helped to pepper the Government,
+and as there was no champion on the English side, the patriots appeared
+to have matters all their own way.  Arguments were unanswered, and
+were, therefore, accepted as infallible, and this condition of things
+continued for a time until the viceroy and his secretary, Mr. Corry
+Conellan, decided to have a newspaper champion of their very own.  Sir
+William Somerville, the Chief Secretary, was called into the
+conference, and ways and means discussed.  There can be no doubt of the
+fact that the Lord-Lieutenant could have had the aid of any one of a
+dozen clever journalists, but ashamed, perhaps, of their methods, they
+enlisted in their service a person of the name of Birch, whose only
+claim to notoriety was the proprietorship of the <I>World</I>, and a
+conviction ending in six months' imprisonment for having threatened to
+publish a defamatory article about a public official unless the latter
+paid for its suppression.  Lord Clarendon was, of course, unaware of
+his hireling's police-court experiences, and he agreed with his private
+secretary's recommendation of Mr. Birch.  The latter was, therefore,
+regularly supplied with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P253"></A>253}</SPAN>
+opinions from the Castle upon all
+subjects relating to Ireland, and week by week the <I>World</I> did its best
+to counteract the effect produced by every issue of the <I>Nation</I>.  It
+was a feeble attempt on Birch's part, who possessed neither the wit nor
+the talent of the <I>Nation</I> writers, and his employers tired of his
+futilities.  The hack was given notice, and his <I>World</I> was abandoned
+by the viceregal party.  But Mr. Birch was a gentleman with a knowledge
+of a greater world; he decided that Lord Clarendon and his Chief
+Secretary could be made to pay, and so he concocted a list of services
+rendered and demanded a honorarium of £7,000 for his trouble.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A 'cause célèbre'
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the claim was first made, the Lord-Lieutenant declined to pay a
+penny more.  He reminded Birch that he had received nearly £2,000 in
+return for very little work, but the journalist did not wish to argue
+the rights or wrongs of his claim&mdash;he wanted money, or else he would
+bring them into court and open his mouth.  This frightened Lord
+Clarendon, who compromised with Birch by paying him the sum of £2,000
+to withdraw his action.  The journalist accepted, and turned his
+attention to the Chief Secretary, who wisely refused to be blackmailed,
+and accordingly, in the month of December, 1851, the élite of Dublin
+crowded the approaches to the Four Courts, to witness the spectacle of
+a viceroy in the witness-box being cross-examined by counsel for the
+plaintiff.  There were rumours that the most sensational disclosures
+would be made, and in official circles there was much trepidation.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P254"></A>254}</SPAN>
+By now the viceroy had learned the lesson that to attempt to
+conciliate a blackmailer was the most stupid form folly could assume.
+He agreed to submit himself to cross-examination&mdash;the only course if he
+desired to free himself from his late confederate.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Birch boldly stated his case, and described how he had been sent for by
+the viceroy's private secretary, and bought over by the Government.  He
+had been instructed to reply to the attacks of the <I>Nation</I>, and, so he
+said, given a free hand in the spending of money.  One story is good
+until another is told, and Birch's was largely discounted when the
+defence made its explanation.  Lord Clarendon confessed that he had
+paid £3,700 altogether to Birch, and had received practically nothing
+in return.  Of this sum £2,000 had been paid to the journalist to
+abandon an action he had entered against the viceroy, claiming £4,800
+and £3 10s. costs.  The action tried was ostensibly against Sir William
+Somerville, the Chief Secretary, but everybody knew that it was merely
+another attempt on the insatiable Birch's part to extract more money
+from the Lord-Lieutenant.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The trial lasted several days, but when the jury were allowed to
+retire, they made short work of Birch, whose cross-examination had
+killed his chances of success.  Four minutes' deliberation was
+sufficient for the jurymen to bring in a verdict for the defendants, to
+whom they awarded costs to the amount of sixpence.  It was a blow to
+the prestige of Lord Clarendon, though the right-minded admitted his
+honesty in declining to be
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P255"></A>255}</SPAN>
+blackmailed by an adventurer.
+Naturally, the opposition party made great capital out of it, and the
+<I>Nation</I> attained the dignity of a classic.  For many weeks its pages
+were never without a reference to the <I>cause célèbre</I>, one of these
+being a neat epigram, which read:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+'"Lord C. has grown most awfully religious,"<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Said Corry Conellan with a rueful air;<BR>
+"At least, his trepidation is prodigious<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As to how in the next World he'll fare!":<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+With all the stubbornness of an English gentleman, the viceroy remained
+on at his post.  He was anxious to discover the solution to the
+problems of the day.  English money poured into the country to relieve
+the famine-stricken areas, and the landlords were helped also, but this
+did not augur tranquillity in the future.  In despair the viceroy began
+a policy of favouring the patriotic party; he tried conciliation, made
+advances, and offered the hand of friendship, only to be called a
+coward, and earn the distrust of his own party.  He then reversed his
+policy with the usual result&mdash;nobody was pleased, and when in 1852 Lord
+Clarendon's term came to an end, he was adjudged by all classes to have
+failed, although in such times Clarendon's failure was not without its
+personal compensations.  He had the satisfaction of knowing that no man
+could have succeeded, and history has proved that to be a fact.  His
+subsequent career is part of the history of England, for he was Foreign
+Secretary from 1853 to 1858, an epoch rendered memorable by the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P256"></A>256}</SPAN>
+Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny.  In 1870 he died suddenly, seventy
+years of age.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-256"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-256.jpg" ALT="Earl of Eglinton and Winton" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl of Eglinton and Winton
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+A remarkable sportsman
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Derby's first Government began on February 27, 1852, and ended in
+the following December.  During that short period the Viceroy of
+Ireland was Lord Eglinton and Winton, a nobleman who is best remembered
+as the promoter of the Eglinton tournament, an attempt to revive the
+old-time glory of the age of chivalry.  This freak cost him £40,000, a
+small sum to one possessed of great wealth, a fact he made evident
+throughout his stay in Dublin.  His lavish entertainments created a new
+era in viceregal hospitality.  Lord Eglinton was essentially what may
+be described as a sportsman, using the term in the old sense, and not
+as it is now understood.  His racing stable was about the largest and
+most successful in England, and during the forty-nine years (1812-61)
+he lived, he helped to enliven the crowd.  He was devoted to sport, and
+some surprise was expressed when he agreed to govern Ireland, but he
+liked the country, and in 1858, on Lord Derby's return, he went back to
+Dublin, but within sixteen months he resigned, and in June, 1859, it
+became necessary to find a successor.  He was scarcely interested in
+politics, though in 1854 he moved a resolution in the Lords asking for
+a commission to inquire into the working of the Board of Education in
+Ireland.  During his second viceroyalty he married again&mdash;the first
+Lady Eglinton having died in 1853&mdash;and for a few months a daughter of
+the Earl of Essex acted as the hostess of Dublin Castle and the
+Viceregal
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P257"></A>257}</SPAN>
+Lodge.  Personally untouched by the political
+difficulties of the country, Lord Eglinton had the merit of realizing
+the hopelessness of trying to solve Irish problems, and he did more
+good with his lavish dinners than the well-meaning Clarendon had with
+his painstaking investigations into, and midnight studies of, what are
+termed, for want of a better name, 'Irish affairs.'  He was given the
+United Kingdom peerage of Winton&mdash;an earldom&mdash;on his retirement from
+Ireland, the grateful ministry thus acknowledging his popularity as a
+sportsman, and helping us to remember that he won the St. Leger three
+times and the Derby once.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Political affairs having terminated Lord Eglinton's first viceroyalty
+towards the close of 1852, Lord Aberdeen, the Prime Minister, appointed
+the Earl of St. Germans to Ireland.  It was yet another attempt to meet
+the criticism that English statesmen and Irish viceroys were absolutely
+ignorant of and indifferent to Irish problems.  Lord St. Germans was
+fifty-four, and for some years&mdash;1841 to 1845&mdash;had been Chief Secretary
+for Ireland.  He was a man of ability and courage, and as the author of
+the Eliot Convention taught the participants in the Carlist rising in
+Spain something of the decencies of warfare.  As Chief Secretary for
+Ireland, his time had been spent in dealing with the numerous petty
+rebellions and their leaders; he introduced a Bill to restrict the sale
+of firearms and the importation of ammunition; the Government found it
+unacceptable, and Eliot went out of office to be given the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P258"></A>258}</SPAN>
+Postmaster-Generalship by Peel, and later the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord St. Germans married in 1824 a grand-daughter of the first Marquis
+Cornwallis, and both became intimate friends of the royal family.  In
+1853 Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort visited Dublin to open the
+great International Exhibition, and, of course, they were
+enthusiastically welcomed by the whole of the country.  Lord and Lady
+St. Germans took the lead in a splendid series of festivities that
+celebrated the visit of the queen.  Political motives may have
+suggested the visit, but in all probability the anxiety of Her Majesty
+to see Ireland again was not lessened by the fact that her friend was
+the viceroy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Carlisle
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+St. Germans' retirement in 1855 to become Lord Steward and confidant of
+the queen until his death, at the age of seventy-nine, in 1877, was
+followed by Lord Carlisle's first term of office.  As Lord Morpeth he
+had been Chief Secretary for more than six years&mdash;1835-41&mdash;the post
+having been given him because it was his amendment to the address that
+turned out the Peel administration in the spring of 1835.  Lord
+Morpeth, as he was known during the twenty odd years he sat in
+Parliament, was the most workmanlike minister of his generation.  With
+the assistance of Thomas Drummond, his under-secretary, he framed the
+Irish Tithe Bill, the Irish Municipal Reform Bill, and the Irish Poor
+Law Bill; and, although hampered by the House of Lords and by the fact
+that he was regarded as Lord Melbourne's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P259"></A>259}</SPAN>
+hostage for good
+behaviour to Daniel O'Connell, he was a most successful Chief Secretary
+in a time when success was very dearly bought.  He was, therefore,
+essentially a safe man when he became viceroy on the nomination of Lord
+Palmerston in February, 1855.  He held the post until October, 1864,
+with the exception of the sixteen months occupied by Lord Eglinton's
+second viceroyalty, between February, 1858, and June, 1859.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is not possible to say that any Viceroy of Ireland has been
+successful, because there is no such thing as pleasing the numerous
+parties into which the democracy and aristocracy of the country is
+divided, but Lord Carlisle went as near success as any human being
+could.  A fine statue by J. H. Foley, erected in Phoenix Park in 1870,
+is evidence of the popularity of George William Frederick Howard,
+seventh Earl of Carlisle.  He was an emancipationist when it was
+dangerous to confess to such ultra-Liberalism, and his speech when
+introducing the Irish Tithe Bill in the House of Commons in 1835&mdash;he
+was but thirty-three&mdash;remains one of the best speeches by an Englishman
+on Irish affairs.  He took a genuine interest in the welfare of the
+country, and did his best.  The 'patriots' denounced him as a tool of a
+tyrannical Government; the few that made his personal acquaintance
+discovered a scholarly nobleman with the most amiable manner in the
+world.  He never married, and consequently did not entertain on the
+same lavish and indiscriminate scale as his predecessors, but Dublin
+Castle was all the better for its acquaintance with the eminent
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P260"></A>260}</SPAN>
+persons the viceroy dined and wined there.  Another visit of the Queen
+and Prince Albert, inspired by the fact that the Prince of Wales was
+quartered with his regiment at the Curragh, was a feature of Lord
+Carlisle's term.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There were, of course, the usual political agitations, and although the
+Smith O'Brien rising had collapsed ignominiously, a new force in Irish
+affairs came into existence about the time that Lord Carlisle was
+concluding his first viceroyalty.  The Irish in America had begun to
+take a practical interest in Irish affairs.  They subscribed large sums
+of money to aid the cause of Irish independence, and for six years,
+beginning with 1858, great preparations were made for the striking of
+the decisive blow.  James Stephens and others founded the Fenian
+organization described by Mr. Gladstone as having its root in Ireland
+and its branches in the United States.  During the latter months of
+Lord Carlisle's viceroyalty there were one or two small attempts on the
+part of the Fenians to make themselves prominent, but it was not until
+Lord Wodehouse was in power at Dublin Castle that English ministers
+realized the gravity of the new situation created by Stephens and his
+friends.  Lord Carlisle's resignation was brought about by ill-health,
+and in October, 1864, he left Ireland, to die before the close of the
+year.  It illustrates the viceroy's position in social and literary
+circles to recall the fact that when the country celebrated in 1864 the
+tercentenary of the birth of William Shakespeare, Lord Carlisle should
+be selected to preside over the festivities at Stratford-on-Avon.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap17"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P261"></A>261}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XVII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The viceroyalty of Lord Wodehouse brought him an earldom in the year he
+retired from office&mdash;1868&mdash;but it would be an exaggeration to say that
+he was conspicuously successful.  Until his appointment to Ireland,
+Wodehouse had had experience of under-secretaryships only, at the
+Foreign and Indian Offices, and Lord Palmerston's selection came as a
+surprise.  It may have been due to the fact that Lord Wodehouse's wife
+was a daughter of an Irish peer, the last Earl of Clare, and there have
+been selections for the viceroyalty based on even more frivolous and
+cynical reasons.  There was, of course, a great deal of anxious and
+dangerous work for Lord Wodehouse to do, and within a few months of his
+arrival in Dublin he was coping night and day with the Fenian rising.
+At first all the viceroy's energy and the underground activities of his
+subordinates seemed helpless against the efforts of the latest society
+for bringing about separation from England, but Lord Wodehouse was not
+dismayed, and he met murder with execution and assassination with the
+rope.  The Fenian movement culminated in 1867 in a series of shameless
+murders that once more drew the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P262"></A>262}</SPAN>
+attention of the English nation
+to the disturbed condition of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the May of 1867 Mr. Gladstone declared in the House of Commons that
+the time was near when the Government would have to deal with the Irish
+Church, one of the strongest arguments of the Fenian party.  Following
+this declaration came the murder of a policeman in Manchester, when an
+attempt was made to rescue two Fenian prisoners.  Three men were
+executed for the crime, and as the 'Manchester martyrs' they are to be
+found in the calendar of Nationalism.  There was a melodramatic attempt
+to blow up a London prison, and thus free a Fenian incarcerated within
+its walls.  Everywhere the mention of the name of Ireland produced a
+feeling of panic and an expression of profound contempt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Kimberley
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile Lord Wodehouse, whose administration, ending in 1866, was
+wholly political, acted with rigour and fearlessness.  The Home Rulers
+mocked him, issuing imitation proclamations signed 'Woodlouse.'  He
+turned aside from signing warrants to welcome, in May, 1865, the Prince
+of Wales&mdash;afterwards King Edward VII.&mdash;to Dublin to open the
+International Exhibition, but that was almost the only occasion when he
+made a public appearance unassociated with politics.  There was some
+effort to maintain the social side of Dublin Castle government, but the
+times were not favourable to hospitality, and when in 1866 the viceroy
+was succeeded by the Marquis of Abercorn, and took his place in Mr.
+Gladstone's first ministry as Lord Privy Seal, under his new title of
+Earl of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P263"></A>263}</SPAN>
+Kimberley, there was neither regret nor gratitude
+expressed for his departure.  The Nationalists and their Fenian allies
+could not be expected to show approval or disapproval of persons who
+merely administered the same system.  To them Dublin Castle was the
+outward token of England's rule in Ireland, and their object was to
+destroy its existence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Kimberley died in 1902, aged seventy-six.  He is not remembered
+for his Irish viceroyalty, but as Foreign Secretary under Lord Rosebery
+in 1892-94 he displayed an ability that was something above mere
+industry.  He declined to join an alliance which had for its object the
+coercion of Japan after the latter's victory over China, and this
+far-seeing act was the first step towards the Anglo-Japanese alliance
+which many consider Lord Lansdowne's greatest achievement during his
+tenure of the Foreign Office.  Lord Kimberley was Colonial Secretary in
+the days when the affairs of the outer Empire were not considered very
+important, and a knowledge of the colonies something akin to bad form.
+His administration of Indian affairs was decidedly tame, but he did no
+harm.  It was his fate who once had been a member of the strongest
+Liberal Cabinet in the history of party government to witness the
+Liberal debacle that followed the resignation of the Rosebery
+Government.  In the palmy days of Liberalism it was his good fortune to
+serve under Gladstone&mdash;towards the close of his life he sat in the
+Cabinet of a man who, having won the greatest prize of political life
+too easily, treated it with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P264"></A>264}</SPAN>
+contempt, and in doing so wrecked the
+party which enabled him to win some fame as a statesman.  To Lord
+Kimberley fell the task of leading the Liberal minority in the House of
+Lords, and when he died in 1902, the Conservative and Unionist party
+was in an apparently impregnable position, and Liberalism was in the
+depths.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The fall of the Liberal ministry brought Lord Derby to the head of the
+Government, with Disraeli as his Chancellor of the Exchequer.  The
+Prime Minister thereupon asked the Marquis of Abercorn to accept the
+difficult and laborious post of Viceroy of Ireland, and the hazardous
+position was accepted from a sense of duty.  Lord Abercorn was in 1866
+fifty-five years of age, and thirty-four years earlier he had married
+Lady Louisa Russell, a daughter of the sixth Duke of Bedford, another
+viceregal family.  The viceroy was a popular landlord, though he, too,
+had a constitutional objection to tenants who would not pay their
+rents.  But the respectable classes admired him, and those who knew him
+personally considered that he was the right man for Ireland.  He was
+the proudest man in Ireland, with a flamboyant love of display.
+Fenianism was most active during his first term, and Abercorn was
+compelled to adopt similar methods in dealing with the trouble as had
+been part of the Liberal administration of his predecessor.  Ireland
+has always refused to accept the spirit of the English party system,
+and whether Liberal or Conservative ministry was in power, Dublin
+Castle remained the same.  There were the usual evictions, riots,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P265"></A>265}</SPAN>
+murders, and other crimes scarcely less reprehensible, and the viceroy,
+although protected to some extent by the Chief Secretary, who was, of
+course, the mouthpiece of the Irish Government in the House of Commons,
+found himself compelled by force of circumstances to undertake
+political work against which his soul revolted.  Lord Abercorn was not
+a man to revel in a display of the power of the police, or even of the
+tenacity and strength of the Castle bureaucracy.  He aimed at the
+improvement of the masses, the progress of education, and the
+cultivation of the fine arts.  In society the viceroy and the
+marchioness were most popular.  He was an intimate friend of the queen.
+No charge of alienism could be laid against the head of the Irish
+Hamiltons, and while every other great landlord had his land troubles,
+the tenants of the Marquis of Abercorn had realized in a practical
+manner their indebtedness to their landlord.  If anybody should have
+been the ideal viceroy Lord Abercorn was the man; but here, again, any
+success achieved was purely social, and confined to a small area.  The
+unruly state of the country, its increasing poverty, and its record of
+crime, found no palliative in the reign of the proudest of the
+Hamiltons.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Prince and Princess of Wales
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In April, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Dublin, to
+prove again that if Ireland had the reputation of being a nation of
+rebels, it could be courteous to distinguished visitors.  Lord and Lady
+Abercorn received them in Dublin, and there were great rejoicings.  The
+executive had taken the most elaborate precautions for the safety
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P266"></A>266}</SPAN>
+of the royal pair, but events proved that they were quite unnecessary,
+and Ireland might have been one of the most prosperous countries in the
+world for all the prince and princess saw to the contrary.  Within the
+sacred walls of St. Patrick's Cathedral the Lord-Lieutenant presided
+over a gorgeous ceremony, which formally created the Prince of Wales a
+Knight of St. Patrick, and the banquet that followed in St. Patrick's
+Hall was one of great splendour.  The dinner brought together not only
+all the notables of Ireland, but also the largest gathering of English
+and Irish detectives that the Castle has ever contained.  The number of
+the detectives was quite embarrassing, but it was considered necessary,
+with recollections of Manchester and Clerkenwell.  The royal guests
+were ignorant of this part of the programme, however, although the
+prince once addressed a question to a gentleman whom he thought was the
+viceroy's secretary.  He was not enlightened as to the identity of the
+detective-inspector from London, who was part of his bodyguard.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Benjamin Disraeli was Prime Minister at the time of the royal visit to
+Ireland, and he had no difficulty in getting Abercorn a dukedom.  On
+August 10, 1868, his elevation was announced, and Ireland's only
+duke&mdash;his Grace of Leinster&mdash;was joined by a second wearer of the
+strawberry leaves.  The new dignity had been earned years before Lord
+Abercorn lived in Dublin Castle, and by no stretch of official
+imagination could it be said to hallmark the Abercorn administration of
+1866 to 1868.  The General Election in the latter
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P267"></A>267}</SPAN>
+year displaced
+Disraeli, and gave Mr. Gladstone the reins of power, and the Duke of
+Abercorn went out with the Tory Government to enjoy himself in
+opposition until 1874, when Disraeli tasted the sweets of office again.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Irish Church disestablished
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We have Mr. Gladstone's own admission that the Fenian agitation of the
+sixties was the primary cause of English interest in the Irish Church,
+and in the great land question.  It is one of the truisms of history
+that agitation on unconstitutional methods is more effective than the
+employment of peaceful persuasion.  Catholic Emancipation proved that.
+When Gladstone took office it was known that he would attempt to create
+a contented Ireland by disestablishing the Irish Church, and by passing
+a great Land Act.  He chose as his Irish viceroy Earl Spencer, then an
+unknown and untried young man in his thirty-third year.  To be the
+representative of the premier in Ireland was the most onerous and
+dangerous position in the Government.  The viceroy found society, lay
+and clerical, against him, and with the passing of the Land Act of 1870
+the upper-class Irish believed what they had only doubted before&mdash;that
+Gladstone was the worst enemy of Ireland, and that Lord Spencer was his
+dangerous satellite.  There is no need to enter into the controversy
+that ensued when Gladstone introduced the Bill disestablishing the
+Church of Ireland, as the Protestant minority was termed absurdly.
+Archbishop Trench declared passionately that the disestablishment would
+'put to the Irish Protestants the choice between apostasy and
+expatriation, and every
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P268"></A>268}</SPAN>
+man among them who has money or position,
+when he sees his Church go, will leave the country.  If you do that,'
+he continued, 'you will find the country so difficult to manage that
+you will have to depend upon the gibbet and the sword.'  It would be
+unfair to dwell upon the ludicrous moanings of the Church party; they
+prophesied not only the extinction of the Irish Protestants, but the
+end of Christendom.  We can be content with the knowledge that time has
+given us of the prosperity and progress of Protestantism in Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is a splendid example of the irony of life to recall Mr. Gladstone's
+declaration when the telegram arrived at Hawarden, informing him that
+an emissary was on his way from Windsor Castle.  'My mission,' he said,
+'is to pacify Ireland.'  That may have been true, but Gladstone brought
+a sword rather than peace to the country which had such a long and
+fateful connection with the statesmanship of the great Liberal.  Lord
+Spencer, his first viceroy, experienced all the fury of rebellious
+Nationalism, and during his second viceroyalty had the unfortunate
+distinction of being the governor of a country where no man's life was
+safe, and where murder and outrage were as common as sand.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is, however, anticipating events.  The refusal of Lord Halifax to
+accept the viceroyalty had restricted Gladstone's choice.  Liberalism,
+even in its mildest state, has never appealed to territorial magnates,
+and the Whiggism of Lord Spencer was scarcely the fire-and-thunder
+Liberalism
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P269"></A>269}</SPAN>
+of his chief, but he stepped into the breach, and for
+the rest of his life was one of the strongest champions of a political
+faith unpopular amongst his own class.  Born in 1836, and married at
+the age of twenty-two, he brought the courage of youth to bear upon the
+Irish situation.  Gladstone never had a more faithful colleague and
+Dublin Castle a more conscientious occupant.  Dublin society was
+inclined to frown upon the viceroy, and there was some talk of a
+boycott of the viceregal functions, but Lord and Lady Spencer were
+independent of the support of the official and professional class which
+forms what is called society in the capital of Ireland.  A great
+English landlord and his wife could create any society they chose,
+being somewhat in a similar position to the Scotsman who declared that
+wherever he sat was the head of the table.  Lord Hartington, better
+known as the Duke of Devonshire, was Chichester Fortescue's successor
+as Chief Secretary, and the two noblemen carried out Gladstone's
+reforms with a thoroughness that for a time gave the impression that at
+last the Irish nation was to be pacified and made amenable to English
+rule.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Land Act of 1870
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The disestablishment of the Protestant Church in Ireland was, however,
+a minor reform compared with the great Land Act of 1870.  This was a
+measure of reform that took away the breath of the Tory leaders, but it
+has proved a most beneficial act, and when in the course of time it
+became obsolete, it was a Unionist administration that improved upon
+it, and passed an Act which,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P270"></A>270}</SPAN>
+compared with that of 1870, or even
+that of 1881, out-Gladstoned Gladstone.  It was not a brilliant
+success, because it tried to do too much, and, of course, offended both
+parties; but as the first attempt on a large scale to settle this
+many-sided question, it deserves a high place in the records of
+Gladstone's memorable Government of 1868-74.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Any determined effort to ostracize the viceroy was soon killed by the
+presence and influence of Lady Spencer.  She had been no more than
+twenty-four hours in Dublin when she was nicknamed "Spencer's Fairy
+Queen," a most flattering description of a great beauty and a charming
+woman.  Lord Spencer's skill as a horseman was in his favour, and his
+regular attendance in the chase earned him the respect of a large
+community which has a hereditary affection for the noblest of animals.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Castle seasons were enlivened by visits from the Prince of Wales, the
+Princess Louise, and the Prince Arthur, now the Duke of Connaught;
+while the important Dublin Exhibition was opened, and numerous Irish
+industries patronized and helped.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap18"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P271"></A>271}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XVIII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The fall of the Government was hastened by the Premier's anxiety to
+fulfil his pledge to pacify Ireland.  The Church question was settled,
+the land problem on its way to solution, and now Gladstone turned his
+attention to the grievances of Roman Catholics on the question of a
+university.  The Prime Minister's pose as the only man capable of
+settling Irish affairs had not been strengthened by the passing of a
+coercion act in the spring of 1870, but if he imprisoned Fenians, he
+generally followed it up by pressing for their release.  And firmly
+believing that if he conciliated the Roman Catholics he would bring
+peace to the country, he introduced a measure into the House of Commons
+seeking powers to establish a university acceptable to all classes and
+creeds.  It was defeated by three votes in one of the most memorable
+and significant divisions Parliament has known.  Friends and foes
+abstained, and friends and foes voted with surprising inconsistency,
+but the net result was the discomfiture of the Gladstonians and the
+immediate resignation of the premier, the latter act prompted, no
+doubt, by the knowledge that there was no other possible leader of a
+Government in the country.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P272"></A>272}</SPAN>
+Mr. Gladstone came back&mdash;as he knew
+he would&mdash;but the effects of the Irish University bill were felt right
+down to the day that the leader of the Liberal party heard the results
+of the General Election of 1874, and realized that his great rival,
+Benjamin Disraeli, was at last at the head of a working majority.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When writing of Gladstone's colleagues, it is difficult to resist the
+temptation to turn from them to speak of their chief.  Lord Spencer,
+however, was something more than a mere official obeying the orders of
+his superior.  His first term in Ireland laid the foundation of his
+public life, and exhibited those principles of devotion to duty, as he
+considered his duty to be, and a single-minded adherence to the
+political principles that distinguished him above his changing and
+vacillating colleagues.  When Mr. Gladstone proposed his university
+reforms, the viceroy worked his hardest, and Dublin Castle witnessed
+numberless interviews between him and representatives of both Churches.
+He saw Cardinal Cullen and obtained his views.  As usual, the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy, never doubtful as to its wants, asked too much, but
+Spencer listened politely, and in due course informed Gladstone.
+Doubtless, the English nobleman failed to understand the extraordinary
+mixture of politics and religion that is always part of Irish affairs,
+but he tried to understand and even to sympathize.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Gladstone's defeat in 1874 meant, of course, the viceroy's retirement
+from Dublin, and if the majority of the members of the Liberal
+administration
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P273"></A>273}</SPAN>
+regretted their defeat, Lord Spencer was not one
+of them.  He merited the rest opposition gave him, and for six years
+Tory noblemen acted as viceroys of Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke of Abercorn's second viceroyalty was quiet and threadbare.
+Disraeli was not the man to attempt heroic measures.  Perhaps he
+laboured to avoid Irish affairs, which since the Union had threatened
+to monopolize the time of Parliament.  He sent Sir Michael Hicks-Beach,
+afterwards Viscount St. Aldwyn, to the Irish office, and trusted to the
+viceroy and the Chief Secretary to shield him from the worries created
+by the awkward fact that a Prime Minister's duties were not confined to
+England.  When the Duke of Abercorn sent in his resignation, in
+December, 1876, owing to the state of his wife's health, Disraeli
+prevailed upon another duke to take his place.  This was the sixth Duke
+of Marlborough, who had declined the viceroyalty in the first days of
+the Government's existence.  The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn retired
+into private life, popular and respected, the duke living until 1885.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Duke of Marlborough
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The incoming Lord-Lieutenant was in his fifty-fifth year when in the
+early days of 1877 he was sworn in as Viceroy of Ireland.  One of
+Disraeli's personal friends, the influence of the duke had helped the
+Prime Minister from the outer ring of plebeian obscurity into the inner
+circle of Conservative exclusiveness.  Disraeli had a passion for
+dukes, although that rank suggested dulness to his bizarre and Oriental
+imagination.  Marlborough
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P274"></A>274}</SPAN>
+had been Lord President of the Council
+in 1868 during Disraeli's first administration, and he was induced to
+reconsider his decision not to join the ministry when the Duke of
+Abercorn retired.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough directed their attention to the
+amelioration of the lot of the poverty-stricken peasantry, and they
+endeavoured also to aid the trade of Ireland.  When the failure of the
+crops brought a famine, the duchess inaugurated a relief fund, which,
+with the help of the Mansion House, London, brought over £170,000 to
+the rescue of the sufferers.  Many other acts of kindness could be
+recorded of them, and although their reign necessarily concluded in
+May, 1880, on the destruction of the Tory Government, they accomplished
+much in a brief space of time, and, without being great reformers,
+achieved something in the way of reform.  Her Excellency had been
+before her marriage Lady Frances Tempest, and was a daughter of the
+third Marquis of Londonderry.  She was a dignified chatelaine of Dublin
+Castle, a fit partner for a great nobleman.  The rumblings of the Home
+Rule agitation storm could be heard before they vacated the viceregal
+position, for by now Charles Stewart Parnell had arisen to sound a new
+battle-cry for Nationalist Ireland.  The old methods of dead-and-gone
+agitators were to be improved upon, new ones invented and exploited,
+and a decisive battle fought for Irish independence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Agitation and crime
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The records of the day state that the Duke of Marlborough was 'popular'
+and 'successful,' but
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P275"></A>275}</SPAN>
+these are the records written by partisans.
+A popular viceroy generally means a Lord-Lieutenant who exhibits an
+amiable weakness to let things remain as they are, and as Marlborough
+did this, he was an especial favourite of the official party.  He was,
+however, wise in his generation.  Before his time history had taught
+the vital lesson that the viceroy who did his best to please all
+parties earned the hatred of all, and the men who ignored the pressing
+problems of the day, and turned his term of office into a social orgy,
+was acclaimed by the unthinking multitudes.  Riots, and evictions, and
+murders, were common enough in the closing months of Marlborough's
+viceroyalty, but beyond giving his sanction to the various acts that
+dealt with agrarian crimes and the troublous land problem, the viceroy
+made no display of statesmanship or endangered his ducal equanimity.
+It was to the Duke of Marlborough that Disraeli addressed his letter
+asking the electors for a fresh mandate.  He lived long enough to feel
+thankful that the English electors decided in 1880 to have nothing to
+do with Toryism, and so ordained that, instead of Beaconsfield
+nominating a viceroy, the task should be Gladstone's.  During his stay
+in Dublin Marlborough had for private secretary Lord Randolph
+Churchill.  In 1883 the duke died at the comparatively early age of
+sixty-one.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was expected that Lord Spencer would return to Ireland, but he was
+selected to fill the decorative post of Lord President of the Council,
+and Earl Cowper was sent to cope with Parnell's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P276"></A>276}</SPAN>
+followers.
+Cowper was forty-six years of age, and ten years previous to his
+appointment had married a daughter of the fourth Lord Northampton.  He
+was a man of great strength of character, a charming host, and famous
+for a temperament that he never allowed to be ruffled.  A perfect host,
+and a man of the world endowed with many talents, Earl Cowper might
+have succeeded at almost anything except the one particular task to
+which he was assigned.  When he arrived in Dublin the country was in a
+state of rebellion, the remarkable success of Parnell in uniting all
+shades of Nationalists under his leadership having the result of
+presenting the most formidable opposition to the Government yet
+experienced in the history of both countries.  Parnell had entered
+Parliament in 1875, and four years later was popularly acclaimed the
+new leader of the Irish people.  His lightest words were sufficient to
+render null and void the most important Act of Parliament, his orders
+were reverenced and obeyed by a vast majority of his countrymen.  When
+Lord Cowper took up his duties Parnell was the ruler of Ireland, and
+the efforts of the English Government to maintain a semblance of
+authority would have been ludicrous if the results had not been so
+tragic.  Landlords, agents, and tenants were murdered in cold blood,
+peaceful citizens were dragged into foul conspiracy by their bullying
+neighbours, and Parnell went about in open defiance of the Government,
+preaching rebellion and its ghastly accompaniments wherever he came.
+Mr. W. E. Forster, the Chief Secretary, induced his official chief to
+advise the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P277"></A>277}</SPAN>
+Cabinet to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, and when
+Gladstone hesitated, a practical demonstration of its necessity was
+furnished by the arrest of Parnell charged with seditious conspiracy,
+his abortive trial owing to the disagreement of the Dublin jury, and
+the Irish leader's consequent triumph over his opponents.  Then the
+power to imprison without trial was given to the Irish executive, and
+soon the gaols of the country were full to overflowing.  With the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act the Land League was born, and a new
+terror to officialism created.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Land League
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Cowper's viceroyalty has been tersely described as occupying 'two
+dismal years&mdash;the most dismal of the nineteenth century.'  His own life
+was threatened, elaborate plots to terminate the Chief Secretary's
+existence were discovered as fast as an overworked detective department
+could unravel its agents' reports, and from all over the country
+murders were reported until it seemed that all sense of decency had
+long since departed from the country.  Encouraged by the success of the
+Land League, a fresh series of revolting crimes shocked civilization.
+Terrified English ministers tried the effects of another Land Act, and
+in 1881 it was placed in the statute-book.  This was a great triumph
+for the Land League, and was regarded by its members as the
+justification of its existence.  Again a desire to conciliate had been
+interpreted as a sign of weakness.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The new Land Act did not decrease the agitation, and on October 12,
+1881, a five-hour sitting of the Cabinet resulted in an order to the
+viceroy
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P278"></A>278}</SPAN>
+to have Parnell arrested under the Coercion Act.  The
+Irish leader was thereupon taken to Kilmainham Gaol, and remained there
+for six months.  Optimists expected that this bold stroke would
+intimidate the intimidators; it had an opposite effect.  Mr. Forster
+had to report that crime was actually on the increase, and that the
+Land Act had not been of the slightest use.  It was easy to imprison
+Parnell, but the spirit of the movement remained abroad in the people.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In despair Gladstone turned to Parnell, clutching at the straw
+presented by one of the Irishman's friends that Parnell was willing to
+discuss terms of peace with the Government.  The premier was willing,
+anxious, in fact, to remove the reproach from his Government the state
+of Ireland entailed, and he sent Forster to open negotiations with the
+prisoner, who was a dictator.  When Lord Cowper heard of the
+preliminaries to what became known as the Kilmainham Treaty he
+resigned, rightly deeming it demeaning and humiliating for responsible
+ministers to treat with a man who had roused the passions of the
+uncontrollables, and who, to his lasting disgrace, never denounced the
+crimes the Land League produced until the greatest crime of all
+convinced him that sometimes murder is a mistake.  Mr. Gladstone
+appealed to Lord Spencer, a member of his Cabinet, and an experienced
+administrator of Irish affairs, to take up the most dangerous and
+irksome post in the Government.  The earl could not, of course, refuse,
+for refusal in the circumstances could have been construed into a
+confession of cowardice.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P279"></A>279}</SPAN>
+He had agreed in the Cabinet to the
+<I>pourparlers</I> with Parnell, and he was determined to give the Irish
+leader an opportunity of retrieving the blunders of the Land League,
+and doing so with a show of victory over the Government, which did not
+care about its reputation on Irish matters provided an end was made of
+the reign of the murderers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+State of the country
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Immediate events justified Lord Cowper up to the hilt, who must have
+watched with a grim satisfaction the terrible results of Mr.
+Gladstone's Irish policy in the early eighties.  When the time came
+that disclosed Mr. Gladstone as the champion of Home Rule, Lord Cowper
+took a leading part in the forces arrayed against his old chief.  At a
+meeting in a London theatre addressed by Lord Salisbury and the Marquis
+of Hartington, Lord Cowper was in the chair, and his presence was a
+tower of strength to the cause.  After the final defeat of Liberal Home
+Rule he dropped out of public life, and at his death&mdash;on July 19,
+1905&mdash;he was almost forgotten by his contemporaries.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is an admirable and eloquent description in Viscount Morley's
+'Life of Gladstone' of the condition of Ireland when Lord Spencer began
+his second viceroyalty: 'In 1882 Ireland seemed to be literally a
+society on the verge of dissolution.  The Invincibles still roved with
+knives about the streets of Dublin.  Discontent had been stirred in the
+ranks of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and a dangerous mutiny broke out
+in the metropolitan force.  Over half of the country the demoralization
+of every class, the terror, the fierce hatred,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P280"></A>280}</SPAN>
+the universal
+distrust, had grown to an incredible pitch.  The moral cowardice of
+what ought to have been the governing class was astounding.  The
+landlords would hold meetings and agree not to go beyond a certain
+abatement, and then they would go individually and privately offer to
+the tenant a greater abatement.  Even the agents of the law and the
+Courts were shaken in their duty.  The power of random arrest and
+detention under the Coercion Act of 1881 had not improved the morale of
+magistrates and police.  The Sheriff would let the word get out that he
+was coming to make a seizure, and profess surprise that the cattle had
+vanished.  The whole countryside turned out thousands in half the
+counties in Ireland to attend flaming meetings, and if a man did not
+attend angry neighbours trooped up to know the reason why.  The clergy
+hardly stirred a finger to restrain the wildness of the storm; some did
+their best to raise it.  All that was what Lord Spencer had to deal
+with, the very foundations of the social fabric rocking.'
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-280"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-280.jpg" ALT="Earl Spencer, K.G." BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl Spencer, K.G.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The appointment of Earl Spencer was not pleasing to Mr. Forster, and he
+sent in his resignation, his ostensible reason being the proposed
+suspension of the Coercion Act, which had enabled the Irish executive
+to imprison Parnell.  Forster, however, was more concerned with his own
+status.  Lord Spencer would retain his seat in the Cabinet, which meant
+that the Chief Secretary's position would be of less importance than
+hitherto.  The Prime Minister accepted the resignation without more
+than the expected and usual formal expressions
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P281"></A>281}</SPAN>
+of regret.  Lord
+Frederick Cavendish was selected to succeed him, and on the same day
+the viceroy and the Chief Secretary crossed the Channel.  This was the
+fatal May 6, 1882.  Lord Spencer was sworn in at Dublin Castle, and
+during the afternoon he was engaged in 'that grim apartment in Dublin
+Castle, where successive Secretaries spend unshining hours in saying
+"No" to impossible demands and hunting for plausible answers to
+insoluble riddles.'  At five o'clock the Viceroy started to ride to
+Phoenix Park, and at six Lord Frederick Cavendish followed.  In the
+Park he was overtaken by Mr. Burke, the Under-Secretary, and a few
+minutes later both men were foully murdered within sight of the
+Viceregal Lodge.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Phoenix Park murders
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Spencer wrote the following account of his knowledge of the
+murders&mdash;a statement inspired by a report that he had actually
+witnessed the affray and innocently regarded it as an unimportant
+scuffle:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'It is said that I saw the murder.  That is not so.  I had asked
+Cavendish to drive to the Park with me.  He said he would not; he would
+rather walk with Burke.  Of course, if he had come with me it would not
+have happened.  I then rode to the Park with a small escort&mdash;I think,
+my aide-de-camp and a trooper.  Curiously enough, I stopped to look at
+the polo-match which Carey described, so that he and I seem to have
+been together on that occasion.  I then turned towards the Viceregal
+Lodge.  The ordinary and more direct way for me to go was over the very
+scene
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P282"></A>282}</SPAN>
+of the murder.  Had I so gone the murders would not
+probably have been committed.  Three men coming up would have prevented
+anything of that kind.  But I made a slight detour, and got to the
+lodge another way.  When I reached the Lodge I sat down near the window
+and began to read some papers.  Suddenly I heard a shriek which I shall
+never forget.  I seem to hear it now; it is always in my ears.  This
+shriek was repeated again and again.  I got up to look out.  I saw a
+man rushing along.  He jumped over the palings, and dashed up to the
+Lodge shouting: "Mr. Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish are killed!"
+There was great confusion, and immediately I rushed out; but someone of
+the household stopped me, saying that it might be a ruse to get me out,
+and advising me to wait and make inquiries.  Of course, the inquiries
+were made, and the truth soon discovered.  I always deplore my
+unfortunate decision to make that detour, always feeling that if I had
+gone to the Lodge by the ordinary way the murders would have been
+prevented.  I have said that I did not see the murder, but my servant
+did.  He was upstairs, and saw a scuffle going on, but, of course, did
+not know what it was about.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+No political crime produced as great a sensation as these senseless and
+stupid murders.  The news came to London late in the evening, when
+Ministers were dining out.  The Home Secretary was attending a
+dinner-party at the Austrian Embassy when a messenger hurried in to
+tell of the dreadful calamity, and very soon all his colleagues were in
+possession of the dreadful tidings.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P283"></A>283}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Another Coercion Act
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The murders meant the end of the policy of conciliation, and the House
+of Commons gave a ready assent to another Coercion Act.  Parnell wrote
+to Gladstone offering to resign his seat, but the premier was not the
+person to judge members of the House of Commons.  With perfect courtesy
+he acknowledged the feeling that had prompted the Irish leader's
+letter, though he must have known that if there had been no Land League
+there would have been no Phoenix Park murders.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is one of the most difficult of tasks to write familiar history in
+an original manner.  The worthless lives of the assassins paid the
+penalty of the law, and a crude justice was meted out to Carey, the
+informer, who was shot dead by O'Donnell on board the liner which was
+taking him to safety.  O'Donnell was brought back from South Africa and
+executed, but the punishment of the actual murderers was a small part
+of the after-effects of the whole disastrous episode.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was not long before the party of progress by murder and revolution
+cast off the sackcloth it had donned on the deaths of Mr. Burke and
+Lord Frederick Cavendish.  The viceroy, with his back against the wall,
+was compelled to fight for his own life as well as for the existence of
+law and order.  The Parnellites, confident in their well-established
+reputation for obstruction and their followers' capacity for riot,
+looked forward to the day when they could dictate terms to one of the
+great political parties in England.  The granting of an extended
+franchise in 1884 had cleared the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P284"></A>284}</SPAN>
+way for an all-Nationalist
+Ireland.  The Liberal party was, as usual, blindly handing to their
+opponents weapons to be used for the destruction of Liberalism.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Gladstone was always a difficult leader to follow, but when he was
+dealing with Irish affairs his movements resembled the lines created by
+a maze.  With the best of motives he performed the worst and most
+foolish of actions, and Lord Spencer's task became more difficult every
+day.  The Government was defeated on the Budget, and a prolonged crisis
+ensued.  But before the resignation of the Cabinet Lord Spencer had to
+deal with the notorious Maamtrasna case.  This was, in brief, the trial
+of some forty persons for the murder of an entire family.  Twenty-one
+of the convicted prisoners were executed, and it was alleged that some
+of these were innocent.  A fierce debate absorbed three days in the
+House of Commons, and later on, when Lord Salisbury was premier and Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach was leader of the Commons, a motion was brought
+forward censuring the administration of Earl Spencer.  The only result
+was to draw public attention once more to the fearless manner in which
+the viceroy had carried out his duties, and even Tory members had to
+rise and protest in forcible language against the action of Tory
+leaders in condemning the man who risked his life to maintain law and
+order.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Spencer's character
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A month after his retirement from the viceroyalty 300 members of both
+houses of Parliament attended a banquet in his honour.  It was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P285"></A>285}</SPAN>
+noticed that Mr. Chamberlain was absent, but the presence of Lord
+Hartington in the chair and Mr. Bright among the company testified
+eloquently to the general opinion of Lord Spencer's conduct of Irish
+affairs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The three years of office that remained to Lord Spencer subsequent to
+the Phoenix Park murders brought into prominence in Irish affairs Mr.
+G. O. Trevelyan and Mr. Campbell-Bannerman, successive Chief
+Secretaries.  Neither was a pronounced success.  The only person in the
+limelight was the viceroy.  His personal bravery dismayed his cowardly
+foes, who, judging human nature by their own standard, could not but
+stand in awe of the man who could ride to hounds while the country
+round seethed with assassins.  Trevelyan could earn the title of
+'jelly-fish,' while Campbell-Bannerman utilized the position of Chief
+Secretary to try and convince his superiors that he could do something
+better if given greater opportunities.  The viceroy was firm, just,
+knowing no fear and showing no favour.  The fury of his opponents found
+expression in the attempt of an hysterical woman to horsewhip him, but
+she got no farther than stopping the horses and brandishing her whip.
+He was first called 'Rufus' because of his red beard, but this being
+deemed too genial, was changed to the 'Red Earl,' and accepted as an
+omen of his alleged 'red policy' of punishing murderers by hanging
+them.  It was hinted that the Lord Chancellor, Sir Edward Sullivan, was
+the power behind the viceregal throne, and when the great lawyer died
+the first
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P286"></A>286}</SPAN>
+favourable opportunity that presented itself to taunt
+the Lord-Lieutenant with leniency towards the criminal political
+classes he was declared to have lost his backbone.  On one occasion it
+was thought that he was suffering from lumbago because he was seen
+pressing his back with his hands; but a malicious wit declared that it
+was only 'His Excellency feeling for his backbone.'  The joke would
+have been more effective if it contained just a grain of truth to
+flavour it, but if there was one charge that could not be levelled
+against Lord Spencer it was this taunt of lack of firmness.  His only
+piece of good fortune was the submission of the Irish bishops to the
+Pope, who had censured them for disloyalty.  This was a great help to
+the castle.  A keen pleasure to the viceroy and a cause of anxiety to
+the police was a visit paid to Lord Spencer by the Prince of Wales on
+April 8, 1885.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the summer of 1885 Lord Salisbury formed a Government, and appointed
+Lord Carnarvon Viceroy of Ireland.  Within eight months a General
+Election placed Mr. Gladstone in power once more, and Lord Aberdeen
+spent the few but extremely critical months of life vouchsafed to the
+Liberal party until Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill split up his
+followers, and another General Election endorsed Lord Salisbury's claim
+that the Conservatives and Unionists represented the real opinion of
+the country on the question of Ireland and its government.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Defeat of the Home Rule Bill
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Spencer was President of the Council in 1885, and in 1892, when
+Mr. Gladstone became
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P287"></A>287}</SPAN>
+Prime Minister for the fourth and last time,
+he was given the post of First Lord of the Admiralty.  That ministry
+brought in another Home Rule Bill, and passed it through the Commons;
+but the House of Lords rejected it by the overwhelming majority of 378,
+the actual figures being 419 for its rejection and 41 against.  Mr.
+Gladstone did not appeal to the country, and thus Home Rule passed out
+of the Liberal repertoire for nineteen years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+If Queen Victoria had consulted Mr. Gladstone on the question of a
+successor, he would have advised Lord Spencer's selection.  Her
+Majesty, however, sent for that brilliant dilettante, Lord Rosebery,
+and Lord Spencer remained on at the Admiralty.  There was some talk of
+the premiership for him shortly before the resignation of Mr. Balfour's
+Ministry at the close of 1905, but by then he was a spent force, worn
+out and ill.  He could not join Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Cabinet,
+but he lent it his moral support, and that was not the least important
+factor in bringing to reason the members of the egregious Liberal
+Imperialist League, who at first viewed with suspicion the new premier,
+and then rushed with one accord to be received into the strangest
+political fold ever presided over by a Liberal shepherd.  Lord Spencer
+died in 1910 at the age of seventy-four, and it can be said of him, as
+of the late Duke of Devonshire, that he could have risen to greater
+heights had he not been born with a sense of modesty adorned by a good
+nature that permitted younger men to pass him, and left him without a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P288"></A>288}</SPAN>
+trace of rancour or bitterness.  He had the satisfaction of
+witnessing the amazing triumph of the Liberal party, and could die with
+the knowledge that it savoured of the Gladstonian Liberalism of the
+middle eighties and the early nineties&mdash;the Liberalism he fought for
+and in whose interest he had sacrificed his best years.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap19"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P289"></A>289}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XIX
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carnarvon was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant on July 7, 1885, and on
+January 12, 1886, he tendered his resignation, departing from the
+country thirteen days later.  It was an unusually brief, yet an
+exceptionally interesting, viceroyalty.  He was rightfully regarded as
+a man of fastidious honour and sincerity.  On two occasions he had
+resigned Cabinet rank because of conscientious objections to the policy
+of his leaders, and there was scarcely anybody among the statesmen of
+his time who commanded greater respect and confidence.  The action of
+Lord Salisbury in giving him the viceroyalty was rightfully interpreted
+to mean that the Tory Prime Minister realized fully the gravity of the
+situation in Ireland.  Lord Carnarvon might have had a more exalted and
+powerful position in the ministry.  He accepted the viceroyalty in the
+same spirit of anxiety to benefit his fellows that had been
+characteristic of him since his entry into public life nearly thirty
+years before.  He was now fifty-four years of age, and was known to
+fame as the author of the act that consolidated the British possessions
+in North America in 1867.  Again Colonial Secretary in 1874, the
+foreign policy of the Cabinet did not
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P290"></A>290}</SPAN>
+meet with his approval, and
+he resigned, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach succeeding him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carnarvon's state entry into Dublin evoked a display of
+enthusiasm, from all classes that indicated clearly the hopes of the
+people for something brilliant from his administration.  Lady Carnarvon
+was received for her own sake, as well as for that of her husband.  She
+possessed all the arts of the successful leader of society, and she
+exercised them fully while in Ireland.  There was keen competition to
+make the acquaintance of the viceroy and his wife, and Dublin Castle
+seemed likely to experience something quite different to its troubles
+of the previous five years.  But the wise knew that the imminent
+General Election would in all probability terminate the reign of Lord
+Carnarvon.  The Salisbury ministry was a 'Cabinet of Caretakers,' and
+the most that could be hoped for was the viceroy's return within a few
+years when the electors had had another opportunity of passing a
+verdict upon Gladstonian Liberalism.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Carnarvon and Parnell
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Carnarvon, however, quickly upset the equanimity of the prophets.
+Whatever may have been his own doubts about the durability of his
+position, he startled friends and foes alike by arranging for an
+interview with Charles Stewart Parnell.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant
+debating the policy of his Government with the Irish leader was even
+more productive of astonishment than the sight of Parnell accepting a
+place in the Government would have been.  The interview was kept a
+secret for a time, but it was too
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P291"></A>291}</SPAN>
+important to escape disclosure
+and debate, and the result of the General Election of
+November-December, 1885, hastened the acrimonious and puzzling
+discussion, with its sequel of denials and denunciations.  The scene of
+the momentous interview was a London drawing-room.  The viceroy, the
+moment he was alone with Parnell, appears to have taken the trouble to
+explain elaborately&mdash;perhaps too elaborately&mdash;his adherence to Unionist
+principles.  As the representative of the queen, he could not listen to
+one word involving the separation of the two countries; as a Tory
+minister, he did not expect any result from the interview, and he did
+not even hope for an agreement; while further, to protect himself and
+his colleagues, he assured Mr. Parnell that he was acting entirely upon
+his own responsibility, and as an individual, and not as a Cabinet
+minister.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Despite these preliminary precautions, the Irish leader came away from
+the meeting under the impression that the Tory party were willing to
+grant Ireland an assembly giving it complete control of its own
+affairs, and also a measure of land reform that would settle that
+difficult problem.  Of course, the price to be paid for this was to be
+the Irish vote.  On the other hand, Lord Carnarvon most emphatically
+contradicted this interpretation of what had passed between them.
+Nevertheless, Mr. Parnell adhered to his version.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The General Election of November-December, 1885, did not give either of
+the English parties an independent majority.  Of Liberals there were
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P292"></A>292}</SPAN>
+335, Tories numbered 249; and 86 Irish Home Rulers, all followers
+of Mr. Parnell, held the balance of power.  Mr. Gladstone was now a
+Home Ruler, and a Bill for establishing a separate legislature for
+Ireland was introduced.  It was in the early days of Mr. Gladstone's
+conversion to the cause that Mr. Parnell hurled a charge against the
+Tory party of having at one time been willing to purchase the Irish
+vote by an eleventh-hour conversion to Home Rule.  The charge was
+denied indignantly, and then the Nationalist leader named Lord
+Carnarvon as the Tory emissary.  The ex-viceroy explained his position
+in the House of Lords.  This was on June 10&mdash;three days after Mr.
+Parnell's speech in the Commons.  The latter at once replied in a
+letter to the <I>Times</I> of June 12.  It is worth reproducing:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Tory Party and Home Rule
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Lord Carnarvon proceeded to say that he had sought the interview for
+the purpose of ascertaining my views regarding&mdash;should he call it?&mdash;a
+constitution for Ireland.  But I soon found out that he had brought me
+there in order that he might communicate to me his own views upon the
+matter, as well as ascertain mine.  In reply to an inquiry as to a
+proposal which had been made to build up a central legislative body
+upon the foundation of county boards, I told him that I thought this
+would be working in the wrong direction, and would not be accepted by
+Ireland; that the central legislative body should be a Parliament in
+name and in fact.  Lord Carnarvon assured me that this was his own view
+also, and he strongly appreciated the importance of giving
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P293"></A>293}</SPAN>
+due
+weight to the sentiment of the Irish in this matter.  He had certain
+suggestions to this end, taking the Colonial model as a basis, which
+struck me as being the result of much thought and knowledge of the
+subject.  At the conclusion of the conversation, which lasted more than
+an hour, and to which Lord Carnarvon was very much the larger
+contributor, I left him, believing that I was in complete accord with
+him regarding the main outlines of a settlement conferring a
+legislature upon Ireland.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy's explanation of this was more general than particular.  He
+must have been satisfied with Lord Salisbury's verdict that he had
+conducted the interview with Mr. Parnell 'with perfect discretion,' but
+all the same it was many years before the Tory party lived down the
+allegation that had he wished Parnell could have purchased it lock,
+stock, and barrel, for service in the Home Rule cause.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In social circles Lord Carnarvon's popularity never waned.  He was
+supposed to be that contradiction in terms, 'a Tory Home Ruler,' but he
+was only a high-minded gentleman who made a genuine attempt to deal
+with the Irish problem.  It was yet another instance of a viceroy
+risking peace and popularity by trying to be impartial.  One of his
+opponents in Dublin expressed amazement that he should 'bother his head
+about Home Rule when he had the viceroyalty and a beautiful wife.'  It
+is not to his discredit that he failed, and it must be remembered that
+he paid a price for his interest in Ireland.  The General Election
+placed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P294"></A>294}</SPAN>
+Mr. Gladstone in power with the aid of the Nationalists,
+but Gladstone soon committed political suicide, and Lord Salisbury
+returned for a six years' lease of power.  He did not invite Lord
+Carnarvon to join his Cabinet, and at fifty-five the earl passed from
+the political stage.  All he gained by his brief association with
+Ireland was the degree of LL.D. from Dublin University, when he replied
+to the Public Orator's congratulations with an elegant Latin speech
+that amazed the dons by reason of its splendour and faultlessness.
+Lord Carnarvon died in 1890, only fifty-nine, but with a generous
+record of work in the public service behind him.  Never a party hack
+nor a slave to political shibboleths, always an individualist and a
+thinker, it was scarcely a fault if his good nature led him into an
+unfortunate attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable.  He came to
+Ireland with no previous experience of the country and its people, and
+so he judged them by the standard applied to average men and women.  We
+have been told by an authority that the Celtic temperament is
+destructive, and not constructive, and the facts of history confirm
+him.  Lord Carnarvon forgot this, and therefore laid himself open to
+the charge that he was surrendering to Parnellism and reform by crime,
+and at the same time leading the Tory party to destruction.  But
+political catch-phrases are usually the work of the unthinking and the
+illogical, and the only mistake he made was the common one of being a
+little too much in advance of his time.  The Tory party has travelled
+many Irish miles since the day an
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P295"></A>295}</SPAN>
+Irish viceroy and Parnell
+exchanged their opinions in a London drawing-room.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Earl of Aberdeen
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The General Election of 1885 swept Liberalism out of Ireland, and gave
+the House of Commons eighty-six Nationalists, the remainder of the
+Irish members representing the opinions of the Unionist and
+Conservative party.  Mr. Gladstone had to solve the problem created by
+the indecisive election, and as he finally decided to cast in his lot
+with the Home Rulers, he formed a Government&mdash;his third&mdash;and appointed
+the Earl of Aberdeen Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Mr. John Morley&mdash;now
+Viscount Morley&mdash;entering the Cabinet for the first time as Chief
+Secretary.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Aberdeen was born on August 3, 1847, and in 1870 succeeded to the
+earldom&mdash;the seventh to hold the title.  Associated from his earliest
+days with the great Liberal statesman, he had always enjoyed his
+friendship and confidence.  It was to Lord and Lady Aberdeen's London
+residence in the eighties&mdash;Dollis Hill, near Willesden&mdash;that Mr.
+Gladstone went to seek repose after giving up his London house,
+recording in his diary that he felt too timid at seventy-seven to think
+of acquiring another London home.  When in 1894 he resigned the
+premiership, it was at Dollis Hill that he spent a few days in rest and
+quiet.  Ever a stanch and discriminating friend, Mr. Gladstone was
+delighted to bestow the viceroyalty upon Lord Aberdeen, and
+accordingly, on February 10, 1886, he was sworn in at Dublin Castle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is almost impossible to write of contemporaries without revealing
+traces of prejudice or
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P296"></A>296}</SPAN>
+partiality.  Lord Aberdeen's Liberalism
+was moulded by Mr. Gladstone, who was his political mentor; and Lady
+Aberdeen, his clever and energetic wife, has always displayed a
+masculine knowledge of politics and politicians.  She was a Miss Ishbel
+Marjoribanks before her marriage in 1877, and from all accounts seems
+to have been a Home Ruler before Mr. Gladstone's conversion.  When she
+entered Dublin in 1886 as the viceroy's wife she was under thirty, but
+already had achieved considerable fame as a determined politician, a
+philanthropist who had initiated common-sense methods in dealings with
+the grave problems of ill-health and poverty, and a loyal friend.  She
+entered with zest into the social pleasures of Ireland's capital, and
+practised the arts of the vice-queen which she has since brought to
+perfection in Canada and in Dublin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Their hospitality was generous, their popularity boundless.  The chosen
+of Gladstone could not but be an idol with the masses.  Until coached
+by their suspicious chieftains, the rank and file of Nationalism
+idolized the viceroy and his wife.  The Lord Mayor of Dublin and the
+leading citizens voiced the opinions of the people, and the 'Union of
+Hearts' appeared to be accomplished.  At last Liberalism seemed to have
+won the allegiance of the Irish.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The influence of Lady Aberdeen was considerable, and she helped to earn
+success for the viceregal party.  An ardent politician, she never made
+the mistake of subordinating the hostess to the politician, and at her
+functions all classes and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P297"></A>297}</SPAN>
+creeds met.  It may be necessary here
+to state that the story which has been in circulation some years,
+describing how Lady Aberdeen was informed by the late Lord Morris that
+'herself and the waiters, bedad!' were the only Home Rulers in the
+room, is a wicked and malicious lie.  The alleged incident never took
+place, for Lady Aberdeen is not in the habit of introducing politics
+during dinner-parties and canvassing for opinions when entertaining.
+Lord Morris was the author of many witty sayings, and he does not
+require the aid of the unscrupulous to perpetuate his memory.  His
+sayings will live without the help of that type of person who delights
+in associating persons of eminence with their jokes, well aware that
+because of their position they are compelled to ignore their slanderers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+While history was being made with startling rapidity in England, Lord
+Aberdeen continued to carry out the duties of his exalted office.  But
+the Liberal party was by now smashed to atoms.  Mr. Gladstone was
+acting like a broken and disappointed man, and the life of the ministry
+threatened at any time to cease.  It was merely a question of time for
+the Tory party and the rebellious Liberals to amalgamate and turn out
+the Gladstone Government.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On July 20, 1886, Mr. Gladstone resigned, and Lord and Lady Aberdeen
+left Ireland, and it was now the turn of the Tory-Liberal-Unionist
+coalition to show what they could do in Ireland&mdash;the land of
+opportunities of which no one seemed capable of taking advantage.  Lord
+Salisbury had
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P298"></A>298}</SPAN>
+already stated his views with characteristic
+bluntness.  During the debate on the Home Rule Bill of 1886 he forgot
+that he had not a reputation for humour, and informed his audience that
+the Irish were like the Hottentots, incapable of governing themselves,
+while he suggested that the best plan for Ireland would be the
+application for twenty years of a stringent Coercion Act.  The question
+of the Imperial contribution towards the setting up of a Parliament in
+Dublin he touched upon lightly by suggesting that the money would be
+better employed in aiding the emigration of a million Irishmen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This was the statesman who was given the opportunity of putting into
+practice his theories of Irish administration.  There was some
+curiosity as to the new viceroy, and when Lord Salisbury chose the
+Marquis of Londonderry the nervous felt more relieved.  The premier had
+selected a safe rather than a brilliant Lord-Lieutenant, and one who
+was capable of perpetrating as few blunders as any of his Tory
+contemporaries.  Sir Michael Hicks-Beach emphasized the new importance
+of the Irish Secretaryship by accepting it, and, as he had been
+Chancellor of the Exchequer in the previous Salisbury Cabinet, his
+action was regarded as a generous one.  It was a remarkable innovation
+to send a tried statesman to Dublin, for it had been the custom for
+many years to utilize the position as a sort of preparatory school for
+the Cabinet.  It was Sir Michael's second attempt, but this was only a
+half-hearted one.  Two Royal Commissions were appointed&mdash;one
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P299"></A>299}</SPAN>
+to
+report on the land question, the other to examine into the material
+resources of the country.  Lord Cowper, an ex-viceroy, presided over
+the first.  Lord Salisbury was, indeed, making a worthy attempt to
+effect the political salvation of the Hottentots by Act of Parliament.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The viceroy, Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, sixth Marquis of
+Londonderry, was thirty-four years of age, and had before his
+succession to the peerage in 1884 represented County Down in Parliament
+for six years.  As a descendant of the second marquis, who earned
+undying notoriety by his destruction of the so-called Irish Parliament,
+he was naturally of interest to all whose affairs brought them into
+close touch with Ireland.  He was an Irish landlord, the husband of a
+clever, ambitious woman, a daughter of the premier earl of England.
+They had married in 1875, and she was a leading Tory hostess when they
+transferred their headquarters from Londonderry House, Park Lane, to
+Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge for a period of three years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Mr. Balfour as Chief Secretary
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They were stirring times, but the viceroy, by a curious chance, was
+able to stand aloof.  The resignation of Sir Michael Hicks-Beach in the
+March following the arrival of Lord Londonderry brought the Prime
+Minister's nephew, Mr. A. J. Balfour, over as Chief Secretary.  We know
+how he made his years in Ireland peculiarly his own, obscuring our view
+of the viceroy until at times it seems that there was only a shadow
+behind the frail-looking personality that dominated Ireland in his
+capacity of Chief Secretary.  'Bloody'
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P300"></A>300}</SPAN>
+Balfour, they called him,
+and plotted against his life, much to the annoyance of the viceroy, who
+detested fuss, and never could understand the prevailing passion for
+political principles.  Mr. Balfour answered force with force, and,
+remembering the history of attempts at conciliation, he went boldly and
+fearlessly for the criminals, their patrons and instigators.  Another
+Coercion Bill was framed, and, empowered by it, he sent about thirty
+members of Parliament to gaol, while evictions and murder continued to
+be reported, and Parnellism became synonymous with crime.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A visit from Prince Albert Victor and Prince George towards the end of
+June, 1887, was appreciated by both viceroy and people.  The event had
+all the charm of spontaneity and unexpectedness, and Lord and Lady
+Londonderry had the one opportunity of their viceroyalty to show what
+they could do as representatives of the Queen of England.  There was a
+brilliant State banquet in the famous old dining-room of Dublin Castle,
+where the leading men of the country paid their respects to the then
+second heir to the throne and the youthful Prince who was destined by
+Fate to ascend the throne.  A review in the famous and superb Phoenix
+Park was another feature of the visit that must have appealed to the
+viceroy as an oasis does to the traveller in the desert.  Not that Lord
+Londonderry took a too prominent part in the inevitable political and
+agrarian troubles of his reign.  He left those to the efficient and
+indomitable Mr. Balfour, while he pursued the even way of life, gently
+patronizing the elect, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P301"></A>301}</SPAN>
+good-humouredly tolerating the
+non-elect who are the clamouring and unsought satellites of every
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Lady Londonderry, who is clever enough to deserve
+a better title than that of mere giver of dinners, softened the
+crudities of office and gained a popularity in Ireland not confined to
+her political friends&mdash;a rare achievement in a confessedly party woman.
+She is the author of a study of Viscount Castlereagh, second Marquis of
+Londonderry.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Mitchelstown affray
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The affray at Mitchelstown in the September of 1887 was dealt with by
+Mr. Balfour with his usual splendid disregard for public opinion, and
+it was succeeded by the Parnell Commission.  During these historic
+incidents the viceroy remained in the background, jogging amiably
+along, and no doubt thanking Heaven that had cast his lot in pleasanter
+times than those that fell to Lord Cowper and Lord Spencer.  He
+resigned the office in 1889.  Eleven years later he sat in his first
+Cabinet as Postmaster-General, and when Mr. Balfour succeeded his uncle
+in the premiership he appointed his colleague President of the Board of
+Education&mdash;a nice, respectable post that nobody took seriously, and
+wondered why it was represented in the Cabinet at all.  The 'tariff'
+resignations in 1903 placed several important portfolios at Mr.
+Balfour's disposal, and he thereupon added to Lord Londonderry's
+official duties by making him Lord President of the Council.  And as
+President of the Board of Education and President of the Council the
+marquis continued to attend the Cabinet until the ministry perished in
+the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P302"></A>302}</SPAN>
+maelstrom that swallowed up the Tory party and astonished the
+world within a few weeks of Mr. Balfour's resignation of the
+premiership.  The Tory ex-Prime Minister appeared to have left most of
+his courage behind him in Ireland, where he went as 'Clara,' and stayed
+to earn the more flattering, if inelegant, sobriquet of 'Tiger Lily.'
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap20"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P303"></A>303}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XX
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+From out of the solid phalanx of Tory peers eligible for the post Lord
+Salisbury chose the Earl of Zetland, and sent him to Dublin.  The
+viceroy was then in his forty-fifth year, was chiefly distinguished by
+his fondness for horse-racing, while a painstaking press recorded the
+fact that his mother was an Irishwoman.  In 1871 he married Lady Lilian
+Lumley, a daughter of the ninth Earl of Scarborough, and the following
+year he was elected for the family borough of Richmond, Yorkshire.  The
+death of his uncle in 1873 terminated his career in the House of
+Commons, and until his appointment to Ireland in 1889 he led the life
+of a country gentleman and a sportsman.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His viceroyalty was somewhat similar to that of Lord Londonderry's,
+though he soon lost the aid of Mr. Balfour, who was replaced by Mr. W.
+L. Jackson, raised to the peerage as Lord Allerton in King Edward's
+Coronation year.  He had not been long in office when the report of the
+Parnell Commission became the sensation of the season; indeed, it was
+all Parnell and no Zetland from the beginning to the end of his term.
+The Commission was followed by the divorce case that
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P304"></A>304}</SPAN>
+extinguished
+the Irish leader; then came the sharp and bitter party schisms, the
+intervention of the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and last of all the death
+of the central figure of the sordid and miserable tragedy.  It was
+quite impossible for either viceroy or Chief Secretary to do more than
+be there if he was wanted, and, perhaps fortunately no great crisis
+called for their intervention.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant can always have
+a comfortable and easy life in Dublin provided he is not ambitious to
+be up and doing.  Lord Zetland was disinclined to create precedents or
+seek to alter established things.  Every good cause received his
+approval and the benediction of Lady Zetland.  They were not more
+political than they had to be, while the viceroy's fondness for the
+Turf was not without its effect, although the Irish sportsman is quite
+a different type to the Irish, and 'never the twain shall meet.'  The
+viceroyalty jogged on gently to its predestined end, and the General
+Election giving Mr. Gladstone a majority the six-year-old Salisbury
+Administration came to an end.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Mr. Gladstone in power
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The return of Mr. Gladstone to the premiership caused great
+perturbation in Unionist circles in Ireland.  At last the polls had
+given him a mandate for Home Rule, and there was no prospect of
+rebellious Liberals rising again to destroy their chief.  There
+remained the House of Lords, ever the bulwark of the liberties of the
+people&mdash;whether the people appreciated it or not; but there was a doubt
+whether the Upper Chamber would peril its existence by defying
+Gladstone again.  Nevertheless, Unionist Ireland, with a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P305"></A>305}</SPAN>
+fanaticism and a determination not unworthy of the Irish Nationalist
+representatives, determined to fight the odds against them inspired by
+a 'No surrender' spirit.  They resolved not to touch Gladstone or his
+noble representative with a forty-foot pole, and, numbering in their
+ranks the majority of the gentry and nobility, their decision to
+boycott the incoming viceroy meant much more than it appeared on the
+surface.  It is true that any Tory viceroy can create the sort of court
+he pleases, and so can a Liberal in ordinary circumstances, but Lord
+Houghton was viceroy at a time when every snob, whether he took any
+interest in politics or not, became a Unionist in order to be known as
+a member of the gentlemanly party.  It was simply 'bad form' to favour
+Home Rule, and that was sufficient to unite Unionists as they have
+never been united before or since.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Gladstone was in the position of having very few candidates for the
+viceroyalty.  Mr. John Morley was, of course, the Chief Secretary, and
+he could be depended upon to do all the political work.  The premier
+offered the viceroyalty to the then Lord Houghton, and it was accepted
+in the hope that it would lead to better things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Houghton
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Houghton was born in 1858, on January 12, so that he was in his
+thirty-fifth year when he was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+His official training had been meagre, comprising the not fatiguing
+post of Assistant Private Secretary to Lord Granville during part of
+that statesman's occupancy of the Foreign Office in Mr. Gladstone's
+second Administration, and a few months as Lord-in-Waiting
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P306"></A>306}</SPAN>
+to
+Queen Victoria in 1886.  The son of Monckton Milnes was always an
+object of interest to students of history, literary and political, and
+Lord Houghton had shown that he was not inexpert by writing a number of
+stray verses that exhibited a talent for rhyming.  His ability for
+statesmanship was, however, more doubtful, and, as events proved, he
+was not the man to conciliate the important body of opinion adverse to
+the Government he represented.  The position, certainly, was most
+difficult, and abler men than Lord Houghton would have failed.  He
+could not forget his own dignity, and therefore never attempted to
+conciliate the Opposition.  The distrust of the Nationalists must have
+struck him as savouring of ingratitude, and as every Liberal viceroy
+has found it, Lord Houghton was an object of suspicion and distrust to
+all Irishmen.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-306"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-306.jpg" ALT="Lord Crewe" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Crewe
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Irish society boycotted the Liberal viceroy.  He started badly by
+declining to receive a loyal address because it contained a reference
+to the Home Rule question.  Lord Houghton, being temperamentally
+incapable of inspiring affection in inferiors, adopted an attitude of
+extreme <I>hauteur</I>, offending every class in turn.  Mr. Gladstone was in
+the midst of the battle of his life, ably seconded by Mr. John Morley;
+but the Lord-Lieutenant of the Government sat in gloomy solitude in
+Dublin, cognisant no doubt of the fact that for the first time since
+1172 Dublin Castle and Viceregal Lodge invitations were being declined
+or ignored by a society which in the ordinary course of events would
+sacrifice
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P307"></A>307}</SPAN>
+anything rather than the <I>entrée</I> to the miniature
+court of the viceroy.  No help could come from Ireland, where the
+masses watched the efforts to plant a Parliament in College Green with
+a sullenness of demeanour that indicated their lack of enthusiasm.  The
+educated classes were almost to a man and a woman Unionists, and the
+movement against the viceroy was inspired by party feelings, but Lord
+Houghton's personality did not tend towards the softening of the
+austerities.  The members of his <I>entourage</I> suffered from the general
+disfavour, and the aides-de-camp, who are usually almost danced to
+death every season, ended their labours as fresh as they began them.
+The entertaining that had to be done was in the capable hands of the
+Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker, Lord Houghton's sister, a lady of many
+accomplishments.  The viceroy was a widower then, and some years from a
+second wife, an earldom, an heir, and a marquisate.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Houghton's position in Ireland was certainly unique.  In a country
+overwhelmingly Nationalist&mdash;using the word in its party sense&mdash;he was
+supposed to belong to the popular side.  Hitherto, the Lord-Lieutenant
+had been more or less a Tory, for the average Liberal was too superior
+to descend into the cockpit of Irish politics; but Lord Houghton was
+the Heaven-sent embodiment of Ireland's hopes of legislative
+independence.  He was a member of the Government that had for its first
+and only object the settlement of the Irish question, and yet the
+viceroy, with all these aids, might have been the most
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P308"></A>308}</SPAN>
+bigoted
+Tory of Tories, judging by the attitude of the Nationalists.  The
+native politician well maintained his reputation for suspecting his
+best friends.  The prophets of gloom foretold of the fatal intervention
+of the House of Lords, and were so certain of defeat as to contribute
+towards it themselves.  Lord Houghton was regarded as a sham,
+Gladstone's noble self-sacrifice as a mere trick; the whole body
+politic seemed destitute of honour and honesty.  Wherever the viceroy
+went he was received in silence; there were no popular demonstrations
+in town or country.  Ireland was in the position of the beggar who
+awaits charity with curses ready on her tongue in the case of refusal
+or dissatisfaction.  She could not&mdash;would not&mdash;believe and understand
+that Mr. Gladstone was risking his own life, and that of his party, in
+his endeavour to grant the Nationalist demands.  Eventually he wrecked
+Liberalism, but it has since recovered&mdash;Ireland has not.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The House of Lords is the stock enemy of Liberalism, but the peers did
+Lord Houghton a good turn when they rejected Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule
+Bill and numbered the days of the ministry.  Heroically enough, the
+viceroy agreed to continue in office when Lord Rosebery was
+unexpectedly given the premiership; but all men knew that the
+Government was merely a makeshift, and that a General Election and a
+Conservative-Unionist triumph was to be expected as a matter of course.
+It came in 1895, and with it the end of Liberalism for ten years.  Lord
+Houghton resigned with the ministry, and left
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P309"></A>309}</SPAN>
+Dublin as glad to
+be out of the country as the country was as pleased to see the last of
+him.  When the whirligig of time brought its revenges, and the Lord
+Houghton of the 1892-95 viceroyalty was an earl of ten years' standing,
+earls being remarkably scarce on the Liberal red benches, he was
+admitted to the Cabinet in the respectable capacity of Lord President
+of the Council.  This post was vacated for a time when in Mr. Asquith's
+Ministry he was Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State for the
+Colonies.  In 1910 he became Secretary of State for India, exchanging
+offices with Viscount Morley.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Crewe's marriage in 1898 to Lady Margaret Primrose, the youngest
+daughter of the Earl of Rosebery, was a brilliant social function, and
+the birth of a son and heir in 1911 was more welcome than the
+marquisate which came to the Indian Secretary in the Coronation
+Honours' List.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Tory ascendancy
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The triumph of the Conservative and Liberal-Unionist coalition cleared
+the political atmosphere.  Once more the rival parties in Ireland were
+on their old footing; the Castle and the Lodge would be exclusively
+Unionist, and the other side was saved the embarrassment of having a
+friend in power.  Lord Salisbury, in looking round for a suitable
+viceroy, found in his intimate friend and colleague, Lord Cadogan, the
+ideal viceroy.  Twenty years previously they had been members of the
+same Government&mdash;Lord Salisbury in the Cabinet, and Lord Cadogan
+Under-Secretary at the War Office and the Colonial Office in turn.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P310"></A>310}</SPAN>
+In Lord Salisbury's Government of 1886-92 he was Lord Privy Seal.
+Their political friendship served to cement a private friendship that
+lasted until Lord Salisbury's death, and it was the premier's
+resignation in 1902 that caused the then viceroy to retire.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-310"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-310.jpg" ALT="Earl Cadogan, K.G." BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Earl Cadogan, K.G.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Lord Cadogan was born in 1840, and in 1865 he married Lady Beatrix
+Craven, who died in 1907.  Succeeding to the earldom in 1873, he was
+obliged to leave the House of Commons, to which he had been elected by
+the citizens of Bath the same year.  From the day of his elevation to
+one of the wealthiest places in the peerage Lord Cadogan became a
+valued asset of the Conservative party.  An intimate friend of the then
+Prince and Princess of Wales, given to hospitality, married to a lady
+with more than the usual gift for entertaining, the owner of Chelsea
+House and his wife became social leaders of the party.  Lord Salisbury
+was fortunate in securing Lord Cadogan for the viceroyalty, and a seat
+in the Cabinet was only right and proper for one whose influence and
+support were of paramount importance.  As Chief Secretary, Mr. Gerald
+Balfour accompanied Lord Cadogan, and after an imposing state entry on
+August 12, 1895, they settled down to work.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Dublin Castle there is an object-lesson of the relative political
+importance of the two chief executive officers of the Government in
+Ireland.  The Lord-Lieutenant's room is small and unpretentious, that
+of the Chief Secretary roomy, well furnished, and comfortable; but
+during Lord Cadogan's term he overshadowed his first Chief
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P311"></A>311}</SPAN>
+Secretary, although the latter was a brother of the leader of the House
+of Commons.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord and Lady Cadogan
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord and Lady Cadogan quickly earned that popularity which never left
+them.  Charming to everybody, the soul of courtesy to all ranks and
+classes, ideal host and hostess, and spending their great wealth
+freely, it would have been surprising, indeed, if the viceroy and his
+wife had not achieved success.  Nationalists, professional and amateur,
+learnt the advantage of having a wealthy Lord-Lieutenant, even if he
+had been nominated by the hated and detested Tories, and the
+unostentatious munificence of the viceregal pair was not the least
+factor that contributed towards their success.  As a member of the
+Cabinet, Lord Cadogan's political sympathies were obvious, yet in an
+extraordinary way he managed to conceal the politician in the
+administrator.  He was even accused of favouring the Nationalists and
+Roman Catholics, and aggrieved place-hunters ruefully declared that the
+only qualification for office and promotion was Nationalist leanings or
+adherence to the Church of Rome.  Nevertheless, Lord and Lady Cadogan
+lost nothing of their influence over all classes.  Every Dublin season
+was brilliant and successful, simply because Lord and Lady Cadogan had
+the power to do things, and knew how to do them.  The visit of the then
+Duke and Duchess of York in 1897&mdash;a brilliant success&mdash;was a triumph
+for Lord Cadogan's political perspicacity.  The Local Government Bill
+of 1898&mdash;a measure frankly Liberal in tone&mdash;would have wrecked any
+other Lord-Lieutenant; it left Lord Cadogan as strong
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P312"></A>312}</SPAN>
+as ever.
+It is the irony of fate that the Conservative-Unionist party should
+have done, and still be doing, more for Ireland than Gladstone or his
+colleagues ever did.  The Local Government Bill meant that the control
+of local affairs should pass from the hands of the minority to the
+majority.  Protestant and Unionist councillors, Chairmen of County
+Councils, aldermen, magistrates, and other minor dignitaries were swept
+out of existence, and that nebulous host, the people, reigned in their
+stead.  Had Gladstone proposed such a measure, and carried it, there
+would have been a revolt of the Unionists in Ireland, but as a
+Salisbury Government fathered the Act it was accepted without demur,
+and the revolution on the Nationalist side was a peaceful one.  In a
+single phrase, the Act meant that in future the Catholic majority
+should be the masters of the Protestant minority.  There is no quarter
+given or asked in Irish politics, and from that day to this the
+Protestants have had no share in the administration of local government
+in the country.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap21"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P313"></A>313}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XXI
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+The outbreak of the South African War initiated a display of disloyalty
+in Ireland which might have embarrassed a less adroit Administration.
+The policy of killing Home Rule by kindness had not succeeded, and it
+was very evident that the throwing open of practically every office to
+the people had not satisfied them.  Every Boer victory was received
+with jubilation, but it was mostly superficial.  An English tourist,
+tactfully extracting the opinions of a cabdriver, was informed that the
+English deserved to be beaten, as he hoped they would, adding with a
+grin of delight, 'But we did make them run, sor, didn't we?' referring
+to the account of an English victory over the enemy the day before in
+which an Irish regiment had gained fresh laurels.  Nothing is more
+ludicrous than the fervent politician who attempts unearthly
+consistency in thought, word, and deed.  Few persons take seriously the
+over-serious politician.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The General Election of 1900 was preceded by a visit from Queen
+Victoria&mdash;the last of a successful series.  It was a tribute to the
+good sense of the Irish and their innate loyalty, and Lord Cadogan did
+much to bring the queen to Ireland by
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P314"></A>314}</SPAN>
+assuring the Cabinet that
+there was not the slightest danger.  Four and a half years' residence
+in the country had taught the viceroy a great deal about the Irish
+people, and his trust and confidence in them were confirmed when, on
+April 3, 1900, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Sir Thomas D. Pile, Bart.,
+presented Her Majesty with the keys of the city and the civic sword.
+She entered Dublin in triumph, and was received by Lord and Lady
+Cadogan at the Viceregal Lodge amid great rejoicing and splendour.  The
+following day more than 50,000 children were reviewed in the Phoenix
+Park by the queen&mdash;a happy inspiration on the part of her advisers.
+There was, of course, a review of the troops, the queen's youngest son,
+the Duke of Connaught, in command, and several other incidents of an
+historic occasion passed off with as much success as though there was
+'no such a thing' as Irish disloyalty.  Thousands of persons who had
+cheered Boer victories without quite knowing why they did it cheered
+the queen until they were hoarse, because heart and head combined to
+welcome their illustrious visitor.  Well might the aged monarch write a
+letter reflecting the emotion of a grateful and proud queen.  No other
+monarch had the happy inspirations Queen Victoria constantly displayed
+in her messages to her people, and the secret of it all was that she
+wrote them as a woman, though compelled to publish them as a queen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Shortly after the conclusion of her visit she wrote to Lord Cadogan:
+'How very much gratified and how deeply touched she had been by her
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P315"></A>315}</SPAN>
+reception.  After the lapse of thirty-nine years her reception
+had equalled that of previous visits, and she carried away with her a
+most pleasant and affectionate memory of the time she had spent in
+Ireland, having been received by all ranks and creeds with an
+enthusiasm and affection which cannot be surpassed.'
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Death of Queen Victoria
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The next important event was the reconstruction of the Salisbury
+Ministry following the Election of 1900.  Mr. Gerald Balfour, not too
+successful at the Irish Office, was transferred to the Board of Trade,
+and Mr. George Wyndham took his place in Ireland.  The new Chief
+Secretary was eager to effect reforms, but the influence of the
+Lord-Lieutenant and the Prime Minister compelled him to pursue the
+conventional course of Chief Secretaries who are neither poets nor
+dandies.  The death of Queen Victoria in January placed the court in
+mourning for a year, and when that was over the resignation of Lord
+Salisbury became an imminent event.  To Lord Cadogan it meant something
+more than the severance of old ties.  Lord Salisbury and he were bound
+together by numerous social and political ties, and when the great
+statesman resigned in the summer of 1902 Lord Cadogan immediately
+tendered his resignation to the king of the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Speaking to his tenantry on the subject,
+the viceroy declared that all his political life had been bound up with
+Lord Salisbury's, and he had no desire to continue in it now that his
+old chief was retiring.  He had spent seven years in Ireland&mdash;seven
+years of peace&mdash;and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P316"></A>316}</SPAN>
+his success was notable and inspiring.  Mere
+wealth could not have achieved it unaided; it was personality and the
+desire to be as non-political as one in his position could be.  It is
+no exaggeration to say that his departure was universally regretted.
+For the time the acerbities of political life were forgotten, and
+Ireland turned out to say good-bye to a good friend and his charming
+comrade, Lady Cadogan.  On all sides people expressed the opinion that
+Mr. Balfour would find it impossible to nominate a suitable successor,
+and bad times were predicted for the man brave enough to attempt to
+follow Lord Cadogan in the viceroyalty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Had he chosen to do so, the retiring viceroy might have taken a high
+post in Mr. Balfour's ministry, but he stood aside to accompany Lord
+Salisbury into private life&mdash;that is, as private as the husband of a
+political hostess can be.  His social services were still at the
+disposal of the party to which he belonged, and they were strong
+supporters of the Balfour régime.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1907 Lady Cadogan died, and this tragedy was succeeded by the death
+of his eldest son, Viscount Chelsea, in 1908.  Two years later his
+grandson and heir passed away.  These events isolated Lord Cadogan, and
+he led a somewhat lonely life until he married for a second time.  The
+marriage took place on January 12, 1911, the bride being the Countess
+Adele Palagi, a cousin of the bridegroom.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+About two years after Lord Cadogan's retirement from the viceroyalty a
+deputation of leading
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P317"></A>317}</SPAN>
+Irishmen called at his London residence to
+present him with a token of the esteem in which he was held by all
+those who had come in contact with him during his viceroyalty.  The
+deputation was headed by Lord Iveagh, and included Sir David Harrel,
+Sir James Blyth, Sir Thomas Pile, Sir Lambert Ormsby, and Sir James
+Henderson.  They represented all Ireland, and on their behalf the
+chairman presented the earl with an address, a silver bowl, and his
+portrait painted by Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A.  It was a unique
+ceremony, this tribute to one of the most successful viceroys Ireland
+had ever known.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord and Lady Dudley
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Dudley succeeded to the viceroyalty at the youthful age of
+thirty-five.  For seven years he had been Parliamentary Secretary to
+the Board of Trade, and had proved himself to be a hard-working,
+ambitious peer.  Immensely wealthy and generous, he was the most
+suitable man to follow Lord Cadogan, especially as Lady Dudley was a
+hostess of renown&mdash;one of the most popular of the younger
+hostesses&mdash;and a general favourite with royalty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Dudley reign in Ireland was full of incident, social and political.
+It opened unluckily enough, for in the early days of December, 1902,
+Lady Dudley was seized with a serious illness at the Viceregal Lodge,
+and at one time the gravest fears were entertained.  The operation for
+appendicitis, however, was successful, and the countess recovered to
+adorn the office she shared with her husband.  The mother of a young
+family, she won the hearts of all Ireland by sending one of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P318"></A>318}</SPAN>
+her
+daughters to the Alexandra High School&mdash;an institution deservedly
+famous for its successful training and teaching of girls.  This was one
+of many triumphs achieved by tact and good nature, and within a few
+months of her arrival in Ireland there was no more popular person in
+the country.  Mr. Balfour had been fortunate, indeed, in finding a Lady
+Dudley to follow a Lady Cadogan, while the Lord-Lieutenant at once
+proved himself to be strong, fearless, open-minded, and just.  It was
+said of a Chief Secretary&mdash;Sir Robert Peel&mdash;that his one-sided opinions
+of Irish affairs were due to the fact that he had driven through the
+country on an outside car.  Lord Dudley went all over Ireland in a
+motor-car, and therefore could not help but see both sides.  Ever an
+enthusiastic motorist, His Excellency pursued his hobby all the time he
+was in Ireland, and unexpected visits to remote hamlets were numerous.
+This passion for motoring had a practical result&mdash;it enabled the
+viceroy to gather a great deal of first-hand information about the
+country and the people; and when he consented to become chairman of the
+Royal Commission on Congestion in Ireland, the year he retired from the
+viceroyalty, he brought to bear upon the subject and the problem a
+knowledge unequalled by any other non-Irish member of the Board.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-318"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-318.jpg" ALT="Lord Dudley" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+Lord Dudley
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Wyndham Land Act
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The supreme political event of Lord Dudley's term was undoubtedly Mr.
+George Wyndham's Land Act of 1903.  Had Gladstone lived to witness a
+Tory Chief Secretary piloting such a measure through Parliament he must
+assuredly have gasped.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P319"></A>319}</SPAN>
+It caused great searchings of heart
+amongst the colleagues of Mr. Wyndham, but it came into the
+statute-book&mdash;another proof of the political axiom that the Tory party
+have done more for Ireland than the Liberal, that Tory Cabinets have
+worked more for Home Rule than their political rivals.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The revolutionary Tory Chief Secretary aroused the suspicions of his
+friends.  Loud-voiced Unionists in Ireland declared that he was at
+heart a Home Ruler, and when the Lord-Lieutenant declined to take this
+accusation seriously he was in his turn labelled Home Ruler, too.
+Reports were sent to London of the dreadful backsliding of Lord Dudley.
+As time crawled by he was described as an out-and-out Nationalist, a
+traitor to the party he was sent to represent in Ireland.  The
+devolution scheme ascribed to Lord Dunraven, the late Captain Shaw, and
+others, was said to have received the viceroy's benediction.
+Superficially, that plan seemed the easiest method by which the eternal
+Irish question could be settled; it appeared so nice and equitable.
+But there was the dangerous rock of finance, on which all devolution
+schemes must be wrecked.  During the uproar the Lord-Lieutenant was
+compelled to adopt measures of precaution.  The party leaders in
+England demanded a sign from him, for it would not do to permit Liberal
+and Nationalist orators to assure receptive and eager audiences night
+after night that the Tory Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had learned by
+experience in Ireland that the only cure for the evils of the country
+was Home Rule.  The Wyndham Land Act was merely a palliative,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P320"></A>320}</SPAN>
+they added.  It was deemed necessary that Lord Dudley should write an
+elaborate explanation of his views on Ireland, and entrust the document
+to Lord Lansdowne, the leader of the Government in the House of Lords.
+This precious epistle was to recline in the noble marquis's pocket
+until, goaded by the taunts of the Opposition, he should be able to
+produce it dramatically and confound the scoffers and unbelievers.  The
+letter was written, but never read in the Lords, the minds of men
+turning to other matters when Mr. Wyndham was recalled from Ireland and
+Mr. Walter Long appointed Chief Secretary.  It was Mr. Balfour's way of
+announcing his dislike of the already dead and buried devolution plan.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The period of doubt left the viceroy unshorn of his friends.  Those who
+knew him personally were well aware that he was a genuine friend of
+Ireland, and the whole country knew that this English nobleman stood
+rather to lose than gain by any active display of good-will towards the
+people he ruled in the name of the king.  The personal popularity of
+Lord and Lady Dudley was such that no political crisis could affect
+materially.  Lady Dudley, a clever woman of rare charm, an artist and a
+linguist, was not without experience of the vicissitudes of life, and
+her knowledge of things human had been increased thereby.  The daughter
+of a once wealthy banker, she knew what poverty was, and at one time
+she was associated along with her sister in the millinery shop their
+mother started in London soon after the Gurney bank failure.  The shop
+was not a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P321"></A>321}</SPAN>
+success, and had to be abandoned.  The girls were
+adopted by friends of the family, the Duke and Duchess of Bedford
+taking charge of Miss Rachel Gurney.  Under their wing she made the
+acquaintance of the young Earl of Dudley, and they were married in
+1891, society, headed by the Prince of Wales, attending the function.
+Never very strong, and often suffering great pain, Lady Dudley,
+nevertheless, preserved a sweetness of temper and a kindliness to all
+and sundry that both in Ireland and Australia helped immensely in
+establishing the influence of her husband.  In Ireland, especially, a
+viceroy's wife has many opportunities, and they are not always easy to
+grasp.  Lady Dudley succeeded every time, and it is not to be wondered
+at that by thousands of those whose experience entitle them to be
+considered experts on the subject she is named as the most successful
+and popular 'vicereine' the country has known for over a hundred years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Royal visitors
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The busiest social year of the Dudley régime was that of 1903, when
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra visited Ireland.  It was the first
+occasion a King of England was seen in Ireland for eighty-two years,
+and the people marked the honour by a display of enthusiasm unequalled
+in the history of the country.  The king and queen were greatly touched
+by the loyalty of the Irish, and under the capable direction of Lord
+and Lady Dudley the series of festivities went with a vim that
+gratified the distinguished visitors and added fresh laurels to those
+already earned by the <I>chatelaine</I> of the Viceregal Lodge and Dublin
+Castle.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P322"></A>322}</SPAN>
+A royal visit produces more anxiety than pleasure, as a
+rule, for those whose duty it is to see that the arrangements for
+entertaining the guests are perfect and carried out to the letter; but
+a genius for organization displayed itself in the arrangements devised
+for the filling up of their Majesties' programme, and that was the
+genius of the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife.  The most significant event
+of the visit was the Levee held at Dublin Castle by the king.  All the
+leading men of Ireland were invited, irrespective of politics and
+religion.  It was a daring thing to do, but Lord Dudley could count
+upon his own popularity, and he confidently invited Roman Catholic
+Archbishops, Catholic gentlemen, Nationalists, and many others whose
+political opinions were against the Government.  The occasion was
+historic&mdash;a King of England holding a Levee in 'the worst castle in the
+worst situation in Christendom,' as a former viceroy described it&mdash;and
+it was almost unprecedented.  With characteristic good feeling and
+understanding all classes and creeds attended to do homage to His
+Majesty, who had the gratification of receiving many notable Irishmen
+and seeing them mingling together, their differences forgotten in the
+presence of their Sovereign.  The success of that Levee was a splendid
+tribute to Lord Dudley's tenure of the post of Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Another visit by King Edward and Queen Alexandra the
+following April was equally successful.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The dying days of the Balfour ministry found Irish affairs inert.  The
+respectable Mr. Long was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P323"></A>323}</SPAN>
+ready to do anything to prove his stanch
+Unionist principles, but both countries and parties were in that frame
+of mind produced by a sense of impending death.  There had been ten
+unbroken years of Unionist sway in Ireland; two viceroys of great
+wealth and popularity had carried on the Government, assisted by Chief
+Secretaries of varying qualities of statesmanship; the country had
+grown accustomed to Tory control, and rather liked it, judging by the
+experience of Liberal predecessors.  Every charitable cause had met
+with a ready response from the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife, and for
+ten years the viceroy had appeared almost non-political.  The
+numberless acts of kindness placed to the credit of Lady Cadogan and
+Lady Dudley created for them a genuine feeling of admiration and
+affection.  The heads of the Government in Ireland were no longer mere
+party 'jobbers.'  The anxiety to be impartial was at times almost
+painful, but it was not without effect.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Social splendour
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Socially, the two viceroyalties had been brilliant successes.  The Tory
+Government had everything in its favour.  Two such hostesses as the
+wives of Lords Cadogan and Dudley are rarely met with, and for ten
+years in succession the Dublin season was ever one of splendour.  There
+had been periods of mourning, but, apart from these, the years were
+notable.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+And yet the cry for Home Rule was not less shrill nor less determined.
+Nationalists could say with some reason that all that Lord Cadogan and
+Lord Dudley had done could be done again with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P324"></A>324}</SPAN>
+a Parliament in
+College Green.  The growing feeling in English constituencies against
+the Conservative Government was hailed with delight by the Irish party.
+They saw Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, an avowed Home Ruler, gladly and
+eagerly putting their demand for Home Rule in the forefront of the
+great fight, and when the polls had placed him in power making Home
+Rule the first plank in the programme of the resuscitated Liberal party.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+England could not be expected to be impressed by the successes of the
+Tory Government in Dublin.  As a matter of fact, English electors were
+feeling rather bored with Irish affairs, and at the polls they scarcely
+stopped to think about Home Rule, but voted for the Liberal candidate
+for the negative reason that they did not like his opponent.  The
+General Election was a triumph for the pure, undiluted political faith
+of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, and, besides smashing all hopes that
+the Irish party would be the masters of the situation, compelled those
+minute particles of Liberalism labelled Imperialists, Radicals, and so
+on, to unite under the lead of the new Prime Minister.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The spirit of conciliation
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the ordinary course of events Lord Dudley resigned with the
+Conservative Ministry, and on the appointment of a successor departed
+from Ireland.  A few months' previously&mdash;September 21, 1905, to be
+exact&mdash;he had escaped death in the waters of Lough Erne, where, with a
+small party, he was unlucky enough to see his yacht capsize during a
+race.  It was one adventure of many he
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P325"></A>325}</SPAN>
+has experienced in his
+comparatively brief life.  Following his resignation, he still evinced
+a keen interest in Ireland, and when the Liberal premier asked him to
+preside over the deliberations of a Royal Commission on Congestion, he
+accepted it as one who has never allowed his actions to be guided and
+controlled solely by party motives.  The work of the Commission
+finishing, he went to the other end of the world as Governor-General of
+Australia, holding the post for three years, when Lady Dudley's
+ill-health compelled him to return home in 1911.  This willingness to
+serve the Liberal party has been taken by some as additional evidence
+of his lukewarm Unionism, but Lord Dudley remains a member of the party
+that made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and he is a Unionist at
+heart, though he permits himself the luxury of thinking on the subject.
+It is certain that while in Ireland he examined the claims and
+pretensions of the Home Rule party, and endeavoured to arrive at an
+understanding.  The fact that he was not hounded out of the country by
+his fellow-Unionists is proof positive of the fact that a new spirit of
+conciliation has arisen, and that Irish political controversialists are
+aware that there can be two sides to every question, even an Irish one.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap22"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P326"></A>326}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XXII
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Aberdeen's return
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Aberdeen's return to Ireland, twenty years after his first entry
+into Dublin as Lord-Lieutenant, was announced immediately after the
+resignation of Mr. Balfour's ministry.  It was to a new Ireland that
+the viceroy came.  Much history had been made since the days when the
+'Union of Hearts' presaged a smooth passage to popularity for the Earl
+of Aberdeen.  Successive Tory Governments had laboured upon Irish
+affairs, and if they had stopped short at Home Rule they had come very
+near it.  The Nationalist party was inclined to be sullen, realizing
+their futility, and compelled to wait humbly upon Sir Henry
+Campbell-Bannerman's pleasure.  He was independent of them.  They were
+free to join the Opposition if they chose to do so, although the Prime
+Minister, always consistent, hinted that a Home Rule Bill was about to
+appear on the Parliamentary horizon.  There was the South African
+business to be got through first; then the fiscal question seemed
+capable of wasting more public time, and questions of Empire and home
+finance all blocked the way to the ambitions of the group led by Mr.
+John Redmond.  Astute Nationalists quickly understood that they must
+wait for another General Election, perhaps two, before
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P327"></A>327}</SPAN>
+their
+hopes could be realized, and therefore they stood aside while the
+country blinked its eyes at the unusual sight of Liberals sitting in
+the seats of the mighty, and new men with even newer names flocking to
+the Cabinet room in Downing Street.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile, the Viceroy of Ireland took possession of his high office.
+For nearly eight years he had lived in retirement, his
+Governor-Generalship of Canada beginning in 1893 and ending in 1898.
+The Canadian period was another record of success for the viceregal
+pair, who were undoubtedly the most valuable at the disposal of the
+Government for viceregal positions requiring a long pedigree, a long
+purse, and the royal attribute of being all things to all men.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The position of a Lord-Lieutenant nominated by a Liberal Prime Minister
+is the most anomalous and difficult in the Government.  He is selected
+because he is a member of the party in power, and asked to fill a post
+in which, as the representative of the king, he must not display any
+political leanings.  His Majesty is above politics, and the man who is
+accorded royal honours in Ireland must represent the king
+non-politically.  Even in this attempt he must needs lay himself open
+to the charges&mdash;eagerly laid against him&mdash;of showing favour to either
+political party, for even a Viceroy of Ireland cannot help being aware
+of the politics and religion of some of those upon whom he bestows
+office.  In the case of a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant he dwells in a
+country where Liberalism has been buried for more than a generation,
+where
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P328"></A>328}</SPAN>
+a religious motive colours every political action, and
+where bones of contention provide the only food for the hungry
+politicians.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the severest handicap to which a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant is
+subjected arises out of the prevalent notion that Nationalism and
+disloyalty are almost interchangeable terms.  This enables every
+Unionist to charge the viceroy with pandering to the prejudices of the
+disloyal majority, and thereby degrading the dignity of his office by
+condoning insults to the king whom he represents.  From time to time
+Nationalist politicians have declined to drink the king's health, or
+have marched out of a hall or room at the sound of the first bars of
+'God save the King.'  Instances readily occur to all acquainted with
+Ireland.  Unionists naturally make the most of this, and the
+Lord-Lieutenant finds himself criticized by all, the fiercest being
+those who ought to support him.  Had Daniel O'Connell and his fiery
+successors bred a spirit of personal devotion to the throne of England,
+Home Rule might have been an accomplished fact thirty years ago, but
+the attitude adopted by Home Rule's leading propagandists has alienated
+the sympathies of the voters of Great Britain.  Comfortable politicians
+in Westminster can legislate and talk of Ireland far from the centre of
+the problem, and unhampered by the local difficulties that are to be
+met with in Ireland.  They know nothing, or else conveniently forget
+that, while Liberalism in England can, and does, hold Home Rule
+compatible with loyalty to the king, such an amalgamation of ideas has
+not been
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P329"></A>329}</SPAN>
+recognized hitherto in Ireland.  The viceroy, however,
+has to face the music, and as the embodiment of kingly rule in Ireland
+he has to remain a Liberal and a Home Ruler despite the knowledge that
+Nationalists feel bound to hold aloof from the king's representative
+until self-government is granted.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Very few Viceroys of Ireland have been Cabinet ministers, and it is,
+indeed, surprising how any statesman can be expected to act as king in
+Ireland and as an exponent of his party's policy in Downing Street; but
+the fact that viceroys do not often sit in the Cabinet does not remove
+the political aspect of the post.  The unwritten law seems to be that
+while a Tory occupant of the Viceregal Lodge may be as partisan as he
+wishes, no Lord-Lieutenant chosen by a Liberal premier must open his
+mouth on the political questions of the day.  It is easy to account for
+this.  Unionism superficially means this, at any rate&mdash;that the party
+believes in loyalty to the Crown and the Constitution, while the other
+side can only retort by declaring that a readjustment of the
+Constitution would not affect the indissolubility of the Crown.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Nationalists and the Castle
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Then, Nationalists are by training and instinct suspicious of the
+Castle.  Irishmen are seldom cowards, but it is only necessary to bring
+a charge of sycophancy against an Irishman to make him forswear the
+Castle and all its works.  It is, in his opinion, the greatest insult
+you can offer him.  You may question the honour of his ancestors, doubt
+his honour, or even deride his alleged sense
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P330"></A>330}</SPAN>
+of humour&mdash;all these
+things will leave him cold; but hint that he wants a job, sneer at him
+because you imagine he is hankering after the fleshpots of Castle Yard
+or the messes of the Viceregal Lodge, and then take steps to insure
+your safety.  This weapon has proved most effective in the hands of
+Nationalist writers and journalists, though it has not always succeeded
+in preventing men holding Nationalist opinions from serving their
+country on the bench or in the administration of the Government of the
+land.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+English ministers possess more patronage than the Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and jobbery is ever rampant in London; but the business of the
+metropolis is not stopped in order that the multitude may hold up their
+hands in horror at the action of the jobbers.  Happily, England's
+strength is not in its Civil Service.  In Ireland it is different, and
+whereas the ambition of every family was to have a priest amongst its
+sons, now a Civil Servant within its ranks is considered more
+desirable.  And the Lord-Lieutenant, as Chief Patron, is the natural
+prey of the eager, and hopeful, and the disappointed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Not since the mayoralty of T. D. Sullivan in 1886&mdash;during Lord
+Aberdeen's previous term of office&mdash;has the Mansion House in Dawson
+Street known the presence of a viceroy.  Successive Lord Mayors of
+Dublin have held aloof from the Government&mdash;some from conviction, the
+majority frightened by the bogie of sycophancy.  Amateur politicians
+continue to practise the art of debate on the floors and in the
+galleries of the City Hall, and their brethren in a more sophisticated
+manner
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P331"></A>331}</SPAN>
+demonstrated their statesmanlike qualities in Westminster;
+while the Lord-Lieutenant, the symbol of England's despotic rule,
+mingles with the aristocratic and official sets, which are mainly Tory.
+In fact, the Nationalists are afraid to indicate loyalty by accepting
+the hospitality of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, curiously
+enough, the extreme Unionists adopt precisely the same course when a
+Liberal Government is in power.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Welcoming the Lord-Lieutenant
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Aberdeen made his state entry on February 3, 1906.  Only veterans
+could recall the doings of the Lord-Lieutenant of 1886, but Lord and
+Lady Aberdeen's names were household words, as they had been no
+strangers to Ireland during these twenty years, but had identified
+themselves with much work for the benefit of her industries and
+welfare, and in many ways the new viceroy and his wife received a
+sympathetic welcome.  They were anxious to mark their term of office by
+social reform, and to keep the office as far removed from party
+politics as possible.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Two notable deputations waited on the viceroy at Dublin Castle within a
+fortnight of his arrival.  One consisted of the survivors of the
+extraordinary popular demonstration that had escorted Lord and Lady
+Aberdeen out of Dublin in 1886.  On that occasion the Lord Mayor of
+Dublin and members of the Corporation had headed the procession, which
+was intended to show the affection of the Home Rule party for the Home
+Rule viceroy.  The survivors now read an address of welcome to the
+Lord-Lieutenant, and as all addresses to the viceroy are carefully
+subedited, Lord Aberdeen
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P332"></A>332}</SPAN>
+was able to listen to the compliments
+this particular one contained, and reply in set terms indicating his
+desire to work in sympathy with all parties in Ireland.  Twenty years
+earlier a different reply might have been possible, but during the
+interval between the first and second Aberdeen reigns the Tory party
+had stolen much of the Liberal thunder, and the deputation represented
+something as Victorian as an antimacassar.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The second deputation was from the City of Belfast, and expressed
+devotion and loyalty to the throne and to the king's representative.
+In other words, it was a grim reminder to Lord Aberdeen that the
+Unionists had their eye on him, and that it behoved him not to air his
+Home Rule opinions during his viceroyalty.  There is an unwritten law
+that all Lord-Lieutenants of Ireland must be non-political in thought
+and word, if not in deed, and the rule is always applied with rigour in
+the case of a Liberal viceroy.  To this and all other addresses of
+welcome it was easy to return a speech of thanks, and Lord Aberdeen
+promised to visit Belfast at the first available opportunity&mdash;a promise
+which was soon fulfilled, and resulted in many subsequent visits to the
+northern capital, where Lord and Lady Aberdeen have always been
+accorded a hearty welcome.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lord Aberdeen in Rome
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was not very long before the viceroy provided his watchful opponents
+with food for criticism.  In January, 1907, he actually visited Rome
+without taking the trouble to obtain the consent of the Orangemen, who
+were horrified to hear that the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had been
+received
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P333"></A>333}</SPAN>
+in audience by the Pope.  In this atrocious act they
+discovered all the evidence of the intention of the Government to
+consign the lives and property of Protestants to the inquisitorial
+mercies of the Catholics.  The ministry was going to pass Home Rule at
+once, and in order to make it complete sent the Viceroy of Ireland to
+interview the Pope, and obtain his views on the matter.  This was the
+opinion of the easily terrified Opposition.  These excitable
+religionists were well aware of the fact that Lord Aberdeen is a
+Presbyterian, and an office-bearer in that Church.  Ready themselves to
+sacrifice every shred of religion in the cause of politics, they
+doubted the sincerity of others, and the Lord-Lieutenant was accused of
+selling his soul to Rome to further the ends of the Government he
+represented.  Religious extremists, whether they be Protestants or
+Catholics, always present an unedifying caricature of human nature and
+human sense.  English Protestants made themselves just as ridiculous
+over the visit of the late King Edward paid to the Pope a few years
+ago.  We know that, in the phrase of a great Irishman, the Catholics in
+England are a sect, while in Ireland they are a nation; but the
+brass-tongued minority in Ireland seem to dominate the country when
+they have any opportunity to bring charges against their Catholic
+fellow-countrymen.  Lord Aberdeen passed from the Vatican to the
+presence of the king of Rome, but this act did not serve to mitigate
+the heinousness of his first offence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The year of 1907 was a full and exciting one for all concerned in the
+viceregal administration of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P334"></A>334}</SPAN>
+Ireland.  On January 24 Mr. Augustine
+Birrell became Chief Secretary, as Mr. James Bryce was appointed to the
+embassy at Washington&mdash;or, at any rate, was induced to think so&mdash;and
+the new broom came with the intention of sweeping out many abuses.
+There was to be a superb Irish University; there were whispers of a new
+Land Act that would bring peace to all concerned; the reform of Trinity
+College would be accomplished on the advice of the Royal Commission
+appointed the previous June; and, finally, there was a promise of Home
+Rule.  Apart from these more or less political topics, quieter folk
+discussed the forthcoming visit of the king and queen, who were
+venerated by their Irish subjects.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-334"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-334.jpg" ALT="King Edward conversing with Lord Aberdeen at the Irish International Exhibition, 1907" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+King Edward conversing with Lord Aberdeen at the Irish International Exhibition, 1907
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The Dublin Castle jewels
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The royal visitors were expected to arrive during the second week of
+July, and a few days before&mdash;on the 6th&mdash;it was announced that the
+famous collection of jewellery, known as the Dublin Castle jewels, had
+disappeared.  The pecuniary value of the jewels was about £40,000, but
+their intrinsic worth was considerably more than this.  The public
+amazement was nothing compared with the official consternation.  These
+jewels were to have been used during the installation of Lord Pirrie as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, and King Edward was to have presided at the
+ceremony.  Strange rumours flooded Dublin and travelled on to London.
+No name was too high or too sacred to be associated with the theft, and
+every bar-loafer could pose as a <I>persona grata</I> in Court circles by
+slyly mentioning the mystery and declaring that 'everybody' knew
+So-and-so was the thief, and that his family
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P335"></A>335}</SPAN>
+were paying ransom
+for him.  It seemed as though the police confined their investigations
+to Debrett, ignoring those whose lack of rank and title disqualified
+them for suspicion.  The circumstances of this official tragedy were
+well in keeping with the romantic result.  Dublin Castle is the
+headquarters of the police force and the detective staff, and on
+ordinary days presents the appearance of a German fort.  Those
+acquainted with Dublin Castle declined to believe for a moment that
+professional thieves had entered this glorified police-station and
+stolen the most rigorously-guarded collection of jewels in the country.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra entered Ireland to the accompaniment of
+ringing cheers, the people being independent of Crown jewels or any
+other baubles to symbolize their loyalty.  The Irish love a sportsman,
+and if he should happen to be a king as well they love him all the
+better for that.  The magnetic personality of Edward VII. and the
+infectious charm of Queen Alexandra triumphed in Ireland, and everybody
+forgot for the time being that there was a Home Rule Government in
+power, and that a Liberal peer was their Majesties' host.  Dublin was
+favoured greatly by the royal visitors, who daily performed some public
+act and received the salutations of the people.  Those who expected
+that the absence of the Crown jewels would tend to depreciate the
+importance and effect of the visit were disappointed agreeably.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is scarcely necessary to record that throughout the memorable visit
+of the king and queen
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P336"></A>336}</SPAN>
+Lord and Lady Aberdeen displayed to the
+best advantage those perfect social qualities for which they are
+renowned in two continents.  Such a period is necessarily one of hard
+and often anxious work, and the thousand and one questions to be
+settled offhand, the numberless applications for invitations to be
+studied and settled, and the natural anxiety for the safety and comfort
+of their royal guests, are matters that would place the average person
+at a disadvantage.  Lord and Lady Aberdeen, however, have the happy
+quality of rising to the great heights great occasions demand, and so,
+if their Majesties' reception was tumultuous and their welcome regal,
+that accorded day after day to the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife can be
+described as viceregal.  Second only in popularity to their illustrious
+guests, they proved to the thousands of strangers who visit Ireland in
+the wake of royalty that it is by no means certain that a Liberal
+viceroy cannot earn the affection of the country.  Common courtesy
+might account for the respect royalty and royalty's representatives
+meet with in Ireland, but only genuine affection could inspire the
+enthusiastic welcomes accorded to King Edward and his son and their
+viceroy, the Earl of Aberdeen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The report of the Viceregal Commission appointed to inquire into the
+circumstances of the theft of the Crown jewels appeared on February 1,
+1908.  It stated that Sir Arthur Vicars, the Ulster King of Arms, who
+was the official custodian of the jewels, did not exercise due
+vigilance or proper care.  His resignation followed as a matter of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P337"></A>337}</SPAN>
+course, though it must be recorded that there was a general
+impression that Sir Arthur Vicars had been made the official scapegoat.
+The decision of the Commission by no means satisfied public opinion,
+and rumour raged furiously again, inspired by all sorts and conditions
+of statements said to have been omitted from the report, although
+stated in evidence before the Commissioners.  One of these days the
+secret history of the disappearance of the Dublin Castle jewellery may
+be revealed.  Until that time, it must be classed among the unsolved
+mysteries of the twentieth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A state visit to Belfast in the autumn of 1907, and the unveiling of a
+statue of Queen Victoria in Dublin on February 15, 1908, were the most
+notable events of these years.  The tragic death of the Hon. Ian
+Archibald Gordon, their Excellencies' youngest son, took place in
+November, 1909, the result of a motor-car accident.  Mr. Gordon had
+just become engaged to Miss Violet Asquith, the daughter of the Prime
+Minister, and the marriage had been looked forward to with pardonable
+eagerness on both sides, as it would have united at the altar two
+families bound together by many ties of friendship.  The engagement was
+a secret until the fact was published that Lord Aberdeen's son was at
+the point of death.  Great sympathy was expressed with his devoted
+parents.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Death of King Edward
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The termination of King Edward's brief and splendid reign necessarily
+placed the court in mourning for twelve months, and the viceroyalty
+underwent a period of quiescence.  King George's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P338"></A>338}</SPAN>
+accession was
+proclaimed in Dublin and other cities on May 11, 1910.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The visit of King George and Queen Mary in July, 1911, was the great
+event of the year.  Fresh from the Coronation, their Majesties arrived
+in Dublin on July 8, holding a Levee, a garden-party, and a
+drawing-room, reviewing troops in Phoenix Park, and visiting hospitals
+and institutions.  And all in five days!  The Prince of Wales and
+Princess Mary of Wales accompanied their parents, and won for
+themselves no little popularity.  The magnificent reception accorded to
+the king and queen astonished even those who possessed a knowledge of
+previous royal visits.  At times it exceeded in warmth that extended to
+King Edward&mdash;a feat which many declared to be impossible until it was
+an accomplished fact.  Again Lord and Lady Aberdeen demonstrated their
+ability and popularity.  Once more they were second only to the king
+and queen.  The perfect organization that had displayed itself on the
+occasion of King Edward's visit was seen again, and if their Majesties
+had a most strenuous time, they were equally as pleased as their
+subjects and their viceregal representatives.  Not a single discordant
+note was struck throughout the series of public and private ceremonies
+performed by the king and queen, and well might Nationalists fear that
+the spectacle of Irish men and women outdoing the welcome accorded to
+the king and queen at their Coronation would give to all the world the
+impression that Ireland's dislike of England was purely a paper one.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P339"></A>339}</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the visit was over, King George telegraphed from the royal yacht
+expressing his thanks to Lord and Lady Aberdeen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+'Having just arrived, after a most beautiful passage,' he said, 'the
+queen and I, with the hearty cheers of the Irish people still ringing
+in our ears, wish once more to express to you and Lady Aberdeen our
+warm appreciation of all your kindness and trouble to insure our stay
+in Dublin being a happy and pleasant one.  You have indeed succeeded,
+and we thank you sincerely.'
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-338"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-338.jpg" ALT="The Countess of Aberdeen" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+The Countess of Aberdeen
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Lady Aberdeen
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From the earliest days of her husband's viceroyalty Lady Aberdeen
+worked actively in connection with numerous philanthropic societies.  A
+champion of women, with a record dating back to the seventies, her
+specialities are the eradicating of consumption and the improvement of
+the lot of female workers.  Her enthusiasm has led her into conflict
+with the old order, but Lady Aberdeen has ever been inspired with the
+best of motives, and she has done a great deal of good.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lady Aberdeen founded the Women's National Health Association of
+Ireland in 1907, and the fact that this society has united
+representatives of every creed and party in the cause of public health
+and the stamping out of consumption has in itself wrought much indirect
+good in all parts of Ireland, in addition to the direct result of
+reducing the death-rate from consumption by one-seventh in three years.
+There are now over one hundred and fifty branches of this organization,
+composed of men and women representing all sections of the community,
+in all parts of Ireland, working
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P340"></A>340}</SPAN>
+devotedly together for the
+welfare and the happiness of the people as a whole; and these workers
+have shown a power of initiative in meeting local needs by providing
+meals for school-children; forming Babies' Clubs, where mothers and
+their elder daughters are taught how to care for the babies, and how to
+make small resources go a long way in selecting nourishing food and
+suitable garments; turning derelict spaces into garden playgrounds;
+organizing health lectures, health exhibitions, travelling health
+caravans, besides supporting sanatoria, hospitals, convalescent homes,
+and maintaining nurses for the care of tuberculosis patients in their
+own homes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The success of other notable undertakings might be quoted as an
+evidence of the support which the present occupants of the Viceregal
+Lodge can count upon when they identify themselves with any special
+enterprise.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Irish Lace Ball of 1907 at the Castle, the Pageant of Irish
+Industries of 1909, the great Ui Breasail Exhibition and Fête of Irish
+Industries and Health in 1911, visited by over 176,000 persons in
+fourteen days, of every shade of opinion and of every class of the
+community, are events which will be long remembered in the Irish
+capital in connection with Lord Aberdeen's lengthy reign.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was a 'storm in a teacup' during the General Election of
+December, 1910, when Lord Aberdeen aroused the wrath of the
+Conservatives and Unionists by telegraphing to the Liberal candidate in
+West Aberdeenshire expressing his own belief that the apprehension that
+under Home
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P341"></A>341}</SPAN>
+Rule the Protestant minority would suffer was
+unfounded.  A Committee of Privileges composed of members of both
+Houses of Parliament inquired into the matter, and reported that they
+found that the viceroy's action had not contravened any Standing Order
+or regulation.  This was accepted, and nothing more was heard of the
+matter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Further criticism fell his way when Ireland was in the grip of a
+railway strike, and he was spending a holiday in Scotland.  There was a
+clamour for the viceroy's presence in Ireland.  He was already on his
+way thither, but though he had been successful in settling the
+Carriers' Strike some years previously, the present occasion did not
+offer an opportunity for personal mediation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+The place-hunters
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When his term of office ends, Lord Aberdeen can look back upon several
+years of success in Ireland.  He may not be a racing man, and
+Punchestown may not be a favourite haunt of his, but sterner qualities
+than a fondness for horse-racing are necessary to succeed as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In the most favourable times it requires a
+vast amount of tact, a keen sense of humour, and a sense of proportion.
+Place-hunters abound and office-seekers are innumerable.  Dublin Castle
+is regarded as the haven of hope for all younger sons without talent
+and briefless barristers hungering for a regular income.  They are all
+suppliants of the Lord-Lieutenant, and several hundreds of years of
+ascendancy have given them a sense of right in receiving favours, and
+one of indignation and injustice in the case of refusal.  But when all
+is said and done, the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P342"></A>342}</SPAN>
+outcry over jobbery in Ireland is absurd,
+for it is a fact that there is more jobbery in London in a month than
+in the whole of Ireland in a year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There have been some attempts to abolish the viceroyalty, but if
+ornamental it is also useful, because the Irish instinctively respect
+royalty, and a country populated by the descendants of kings could not
+be expected to have an instinctive respect for any form of government
+savouring of Republicanism, or one that left wholly to the imagination
+the majesty of the Sovereign ruler.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To satisfy all classes, to tolerate the intolerant, and to represent
+the non-political King of England, although appointed for his political
+opinions, are the duties of the Lord-Lieutenant.  Surrounded by
+lynx-eyed critics, Tory and Nationalist, he has to be something more
+than the shadow of the monarch, and he is not allowed to escape
+criticism, although the king for whom he acts as deputy is supposed to
+be above it.  It is not an enviable post, and never will be.  That Lord
+Aberdeen and Lady Aberdeen have been successful nobody will deny, and
+Ireland will lose two good friends when their term of office comes to
+an end.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The introduction of Mr. Asquith's Home Rule Bill makes the Irish
+viceroy's position more delicate than ever.  Its success means the end
+of the official ascendancy, and bureaucracies always fight desperately
+until the first shot is fired.  When Liberalism has achieved its
+ambition, the Irish bureaucracy will cease to hold the power that makes
+or mars every viceroyalty.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap23"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P343"></A>343}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+INDEX
+</H3>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Abercorn, Marquis and first Duke of, <A HREF="#P264">264</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Abercorn's second viceroyalty, Duke of, <A HREF="#P273">273</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen and Belfast, Lord, <A HREF="#P332">332</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen and Gladstone, Lord, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen, fourth Earl of, <A HREF="#P257">257</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen's first viceroyalty, Lord, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen, Lady, <A HREF="#P296">296</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen's second viceroyalty, Lord, <A HREF="#P326">326-342</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen, seventh Earl of, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Aberdeen's visit to Rome, Lord, <A HREF="#P332">332</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Abercromby, Sir Ralph, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Addison, Joseph, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Albert, visit of Prince, <A HREF="#P300">300</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ambrose, Eleanor, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+America, British North, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Andrews, Dr., <A HREF="#P157">157</A>, <A HREF="#P175">175</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey and George IV., Lord, <A HREF="#P229">229</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey and O'Connell, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey divorced, Lord, <A HREF="#P230">230</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey, Marquis of, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey on agitation, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglesey's second viceroyalty, Lord, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anglo-Irish, Rise of, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Annesley, Arthur, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Armagh, Archbishop of, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Arran, Lord, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Asquith's Home Rule Bill, Mr., <A HREF="#P342">342</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Asquith, Miss Violet, <A HREF="#P337">337</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bagenal, Sir Nicholas, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Balfour, Mr. A. J., <A HREF="#P299">299</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Balfour, Mr. Gerald, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Baratariana,' <A HREF="#P176">176</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bedford, fourth Duke of, <A HREF="#P161">161</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bedford, Jasper, Duke of, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bedford, sixth Duke of, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Belfast and Lord Aberdeen, <A HREF="#P332">332</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Belfast Volunteer Review, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bellingham, Sir Edward, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Beresford, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Berkeley, Lord, John, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Berkeley, Lord Justice, <A HREF="#P123">123</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Berkeley, Mary, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Berwick, Duke of, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bessborough, fourth Earl of, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bessborough, Lady, <A HREF="#P248">248</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bessborough, O'Connell and Lord, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Birch <I>v.</I> Clarendon, <A HREF="#P253">253</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Birrell, Mr. Augustine, <A HREF="#P334">334</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Blyth, Sir James, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Boisseleau, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bolton, Charles Paulet, Duke of, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bosworth, Battle of, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Bottle riot, the,' <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Boyle, Earl of Shannon, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Boyne, Battle of the, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Brabazon, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Brabazon, Captain, <A HREF="#P101">101</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Brereton, Sir William, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Brigham, Sir Richard, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bristol and Edmund Burke, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bristol, Lord, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+British North America, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bruce, Edward, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crowned King of Ireland, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated and killed, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bruce, Robert, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and Prior Roger Utlagh, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bryan, Sir Francis, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bryce, Mr. James, <A HREF="#P334">334</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Buckingham, Duke of, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Buckingham, Marquis of, <A HREF="#P192">192</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Grattan, <A HREF="#P190">190</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Parliament, <A HREF="#P190">190</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Buckinghamshire, Earl of, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Burke, Edmund, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and Bristol, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and Irish trade, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Burke, murder of Mr., <A HREF="#P281">281</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Byron, Lord, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cadogan, Earl, <A HREF="#P309">309</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cadogan's resignation, Lord, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Camden, Lady, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Camden, Lord, <A HREF="#P200">200</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Camden on the Union, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H., <A HREF="#P285">285</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Canada, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Canning, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Capel of Tewkesbury, Lord, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Jonathan Swift, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carew, John, Lord, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carlisle and Grattan, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carlisle, fifth Earl of, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carlisle, seventh Earl of, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carnarvon and Dublin University, <A HREF="#P294">294</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carnarvon and Parnell, Lord, <A HREF="#P290">290</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carnarvon interview, Parnell on, <A HREF="#P292">292</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carnarvon, Lady, <A HREF="#P290">290</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carnarvon, Lord, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>, <A HREF="#P289">289</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Caroline, Queen, <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carteret and Swift, <A HREF="#P142">142</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Carteret, John, Lord, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cary, <A HREF="#P283">283</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cary, Sir George, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cashel, Archbishop of, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Dublin, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Dudley, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Fotheringay, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Kilcolman, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Ludlow, <A HREF="#P69">69</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle, Rathfarnham, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castle rebuilt, Dublin, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castlemaine, Ormonde and Lady, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Caatlemaine, Phoenix Park and Lady, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castlereagh and Roman Catholic Church, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castlereagh, Lord, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castlereagh's methods, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Association, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Association, O'Connell founds, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Bill, rejection of, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic committee, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic convention, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic disabilities, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Emancipation, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Emancipation, Cornwallis and, <A HREF="#P209">209</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic Emancipation and Union, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholic relief, struggle for, <A HREF="#P197">197</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Catholics emancipated, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cavendish, Lady Dorothy, <A HREF="#P186">186</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cavendish, Lord John, <A HREF="#P187">187</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cavendish, murder of Lord Frederick, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chamberlain, Mr., <A HREF="#P285">285</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Charles I. and Ormonde, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Charles I., Irish money for, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield and Eleanor Ambrose, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield and Phoenix Park, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield, Lady, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield on Ireland, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield on Irishmen, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield on the Irish Parliament, Lord, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield's 'Letters,' <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield's marriage, <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield's political legacy, <A HREF="#P149">149</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chesterfield, the Earl of, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chichester House, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chichester, Lord, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, <A HREF="#P275">275</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Church, Gladstone and the Irish, <A HREF="#P262">262</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Church of Ireland, Disestablishment of, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clanricarde, Earl of, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clanricarde, Thomond, Earl of, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clare, attempt to lynch Lord, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clare Election, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clare, O'Connell stands for, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarence, George, Duke of, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarendon and O'Connell, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarendon, fourth Earl of, <A HREF="#P248">248</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl of, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarendon <I>v.</I> Birch, <A HREF="#P253">253</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clement V. and Dublin University, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cleveland's plot, Duchess of, <A HREF="#P101">101</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clifford, Rosemond, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clonmel, Siege of, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Coercion Act of 1881, <A HREF="#P280">280</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Coinage, introduction of special, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Commissioners, Parliamentary, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Conellan, Mr. Corry, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Coningsby, Lord Justice, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Connaught, Visit of Duke of, <A HREF="#P270">270</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cooke, military secretary, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cornwallis and Catholic Emancipation, <A HREF="#P209">209</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Cornwallis Correspondence,' <A HREF="#P187">187</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cornwallis, Lord, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cornwallis, surrender of Humbert to, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Corunna, <A HREF="#P229">229</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Coventry, Bishop of, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cowley, Lord, <A HREF="#P230">230</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cowper, Earl, <A HREF="#P275">275</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Crampton, Sir Philip, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Craven, Lady Beatrix, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cromwell, Henry, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland, <A HREF="#P90">90</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Croft, Sir James, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cullen, Cardinal, <A HREF="#P272">272</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cumberland, Richard, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curragh, George IV. at, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curran, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curran and Emmet, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curran and the Union, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dantsey, Bishop of Meath, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+d'Arcy's parliament, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+d'Arcy, Roger, <A HREF="#P33">33</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+d'Audeley, Jacques, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+d'Ardingselles, Guillaume, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Deane, Henry, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Balscot, Alexander, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Bermingham, Jean, Earl of Louth, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Bermingham, Walter, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Blaquerie, Lord, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Bromwich, John, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burgh, Guillaume Fitz-Aldelm, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burgh, Richard, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burgh, Sir Guillaume, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burgh, Sir Thomas, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burgh, William, Earl of Ulster, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Burghs, the, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Cherlton, Sir John, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Colton, Dean, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Courcy, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Courtenay, Philip, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Defenders, the,' <A HREF="#P197">197</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Gaveston, Piers, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Gorges, Sir Ralph, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Gray, Sir John, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Grey, Earl, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Grey, Lady, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Joinville, Geoffery, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Lacy, assassination of Hugh, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Lacy, Hugh, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Lacy, Hugh, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Lacy II., Hugh, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de la Haye, Guillaume, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de la Rochelle, Sir Richard, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de la Zouche, Alain, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Marreis, Geoffery, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Mortimer, Edmund, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Mortimer, Roger, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Mortimer, Roger, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Mortimer, Sir Thomas, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Peche, Richard, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Pembridge, Sir Richard, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Derby, Lord, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>, <A HREF="#P264">264</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Rokeby, Sir Thomas, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Desmond, Earl of, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Desmond, Earl of, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Desmond, Gerald, fourth Earl of, <A HREF="#P37">37</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Desmond, Maurice, Earl of, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Desmonds, the, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Stanley, Sir John, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Stanley, Sir John, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Taney, William, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Valognes, Hamon, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Verdun, Theobaude, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Vere, Earl of Oxford, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Vesci, Sir Guillaume, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Devolution, <A HREF="#P319">319</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Devonshire, William, third Duke of, <A HREF="#P145">145</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Welles, Sir Leon, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Welles, William, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Windsor, Sir William, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+de Windsor, Sir William, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+D'Exeter, Richard, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Diamond, Battle of,' <A HREF="#P197">197</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Disraeli, <A HREF="#P264">264</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Disraeli and Marlborough, <A HREF="#P273">273</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Doon, the auction at, <A HREF="#P235">235</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset and Mrs. La Touche, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset and Peg Woffington, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset and the Irish Parliament, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset, Duchess of, <A HREF="#P217">217</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset, Duke of, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dorset, Lionel Sackville, Duke of, <A HREF="#P144">144</A>, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Doyle, Bishop, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Drapier's Letters,' <A HREF="#P140">140</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Drogheda, massacre of, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Drummond, Thomas, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+du Bouchet, Mdlle., <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin after the Union, <A HREF="#P209">209</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin Castle, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin Castle rebuilt, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin Corporation, Perrott's present to, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+<I>Dublin Evening Post</I>, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin, Exhibition of 1870, <A HREF="#P270">270</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin Exhibition of 1853, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin, Marquis of, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin Parliament, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin in the eighteenth century, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>, <A HREF="#P156">156</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin in the fourteenth century, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin in the seventeenth century, <A HREF="#P100">100</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin streets, famous, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin trade and England, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin University and Lord Carnarvon, <A HREF="#P294">294</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin University, first mention of, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dublin, university opened in, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dudley Castle, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dudley, Earl of, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dudley, Edmund, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dudley, Lady, <A HREF="#P320">320</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+d'Ufford, Sir Raoul, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+D'Ufford, Sir Robert, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Duncannon, Lord. See Bessborough
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dundas, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dunraven, Lord, <A HREF="#P319">319</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ebrington, Viscount, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ecclesiastics, banishment of, <A HREF="#P82">82</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ecclesiastical deputies, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Eden, Sir William, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edgecumbe, Sir Richard, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward II., <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward III., <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward IV. and Desmond, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward VII., death of King, <A HREF="#P337">337</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward and Queen Alexandra, last visit of King, <A HREF="#P335">335</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward and Queen Alexandra, visit of King, <A HREF="#P321">321</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Edward, Prince, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Eglinton and Winton, Earl of, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Eglinton tournament, <A HREF="#P256">256</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Eldon, Lord, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Election of 1885, result of General, <A HREF="#P292">292</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Election of 1906, General, <A HREF="#P324">324</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Emmet and Curran, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Emmet, Robert, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Enniskillen, Earl of, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+English defeats, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Erne, Lord, <A HREF="#P240">240</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of, <A HREF="#P99">99</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lady, <A HREF="#P100">100</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+death of, <A HREF="#P102">102</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Essex, Captain Brabazon and Lady, <A HREF="#P101">101</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and Mountjoy, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Etienne, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Faerie Queen,' Spenser's, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Falkland, Lady, <A HREF="#P82">82</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Falkland, Viscount, <A HREF="#P82">82</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Famine, the great, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Faughard, Battle of, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Faulkner, Mary Ann, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fenianism, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fenianism and Mr. Gladstone, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fenianism, Gladstone on, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Eustace, Edmund, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Eustace, Sir Roland, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Geoffery, Jean, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald and Clare, Mr., <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Capture of Lord Edward, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, Thomas, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Maurice, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Maurice Fitzmaurice, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Sir James, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzgerald, Sir Maurice, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Gislebert, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzmaurice, Thomas, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Simon, Walter, <A HREF="#P59">59</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzwilliam, Earl, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitzwilliam, Lady, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fitz-William, Sir William, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fleetwood, Sir Charles, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Flood, Henry, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Foley's statue of Carlisle, <A HREF="#P259">259</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Forster, Mr. W. E., <A HREF="#P276">276</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Forster, resignation of, <A HREF="#P280">280</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fotheringay Castle, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fox, Charles James, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Franklin, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Free Trade and Grattan, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Free Trade for Ireland, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Froude on Ireland, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Froude on Irish Volunteers, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Furlong on Lord Wellesley, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gainsborough, Lord, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gardiner, Sir Robert, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George and Queen Mary, visit of King, <A HREF="#P338">338</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George II. and Lord Chesterfield, <A HREF="#P146">146</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George IV. and Lord Anglesey, <A HREF="#P229">229</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George IV.'s visit, <A HREF="#P219">219</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George on his visit, King, <A HREF="#P339">339</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George proclaimed, King, <A HREF="#P337">337</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+George, visit of Prince, <A HREF="#P300">300</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Geraldine family, first of, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Geraldines, the, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone and Ireland, <A HREF="#P268">268</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone and the Irish Church, <A HREF="#P262">262</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone and Irish University, <A HREF="#P271">271</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone and Lord Aberdeen, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone on Fenianism, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Goderich, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Godolphin, <A HREF="#P127">127</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gordon, death of Hon. Archibald, <A HREF="#P337">337</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gormanstown, Lord of, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gormanstown, Viscount, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gormanstown, Viscount, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gormanstown, Viscount, <A HREF="#P59">59</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Government bribery, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grafton, Duke of, <A HREF="#P138">138</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan and Dolly Munroe, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan and Free Trade, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan and Lord Carlisle, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan and Phoenix Park, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan, Henry, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grattan's position, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grenville, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Greville, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grey, Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grey, Lady Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grey, Lord, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grey of Ruthyn, Reginald, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grey of Wilton, Lord, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grouchy, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gunning sisters, the, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, <A HREF="#P277">277</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Halifax, George, second Earl of, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Halifax, Lord, <A HREF="#P268">268</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Haddington, Earl of, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hamilton, 'Single-Speech,' <A HREF="#P167">167</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hamilton, Sir George, <A HREF="#P111">111</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hardwicke, Lady, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hardwicke, Lord, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Harcourt, Lord, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Harcourt, Lord, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Harding, <A HREF="#P140">140</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Barrel, Sir David, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Harrington, William Stanhope, Earl of, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hartington, Lord, <A HREF="#P161">161</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henderson, Sir James, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henniker, Hon. Mrs. Arthur, <A HREF="#P307">307</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henry II. invades Ireland, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henry III. and viceroy, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henry IV. and English colony, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henry VIII., <A HREF="#P60">60</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hereford, Bishop of, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hertford, Earl of, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Heytesbury, Lord, <A HREF="#P244">244</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael, <A HREF="#P273">273</A>, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>, <A HREF="#P299">299</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hobart, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hoche, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Holbein's portrait of Kildare, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Holland, Lord, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Home Rule Bill, defeat of second, <A HREF="#P308">308</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Home Rule Bill of 1912, Mr. Asquith's, <A HREF="#P342">342</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Home Rule, Gladstone and, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Home Rule, Tory party and, <A HREF="#P291">291</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Houghton, Lord, <A HREF="#P305">305</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Hours of Idleness,' <A HREF="#P185">185</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Humbert to Cornwallis, surrender of, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hyde, Anne, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hyde, Laurence, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland and the English party system, <A HREF="#P264">264</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland and the Pope, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, Duke of, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, Edward Bruce crowned King of, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, first viceroy of, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, Gladstone on, <A HREF="#P268">268</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, Henry II. invades, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland in 1882, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, Jacobean war in, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireland, proposal to create King of, <A HREF="#P42">42</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ireton, Henry, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish land, prices of, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish land, struggle for, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irishmen, Chesterfield on, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Free Trade, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish mines, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Parliament and the Civil War, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Parliament, character of, <A HREF="#P170">170</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Parliament, Declaration of Independence of, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Parliament and Duke of York, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish Parliament's independence, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish party and Melbourne, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish trade, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish trade, Burke and, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Irish volunteers, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Iveagh, Lord, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jackson, Mr. W. L., <A HREF="#P303">303</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jacobean war in Ireland, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+James II. and Lady Tyrconnel, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+James II.'s grant to Tyrconnel, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+James II. in Ireland, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+James II.'s Irish policy, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jean, Constable of Chester, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jewels, disappearance of Castle, <A HREF="#P334">334</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+John in Ireland, King, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jones, Colonel Michael, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kauffmann, Angelica, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kendal, Duchess of, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kenmare, Lord, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Keogh, John, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kilcolman Castle, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare and London society, <A HREF="#P60">60</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, death of, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Earl of, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, execution of tenth Earl of, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Gerald, fifth Earl of, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Gerald, ninth Earl of, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Holbein's portrait of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Jean Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Maurice, fourth Earl of, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, release of Earl of, <A HREF="#P33">33</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Thomas Fitz-Gerald, Earl of, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kildare, Thomas, second Earl of, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kilkenny Castle and William III., <A HREF="#P125">125</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kilkenny Election of 1828, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kilkenny, Statute of, <A HREF="#P36">36</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kilmainham Treaty, <A HREF="#P278">278</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kimberley, Lord, <A HREF="#P263">263</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'King Kildare,' <A HREF="#P65">65</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+King, Sir R., <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Kingale, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Knocdoe, Battle of, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Lady of the Sun, the,' <A HREF="#P40">40</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lake, General, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lambert, Major-General, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Land Act of 1870, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Land Act of 1870, <A HREF="#P269">269</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Land Act of 1881, <A HREF="#P277">277</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Land Act of 1903, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Land League founded, <A HREF="#P277">277</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Langrishe, Hercules, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+La Touche, Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+La Touche, Mrs., and Dorset, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Laud, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lauzun, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Botiller, Prior Thomas, <A HREF="#P47">47</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Botiller, Sir Edmund, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Dene, Guillaume, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Gros, Raymond, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leinster, Duke of, <A HREF="#P266">266</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leinster, King of, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Petril, Guillaume, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Scrope, Sir Stephen, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+le Strange, Sir Thomas, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Liberalism in Ireland, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Lilli Burlero, Bullen a la,' <A HREF="#P130">130</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Limerick, Siege of, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Limerick, Siege of, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Limerick, Treaty of, <A HREF="#P119">119</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lionel's army, defeat of Prince, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lionel, Prince, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lisle, Lord, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Local Government Bill, the, <A HREF="#P311">311</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Loftus, Lady, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Loftus, Lord, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Londonderry, Lady, <A HREF="#P301">301</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Londonderry, sixth Marquis of, <A HREF="#P298">298</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Londonderry, third Marquis of, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Long, Mr. Walter, <A HREF="#P320">320</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lord-Lieutenant, first mention of, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Louise, visit of Princess, <A HREF="#P270">270</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Louth, Jean de Bermingham, Earl of, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lucas, Charles, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ludlow Castle, <A HREF="#P69">69</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Lyndhurst, Lord, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Maamtrasna case, the, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+McNally, treachery of, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Magna Charta,' <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Malmesbury, Lord, <A HREF="#P241">241</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Manchester Martyrs,' <A HREF="#P262">262</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mansion House, last visit by viceroy to, <A HREF="#P330">330</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mansion House Relief Fund, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Marechal, Guillaume, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Marechal, Guillaume, Earl, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Marlborough and Disraeli, <A HREF="#P273">273</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Marlborough, Earl of, <A HREF="#P118">118-119</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Marlborough, sixth Duke of, <A HREF="#P273">273</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mary of Wales, Princess, <A HREF="#P338">338</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Maynooth Castle, Siege of, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Maynooth College, foundation of, <A HREF="#P201">201</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+origin of, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+McMurrough, Dermot, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Melbourne, Irish party and Lord, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Melbourne, Lord, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Melbourne, O'Connell and Lord, <A HREF="#P238">238</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mirabeau, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mitchelstown affray, <A HREF="#P301">301</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Molyneux, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Monck, General, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Montgomery, Anne, <A HREF="#P175">175</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Montgomery, Barbara, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Montgomery, Captain, <A HREF="#P178">178</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Moor, Colonel John, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Moore, Sir John, <A HREF="#P229">229</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Moriz, Sir John, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Morley, Mr. John, <A HREF="#P295">295</A>, <A HREF="#P305">305</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Morley's 'Life of Gladstone' quoted, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mornington, Earl of, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mountjoy and Essex, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mountjoy, Lady, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mulgrave, Lord, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mulgrave, William IV. and Lord, <A HREF="#P239">239</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Municipal Bill, Irish, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Munroe, Dorothea, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Munster, plantation of, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Naas Parliament, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Napoleon, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Napoleon, Louis, <A HREF="#P241">241</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Nationalism, beginnings of, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Nation, the,' <A HREF="#P252">252</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Norbury, murder of Earl of, <A HREF="#P240">240</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Norbury, Toler, Lord, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Norfolk, Duke of, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Normanby, Lord. See Mulgrave, Lord
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Norris, Sir Thomas, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northampton, Lord, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northington, Lord, <A HREF="#P189">189</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northumberland, Hugh Percy, Duke of, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northumberland, Hugh Smithson, Earl and Duke of, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northumberland, Lady, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Nugent, Richard, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Brien, William Smith, <A HREF="#P244">244</A>, <A HREF="#P246">246</A>, <A HREF="#P250">250</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell abandons Repeal, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and Lord Anglesey, <A HREF="#P234">234</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and Lord Bessborough, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and Lord Clarendon, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and Lord Melbourne, <A HREF="#P238">238</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and Lord Wellesley, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and the Duke of Richmond, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell and the viceroyalty, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell arrested, <A HREF="#P244">244</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell, Daniel, <A HREF="#P219">219</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell founds Catholic Association, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell stands for Clare, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connell starts Repeal movement, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Connor, King, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Donnell, <A HREF="#P283">283</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Offaly, Thomas, Lord, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Orange Government, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Orange lodges, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Malley, Grace, <A HREF="#P69">69</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Neill and Cromwell, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Neill, defeat of, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Neill, Shane, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde and Wiltshire, Earl of, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, Cromwell and Lady, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, death of, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, Earl of, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, Earl of, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and the Civil War, <A HREF="#P85">85</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, and Stafford, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+honours showered upon, <A HREF="#P95">95</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and Lady Castlemaine, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+recalled, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+attempt to assassinate, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+return to Ireland, <A HREF="#P104">104</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+and the Catholics, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+superseded, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, James le Botiller, Earl of, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, second Earl of, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde's exile, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, the second Duke of, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormonde, third Earl of, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ormsby, Sir Lambert, <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+O'Ruarc, murder of Tiarnan, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ossory, death of Lord, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ossory, Earl of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ossory, Lord, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Oxford, Earl of, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pakenham, Catherine, <A HREF="#P198">198</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Palmer, Lady. See Ambrose, Eleanor
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Palmerston, Lord, <A HREF="#P241">241</A>, <A HREF="#P259">259</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parese, Christopher, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament and Act of Union, Irish, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament and the Civil War, Irish, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament at Naas, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament at Trim, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, bribing the Irish, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, character of Irish, <A HREF="#P170">170</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliamentary commissioners, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, Declaration of Independence of Irish, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, Dorset and the Irish, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament House, rebuilding of, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament in Dublin, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>, <A HREF="#P41">41</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, Lord Chesterfield on the Irish, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament's independence, Irish, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parliament, Townshend and Irish, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell and Lord Carnarvon, <A HREF="#P290">290</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell and Phoenix Park murders, <A HREF="#P283">283</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell arrested and discharged, <A HREF="#P277">277</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell, Charles Stewart, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell Commission, <A HREF="#P301">301</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell, death of, <A HREF="#P304">304</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell's leadership, <A HREF="#P276">276</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell on the Carnarvon interview, <A HREF="#P292">292</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Parnell's second arrest, <A HREF="#P278">278</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Paston Letters,' <A HREF="#P60">60</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Patterson of Baltimore, Mrs., <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Peel, Sir Robert, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>, <A HREF="#P218">218</A>, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>, <A HREF="#P232">232</A>, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>, <A HREF="#P243">243</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Peep o'-day' Boys, <A HREF="#P197">197</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pelham, Sir William, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, Earl of, <A HREF="#P127">127</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ferrers, Alice, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Perrott, Sir John, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;charges against, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Spanish Armada, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Perrott, Thomas, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Petersham, Lady Caroline, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Phoenix Park and Grattan, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Phoenix Park, Chesterfield and, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Phoenix Park, Lady Castlemaine and, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Phoenix Park murders, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Phoenix Park murders, Parnell and, <A HREF="#P283">283</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pile, Sir Thomas D., <A HREF="#P314">314</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pipard, Pierre, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pirrie, Lord, <A HREF="#P334">334</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pitt, William, <A HREF="#P161">161</A>, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Union, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Plantagenet, Maud, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Plantation methods, attempt to revive, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Plantation of Ireland, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pole, Cardinal, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Poor Law Bill, Irish, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pope, Alexander, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pope and Ireland, the, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pope and viceroy, the, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Porter, Lord Justice, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Portland, third Duke of, <A HREF="#P186">186</A>, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Portsmouth, Duchess of, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Powis, Lord, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Poynings, Sir Edward, <A HREF="#P60">60</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Preston, Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Primrose, Lady Margaret, <A HREF="#P309">309</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Purcell, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Radnor, Earl of, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Raleigh, Sir Walter, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rathfarnham Castle, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rebellion of 1641, the, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rebellion of '98, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rebellion, Robert Emmet, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Redmond, Mr. John, <A HREF="#P326">326</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Religious persecution, beginning of, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Repeal Movement, O'Connell starts, <A HREF="#P233">233</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Repeal, O'Connell abandons, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Restoration, the, <A HREF="#P95">95</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ribbonmen, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rich, Lord, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Richard II., deposition of, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Richard II. in Ireland, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Richard in Iron,' <A HREF="#P69">69</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Richmond and Lennox, fourth Duke of, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Richmond's libel action, Duke of, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Robarts, Lord, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rochester, Earl of, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rochester, Laurence, Earl of, <A HREF="#P123">123</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rockingham, Lord, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Roland, Hyacinthe Gabrielle, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Roman Catholic Church, plan to endow, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rosebery, Lord, <A HREF="#P263">263</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Rose of Raby, the,' <A HREF="#P51">51</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Royal Commissions, <A HREF="#P299">299</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Russell, Lady Louisa, <A HREF="#P264">264</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Russell, Lord John, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>, <A HREF="#P238">238</A>, <A HREF="#P246">246</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Gladstone, Lord John, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and abolition of viceroyalty, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Russell, Sir William, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rutland, Duke of, <A HREF="#P189">189</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rye House plot, <A HREF="#P102">102</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sackville, Lord George, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Salisbury, Bishop of, <A HREF="#P18">18</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Salisbury, Guillaume, Earl of, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Salisbury, Lord, <A HREF="#P279">279</A>, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>, <A HREF="#P310">310</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Salisbury Ministry, <A HREF="#P290">290</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Salisbury's retirement, Lord, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sarsfield, Patrick, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. Albans, Battle of, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. Amaud, Lord of Gormanstown, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. Germans, Earl of, <A HREF="#P257">257</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. John, Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P60">60</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. John, Sir Oliver, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. Leger, Sir Anthony, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. Patrick, creation of Order of, <A HREF="#P188">188</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Shannon, Earl of, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Shaw, Captain, <A HREF="#P319">319</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sheil, Richard Lalor, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Shelburne, Lord, <A HREF="#P187">187</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sheridan, <A HREF="#P142">142</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sheridan, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sheridan, actor, <A HREF="#P159">159</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sherwood, Bishop of Meath, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Shrewsbury, Sir John Talbot, Earl of, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sidney on the viceroyalty, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sidney, Sir Henry, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sidney, Viscount, <A HREF="#P120">120</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Simnel, Lambert, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+crowned King of Ireland, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Skeffington, Sir William, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Solomon, R.A., Mr. Solomon J., <A HREF="#P317">317</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Somers, <A HREF="#P127">127</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Somerville, Sir William, <A HREF="#P252">252</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+South African War, Ireland and, <A HREF="#P313">313</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spanish Armada and Perrott, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spencer, Earl, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Phoenix Park murders, <A HREF="#P281">281</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;motion of censure on, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;banquet to, <A HREF="#P284">284</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;second viceroyalty, <A HREF="#P278">278</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Premiership, <A HREF="#P287">287</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spencer, Lady, <A HREF="#P270">270</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spenser, Edmund <A HREF="#P73">73</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Statute of Kilkenny, <A HREF="#P36">36</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stephens, James, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stoke, Battle of, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stone, Archbishop, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, <A HREF="#P83">83</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Ormonde, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Suffolk, Henrietta Howard, Countess of, <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sullivan, Lord Mayor, T. D., <A HREF="#P330">330</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sullivan, Sir Edward, <A HREF="#P285">285</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sunderland, Earl of, <A HREF="#P137">137</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of, <A HREF="#P44">44</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sussex, Earl of, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sutton, Sir John, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Swift, Jonathan, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>, <A HREF="#P126">126</A>, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>, <A HREF="#P142">142</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Talbot and his salary, Sir John, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Talbot, Lord, <A HREF="#P218">218</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Talbot, Richard. See Tyrconnel, Earl of
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Talbot, Sir John, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tempest, Lady Frances, <A HREF="#P274">274</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Temple, Earl, <A HREF="#P188">188</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Thomas of Lancaster, Prince, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Thurlos, Battle of, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tithe Bill, Irish, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tithe Commutation Act of 1838, <A HREF="#P236">236</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tithe War, the, <A HREF="#P235">235</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tithe War, cost of, <A HREF="#P236">236</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Toler, Chief Justice, <A HREF="#P240">240</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tone, Wolfe, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Townshend and duelling, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Townshend and Irish Parliament, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Townshend, death of Lady, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Townshend, Lord, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Townshend marries Anne Montgomery, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tory party and Home Rule, <A HREF="#P291">291</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Treaty of Limerick, <A HREF="#P119">119</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Treaty, the Kilmainham, <A HREF="#P278">278</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Trench on disestablishment, Archbishop, <A HREF="#P267">267</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Trevelyan, Sir G. O., <A HREF="#P285">285</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Trim Castle, mint at, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Trim Parliament, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Trinity College, <A HREF="#P334">334</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrone, Earl of, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrconnel and James II., Lady, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrconnel, James II.'s grant to, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrconnel, Lady, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrconnel, Lord, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Tyrconnel's death, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ulster, colonization of, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ulster, Countess of, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ulster, murder of Earl of, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ulster, William de Burgh, Earl of, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Undertakers,' <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, Camden on the, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union carried, Act of, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, Catholic emancipation and Act of, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, Curran and the, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, defeat of Act of, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, Dublin after the, <A HREF="#P209">209</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, first articles of the, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, first thoughts of, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Union of Hearts, The,' <A HREF="#P296">296</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Union, Pitt and the, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+United Irishmen, the, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+University and Lord Carnarvon, Dublin, <A HREF="#P294">294</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+University, Clement V. and Dublin, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+University, first mention of Dublin, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+University, Gladstone and Irish, <A HREF="#P271">271</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+University opened in Dublin, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Utlagh and Robert Bruce, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Utlagh, charge against, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Utlagh, death of, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Utlagh, Prior Roger, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Verulam, Earl of, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Vicars, Sir Arthur, <A HREF="#P336">336</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceregal allowance, <A HREF="#P39">39</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceregal Commission on Castle jewels, <A HREF="#P336">336</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceregal contracts, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceregal lodge, purchase of, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceregal profits, <A HREF="#P33">33</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy and cattle-stealing, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy and Dublin tradespeople, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy and Henry III., <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy and Pope, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy of Ireland, the first, <A HREF="#P16">16</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy, petition against, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy sued, <A HREF="#P253">253</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+'Viceroy, the Hanging,' <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy's army, defeat of, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroys, character of early, <A HREF="#P17">17</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy's debts, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroys, rival, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy's salary, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>, <A HREF="#P46">46</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy's salary increased, <A HREF="#P189">189</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroy's salary in eighteenth century, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroyalty, early English views regarding, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroyalty, Nationalist attitude towards, <A HREF="#P329">329</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroyalty, O'Connell and the, <A HREF="#P242">242</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroyalty, proposal to abolish, <A HREF="#P212">212</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Viceroyalty, Sidney on the, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria and Prince Consort in Ireland, Queen, <A HREF="#P258">258</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria, death of Queen, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria on her visit, Queen, <A HREF="#P314">314</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria's first visit to Ireland, Queen, <A HREF="#P251">251</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria's last visit, Queen, <A HREF="#P313">313</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria's third visit, Queen, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Volunteers, Irish, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Volunteer review, Belfast, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Volunteers, revival of, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wakefield, Battle of, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wales, Edward, Prince of, <A HREF="#P338">338</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wales in Dublin, Prince of, <A HREF="#P262">262</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wales, visit of Prince and Princess of, <A HREF="#P265">265</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wales, visit of Prince of, <A HREF="#P286">286</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wallop, Sir Henry, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Walpole's 'Journal of George III.'s Reign,' <A HREF="#P193">193</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Walsingham, Petronilla, Countess of, <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wandesford, Sir Charles, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Warbeck, Perkin, <A HREF="#P59">59</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Warrenne and Surrey, Earl of, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Warwick, Earl of, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Washington, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Waterford, Siege of, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Waterloo, Battle of, <A HREF="#P214">214</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wellesley, Arthur, <A HREF="#P198">198</A>, <A HREF="#P213">213</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wellesley, Marquis, <A HREF="#P222">222</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attacked in theatre, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and O'Connell, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Furlong on Lord, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;second marriage, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;second Viceroyalty, Lord, <A HREF="#P237">237</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wellington, Duke of, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wellington, Prime Minister, Duke of, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Westmoreland, tenth Earl of, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wexford, massacre of, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wharton, the first Lady, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wharton, the second Lady, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wharton, Thomas, Earl of, <A HREF="#P128">128</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Whiteboys, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+White, Mathew, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+White, Richard, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Whitshed, Chief Justice, <A HREF="#P141">141</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Whitworth, Lord, <A HREF="#P216">216</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+William III. at Kilkenny Castle, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+William IV., <A HREF="#P238">238</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+William IV. and Lord Mulgrave, <A HREF="#P239">239</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wiltshire, Earl of, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wodehouse, Lord, <A HREF="#P260">260</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Woffington and Dorset, <A HREF="#P156">156</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wogan, Sir Jean, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wolfe, Solicitor-General, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wolsey and Kildare, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Women's National Health Association of Ireland, <A HREF="#P339">339</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wood's halfpence, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Woodville, Elizabeth, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+World, the, <A HREF="#P253">253</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wyndham Land Act, <A HREF="#P318">318</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wyndham, Mr. George, <A HREF="#P315">315</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+York, Richard, Duke of, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+York, visit of Duke and Duchess of, <A HREF="#P311">311</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Yorke, Lord Chancellor, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Yorktown, Cornwallis's surrender at, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>
+</P>
+<P CLASS="index">
+Young Ireland insurrection, <A HREF="#P249">249</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Zetland, Earl and first Marquis of, <A HREF="#P330">330</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR><BR>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Viceroys of Ireland, by Charles O'Mahony
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Viceroys of Ireland, by Charles O'Mahony
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Viceroys of Ireland
+
+Author: Charles O'Mahony
+
+Release Date: May 22, 2011 [EBook #36193]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE VICEROYS OF
+
+IRELAND
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE LONG LINE OF NOBLEMEN
+
+AND THEIR WIVES WHO HAVE RULED
+
+IRELAND AND IRISH SOCIETY FOR
+
+OVER SEVEN HUNDRED
+
+YEARS
+
+
+
+BY
+
+
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+
+
+WITH PHOTOGRAVURE FRONTISPIECE AND THIRTY-TWO OTHER
+
+PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+JOHN LONG, LIMITED
+
+NORRIS STREET, HAYMARKET
+
+MCMXII
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+MY WIFE
+
+
+
+
+{ix}
+
+PREFACE
+
+This is the first complete history of the viceroys of Ireland, the only
+other book on the subject being the late Sir John T. Gilbert's, which
+was published in 1864.  But as he dealt with the viceroys between 1172
+and 1509 only, his book has no claim to completeness.  In common with
+all writers on Ireland, however, I must express my acknowledgments to
+Gilbert.  His keen and discerning research work, covering the first two
+hundred years of the viceroyalty, has been of the utmost value to me.
+
+Irish affairs appear certain to monopolize public and parliamentary
+attention this year, and on this account I think that the history of
+the men who have ruled Ireland for nearly seven hundred and fifty years
+will be read with interest.
+
+Of the illustrations, that of Lord Aberdeen is from a photograph by M.
+Lafayette of Dublin and London, who has also supplied the photographs
+of Lady Aberdeen, Lords Dudley, Spencer, Londonderry, Cadogan, and
+Crewe, King Edward at the {x} Dublin Exhibition, and those of the
+Viceregal Lodge, St. Patrick's Hall, and the Throne Room in Dublin
+Castle.  All the other illustrations are from photographs of the
+originals in the National Portrait Gallery, Dublin.
+
+CHARLES O'MAHONY
+
+LONDON
+
+_June_, 1912
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                               PAGE
+
+  CHAPTER I      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       15
+  CHAPTER II     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       28
+  CHAPTER III    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       48
+  CHAPTER IV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       62
+  CHAPTER V      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       71
+  CHAPTER VI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -       86
+  CHAPTER VII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      103
+  CHAPTER VIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      120
+  CHAPTER IX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      139
+  CHAPTER X      -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      161
+  CHAPTER XI     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      173
+  CHAPTER XII    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      188
+  CHAPTER XIII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      201
+  CHAPTER XIV    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      216
+  CHAPTER XV     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      229
+  CHAPTER XVI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      242
+  CHAPTER XVII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      261
+  CHAPTER XVIII  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      271
+  CHAPTER XIX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      289
+  CHAPTER XX     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      303
+  CHAPTER XXI    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      313
+  CHAPTER XXII   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      326
+
+  INDEX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -      343
+
+
+
+
+{xiii}
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                        FACING PAGE
+
+THE EARL OF ABERDEEN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   _Frontispiece_
+
+THE VICEREGAL LODGE, DUBLIN  -   -   -   -   -   -   -           30
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, DUBLIN CASTLE   -   -   -   -   -   -           42
+
+ST. PATRICK'S HALL, DUBLIN CASTLE    -   -   -   -   -           54
+
+ROBERT DEVEREUX, EARL OF ESSEX   -   -   -   -   -   -           68
+
+CHARLES BLOUNT, LORD MOUNTJOY    -   -   -   -   -   -           78
+
+THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF STRAFFORD  -   -   -   -   -           84
+
+JAMES BUTLER, FIRST DUKE OF ORMONDE  -   -   -   -   -           86
+
+OLIVER CROMWELL  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -           90
+
+ARTHUR, EARL OF ESSEX    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          100
+
+LORD WHARTON -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          130
+
+JOHN, LORD CARTERET  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          140
+
+EARL OF CHESTERFIELD -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          150
+
+EARL OF HARRINGTON   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          152
+
+MARQUIS TOWNSHEND    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          176
+
+INSTALLATION BANQUET OF KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK   -   -          188
+
+DUKE OF RUTLAND  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          192
+
+EARL OF WESTMORELAND -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          194
+
+EARL FITZWILLIAM -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          200
+
+MARQUIS CAMDEN   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          204
+
+MARQUIS CORNWALLIS   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          210
+
+DUKE OF RICHMOND AND LENNOX  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          214
+
+EARL TALBOT  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          218
+
+MARQUIS WELLESLEY    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          226
+
+LORD MULGRAVE    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          240
+
+{xiv}
+
+EARL OF CLARENDON    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          248
+
+EARL OF EGLINTON AND WINTON  -   -   -   -   -   -   -          256
+
+EARL SPENCER -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          280
+
+LORD CREWE   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          306
+
+EARL CADOGAN -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          310
+
+LORD DUDLEY  -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          318
+
+KING EDWARD CONVERSING WITH LORD ABERDEEN    -   -   -          334
+
+COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN     -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -          338
+
+
+
+
+{15}
+
+THE VICEROYS OF IRELAND
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The conquest of Ireland by Henry II. is one of the myths of history
+which Time has endeavoured to crystallize into fact.  Rome gave Ireland
+to the superstitious, cowardly King of England, but the Pope could not
+make Henry a conqueror, and so the invader, coming to claim that which
+did not belong to the Pope or to himself, discovered that the native
+Irish could defend themselves.  Ireland was a land of saints according
+to the chroniclers of the time; Henry discovered that it was also a
+land of fighters, and the armour and superior weapons of his army were
+outmatched by the sturdy patriotism of the Irish, whose weapons and
+methods were, doubtless, crude, but whose courage and determination
+were inspired by a love of country and intensified by a passion for
+independence.
+
+Henry II. landed at Waterford on October 11, 1171, accompanied by a
+great army.  The conquest of Ireland was to be short, sharp, and
+decisive.  The natives appeared to know nothing of the fine art of war,
+and even Henry must have tasted of courage when he viewed the ill-armed
+{16} legions he had to fight.  From Waterford he marched to Dublin, but
+the result of several battles and skirmishes was an attenuated army and
+unexpected defeat.  Had it not been for the inevitable Irish traitor,
+Henry and his followers would have been swept into the sea, but it is
+Ireland's tragedy that she produces almost as many traitors as heroes.
+Dermot McMurrough, King of Leinster, anxious to gain the unmistakable
+advantages offered by an alliance with the King of England, came to
+Henry's aid, and thus the invader was at any rate able to claim the
+conquest of the land covered by the feet of his soldiers.  Beyond that
+his jurisdiction was imaginary.  Realizing this, Henry determined to
+leave Ireland.  His expedition had proved profitless, but he foresaw
+possibilities of gain in the future.  The first of a long line of
+Englishmen who have never known when they were beaten, Henry, with a
+statesmanlike disregard for the realities, divided Ireland between ten
+of his followers, and, nominating one of them to act as his
+representative, sailed from the country on Easter Monday, April 17,
+1172.  This, in brief, is the story of the conquest of Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: The first Viceroy]
+
+Henry's representative, and, therefore, generally accepted as the first
+Viceroy of Ireland, was Hugh de Lacy, a descendant of one of William
+the Conqueror's companions in arms.  To De Lacy was committed the care
+of Dublin Castle and the command of the English in Ireland.  The
+viceroy was a small but muscular man, unscrupulous, immoral, and
+unsuccessful.  Henry gave him 800,000 acres which were not the king's
+to give, {17} even in the Dark Ages when right was might.  To a person
+of De Lacy's qualities the gift was valueless, for he was not the man
+to gain and hold the land.  Even when Tiarnan O'Ruarc, the original
+owner, was treacherously slain, the viceroy found it impossible to
+assert his authority over the vast estate.
+
+De Lacy was soon succeeded by another Anglo-Norman baron,
+Fitz-Gislebert, who gained Henry's confidence and gratitude by helping
+to subdue the rebellious sons of the King of England.  Fitz-Gislebert
+came from Normandy to Ireland.  His viceroyalty was undistinguished,
+and he was chiefly occupied in defending himself from the attacks of
+the Irish or in vain endeavours to assert his authority as the
+representative of the King of England.  When he died in 1176 his
+widow's brother, Raymond le Gros, acted as viceroy until Henry, having
+been acquainted with the decease of Fitz-Gislebert, appointed Guillaume
+Fitz-Aldelm de Burgh to the post in 1177.  Raymond was not at all
+pleased with Henry's choice, but he dissembled sufficiently to receive
+the new viceroy at Wexford.  Raymond had by now assumed the name and
+arms of the Geraldine family by virtue of his descent from an emigrant
+of an old Tuscan family, thus forming his kinsmen and followers under
+one banner, and becoming the most powerful member of the English colony
+in Ireland.  Fitz-Aldelm and the Geraldines were never friendly, and it
+is not surprising, therefore, that one of the Geraldine chroniclers
+should describe the viceroy as 'corpulent, crafty, plausible, {18}
+corrupt, addicted to wine and profligate luxuriousness.'  The
+description, save for the physical details, would, however, apply to
+almost every one of the early Viceroys of Ireland.  They were for the
+most part needy adventurers sent to Ireland to replenish empty purses,
+legalized robbers commissioned by the Kings of England, and none the
+less thieves because they were not always successful in their mission.
+
+[Sidenote: English defeats]
+
+In 1177 King Henry secured the permission of the Pope to style his son
+John, aged twelve, Lord of Ireland, and two years later the viceroy was
+recalled, De Lacy returning to Ireland as Governor with a colleague in
+the person of Robert de la Poer of Wexford.  De Lacy, however,
+committed the heinous crime of marrying without the king's permission,
+his bride being the daughter of King O'Connor, and he was superseded by
+Jean, Constable of Chester, who held the viceroyalty in conjunction
+with Richard de Peche, Bishop of Coventry.  The ex-viceroy, however,
+managed to secure a renewal of the king's favour, and he quickly
+returned to Ireland, though for safety's sake Henry gave him a
+colleague, the Bishop of Salisbury, who was the monarch's paid spy.  De
+Lacy pursued his policy unhampered, and very soon became wealthy and
+powerful.  The king, learning of his representative's arrogance,
+decided that it was dangerous to permit a subject to taste too much of
+kingly power, and in 1184 he appointed his son, Prince John, now
+nineteen years of age, to be the chief governor of Ireland.  Fortified
+by the Papal sanction, Prince John came {19} to Ireland with a large
+and costly army to impress De Lacy and his fellow-barons, and,
+incidentally, to subdue the turbulent Irish.  An assassin removed De
+Lacy from his path, but the natives were stubborn, and the English were
+defeated whenever they gave battle.  Thereupon John, with his retinue,
+indulged in a series of orgies, lost the remnant of his army, and after
+eight months returned to England in 1185.
+
+During the succeeding four years De Courcy, a powerful baron, ruled
+Dublin in parts and none of the rest of Ireland, but, of course,
+maintained the fiction that he was the king's representative, and,
+therefore, Viceroy of Ireland.  Then followed the first viceroyalty of
+Hugh de Lacy, a son of the previous viceroy, and in 1190 Guillaume le
+Petil took over the post and occupied it until 1191.  After him came in
+quick succession Guillaume, Earl Marechal (1191-94), Pierre Pipard
+(1194), Hamon de Valognes (1197-99), and Fitz-Henry, whose father was
+an illegitimate son of Henry I., whose first term began in 1199 and
+ended in 1203.  De Valognes, when he retired, had to pay 1,000 marks to
+the king's treasury to settle his viceregal accounts.  This was not
+exceptional.  The viceroys of Ireland were given considerable powers,
+but they had their responsibilities, and among these was a contract to
+supply so much money and soldiers to their royal masters.  To satisfy
+these contracts, the viceroys, when denied the spoils of battle, had to
+rob and plunder, while the viceroy who paid his debts was as rare as
+virtue in Dublin Castle.
+
+{20}
+
+Hugh de Lacy returned in 1203, but King John, his fears aroused by the
+viceroy's introduction of special coinage, recalled him in 1204, and
+for the space of a year Fitz-Henry occupied the viceregal position.  In
+1205 the king issued instructions for the erection of a new Dublin
+Castle.  De Lacy, however, had powerful friends, and in 1205 he came
+back once more, and ruled the English colony for five years, until King
+John landed at Waterford on June 20, 1210, when, of course, the
+vice-royalty ceased for the time being.  De Lacy, more courageous and
+skilful than his father, had carried war into the enemy's camp, and had
+done something towards extending the boundaries of England's dominions
+beyond the frontiers of Dublin.  He instituted a system of taxation
+which was very profitable to him and to his royal master, but it
+exasperated the Irish to such an extent that they rose in rebellion.
+The opposing forces met at Thurles in 1208, and the result was a signal
+defeat for De Lacy.  The coming of King John, who did not conceal his
+distrust of the viceroy, caused De Lacy to concentrate his forces with
+a view to impressing the king.  Fortune, however, was on the side of
+John, and De Lacy fled the country.  There are many legends recounting
+the adventures of the once powerful nobleman.  He and his brother are
+said to have laboured as brickmakers and gardeners in Normandy and
+Scotland, and suffered many other indignities.
+
+[Sidenote: Papal supremacy]
+
+King John's stay in Ireland was brief, as the critical state of his
+kingdom required his presence in England.  He left behind him as his
+representatives {21} Guillaume, Earl of Salisbury--an illegitimate son
+of Henry II. by the fair Rosemond Clifford--and De Grey, Bishop of
+Norwich.  In 1213 they were succeeded by Henry de Londres, Archbishop
+of Dublin, a powerful prelate and an unscrupulous statesman.  He was
+given the post because of his influence with the Pope, and John's first
+task for his new viceroy was to send him to Rome to induce the occupant
+of the Papal throne to side with him against the barons.  Geoffery de
+Marreis, a follower of the Archbishop's, acted as his deputy during his
+absence abroad.  The deputy robbed friend and foe alike, but eventually
+the trades-people of Dublin petitioned the king because De Marreis
+would not pay his debts and added insult to injury by compelling the
+traders of the city to give him further credit.  King Henry III. was on
+the throne now, and he ordered his representative to pay all his debts
+within forty days.  Furthermore, he was placed under the authority of
+the Archbishop of Dublin, Henry de Londres, who had helped to make
+history by forming one of the barons and ecclesiastics who compelled
+King John to sign the Magna Charta.  The archbishop was the most
+powerful Englishman in the kingdom of Ireland, and, as the
+representative of the Pope, took precedence of the representative of
+the king.  In 1221 he was appointed viceroy, and then ensued the usual
+conflict between the civil and religious powers that is inevitable when
+churchmen turn politicians.  The English colony complained to Henry
+that his viceroy was unable to cope with the insurgents, and they
+prayed {22} for a more warlike governor.  Guillaume Marechal, eldest
+son and heir of the first Earl of Pembroke, and afterwards second earl,
+was sent to Ireland as viceroy in 1224, but this brother-in-law of the
+king's did not find the country to his liking, and he departed in
+favour of Geoffery de Marreis, whose third term of office began in 1226
+and ended the following year.
+
+This viceroyalty was the first to which a definite salary was given,
+the sum of L580 a year being set aside for the use of Geoffery de
+Marreis.  Richard de Burgh followed De Marreis until, in 1229, Maurice
+Fitzgerald assumed the reins of government.  Fitzgerald was born in
+Ireland, and was the first Anglo-Irishman to become Viceroy of Ireland.
+His viceroyalty extended over fifteen years, though at intervals the
+government was in the hands of Geoffery de Marreis and Richard de Burgh
+for a few months.  The viceroy was given a salary of L500 a year, and
+unlimited authority to rob the native Irish, and even the English
+colony, provided he sent part of the proceeds to London to help to pay
+the king's debts and finance wars.  But he fell from grace in 1245, and
+was dismissed, the reason given being his dilatoriness in bringing
+reinforcements to his royal master in Wales.  Jean Fitz-Geoffery was
+appointed his successor, and during the ensuing ten years the
+government was nominally vested in him, minor changes occurring from
+time to time.  The next viceroy, Alain de la Zouche, reigned for four
+years (1255-59), and died as the result of an assault made upon him by
+the Earl of Warrene and {23} Surrey in Westminster Hall, while his
+successor, Etienne, who had married the widow of the second Hugh de
+Lacy, was murdered in 1260.
+
+The next half-dozen viceroys are summed up easily.  Guillaume le Dene
+(1260-61), Sir Richard de la Rochelle (1261-66), Jean Fitz-Geoffery for
+the third time (1266-67), Sir Robert D'Ufford (1268 and 1276-82),
+Richard D'Exeter (1269), and Jacques D'Audeley (1270-72).  The majority
+were adventurers and favourites of the king, and few could claim
+possession of the soldier-like qualities which were needed at the time.
+Sir Robert D'Ufford was an exception, but he spent most of his time
+fighting abroad in the service of the King of England.  Maurice
+Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, signalized a brief viceroyalty, extending from
+1272-73, by marching into the territory of the O'Connors, and promptly
+being made a prisoner.  The vacancy thus created was filled by Geoffery
+de Joinville, who held the post for three years.
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Jean Wogan]
+
+Jean de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin (1288-90), was one of the
+numerous deputies who governed the English colony between 1282 and
+1290.  These deputies were mainly ecclesiastics, for England's
+unsettled state and numerous wars called every leading warrior away
+from Ireland.  Sir Guillaume de Vesci (1290-93), Guillaume de la Haye
+(1293), Guillaume D'Ardingselles (1294), Thomas Fitzmaurice (1294-95)
+paved the way for Sir Jean Wogan, who was viceroy for thirteen years,
+and who did more to establish the authority of England than any of his
+predecessors.  When Wogan was appointed the chief source of danger {24}
+to the English colonists was the feud between the two great Anglo-Irish
+families, the Fitzgeralds and the De Burghs.  Wogan, however, succeeded
+in bringing them together, and they agreed to a truce.  The viceroy was
+also fairly successful against the natives, but he made no additions to
+the territory over which England nominally held sway.  In 1308 Sir
+Guillaume de Burgh was appointed to succeed Wogan, but an unexpected
+development occurred, and Edward II., urged on by his advisers,
+nominated his Gascon favourite, Piers de Gaveston, to the post.  This
+was virtually an act of banishment, and the gay Gascon regarded it as
+such, but for the time he had to accept the post, which was regarded by
+the wealthy English barons as tantamount to exile.  Ireland was not a
+garden of pleasant memories to the English warriors.  Not one of them
+who had tried his skill in the country had added to his laurels, and,
+consequently, the only men who would accept the viceroyalty or any of
+the posts attached to the Dublin Castle Government were the "needy
+adventurers" who stood to lose nothing and gain something.  From time
+to time the English colony petitioned the king not to send these 'needy
+adventurers,' but there were no others to fill the vacancies that arose.
+
+Piers de Gaveston's case was an exception.  Edward II. had advanced him
+to the Earldom of Cornwall, and the barons were jealous of him.  They
+plotted against his life, but the king stood by his favourite, and
+eventually both parties {25} compromised by permitting Piers to go to
+Ireland.  He did not stay in Ireland for more than a few months, for he
+hungered for the gay English court, and when he left the country Sir
+Jean Wogan renewed his viceroyalty.  It was in this year--1309--that
+John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, obtained a Bull from Clement V.
+authorizing the establishment of a university in Dublin.  The laudable
+project, however, was prematurely abandoned owing to the death of the
+archbishop.  Nearly three hundred years elapsed before Dublin received
+its now famous university.
+
+[Sidenote: Edward Bruce crowned]
+
+Sir Edmund le Botiller, or Butler, succeeded Wogan in 1312, and carried
+on his policy.  He is said to have succeeded in restoring order in the
+English colony and its immediate surroundings, but when reappointed in
+1315, after a viceroyalty of a few months by Theobaude de Verdun, he
+had to cope with the most serious rebellion Ireland had known for two
+hundred years.  The native Irish had been inspired by the exploits of
+King Robert Bruce of Scotland, and they called upon that monarch's
+brother, Edward Bruce, to rule over their country and lead them to
+victory.  Bruce responded with alacrity, and he was crowned King of
+Ireland in 1315.  Le Botiller collected a large army, and went in
+pursuit of the invader and his followers, but the viceroy suffered an
+overwhelming defeat, and it seemed as though the last day had come of
+English rule in Ireland.  The inhabitants of Dublin, who were, of
+course, mainly English, became alarmed, but some confidence was
+restored at a meeting of the chief {26} nobles, who swore fidelity to
+King Edward, and declared that they would forfeit life and lands if
+they failed in their duty.  The manifesto, signed by ten nobles, was
+delivered to Edward at Westminster, and he signified his approval and
+gratitude by creating the first of the signatories, Jean Fitz-Thomas,
+Earl of Kildare.  Fitz-Thomas had been Baron of Offaly.  The defeated
+and discomfited Le Botiller was superseded in 1317 by Roger de
+Mortimer, the paramour of King Edward's queen.  Mortimer brought with
+him 15,000 men, and while he was pursuing Bruce he appointed the
+Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin to act as his deputies at Dublin.
+
+Sunday, October 14, 1318, witnessed the last of Edward Bruce and his
+pretensions to the kingdom of Ireland.  Outnumbered and out-generalled,
+he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Faughard, and in accordance
+with the rules of war his head was sent to King Edward.  When this
+ghastly trophy arrived, Edward was seated at a banquet with the
+Ambassadors from King Robert Bruce of Scotland, who had asked and
+seemed likely to obtain the province of Ulster for Edward Bruce.  The
+sight of Bruce's head, however, ended the conference prematurely.
+
+[Sidenote: The first university]
+
+Roger de Mortimer was in 1319 induced to forsake the attractions of the
+queen's court for the rigours of Dublin Castle, but in 1320 he was back
+again in London, leaving Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, to rule in
+his stead.  Kildare was succeeded by Jean de Bermingham, Earl of Louth,
+{27} in 1321; while in the same year Sir Ralph de Gorges and Sir Jean
+d'Arcy occupied in turn the viceroyalty.  D'Arcy lasted until 1326.  It
+is worthy of note that in 1320 a university was opened in Dublin, but
+it was never more than a seminary for ecclesiastics.
+
+
+
+
+{28}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The year 1326 is memorable in English annals because of the deposition
+of Edward II.  The Viceroy of Ireland, Thomas, second Earl of Kildare,
+was appointed that year, the warrant stating that he represented Edward
+III., then a boy of fourteen.  The deposed monarch immediately looked
+to Ireland for support, and to Dublin he came, having heard that the
+English colony refused to acknowledge the authority of the Earl of
+Kildare.  He was misinformed, however, and he lost his throne without
+being able to strike a blow for it.
+
+[Sidenote: Prior Utlagh and witchcraft]
+
+The Earl of Kildare gave way in 1328 to a remarkable ecclesiastic,
+Prior Roger Utlagh, Chancellor and Prior of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham.  He ruled as an autocrat, outwardly acknowledging Edward's
+sovereignty, but in reality a combination of layman and priest, who
+feared neither God nor man.  When King Robert Bruce visited Ireland,
+and invited the Prior to a conference, he was ordered to leave the
+country, and he had to obey.  Fellow-ecclesiastics plotted against him,
+but he was more than their match.  When the Bishop of Ossory openly
+accused the viceroy of favouring heretics, Roger Utlagh made {29} it
+the occasion of a great public demonstration of his virtuous qualities.
+The charge was based on a rumour that the viceroy had shown kindness to
+a man imprisoned in Dublin Castle because he was the patron of a
+supposed witch's son.  The position was serious enough, and the
+viceroy, therefore, issued proclamations for three successive days,
+calling upon his enemies to appear and prefer a charge against him.  No
+one came forward, as was only to be expected, the viceroy possessing
+arbitrary punitive powers, and Utlagh thereupon nominated six
+commissioners in Dublin Castle and examined witnesses provided by
+himself.  The complacent commissioners formally declared Prior Utlagh's
+character to be spotless, and in return for this testimonial the worthy
+ecclesiastic presided over a banquet in the Castle.  Thus were his
+enemies confounded.
+
+The Prior retired for William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, who was styled
+Lieutenant, or locum tenens.  De Burgh's reign was brief, and in 1332,
+within a year of his appointment, he was replaced by Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+an ex-viceroy.  The Earl of Ulster was murdered in 1333, an act of
+revenge inspired by an aunt whose husband the earl had starved to death
+in one of his castles.  The crime had its effect on English history, as
+the Countess of Ulster fled to England with her only child, Elizabeth,
+who married a son of Edward III. and became an ancestor of Edward IV.
+Sir Jean d'Arcy was merely viceroy in name, the deputy, Sir Thomas de
+Burgh, ruling in Dublin Castle until 1337, when Sir John de Cherlton,
+who had been {30} appointed in place of the deputy--dismissed for
+irregularities--occupied the post for a year.  His successor was his
+brother, the Bishop of Hereford, who also became Chancellor.  Like most
+ecclesiastics of the time, the Bishop of Hereford was a very zealous
+politician, drawing a sharp line between his spiritual and his temporal
+powers.  He seized the cattle of the native Irish in large quantities,
+frequently despoiling the whole countryside of every head of live
+stock, and this so delighted the valorous Edward III. that he wrote a
+long letter of commendation to his faithful representative, and ordered
+the treasurer at Dublin Castle to pay the viceroy's salary before that
+of any other official.  The year 1340 witnessed the retirement of the
+cattle-stealing Bishop, the reappointment and death of Prior Utlagh,
+and the conferring for life of the viceroyalty upon Sir Jean d'Arcy,
+who had covered himself with glory in the numerous wars of Edward III.
+D'Arcy did not, of course, come to Ireland.  The appointment was in
+reality the king's way of rewarding his faithful warrior, and,
+therefore, D'Arcy was content to share in the spoils and gains of his
+deputy, Sir John Moriz.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Anglo-Irish]
+
+By now, however, a new factor entered into the protracted struggle for
+the possession of the rich lands of Ireland.  During the centuries of
+English occupation several great Anglo-Irish families had arisen, and,
+fattening upon their spoils, gradually came to occupy positions more
+powerful than the representatives of the king.  The heads of the
+Desmonds, the Geraldines, the De Burghs, and {31} others, resented the
+intrusion of English warriors sent to Dublin to refill their treasure
+chests.  They wished to rule Ireland, and declined to bow the knee to
+impecunious adventurers invested with royal powers by the King of
+England.  Slowly yet surely these powerful chieftains ranged themselves
+on one side until hostilities in Ireland were not between the English
+and the natives, but between the English by birth and the English by
+blood, jealousy and greed of gain forming the motive.
+
+[Illustration: The Viceregal lodge, Dublin]
+
+When Sir John Moriz, D'Arcy's deputy, called a Parliament together at
+Dublin to consider the state of the country and to promulgate new
+Edwardian ordinances, the Earl of Desmond and other leaders of the
+English by blood declined to attend.  In their opinion Sir Jean d'Arcy
+and his deputy were 'needy adventurers'--a description they applied to
+them in a petition sent direct to Edward III.  Desmond was a clever
+man, who openly advocated peace and secretly prepared for war.  His
+diplomacy, however, gained a surer victory than all his legions were
+capable of accomplishing, for in the petition already referred to he
+asked politely why his Majesty did not receive larger revenues from
+Ireland.  This caused Edward to realize some of the disadvantages of
+conferring the viceroyalty upon impecunious warriors, and he promptly
+surrendered to the petitioners, removing Moriz, and appointing Sir
+Raoul d'Ufford, who became viceroy in the early part of 1344.
+
+D'Ufford was wealthy enough to be trusted with {32} the government of
+Ireland, and Edward owed him something for his services in the French
+and Flemish wars.  It is more than likely, however, that he was
+indebted for his viceroyalty to the fact that his wife was Maud
+Plantagenet, widow of the murdered Earl of Ulster and also of Edward's
+son.  D'Ufford's commission authorized him to grant pardon to rebels on
+their swearing allegiance to the king, and, furthermore, it enjoined
+him to search for Irish mines of gold, silver, lead, and tin.
+D'Ufford's appointment evoked no enthusiasm and some fear.  The English
+colony knew the temper of Maud Plantagenet, a proud, revengeful, and
+ambitious woman, and greatly as they feared D'Ufford's reputation for
+severity, they realized that, urged on by his wife, he might be guilty
+of excesses exceeding those which had won for him the fear of his
+enemies in France.
+
+The entrance of the viceregal pair into Dublin in July, 1345,
+foreshadowed the kingly state they maintained throughout their brief
+reign.  They resided in the Priory of the Knights Hospitallers of
+Kilmainham, and Maud Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster, put into practice
+the lessons she had learnt at the English court.  She exacted homage
+from her friends, maintained ladies-in-waiting, held courts of her own,
+and, in fact, was Queen of Ireland.  Letters were sent to Edward
+describing the conduct of his ambitious representatives, and the king's
+jealousy and fears were aroused.  Action on his part, however, was
+forestalled by the death of D'Ufford, who expired from a malignant
+disease on Palm Sunday, 1346.  Clergy and laity {33} combined to
+celebrate the tyrant's death, and thanksgiving services were held
+throughout the English colony.  D'Ufford and his wife occupied the
+viceroyalty for less than twelve months, but in that brief space of
+time they committed many acts of oppression, torturing, robbing,
+despoiling, and executing enemies and even friends to gratify a lust
+for gain and exhibit to the world their vanity of power.  Most of
+D'Ufford's tyrannies were ascribed by the populace to the evil counsels
+of his wife, and when he was no more they sought out the widow with the
+intention of laying violent hands upon her.  Tyrants have no friends
+when they fall from power, and Maud Plantagenet suffered the usual
+indignities of a changeable fate, though she managed to escape from
+Ireland and carry her husband's body to England.  She passed the
+remainder of her life in retirement.
+
+Since his dismissal Sir John Moriz had laboured to obtain his
+restoration, and he succeeded in this three days before D'Ufford's
+death.  Meanwhile the council in Ireland had elected Roger, son of Sir
+Jean d'Arcy, who, however, gave way to Moriz when the latter arrived.
+
+[Sidenote: The profits of the post]
+
+The new viceroy had been charged by the king to secure supplies of
+money for him from out of Ireland.  Indeed, the appointment was based
+on a sort of co-partnership, the king insisting upon a large percentage
+of the profits of the post.  Moriz knew that conciliation was the only
+means of obtaining the money, and he began by releasing the Earl of
+Kildare from imprisonment in Dublin Castle, and showing similar
+clemency to other {34} distinguished prisoners.  The policy of Walter
+de Bermingham (1348-49), John, Lord Carew (1349), and Sir Thomas de
+Rokeby (1349-55), was in direct contrast.  They favoured war where
+Moriz had tried peace, and with the usual result.  The native Irish had
+by now the protection and assistance of the leading Anglo-Irish
+families, who were influenced by the Irish blood in their veins, and
+took common cause against the viceroy and his battalions.  In almost
+every encounter the English were defeated, and, finally, Dublin itself
+was threatened.  In alarm the English colony began to make hasty
+preparations for flight to England.  They sold what they could and
+abandoned the rest, and it seemed as though the English in Ireland
+would cease to exist when an order came from England declaring that any
+English colonist deserting Ireland would be put to death.  Compelled to
+remain, they continued their miserable existence, threatened with
+murder by their foes, and in continual danger of robbery by the very
+men appointed to protect them.  Dublin at this period was in a wretched
+condition.  There had been no attempt to build a city, and in reality
+the place was a fort whereby England maintained its footing in Ireland.
+In the country the native chiefs and the Anglo-Irish noblemen ruled,
+administering justice in their crude fashion, and in some cases issuing
+their own coinage.  The Viceroy of Ireland was in reality Viceroy of
+Dublin, and not always even that.
+
+The next Lord-Deputy was Maurice, first Earl of Desmond, an
+Anglo-Irishman.  He died in 1356, {35} a year after his appointment,
+and Sir Thomas de Rokeby, who succeeded him, succumbed the same year.
+A return to the old condition of things was marked by the appointment
+of Baron Almaric de St. Amaud, who was created Lord of Gormanstown, but
+the baron did not care for Ireland, and he went back to England,
+leaving Maurice, fourth Earl of Kildare, to act as his deputy.  He gave
+way to James le Botiller, second Earl of Ormonde, who was a
+great-grandson of Edward I.  The appointment won the allegiance of
+Ormonde to the throne of England, and when, two years
+later--1361--Prince Lionel, third son of Edward III., was appointed
+viceroy and sent to Ireland with a large army, Ormonde promptly became
+one of his Generals.  In 1347, when the Prince was ten, he had been
+married to Elizabeth, daughter of the murdered Earl of Ulster and Maud
+Plantagenet, the girl being sixteen.  The object was to secure for the
+Royal Family the immense estates and vast wealth of the late Earl of
+Ulster, and when in 1361 Prince Lionel and his wife travelled with
+their army to Ireland, a considerable part of the expenditure was borne
+by his wife's estate.  Remembering the hostility of the Irish against
+his wife's mother, Lionel issued a proclamation forbidding the natives
+to approach his camp.
+
+[Sidenote: English army defeated]
+
+Having rested for a time, Prince Lionel began the march which was to
+conquer the land, but again an English army, strong, well armed and
+victualled, was outmatched and defeated by the Irish.  Disaster after
+disaster followed the prince, who could do nothing right.  Edward, when
+he {36} heard the news, was alarmed and astounded.  The first thing he
+did was to create the prince Duke of Clarence.  His second step was
+more practical, and consisted in raising another army, while he
+increased his son's allowance from 6s. 8d. a day to 13s. 4d.  Victory,
+however, was denied the prince, and though he returned to Ireland with
+increased forces in 1364, 1365, and 1366, he failed to improve upon his
+previous attempts.  In 1362 his wife had died, leaving an only child in
+the person of Phillipa.
+
+[Sidenote: The Statute of Kilkenny]
+
+Prince Lionel's term of office is chiefly remarkable because it
+witnessed the creation of the famous, or infamous, Statute of Kilkenny.
+At a special Parliament held in Kilkenny in 1367, the viceroy
+endeavoured to gain by legislation that which he and his soldiers had
+lost in a dozen battles.  It was therefore decreed that no English
+settler could marry into an Irish family; the selling of horses,
+armour, or victuals in peace or war was declared treason; English was
+the only language to be spoken; the English style of horsemanship was
+to be adopted; and no subject of the king's could be known except by an
+English name, and the education of the Irish was forbidden, no colleges
+or seminaries being permitted to receive them.  There were also special
+clauses dealing with ecclesiastics, who were ordered to expel any Irish
+amongst them.  The use of the English tongue was enjoined strictly, and
+if anyone offended the profits of his benefice were to be seized by his
+superior.  The English colonists were likewise warned against admitting
+itinerant {37} musicians into their houses, for these men were regarded
+as spies, and therefore dangerous.  The custom of calling the English
+by birth 'English Hobbes,' or clowns, was forbidden, as well as the
+nickname of 'Irish dogs' bestowed upon the English by blood.  The
+Government could not afford the luxury of schisms amongst its friends.
+The common people were ordered not to play hurlings and quoitings,
+'which had caused evils and maims,' but to accustom themselves 'to draw
+bows and cast lances and other gentleman-like sports whereby the Irish
+enemies might be better checked.'  Constables of castles were forbidden
+to take more than 5d. per day from any prisoner for maintenance, and
+torture was vetoed.  Not the least important enactment of the Statute
+of Kilkenny was the 'one war one peace' declaration.  This meant that
+in the event of a rebellion or uprising all those who did not side with
+the viceroy were to be regarded as the open enemies of the King of
+England.  Neutrality could not be acknowledged.
+
+When this laborious and comprehensive statute had been drawn up the
+viceroy requested the Archbishops of Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and the
+Bishops of Lismore and Waterford, Killaloe, Leighlin, and Cloyne to
+pronounce sentence of excommunication against all those who might by
+'rebellion of heart' resist the Statute of Kilkenny.
+
+This was Lionel's last act as viceroy, and he retired, being succeeded
+by Gerald, fourth Earl of Desmond, known as 'The Poet' by reason of his
+{38} writings.  He was popular, witty, and just, and for two years he
+ruled the English colony.  In 1369, however, Sir William de Windsor,
+who had been one of the leaders of Prince Lionel's army, was appointed
+viceroy, and given an annuity of L1,000 until lands producing an equal
+amount could be settled on him.  De Windsor's time was occupied chiefly
+in repelling attacks on the city of Dublin by the border Irish, but he
+performed an heroic action by marching to the South of Ireland and
+rescuing the preceding viceroy, whose poetical temperament and mild
+manner had not saved him from the hostility of the Irish.  In 1371 De
+Windsor retired for over two years.  The appointment of a successor
+caused Edward great trouble.  He was averse to sending a pauper,
+because that would entail a diminution in the royal receipts from
+Ireland, while the wealthy men about his court would not accept the
+post at any price.  Ireland to them was a savage country; a stay there
+tantamount to punishment and exile.  There was no prospect of military
+glory, for they knew that many of the gallant victors of France,
+Flanders, and Scotland had left their reputations behind them on many a
+lost battlefield in Ireland.  Edward thought that he could compel
+anybody he chose to go to Ireland, and he selected Sir Richard de
+Pembridge, who held several very profitable offices under the English
+Crown.  Naturally Pembridge declined the post, and Edward retorted by
+depriving him of his offices.  Pembridge, however, appealed to the
+Council and to Parliament, and it was decided that it was not the {39}
+king's prerogative to order anybody to leave the country.  Magna Charta
+distinctly stated that exile from England was the punishment for felony
+or treason, and that Parliament alone had the power to expel a subject.
+
+[Sidenote: The 'Lady of the Sun']
+
+Prior to the return of Sir William de Windsor, the government was
+undertaken for various short periods by Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of
+Kildare, Dean de Colton, of St. Patrick's, who secured the post by
+undertaking to repel the O'Briens at his own expense, and William de
+Taney, an ecclesiastic.  De Windsor came back in April, 1374, having
+come to an agreement with his royal master, whereby he was allowed 500
+marks from the Exchequer and the sum of L11,213 6s. 8d.  In return for
+the money he guaranteed to maintain 200 men-at-arms and 40 archers.  De
+Windsor's object was obviously to make as much money as he could out of
+the unfortunate country, which was already sending annually the
+enormous sum for the period of L10,000.  The viceroy came to regard all
+surplus moneys above that sum to be his perquisites, and his efforts to
+increase taxation and enrich himself were so unscrupulous and cynical
+that reports and complaints soon reached Edward.  The king immediately
+appointed Sir Nicholas de Dagworth to proceed to Ireland, and
+investigate the charges against De Windsor.  But the enemies of the
+viceroy reckoned without the famous Alice Perrers.  She was the aged
+king's favourite, and was clever and unscrupulous, a woman of humble
+birth who had risen high without the aid of a pretty face.  In love
+with Sir William {40} de Windsor, she remained faithful to him during
+his absence in Ireland, and although surrounded by his enemies, the
+'Lady of the Sun,' as Edward styled her, outwitted them all, her
+greatest achievement being the prevention of Dagworth's departure for
+Ireland.  Subsequently she married De Windsor, but as she belongs more
+to the history of England than Ireland her career cannot be treated
+here.
+
+In 1376 De Windsor was ordered to come to Westminster, and confer with
+the king on the state of his Irish dominions, but this was merely a
+pretext to deprive him of his post, and he never returned.  Maurice
+Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, once more acted as deputy for a short
+time, and then James le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, carried on the
+government from 1376 to 1378.  Ormonde retired dissatisfied, and the
+colony was governed by two members of the Council, Alexander de Balscot
+and John de Bromwich, until in 1380 the king sent over Edmund de
+Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, husband of Phillipa, daughter of
+Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and therefore owner of vast estates and
+commander of an army of his own.  On his appointment the colonists
+petitioned the king to compel De Mortimer to live in Dublin and protect
+his property.  The petitioners were successful, and the viceroy,
+instead of appointing a deputy and sharing the profits, graciously
+agreed to govern Ireland in person for a period of three years at a
+salary of 2,000 marks.  In princely splendour he entered the country,
+and immediately inaugurated a campaign against the rebellious south.
+Death, however, claimed him on {41} December 26, 1381, and he died at
+Cork in a Dominican Abbey, being only thirty years of age.
+
+The vacancy thus created was offered in turn to the Earls of Desmond
+and Ormonde, but they declined on the ground that if they were in
+Dublin they could not protect their own territories.  Dean de Colton,
+therefore, was appointed pending the pleasure of the king, who, when he
+heard of De Mortimer's death, at once nominated the deceased viceroy's
+son Roger to the post.  Roger de Mortimer was only eleven, but the
+viceroyalty was intended as a monetary compensation for the death of
+his father, and the commission appointing him stated that he was to
+receive all the profits of the office as well as a salary of 2,000
+marks.  Furthermore, as soon as he attained his majority he could
+retire from the post.  In pursuance of this convenient plan the boy's
+uncle, Sir Thomas de Mortimer, was chosen as his deputy.
+
+[Sidenote: A Parliament in Dublin]
+
+The presence of a deputy, however, always had an irritating effect upon
+the English colonists, and when in 1382 Richard II. ordered a
+Parliament to meet in Dublin, its first act was to protest against the
+absence of the viceroy.  To satisfy the nobles and prelates the king
+appointed Philip de Courtenay, a cousin of his, viceroy for life.  The
+commission was drawn up in 1385, but it was not until two years later
+that de Courtenay landed in Ireland.  His reign was brief and stormy.
+The two great Anglo-Irish families, the Desmonds and the Ormondes, were
+in conflict, and the Irish were besieging and harassing the colonists.
+De Courte was not the man for the occasion.  He was {42} charged with
+oppression and extortion, and the king, who had already made up his
+mind to make his favourite, de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Viceroy of
+Ireland, gladly accepted the accusations against de Courtenay, and
+ordered him to remain under arrest in Dublin until the arrival of his
+successor, who would investigate the charges against his character.  De
+Courtenay appealed to the Council in Dublin, and they declared the
+accusations to be unjust.
+
+[Illustration: The Throne Room, Dublin Castle]
+
+The appointment of de Vere to the viceroyalty was an outcome of the
+struggle between Richard II. and his Barons.  De Vere was the reigning
+favourite, and when it was proposed that he should be sent to Ireland
+as viceroy, the nobles enthusiastically endorsed the selection, and,
+glad to be rid of him at any price, cheerfully voted supplies.  Richard
+created his creature Marquis of Dublin, and allowed him to nominate Sir
+John de Stanley as his deputy.  It was not de Vere's intention to
+proceed to Ireland, and under various pretexts he avoided assuming
+personal control of the Irish government.  Meanwhile Richard had
+created him Duke of Ireland, and entrusted him with powers almost
+regal, at one time actually proposing to make him King of Ireland.
+When the nobles rebelled against Richard, de Vere raised an army on
+behalf of his king, but was defeated in his first encounter with the
+barons.  He died abroad after the five judges, who had supported
+Richard in his attempt to make de Vere King of Ireland, were brought to
+trial for having declared that the king was above the law, and were
+punished by being {43} exiled to Ireland!  Richard, weak-minded and
+unreliable, was at least faithful to de Vere, and he had his
+favourite's corpse brought from Louvain, and interred to the
+accompaniment of magnificent ceremonies at Colne Priory in Essex.
+
+[Sidenote: Richard II. arrives]
+
+From 1387 to 1389 the government was again in the hands of Alexander de
+Balscot, Bishop of Meath, who was assisted by Richard White, Prior of
+Kilmainham.  Then Sir John de Stanley came back until 1391, and was
+succeeded by James le Botiller, third Earl of Ormonde.  During
+Ormonde's term of office the king's uncle, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of
+Gloucester, was nominated Viceroy of Ireland, but the commission was
+quickly revoked.  Richard had decided to visit Ireland in person, and
+thus an English monarch again prepared a great army with which to
+conquer Ireland.  The king landed at Waterford on October 13, 1394,
+accompanied by the Duke of Gloucester.  Ormonde soon joined him, and
+the Irish were engaged in battle.  If the English king cherished any
+hopes that his deeds in Ireland might secure his tottering throne in
+England he was doomed to grievous disappointment.  He was defeated
+every time he joined battle with the natives, and in the end he was
+compelled to withdraw to Dublin and pass Christmas there.  A further
+series of reverses followed, and Richard decided to have recourse to
+arbitration and conciliation.  The Irish chieftains and nobles
+responded, and by means of various concessions Richard was enabled to
+return to England with at least a remnant of his army.
+
+The viceroy was now Roger de Mortimer, Earl {44} of March, cousin to
+Richard and heir to the throne of England.  De Mortimer had been
+viceroy in his youth, but not until this appointment--in 1395--did he
+rule in person.  In 1398 de Mortimer was killed in battle while leading
+his soldiers, a tragedy which paved the way for Richard's deposition
+and the accession of Henry IV., and created the motive that led to the
+Wars of the Roses.  John de Colton, now Archbishop of Armagh, again
+acted as temporary Governor while the Council proceeded to elect
+Reginald Grey of Ruthyn, whose appointment, however, was vetoed by
+Richard.  His nominee was Thomas Holland, Duke of Surrey, who entered
+Dublin in 1399.  Surrey's chief object was to people Ireland with
+English settlers, a plan that was to be tried again some 200 years
+later.  The viceroy could not carry out his plan for dispossessing the
+Irish, and he appealed to Richard for help, and so the king came on
+another Irish expedition, landing in Ireland in 1399.  This time his
+army was stronger and more experienced, but the result was a series of
+defeats and the loss of the throne of England.  While Henry was seizing
+the crown his son, afterwards Henry V., was with Richard in Ireland,
+but the king accepted the youth's explanation that he knew nothing of
+his father's designs.  As it was, Richard trusted to the fact that the
+legal heir to the throne was Edmund, Earl of March, son of the late
+viceroy.  Henry's success to the exclusion of Edmund de Mortimer was
+the cause of the Wars of the Roses.
+
+[Sidenote: Viceregal poverty]
+
+Sir John de Stanley, ever ready to step into a {45} breach, was again
+deputy, and he reigned in Dublin Castle to November, 1402.  In 1401
+Henry IV., anxious to secure the allegiance of the English colony,
+appointed his second son, Prince Thomas of Lancaster, viceroy.  The
+youthful prince--he was only thirteen when in November, 1402, he
+arrived in Ireland--was provided with a specially selected Council, but
+evidently not with the necessary money, as there is a letter extant
+from the Council to King Henry which vividly describes the position of
+the viceroy.  Henry had been asked for supplies, but as his own coffers
+were empty he could not send anything, and, realizing the seriousness
+of their position, the Council addressed His Majesty in the following
+terms:
+
+'With heavy hearts we testify anew to your highness that our lord, your
+son, is so destitute of money that he has not a penny in the world, nor
+can borrow a single penny, because all his jewels and his plate that he
+can spare of those which he must of necessity keep are pledged, and lie
+in pawn.  Also his soldiers have departed from him, and the people of
+his household are on the point of leaving, and, however much they might
+wish to remain, it is not in our lord's power to keep together, with a
+view to his aid, twenty or a dozen persons with me, your humble
+applicant of Dublin, and your humble liege, Janico, who has paid for
+your use his very all, but we will render our entire duty to him so
+long as we shall live, as we are bound by our sovereign obligation to
+you.  And the country is so weakened and impoverished by the long
+nonpayment, as well in the time of our {46} lord, your son, as in the
+time of other lieutenants before him, that the same land can no longer
+bear such charge as they affirm, and on this account have they
+importuned me.  In good faith, our most sovereign lord, it is
+marvellous that they have borne such a charge so long.  Wherefore we
+entreat, with all the humility and fulness that we may, that you will
+please to ordain speedy remedy of these said dangers and
+inconveniences, and to hold us excused also if any peril or
+disaster--which may God avert--befall our lord, your son, by the said
+causes.  For the more full declaring of these matters to your highness
+the three of us should have come to your high presence, but such is the
+great danger on this side that not one of us dares depart from the
+person of our lord.'
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Thomas's tenure]
+
+This eloquent appeal was unheeded, but the prince did not return to
+England until November, 1403, appointing Sir Stephen le Scrope, his
+deputy, and when that soldier retired in 1405 placing James, third Earl
+of Ormonde, at the head of the Government.  The death of the deputy in
+the same year led to the advancement of Gerald, fifth Earl of Kildare,
+whose rule was ended dramatically by the sudden reappearance of Prince
+Thomas in 1408 and the imprisonment of his deputy.  Two years earlier
+the prince, having lost his indenture creating him Viceroy of Ireland,
+was reappointed for twelve years at a salary of L7,000 a year.
+Remembering his previous experiences, the prince had a clause inserted
+which entitled him to leave Ireland if his salary was a month in
+arrear.  It was also agreed that in the event of the king or {47} the
+Prince of Wales deciding to take over the government Prince Thomas was
+to have six months' notice.  The Earl of Kildare was released as soon
+as he paid a fine of 300 marks for having interfered in an
+ecclesiastical appointment.  Prince Thomas remained two years at his
+post, retiring from the country in 1410, and selecting a son of James,
+third Earl of Ormonde, as his deputy.  This was Prior Thomas le
+Botiller.
+
+But the colonists could endure the Prior for three years only, and they
+succeeded in getting Sir John de Stanley reappointed.  He was, however,
+too old to be of much use, and at his death in 1414 the Archbishop of
+Dublin, who was the author of the pathetic plea to Henry IV., assumed
+the government for a few months.
+
+
+
+
+{48}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The state of the English colony was now so precarious that Henry IV.
+decided to send one of his most trusted and capable military commanders
+to act as viceroy.  This was Sir John Talbot, and his appointment was
+hailed with joy.  Talbot was given a term of six years of office, and a
+salary of L2,666 13s. 4d.  It was a large income, but as it was seldom
+paid, that was a detail which must have impressed Henry as being quite
+unimportant.  During his occasional journeys to England, the Archbishop
+of Dublin acted as the deputy.  Talbot soon intimated to the leading
+members of the English colony that as his salary was in arrear he
+intended leaving the country.  This was tantamount to placing them at
+the mercy of the Irish, whom Talbot had repelled from Dublin many
+times.  Thereupon the colonists petitioned the king, but without
+success, and Sir John departed in 1419, ostensibly recalled by the
+king, and leaving his brother, William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, to
+represent him.  Sir John Talbot, however, was destined to renew his
+acquaintance with the viceroyalty.
+
+The brief authority of the archbishop was succeeded by three years
+under James, fourth {49} Earl of Ormonde; and then Edmund de Mortimer,
+fifth Earl of March and Ulster, began a viceroyalty which lasted for
+less than two years, although he was appointed for nine.  Edmund de
+Mortimer was the legal heir to Richard II., but he was an unambitious
+man, and there was no guile in him.  He appointed Edward Dantsey,
+Bishop of Meath, his deputy, but William Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin,
+declined to recognize the authority of his ecclesiastical inferior, and
+consequently the viceroy had to come to Dublin.  This was in 1424, and
+the following year the plague carried him off.  Sir John Talbot was
+then induced to accept the viceroyalty, but his services were wanted
+nearer home, and he agreed to the reappointment of the Earl of Ormonde,
+who acted for two years, and helped to maintain a sort of peace by
+conciliating the native Irish.
+
+The viceroyalties of Sir John de Gray (1427-28), Sir John Sutton
+(1428-29), Sir Thomas le Strange (1429-31), and Sir Leon de Welles and
+his brother, William, who became his deputy (1438-46), were
+undistinguished.  The deposed Earl of Ormonde succeeded in clearing
+himself of a charge of high treason, but the result of the bitterness
+and dissensions the charge provoked and fostered were felt for a long
+time.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Shrewsbury]
+
+The reappointment of Sir John Talbot, now Earl of Shrewsbury, brought
+that strong and merciless old man--he was seventy-three--back to
+Ireland.  He was created Earl of Waterford and Wexford, and Constable
+of Ireland, but even the valour and wiles of one of the bravest of {50}
+warriors could not prevail against the owners of the land which had
+been granted to Talbot.  Several times he quaintly informed the king
+that he was unable to collect a penny of his rents, an admission which
+the monarch politely disregarded.  But Talbot left his mark on Ireland.
+Long service in the Continental wars had taught him many forms of
+cruelty and lust, and at seventy-three he showed that he had not
+forgotten what he had learnt.  Not always victorious, he was always
+cruel and vicious.  He found time to ape the statesman by presiding
+over a Parliament that decreed various ordinances, including the
+prohibition of moustaches--which were then almost exclusively worn by
+the native Irish, and coming into fashion amongst the Anglo-Irish.  A
+writer of the period described Talbot as another Herod, and the
+country, including the colonists, who had found in him an oppressor
+instead of a protector, sighed with relief when the charms of a
+continental war called him from Ireland, and he left the Archbishop of
+Dublin to represent him.  Talbot was little better than a hireling, and
+when he was killed at the age of eighty in a battle in France, he was
+not fighting for his country or for himself, but for a salary, and, no
+doubt, inspired by the lust of conflict.
+
+[Sidenote: A mother of kings]
+
+Talbot's retirement from Dublin enabled the king to remove a dangerous
+person, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, from his court, but although
+the duke's commission as viceroy was executed in 1447, he did not see
+fit to leave England until 1449, landing at Howth, near Dublin, on {51}
+July 6.  His deputy, Richard Nugent, met him and the duchess, a
+remarkable woman, who was one of the Earl of Westmorland's twenty-two
+children, and was the most beautiful of them all.  Denied the throne
+for herself, she became the mother of two kings--Edward IV. and Richard
+III.--and it was her counsels which shaped her husband's destiny in
+Ireland.  As befitting a prince of the blood royal, the duke made a
+triumphal entry into Dublin, and, guided by his wife, wisely
+conciliated the native chiefs and the leaders of the Anglo-Irish.  They
+gave many banquets and entertainments in Dublin Castle, at which Irish
+and English mingled, quarrels being forgotten in the presence of the
+woman who was known as 'The Rose of Raby.'  And when on October 21,
+1449, she gave birth in Dublin Castle to her ninth child, George,
+afterwards Duke of Clarence, she diplomatically invited the Earls of
+Desmond and Ormonde to stand as sponsors.
+
+The object of the duke and duchess was, of course, to gain adherents in
+Ireland for the coming conflict between the rival claimants to the
+throne of England.  For hundreds of years Ireland had been looked upon
+as a source of income to the Kings of England; the viceroyalty was a
+place of profit, and most of the profits went into the king's treasury.
+Richard had many followers in England, and they were well aware of the
+fact that his viceroyalty was merely a pretext for exiling him, but
+they made good use of the misfortune, continually noising it abroad
+that the Duke of York was accomplishing wonders in {52} Ireland, that
+his statesmanship, diplomacy, and valour proved indisputably that when
+the time came he would make an admirable king of both countries.
+
+The disadvantage of a policy of conciliation, however, was the lack of
+revenues.  Taxes could only be levied by force, and the viceroy
+deprecated that.  He pawned his jewels manfully, and borrowed from his
+friends in England, France, and Ireland.  Twice he wrote to the king
+asking for supplies, but that monarch had no intention of disguising
+the exile by lavishing money upon him, and the duke was compelled to
+return to England.  This was in 1450, and for the next nine years he
+was absent from the country, his deputies in turn being the Archbishop
+of Armagh, 1454, Edmund Fitz-Eustace, 1454, and Thomas Fitz-Gerald,
+Earl of Kildare, who acted from 1455 to 1459.  The duke's first choice
+was Sir James le Botiller, who was created Earl of Wiltshire before he
+succeeded his father in the Earldom of Ormonde, but this nobleman
+resided chiefly in England, and eventually became a Lancastrian.
+
+[Sidenote: Independence of its Parliament]
+
+The bewildering changes of fortune brought about by the Wars of the
+Roses had their full effect upon Ireland.  The Duke of York was, of
+course, the leader of the Yorkists, and his sun was at its zenith when
+he defeated the Lancastrians at St. Albans and captured Henry VI.  He
+was declared Protector of England and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In
+1459 fortune turned against him; he was beaten in several encounters,
+and, finally, fled to Ireland with a few followers.  In Dublin {53} he
+found some consolation, although he had been unable to bring his wife
+with him.  The Irish and the English joyfully welcomed him, and the
+Irish Parliament met at once and proclaimed him viceroy, formally
+declaring the acts of the Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry null and
+void so far as they concerned Ireland.  The most significant feature of
+this meeting of the Irish Parliament was the formal statement that it
+was absolutely and entirely independent, and could not be controlled by
+the English Parliament.  It acknowledged the obedience of Ireland to
+England, but 'nevertheless, it was separate from it and from all its
+laws and statutes except such as were accepted by the lords spiritual
+and temporal.'  Richard established a mint at his castle of Trim; his
+son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, was appointed Chancellor of Ireland, the
+viceroy's person was declared sacred, and conspiracy against him high
+treason.
+
+The Duke of York was undoubtedly the most popular man in Ireland, but
+the Lancastrians, who had gained the adherence of the Earl of Ormonde
+and Wiltshire, looked to the latter to remove the viceroy.  The earl
+sent one of his retainers to arrest the duke on a charge of falsely
+representing himself to be His Majesty's--Henry VI.--Lieutenant for
+Ireland.  The luckless squire was seized by Richard's officers, brought
+to trial, and eventually hanged, drawn, and quartered.  The next move
+of the Lancastrian party was an abortive attempt to induce the native
+Irish to turn against the viceroy and murder him.  {54} This charge was
+denied vigorously, but there was every reason to believe that it was
+true.  The Earls of Kildare and Desmond, however, came to Richard's
+aid, and they speedily secured the allegiance of the principal
+chieftains in Leinster and Munster.  News of Yorkists' triumphs in
+England took Richard hastily to London, where he found an excited
+populace awaiting him, and calling upon him to crown himself King of
+England.  The path to the throne seemed easy, but Queen Margaret,
+making one desperate rally for her family, met Richard near Wakefield
+on the last day of 1461, defeated his army, and killed him.
+
+A nebulous state of affairs now existed in Ireland.  The Earl of
+Kildare ceased to be deputy at Richard's death, and Sir Roland
+Fitz-Eustace, who acted as deputy to the new viceroy, George, Duke of
+Clarence, was a mere figurehead.  In 1464 the Earl of Desmond succeeded
+as deputy to Clarence, but he incurred the enmity of Elizabeth Grey,
+Edward's plebeian wife, and she induced her husband to supersede the
+Irish earl by one of her favourites, the Earl of Worcester.  The
+marriage of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey had caused much dissension in
+English court circles, and the king regarded any criticism of his
+action as being tantamount to high treason.  A contemptuous remark
+about Elizabeth Grey cost the Earl of Desmond his life, Worcester
+executing him at Drogheda in 1468, ostensibly on a charge of high
+treason.  It was said that Edward IV., when quarrelling with his wife,
+had angrily exclaimed that he, if he had taken the advice of the {55}
+Earl of Desmond, would not have found himself burdened by such a wife.
+Elizabeth never forgot this, and, as we have seen, it led the deputy to
+his death.
+
+[Illustration: St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle]
+
+Worcester retired in 1468, and the Earl of Kildare ruled for the absent
+Duke of Clarence.  Edward IV., however, began to entertain fears that
+the young Prince might imitate the example of his late father, and make
+the viceroyalty an office rivalling the throne itself, and convert
+Ireland into a stronghold against him and his house.  The Duke of
+Clarence and the Earl of Warwick were undoubtedly conspiring against
+Edward, who promptly offered a reward of L1,000 or L100 a year for life
+to whoever captured the duke or the earl.  The latter, however, did not
+survive the _coup d'etat_ of 1470, when Henry VI. was restored
+temporarily.  The Earl of Warwick, who was nominally Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, being represented there by Edmund Dudley, was beheaded by the
+Earl of Oxford on Tower Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Clarence]
+
+The Duke of Clarence, who had the faculty of pleasing both parties, was
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1470 by Henry VI., and on the
+deposition of that monarch Edward IV. confirmed the appointment,
+granting him the office for twenty years, to date from 1472.  Meanwhile
+the Earl of Kildare continued to rule the country until 1475.  Then the
+Bishop of Meath, William Sherwood, acted for a time, until Gerald,
+ninth Earl of Kildare, became deputy.  In 1478 Clarence was removed,
+and John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant for
+{56} twenty years.  He could not rule in person, however, and so he
+conveniently appointed his infant son, George, to the office, at the
+same time nominating Lord Grey as his locum tenens.  Grey arrived in
+Dublin to find that the Earl of Kildare refused to recognize his
+authority, giving as a reason his opinion that Grey's appointment was
+made under the Privy Seal, and was, therefore, illegal.  The Chancellor
+sided with Kildare, declined to surrender the Great Seal for Ireland,
+and advised Kildare to summon a Parliament at Naas.  That complacent
+assembly voted the Earl a subsidy.  This was the state of affairs in
+1478, and it really marked the beginning of the great struggle between
+Ireland and England.  By now the Anglo-Irish families had lost their
+sympathies for the English and had become almost exclusively Irish.
+
+Grey proceeded to hold a Parliament of his own at Trim, and, of course,
+it formally annulled all the acts passed by Kildare's assembly.  These
+Parliaments were merely travesties of the word as understood to-day;
+they did not represent even the opinions of those permitted to take
+part in their proceedings, while a cynical disregard of the English
+colony was their most characteristic feature.  They were termed
+'Parliaments' in order to dignify the proceedings, but their only use
+was to declare their subjection to the person summoning them.
+
+The death of the infant Prince George in 1479 enabled Grey to retire
+from the contest with dignity, and for two years Robert Preston, first
+{57} Viscount Gormanstown, represented the nominal viceroy, Richard,
+Duke of York.  Then in 1481 the Earl of Kildare, the only man who could
+rule Ireland with any hope of success, was reappointed deputy to the
+young prince.  The death of Edward IV. and the accession of Edward V.
+found Kildare still in power.
+
+The mysterious disappearance of the king and his younger brother from
+the Tower of London brought Richard III. to the throne, and he
+nominated his son, Edward, aged eleven, viceroy for a period of three
+years, Kildare remaining as deputy.  It was announced throughout the
+colony that Richard intended visiting Ireland, and Kildare was,
+therefore, declared Lord-Deputy for one year only.  The death of Prince
+Edward in 1484 brought the viceroyalty to Richard's nephew, John de la
+Pole, Earl of Lincoln, but the Battle of Bosworth opened a new era for
+Ireland as well as for England.
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of Bosworth Field]
+
+The Earl of Kildare, notified of the appointment of the new king's
+uncle, Jasper, Duke of Bedford, declined to be bound by the results of
+the Battle of Bosworth Field, and when a priest brought to Ireland a
+boy whom he declared to be the Earl of Warwick, son of the late Duke of
+Clarence, and therefore the rightful heir to the throne of England,
+Kildare eagerly seized the opportunity thus presented.  Lambert Simnel,
+the youth in question, was received with royal honours by Kildare and
+the Anglo-Irish, his claims declared proved, and his identity admitted.
+On May 24, 1487, the impostor was crowned King {58} of England and
+Ireland under the title of Edward VI.  The ceremony took place in the
+Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, and in the presence of the whole
+viceregal staff, the principal ecclesiastics and the civic officials,
+Kildare had the leading part after Lambert Simnel, although the Earl of
+Lincoln, who had been appointed viceroy by his uncle, Richard III., was
+also present.  Immediately the coronation was over a special coinage
+was struck, and the comedy protracted by the creation of Kildare as
+Regent and Protector.
+
+The Earl of Lincoln was given the command of the army to strike the
+decisive blow in England, but the Duke of Bedford, Henry's viceroy, met
+the rebel forces at Stoke and crushed them.  Simnel was taken prisoner,
+and Henry, with that sense of humour and a political tact rare in
+monarchs, decided to emphasize his victory by ridicule rather than the
+executioner's axe.  Simnel was made a turnspit in the royal kitchens
+and a salary paid him regularly.  Had he been executed, his unlucky
+followers might have made him a hero and themselves patriots; as it
+was, they were compelled to seek oblivion for their cause and hide
+their shame.  Kildare, however, remained defiant.  To him Simnel had
+been only the means to an end that had enabled him to demonstrate to
+the English throne and its advisers that the destinies of Ireland could
+not be subject to the vagaries of English politicians.  Henry
+determined to try diplomatic persuasion, and he sent Sir Richard
+Edgecombe, a Privy Councillor, to offer Kildare {59} a free pardon if
+he would swear fealty to the king and give a bond for his good
+behaviour.  The deputy offered to submit, though he would not give a
+bond, and after considerable wrangling the question of security was
+waived aside, and the Earl of Kildare once more reigned in Dublin
+Castle.  The records of the meetings between Kildare and Edgecombe are
+very full, and it would seem that the earl's threats to turn
+'Irish'--that is, formally separate his family from England--had more
+to do with Henry's capitulation than anything else.
+
+[Sidenote: Perkin Warbeck]
+
+Kildare's appointment was as deputy to the Duke of Bedford, and for
+four years Irish affairs had no connection with English.  But the
+success of usurpers breeds impostors, and Henry, who had seized his
+throne by force, had once more to face an impostor and a rebellion.
+Perkin Warbeck, avowing himself to be Richard, Duke of York, and armed
+with a circumstantial story of his escape from the Tower of London,
+landed at Cork, having journeyed from Lisbon, and sent messages to
+Kildare ordering him to join him there with an army.  Whatever the
+earl's answer may have been, Perkin did not wait for it, preferring to
+seek temporary safety in Paris.  The deputy, however, had always shown
+a fondness for impostors, and Henry, unable to trust any of the leaders
+of the English in Ireland, sent Walter Fitz-Simon to be the deputy in
+place of Kildare.  Fitz-Simon worked assiduously to secure the Earl's
+fall, and when he returned to England in 1493, leaving Viscount
+Gormanstown as his deputy, he was able {60} to nullify the effects of
+Kildare's passionate protests to Henry VII.  The next year Henry
+appointed his son, then aged four, afterwards Henry VIII., to be
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and his deputy was the notorious profligate
+and zealous soldier, Sir Edward Poynings, the son of Elizabeth Paston.
+The "Paston Letters" throw much light upon the workings of the
+viceroyalty of the period, although Poynings himself had only a couple
+of years' experience of that country.  He did Henry two notable acts of
+service, however, by capturing Kildare and sending him a prisoner to
+London, and by driving Perkin Warbeck out of Ireland.
+
+When Kildare was imprisoned in the Tower of London, his fate seemed
+settled, but he was too clever for the age he lived in, and he
+succeeded, a stranger in a strange country, in securing his liberation
+and the annulling by Parliament of his act of attainder.  Kildare
+thereupon became the lion of the London season.  He was invited
+everywhere, and every class of society crowded to see the man who had
+held Ireland in his power.  All the time he was nominally under arrest,
+with serious charges pending against him.  When Henry summoned the earl
+to his presence, and offered him the choice of any man in the kingdom
+to be his counsellor, Kildare promptly chose the king himself!  It was
+a piece of shrewd flattery, but it had less to do with Kildare's
+restoration to favour than his marriage with the king's first cousin,
+Elizabeth, daughter of Oliver St. John.  The moment his alliance with
+the clever daughter of a {61} powerful family became known, Kildare's
+enemies melted away, and the king, saving his face by insisting upon
+Kildare's son remaining in London as a hostage for his father's good
+conduct, restored Kildare to his deputyship, and sent him back to
+Ireland.  Henry Deane, a cleric who had been holding the post, retired,
+and was rewarded later with the See of Canterbury.
+
+The character of Kildare is well illustrated by a story told concerning
+his fiery temper.  The Bishop of Meath, suffering from jealousy and a
+grievance, declared to the king that all Ireland could not rule the
+earl.  'Then, in good faith,' cried the king, 'shall the earl rule all
+Ireland!'
+
+[Sidenote: The Hill of the Axes]
+
+Perkin Warbeck revisited Ireland, but the men of Waterford drove him
+from the country without any help from Dublin.  In 1503 Kildare was
+summoned to London to receive evidence of the king's pleasure and
+approbation.  This took the shape of a portion of the king's wardrobe,
+a signal mark of honour in those days.  Returning with his son Gerald,
+who had married into a powerful English family, Kildare won the famous
+Battle of Knocdoe, or 'The Hill of the Axes,' and was given the garter
+for his success.  The Battle of Knocdoe was the result of a bitter
+quarrel between the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Clanricarde.  The
+latter had married a daughter of the deputy's, and had treated her with
+such cruelty that Kildare intervened.  In revenge Clanricarde formed a
+confederacy between certain Irish chiefs to overthrow the authority of
+the king in Ireland.
+
+
+
+
+{62}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+The death of Henry VII. and the accession of Henry VIII. tended to
+strengthen Kildare's position.  He was continued in his office, and
+held it until his death in 1513.  Accounted one of the handsomest and
+bravest men of his time, he was succeeded by his son in the deputyship,
+as well as in the family honours, and Gerald, ninth earl, was worthy of
+such a parent.  For seven years Kildare was the deputy, with the
+exception of a brief period in England when Viscount Gormanstown was
+vice-deputy.  His enemies were secretly trying to undermine his
+position, for the rise of the Kildare family was resented by the other
+great Anglo-Irish houses.
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal Wolsey's nominee]
+
+In 1518, shortly after the death of his wife, Kildare was ordered to
+repair to London and answer the charges that he had illegally enriched
+himself and his followers, and that he had formed alliances with the
+native Irish and corresponded with them.  Kildare, however, showed no
+hurry to obey the summons, and not until 1519 did he arrive in London,
+his cousin, Sir Maurice Fitzgerald, looking after his official
+responsibilities.  While in London, Kildare followed the example of his
+father, and married a cousin of the king.  {63} This was the Lady
+Elizabeth Grey, a grand-daughter of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV.'s
+wife.  The marriage saved Kildare's life, for his most powerful enemy,
+Cardinal Wolsey, had resolved that the Irish earl should never return
+to his country.  Acting on the advice of the Cardinal, Henry VIII.,
+suspicious of the loyalty of the Irish nobility, appointed an
+Englishman, the Earl of Surrey, afterwards Duke of Norfolk,
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Surrey was one of Wolsey's adherents, and
+although the Earl of Kildare had, by reason of his valour and bearing
+on the famous 'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' risen high in Henry's
+favour, the Chancellor insisted upon his being brought to trial.  To
+make certain of the result, Wolsey inspired the Earl of Surrey to write
+from Ireland charging Kildare with having attempted to make the Irish
+oppose the authority of the new deputy, but, owing to the influence of
+his wife, Kildare secured his acquittal, and returned to Ireland.
+
+The Earl of Ormonde was selected in 1523 to succeed Surrey, principally
+because he was Kildare's bitter enemy, but Elizabeth, Henry's cousin
+and Kildare's wife, wrote to the king beseeching him to reconcile the
+earls and bring peace to their respective families.  Henry responded by
+sending a commission to try the charges preferred by Ormonde against
+Kildare, and, when it found in favour of the latter, he became deputy
+once more.  But again his enjoyment of the office was brief, further
+charges being preferred against him by Ormonde, now Earl of {64}
+Ossory.  Again Kildare went to London, and was imprisoned in the Tower,
+his brother, Sir James Fitzgerald, taking his post.  While Kildare was
+in the Tower, Wolsey attempted to have him executed without the
+knowledge of the king, but at the last moment the Lieutenant-Governor
+sought confirmation from His Majesty, and discovered that the
+Cardinal's order lacked the king's approval.
+
+The Earl of Ossory was now deputy, Kildare remaining in London after
+his release from the Tower.  Several noblemen went bail for his good
+conduct, and although there was another period of royal disfavour in
+1532, he accompanied Sir William Skeffington, the new Lord-Deputy, to
+Ireland, and received a welcome that overshadowed that accorded to the
+king's representative.  It is interesting to note that in 1530 Holbein
+painted this remarkable man's portrait, and that in the same year he
+was one of the peers who signed the letter to the Pope setting forth
+the grounds of Henry's divorce from Catherine.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of "King Kildare"]
+
+In 1532 he was once more deputy, and he gained the adherence of the
+Irish by marrying two of his daughters to Irish chiefs.  The country
+was now at his feet; he was respected and obeyed.  But he had enemies
+whose pertinacity equalled his, and they soon aroused the suspicions of
+a monarch whose chief weakness was a disinclination to trust others or
+cultivate loyalty in himself.  Henry at once ordered the deputy to come
+to him; instead, Kildare sent his wife to act as mediator.  The
+countess was a clever woman, but Henry's {65} experience of the sex was
+extensive, as we know, and he declined to receive her more than once.
+He wanted the person of Kildare, and eventually that nobleman obeyed
+the summons.  The earl appointed his twenty-year old son, Thomas, Lord
+Offaly, deputy, and left Ireland, never to return.  Lord Offaly was
+something of the mould of his father, and, although young, had been
+trained from early years to rule.  When, therefore, a rumour reached
+Dublin that the Earl of Kildare had been executed by Henry's orders,
+Lord Offaly immediately resigned his office, and gathered his followers
+under his banner with the avowed object of driving the English out of
+Ireland.  The earl was quickly apprised of his son's rebellion, and a
+copy of the youthful lord's sentence of excommunication shown him.  The
+effect was to hasten Kildare's death, and he died in the Tower on
+December 12, 1534.  Great as had been his father, Gerald, ninth earl,
+was even greater, and Wolsey, although he spoke sarcastically, was not
+wrong when he described him as 'King Kildare, who reigned, rather than
+ruled, in Ireland.'
+
+Sir William Skeffington, the deputy, was ordered to crush the
+rebellion, and he pursued the Kildare faction into their strongholds,
+besieging the Castle of Maynooth, while its owner was in Connaught
+collecting troops.  The castle could have held out until the arrival of
+its owner, but the inevitable Irish traitor appeared in the person of
+Christopher Parese, a creature who had received many benefits at the
+hands of Lord Offaly and his father.  Parese betrayed the castle for a
+reward, which was {66} promptly paid him, but the deputy immediately
+had him executed, because he dare not trust a rogue who had already
+betrayed one benefactor.  Treachery was again employed by Skeffington's
+successor, Lord Grey, and eventually Lord Offaly, tenth Earl of
+Kildare, and five of his uncles were executed on Tower Hill.  The
+ten-year-old heir to the earldom would, doubtless, have perished also,
+but he had a remarkable mother, who kept him in hiding for some years,
+and succeeded in smuggling him out of the country to France, where his
+education was supervised by the famous Cardinal Pole.
+
+Lord Grey continued in office until 1540, and although, from the
+English point of view, he ruled well and successfully, on his return to
+England he was imprisoned and subsequently executed, the ostensible
+reason being his partiality for the Kildares.
+
+Grey was replaced by a remarkable man, Sir Anthony St. Leger, whose
+three terms of office covered thirteen years.  Sir William Brereton, a
+foolish person, was the deputy until St. Leger arrived, and
+distinguished himself by leading a vast army in search of a phantom
+enemy.  St. Leger, from the moment he arrived in Ireland, set about
+restoring some order in the country, and he succeeded so well that the
+historians of the period call attention to the amazing fact that the
+sight was actually seen of English lords and Irish chiefs meeting in
+the same chamber and proclaiming Henry VIII. King of Ireland.  St.
+Leger went further than this, and {67} actually paid the debts incurred
+during his viceroyalty.
+
+[Sidenote: Religious persecution]
+
+In 1548 he was recalled, and Sir Edward Bellingham ordered to act as
+deputy and to punish those Irish who had not become Protestants by Act
+of Parliament.  This was a new feature in Irish politics, but
+Bellingham found diplomacy, force, and threats, and persecution equally
+ineffective, and he retired in disgust.  Sir Francis Bryan followed as
+deputy in 1550, but he died the same year, and Brabazon, hastily
+elected in his stead, retired when Sir Anthony St. Leger returned, to
+be welcomed by all classes.  He held office until 1556, save for a
+period between 1551-52, when Sir James Croft represented him, and when
+he retired he had the satisfaction of knowing that he left Ireland
+better off than when he found it.
+
+The appointment of the Earl of Sussex, however, undid all St. Leger's
+good work, and the new deputy had immediately to take the field.  He
+was lucky, however, to find the Irish chiefs quarrelling amongst
+themselves, and in the circumstances victory was achieved easily.  The
+O'Neills, headed by the famous Shane, advanced against him, but Sussex
+defeated them with great slaughter, and the chieftain escaped the
+battlefield to die a dishonourable death in a drunken brawl.
+
+England had greater attractions for the earl than Ireland could offer,
+and he returned there in 1557, nominating Sir Henry Sidney and the Lord
+Chancellor as vice-deputies.  Elizabeth, {68} immediately after her
+accession, sent the viceroy back, but he returned again to London.
+Hugh Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, anxious to retain his office as well
+as that of joint representative with Sir Henry Sidney of the absent
+viceroy, conveniently changed his religion now that a Protestant was on
+the throne, and to show the genuineness of his conversion he had the
+pictures that adorned the walls of Christ's Church and St. Patrick's
+whitewashed.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Essex]
+
+When the Earl of Sussex was recalled in 1564, Sir Henry Sidney was
+appointed deputy or viceroy, and he acted for fourteen years.  What he
+thought of the appointment may be inferred from a letter he wrote on
+his return after a brief absence in 1575.  Sir William Fitz-William had
+acted as his deputy, and no doubt Sidney hoped that Elizabeth might
+give him a more congenial task.  He declares that he 'took on for the
+third time that thankless charge, and so, taking leave of Her Majesty,
+kissed her sacred hands, with most gracious and comfortable words,
+departed from her at Dudley Castle, passed the seas, and arrived
+September 13, 1575, as near the city of Dublin as I could safely, for
+at that time the city was grievously infected with the contagion of the
+pestilence.'  In the depth of winter he went to Cork, and passed
+Christmas there.  The following February he visited Thomond, Earl of
+Clanricarde, and caused two of his sons to make public confession of
+their rebellion and sue for his pardon.  Sidney, in recounting this,
+adds fervently, 'whom would to God I had hanged!'
+
+{69}
+
+Sidney's interview with Grace O'Malley is historic.  The English
+warrior, unaccustomed to Amazonian women, out of curiosity granted an
+audience to Grace, who came to him in state.  This is how the viceroy
+describes the incident:
+
+'There came to me also a most famous feminine sea-captain, called Grace
+O'Malley, and offered her services to me wheresoe'er I would command
+her, with three galleys and two hundred fighting men.  She brought with
+her her husband, for she was as well by sea as by land more than
+master's mate with him.  He was of the nether Burkes, and called by
+nickname "Richard in Iron."  This was a notorious woman in all the
+coasts of Ireland.  This woman did Henry Sidney see and speak with.  He
+can no more at large inform you of her.'
+
+On May 26, 1578, Sidney retired from office, broken in health and
+fortune.  Describing his condition, he says that he was 'fifty-four
+years of age, toothless and trembling, being five thousand pounds in
+debt.'  Later he declared that he was twenty thousand pounds poorer
+than when he had succeeded to his father's estate--a commentary on his
+inability to take advantage in a pecuniary sense of his viceroyalty.
+His wail is dated 'from Ludlow Castle, with more pain than heart, March
+1, 1582.'
+
+[Sidenote: English colony absorbed]
+
+But Sidney was the victim of his time.  There was no English colony
+now; it had been absorbed by the native Irish families, and to make war
+against the natives was to make war against the {70} Fitzgeralds, the
+Butlers, and other great families better known by their titles.
+Happily for England, Ireland was never united, and if Sidney gained no
+great conquests he was, by reason of the schisms amongst his enemies,
+enabled to maintain the sovereignty of Elizabeth in Ireland.  It was a
+purely nominal sovereignty, but it sufficed for the time being.
+
+
+
+
+{71}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+The gradual disappearance of the distinctively English population did
+not pass unnoticed in England.  During some hundreds of years there had
+been many attempts to induce English families to emigrate to Ireland,
+but without any great success.  To the average English person Ireland
+was an uncivilized country inhabited by savages and murderers.
+Elizabeth's councillors, however, resolved to put into practice the
+theories of previous viceroys and their advisers.  A new English colony
+was to be created, but instead of crowding all the emigrants into
+Dublin, the bolder policy of scattering them all over the country was
+adopted.
+
+On the retirement of Sidney, Sir William Pelham was appointed Lord
+Justice until the arrival of Lord Grey of Wilton, 'the hanging
+viceroy.'  Two years of systematic brutalities were as much as the
+country and Elizabeth could stand.  She recalled Grey and left the
+government in the hands of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, and Sir
+Henry Wallop, treasurer, while she and her council, now firmly resolved
+on the great 'plantation' scheme, could find a willing and a competent
+instrument to carry out the plan.  They found {72} one in Sir John
+Perrott, and in June, 1584, he was made Lord Deputy.
+
+[Sidenote: The undertakers]
+
+Perrott was reputed to be a natural son of Henry VIII., whom he
+resembled in appearance, and, although brought up in the household of
+Thomas Perrott, who had married Mary Berkeley, Henry's mistress, he
+soon exchanged the serene life of a country gentleman for the freer and
+gayer court life of London.  He was advanced rapidly in the royal
+favour, and before his deputyship had had considerable experience of
+Ireland.  He now came as viceroy with a strong and definite policy,
+fully determined to carry it to a successful issue.  Munster was the
+first province selected for the 'plantation' scheme.  To induce English
+families to flock to Ireland, huge estates were offered for next to
+nothing.  Fertile lands were given at rentals of a penny or twopence an
+acre, and to allow the immigrants time to put their new homes in order,
+no rent was asked during the first five years, and only half for the
+following three.  Those who took over twelve thousand acres were termed
+'undertakers,' and required to settle or plant at least eighty-six
+English families whose members were skilled in trades and the arts
+agricultural.  Undertakers of smaller estates planted a less number,
+and so on in due proportion.  It was a splendid scheme on paper, and
+would, no doubt, have settled the Irish question effectively, but its
+weak point was its total disregard of the Irish.  The real owners of
+the property were in hiding with prices on their heads, but the people
+themselves were only awaiting {73} their opportunity to win back the
+lands of their chiefs and restore them to their rightful owners.
+
+The majority of the 'undertakers'--wealthy English noblemen and titled
+adventurers--did not, of course, trouble to come to Ireland, though
+they imported a number of families into the country.  Two of the
+'undertakers,' however, in Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spenser, the
+poet, actually resided on their new estates.  Raleigh, as a reward for
+butchering the peasantry, was given forty-two thousand acres; Spenser
+was granted twelve thousand acres in Cork, and took up his residence in
+Kilcolman Castle, residence in Ireland being the only condition upon
+which he was given the stolen land.  Spenser wrote the first three
+books of the 'Faerie Queen' here, and his only absence from Ireland was
+occasioned by a journey to London to secure the publication of his
+masterpiece.  On his return he married a country girl, and managed to
+live in some peace until 1598, when the Earl of Tyrone, eager to avenge
+his wrongs, roused the country.  Kilcolman Castle was burnt to the
+ground, and Spenser's youngest child perished in the flames.  The poet,
+penniless and ill, escaped to England to die in penury the following
+year.
+
+Perrott's policy required a certain ruthlessness to carry out, and
+friend and foe alike became his victims.  He could not be faithful to
+Elizabeth and please all parties in Ireland.  He shared the fate of his
+predecessors who had adopted a similar policy, for he discovered that
+he was being misrepresented in London by his personal enemies.  These
+included the Earl of Ormonde, Sir Richard {74} Brigham, and Sir
+Nicholas Bagenal, and they even went to the length of bribing a priest
+to forge treasonable letters in the viceroy's name.  When Perrott
+appealed to Elizabeth to be allowed to come to England and confront his
+adversaries, the queen refused him his request, bidding him to continue
+with his work.
+
+He was destined to do England and Elizabeth at least one great service
+during his viceroyalty.  In the middle of 1586 a rumour reached Ireland
+that Spain was about to strike a blow for Catholic Christendom.
+Ireland was, of course, Catholic, and always remained so, although its
+spiritual fathers were mostly 'vicars of Bray.'  The native Irish
+received the news joyfully, and waited anxiously for the day when the
+might of Catholic Spain would annihilate Protestant England.  Perrott
+heard these rumours, and went to great trouble to verify them, with the
+result that in 1587 he was able to send confidential despatches to
+Queen Elizabeth informing her that Philip of Spain was preparing a
+great fleet for the invasion and conquest of England.  That fleet,
+historically known as 'The Great Armada,' left its remnants off the
+coast of Ireland in 1588.
+
+[Sidenote: Perrott's retirement]
+
+When the viceroy realized that his policy, while outwardly prosperous,
+was never likely to develop into a permanent success, he prayed the
+queen to permit him to retire.  She was averse to this, but every
+person of influence about the throne was approached by him until the
+queen relented, and in 1588 the viceroy joyfully prepared to depart
+from the country which he hated worse than the {75} pestilence.  The
+court of England was then in an idealized state, mainly as a result of
+the rise of the great English school of dramatists and poets, and at
+such a time Ireland must have seemed more than ever a place of exile.
+Perrott, however, openly prided himself upon his success, and when he
+appeared in Dublin in order to hand over the sword of state to his
+successor, he made a fulsome speech in his own praise, declaring that
+he left the country in peace and quietness, and hinting that if Sir
+William Fitzwilliam, the incoming viceroy, informed Queen Elizabeth of
+the fact, he would be very grateful.  Sir William, as a gentleman, had
+to acknowledge Perrott's eulogies, and then the ex-viceroy left the
+country, feeling like a freed man.  His last act was to present the
+corporation of Dublin with a silver-gilt bowl bearing his arms and
+crest, together with the motto 'Relinquo in pace.'  The common people
+had a certain rough affection for Perrott.  He had not robbed
+them--perhaps because they had nothing to lose--but at any rate they
+gave him a great ovation, shedding tears of gratitude for the man whose
+code of morals happily included a partiality for paying just debts.
+
+Sir William Fitzwilliam had already experienced the advantages and
+disadvantages of the viceregal position in Ireland.  He married a
+sister of Sir Henry Sidney, a woman with a strength of character that
+absorbed her husband's.  Every act during Fitzwilliam's tenure of
+office was said to have originated from the fertile brain of Lady
+Fitzwilliam, and she was openly hailed as the real {76} ruler of
+Ireland.  But even Lady Fitzwilliam could not govern without money, and
+in 1594 she retired with her husband.  Fitzwilliam is best known as the
+Governor of Fotheringay Castle at the time of the execution of Mary,
+Queen of Scots.  Sir William Russell, his successor, was the youngest
+son of the Earl of Bedford, but his two years of office brought him
+nothing but censure from the queen.  Russell's principal fault was that
+he kept his word of honour to the rebel Earl of Tyrone.  The latter
+came in person to Dublin Castle at the invitation of the viceroy, and
+made submission.  Contented with this, the Lord-Lieutenant permitted
+him to depart, but Elizabeth wished for the imprisonment of the rebel,
+and, consequently, Russell retired to make way for Lord Gainsborough.
+In 1603 he was created a peer by James I.  A year sufficed for
+Gainsborough, who died at his post.  Sir Thomas Norris, Lord Justice,
+acted until superseded by Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, Sir Robert
+Gardiner, and the Earl of Ormonde.
+
+[Sidenote: Queen Elizabeth's favourite]
+
+Their services were dispensed with when Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex,
+arrived in Dublin on April 15, 1599, his appointment dating from March
+12, 1598.  The Earl of Essex was one of the most romantic figures in
+the later court of Queen Elizabeth.  When, as a boy of ten, Robert
+Devereux appeared at court, the queen was fascinated by his beauty and
+his charming manners.  She sent for him later, and his early days were
+distinguished by the confidence of the queen.  Elizabeth was an old
+woman when Essex was in {77} the first flower of his manhood, but he
+was as crafty as he was handsome, and he made every use of his power
+over the queen, a monarch aping youth with the aid of powder and paint.
+She made Essex the most powerful of courtiers, and he attempted to
+reserve her favour for himself.  When the queen showed kindness to
+Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, Essex, ever passionate and prone to
+quarrel, sought out his rival and challenged him to a duel.  The result
+was abortive, but it was only one of a series of incidents which showed
+Elizabeth that she was raising Essex higher than his peculiar
+temperament made promotion safe.  On one occasion he actually
+reproached the queen, who in a moment of rage forgot her pose of youth,
+and boxed the earl's ears.  But he was still in the royal favour when
+Elizabeth sent him to Ireland with fifteen thousand men, his mission
+being to crush the rebellion of O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.  From her
+palace in London the queen wrote almost daily to the viceroy, seldom
+commending him, often hampering, and always petulant and capricious.
+Essex tried one or two encounters with the enemy, and found the
+battlefields of Ireland profitless and dangerous to the health of one
+whose chivalry was better suited to the drawing-room.  He hastily
+concluded a treaty of peace with Tyrone, appointed Lords Justices to
+carry on the government, and repaired to England on September 24,
+having spent less than five months in Ireland.  Only one who was
+certain of Elizabeth's favour could have dared to do such a thing, but
+Essex entered {78} London in the temper of a spoilt child, prepared to
+rail at the queen for having dared to criticize him, and no doubt
+expecting to receive her apologies.  The queen upset his calculations
+by having him arrested promptly, and although the public offered up
+prayers for his restoration to the good graces of the queen, these
+prayers were unanswered, because Essex was not the man to believe in
+his sovereign's determination.  The arrest he regarded as a joke--in
+bad taste, perhaps, but still a joke--and when its seriousness dawned
+upon him he tried to retaliate in kind.  In 1601 he was executed.  The
+charges against him were, first, with making a dishonourable treaty
+with the rebels, and, second, leaving his Government without the
+permission of the authorities--that is, the queen and Council.  When
+released from the Tower and ordered to remain at York House, Essex
+attempted a rebellion, and the spoilt darling of fortune paid the
+penalty with his life.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Mountjoy]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Mountjoy]
+
+The next viceroy, Sir Charles Blount, afterwards Lord Mountjoy, was a
+typical product of the Elizabethan court.  He had been Essex's friend
+and afterwards his enemy, and when the earl retired prematurely from
+Ireland, Elizabeth sent Mountjoy to reopen the war against O'Neill and
+to crush him, irrespective of the treaty of security and peace signed
+by Essex in Elizabeth's name.  He carried out his duties faithfully,
+and succeeded in driving the Tyrones out of their territory.  On the
+final defeat of O'Neill, that chieftain made submission, and Mountjoy
+was graciously pleased to forgive the rebel and restore his title and
+{79} estates to him.  While in Ireland Mountjoy received a letter from
+Essex, then a prisoner on parole at York House, asking him to bring his
+army from Ireland, join a promised army of the King of Scotland, and
+drive Elizabeth's advisers from power.  Mountjoy at once declined to
+hazard his own neck, and he left Essex to his fate.  The hope that the
+earl placed on the viceroy was inspired by the latter's affection for
+Penelope, sister of Lord Essex.  This lady was so notorious that even
+Queen Elizabeth had to refuse to receive her, but her faults were the
+faults of the age she lived in.  At a very early age, and without
+having her wishes consulted at all, Penelope was married to an old roue
+named Lord Rich, a man of filthy habits and loathsome ways.  Penelope
+bore him seven children, but the gross brutalities of her husband drove
+her into the arms of Sidney, and when she became Mountjoy's mistress,
+she had five children by him.  The viceroy, however, was a faithful
+lover, and when Lord Rich divorced her after Mountjoy's resignation of
+his post, the viceroyalty, he married her, inducing his private
+chaplain, Laud, to perform the ceremony.  The act of Laud's very nearly
+ruined his career, and, at any rate, it stood in the way of his
+promotion for several years.  It is said that Mountjoy did intend to
+come to the rescue of his mistress's brother, and certainly Elizabeth,
+who wanted Mountjoy's services, suppressed a confession by a prisoner
+which, had it become public, must have cost Lord Mountjoy his head.  As
+it was, he held the viceroyalty until 1603, and could have {80}
+remained longer, for King James confirmed his appointment.  Mountjoy,
+however, wanted his Penelope, and he left Ireland for her sake.  James
+rewarded him with the Earldom of Devonshire, but as all his children
+were illegitimate, the titles died with him.
+
+[Sidenote: The Order of the Baronetage]
+
+The late viceroy's deputy, Sir George Cary, enjoyed only a few months
+in office, for Sir Arthur Chichester, afterwards Lord Chichester of
+Belfast, was given the post, and came to Ireland early in 1605.
+Chichester was forty-one, but he had already nearly thirty years'
+experience of public affairs, including the fight against the Armada.
+In his early youth he had assaulted an inoffensive citizen, and had
+fled from London to Ireland, but Elizabeth pardoned him and found him
+employment.  Fortunately for Chichester, Lord Mountjoy took him into
+favour, and when the latter returned to England, and was appointed
+adviser to James on Irish affairs, he nominated Chichester as the most
+suitable person to govern Ireland.  This viceroy made it a condition
+that religious persecution in Ireland should be abolished.  Every
+precedent was against the continuance of a protracted and futile
+attempt to force an objectionable religion upon the majority of the
+people, and when he secured this concession to common sense from James
+and Mountjoy, Chichester must have realized that he was in a fair way
+to make his term of office a success.  Some luck attended him.  He was
+given a good army, and very early in his career in Ireland two of his
+most dangerous opponents, Tyrone and Tyrconnell, left Ireland {81} for
+ever.  Chichester then proceeded to colonize Ulster.  The order of the
+Baronetage was created in 1611, and the title sold for L1,080, the
+proceeds being intended to pay the expenses of the colonization of
+Ulster.  The large estates of the Tyrone and Tyrconnell families were
+distributed amongst the native Irish, the English and some planters
+from Scotland, Chichester himself being rewarded with a peerage.  It
+was a wise move on his part, moreover, to give first choice to the
+native Irish in the matter of the division of the land, for he knew
+that peace could only be purchased at a price.
+
+On these lines he governed Ireland for twelve years, and when he
+retired in 1614, he had the satisfaction of earning the praise of those
+he ruled and those he served.  His wife, a daughter of Sir John
+Perrott, does not appear to have taken a very prominent part in Irish
+life.  She was an invalid and contemptuous of the Irish, though the
+records of some of their entertainments in Dublin Castle prove that she
+was lavish in her hospitality, and even invited the heads of the great
+Irish families.
+
+Sir Oliver St. John was in 1616 appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  During
+the interval the Government had been in the hands of Adam Loftus, the
+indispensable Archbishop of Dublin, whose power was as great as his
+cupidity and avarice.  St. John was a typical soldier of fortune, who
+had found fame and fortune on the battlefields of the Continent.  In
+1580, when twenty-one, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, out a
+legal career ended suddenly as the result of a duel with Best, the
+navigator.  Best died, and {82} St. John fled the country, but after
+many profitless years he had the luck to come under the notice of the
+Earl of Essex at Rouen.  Essex, who was in need of brave soldiers,
+enlisted St. John, and took him to Ireland to fight against Tyrone.  In
+a few years St. John was elected member for Roscommon in the Irish
+Parliament, and followed that up by entering the English House of
+Commons as member for Portsmouth.  Mountjoy knighted him and made him
+president of Connaught, so that when in 1616 he was made viceroy, he
+brought to the office a great experience of Irish affairs.
+
+His first official act was to banish all those ecclesiastics educated
+abroad, his second, to make the Protestant religion compulsory, and his
+third, even more remarkable, took the form of a proposal to emigrate
+100,000 Irish persons.  This was a short method of dealing with a
+pressing problem, but it was hopelessly impracticable, and St. John,
+less successful as a statesman than as soldier, was commanded to
+deliver the sword of state to Adam Loftus, and return to England.
+
+Henry Gary, Viscount Falkland, who succeeded, tried to carry on the St.
+John policy.  Proclamations were issued extensively, and all the Irish
+were ordered to go to heaven by the Protestant road.  Strangely enough,
+while Lord Falkland was doing his best to establish the Protestant
+religion, Lady Falkland was secretly a Catholic, and supplying the
+priests with money.  For over twenty years she kept her secret from her
+husband, but he discovered it eventually, and promptly separated from
+her.  The Privy Council, called {83} upon to judge between husband and
+wife, declared Falkland's act justified, but ordered him to pay her
+L500 a year.  Falkland retired in 1629 with the character of an
+unreliable, timid man.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Strafford]
+
+Another period of government by Council and Lords Justices covered the
+years from 1628 to 1633, and then Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,
+one of the great figures of the early days of the Civil War, was chosen
+by Charles I. to represent him in Ireland.  Wentworth's appointment was
+dated 1632, but that nobleman did not hurry to take over his post, and
+besides, there were many urgent affairs to keep him at home.  Wentworth
+was leader of the House of Commons, and at the first encounter with the
+king stood by the Commons.  Charles, however, determined to secure his
+personal adherence, and by means of titles, the bait of kings,
+Wentworth foreswore his radical opinions, came over on to the king's
+side, and was ever afterwards a most zealous and devoted servant of the
+Crown.  When Charles conferred with his advisers upon the coming
+struggle with the people, Wentworth made the first practical suggestion
+by subscribing L20,000 towards the royal treasury.  Wentworth was,
+therefore, the most trusted of the King's advisers, and he was sent to
+Ireland with the object of raising money for His Majesty.
+
+The new viceroy hastily summoned a Parliament at Dublin, and persuaded
+it to vote L180,000 for the king's use against the army of the
+Covenanters.  Further, Wentworth raised an army with the object of
+invading England and joining {84} Charles's forces.  The intention was
+never carried out; but when Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, stood
+his trial at Westminster Hall, on April 5, 1641, the principal charge
+against him was that he had raised an army of Irish Papists to make war
+upon His Majesty's subjects.  Strafford was executed on May 12.
+
+His history concerns England rather than Ireland, but he had
+considerable influence upon the latter country, and did something
+towards placing Irish industries upon a better footing.  In an age of
+wars and rebellions the reformer was out of place, but Ireland owes
+something to the Earl of Strafford's memory.  When he died, Ireland
+mourned for him, and Sir Charles Wandesford, who had acted as one of
+his deputies, died of a broken heart upon hearing the news.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Strafford]
+
+[Sidenote: The civil war]
+
+The fatal year of 1641 found Ireland without a viceroy.  The Lords
+Justices ruled in Dublin, but they carried no authority.  Throughout
+the country it was said that England had abandoned her compatriots.
+The Great Rebellion followed as a matter of course.  Centuries of
+oppression, outrage, robbery, and every other form of tyranny produced
+their natural offspring.  The native Irish, who had not accepted the
+dictum that time legalizes robbery and sanctifies wrong, rose in their
+passions and slaughtered the 'planted' settlers.  The less said about
+the rebellion the better.  The history of the world shows that when the
+democracy rises to avenge its wrongs, the innocent pay the debts of the
+guilty.
+
+Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, should have {85} succeeded Strafford,
+but he lingered in England, conscious that his own country would be the
+centre of great events.  He asked his son, Lord Lisle, to take his
+place, but that young man had no taste for the rigours of Ireland.  His
+prognostications were justified, and with the outbreak of the Civil War
+Lord Leicester abandoned all intention of taking up the office of
+viceroy.  Charles wanted every available soldier, and Ireland was left
+to look after itself.  There was a nominal Government in Dublin, and
+the Earl of Ormonde, at the beginning of his splendid career, was
+Commander-in-Chief.  Ormonde was a devoted royalist, and in the king's
+hour of need sent him 5,000 soldiers from Ireland, paying their
+expenses himself.  In the midst of his worries Charles found time to
+show his gratitude by making Ormonde a marquis, and appointing him
+Viceroy of Ireland.  This was in 1644, but strong man as he was,
+Ormonde's tenure of office was shorn of all its glory and strength.  He
+was destined later to play a leading--the leading--part in Irish
+affairs; but during the Civil War there was no effective government in
+Ireland, and the country went back to its ruling chiefs, and Dublin and
+a few provincial towns sheltered the remnants of the party that looked
+to England for protection and guidance.  Lord Ormonde's determination
+was to hold Ireland for the king, and with this object he strengthened
+the garrison towns.  The massacres of the settlers in the North he had
+punished, but until the settlement of the conflict in England he was in
+a dangerous and anomalous position.
+
+
+
+
+{86}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde, was born at Clerkenwell on October
+19, 1610.  For political reasons he was brought up in London under the
+immediate influence of the court.  The boy, who was known as Viscount
+Thurles, was as popular as he was handsome, and in his early manhood he
+was one of the most famous 'bucks' about town.  The story of his
+marriage is a romantic one, and much has been written about it.  The
+facts are that the young Lord Thurles saw Elizabeth Preston, only
+daughter and heiress of the Earl of Desmond, in church.  She was very
+beautiful and wealthy, and Thurles resolved to wed her.  Whether it was
+a case of love at first sight or not depends upon the sentiment of the
+reader.  We know that the lady's fortune did much towards restoring
+that of the house of Ormonde.
+
+[Illustration: James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Ormonde's marriage]
+
+Elizabeth Preston, however, was already reserved for someone else, and
+under the watchful and jealous guardianship of Lord Holland she was
+hidden from Lord Thurles.  Realizing that his attentions would not be
+displeasing, Lord Thurles disguised himself as a pedlar, and carried
+his pack to the back-door of Lord Holland's Kensington {87} residence.
+Happily for the course of true love, the ladies of the house were not
+above opening the door to pedlars, and Lord Holland's daughters
+performed that service for the lover.  They made a few purchases, and
+then hastened to Elizabeth, to tell her that the handsomest pedlar in
+England was at the back-door, and to beg her to come and patronize him.
+The girl recognized Thurles, and when he pressed a pair of gloves upon
+her, she asked him to wait while she went for some money, although her
+companions offered to save her the trouble by lending her the necessary
+amount.  This she declined, guessing that one of the gloves contained a
+love-letter.  In the safety of her own room she read Thurles'
+impassioned address, and then, having penned a suitable and favourable
+reply, came down again and returned the gloves, declaring that they
+smelt abominably, and could not be worn by a lady.  Never did a pedlar
+accept the cancellation of a bargain so gleefully as this one did.  The
+message the gloves contained settled his doubts and fears, and later
+Viscount Thurles and Elizabeth Preston were wedded.  Lord Holland's
+consent was purchased for L15,000, and when he succeeded to the Earldom
+of Ormonde, Butler took his bride to Ireland.
+
+The coming of the Earl of Ormonde to the country of his ancestors was
+hailed as a welcome sign by the leading Irish families.  By his
+marriage Ormonde had united two of the greatest and ended a bitter
+feud, and the native party looked to him to lead them against the
+English.  His only disadvantage was his religion.  He was a Protestant,
+{88} the result of his education in England, but the question of
+religion was ignored by the Irish, and the handsome and chivalrous earl
+was called upon to take his stand in the forefront of the Irish army.
+Lord Strafford was viceroy at the time, and upon him lay the
+responsibility of influencing Ormonde's choice.  The viceroy acted
+wisely.  Personally he disliked the young earl, but he realized that to
+make an enemy of the most powerful nobleman amongst the Irish families
+of distinction would be fatal to his own chances of success as Viceroy
+of Ireland, and so he immediately made overtures of friendship to the
+man whom he had known as a boy in London.  Lord Ormonde responded, and
+the two noblemen became fast friends, a friendship not forgotten to the
+last by Wentworth.  When the latter had been sentenced to death for
+treason against the State, he implored Charles to give Ormonde the
+garter left vacant by his death, and also warned that monarch that the
+only loyal servant he had in Ireland was the Earl of Ormonde, advising
+the king to appoint him Lord-Deputy.  The king, whose principal
+weakness was a tardiness of judgment, granted neither request at the
+time.  But in 1644 he made Ormonde viceroy, and later bestowed the
+garter, though at a time when that emblem of royal favour was little
+better than a brilliant mockery.
+
+Ormonde served an apprenticeship as Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+during Wentworth's viceroyalty, and on his own appointment to the
+latter position he combined the two offices.  His duties as viceroy
+were, however, merely nominal, {89} and believing that he could be of
+more service to the royal cause in England, he resigned his
+post--inspired, no doubt, by the fact that Parliament had appointed
+Philip Sidney, Lord Lisle, Lord-Lieutenant, under its jurisdiction--in
+1647.  Ormonde went at once to Charles at Hampton Court, and acquainted
+him with the news that it was the intention of the Parliamentary
+leaders to seize his person and bring him to trial.  Charles, of
+course, declined to believe the existence of the Parliamentary plot,
+and the ex-viceroy, again appointed Lord-Lieutenant, but armed with a
+worthless commission, returned to Ireland.  Lord Lisle was not in
+residence, and the Government that represented the Commons consisted of
+five commissioners--Arthur Annesley, Sir R. King, Sir R. Meredith,
+Colonel John Moor, and Colonel Michael Jones--a quintette scarcely
+likely to impress Ormonde with a sense of their dignity, or inspire in
+the country a feeling of security.
+
+Dublin, however, was in the hands of the Parliamentarians, and Ormonde
+chose to assert what authority he possessed from the provinces.  Had
+Charles's cause been the strongest in the world, it could not have
+survived the adverse verdict of the series of great and decisive
+battles that temporarily ended the monarchy.  Ormonde was not dismayed,
+however, and even the execution of the king found him dauntless and
+fearless.  He proclaimed the son of the murdered monarch king, and
+wrote entreating him to come to Ireland, assuring the prince that his
+troops could hold that {90} country for him.  Meanwhile Ormonde
+attacked Dublin, captured Drogheda, suffered defeat at Rathmines, where
+Colonel Jones, the Parliamentary leader, with that strange inspiration
+for successful fighting and generalship which inspired the leaders of
+the democracy, outpointed him, and drove him and his army from the
+field.
+
+[Illustration: Oliver Cromwell]
+
+[Sidenote: The Cromwellian campaign]
+
+Whatever hopes Ormonde may have entertained of recovering his position,
+they were soon extinguished by the arrival of Oliver Cromwell.  It was
+an unexpected move on the part of Parliament, but now that Charles was
+dead, and the royal family in exile, it was considered safe to send the
+strongest man of his generation to cope with the Irish rebellion.  In
+1642 Cromwell had subscribed L600 towards the cost of an expedition for
+avenging the massacres of the previous year, and this act showed that
+he took a practical interest in Irish affairs, and realized the
+country's importance to England.  Ormonde was a resourceful, determined
+leader, and a man of unquestioned courage, but Cromwell was his
+superior in the field and in the council-room, and he had the advantage
+also of a united army.  Twelve thousand picked soldiers, their courage
+exalted by a fanaticism that combined psalm-singing with murder, took
+the field under Cromwell against Lord Ormonde, who had to depend for
+the greater part upon ill-trained troops officered by men who were not
+the less incompetent because the Protestants among them refused to be
+led by Catholics, and Catholics declined to recognize the authority of
+Protestants.  Ormonde {91} strove frantically to unite his forces, but
+without success, and Drogheda, Wexford, Ross, and other towns were left
+to the cruel mercies of Cromwell.
+
+The English leader came to Ireland as Commander-in-Chief and
+Lord-Lieutenant at a combined salary of L13,000 a year.  His first act,
+characteristic of the man, was to issue a proclamation against
+swearing, and he discouraged plunder and looting by hanging even those
+of his own soldiers who transgressed his rules.  Inspired by a sense of
+his own rectitude, Cromwell marched on Drogheda.  The massacre has
+stained his memory almost as much as it stained the streets of the
+town, and after it Wexford's tragedy seems light in comparison.
+
+Ormonde, suspected by the native leaders, was in no enviable position.
+Waterford, besieged by Cromwell, declined to allow his army to enter
+because its leader was 'English.'  There was thus no work for him to
+do, but he remained on, contemptuously rejecting Cromwell's offer of a
+passport to the Continent.
+
+In the great Cromwellian campaign the ex-viceroy took no part.  The
+English leader, encouraged by a series of victories, was suddenly
+disconcerted by the successful resistance of the citizens of Waterford,
+and his failure to take Clonmel ended his enthusiasm for the task of
+conquering Ireland.  In a pessimistic letter to the House of Commons he
+warned the Speaker not to imagine that by his victories at Drogheda and
+Wexford he had subdued Ireland.  He knew too {92} well that in reality
+he had not conquered a square foot of the land.
+
+The outwitting of Cromwell by Hugh O'Neill, the gallant defender of
+Clonmel, is one of the lighter episodes of an era of tragedy.  The
+English leader had restarted his campaign following a rest after the
+setback at Waterford.  He besieged Kilkenny, and was compelled to stoop
+to an honourable treaty to secure the town, and then he marched on
+Clonmel, where O'Neill, the Irish idol who had supplanted Ormonde as
+the national hero, was performing wonders at the head of a small and
+badly-armed garrison.  And this garrison withstood the flower of
+Cromwell's soldiery, fighting for their country without any hope of
+gain, and repeatedly defeating the invaders.  Cromwell, sick at heart,
+was considering the advisability of abandoning the siege which had
+brought him so many rebuffs, when he was agreeably surprised to hear
+that the Mayor of Clonmel, Mathew White, wished to see him.  The
+mayor's object was to surrender the town on certain terms, and Cromwell
+was, of course, only too glad to save his face by granting any
+concessions so long as they brought him the town of Clonmel.  A treaty
+was hastily drawn up, guarding against the atrocities that had
+distinguished Drogheda and Wexford, and then the English General
+inquired if Hugh O'Neill was aware of the mayor's action.  Mathew White
+replied with well-assumed diffidence that O'Neill and his army had left
+the town some hours before!  Cromwell stormed and raged, and demanded
+his treaty back, but White {93} played upon the Puritan's vanity of
+reputation, and Cromwell kept his word.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Henry Ireton]
+
+Despite his reverses, Cromwell had hopes of firmly establishing English
+authority by means of the Protestant religion in Ireland.  He drew up a
+series of recommendations on the subject, but by now there was more
+important work for him to do.  England required his services, and on
+May 29, 1650, his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, was appointed Lord-Deputy
+and Commander-in-Chief, and instructed to carry out the Cromwellian
+policy.  Ireton did not spare himself or others.  He besieged Limerick,
+and in four months starved the garrison out, but it was his last
+effort, and on November 26, 1651, he died of the prevailing plague.
+
+The rest of the Commonwealth deputies were undistinguished so far as
+their Irish careers were concerned.  Major-General Lambert was chosen
+to succeed Ireton, but he was more suited for the camp than the council
+board, being a bluff soldier with a partiality for the rough pleasures
+of the average campaign.  Cromwell did not care for 'Honest John'
+Lambert, and having in mind a scheme whereby Lieutenant-General Sir
+Charles Fleetwood, who had wisely married Ireton's widow and the
+Protector's daughter, should be made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, he
+induced Parliament to abolish the post.  Lambert was enraged, for the
+prospect of ruling a country had excited his imagination, and he made
+great preparations to inaugurate his term of office.  The Protector
+gave him two thousand pounds as compensation, and offered him the post
+of {94} Commander-in-Chief, which he declined angrily.  Fleetwood was
+thereupon given the post, and after a couple of years of government by
+commissioners, he was created Lord-Deputy.
+
+Fleetwood distinguished himself by priest-baiting and an attempt to
+revive the 'plantation' methods of Sidney and Perrott.  Henry Cromwell,
+fourth son of Oliver, who had been given command of an army in Ireland,
+in order to amuse himself and learn the arts of war, replaced
+Fleetwood.  This Cromwell was unambitious, something of a poltroon, and
+only kept in the forefront by the personality of his father.  Nepotism
+nourishes even in democracies, and Henry, a Colonel at twenty-two and
+Lord-Deputy before he was thirty, was not the man to carry on the
+traditions of the Protector.  The Restoration found Henry Cromwell
+pitiably anxious to submit to the new order of things, and when the new
+reign opened and Lord Ormonde returned to resume his duties at Dublin
+Castle, Cromwell was grateful for being allowed to retire into private
+life.
+
+[Sidenote: The Restoration]
+
+During the years of the Commonwealth Lord Ormonde had resided abroad,
+stanchly faithful to the discredited cause of the Stuarts.  When others
+grew faint-hearted, and deserted, Ormonde spoke the encouraging word,
+and he spent all his revenues in the royal service.  Recalling a
+promise made by Cromwell that his wife's fortune would not be
+confiscated, he sent her to the Protector, and she succeeded in getting
+five hundred pounds in cash and two thousand a year for life.  In 1658,
+six years after his wife's visit, Ormonde entered {95} England
+disguised, charged with a mission from the Royalist party to ascertain
+if the times were rife for a rising.  The ex-viceroy returned with a
+pessimistic report, and on his advice Charles waited.  Two years later
+came the Restoration, and with it Ormonde's fortunes rose to a dazzling
+height.
+
+In the first flush of gratitude King Charles showered honours upon the
+Irish nobleman.  He was created Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage,
+Earl of Brecknock in the English, appointed Chancellor of Dublin
+University, Lord Steward, Lord-Lieutenant of Somerset, and High Steward
+of Kingston, Westminster, and Bristol.  At the coronation of Charles
+II. he carried the crown.  The restoration of his Irish estates
+followed as a matter of course, and the king added a promise to pay him
+a large sum of money.  This promise was never kept, but the Irish
+Parliament, anxious to curry favour with Ormonde and the king, voted
+him thirty thousand pounds.  At the close of his career Ormonde
+declared that he had spent nearly a million of money in the king's
+service, and although this is an obvious exaggeration, yet it is a fact
+that he lost heavily pecuniarily and otherwise by his adherence to the
+Stuart cause.
+
+Ultra-patriotic writers, with that passion for obscure data which
+characterizes the partisan historian in his search of an argument, have
+chosen to regard the first Duke of Ormonde as the friend of England and
+the enemy of Ireland.  They shed inky tears over the fate of men like
+Hugh O'Neill and Shane of that family, but the {96} success of either
+of these would have meant a return to the absurd state of affairs which
+made Ireland a nation of kingdoms and traitors.  O'Neill represented
+only his own followers, and his success would have bred rivals and
+imitators.  There was no hope of peace or prosperity if the country
+came under the dominion of men brave on the battlefield and foolish and
+quarrelsome in their councils.  Mere bravery is not statesmanship;
+victories on the battlefield have to be supported by wisdom in the
+council, or all their benefits are lost.
+
+[Sidenote: Ormonde and Lady Castlemaine]
+
+The Duke of Ormonde was the first of the great race of Irishmen,
+worthily descended from famous persons in the two countries, who aimed
+at a united Ireland in honourable federation with England.  To a man of
+his breeding and education the civilization of Pall Mall was more
+pleasing than the semi-barbarous condition of provincial Ireland, but
+he accepted again the thankless position of viceroy, and, hampered by
+the new school of politics that had arisen in London, he did his utmost
+for Ireland.  He was the best man for the task, and Charles knew it,
+and although his enemies never lost an opportunity for damaging his
+reputation, he retained the post until March 14, 1669, having conducted
+the government in person for nearly seven years.  Ormonde was one of
+the first to realize the fact that Charles was endangering his throne
+by his profligacy.  Almost every decree that emanated from Whitehall
+was inspired by the whims and vagaries of one of the mistresses of the
+'Merry Monarch,' and even Ormonde, {97} attached as he was to the
+person of the king, could not submit to the insolent demand on the part
+of Lady Castlemaine that her lover should grant her Phoenix Park as a
+private demesne.  Lady Castlemaine, however, ascribed her defeat to
+Ormonde's jealousy, and it was mainly through her that the viceroy's
+enemies continued their plottings and secured his recall.  The charges
+against him were that he had billeted soldiers on civilians and had
+executed martial law, charges so ridiculous that there was never any
+serious attempt to investigate them after Ormonde's return to London.
+
+He was not without honour, however, even in England, for Oxford
+University elected him her Chancellor, and in 1670 the city of Dublin
+presented an address to Lord Ossory, the duke's son, which consisted of
+complimentary references to the late viceroy and ignored the then
+holder of the post, Lord Robarts.  Lord Ossory had acted as deputy for
+his father in 1664-65, and gave promise of a brilliant career.
+
+Eight years of court life followed, during which Ormonde, who knew more
+about Ireland than any other living person, was seldom called in to
+advise Charles.  Robarts, a stolid nobleman of no accomplishments
+beyond a little pride, managed to last a year--1669-70.  On the
+Restoration, Robarts, the son of a tin merchant and a usurer, was
+appointed deputy to General Monck, whom he considered an upstart, but
+he declined to represent such a man, and Charles, who was heavily in
+his debt, made him Lord Privy Seal, and thus enabled {98} him to avoid
+the indignity of occupying an inferior position to General Monck.
+
+The next viceroy was a distinguished survivor of the Civil War in the
+person of John Berkeley, first Lord Berkeley of Stratton.  He was a
+nobleman of elaborate tastes, who took full advantage of Charles II.'s
+indebtedness to him for services rendered during the great exile.  This
+he supplemented by marrying three times, the third wife bringing him an
+immense fortune.  She was plain and old, but Berkeley overcame his
+natural repugnance to the ugly in this particular case.  In Ireland he
+was a success mainly because his sympathies inclined towards the
+Catholic religion, and he left well alone.  The country would have
+welcomed a longer viceroyalty than two years, but Berkeley was not the
+man to waste his energies in Dublin, and he was glad to return to
+London and to the court.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duchess of Cleveland]
+
+Ireland did not, of course, escape altogether from the evil
+consequences of Charles's partiality for frail femininity.  His
+illegitimate children had to be provided with money as well as with
+titles, and their mothers' anxiety for the future dispelled.  When
+there were murmurings in England against the king's extravagant methods
+in satisfying the cupidity of his creatures, these latter asked for
+something out of Ireland.  The Duchess of Portsmouth wanted Phoenix
+Park, and Charles was quite willing that she should have it, but the
+Duke of Ormonde and the Earl of Essex, who knew the fatal stupidity of
+the Stuarts, managed to convince Charles that he would run the risk of
+losing {99} his crown if he lost his head over the woman who made the
+title of duchess as cheap as water while she flaunted it in Whitehall.
+It was not to be expected that an illiterate woman would be able to
+understand the reasons that made the gift of Phoenix Park
+impracticable, and she plotted with all the feline spite that she was
+capable of to injure the men who had defeated her ambitions.  Ormonde,
+however, was too strong, but when Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, was
+appointed to succeed Lord Berkeley in 1672, she carried on an intrigue
+against him, and did not cease until his recall in 1677.  Lord Essex
+was the son of the Lord Capel who had been executed in 1649, and
+Charles owed him and his family something.  That debt was never repaid
+fully, and had it not been for a sudden revulsion of feeling in
+Ormonde's favour Lord Essex might never have gone to Ireland.  The new
+viceroy was not popular among the king's coterie of duchesses and
+countesses.  When at the Treasury he had declined to pay the Duchess of
+Cleveland L25,000 out of the public funds, and, of course, the duchess
+was furious.  Essex was not dismayed.  He knew that Charles dare not
+quarrel with a man of his position on the question of the subsidies he
+considered his mistresses ought to have.  Publicity was the last thing
+he desired.  Essex was not the man to send to Ireland to represent the
+Duchess of Cleveland or the Duchess of Portsmouth, and Ormonde
+persuaded Charles that in Ireland he was regarded as king, and that the
+people in that benighted country were so unacquainted with the manners
+{100} of polite society as to be quite unable to appreciate the
+delicate position of duchess without a duke.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Essex]
+
+Lord Essex found Ireland as peaceful as he could expect.  Fortunately
+for him, he lacked the ambition that had attacked so many former
+viceroys like a disease, and did not wish to conquer Ireland.  He
+realized that beyond Dublin and a few provincial cities the rule of
+England did not extend, but provided he was allowed to remain in peace
+at Dublin Castle, he did not worry.  And in fact Dublin was the only
+habitable place.  Centuries of warfare had left the land in a terrible
+state.  Education and all the arts were at a standstill, while the
+traders had not yet raised themselves to a position of independence,
+and the resident nobility dwelt in their strongholds or emigrated to
+fight under foreign flags.  If we are to believe the records of the
+times, Lord Essex confined himself to Dublin and the Castle, and all
+his entertainments were for the benefit of the officials and occasional
+visitors from London.  He did something to make Dublin worthier of its
+position as the capital city.  Highway and street robberies were
+punished severely and building improvements encouraged.
+
+Lady Essex took her part in the work of her husband, being really the
+first of the 'vicereines'--to use an apt if technically incorrect
+description of the wives of the viceroys--to enter into the social life
+of the people her husband governed.  She entertained as a great
+hostess, and was charming and popular.  It was her accessibility which
+led to an incident which rendered the last few {101} months of Essex's
+viceroyalty painful.  The times were ripe for the propagation of
+scandal.  The king's patronage of vice gave it an appearance of virtue,
+and certainly many rewards.  The chivalry of the time was an elaborate
+ritual in honour of free love, and, of course, the influence spread to
+Dublin.  Personally Lord Essex was almost a little better than his
+contemporaries, but he held the honour of his wife to be something very
+sacred, and when he heard that it was the talk of Dublin that she was
+carrying on an intrigue with a Captain Brabazon he was greatly
+embittered.  It was fashionable to be vicious, but Essex would not
+believe that his wife was guilty, although Captain Brabazon swore that
+she was.  According to the laws of honour, a duel with Brabazon was the
+viceroy's only court of appeal, but as the king's representative he
+could not issue a challenge or accept one, and he was therefore
+compelled to affect a haughty indifference to the covert insults heaped
+upon himself and Lady Essex.  Fortunately for the viceroy and his wife,
+Captain Brabazon, rejoicing in his immunity, became too precise; he
+offered details of times and places, and once he had sworn to these it
+was easy to prove them wicked and malicious falsehoods.
+
+The viceroy was not sorry to yield up office to Ormonde, although, as
+is always the case, popular feeling turned in his favour, and even
+gossip admitted nothing but good of the countess.  The whole plot had
+been hatched by the Duchess of Cleveland in revenge for his refusal to
+rob the Treasury on her behalf.  On his return to London, {102} Lord
+Essex immediately sought out Charles and complained of the scandalous
+treatment he had received.  The king was sympathetic--weak-minded
+persons find in sympathy their only virtue--but he would do nothing,
+and the ex-viceroy, disappointed and enraged, flung himself out of the
+royal presence.  He was a marked man now, and all his sayings were
+improved upon and reported to Charles.  The Rye House plot ended his
+career.  He was arrested and committed to the Tower, where he was said
+to have taken his own life in a fit of depression.  Whether true or not
+scarcely matters, for his act merely saved his head from the
+executioner's axe.
+
+
+
+
+{103}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+The Duke of Ormonde's career in London during his period of
+unemployment was not without excitement.  As a great nobleman he
+frequented the court without ever becoming one of its favoured
+habitues.  In his salad days Ormonde had been one of the gayest of the
+gay, but he was a veteran when Robarts succeeded him in Ireland, and
+his temperament was that of a statesman rather than a courtier.
+
+His enemies, however, feared and detested him, and finding that they
+could not compel the complacent Charles to banish the duke, they took
+it into their own hands to try and murder him.  One night,
+therefore--it was December 5, 1670--Ormonde's coach was stopped in St.
+James's Street by Thomas Blood and five other ruffians, who dragged the
+duke out and carried him off on horseback.  The affair created a
+tremendous sensation, the most widely-spread rumour being that the five
+accomplices were well-known friends of the King's, inspired by him to
+assassinate a man who had helped Charles to regain his throne.  Blood
+became famous in one quarter and infamous in another, while Lord
+Ossory, the duke's eldest son, believing that Buckingham had instigated
+{104} the plot, went in search of the duke, and, finding him with the
+king, did not hesitate to tell him that if his father died a violent
+death he would pistol Buckingham, even if he sought shelter behind the
+king.  Ormonde escaped mainly owing to the over-sureness of his
+captors.  The strangest incident, however, was yet to come.  Blood was
+captured--he made no attempt to escape--and it was expected as matter
+of course that he would be hanged, but Charles sent for the duke, and
+in a private interview persuaded that nobleman to pardon his would-be
+assassin.  This action of the king's proved conclusively that if
+Buckingham paid Blood to attempt Ormonde's life Charles must have had
+cognizance of the matter, while it is certain that the germ of the
+whole idea originated with one of Charles's mistresses, who hated
+Ormonde, not because he was excessively moral or squeamish, but because
+he declined to treat seriously their pretensions to be considered
+members of the nobility.
+
+Nearly seven years after this episode Charles reappointed Ormonde
+Viceroy of Ireland.  The duke was now sixty-seven, but he took up
+office with all his old zest, and he made his entry into Dublin an
+elaborate ceremonial, behaving himself as though he were the King of
+Ireland, and not merely a king's deputy.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde was not a patriot in the sense that the word is
+regarded nowadays.  His policy was to increase the English ascendancy.
+His religion naturally placed him in the minority.  He was a Protestant
+and a Royalist, but there can {105} be no mistaking the earnestness of
+his views.  He brought a conscientiousness to his task that
+distinguished him from the average viceroy, and he could pride himself
+upon knowing the country.  The O'Neills, in their brief day of squabble
+and treachery, had taunted Ormonde with being English, and their
+fondness for creating parties within a party had helped to defeat
+Ormonde's policy more than once.  In 1677, however, the duke had behind
+him the united power of England, and during his last viceroyalty he was
+all-powerful.
+
+[Sidenote: Proclamations against Catholics]
+
+The Popish plot that disturbed the Government towards the close of
+Charles's reign roused the fervid anti-Catholic spirit in Ormonde.  He
+issued a proclamation banishing all ecclesiastics who took their orders
+from Rome; dissolving societies, convents, and schools, and commanding
+all Catholics to surrender their arms within twenty days.  These
+measures, however, did not satisfy the bigots in London, and they
+clamoured for the viceroy's recall, declaring that he was in secret
+sympathy with the plotters.  But the duke had a brave defender in the
+person of his son, Lord Ossory, the handsomest and most hot-tempered
+man of his day.  Lord Ossory was his father's devoted friend, and
+during his long stay in London the younger man never lost an
+opportunity for confounding his father's enemies.  In an impassioned
+speech he defended him in the House of Lords, and he had the
+satisfaction of defeating the intriguers.
+
+The death of his son was a terrible blow to the {106} duke, and he lost
+all interest in public matters.  His supersession by the Earl of
+Rochester in 1683 was not unwelcome to him.  Ormonde was seventy-three,
+and had aged considerably during the preceding ten years.  On July 21,
+1688, he died, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, a fit sepulchre for
+a man whose loyalty and conscientiousness were rare virtues in his day,
+and who had given more to his king than he had received.  His last
+public act had been to carry the crown at the Coronation of King James,
+but he was spared the knowledge of the second and final exile of the
+Stuart family from England.  His eldest son, Lord Ossory, the most
+popular man about town in his day, a confirmed gambler and an intimate
+of King Charles, who occasionally paid his card debts for him, left
+behind a son who succeeded his grandfather in the title and estates,
+becoming second Duke of Ormonde, and later Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+In Evelyn's 'Diary' there is a notable tribute to Lord Ossory.
+Universal grief was occasioned by the announcement of his death at an
+early age.
+
+The new viceroy was the Earl of Rochester, a dull creature who grew
+restive in Dublin, where he ignored the local nobility, and was for
+ever pining for the pleasures of London.  The expenses of the
+viceroyalty were very considerable now, and there were few
+opportunities of making money out of the office.  Lord Tyrconnel, the
+Commander-in-Chief, treated him with open contempt, as he had treated
+the Duke of Ormonde, a stronger man than either of them, and Rochester,
+{107} a product of society, was not likely to succeed against the
+bullying, swaggering methods of Tyrconnel, who was clearly aiming at
+the viceroyalty for himself.
+
+[Sidenote: A Catholic regime]
+
+In 1683 Charles commissioned Laurence Hyde, brother of the Earl of
+Clarendon, to replace Rochester, but Hyde, who was anxious to remain in
+London at that particular time, managed to delay his departure for over
+a year, and when the king died and James ascended the throne, Henry
+Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and brother-in-law of James, was selected for
+the task of permeating Ireland, especially official Ireland, with the
+new Jacobean policy.  England was avowedly Protestant, and England in
+Ireland was similar.  James, who was that human paradox--an insincere
+fanatic--instructed Clarendon to proceed cautiously in his difficult
+task of placing the Government and laws of Ireland in the hands of
+Roman Catholics, while at the same time maintaining outwardly a
+Protestant regime.  Hyde, who was James's subservient minister, did his
+best, and within a year the majority of the judges, and nearly all the
+State officials, were Catholic.  He found it comparatively easy to
+appoint Catholic officers to the highest positions in the army, for
+Tyrconnel, the Commander-in-Chief, was a Catholic, and he raised no
+objection to Clarendon's nominations.  This was the only help the
+viceroy received from Tyrconnel, the most popular man in Ireland and
+the most powerful.  He had the army behind him, and, knowing that he
+could take the viceroyalty whenever he cared to do so, he had {108}
+sufficient sense of humour to wait until James had exhausted his stock
+of Pall Mall exquisites, and had to turn to him.  It was characteristic
+of the king that he should try to carry out a Catholic policy with the
+aid of Protestant ministers, relying upon nepotism rather than upon
+conviction or sincerity, but the Stuarts were born to blunder, and they
+blundered.
+
+Lord Tyrconnel pretended to obey the viceroy, but scarcely a single act
+from Dublin Castle was not ignored by him.  He was jealous of the
+king's preference for English noblemen, firmly believing that Ireland
+should be governed by an Irishman and a Catholic.  The Duke of Ormonde
+he had regarded as an Englishman, and that viceroy's terms of office
+were always noted for quarrels with Tyrconnel.  The old Irish families
+and the common people looked to Tyrconnel to save them from the evil
+consequences of the mad policy of Charles II. and his successor.  James
+certainly gratified them by his return to the old religion, but he went
+about it the wrong way, and with the usual result.  Clarendon did his
+best, but Fate was against him.  He was too weak to stand the strain
+fidelity imposed in such troublous times, and James removed him from
+office because he suspected his loyalty.  The suspicion was correct.
+Clarendon was one of the first of James's intimates to go over to the
+party that invited William and Mary to ascend the throne of England.
+Later he plotted against William, and only the influence of great
+friends and a remembrance of previous services saved his life.  He was
+released {109} from prison, and permitted to live in semi-retirement
+until his death in 1709 at the age of seventy-one.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Tyrconnel]
+
+When Clarendon's term of office ended there was only one man who could
+continue James's policy.  This was Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel,
+the man who had done his utmost to kill the authority of half a dozen
+occupants of Dublin Castle.  Fate retaliated by making his viceroyalty
+stormy and tragic.  At the time of his appointment in 1687 Tyrconnel
+was fifty-seven years of age, and he had a long record behind him
+which, despite the tendency to idealize in the course of more than two
+centuries, seems to prove that he was nothing better than a bully and
+an adventurer.  He was at the same time a brave soldier and a cowardly
+statesman, but his greatest defect lay in his utter inability to
+acquire the art of obeying.  He wished to rule always, and when the
+critical time came, this contributed more than anything else to the
+complete defeat of the Jacobean cause in Ireland.
+
+Born in 1630, Tyrconnel was twenty years of age when Cromwell came to
+Ireland and besieged Drogheda.  Even at that early age he was well
+known for his reckless courage, and he was certainly one of the most
+gallant defenders of the town.  He owed his escape to the fact that he
+was so dangerously wounded that he was placed amongst the dead, and he
+took advantage of the lonely battlefield to make his way out of
+Drogheda disguised as a woman.  Coming to London, Tyrconnel was
+arrested by Cromwell, but escaped to the Continent, {110} where he
+quickly determined to enter the inner circle of the royal exiles.
+Charles and his brother, the Duke of York, later James II., did not
+care for the society of a person who lacked the finer polish, and who
+found his acquaintances at the point of the sword.  Tyrconnel, however,
+was crafty enough to sum up James's character, and by offering to go to
+England and assassinate Cromwell, he was at once taken into the
+confidence of the duke.  Fortunately, it was soon realized that such a
+foul deed would merely serve to strengthen the Commonwealth in England,
+and certainly extinguish all hopes of another Stuart regime.  It is not
+at all unlikely that Tyrconnel knew this; anyhow, he gained his
+ambition, and by the time the Restoration was accomplished, he was one
+of the royal prince's most trusted companions.
+
+Unfortunately for Tyrconnel, he cast in his lot with the Duke of York,
+and twenty-five years passed before his patron was in a position to
+give him his earldom.  Talbot, who was a product of the battlefield,
+was not likely to shine in the court of Charles II.  He played a part
+in it for a time, and he was the hero of several love affairs, but he
+had not the courtly graces of a Buckingham or a Rochester.  Women were
+afraid of provoking him, for he brooked no rivalry, and the man who in
+one week fought five duels in London and wounded his opponent every
+time was no fit companion for ladies whose fame depended upon the
+number of conquests they made, but they admired his courage and
+success.  In his only really serious love affair Tyrconnel was
+rejected, and the lady {111} married Sir George Hamilton.  Richard
+Talbot also found consolation, but some years later, when his wife had
+died, he married Lady Hamilton, a widow with six children.
+
+Charles was speaking more than the truth when he declared that no one
+would ever assassinate him to make James king, and Talbot, leading an
+aimless life in London, a beggared gambler, distrusted by the old
+aristocracy and feared by the new, sought vainly for adequate
+employment for nearly ten years.  Then in 1669 Charles appointed him
+Commander-in-Chief in Ireland on the earnest and persistent
+solicitation of the Duke of York.  London society was not displeased to
+get rid of the bully so easily, for in their estimation Ireland was
+still a place of exile, especially so in view of the comfortable
+statesmanship practised by Charles and his satellites in the palace of
+Whitehall.  Talbot went to Ireland eagerly, knowing that the qualities
+which had won for him contempt in London would idealize him in Ireland.
+With the aid of the Duke of York, and also helped by the indolence of
+Charles, he knew that he could make his office of Commander-in-Chief at
+least equal to, if not more powerful than, the viceroyalty.  Ormonde
+had been superseded by Lord Robarts, and Talbot detested the duke,
+whose religion made him unpopular with the Duke of York and his friends.
+
+[Sidenote: 'Lying Dick Talbot']
+
+On the accession of James II., Richard Talbot--Macaulay's 'Lying Dick
+Talbot'--was created Earl of Tyrconnel, and his powers as
+Commander-in-Chief increased.  It was the king's ambition {112} to make
+himself independent of Parliament by means of the army, and he hoped
+that Tyrconnel would bring the army in Ireland to such a state of
+efficiency that would render it an important asset in the struggle
+between the king and his subjects.  To a man of Talbot's temperament
+unlimited power was a spur to unlimited ambition, and successive
+viceroys found themselves in a humiliating position.  The noted
+duellist and bully--the man at whom half London sneered and whom the
+other half feared--was set in authority over some of the best blood in
+the kingdom, and although they complained bitterly to the king, there
+was no redress.
+
+[Sidenote: The state of the country]
+
+The nomination of Tyrconnel to the vice-royalty was, therefore, the
+only way out of James's difficulties in Ireland.  Nearly every class in
+the country welcomed the appointment.  The new viceroy proceeded to
+strengthen his own position rather than that of the king's.  He had
+been instructed to pack the state and the bench with Catholics, but
+Tyrconnel, with thoughts of the future, selected creatures of his own,
+and in a short time he was master of the country.  The bench, the
+corporations, the Justices of the Peace, were all subservient to him.
+He made and unmade laws, and the spectacle of a bully ruling a country
+might have made the world laugh had it not been so tragic.  The
+disarmed Protestants were left to the mercy of the criminal classes and
+the legalized highway robbers; consequently many of the most prosperous
+and law-abiding families were compelled to leave their lands and homes
+{113} and emigrate to England.  Justice was a travesty; householders in
+Dublin had to keep watch all night to guard their property because the
+fear of punishment for crime no longer existed.  The viceroy and his
+wife reigned in Dublin Castle, where sectarianism influenced every
+single act.
+
+Lady Tyrconnel, who had been in her youth one of the most fascinating
+of the group of ingenuous beauties gathered about the court of Charles
+II., was in her middle age ugly, spiteful, and fanatical.  Her husband
+was rough and coarse; she was feline and fanciful, but she adapted
+herself to the ways of his policy, and the Catholic religion found in
+her a devout adherent.  She was not popular in Ireland, however.  The
+mother of six children, she was fond of recalling the glories of her
+Whitehall past.  Secretly she disliked James, and even at times broke
+out into petulant diatribes against her husband's patron; but all the
+time she aped the youth of her early years, and tried to hide the plain
+present by means of paint.
+
+There was no room for the finer arts of life in Tyrconnel.  He was now
+acting the statesman, and the result was very soon evident.  Ormonde,
+despite his defects and dislike for the ultra-patriots, had succeeded
+in improving the condition of Ireland, and his successors had been
+willing to continue his social policy if they could not improve upon
+it.  The Earl of Tyrconnel, however, was not the man to imitate others,
+no matter how praiseworthy such imitation might be, and in less than a
+couple of years he 'reduced Ireland {114} from a place of briskest
+trade and best-paid rents in Christendom to utter ruin and desolation.'
+Dublin had progressed amazingly under Ormonde, and it seemed as if the
+capital city would rise to a place amongst the most important cities of
+the world, when Tyrconnel came to set it back a hundred years.  England
+had never done anything for Dublin or any other town in Ireland, and
+the progress of the capital had been made in the face of the bitterest
+opposition and the most relentless persecution.  London, Bristol, and
+the other ports of England were jealous of Dublin, and they were able
+to get edicts passed interfering with the shipping and the trade of the
+country, in order that they might not lose in competition.  Dublin,
+however, rose superior to edicts and statutes, and by the end of the
+seventeenth century it was not a mean city.  Even in London it was
+realized with something approaching wonder that Dublin was not to be
+despised.  For five hundred years it had been the headquarters of the
+English colony, but it was in Tyrconnel's day entirely Irish.  The
+English families had been merged in the Irish, and the result was a
+population anxious for peace and freedom from the persecutions entailed
+by religious squabbles and political struggles.
+
+The Earl of Tyrconnel was too patriotic, however, to let the country
+rest.  His crude mind was full of ambitious schemes, and from England
+James fed him with ambitious food.  Between them they were to make
+England, Ireland, and Scotland wholly Catholic, and in the remote event
+of England failing the king, Ireland was to be {115} made a French
+protectorate, so that the supremacy of the Catholic religion might
+remain undisputed.
+
+Suddenly James appealed for help, and Tyrconnel sent him 3,000 men; but
+they could not keep the king's throne, and on March 12, 1689, James
+landed at Kinsale from France, a king without a throne, a Catholic
+without a conscience, and a fanatic without a scruple.  His visit to
+Ireland had an ominous precedent in the case of Richard II., and it had
+a similar result.  It was obvious that the English monarch relied
+entirely upon his viceroy to save his throne.  Ireland was even then
+renowned for its simple-hearted allegiance to the old faith, and James
+was under the impression that fanaticism can beat generalship and
+numbers.
+
+[Sidenote: King James in Dublin]
+
+Tyrconnel, ever optimistic when fighting was imminent, met James at
+Cork, and headed the triumphant procession into Dublin on March 24,
+1689.  The king was rapturously welcomed from Cork to Dublin as the
+friend of Ireland and of its religion, and Lady Tyrconnel organized a
+fete at the Castle, in which she endeavoured to remind the nervous and
+dejected king of the former glories of the Stuart dynasty when the
+family seemed all-powerful and secure.  James, however, unwisely and
+needlessly irritated her by a display of indifference, and at a dance
+he exasperated her by leading out a less-known but more beautiful
+member of Irish society.  The viceroy's wife was Duchess of Tyrconnel
+by now, for the Lord-Lieutenant had been created a duke on the {116}
+arrival of the king; but it is as Earl of Tyrconnel that he is known.
+James had not the power to create peerages in 1689.
+
+There is no need to enter minutely into any of the details of the
+Jacobean war in Ireland.  It was a religious and a political contest,
+but the presence of James and the multitude of his counsellors were the
+chief causes of the Catholic defeat.  In the Parliament James summoned
+at Dublin there was a member named Patrick Sarsfield, afterwards given
+the worthless and illegal title of Earl of Lucan, who was destined to
+play a leading part in the fortunes of James, and who might have won
+success for his royal master had his qualities been recognized in high
+quarters.  Tyrconnel, however, always ready to sacrifice the good of
+his country for the good of himself, kept Sarsfield under, and James,
+who had been given proof of Sarsfield's devotion, distrusted his
+ability.  At a time when everybody had deserted James, Patrick
+Sarsfield stood by him, and in the very first encounter with the army
+of William he proved his courage.  The viceroy was now old and crippled
+by gout, but he insisted upon holding the principal place in James's
+Council, and when it was announced that William was coming to Ireland,
+it was he who insisted upon James fighting for his crown, although that
+monarch was secretly preparing for his return to France.  James created
+defeat for himself, and his motley collection of adventurers made that
+defeat certain.  No real attempt was made to bring a disciplined army
+into the field against the King of England, and {117} only the bravery
+and genius of the troops made the Battle of the Boyne a battle at all.
+
+[Sidenote: The Battle of the Boyne]
+
+This decisive conflict was fought on Tuesday, July 1, 1690, and the
+stars in their courses fought for William.  James was in the way of his
+own Generals, and in the many critical moments of the battle there were
+schisms in the Council.  But it was James who contributed most to the
+defeat of his army, and well might Patrick Sarsfield exclaim bitterly:
+'Change kings, and we will fight you over again.'
+
+The ex-king was almost the first fugitive from the field, and he rode
+without cessation until he reached Dublin Castle, weary,
+travel-stained, but just the same sneering, disappointed incompetent,
+who had sacrificed many humble lives nobler than his own.  When Lady
+Tyrconnel, flustered and alarmed, came down to greet him, James
+caustically informed her that the Irish ran well.
+
+'Your Majesty seems to have won the race,' was Lady Tyrconnel's witty
+rejoinder; and the king remained silent.
+
+From Dublin James, thanks to his forethought, was able to cross to
+France immediately, and he scandalized Paris by declaring that the
+Irish were cowards to a man, who had run away at the first shot from
+the enemy.  The result of this libel was that the members of the Irish
+colony in Paris were mobbed in the streets, and long afterwards, when
+physical ill-treatment ceased, the name of an Irishman stood for
+cowardice in the best Parisian circles.
+
+{118}
+
+The ex-king left Tyrconnel, Lauzun, Boisseleau, and Sarsfield to fight
+his battle against William, and after the disastrous Boyne they retired
+on Limerick.  William followed hastily, and presently his 28,000 men
+were besieging the city, which was garrisoned by not more than 15,000
+troops.  The hero of the siege was Sarsfield, and it is to his story
+that this belongs.  Tyrconnel was anxious to get out of the country,
+and when Sarsfield had driven the English army from the walls of
+Limerick the viceroy followed King James into exile, the Duke of
+Berwick being styled 'viceroy.'  A Council of Twelve assisted the duke,
+while Tyrconnel, having, with his wife, gone to France with all their
+available resources, interviewed James, and induced him to send him
+back to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant.  Furthermore, James was persuaded
+to give Tyrconnel a grant of L8,000.  In such a state of war there
+could be no real viceroy, and Tyrconnel was compelled to pass his time
+between pleasures and fears.  Chroniclers recount stories of the
+festivities given by him in his own honour during a stay at Galway.  He
+was too old for anything else.  Meanwhile the rival generals in the
+field proved easy victims for William's commanders.  The Earl of
+Marlborough came to Ireland to supplement his small experience of
+warfare, and, of course, he performed creditably, for the Jacobean
+troops were badly clothed, fed, and armed.  Sarsfield alone seemed
+worth his position, and his efforts were negatived by the incompetence
+of his colleagues.
+
+[Sidenote: The Treaty of Limerick]
+
+On August 14, 1691, Tyrconnel died, sixty-one {119} years of age, but
+worn out and feeble.  He was buried by night and in such haste that his
+burial-place quickly became a mystery.  He died just before the end of
+the Jacobean struggle in Ireland, for a few days afterwards the Treaty
+of Limerick was signed, and Sarsfield left the country to fight as a
+soldier of fortune, and to die an honourable death on a foreign
+battlefield.  In the contest between James's Irish army and that of
+William the latter had all the luck and the former all the traitors.
+It was, therefore, a matter for astonishment that the Jacobean troops
+should have gained any victories at all.  Certain it is that the
+English commanders never gained reputations so cheaply.  When
+Marlborough returned to London he was feted as a victor by the king;
+but all he did was to overcome by means of sheer force small and
+irregular bodies of troops indifferently armed and often badly led.
+Marlborough did not learn anything of the art of generalship by his
+month's visit to Ireland.  Patrick Sarsfield was the only man who
+proved his worth as a leader and his courage as a soldier.  We know
+that he fought for a good cause but an unworthy man, and that the cause
+was something better than the restoration of James to the throne of
+England.
+
+
+
+
+{120}}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+The Orange Government in Ireland was in the hands of two Lords Justices
+named Coningsby and Porter, but as soon as the Treaty of Limerick ended
+the hopes of the Jacobeans William decided to send one of his followers
+as viceroy.  There were many claimants on the king's gratitude, but
+Henry Sidney, fourth son of Robert, second Earl of Leicester, one of
+Charles I.'s viceroys, had been well rewarded by the Dutchman for his
+treachery towards James.  Sidney had been present at the Battle of the
+Boyne, being now a viscount, and when there was plenty of Irish land
+and money to be distributed Viscount Sidney received 50,000 acres and
+an allowance of L2,000 a year.  During the reign of Charles II. Sidney
+had taken a prominent part in court life, and his beauty was such that
+he was regarded as 'the greatest terror to husbands' of his day.
+James, Duke of York, and his duchess, formerly Anne Hyde, took young
+Sidney into their confidence, and gave him a court appointment.  He
+retorted by endeavouring to ruin the duchess's reputation, and when
+they dismissed him he continued his plottings.  He was successful in so
+far that he caused a temporary separation between James {121} and his
+wife; but at the accession of Charles's brother he was taken back into
+favour.  Sidney, however, was determined to act the part of the
+traitor, and he quickly betrayed his cause to William.  Besides this
+fondness for plotting Sidney found time to earn the reputation of one
+of the most immoral men, even in Charles's reign.  He regarded every
+woman of beauty as fit prey for his passion, and even when he was
+nearly seventy his intrigues were the talk of London.
+
+[Sidenote: Protestant Party dissatisfied]
+
+This was the man William sent to represent him in Ireland, and when
+Viscount Sidney arrived in Dublin in 1692 he was fifty-one years of
+age, unmarried, and still very handsome.  But he was not a statesman or
+a soldier, and his position alone made him great.  He was not equal to
+the task of carrying out the changes created by the Treaty of
+Limerick--a treaty hotly repudiated by the Protestant party in Ireland,
+who, now that William's cause had triumphed, naturally looked for a
+return of their supremacy and the subjection of the majority.  Sidney's
+conciliatory attitude towards the Catholics brought down upon him the
+wrath of the Protestant clergy and aristocracy; Parliament met, and
+denounced his indulgences to members of the rival faith, and, although
+Sidney dissolved it, the effect on the king was considerable.  He dare
+not remove the viceroy, and yet Sidney was dangerous so long as he
+remained in Ireland.  A way out of the difficulty was found by the
+'promotion' of the viceroy to the post of 'Master-General of the
+Ordnance,' and in {122} 1694--the year after he vacated office--he was
+created Earl of Romney.
+
+Sidney never married, but he did not altogether escape the
+responsibilities of parentage.  He complained very often of the worry
+many women gave him by pestering him with demands for the provision of
+their children.  During his brief viceroyalty one of his numerous
+victims had the courage to beard him in Dublin Castle, and demand that
+he should contribute towards the maintenance of the three children she
+had borne him.  Sidney dare not send the woman away empty-handed, and
+he gave her L500; but the majority of his victims never received
+anything, for he was as mean as he was vicious.  Had it not been that
+by accident he could claim to have given William and Mary the Crown of
+England, Sidney would never have risen to any position at all.  He
+became prominent by sheer chance.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Capel of Tewkesbury]
+
+It was expected that care would be taken to make the new viceroy
+acceptable to the Protestant party; but there was a delay, and William
+allowed the Government to be conducted by three Commissioners, the most
+powerful being Sir Henry Capel, Lord Capel of Tewkesbury.  Capel was a
+fanatical Protestant and a bitter opponent of Roman Catholicism in all
+shapes and forms.  His fellow-commissioners were less ferocious, but
+Capel managed to gain his way in most things, and he was viceroy in
+reality, though not in name.  Meanwhile the English party in Dublin
+used every atom of influence to secure the elevation of Capel to the
+viceroyalty, and in 1695 they succeeded.  {123} The cause of
+Protestantism seemed safe now, but Capel did not live long, and on May
+14, 1696, he died in Dublin Castle.  Capel is remembered mainly because
+he gave Jonathan Swift his first preferment--the benefice of Kilroot,
+worth about L100 a year.  This was in 1695.
+
+Commissioners in the persons of Lords Justices conducted the affairs of
+State without the supervision of a viceroy.  One of these was the Earl
+of Berkeley, whose dealings with Dean Swift, when that eccentric cleric
+was seeking a high appointment, have become historic.  Berkeley was one
+of the Lords Justices, and he had it in his power to bestow preferment,
+but Swift was unable or unwilling to pay his price, and one day in a
+rage he cried to Berkeley and his secretary: 'God confound you for a
+couple of scoundrels!'  On December 12, 1700, William appointed his
+wife's uncle, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, a nobleman who had
+accepted this office sixteen years before from Charles, and had not
+troubled to journey to Ireland.  His second appointment did not arouse
+any enthusiasm either in the man or in the country he was called upon
+to govern, and it was not until the following September that he landed
+in Ireland.  As a relative of the queen's--his sister, Anne Hyde, was
+her mother--the Earl of Rochester carried greater authority than many
+of his predecessors; but he was no statesman, and at sixty years of age
+he was not inclined to try experiments.  William thought he was
+indolent and contemptuous of his duties, and in 1702 he {124} informed
+him that he had been relieved of his office.  Immediately, however,
+further news came from London continuing Rochester in his office.  This
+was the result of the intervention by Queen Mary; but Rochester
+resigned on February 4, 1703, rather than be subjected any longer to
+the machinations of the Marlborough party at the court.
+
+Lord Rochester returned to London in a passion scarcely cooled by the
+length of the journey; but he was mollified somewhat by the fact that
+his successor, the Duke of Ormonde, was his son-in-law.  He had no
+objection to his daughter reigning at Dublin Castle.
+
+[Sidenote: The second Duke of Ormonde]
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Ormonde were received with an enthusiasm in
+Dublin that was reminiscent of the personal supremacy of the viceroy's
+grandfather, known as the 'Great Duke.'  The new viceroy had been
+carefully educated for his position.  A son of the celebrated Lord
+Ossory, he had been from his birth in 1665 educated with a view to
+future eminence in the service of the State.  The boy's grandfather
+sent him to France in 1675 to acquire the French language and the
+polite arts of the centre of good manners and tone.  When he was
+seventeen he was married to Anne Hyde, a daughter of Laurence Hyde, and
+a cousin to the Duchess of York.  She died early the following year,
+and when, in 1686, he married a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, he
+was a Lord of the Bedchamber to James II., and one of the most
+influential of the younger nobility.  The year of the Revolution
+witnessed Ormonde's succession to the title and estates, and {125} he
+became one of the most powerful pillars of the Protestant faith in the
+country.  The ancient Universities were in grave doubt as to the king's
+intention, and Oxford, therefore, in order to secure the aid of such a
+powerful nobleman in the cause of the Protestant faith, elected him
+Chancellor.  He had been a student at Christ Church, and the honour
+was, therefore, a fit one.
+
+James went to work cautiously to win over the young duke to his new
+policy.  He gave him the Garter, and hinted at even greater honours in
+store for one who by his birth became entitled to nearly everything
+that life had to offer.  The question of religion, however, caused a
+breach between James and the duke, and William's invasion of England
+brought Ormonde to his side.
+
+Ormonde's adhesion undoubtedly had the effect of bringing over to the
+new monarch a great many persons in Ireland who had acted previously
+like sheep without a shepherd.  All that the dethroned king could do
+was to declare Ormonde's estates forfeited and his person guilty of
+high treason.  But the acts of a fallen king are merely futilities, and
+the Duke of Ormonde was able to witness the triumph at Boyne and know
+that William's success meant his own.  The duke's principal task in the
+war was to secure Dublin for the king, and he accomplished this without
+much difficulty, thanks to the weakness and mistake of his opponents
+rather than to his own skill.  Later he entertained William at his
+ancestral home, Kilkenny Castle, in celebration of the royal successes.
+
+{126}
+
+The accession of Queen Anne, second daughter of James II., did not
+affect Ormonde's high position in the State.  He had stood by the
+bedside of William, and he was one of those who settled the difficult
+question of the succession.  Queen Anne must have guessed that Ormonde
+at heart wished for the success of the Jacobean cause, and it was
+during her reign that he was successively Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
+and Captain-General of the Forces in England.
+
+In 1703 Ormonde entered upon his first term of office as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, of course, the Protestant party
+welcomed him joyfully.  Parliament met, and subserviently voted him a
+subsidy, conscious of favours to come.  But the viceroy did not fulfil
+their hopes.  Ormonde was not the man to stoop to persecution and
+fraud, and, being only a layman, he could not see that religion covered
+a multitude of sins.  His Parliament grew unruly, and from asking for
+favours began to demand them.  This was too much for the grandson of
+the great duke, and so he dissolved the assembly, as his powers
+entitled him to do, and continued to rule, preferring, no doubt, the
+private criticisms of Jonathan Swift, who was in his favour, rather
+than submit to the arrogance of a minority as unscrupulous as it was
+intolerant.
+
+Swift was at this time beginning to make himself known in those high
+circles which soon began to fear him.  Ormonde liked the somewhat
+eccentric clergyman, while the duchess and her daughters were delighted
+with his witty conversation {127} and his powers of repartee.  Swift,
+however, was restlessly ambitious, and he was continually journeying to
+London, returning each time more disappointed and more ambitious.
+
+[Sidenote: Court intrigues]
+
+It was one of the most peculiar periods in the history of England.  The
+daughter of James II. was on the throne, and it was the generally
+accepted national policy that she should be the last of her family and
+race to wear the crown.  There were a dozen parties in the State, and
+the poor queen had to suffer herself to be buffeted by the numerous
+leaders, who plotted without principle, and were religious without
+having any religion.  Marlborough, Godolphin, Somers, and half a dozen
+others buzzed round the queen.  Ladies of high estate joined in the
+numerous intrigues, and every party had its literary hacks and
+hangers-on who wrote to order, and hoped to fatten on the carcass of
+the State when their particular masters had triumphed.  It was the
+Golden Age of the wirepullers.
+
+Ormonde's position in Dublin was at once safe and tantalizing.  The
+government was entirely in his hands, and he could do what he liked;
+but the knowledge that the plotters in London might precipitate a
+revolution or ruin the country made Ormonde--an ambitious man
+himself--long to be free to take his own part in the underground fight.
+The triumph of his opponents in 1707 naturally relieved him of his
+office, and it was not until the end of 1710 that his party returned,
+and the queen reappointed him.
+
+Meanwhile Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, {128} and Thomas, Earl of
+Wharton, ran their brief careers in the viceregal court.  Ormonde's
+second term lasted a little over two years, but his recall also brought
+with it the higher post of Captain-General of the Forces and the sweet
+satisfaction of seeing the Marlborough party in disfavour.  No doubt,
+if it had been possible, Ormonde would have used his great position to
+insure the Jacobean succession, but he knew that public opinion was
+unanimous in its detestation of the Stuarts, and that Jacobinism was
+merely a harmless political theory to be debated by students and
+ignored by statesmen.  Bowing to the inevitable, Ormonde signed the
+proclamation announcing the death of Anne and the accession of George
+I.  But he could not conceal his dislike of the Hanoverian monarch, and
+he made his house at Richmond a meeting-place for those who desired the
+return of the Stuarts.
+
+The remainder of his life is a record of disappointment.  There was no
+chance of his cause succeeding, and without even a blow he fled from
+England and spent the last thirty years of his life in exile, visiting
+England but once, and experiencing the humiliating poverty of the
+harmless plotter, the recipient of pity when he expected hero-worship,
+and, worse than that, regarded generally as a hopeless crank.  His
+estates were declared forfeited and vested in the Crown; but in 1721
+the exile's brother, Lord Arran, was allowed by Parliament to purchase
+them.  Thirty years after his flight Ormonde died, the year of his
+death--1745--marking the last attempt of the {129} Jacobites to regain
+the throne of England.  He outlived his glory, and those who met him
+during the last few years of his life could see nothing but a querulous
+old man who boasted of exploits forgotten if not altogether
+discredited; but he had been great once, and so merited their pity, and
+pity is all the fallen greatness earns in obscurity.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Pembroke and Swift]
+
+The Earl of Pembroke remained in Ireland less than a couple of years,
+playing at governing, and amused by Swift.  The post of Lord High
+Admiral was more to his liking, and he gladly resigned the viceroyalty
+to take it up.  Swift acted as chaplain to Pembroke, but his principal
+duty appears to have been that of amusing the earl with humorous
+doggerel or by his caustic criticisms of Dublin's leading citizens,
+official and otherwise.  The punning correspondence with the viceroy
+was the forerunner of a habit that lasted through Swift's life, and
+gained him a reputation for wit which, fortunately for the dean, was
+supplemented by something more recondite.  During several viceroyalties
+he exercised considerable influence, and although Swift hotly
+repudiated the title of Irishman, at times he rendered some service to
+the country in which he was born.  The Earl of Wharton was sixty when
+appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland on November 25, 1708, and there
+were forty years of profligacy behind him.  He was an atheist,
+unscrupulous, licentious, witty, contemptuous, and absolutely without
+fear.  From the first he had been an opponent of James II., and the
+invitation to William was suggested by {130} Wharton.  To send this man
+to Ireland to settle the religious question and maintain the supremacy
+of the Protestant party was a matchless piece of irony; but Wharton,
+who could insist upon an elaborate ritual of household prayers in his
+own home, undertook the task, undeterred by the sneers of his
+opponents, the amazement of his friends, and the bitter invective of
+that disappointed office-seeker, Jonathan Swift.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Wharton]
+
+Wharton had done considerable service to the cause of William by the
+writing of a single song that proved to be worth an army to the Orange
+party.  Like most of the English nobility, Wharton had been vastly
+amused by Tyrconnel's elevation to the viceroyalty.  In his opinion the
+position was one for a gentleman, and not a bully with Irish leanings
+and unrepentantly Catholic.  The famous song, set to music by Purcell,
+and known as 'Lilli Burlero, Bullen-a-la,' was the result, and,
+whistled and sung from one end of the country to the other, it
+ridiculed Tyrconnel out of existence.  That was Wharton's first
+contribution to the history of Ireland.
+
+His second took the form of a law declaring that all property held by
+Catholics must be inherited by their Protestant heirs--a statute which
+was declared to do more towards stamping out Popery in three months
+than all others had done in three years.  The viceroy, however, took no
+pains to please anybody but himself.  He lived in Dublin as he lived in
+London, and, when satiated with the pleasures of the Irish metropolis,
+he crossed over to London, following the example of his {131}
+predecessors, who never became too fond of Dublin to prefer it to
+London.
+
+Wharton's first wife, Ann Lee, brought him a large fortune and a plain
+face; his second, Lucy Loftus, was heavily dowered, but her character
+almost matched his own--and that is saying a great deal.  During his
+viceroyalty most of the royalty was absent, and Dublin Castle became a
+glorified tavern and brothel.  The viceroy's discarded mistresses were
+married to distressed profligates, whom Wharton promoted to office in
+the State or gave preferment in the Church.  Once he recommended a boon
+companion for a bishopric, declaring that 'James was the most
+honourable man alive, and possessed of a character practically
+faultless save for his damnable morals.'  This person did not secure
+the bishopric, but he found compensation in a deanery.
+
+[Sidenote: Joseph Addison]
+
+The only sober member of the viceroy's retinue was Joseph Addison,
+whose hackwork in the service of the party had been rewarded with this
+appointment, much to Swift's envy, for the Irishman was supposed to be
+entitled to payment before Addison, who served with zeal 'the
+profligate son of a Puritanical father, and the father of a son more
+licentious than himself.'  When the Lord-Lieutenant left Ireland the
+Parliament actually thanked the queen for having sent 'one so great in
+wisdom and experience to be our chief Governor.'  This was the man who
+had knighted potmen who served him with ale, tried to idealize the most
+abandoned women, and regarded with complacency the amours of his wife,
+who, having {132} lost the affections of her husband, found consolation
+in a dozen other men.  Cardsharpers, profligates, and every species of
+base adventurer had the _entree_ to Dublin Castle, where the viceroy
+reigned as a 'prince of good fellows,' many of whom had been kicked out
+of decent society in London.  But Wharton was powerful enough to be
+more than unconventional, and it suited his peculiar sense of humour to
+shock even his most licentious companions-in-arms.  When they roamed
+Dublin at night seeking for prey, Wharton behaved like a drunken
+madman, and he fondly imagined that his identity was not discovered,
+except when, in an intoxicated mood, he called for a sword and bestowed
+knighthoods indiscriminately on waiters and landlords, and even went
+through the farce of knighting women of the street.  His motto was
+never to give a challenge and never to refuse one.  When in his teens
+he had fought two duels with outraged husbands, and gained the victory
+in each encounter.
+
+His viceroyalty was certainly unconventional.  Dignified prelates,
+hovering in draughty rooms and corridors, were twitted mercilessly by
+my Lord Wharton, who was the most contemptuous enemy the Protestant
+faith ever knew.  Once he declared that he hated all religions, but if
+he had to join one he would select the Presbyterian, because it was
+opposed to the Church of England.  Swift's famous attack on him merely
+created a temporary annoyance in the English nobleman.
+
+It was no misfortune for Ireland that the fall of the Government
+entailed Wharton's recall in {133} October, 1710, and the Duke of
+Ormonde's reappointment was at once announced.  Wharton, cynical and
+contemptuous, looked upon his supersession with indifference.  He had
+exhausted all the pleasures Dublin had to offer, and so London knew him
+once more.  He lived until 1715, and saw King George on the throne and
+his rival, Ormonde, a penniless fugitive.  The latter fact must have
+enabled him to believe that there were compensations in this world even
+for a man who defied it.  There is a story told of him which aptly
+illustrates his cynical sense of humour.  When the famous 'twelve
+peers' were created by Queen Anne in order that the Government might
+carry a certain measure in the House of Lords, Wharton nicknamed them
+'the jury,' and, rising in his place in the House of Lords, inquired
+blandly whether the twelve voted singly or through their foreman.  He
+was nearing the close of his life when a marquisate was conferred on
+him, and he maintained his influence on public affairs right to the end.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Shrewsbury]
+
+The second viceroyalty of Ormonde having terminated, Queen Anne
+selected Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and only Duke of Shrewsbury, to
+succeed him in 1713.  It was the queen's last important appointment,
+and Shrewsbury carried on the Government from 1713 to 1717, spending
+more time in England than in Ireland, and contenting himself by staying
+at Dublin Castle whenever the Irish Parliament was in session.  He was
+an interesting person in many ways.  Named after Charles II. because he
+was the first {134} of that king's godchildren--being born in the year
+of the Restoration--he passed his childhood amid Catholic influences.
+His mother carried on an intrigue with the Duke of Buckingham which
+resulted in her husband's death.  According to a contemporary, Lady
+Shrewsbury, disguised as a page, held Buckingham's horse whilst he
+killed her husband in the duel that followed the discovery of her
+infidelity.
+
+In 1699 Shrewsbury, who had formed one of the seven who invited William
+to come to England, was offered the viceroyalty, but declined it, as
+well as half a dozen alternative proposals made to him.  He was tired
+of politics, and for three years--1700-02--he lived in Rome, and then
+travelled about the Continent.  He brought back with him an Italian
+wife, a lady whose jealousy, ambition, and unscrupulousness shortened
+his life.  Shrewsbury was not ambitious, but his wife was, and it is
+supposed that she induced him to accept the viceroyalty so that she
+might play at being a queen amid the indifferent and unorganized state
+of Dublin society.  Swift, who met him very often, described him as
+'the finest gentleman we have'; and William referred to him more than
+once as 'the King of Hearts.'  Lady Shrewsbury insisted upon his
+keeping his Irish appointment, and, bullied by her, he did, although he
+neither loved nor respected her.  In London the Italian sought to place
+herself at the head of society as the wife of His Majesty's
+representative, but failed decisively.  Her husband became the butt of
+the wits; he was mercilessly ridiculed, and even the {135} gift of the
+office of Lord Chamberlain, to enable him to retire from the
+viceroyalty, could not help him to regain his prestige.  He died in
+1718, and all England ascribed his premature death to his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Draining the Irish exchequer]
+
+Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton and Marquis of Winchester, accepted the
+vacancy, and came to Dublin in 1719 to open the Irish Parliament.  This
+was two years after his appointment, but it was not necessary in those
+days for the viceroy to govern in person.  He had his share of the
+profits of the office remitted to him in London.  These consisted of
+the official salary and such annual sums as were due to him by persons
+whom he either continued in office or appointed.  It is related of Lord
+Wharton that, despite his wealth, he insisted upon all persons
+nominated by him paying a commission on their salaries, and in one
+particular instance he agreed with a certain lawyer to make him Lord
+Justice at a salary of L40 a month, the latter agreeing to hand over
+the balance of the official allowance of L100 per month to the viceroy.
+Ireland was regarded as a sort of till to be robbed by viceroys and
+their friends.  For many years it had been the practice to include the
+heavy expenses of the numerous mistresses of royalty in the accounts of
+the Government of Ireland; but most of the money came from London.  Yet
+Ireland got the reputation of being costly and useless, while every
+monarch and every English statesman continued to rob the Irish
+Exchequer and the people.  They drained the country without troubling
+to insure its stability and prosperity; active attempts were {136} made
+and succeeded in injuring Irish industries, and the greatest sufferers
+were the descendants of the English settlers.  By now there was no
+'English colony' to uphold the viceroy's rights or wrongs, and to every
+Englishman a resident in Ireland was 'savage and Irish.'  Dean Swift,
+who spent a lifetime endeavouring to disprove the--to him--terrible
+accusation of being Irish, was moved to declare that the Anglo-Irish
+families spoke the best English, and were the most civilized persons
+under the dominion of the English Crown.  It is amusing to read his
+letter to Pope (July 13, 1737), in which he scornfully protests against
+the confusion existing in English minds concerning the 'savage old
+Irish' and the 'English gentry in Ireland.'  Five years before this he
+declared to Sir Charles Wigan that the peasantry were distinguished by
+'a better natural taste for good sense, humour, and raillery than ever
+I observed among people of the like sort in England.'  Swift's attack
+on the English administration of Ireland was, however, not intended for
+the benefit of the country as a whole.  He represented the 'English in
+Ireland,' and was fond of describing them as 'English colonists.'
+Whigs and Tories alike used the unfortunate country for selfish
+reasons, and Irish trade was ruined to appease English voters or to
+guard the vested interests of great noblemen.  There was no purely
+Irish party to attack the abuses of the administration in Dublin; the
+leading men were placated with office, or else had to join in the
+scramble for emoluments, for fear that they should be left out in the
+cold.  {137} The Protestant Church was in the ascendancy; the Catholic
+hierarchy looked on complacently, leaving it to the priests to show
+that the Catholic religion was not altogether selfish and political.
+Swift himself was a typical clergyman of the Established Church,
+irreligious, scornful of his trust, and seeking preferment in the
+Church because it was the only way to power for a man of humble birth
+in those days.
+
+[Sidenote: Irish society]
+
+Dublin Castle seldom housed the viceroy, the administration being left
+to one or more Lords Justices who escaped criticism, provided their
+remittances to the absent Lord-Lieutenant were regular and satisfactory
+in amount.  Dublin society was scarcely half formed, and consisted of
+beggarly exiles from England, compelled to emigrate by reason of their
+debts and misdeeds, the friends and relatives of the Lords Justices,
+obscure army officers and their kind, and a few of the wealthier
+citizens who could not be ignored.  Those with English names affected
+to despise those with Irish; it was considered sheer savagery not to
+speak well of the Government, for the viceroy and his lady set the
+fashions, and not to follow them was to court ignominy and insult.
+
+It is said that the Duke of Bolton accepted the viceroyalty out of
+curiosity and on the condition that the Government paid the expenses of
+his journey to Dublin to see the Irish.  Charles Spencer, Earl of
+Sunderland, and Lord Townshend had allowed themselves in 1714 and 1716
+respectively to accept the post, but neither nobleman troubled to visit
+Ireland; and the Duke of {138} Bolton was regarded with a certain
+amount of admiration for his pluck and fortitude in surrendering the
+delights of London for the uncivilization of Dublin.  Charles Fitzroy,
+Duke of Grafton, a descendant of Charles II., became Lord-Lieutenant in
+1721, and tasted some of the sweets of sovereignty as the
+representative of the king, whose occupancy of the throne meant the
+extinction of the Stuarts.
+
+Grafton came to Ireland with no intention of overworking himself in the
+service of the State, and he was, therefore, disagreeably surprised
+when he found himself in the midst of a political turmoil.  Dean
+Swift's satire was stinging everybody, irrespective of position or
+class.  Roused by him, the people were actually protesting against the
+newest form of English tyranny, and they even dared to scream insults
+at the gilded fop as he drove about the city.  It was the irony of fate
+that all the trouble should be caused by the king's fondness for his
+mistress.  Grafton, however, was averse to facing a crisis; he was
+better in London--far from the maddening Irish--and when Grafton
+retired with alacrity in 1723, the Government decided to send John,
+Lord Carteret, to carry out their policy.  The descendant of Charles
+II. was not eager to battle for the vindication of a policy arising out
+of the turgid German morals of the oddest figure that ever sat on the
+throne of England.  King George's failing was that he possessed
+appetite without appreciation; he wanted the best, and yet never
+recognized it when he had it.
+
+
+
+
+{139}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Lord Carteret was only thirty-four when, on April 3, 1724, he was
+declared Viceroy of Ireland.  The appointment was Walpole's, whose
+accession to power presented him with the opportunity of sending
+Carteret to quell the disturbance in Ireland which he himself--the new
+viceroy--had encouraged secretly while occupying a private position in
+the State.  Carteret, however, did not flinch, nor did he exhibit any
+distaste for the task.  It was not necessary to treat the Irish as
+human beings, and he knew that if he propitiated the Anglo-Irish he
+would gain his own way in everything.
+
+The origin of the trouble and turmoil was the grant of a patent to the
+Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress, for the coining of halfpence in
+Ireland.  The duchess already drew L3,000 a year from the Irish
+Exchequer, but her avarice was aroused by stories of how easily the
+Irish were plundered, and she persuaded the king to give her the famous
+patent.  She passed it on to Wood, who paid her L10,000, and agreed to
+remit to the State L1,000 a year for fourteen years.  The coinage was
+not base, but it meant that a profit of L40,000 was to pass into the
+pockets of the {140} king's mistress and William Wood; they were to rob
+rich and poor alike, and the State was to lose heavily.  The grant was
+made without consulting the Irish Parliament or the Irish Privy Council.
+
+Swift, who had been waiting for this opportunity, seized it with
+avidity, and the 'Drapier's Letters' was the result.  Wood's halfpence
+was characteristic of English misrule of Ireland, and, roused to frenzy
+by the dean's pamphlets, the country unanimously obeyed his call to
+ignore the latest coins, and always to refuse to recognize their
+legality.  The dean's extravagant fancy found full scope in the
+'Drapier's Letters'; the pamphlets were sold in their tens of
+thousands, and Walpole's determination was outmatched by the fury of
+the Irish not to allow themselves to be swindled to provide for the
+expenses of the German's mistress.
+
+The new viceroy landed in Ireland in the month that witnessed the
+publication of the fourth 'Letter,' and his first act was to offer a
+reward of L300 for the discovery of the writer.  Swift's anonymity was
+too safe, however, and the Lord-Lieutenant had to be satisfied with the
+arrest of the printer, Harding.  When the dean heard of this, he
+bearded Carteret in Dublin Castle, and reproached him in singularly
+straightforward language with cowardice and weakness in persecuting a
+tradesman.  The viceroy took the verbal buffeting in good part, for
+Swift and he were old friends; but Harding was put to all the worry and
+expense of a prosecution at the hands of a {141} partisan Chief
+Justice--Whitshed--though the grand jury eventually threw out the bill
+against him, and he was discharged.
+
+[Sidenote: Swift's victory]
+
+The cancellation of the patent has been described as a victory for
+Swift and Ireland, but all that can be said truthfully is that it
+enabled the dean to claim a personal triumph, while the county actually
+lost by the agreement.  For the surrender of his rights Wood was paid
+L3,000 a year for eight years, a sum--L24,000--at least equal to the
+profits he would have made had he been allowed to carry out the terms
+of his patent without opposition.  The principal cause of the surrender
+to popular opinion was, undoubtedly, the indifference of Carteret to
+the policy he had been sent to carry out.  He was no enthusiastic
+admirer of Walpole's statesmanship, and he knew very well that Irish
+affairs were considered of no importance whatever in England, and that
+if he went to the trouble and worry of defeating the malcontents he
+would get no credit in London, and make himself and his presence in
+Dublin unpopular.  He was, therefore, only too willing to flatter
+public opinion by pretending to bow to it.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Carteret]
+
+Carteret was a scholar and a gentleman, who did much to popularize the
+Latin quotation as a substitute for logic.  The statesmen of the
+period, whenever they were puzzled in English, immediately had recourse
+to the safe obscurity of a Latin or Greek epigram.  It was polished,
+abstruse, and impressive.  This mannerism gained for him the reputation
+of an orator--even the best of his generation--and Lord Chatham has
+placed on {142} record his appreciation of Carteret: 'Whatever I am I
+owe to him.'
+
+The viceroy did not create any precedent by remaining very long in
+Dublin Castle.  It was an unwritten law that only during the actual
+sitting of Parliament was the Lord-Lieutenant's presence considered
+necessary, and Carteret took full advantage of his opportunities to
+spend at leisure in London the money he drew so readily from Ireland.
+Had it not been for Swift, he might not have stayed in Dublin half as
+long as he actually did.  The dean was the paramount power in Dublin
+society, although he complained that he was not popular among his
+equals.  The crowd, however, worshipped him; he was the national hero.
+All this was pleasing and yet displeasing to the dean, whose soul
+languished for the smiles of the great.  He disliked a popularity that
+entailed the sneers of the educated, but he was not the man to abjure
+the applause of the mob.  Carteret kept friendly with Swift, and never
+denied him anything.  When this became known, Swift's house was the
+meeting-place of all the office-seekers in Ireland, and some even came
+from England.  Swift had only to recommend a cleric to the viceroy's
+attention and the man's preferment was certain.
+
+One of Swift's recommendations was in favour of Sheridan, the
+grandfather of the celebrated dramatist and orator.  Carteret
+good-naturedly presented Sheridan with a living, and made him one of
+his chaplains; but the ex-schoolmaster, on the anniversary of the
+accession of the Hanoverian {143} family, preached a sermon from the
+text, 'Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.'  It was a pure
+accident, but Sheridan was accused of Jacobinism, and he was removed
+from his chaplaincy.  For the remainder of his life he was one of
+Swift's satellites, at the mercy of his generosity and his satire.
+Sheridan records a story which illustrates very vividly the popularity
+of the famous Dean of St. Patrick's.  A large crowd assembled to
+witness an eclipse.  Swift sent out the bellman to cry out to all and
+sundry that the eclipse had been postponed by the dean's orders, and
+the crowd quietly dispersed!
+
+Carteret summed up his administration in words that have become
+historic.  'When people asked me how I governed Ireland,' he remarked,
+'I say that I pleased Dr. Swift.'  Carteret's egotism and selfishness
+were diluted by a sense of humour that enabled him to tolerate Swift,
+his unofficial jester.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Carteret retires]
+
+The Lord-Lieutenant was reappointed in 1727, when George II. ascended
+the throne and the Hanoverian succession assured; but his last
+appearance in Dublin was in 1729, and his successor did not arrive
+until two years later.  In 1728 the new Parliament building was erected
+on the site of Chichester House.  From all accounts, Carteret was a
+success.  It was no disadvantage to him that he was a heavy
+drinker--had more viceroys taken to drink, Ireland might have escaped
+some of the consequences of their greater follies--and without
+imitating the example of Wharton, he was broad-minded enough to see no
+{144} harm in the lax condition of Dublin society, which was then
+following the lead set by London.  It is no exaggeration to ascribe
+Carteret's lack of failure to his cynical indifference to Irish
+affairs; he quite believed that Ireland was a nuisance, but a nuisance
+that had to be endured.  The so-called Parliament must have ministered
+to his sense of humour.  Its English prototype was bad enough, but to
+call the collection of retained nincompoops and Castle hacks a
+Parliament was to degrade the word to the lowest depths.  Ireland never
+had a Parliament, unless the generous historian grants that title to
+Grattan's.  In Carteret's time the 'Parliament' no more represented
+Ireland than it did the land of the Chaldeans.
+
+The successor to the late viceroy was Lionel Sackville, Duke of
+Dorset--a courtier whose ambition it had been for years to represent
+the king in Ireland.  It is significant of the progress Ireland, and
+especially Dublin, was making that a great English nobleman such as
+Dorset was should exert all his influence to secure the reversion of
+Carteret's post.  Not many years previously an Englishman of position
+would have accepted the viceroyalty under compulsion only.
+
+[Sidenote: Four great noblemen]
+
+Sackville resigned the post of Lord Steward to go to Ireland, and he
+arrived to open the Parliament of 1731, staying until the early part of
+the following year.  He visited the country again in 1733 and 1735, in
+accordance with the custom that rendered it imperative for the viceroy
+to preside at the opening of Parliament.  Beyond {145} that his duties
+did not extend, and Dorset found the viceroyalty greatly to his liking.
+He drew a large salary, executed several profitable deals in the shape
+of sales of offices, and took the money with him to England.
+'Uneventful' best describes his term of power, but to a man of his
+disposition it was all he desired.  When, therefore, in the latter part
+of 1736, he was informed that he was to be replaced by William
+Cavendish, third Duke of Devonshire, he hotly resented his
+supersession, but could not prevail against the ministry, which
+placated him with the post of Lord President of the Council.  But his
+experience of Ireland had been too congenial to make him satisfied with
+his position in London.  The loss of the great revenues, the sudden
+change from an almost regal position to one of mediocrity in a society
+where he had few equals and many superiors, and the ridiculous ease
+whereby the 'work' of his administration was accomplished, kept Dorset
+dissatisfied until his reappointment to Ireland in December, 1750.
+
+Meanwhile, however, three other viceroys played their parts in making
+the history of Ireland.  These were William Cavendish, Duke of
+Devonshire (1737-44), Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield (1745), and
+William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington (1746-51).
+
+Of these, it is obvious that the Earl of Chesterfield was the most
+remarkable.  The name of Devonshire suggests a yawn, and the third duke
+was characteristic of it.  His viceroyalty was more apparent than real,
+and seems to have been {146} conducted on the principle that Ireland
+and Irish affairs were a bore, the journeys to Dublin intolerable, and
+the Irish Parliament 'impossible.'  The duke, however, clung to the
+office until 1744, content to leave administration to the Lords
+Justices, and pocketing the salary readily--the only point of unanimity
+amongst the holders of the office in the eighteenth century.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Chesterfield]
+
+The great Earl of Chesterfield was Viceroy of Ireland for eight months
+only, and his life, therefore, belongs to the history of his native
+country; but he left his mark on Dublin, and in a few months
+accomplished more to raise the name of Englishman there than the seven
+years of Devonshire and the eight of Dorset.  It is unnecessary to
+recapitulate all the main facts of Chesterfield's life, while, as his
+'Letters' do not concern Irish affairs, they are no part of this
+history.  At the time of his appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 he
+had just passed his fiftieth year, and had left behind him many full
+years.  Before he was twenty-one he was a member of Parliament, and by
+the time he succeeded to the peerage in 1726 he had gained much of that
+renowned knowledge of the world which provided the inspiration of the
+famous 'Letters.'  Chesterfield appears to have had a passion for the
+unconventional, but he carried it to such an extent, and so
+successfully, that it almost became conventional.  Brought up in the
+society of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., he discovered in
+maturity that it is not wise to put faith in princes.  Chesterfield was
+the prince's henchman in all his escapades, {147} and when Henrietta
+Howard, Countess of Suffolk, became the prince's mistress, Chesterfield
+was the chosen friend of both.  This meant, of course, that the
+princess, better known as Queen Caroline, exerted all her influence to
+bring about an estrangement between her husband and the earl, and she
+succeeded, as she always was certain to do.
+
+Chesterfield, however, was too powerful a man for even the King of
+England to ruin, and although George II., after the inevitable quarrel,
+sought to keep the earl out of public life, he had to agree to his
+nomination to the embassy at the Hague.  He was very popular there, but
+his sojourn in Holland, while it is remembered by the Dutch by reason
+of the fortune Stanhope lost at cards, is only famous because it was at
+the Hague that the English Ambassador made the acquaintance of
+Madamoiselle du Bouchet.  To the son that was born to them Chesterfield
+addressed his 'Letters.'  Returning to England impecunious but as
+debonair as ever, Stanhope, nevertheless, realized that it was
+imperative that he should marry money.  The heiress of the day was
+Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg, the natural daughter of George
+I. by the notorious Duchess of Kendal, the heroine of Wood's halfpence.
+Petronilla, who was Countess of Walsingham in her own right, was not
+exactly a beauty, but she possessed a fortune of L50,000, and in
+addition an annuity of L3,000 payable out of the Irish treasury.  At
+the time of her father's death in 1727, the countess was thirty-four
+and unmarried.  The king had kept her guarded jealously, and {148}
+George II., mindful of the fact that if Lady Walsingham married, her
+husband might make awkward inquiries about her estate, continued the
+policy of his father.  Chesterfield, however, was not averse to
+offending George II.  There had been a great coolness between them, and
+the earl must have realized that Queen Caroline would make it utterly
+impossible for them to renew the friendship of early days.  He
+therefore courted the countess, who was his senior by a year, and the
+reputed wittiest and handsomest man of his time had little difficulty
+in capturing the hand and fortune of the illegitimate daughter of his
+king's father.  They were married in 1733, unknown to King George, and
+when the inevitable discovery came, the king, though passionately
+angry, could do nothing beyond uttering threats.  The marriage was
+entirely one of convenience--Chesterfield wanted money; the countess
+required a deliverer from the thraldom of the court.  Cynically
+indifferent to the opinions of the world, they lived in separate
+houses, but tried to humour Mrs. Grundy--who was born the day the
+serpent entered Eden--by taking houses next door to one another!
+
+His monetary affairs freed from embarrassment, Chesterfield entered
+once more into the life of the town, careless of the king's anger,
+oblivious of the queen's spite.  When he had looked into his wife's
+affairs he sent George a bill for L40,000, due to her from the royal
+estate, and on the monarch ignoring the hint, the earl promptly began
+an action in the Courts for the recovery of the money.  {149} The king
+eventually compromised by paying L20,000.
+
+[Sidenote: A political legacy]
+
+Even in the eighteenth century it was sometimes distinguished to act
+with the minority, and Chesterfield adopted the now favourite modern
+pose of championing the weak.  He railed at the Government, wrote
+pamphlets against it, hired men of letters to aid him, and quickly
+became the leader of that ever-present body of men and women who are
+dissatisfied, and yet know not what they want.  He patronized Johnson
+and Pope and many others, the majority completely forgotten, and
+chiefly with their help and his own ready tongue attained the
+distinction of being the most sought-after man in London society.
+Whatever Chesterfield did for pleasure, generally brought him gain, and
+it is only one of the many lucky incidents of his life that the Dowager
+Duchess of Marlborough should have left him L20,000 as a token of her
+approval of his opposition to the Government.  The legacy came in 1744,
+and at a time when Chesterfield's affairs were once more badly situated.
+
+The Earl of Chesterfield's character and life have been the subject of
+innumerable essays, but one incident forcibly illustrates the real
+weakness of the man who could afford to view with equanimity the bitter
+antagonism of his king and queen, and the animosity of the most
+powerful ministers of the day, and yet confess himself mortally wounded
+by a jest against him.  Like most great wits, Chesterfield had no sense
+of humour, and his witticisms were merely props {150} on which his
+general pose rested.  One day he happened to be standing in the hall of
+a coffee-house club in St. James's Street, when he overheard George
+Selwyn remark to an acquaintance, 'Here comes Joe Miller.'  This was
+too much for Chesterfield, and he struck his name off the club at once.
+
+[Illustration: The Earl of Chesterfield]
+
+His appointment to the viceroyalty in 1745 was in the nature of a gift
+from the Government to the most dangerous dilettante of the day.  The
+king, however, point-blank refused to sign the commission, and there
+were several stormy interviews between the king and his ministers
+before the former succumbed and declared 'his loving cousin and
+counsellor' Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In Dublin the announcement of
+Chesterfield's coming roused the greatest enthusiasm.  His wit, his
+manners, his wealth, his influence and his handsome appearance were all
+eagerly discussed.  Dublin society, anxious to learn from the leader of
+society, welcomed him with open arms, and so the man who had been
+instructed that the Papists were dangerous and likely to become
+rebellious was able to write to London and glibly inform the Government
+that there was only one dangerous Papist in Ireland, and her name was
+Eleanor Ambrose, the daughter of a Dublin brewer, and the reigning
+beauty.
+
+The beginnings of Chesterfield's viceroyalty gave every promise of a
+brilliant and long reign at Dublin Castle.  He entertained freely and
+lavishly, and exhibited no scruples of refinement at meeting
+unofficially wealthy tradespeople or {151} successful lawyers.  The
+women, of course, loved him.  His reputation as the philosopher of
+everything that was delightfully wicked and depraved fascinated them,
+and Chesterfield maintained the pose with ease.  There was no one in
+Dublin to call him Joe Miller, or to sneer at the somewhat second-hand,
+if not second-rate, wit that flowed from his tongue and pen.
+
+In his serious moments he declared that the foe of Ireland was not
+Popery, but poverty, and he expressed his amazement that the Irish
+should be content to live in a condition worse than the negro slaves.
+He was viceroy for a very short time, but he gave one gift to
+Dublin--Phoenix Park, for it was Lord Chesterfield who planted that
+renowned demesne.
+
+The viceroy was essentially a man of the world, but he did not relax
+the strict etiquette of the viceregal court.  The wives of doctors and
+lawyers were not allowed within the precincts of the Castle, and great
+care was taken to limit the _entree_ to the nobility and gentry.  The
+good-natured Lady Chesterfield, during her occasional appearances in
+Dublin, gained a sort of popularity, more pronounced among the trading
+classes, whom she benefited by giving splendid balls at Dublin Castle,
+at which only costumes of Irish manufacture were worn.  It was
+something towards the debt she owed the Irish treasury.
+
+She viewed her husband's amours with patience, and the fat and ugly old
+woman even encouraged them.
+
+[Sidenote: Chesterfield and Miss Ambrose]
+
+To Eleanor Ambrose he paid great attention, {152} carrying on an
+elaborate flirtation, with all Dublin as the audience.  Miss Ambrose,
+whose reign preceded that of the Gunnings, played her part well, and
+the brewer's daughter became the centre, if not the leader, of Dublin
+society.  Chesterfield wrote her verses and letters, and at Dublin
+Castle balls he always flattered her by his personal attentions.  Miss
+Ambrose, who subsequently became Lady Palmer, never forgot her brief
+acquaintance with Lord Chesterfield, and ever afterwards his portrait
+adorned her house.  When in the second decade of the nineteenth century
+Lady Palmer died at her lodgings in Henry Street, Dublin,
+Chesterfield's portrait hung in the most conspicuous place in her room.
+She was then within two years of a hundred in age.
+
+On April 23, 1746, Chesterfield departed from Ireland, having secured
+leave of absence, and although he promised to return, illness stepped
+in, and it was deemed advisable that the earl should not be exposed to
+the damp climate of Ireland.  The king was only too pleased to nominate
+Chesterfield's half-brother, William Stanhope, Earl of Harrington, to
+the viceroyalty, and even permit the ex-viceroy to become Secretary of
+State for the northern provinces.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Harrington]
+
+[Sidenote: The spirit of nationalism]
+
+The selection of Lord Harrington was received with great disfavour in
+Dublin, where the formation of a national or patriotic party was almost
+an accomplished fact.  Harrington had the misfortune to be viceroy when
+Charles Lucas was beginning his great campaign against the corruption
+{153} that existed in official circles in Dublin.  Lucas, doctor and
+enthusiast, was a remarkable man.  He was the creator of the idea that
+Ireland was a nation, and not the happy hunting-ground of Englishmen in
+search of pensions for themselves and their mistresses.  He attacked
+the Dublin Corporation and all official Ireland, and, of course, the
+bureaucracy roused itself and crushed him for a time.  Harrington, the
+viceroy, took a leading part in the persecution of Lucas, and succeeded
+in driving him from the country.  Lucas did not return until 1761, but
+his fearless exposure of corrupt officialdom had its full effects
+during Harrington's tenure of office.  It did more than this, for it
+aroused the latent intelligence of the masses, who began to think for
+themselves.  They saw the best paid positions in the country
+monopolized by Englishmen--in many cases the office-holders were
+illiterate--and they realized the monstrous injustice of the custom
+that permitted the farming out of remunerative situations under the
+Government.  Parliament had to move in the matter, and for the first
+time in the history of Ireland and England the viceroy and his Council
+had to be careful, when making or selling fresh appointments, not to do
+it too openly.  Once Harrington was mobbed in the streets of Dublin
+because he was supposed to be in favour of the abolition of the Irish
+Parliament--the latter consisting of a body of men bought body and soul
+by the English Government, though in some cases the price had not been
+paid.  These raised a protest against the exportation of salaries to
+{154} England for the use of men whose deputies did the work for
+starvation wages in Dublin.
+
+The viceroy fought with all the tenacity of the fanatic for the
+retention of the privileges of his class.  The new tone of the Irish
+Parliament amazed, but did not frighten him; he ascribed their
+rebellion to a desire to play to the gallery, but when he discovered to
+his cost that even the beggars and the blackguards of the city howled
+their execrations after him in the street, he became aware of the
+painful fact that the viceroy was no longer a law unto himself.
+
+Lord Chesterfield had described the Irish Parliament in very severe
+terms.  'The House of Lords is a hospital for incurables,' he wrote,
+'but the Commons can hardly be described.  Session after session
+presents one unvaried waste of provincial imbecility.'
+
+That this opinion was not the outcome of his English birth and training
+he proved by his impartial judgments on other classes of Irishmen.
+
+'We have more clever men here in a nutshell,' he wrote from Dublin to a
+friend in London, 'than can be produced in the whole circle of London.'
+
+Lord Harrington's opinion of the Irish Parliament was even more
+contemptuous than his brother's, and he affected at all times a
+sneering attitude towards the members of both houses.
+
+[Sidenote: The Gunning sisters]
+
+The reigning beauties of his viceroyalty were the Gunning sisters.
+During Lord Chesterfield's term they had lingered in squalid poverty in
+an unfashionable part of Dublin, but being old enough to attend the
+viceregal functions of 1748, {155} they overcame the disadvantage of
+poverty by accepting from Sheridan, the theatrical manager, the loan of
+the dresses they subsequently appeared in at the great ball given by
+the viceroy in honour of the birthday of George II., October 30, 1748.
+Lady Caroline Petersham, the viceroy's daughter-in-law, who acted as
+hostess for him, was greatly struck by the appearance of the Gunnings,
+and to her interest and that of Lord Harrington was due the first
+success of the family.  The viceroy settled a pension of L150 per annum
+on the girls' mother, and when they became Duchess of Hamilton and
+Countess of Coventry, they never forgot the generosity of their first
+patron.  The subsequent fame of the sisters was such that when, in
+1755, they paid a visit to Dublin, the viceroy, Lord Harrington, held a
+levee in their honour.
+
+Throughout his residence in Ireland, Harrington continued to fight, and
+used every weapon, fair or foul, at his disposal.  Lucas, driven from
+Ireland, was somewhere on the Continent, and several Irish members had
+been removed from the House by bribery and other methods.  Still, there
+was no suffocating the voice of the people, and in the last month of
+1750 Lionel Sackville, Duke of Dorset, was given his second chance as
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Harrington did not know whether to be pleased or
+not at his removal.  He was anxious to rest from the struggle of Irish
+politics, for he was not the man to create new measures or understand
+the sentiments of a new order of things, but he was eager to beat the
+Irish, and to teach them the strength of his authority.  Dublin,
+however, was {156} in no two minds about its attitude towards the
+departing viceroy.  From the moment that the citizens knew of his
+recall, they lighted bonfires to celebrate it, and held public meetings
+under the walls of Dublin Castle, in the course of which the speakers
+publicly thanked God for having relieved Dublin of the plaguy presence
+of Harrington.  An attempt was made to secure a peaceful and
+unostentatious exit from the country, but the people would not be
+denied, and at a hundred points along the route of his departure the
+ex-viceroy witnessed the humiliating sight of bonfires and speakers
+alike proclaiming their joy at his departure.
+
+It was, indeed, in remarkable contrast to Lord Chesterfield's brief and
+brilliant reign.
+
+[Sidenote: Peg Woffington]
+
+The Dublin of Dorset's time was squalid, dirty, and disease-ridden.
+The gentry were drinking themselves into penury; the city was crowded
+with young bloods, who gambled, and drank, and called out each other to
+give satisfaction on the famous duelling-ground of Phoenix Park.  Clubs
+of all sorts abounded, and were in reality drinking dens.  The most
+famous of all, Daly's, was the headquarters of most of the notorious
+gamblers and debauchees of the metropolis.  Five theatres ministered to
+the pleasures of the Court and people, and the leading actress was Peg
+Woffington, the mistress of the Provost of Trinity College.  Peg, as we
+all know, was a high-spirited woman, and full of a sparkling audacity
+that often amounted to impertinence.  On one occasion, when the Duke of
+Dorset was seated in the royal {157} box at the theatre, she saucily
+concluded a recitation with the lines:
+
+  'Let others with as small pretentions
+  'Tease you for places or for pensions,
+  I scorn a pension or a place.
+  My sole design upon your grace--
+  The sum of my petition this--
+  I claim, my lord, an annual kiss.'
+
+The verses were written by Dr. Andrews, the Provost, and caused great
+offence in the ranks of the fashionable ladies, who cut the actress for
+a time.  Peg Woffington, however, did not suffer to any considerable
+extent as a result of her pert address to the viceroy.
+
+Virtue was not the duke's strong point.  Many have been the scrapes
+Viceroys of Ireland have got themselves into, but the Duke of Dorset
+was the only one whose conduct enabled an outraged husband to divorce
+his wife.  The lady in the case was Mrs. La Touche, who declared that
+love was the hereditary passion in her family.  A woman who could
+resist nothing was easy prey to the tenant of Dublin Castle.
+
+Dorset had secured his reappointment by lavish promises.  He undertook
+to restore sanity to Ireland--meaning, of course, Dublin, for
+officialism did not recognize the provinces--and he guaranteed to bring
+the Irish Parliament to its senses.  In the circumstances Dorset had
+his way, and in 1751 he re-entered Dublin.  He might have succeeded in
+scoring a personal triumph if he had not brought his youngest son, Lord
+George Sackville, with him.  Hitherto it had been Dorset's policy to
+let well alone--he did nothing particularly well, {158} and was popular
+on that account.  Lord George Sackville, however, had neither the
+complacence nor the dignity of his father; he came as the viceroy's
+Secretary of State, his adviser, the man who saw that things were done.
+One of his first acts was to quarrel with the Speaker of the Irish
+House of Commons.  This was Henry Boyle, afterwards Earl of Shannon.
+Boyle was an Irish Parliamentary Hampden, who jealously guarded the
+rights of his assembly and of the country.  Harrington had left
+Parliament triumphant, and the House was not going to be brow-beaten by
+George Sackville.
+
+[Sidenote: The struggle with Parliament]
+
+The cause of the most important and vital dispute was a measure
+disposing of the surplus revenues of the country.  Parliament declared
+that it could dispose of them without the sanction of the king; the
+viceroy, through his Secretary of State, declared otherwise, and when
+the House of Commons sent the bill for the viceroy's approval, he
+inserted a clause giving the king's permission to its establishment by
+law.  The assembly ignored the clause, and proceeded to other business.
+Sackville and George Stone, the Primate, were furious.  They saw in
+this act of insubordination the terrible spectacle of a free Parliament
+sitting day after day and publicly criticizing the privileged
+class--the officials.  Acting under their advice, Dorset signed a
+warrant for the Speaker's arrest, and an attempt was made to execute
+it.  But in order to get at the person of Boyle--who was the hero of
+the hour--the officers would have had to arrest half the population of
+Dublin.  Thousands {159} of persons of all classes followed the Speaker
+wherever he went, forming an unofficial bodyguard that soon so
+impressed Sackville that the warrant was withdrawn.
+
+Meanwhile the dispute between Parliament and the viceroy formed the
+subject of all sorts and conditions of rumours.  Once it was reported
+that the king had signed a decree abolishing the Irish Parliament, and
+substituting for it the attendance of so many Irish members in the
+English Parliament.  There was no foundation for the rumour, but it was
+not an hour old before a vast mob surrounded Dublin Castle, shouting
+lurid threats against the person of the viceroy.  One of the most
+popular theatres, owned by one of the most popular men--Sheridan, the
+father of the famous dramatist--was wrecked because the leading
+comedian would not repeat some lines which seemed to be slightly
+veiled, satirical references to the national dispute.
+
+Boyle was now master of the situation, the real ruler of the country.
+The persecution of the Government had, as it often has done before,
+raised a man of mediocre ability to the pedestal of genius.
+Sensational rumours began to reach England and astound the frequenters
+of the clubs and the coffee-houses.  It was reported that Dorset had
+been murdered and Boyle elected King of Ireland, and there were visions
+that seemed like stern realities of the end of the English robbing of
+the Irish till.  The ministry became alarmed, and when the Government
+realized that Dorset was a menace to their authority in Dublin, {160}
+they decided to recall him, and appoint Lord Hartington in his place.
+It is said that when Dorset heard of this he burst into tears, and it
+is, indeed, extraordinary the passion this man had for the position of
+Viceroy of Ireland.  He wrote letters to the king, humbly praying that
+he might be allowed to return to the Government of Ireland as soon as
+order was restored, but in the long run he had to feign contentment
+with the minor post of Master of the Horse.
+
+
+
+
+{161}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+Lord Hartington was the son of that Duke of Devonshire who had been
+viceroy for seven years, and was only thirty-five when his commission
+was signed by the king.  Hartington appears to have been a typical
+Cavendish; everybody trusted and admired him without forming too great
+an opinion of his abilities; but he was a safe man, and this attribute
+brought him the premiership in November, 1756, when he was summoned
+from Dublin to take the control of the ministry.  Pitt, it is
+interesting to note, served under him during his brief premiership--it
+ended the following May--as Secretary of War.
+
+In the reshuffling that followed, John Russell, fourth Duke of Bedford,
+was appointed to Ireland.  His task was not a difficult one, because
+the complete surrender of the English Government was known in Dublin,
+and Bedford was regarded as a sort of peacemaker, prepared to accept
+any terms, provided he was allowed to style himself viceroy.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant and his wife lived in Dublin Castle and entertained.
+Hitherto great English ladies had been content to view Dublin from a
+distance, and were content to spend their husbands' earnings; but the
+Duchess of {162} Bedford had other ideals, and she did much to smooth
+her husband's path to power by her tact and graciousness.  She threw
+open Dublin Castle to everybody, and showed by her own and her
+husband's attention to the social side of Dublin life that their last
+concern was with the political.  The duke announced a great programme
+of reform, which was to be carried out quietly.  He would not favour
+either political party in the State--there were now two parties,
+English and Irish--and he endorsed cordially the recommendation of the
+Parliament that these Englishmen who farmed out their appointments in
+Dublin for less than the salaries they received should be recalled, and
+if they did not obey, dismissed from office.
+
+But it was the magnificent state they maintained in Dublin that won the
+allegiance of Ireland.  Parasites feed even on imitation Courts, and
+increase and multiply, while the not less important parasites--the
+beggars of Dublin--were fed bountifully from the remains of Dives' many
+tables.  The duke and duchess spent more money in Ireland than they
+drew from it, and remembering this, no patriot, however fervid his
+imagination, could accuse the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife of robbing
+the State.  When the potato crop failed in many countries, the duke
+started a fund for the relief of the sufferers, heading it with a large
+sum of money.
+
+It was a prosperous and a successful viceroyalty from the personal
+point of view of the Duke of Bedford.  He did not make the country any
+better or introduce any great social reforms, but {163} it was a relief
+to have a man who did not plunder the treasury to provide annuities for
+his poor relations, or satisfy the blackmailing propensities of his
+discarded mistresses.  Bedford was popular, and the duchess had Dublin
+society behind her to a woman.
+
+The riots of 1759, created by the ever-prevalent rumour that the Irish
+Parliament was to be abolished and a union between the legislatures of
+the two countries accomplished, did not affect the viceroy's
+popularity.  The truth of the matter was that Ireland was not proud of
+its Parliament, even with the history of Henry Boyle fresh in the minds
+of the people.  The Parliament had been just as unscrupulous as the
+numerous decadent and dishonest viceroys who had plundered the country,
+but in the eyes of the nation the Parliament and the viceroyalty were
+one and the same, the outward and visible sign of Ireland's importance.
+Society followed the lead of the viceroy with dumb obedience, and
+society feared that it might cease to exist if the Parliament were
+abolished.  Those not in society were anxious to retain the Parliament
+because it meant prosperity of the capital.  It was a question of
+money, and of the jealousy of the citizens of Dublin for the continued
+pre-eminence of their city.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Halifax]
+
+To the regret of nearly everybody, Bedford resigned the viceroyalty in
+March, 1761, and George Montague Dunk, second Earl of Halifax, took
+over the duties and emoluments of the high office.  Halifax, Nova
+Scotia, commemorates the name of this nobleman, who was given the title
+{164} of 'Father of the Colonies' for his encouragement of colonial
+enterprise.  He was popular enough in Ireland, but he lacked the social
+brilliance that distinguished the previous occupants of Dublin Castle.
+
+Lord Halifax's career was one unbroken record of personal success.
+Born in 1716, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he
+affected a learning many of his contemporaries despised.  But Halifax
+had to make his own way, for the family was poor, and only in political
+advancement and a fortunate marriage did the prospect of fortune lie.
+His marriage brought him the immense sum, for those days, of over
+L100,000, and in carrying off the wealthy heiress of the house of Dunk
+he accomplished something several rivals failed in.  Halifax was
+impecunious and pressed by creditors when he made the acquaintance of
+Miss Dunk, and she was by no means loath to become Countess of Halifax.
+A difficulty stood in the way, however, and that was the clause in the
+will bequeathing her her fortune which stated that she would be
+disinherited if she did not marry someone engaged in commercial
+pursuits.  For some time there seemed to be no way out of the
+difficulty--George Montague was not a commercial man; but at last some
+genius suggested that the earl should join one of the London trading
+companies.  This he did, and won the hand of the lady, paying her the
+compliment of adopting the name of Dunk, and conveniently hiding it
+under his title.  It was a marriage of convenience that developed into
+love on both sides, {165} and when the countess died, leaving two
+children, Halifax was greatly grieved.
+
+In 1761, after thirteen years as President of the Board of Trade, he
+was astonished to find himself appointed Viceroy of Ireland.  He had
+not been a candidate for the post, but he accepted it with alacrity,
+for by now the fortune of his late wife was almost gone, and the Board
+of Trade was not remunerative enough.  The salary of the viceroy was
+L12,000 a year, and there were many perquisites.
+
+[Sidenote: Mary Ann Faulkner]
+
+The newcomer was at the time of his elevation under the influence of a
+strong-minded woman, Mary Ann Faulkner, the adopted daughter of the
+well-known Dublin bookseller.  Halifax had found her starving in
+London, and, touched by a pathetic story of an early marriage and
+desertion by the husband, he made her the governess of his two
+children.  This position she vacated to become his mistress, and when
+Halifax told her that he had been given the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, she coolly informed him that she intended
+to go to Dublin with him.
+
+The woman's position in Dublin was not without its humorous side.  The
+viceroy was under her thumb, and the mistress governed him with all the
+jealous watchfulness of a shrewish wife.  She could not, of course,
+maintain her state in Dublin Castle, but she resided within a
+convenient distance of it, and by sheer force of personality the old
+Dublin bookseller's daughter gathered about her a large and influential
+court.  Halifax was by disposition a spendthrift, but Mary Faulkner
+{166} was a miser.  She saved every penny, and nothing passed through
+her hands without leaving a profit in them.  Practically every post in
+the gift of the viceroy was auctioned by Mary Faulkner, who kept the
+proceeds, and every day in the week her house was crowded with all
+sorts and conditions of place-seekers endeavouring to come to terms
+with the most unscrupulous placemonger that ever lived in Dublin.  Here
+was a clergyman offering to buy the vacant country deanery; there an
+officer anxious for a sinecure in Dublin Castle; again, a lawyer
+desirous of an official position in the law courts, or a doctor seeking
+the patronage of those in high places.  Mary Ann Faulkner saw them all,
+and conducted her auctions with no attempt at privacy.  When it was
+generally known that the viceroy's mistress was the real power behind
+the viceregal throne, Halifax found his levees deserted, and perhaps he
+was not sorry.  He never disguised his admiration for the enterprising
+Mary Ann, and if her position was something unconventional, there can
+be no doubt of the fact that she held the unique record of being the
+only woman who has directed and controlled the policy of a Viceroy of
+Ireland.  And this without the public status or private authority of a
+wife!
+
+The viceroy endeavoured to please everybody, and he earned general
+favour by melodramatically declining to accept for himself an increase
+of L4,000 a year in the salary of the Lord-Lieutenant.  It fell to his
+lot to endorse the action of Parliament in raising the salary of the
+post to a higher {167} figure, but, anxious to prove his probity, he
+took up a quixotic position--as it was, of course, regarded.
+
+Two of his retinue are remembered for different reasons.  One was his
+Secretary of State, 'Single-Speech Hamilton,' and the other, Richard
+Cumberland, the dramatist.  The latter was a particular friend of
+Halifax's, their friendship dating back from the viceroy's Cambridge
+days, and continuing through his official life.  He gave Cumberland a
+position at the Board of Trade, and, secured by this kindly act,
+Cumberland was able to indulge in his fancy for playwriting.  He did
+not approve of Mary Ann Faulkner, but as that lady was irresistible, he
+wisely decided not to provoke a conflict, and he was seen at her
+receptions, and even helped her occasionally in her appointments.
+
+Halifax left Ireland in 1763, popular and respected, and George III.
+gave him the garter.  When in England he attempted to break away from
+his mistress by entering into an engagement to marry a wealthy woman,
+but Mary Ann soundly rated him when she heard of it, and he meekly
+broke the engagement to please her.  This was the man who had ruled
+Ireland!
+
+[Sidenote: A great Smithson]
+
+As the result of royal favour the vacant viceroyalty was secured by
+Hugh Percy, Earl of Northumberland, later to become the first duke of
+the third creation.  Northumberland was a great Smithson, but an
+indifferent Percy, and it was only his wife's name and family that
+carried him into London society and into the presence of George III.
+{168} A man of vast wealth, and wedded to a woman with a passion for
+power, the viceroyalty of Ireland was the position they both craved
+for, and when powerful friends helped the Earl and Countess of
+Northumberland towards their goal, they entered with zest and
+enthusiasm into the task of governing Ireland.  Lady Northumberland was
+a lady of the bedchamber to the queen soon after her marriage, an
+appointment maliciously described by Lady Townshend as due to the fact
+that the queen, who was ignorant of the English language, was anxious
+to learn the _vulgar_ tongue, Lady Northumberland, she declared, being
+the most suitable person in the circumstances.
+
+During their two years' reign in Dublin Castle the viceroy and his wife
+entertained on a regal scale.  Their position had been a doubtful one
+in London, where society found it difficult to forget the old Smithson
+in the new Percy, but in Dublin the earl and countess led society
+without fear of any rivals.  The countess, more ambitious than proud,
+utilized her wealth to maintain her supremacy.  Dublin Castle was
+almost daily the scene of a great party, command performances at the
+theatres very common, and altogether the easily purchased homage of the
+people was accepted greedily, and created a growing appetite for more.
+Then in 1765 Lord Northumberland was abruptly dismissed from office,
+and the Earl of Hertford appointed.  Returning to London in a passion,
+Northumberland sought out the king and his ministers, demanding an
+explanation.  The {169} 'explanation' took the shape of a dukedom, and
+both husband and wife were content.
+
+Lord Hertford soon tired of Dublin, and his wife induced him to seek an
+early release from his distasteful task, and the home Government sent
+Lord Townshend to replace him.
+
+[Sidenote: A new era]
+
+The appointment of George, first Marquis Townshend, to the viceroyalty
+marked a new era in Irish history.  Ever since the days of the Duke of
+Dorset's first term of office Dublin had been progressing.  The Irish
+Parliament, though for the most part consisting of 'provincial
+imbeciles,' to use Chesterfield's words, was gradually attracting to it
+some of the most gifted Irishmen, and London, which affected to despise
+it, was perturbed by the reports coming from the Irish capital.  One
+viceroy expressed his amazement at the wealth of genius in Dublin;
+another confirmed it.  To convince the world, a great race of Irishmen
+was arising.  Edmund Burke was a power in London; Grattan, a young man,
+was renowned in his own circles in Dublin; Henry Flood, in the Irish
+House of Commons, was winning his reputation for eloquence; and a few
+years later Richard Brinsley Sheridan was to gain fresh laurels for the
+name of Irishman.  Goldsmith was at his zenith when Townshend came to
+Ireland in 1767.  Others whose names are now forgotten achieved the
+not-to-be-despised if brief fame that talent is proud of and genius
+despises.  Dublin was quickly losing its mean appearance.  An orgy of
+building had transformed the districts now known as Grafton Street,
+Sackville Street, {170} Merrion Square, and St. Stephen's Green.  In
+Dame Street Trinity College and the Irish Houses of Parliament, the
+latter having been built in 1729 on the site of Chichester House, gave
+the thoroughfare an imposing appearance.
+
+But the most important change lay in the people themselves.  The
+English influence was, of course, paramount, and those who wished to be
+considered fashionable aped London manners, but slowly and surely there
+was an awakening of the national spirit; the so-called English colony
+was beginning to realize the danger of allowing themselves to be
+subject to the caprices of a Government in London ignorant of Irish
+affairs.  They clamoured for legislative independence, and if their
+motives were purely selfish and local, yet on the whole they benefited
+Ireland.  Irish trade was being handicapped by English ministers
+anxious to gain the suffrages of the great trading towns of Bristol and
+London, and they attempted to impose restrictions on Ireland through
+the medium of the Dublin Parliament.  But the descendants of the
+Elizabethan and Cromwellian 'undertakers' would have none of it.  Their
+idea was that all Irish affairs should be under the control of the
+Irish Parliament because they were the Parliament.
+
+The eloquence and statesmanship of Grattan and his great contemporaries
+has gained a not undeserved fame for the Irish Parliament as it existed
+from 1760 to the Union, but in the fullest meaning of the word it was
+never a Parliament, even in the sense that the mother of Parliaments
+{171} in London was falsely supposed to represent England.  The
+majority of the Irish members were party hacks returned in their
+master's interests to vote without conscience.  Religion entered into
+everything, but in the sixties of the eighteenth century the problem
+that confronted the English ministry was the position of the
+'undertakers.'  The latter were now the paramount power in Ireland;
+they formed the ascendancy, and from their ranks came all the high
+officers of state and the men who carried out the policy of England.
+But time taught its lessons, and the Anglo-Irish ignored London--even
+defied it--and when in 1767 Lord Townshend was sent to Dublin, it was
+with the undisguised object of crushing the 'undertakers' and regaining
+for England the chief authority in Ireland.  For the first time in the
+history of Ireland a _resident_ viceroy was appointed.
+
+[Sidenote: Breaking the Irish Parliament]
+
+Townshend accepted the task with enthusiasm.  He was forty-three years
+of age, and had succeeded in achieving an unpopularity that provided
+him with a vast amount of inspiration for lampoons and caricatures.  He
+never cultivated friendship either in men or women, and he found his
+chief relaxation in vilifying his opponents.  He had fought under Wolfe
+at Quebec, and, the death of his superior having placed him in command,
+he claimed the honours, declaring that his fertile mind inspired
+Wolfe's plans and carried them into execution.  The man who did this
+was capable of anything, and he was selected to break the power of the
+Irish Parliament.  Lord Bristol had failed {172} the ministry,
+declining the post on Lord Hertford's resignation, although he started
+for Dublin.  When Bristol was informed that he would be expected to
+live in the Irish capital, he threw up the appointment in disgust.  In
+the circumstances Townshend's selection was a hurried one, but he had
+no scruples about anything, and was the man for an unscrupulous task.
+
+
+
+
+{173}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+The five years of Lord Townshend's viceroyalty were fruitful for
+Ireland.  He might have adopted craftier methods and injured the
+country more than he did, but he openly pursued a stupid policy of
+bribery and spite: by the former gaining the adherence of the
+incompetent, and by the latter exasperating the men who in the end
+defeated him.
+
+Amongst the Irish peers whom he was anxious to win over to his side was
+a kinsman, Lord Loftus.  Loftus had some power in the Lords and in the
+Commons, and by reason of the viceroy's relationship to Lady Loftus he
+counted upon dealing the Opposition party a heavy blow.  Lady Loftus,
+with visions of a great social position for herself, fell in with
+Townshend's plans, though her husband was stubborn.  Then Lady
+Townshend died, and Lady Loftus had a fresh inspiration.  The viceroy
+was a widower, and during his visits to Rathfarnham Castle had often
+noticed pretty little Dorothea Munroe, her ladyship's niece.  Why
+should she not marry the couple?  With her niece as the viceroy's wife
+Lady Loftus would be the most powerful woman in Ireland, and the
+exchanging of a viscountess's coronet for a {174} countess's, or even a
+duchess's, would be accomplished easily.  From that moment she let
+Townshend know that the marriage of Dolly Munroe would be the price of
+her husband's allegiance, and the Lord-Lieutenant, cynical and daring,
+began to visit Rathfarnham Castle daily and flatter Dolly's hopes.  The
+girl was only seventeen when Lady Townshend died in 1770, and the
+leading beauty of her time.  Henry Grattan was one of her admirers, but
+the most favoured in a wide circle was Hercules Langrishe, afterwards
+the Sir Hercules Langrishe who accepted L15,000 from Lord Castlereagh
+not to vote against the Act of Union.  There is no doubt that Dolly
+would have married Hercules Langrishe but for her aunt.  Perhaps she
+had ambitions herself, and the prospect of reigning in Dublin Castle
+dazzled her mind and unbalanced her judgment.  Anyhow, she sent
+Langrishe about his business shortly after Lord Townshend had
+superintended the painting of her portrait by Angelica Kauffmann.
+Everything seemed favourable for a match, and Lady Loftus was hourly
+expecting a proposal.
+
+In her confidence in the viceroy's word she secured her husband's
+support for the Government in the House of Lords, but from the moment
+Lord Loftus joined the viceroy's party Lord Townshend immediately
+ceased his visits to Rathfarnham Castle, and all Dublin laughed at poor
+Dolly.  She became the butt of every wit.  Lady Loftus grew desperate.
+She believed that Townshend was actually in love with her niece, and in
+her anxiety she took Dolly with her to Dublin Castle, {175} and
+presented her to the viceroy.  He received them politely, but by now
+there was no need even to act the lover, and Lady Loftus retired in a
+rage.
+
+There was, however, one more trick in Lady Loftus's repertoire, and she
+caused the Dublin papers to print a notice to the effect that Dolly
+Munroe was going to marry the Right Honourable Thomas Andrews, Provost
+of Trinity College, Dublin.  Instead of exciting Townshend's chagrin
+and jealousy, it merely evoked a characteristic set of verses in which
+he lampooned the aged Provost and congratulated him in a sneer on his
+conquest.  Andrews was what would be called nowadays a 'character,'
+mainly because he had none.  At one time Peg Woffington, the celebrated
+actress, had been his mistress, and he secured the provostship through
+her influence, for which he paid her L5,000.  When Dolly Munroe was a
+girl Andrews was past seventy.  Lady Loftus could not have selected a
+more absurd bridegroom.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Irish beauties]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Townshend was flirting with Anne Montgomery, one of the
+three beautiful sisters.  Anne, strangely enough, was also brought up
+in Rathfarnham Castle, and was a niece of Lady Loftus, but it was on
+Dolly Munroe that Lady Loftus showered all her affection.  Anne was
+exceedingly pretty, and generally accepted as Dolly's rival, and when
+Lord Townshend was seen with Anne all Dublin became interested in the
+struggle between the two to secure the great matrimonial prize.  The
+viceroy accepted the somewhat embarrassing position with nonchalance,
+{176} affecting unconsciousness of the current gossip of the day.
+Everywhere the chances of the fair candidates were canvassed, and every
+man of fashion in Dublin had his 'book' on the contest.  Huge sums were
+wagered by the respective partisans of Dolly and Anne as to which
+should become Lady Townshend.  Dublin society had little else to do,
+for the city was crowded with loafers in every rank of society.
+Dinner-parties were the most popular form of entertaining, and the
+viceroy's matrimonial prospects were discussed at all.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Townshend]
+
+The viceroy did not permit these diversions to interfere with his
+political policy.  He poured out hundreds of thousands of pounds and
+almost as many promises in his desperate efforts to secure the
+destruction of the 'undertakers.'  No act was too unscrupulous or too
+mean for him to lend his name to, and to further his ends he made
+confidants of some of the most disreputable and discreditable
+hangers-on in Dublin society.  No speech did not contain a sneer at the
+Irish nobility, which he affected to despise as something utterly false
+and unreal.  For the defence Flood, Grattan, and Langrishe united, and
+produced the famous satire 'Baratariana.'  Townshend replied with
+spirit, writing his lampoon in a low-class tavern near the Castle.  He
+was a frequent visitor to the old Dublin taverns, excusing himself on
+the ground that they were better conducted and more hospitable than the
+Irish nobility.
+
+Dublin Castle gradually became isolated, as Lord Townshend alienated
+everybody of position {177} and clung to drunken brawlers and servile
+followers of the lowest class.  The few levees were ludicrous affairs,
+and were soon abandoned.  Even the official class detested their chief,
+and when in 1772 sixteen Irish peers drew up a petition against him and
+presented it to the king and Government, the patience and good temper
+of everybody had been exhausted.  Townshend had not the decency to
+observe the rules that bind every gentleman who mixes in good society,
+and he insulted women with the same ease as he insulted gentlemen.  To
+challenge him was to be informed that the representative of the king
+was privileged, and beyond that there was no appeal.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Townshend's dismissal]
+
+The peers' petition, however, resulted in Townshend's recall.  In
+itself the memorial would not have succeeded in causing the viceroy's
+removal from office, but the ministry in London had received reports
+from secret agents in Dublin, and it was deemed advisable, if a
+rebellion was to be prevented, that the unpopular Townshend should be
+superseded.  Lord Harcourt was sent to replace him, and when the new
+viceroy arrived at three in the morning, he found his predecessor
+playing cards with a couple of congenial ruffians.  With a half apology
+Townshend declared that at any rate Lord Harcourt had not caught him
+napping!
+
+The ex-viceroy was in no mood to leave Dublin, and with Harcourt's
+permission he remained in Dublin Castle for a fortnight, ostensibly
+with the object of accepting some of the dozen challenges with which he
+had been favoured before his dismissal.  But Townshend did not intend
+to {178} fight, and his real purpose must have been to make
+arrangements for leaving the country with some show of dignity.
+Rumours had reached him that an attempt would be made on his life.
+Later this was discounted to a plot for throwing him into the sea, and
+again a circumstantial report of a proposal to make his carriage into a
+bonfire was circulated.  Townshend affected to discredit all these, but
+he took the precaution of hiring a large body of roughs, whose duties
+were to escort his carriage and to raise stage cheers all the way.
+
+The hired mob did its duty and earned its money, but it was as nothing
+against the voices of thousands of persons who lined the streets of the
+city and shouted their joy at the departure of the hated ex-viceroy.
+There was no concerted attempt at violence, however, and Townshend was
+able to reach his ship in safety.
+
+Anne Montgomery was now the subject of many taunts.  The common people
+jested about her openly, and her character was defamed.  Dublin society
+began to look askance at the pretty girl whose name had been coupled
+with the notorious Townshend.  Naturally, her family was furious, and
+the girl's brother, Captain Montgomery, a noted duellist, determined to
+bring the ex-viceroy to reason.  In hot haste he followed him to
+England, and before Townshend reached London Captain Montgomery had
+overtaken him, and, literally at the point of the sword, compelled the
+viscount to send back a proposal of marriage to Anne.  There was no
+greater coward in the world at the time, and so the self-styled hero of
+Quebec {179} meekly accepted Captain Montgomery's terms and, rather
+than risk a duel, agreed to marry the girl.  In due course the marriage
+took place, and L20,000 was won by those of Anne's admirers who had
+wagered on her becoming the second Lady Townshend.  Her rival, Dolly
+Munroe, eventually married a Mr. Richardson, the rejected Langrishe
+never returning to her side.  Langrishe himself married and lived many
+years, gaining a reputation for wit, the best specimen of which is his
+reply to the viceroy, who declared that Phoenix Park was a swamp,
+Langrishe retorting that his predecessors had been too busy draining
+the rest of the kingdom to be able to pay any attention to the cause of
+his Excellency's complaint.
+
+[Sidenote: Extravagant society]
+
+The viceroyalty of Lord Harcourt, which lasted from October, 1772, to
+the last days of 1776, was distinguished for its social magnificence.
+The Lord-Lieutenant was no politician, and he left that part of his
+work to Lord de Blaquerie, his chief secretary.  He set the fashion for
+costly entertainments until to be economical was to confess oneself a
+social failure.  Dozens of families of note, in their wild efforts to
+imitate the example of the viceroy, beggared themselves, spending in a
+few years the income of a whole generation.  Thus the Lord-Lieutenant
+would be invited to a great dinner and dance given on a most lavish and
+extravagant scale.  Within twenty-four hours the scene of the
+festivities would be stripped of everything of value to pay for the
+previous night's excesses.
+
+There is a story told of an Irish gentleman who {180} had been
+compelled to pawn every piece of family plate to meet the expenses of a
+visit from the viceroy.  Of course, this misfortune was kept a profound
+secret, and when Lord Harcourt intimated shortly afterwards that he
+would like to be invited again, the would-be host was placed in a most
+embarrassing situation.  His mansion in Stephen's Green was well
+furnished and staffed, but there was no plate, and, of course, he would
+not think of refusing the honour of a visit from the king's
+representative.  There was only one thing to do: the pawnbroker must be
+induced to lend the plate for the occasion.  Now, it happened that the
+pawnbroker was a man with social aspirations; his one ambition was to
+mix with the gentry, and as he possessed considerable wealth he had
+almost as much assurance.  Finding that he would not lend the family
+plate, the viceroy's host had to make the pawnbroker one of his guests
+for the occasion, and, being a sensible fellow, the tradesman enjoyed
+discreetly the novel experience without adding to the worries of his
+patron.
+
+This is only one story of many, all illustrating the stupendous folly
+of the period.  Dublin literally danced, drank, and gambled itself into
+penury, whilst the Castle set, contemptuous and indifferent to public
+opinion, robbed and oppressed the country, and prepared the way for the
+ghastly year of 1798.  Harcourt was indifferent, careless, and somewhat
+contemptuous of Ireland and its affairs, and as his viceroyalty was
+marked by numerous visits to England, he was never on the spot long
+enough to become conscious {181} of the defects and shortcomings of his
+administration.
+
+[Sidenote: The free trade question]
+
+In 1775 Henry Grattan was elected to Parliament, and sat with Henry
+Flood, but Harcourt was replaced by the Earl of Buckinghamshire at the
+time when these two Irishmen began their great campaign for the freedom
+of Irish trade.  England's policy had been to restrict Irish commercial
+enterprise, and only men of the calibre of Grattan and Flood could have
+succeeded in compelling the Government to remove the embargo on Irish
+trade.  Lord Buckinghamshire, who had been Ambassador to Russia,
+carried out a policy of concessions, and he was able to give the royal
+approval to the bills for relieving Irish Dissenters from the
+sacramental test, and also grant some much-needed reforms in the
+franchise.
+
+It must have been during the viceroyalty of Lord Buckinghamshire that
+English statesmen first thought of a legislative union with Ireland,
+for the reforms initiated by the viceroy undoubtedly pointed that way,
+reading their history in view of subsequent events.  The rise of the
+Irish volunteer movement must have convinced the English Government
+that if Ireland was permitted to have its own legislation much longer
+the country would seek to break away from the monarchical union.  Lord
+Buckinghamshire, however, was never informed of the Government's
+intentions.  When he left in 1780, recalled by the Prime Minister, he
+was succeeded by Frederick Howard, fifth Earl of Carlisle, one of the
+commissioners {182} who had failed to conciliate the American rebels a
+few years earlier.  Lord Carlisle was a typical product of his age,
+when to graduate as a statesman one had to be at school or university
+with the reigning minister and have gambled one's way recklessly into
+favour.  Every gentleman was a gambler, and Lord Carlisle was no
+exception to the rule.  Before his sudden desire to shine as a
+politician he ruined himself at the card-tables, generously backing
+Fox's debts of honour, and, of course, paying them.  It was the
+influence of Fox that led to his appointment to Ireland.
+
+Lord Carlisle, with the easy assurance of a great nobleman whose
+position was secure, took over the government of Ireland in the spirit
+of the dilettante.  The chief secretary, Sir William Eden, afterwards
+Lord Auckland, supervised the more arduous work, while the viceroy and
+his wife--a daughter of the Marquis of Stafford--gratified Dublin
+society by patronizing the card-table and the ballroom.  In 1781 the
+present Viceregal Lodge was purchased for the use of the
+Lord-Lieutenant.  Lord Carlisle's common sense, however, was not
+nullified by his native prejudice against Ireland.  He came to Dublin
+prepared to administer laws made in England, but it was not long before
+he had to confess to his masters in London that it was utterly futile
+to attempt to govern Ireland by English-made laws.  This testimony from
+a man whose honour was never doubted had enormous effect in winning for
+the Irish Parliament the famous Declaration of Independence, though it
+would not have been {183} accomplished had not men like Henry Grattan
+and Flood devoted themselves to it.
+
+Public opinion in Ireland gave Grattan the full credit for the victory,
+and some enthusiastic patriots brought forward a resolution in the
+Irish House of Commons with the object of securing for Grattan and his
+heirs the viceregal desmesne in Phoenix Park.  This was very properly
+rejected, and nothing more was heard of the matter.
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteer movement]
+
+The rise of the Irish Volunteer movement during the viceroyalty of Lord
+Buckinghamshire had created a new problem in Irish affairs.  The
+Government in London, not understanding the crisis, magnified the
+Volunteers into a national army preparing to drive the English into the
+sea, and successive viceroys, well aware that the army in Ireland was
+in a disorganized and undisciplined state, regarded the Volunteers with
+a dismay their dignity compelled them to disguise.  For the time being
+Henry Grattan was a greater power than the Lord-Lieutenant, and
+whenever the Irish statesman appeared at the Castle he was received
+with a favour that plainly indicated the respect he had gained in
+official circles.  Grattan represented in his person the new Ireland.
+He was not a patriot in the sense the word is used nowadays; he did not
+fight the battles of all Ireland or advocate principles for the benefit
+of the whole country.  He was the representative of the Anglo-Irish
+class which had risen to place and power by reason of its English
+origin.
+
+When the Government in London realized that the descendants of the
+English colony and the {184} 'undertakers' were becoming too powerful
+for their masters, they made a determined effort to cripple them.  Lord
+Townshend's attempt was one of many, but fortunately for themselves the
+Anglo-Irish possessed in Grattan and Flood the two most powerful
+advocates in Parliament.  Edmund Burke, having sought the more
+respectable and more remunerative English Parliament for the display of
+his talents, was driven to express his sympathies with the efforts of
+his fellow-countrymen to secure an unhampered trade for Ireland.  This
+cost him his representation of Bristol, but the man who gave to mankind
+what was meant for Ireland might have done more for his native country
+and not diminished his political reputation.
+
+Lord Carlisle admired Grattan, who, from a fashionable buck, had
+developed with extraordinary facility into the statesman, and during
+his occupancy of the post the Irish orator led the country.  The solid
+qualities of Flood were obscured by the brilliance of Grattan, and the
+senior Parliamentarian had to give place to his youthful colleague.
+Grattan had the gift of social popularity, which Flood lacked.  In his
+youthful days the famous orator was one of the most noted men about
+town who seemed to overrun Dublin.  He was seen everywhere, and society
+ladies, anxious to shine in amateur theatricals, always came to Grattan
+for advice and specially written prologues.  Dolly Munroe obtained this
+service of him, and when her reign as queen of beauty was over, and a
+new star in Elizabeth la Touche {185} arose to dazzle Dublin, Grattan
+supervised some private theatricals for the fair Elizabeth, and wrote a
+prologue for her to recite before the then viceroy.  Elizabeth
+eventually became Countess of Lanesborough, and remained Grattan's
+friend and supporter throughout her life.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Carlisle's departure]
+
+Lord Carlisle was highly esteemed in official and society circles in
+Dublin, and there was genuine regret when, in April, 1782, the state of
+English politics compelled him to place his resignation in the hands of
+the Marquis of Rockingham, the Prime Minister.  The Irish Houses of
+Parliament, in resolutions couched in the most generous language,
+thanked the departing viceroy for his services.  He acknowledged their
+gratitude gracefully, but did not convey his private opinion that the
+sooner the great farce of their posing as an Irish Parliament was ended
+the better it would be for the country.  In later years he spoke
+several times in the House of Lords, advocating the legislative union
+with Ireland, and his opinions must have been genuine, because the idea
+was undoubtedly Pitt's, and we know that Carlisle was bitterly opposed
+to that great statesman on every possible occasion.
+
+Lord Carlisle's later life does not belong to the history of Ireland,
+although he lived for twenty-four years after the Union, and always
+took an interest in Irish affairs.  Apart from his viceroyalty, he is
+best known as the guardian of his kinsman, Lord Byron, and the
+dedication of the second edition of 'Hours of Idleness' is only a
+reminder of the subsequent quarrel between the two noblemen.
+
+{186}
+
+The successor to Carlisle was William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, third
+Duke of Portland.  Born in 1738, he married when he was twenty-eight
+Lady Dorothy Cavendish, a daughter of the fourth Duke of Devonshire,
+adding to his wealth and power by the union.  His appointment to
+Ireland was most momentous for that country, although his term of
+office began in April and ended the following September.  He had no
+great gifts of statesmanship, and owed his political advancement to his
+birth and his friendship with Lord Rockingham, but his few months'
+experience of Ireland imbued him with a passion for Irish affairs and
+an ambition to settle that disturbed country.  Portland, as Home
+Secretary from 1794 to 1801, had to deal with the Irish rebellion of
+1798 and the carrying of the Act of Union.  He worked very hard in both
+instances, but it is only fair to his memory to record the fact that he
+was opposed to the policy of bribery and corruption which terminated
+the existence of the Irish Parliament, and he allowed Castlereagh to do
+the dirty work.
+
+Little is to be said of his brief administration as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  He arrived in Dublin with a large retinue, and opened his
+season in Dublin Castle with a levee followed by a ball, where the
+official classes welcomed him because of his rank and birth.  Dublin
+loved a lord, but was passionately devoted to dukes, and had Portland
+remained in the metropolis he would have been successful, as all
+mediocrities are who possess sufficient good sense to let difficult
+problems solve {187} themselves.  A sudden crisis in England, however,
+recalled Portland from Ireland.  The Marquis of Rockingham had died
+suddenly, and the king had appointed Lord Shelburne to the premiership.
+This annoyed Fox, and he resigned, carrying Lord John Cavendish, the
+brother-in-law of the viceroy, Burke, and Sheridan with him.  When he
+heard of this development, Portland added his resignation, and Lord
+Shelburne, after a gallant attempt to defeat the malcontents, advised
+the king that the only possible solution was the elevation of the Duke
+of Portland to the premiership.  It is an historical fact that when
+great men differ mediocrities come into their kingdoms, and Portland as
+Prime Minister was a figurehead.
+
+[Sidenote: The Portland period]
+
+There is no more fruitful period in the history of the world than that
+bounded by the years 1782 and 1809--years selected because they mark
+the beginning of Portland's first ministry and the end of his second
+and last term of office--and yet he cannot be said to have done
+anything personally to enhance his reputation.  He had much of the
+dogged and dignified obstinacy of his class, and he made at least one
+attempt to introduce a code of honour into politics; but it was his
+misfortune to have Castlereagh as a colleague, and that gentleman's
+lack of scruple was too much for his ducal friend.  The 'Cornwallis
+Correspondence' gives a vivid picture of the vacillating nobleman,
+whose feeble attempts to stem the vigorous and unscrupulous polity of
+Lord Castlereagh might be humorous if they had not done so much harm.
+
+
+
+
+{188}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+The resignation of the Duke of Portland enabled Lord Shelburne to
+appoint his friend, Earl Temple, to the viceroyalty.  This was the
+premier's challenge to Fox and his followers, and was taken as evidence
+that he meant to do without their aid.  Temple, although well aware
+that his reign must be almost as short as his predecessor's, came to
+Dublin, and did his best to gain the support of the official party for
+the tottering ministry.
+
+[Illustration: Banquet given in Dublin Castle by Earl Temple to
+celebrate his installation as Knight of St. Patrick]
+
+Within a few months several Bills of importance were carried both in
+the English and the Irish Parliaments, and as a sop for the nobility
+the Order of St. Patrick was founded in the early months of 1783, the
+viceroy installing himself as grand master.  Previous to this Lord
+Shelburne had been compelled to resign, and Temple's resignation
+followed as a matter of course, but he waited for the arrival of his
+successor, Lord Northington, who was selected only after several
+noblemen had rejected the overtures of the Coalition Ministry of the
+Duke of Portland.  Temple, created Marquis of Buckingham in 1784,
+consistently opposed the Government, and he had his reward in 1787,
+when he returned to Ireland {189} on the sudden death of the viceroy,
+Charles Manners, Duke of Rutland.
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteer Convention]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Northington's brief tenure of office was not without
+incident.  He discovered more about Irish affairs in less than twelve
+months in Dublin than he had learned in ten years in England.  A great
+Volunteer convention in the vicinity of the Castle augured a disturbing
+time, but it passed off quietly enough, and the viceroy set about
+advising his friend and political patron, Fox, of the real condition of
+the country.  Fox was for a display of force; Northington, with the
+superior knowledge of the man on the spot, and able to gauge the temper
+of the Irish race, strongly urged a policy of conciliation.  More than
+once he complained to Fox that the evils of absentee officialism were
+endangering the position of the Government in Ireland; and, unable to
+cope with this scandal because he had the whole of the official and
+governing classes against him, he turned to the more congenial task of
+encouraging Irish industries.  Out of his own resources he helped in
+the promotion and development of the flax and tobacco trades, then in a
+very feeble state.  Parliament, anxious to show its friendliness
+towards Northington, increased his salary from L16,000 to L20,000 a
+year, but he never benefited by the change--even if he desired to--for
+the Coalition Ministry, defeated by the intrigues of the court party,
+went out of office in the early part of 1784, and the Duke of Rutland,
+a popular and wealthy nobleman, was selected to succeed him at Dublin.
+
+{190}
+
+It was at first proposed to send Temple, now Marquis of Buckingham,
+back again, but the king had need of his services, and the appointment
+was delayed for some three years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Rutland]
+
+Rutland was a close personal friend of the triumphant Pitt, and
+although only thirty years of age in 1784, was entrusted by his friend
+with the momentous secret that the Home Government had in contemplation
+the union of the two Parliaments.  Rutland's first move in Dublin was
+to sound carefully the leading officials and noblemen.  To his
+astonishment he found the most determined opposition everywhere.
+Nobody would listen to the proposal, and the viceroy was compelled to
+laugh the idea away, pretending that it was but an idle fancy of his
+own, and quite unimportant.
+
+It is not to be wondered at that Dublin should be unanimous against the
+proposal.  Its very existence depended upon the official classes.
+Seventy-five per cent. of the well-to-do drew their incomes from Dublin
+Castle; while the trades-people were for obvious reasons panic-stricken
+whenever it was rumoured that the Parliament should be transferred to
+London.
+
+Rutland thereupon sought distraction in such pleasures as the capital
+afforded, and his wife seconded him.  Both were young and in possession
+of more than viceregal wealth, and they cut the road to popularity
+short by a lavish expenditure.  The leading noblemen built themselves
+mansions, and the wealthy bourgeois followed suit.  Stephen's Green was
+the favourite residential quarter, but Merrion Square threatened {191}
+to rival it.  Architects, artists, and builders from England and the
+Continent crowded Dublin, some of them to found families not without
+renown in Irish annals, if bearing patronymics more suggestive of sunny
+Italy or France than their adopted country.  The professional classes
+were rapidly rising in social status, and although the rule that
+prohibited the recognition of lawyers' and doctors' wives by the
+Lord-Lieutenant and his consort were still in force, barristers and
+medical men sometimes gained admission to unofficial festivities at the
+Castle.  The large garrison contributed its quota of officers to Dublin
+society, which at that time and for many years after the union
+represented all Ireland.  The Duke and Duchess of Rutland cultivated
+society in a manner that gained them immense personal popularity.  They
+led the fashions in the drawing-rooms and in the clubs, and the duke,
+who dearly loved a good dinner, created a record for dining out never
+equalled by any subsequent viceroy.
+
+Tired at last of the rollicking pleasures of the capital, the viceroy
+decided to seek relaxation in a tour of Ireland.  He was strongly
+advised by his council not to undertake the journey, but he was anxious
+to witness for himself the feudal state some of the nobility maintained
+in their country castles, and he carried out his resolve.  Accompanied
+by the duchess, he journeyed from place to place, staying whenever
+possible at the residences of well-disposed noblemen.  To mark their
+appreciation of his visit, the latter spent thousands of pounds
+entertaining the {192} viceroy and his wife, and the chroniclers of the
+day dwell with awe on the vast amount of food consumed by the viceregal
+pair throughout their tour.  He must have undermined his constitution
+during his Irish travels, for on his return to Dublin he was almost
+immediately in the thrall of a fever, and, not being strong enough to
+resist it, expired suddenly at his residence in the Phoenix Park on
+October 24, 1787.
+
+[Illustration: Duke of Rutland]
+
+[Sidenote: Grattan and Dublin Castle]
+
+To the intense annoyance of the Grattan party the Marquis of
+Buckingham, who as Earl Temple had been viceroy in 1782, came over in
+December as the result of the king's influence.  The question of the
+regency during George III.'s illness was acute in Dublin as in London,
+and the Irish Houses of Parliament, true to its reputation, rushed in
+with a resolution requesting the Prince of Wales to assume the regency.
+This motion the viceroy angrily declined to communicate to the
+Government or the prince, and Parliament thereupon censured him in
+explicit language.  The sudden recovery of the king was a triumph for
+Buckingham's policy, and he dismissed his principal opponents in Dublin
+from office, utilizing the public funds to gain fresh adherents for his
+Government.  This action caused Grattan to enter an eloquent protest
+against the 'expensive genius' of the Marquis of Buckingham.  In vain
+did the viceroy attempt to undermine the position Grattan held.  The
+most popular Irishman of his time could set the viceroy and his
+satellites at defiance, and all the money that could be filched from
+the Irish treasury was insufficient to bring {193} about the downfall
+of the great orator.  Grattan was not received at Dublin Castle during
+Buckingham's viceroyalty, but from his place in Parliament he could
+thunder at the Lord-Lieutenant and even frighten the ministry in London.
+
+In Walpole's 'Journals of George III.'s Reign' there is an unflattering
+description of Buckingham, which depicts him as a liar and a thief, and
+more successful as the latter than the former.  Proud and stubborn as
+he was, Buckingham was compelled to give way, and in September, 1789,
+to the great joy of the country, he announced his resignation.  He left
+immediately, and dropped out of political life.  During a debate on the
+Irish situation in 1799 he followed the Earl of Carlisle--another
+ex-viceroy--with a speech advocating the union with Ireland.  This was
+a year after he had served in the rebellion of '98, commanding a
+regiment of Buckinghamshire militia in the country of which he never
+spoke without exhausting his powers of invective.
+
+The task of naming the new viceroy fell to William Pitt, and, after
+considering the matter in conjunction with his own policy, he
+remembered his old fellow-student at Cambridge, John Fane, now tenth
+Earl of Westmoreland.  The post was offered to and accepted by the
+earl, and in January, 1790, he was nominated Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Eight years previously he had startled and scandalized
+society by making a runaway marriage with the daughter of Child, the
+banker, and reputed to be the wealthiest heiress in the country.
+Westmoreland was a soldier and not {194} a statesman, but he gladly
+accepted Pitt's offer, and, disdainful of the growing power of the new
+Irish party, sought to govern the country from the point of view of the
+rough and courageous soldier.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Westmoreland]
+
+The Irish Volunteer movement--a Protestant organization--had gained
+independence for the Irish Parliament, and, incidentally, compelled
+England to grant certain measures of relief to the Catholics because,
+with the Protestant community opposed to English misrule, it was
+necessary for the predominant partner to curry favour with the
+Catholics.  Grattan, John Keogh, and other leaders, demanded complete
+Catholic emancipation, and the more sober-minded amongst the
+Protestants had come to realize that Ireland could not progress until
+the Catholics were freed from the obnoxious penal laws even then in
+existence.
+
+The first law of nature had compelled the rival religionists to join
+forces, so that when Lord Westmoreland arrived in Ireland he was faced
+with the problem of dealing with a strong and united Irish party.  Some
+years previously the Catholic Committee had been formed, and now, with
+Lord Kenmare and John Keogh controlling it, the organization was the
+most powerful in the country, with the notable exception of the Irish
+Volunteers.  Keogh was a remarkable man in every way.  A wealthy Dublin
+tradesman, he retired from business in order to fight the battle of
+Catholic Emancipation, and, although handicapped by internecine strife,
+succeeded in gaining {195} the control of the Catholic Committee and
+directing its policy.  The viceroy contributed to Keogh's triumph by
+contemptuously returning an address of welcome from the Catholic
+Committee because it contained a hope that further relief would be
+granted to Catholics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Volunteers revived]
+
+This act, which exasperated the moderate men, convinced the majority of
+the Committee that Keogh's aggressive policy was the only one worth
+adopting.  Parliament had been declared independent of its English
+prototype, but everybody knew that it was wholly subject to the
+bureaucrats who reigned in Dublin Castle.  Simultaneously with the rise
+to prominence of John Keogh came the revivification of the Volunteers.
+Since their great victory of 1782 they had been allowed to degenerate
+and dwindle, but the success of the French Revolution was not without
+its influence on Irish affairs, and the years between 1789 and 1792
+witnessed a revival on national lines.  Froude wrote eloquently of a
+Belfast Volunteer Review in 1791.  'The ceremonial commenced with a
+procession.  The Volunteer companies, refilled to their old numbers,
+marched past with banners and music.  A battery of cannon followed, and
+behind the cannon a portrait of Mirabeau.  Then a gigantic triumphal
+car, bearing a broad sheet of canvas, on which was painted the opening
+of the Bastille dungeons.  In the foreground was the wasted figure of
+the prisoner who had been confined there thirty years.  In the near
+distance the doors of the cells flung back, disclosing the skeletons of
+dead victims or living wretches writhing in chains {196} and torture.
+On the reverse of the canvas Hibernia was seen reclining, one hand and
+one foot in shackles, and a Volunteer artilleryman holding before her
+eyes the radiant image of Liberty....  In the evening three hundred and
+fifty patriots sat down to dinner in the Linen Hall.  They drank to the
+King of Ireland.  They drank to Washington, the ornament of mankind.
+They drank to Grattan, Molyneux, Franklin, and Mirabeau--these last two
+amidst applause that threatened to shake the building to the ground.'
+
+[Sidenote: Struggle for Catholic relief]
+
+The proposed co-operation of the Catholic Committee with the
+Volunteers, the latter being a Presbyterian organization, alarmed the
+viceroy and the ministers in London.  Westmoreland was advised to
+prevent the amalgamation of the forces by concessions to Catholics, and
+eventually a measure, granting everything save the franchise to
+Catholics, was passed by the Irish Parliament.  The Castle influence,
+however, was too strong for John Keogh to win the vote for his
+followers, but it was something to gain for his fellow-religionists
+admission to the magistracy, to the rank of King's Counsel, and to
+become solicitors and to open schools without the permission of the
+Protestant bishop.  Beyond that the Government would not go.  But the
+great Catholic Convention in 1792 won the vote for the majority,
+although Westmoreland and his secretary, Hobart, wrote imploring Pitt
+and Dundas not to give way to the importunities of the five
+Commissioners sent by the Catholic Convention to demand the franchise
+from the king.  The Commissioners convinced the {197} ministry that if
+their mission failed English rule in Ireland would be at an end, and
+the Lord-Lieutenant's advice was ignored.  In February, 1793, the Chief
+Secretary moved in Parliament the first reading of a Bill admitting
+Catholics to the parliamentary franchise, to the magistracy, to the
+grand jury, to the municipal corporations, to Dublin University, and to
+several civil and military offices.  But an amendment proposing the
+admission of Catholics to Parliament was defeated by 136 to 69 votes.
+
+Lord Westmoreland was personally a fanatical opponent of Roman
+Catholicism, and the weakness of Pitt, as he termed it, made his
+position in Dublin unbearable.  He would have resigned in 1792 but for
+a certain vanity that made him unwilling to admit defeat.  Besides, he
+was ever hoping that the natural passion for schism which permeates
+every Irish politician would dissever the alliance of the Presbyterians
+with the Catholic Committee.  In the North, while the Belfast
+Volunteers were welcoming with open arms the leaders of the Catholic
+movement, and making fervid speeches about liberty of conscience, two
+organizations in adjacent villages were 'cutting one another's throats
+for the love of God.'  The 'Defenders' was the name given to the Roman
+Catholic band, while the Presbyterians, or Orangemen, called themselves
+'Peep-o'-Day Boys.'  In September, 1795, when Camden was viceroy, the
+two factions came into conflict at a village called the 'Diamond,' and
+the battle that followed takes its name from the scene of the contest.
+Forty-eight Defenders were {198} killed, and to commemorate the victory
+the first Orange lodge was founded.
+
+Westmoreland knew that there could be no genuine alliance between the
+Catholics and the Protestants, and so he clung to office; but Pitt,
+alarmed by the state of Europe and the isolation of England, was for
+favouring the Catholics, and the viceroy, as one utterly at variance
+with the Home Government, resigned.
+
+Lord Westmoreland's term was purely a political one.  He came to
+Ireland at a most critical period in its history, and, although little
+more than thirty years of age, he showed a courage worthy of a man with
+better ideals.  He was not without his good qualities, and the Castle
+bureaucrats found in him a stanch friend.  He entertained lavishly, but
+the death of Lady Westmoreland towards the close of 1793 abruptly ended
+the gaieties of the Castle.  He lived until 1841, and held the post of
+Lord Privy Seal from 1798 to 1827--a period covering nearly thirty
+years and without precedent or example in the history of politics.
+
+It is interesting to recall that one of Lord Westmoreland's staff in
+Dublin during the early years of his viceroyalty was a young officer
+named Arthur Wellesley.  While attending a ball at the Castle he made
+the acquaintance of a girl of great beauty, Miss Catherine Pakenham, a
+daughter of Lord Longford.  They became engaged almost immediately, but
+Wellesley's family opposed the match, his mother, a haughty and severe
+woman, being very prominent in the matter.  The future Iron Duke,
+however, maintained the {199} engagement, and when he was in India he
+kept up a regular correspondence with his fiancee.  During his absence
+she was attacked by smallpox, and wrote to Wellesley releasing him, but
+he refused to do so, and on April 10, 1806, they were married in the
+church of St. George, Dublin.
+
+[Sidenote: A sensational viceroyalty]
+
+The removal of Westmoreland, the friend of the Protestant minority, was
+followed by the brief but sensational viceroyalty of the second Earl
+Fitzwilliam.  Pitt's avowed policy was to win the sympathies of the
+majority, and Lord Fitzwilliam was considered the best man to give
+effect to the policy of the Government.  He was gazetted, therefore, to
+Ireland in December, 1794, and a month later appeared in Dublin.  His
+wife was a daughter of the Earl of Bessborough, and both were very
+popular in Court circles.  Possessed of great wealth, it was thought
+that Fitzwilliam would be the less independent of the support of the
+Castle bureaucracy, which was fighting with venom the battle for its
+existence.  No sooner was Fitzwilliam in Dublin than he received
+instructions to continue Westmoreland's policy.  But he had started the
+work of reform before these reached him.  One morning Beresford, who
+had married Barbara Montgomery, a sister of Lady Townshend, was
+dismissed from his post of Commissioner of the Customs; Toler,
+Attorney-General--afterwards the notorious Lord Norbury--Wolfe, the
+Solicitor-General, and Cooke, the Military Secretary, also received
+notice that their services were no longer required.  The Castle people
+were panic-stricken; their occupations seemed to be {200} gone, but
+even Fitzwilliam, with all the prestige of great birth and wealth,
+could not overwhelm the bureaucracy.  Beresford appealed to Pitt and
+the king, and within a few days the dismissed officers were all
+reinstated.  This was too much for the viceroy, and on March 25, 1795,
+he left Ireland, to the accompaniment of a demonstration of mourning
+absolutely unique in the history of the country.  Dublin proclaimed it
+a day of humiliation; all the shops were closed, and the citizens lined
+the streets.  Grattan gave voice to the general regret, and fiercely
+denounced the treachery of Pitt, who had assured him that Lord
+Fitzwilliam was to adopt an essentially Catholic policy.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Fitzwilliam]
+
+In the circumstances the strongest of men might have hesitated before
+undertaking the ominous task of carrying on the Government.
+Unfortunately, there was a total ignorance of Ireland and its affairs
+amongst the English nobility, and when Lord Camden was offered the post
+he accepted it without demur, and confidently travelled to the Irish
+metropolis.  Ireland knew nothing of the viceroy, and certainly the
+latter knew even less of the country he was called upon to rule.  He
+was thirty-six years of age, but possessed all the pompous prejudices
+of a man twice his age.  On his coming of age he had been appointed
+Teller of the Exchequer, and held it for sixty years--1780 to
+1840--though after drawing about three-quarters of a million sterling
+from the Treasury, he 'patriotically' consented in 1812 to forego the
+income of the office.
+
+
+
+
+{201}
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+The new viceroy was received in sullen silence on the day of his
+arrival in Dublin, but when Lord Clare, the Chancellor, was returning
+after swearing in the Lord-Lieutenant, he was attacked by a frenzied
+mob which sought to lynch him on the lamp-post outside his own house.
+Beresford had taken the precaution to fill the approaches to the
+Custom-house with soldiers, and so escaped, but the residences of all
+the principal loyalists in Dublin were stoned, and for several days mob
+law was supreme.
+
+Camden, however, determined to show that he was uninfluenced by
+intimidation.  He was not a courageous person, but he knew that the
+English garrison was strong and that there could be no treachery within
+Dublin Castle, where everybody had been bought body and soul by the
+Government.  Pitt had advised him to adopt a strong anti-Catholic
+policy, and he carried out his instructions only too well.  It is
+significant of the attitude and position of the Catholic priesthood
+that the viceroy could be anti-Catholic and yet in a position to lay
+the foundation-stone of Maynooth College.  This was an open bribe to
+the clergy, and an intimation of favours to come if the {202}
+priesthood supported the policy of Pitt and the viceroy.
+
+Lord Castlereagh and the Duke of Portland--the latter as Home Secretary
+having charge of Irish affairs--had almost carried into execution their
+plan of endowing the Roman Catholic Church with English money, and
+thereby securing its allegiance and support for ever; but even the
+audacious Castlereagh hesitated for fear of the English Established
+Church, and it was decided to substitute Maynooth and an endowment for
+the original plan.
+
+Camden's aggressiveness was matched by the determination of his
+opponents.  The United Irishmen threw over their policy of 'peaceful
+persuasion,' and inspired by Wolfe Tone, became a rebellious
+organization.  Tone went to America, and from there to France.  The
+result was the abortive expedition under Hoche and Grouchy.
+
+[Sidenote: The United Irishmen]
+
+Camden was not idle.  He quickly discovered that there are always
+plenty of traitors in Ireland, and he bought them up by the score.  The
+news of Lord Edward Fitzgerald's adherence to the rebel cause was
+disconcerting, but Fitzgerald had friends, and these the viceroy
+purchased.  A similar policy was adopted in the case of every one of
+the rebel leaders, and every hero had his bodyguard of traitors.  The
+Government had merely to wait for the right moment to strike a decisive
+blow.  Castle money was never more plentiful than in the two years
+preceding the egregious rebellion of '98.  Many patriots who screamed
+for independence lost their voices at {203} the first sight of
+viceregal gold; the old bucks, penniless as the result of their early
+follies, found in the profession of traitor an easy escape from the
+demon Work; briefless barristers, and even successful ones, were drawn
+into the Castle circle until the viceroy could say with reason that he
+had bought practically every man of position or influence in the
+country.
+
+Despite this, however, Camden felt alarmed at the progress the rebel
+cause was making.  It was no longer a purely Catholic movement, and the
+knowledge that wealthy Protestant merchants were joining the United
+Irishmen convinced the Viceroy that, although he could arrest the
+leaders whenever he wished, yet there would be an army of rebels left
+which might prove difficult to overcome.  Lady Camden urged him to
+resign, and save the lives of their children and themselves.  She and
+her family existed in a state of siege; there was little entertaining,
+for no man trusted his neighbour, and in every street beggar the
+Government saw an embryo assassin.  Camden, with the disturbing
+conscience of the self-confessed coward, was compelled to act the
+bully.  He would not go in the guise of a frightened and defeated
+viceroy.  Then someone suggested that as the country was under arms it
+would be better if the viceroy happened to be a soldier.  Camden seized
+upon this pretext, and wrote to London offering to resign in favour of
+Lord Cornwallis, who, as one who had been Governor-General of India and
+Commander-in-Chief of the troops, was the most experienced man for the
+post.  Cornwallis {204} was not inclined to come to Ireland, though as
+a soldier he intimated to the Government that he was bound to obey any
+orders given him in that capacity.  Camden, therefore, remained on, and
+the long-expected rebellion broke out.  But the viceroy was not
+unprepared, and before the day arrived for the great blow to be struck
+by a united and concerted action of the rebels every one of the leaders
+was in gaol and scores of traitors were holding out their hands for
+payment.  News of the successes in the field of the leaderless rebels
+created a panic, and Camden increased it by despatching his wife and
+children to England.  The Orangemen demonstrated feebly, but they
+formed a small minority, and, although they had been very prominent
+since the rejection of the Catholic Bill in 1795, they were of no
+importance or use in the crisis.  Camden implored Pitt to send more
+troops, or Ireland would be lost for ever.  The English statesman
+replied that there were eighty thousand men in the country already, and
+gave him Sir Ralph Abercromby to command them.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Camden]
+
+Abercromby resigned in disgust, and General Lake was sent to replace
+him, and to this officer fell the task of dealing with the straggling
+bodies of rebels who were maintaining a 'sort of rebellion.'  Shortly
+after the arrest of the rebel leaders Camden had made way for Lord
+Cornwallis, and returned home.  The ex-viceroy was consulted by
+Portland, who had disapproved of his policy, and Camden declared that
+the only solution of the problem was the union of the two Parliaments.
+{205} While Ireland had a Parliament of its own--however
+unrepresentative--it would crave for its natural corollary, a native
+Government.  But even a Camden could learn by experience, and in 1829
+he voted in favour of Catholic Emancipation.
+
+[Sidenote: The Marquis Cornwallis]
+
+It was admitted in London that the rebellion of '98 was at an end, so
+far as its effectiveness was concerned, before Camden resigned, and the
+appointment of Lord Cornwallis was inspired by Pitt's dread that the
+shortly-to-be-introduced Act of Union would lead to further trouble.
+Cornwallis was a soldier and a statesman.  He was sixty years of age,
+and had led a very full life in India, America, and England.  One of
+the few far-seeing persons who had declaimed against the unjust
+taxation which lost the States of America, he nevertheless obeyed the
+call of duty, and fought in the War of Independence.  His surrender at
+Yorktown marked the beginning of the independence of the American
+Colonies.  His greatest and most prosperous years were spent in India,
+and it was as the successful Indian administrator and soldier that he
+was despatched to Ireland to prepare the country for Pitt's proposals.
+He found that there was plenty of work left over from the Camden era,
+and his first six months consisted of hangings and murders.  With a
+courage worthy of a better cause the peasantry were fighting the
+Imperial troops, but there could be only one end to such an unequal
+contest, and the soldiery enjoyed themselves after their kind.  The
+Dublin executive was busily employed reaping the {206} first-fruits of
+Camden's bribery; Lord Edward Fitzgerald was captured, the last of the
+'98 leaders.
+
+The history of Ireland must have a strong influence on men's hearts,
+for nobody can speak or write of it without exhibiting the feelings of
+the partisan.  The unstudied inaccuracies of the phlegmatic Froude show
+that historian to be capable of emotion when dealing with Irish
+affairs.  Froude had no sense of humour, and, therefore, no sense of
+proportion, and his detestation of the Celtic temperament caused his
+prejudices to run riot in his pages on Ireland.  On the other side are
+the painfully sincere patriots whose efforts to divide humanity into
+sheep and goats wrong both parties.  Perhaps one of these days it will
+be agreed that any event more than fifty years old shall be considered
+outside party politics.  As it is, the rebellion of '98 is a subject
+strong enough to-day to arouse as much passion as the latest proposal
+of a vote-bidding Government, Conservative or Liberal.
+
+It would be as easy as it is tempting to dwell upon the doings of the
+year 1798, but the 'rebellion' has its own historians.  One example of
+Castle methods must be given.  Among the lawyers who enjoyed a more or
+less fashionable practice was a man named McNally.  He was friendly
+with the leading patriots and also with the Government, and he approved
+in a purely intellectual manner of the rebellion.  When, therefore, a
+batch of important rebels were in need of a barrister to defend them,
+they sent for McNally, and as their counsel he was told everything,
+{207} including certain information which the wily lawyer knew would be
+of immense value to the Government.  This was his opportunity, and he
+never hesitated.  To the Castle he went, and sold his clients for a
+life-pension of L300 a year.  But this was a venial sin compared with
+some others which could be cited.
+
+[Sidenote: The Act of Union introduced]
+
+The surrender of General Humbert to Cornwallis marked the termination
+of the rebellion, and, in the opinion of Pitt and Portland, the Home
+Secretary, the most favourable time had arrived for the introduction of
+the Act of Union.  In November, 1798, the duke sent to Cornwallis the
+first articles of the Bill.  These were introduced into the House of
+Commons in Dublin in the certain hope that they would be accepted.  To
+the astonishment and dismay of the executive, the Bill was rejected by
+107 votes to 105.  Castlereagh was furious; Cornwallis indifferent.
+Both men advised Catholic Emancipation as the price for Parliamentary
+surrender, but the Government was averse to placing the majority in
+power.
+
+It was resolved to return to the old methods, the methods that had
+always proved effective when dealing with the Irish aristocracy and
+ruling class.  Castlereagh was given a free hand, and places, pelf, and
+peerages were promised with reckless lavishness.  There was a rush to
+be first in the field of favours, but Castlereagh was so ready to
+promise anything that the bribed became suspicious.  The English
+Government in Ireland had a reputation for treachery that was not
+undeserved, and the place and peerage seekers went {208} to Cornwallis
+to seek endorsement of Castlereagh's offers.  The viceroy gave his
+personal guarantee that they would be fulfilled, and, satisfied with
+this, the ready-made majority went to the Commons, and with a force
+numbering one hundred and fifty-three persons overwhelmed the
+opposition of eighty-eight.  Many of the latter had refused heavy
+bribes; as many had endangered their political lives.
+
+The Union accomplished, the Duke of Portland endeavoured to postpone,
+with an ultimate view to cancellation, the bestowal of the promised
+peerages and the payment of the monetary bribes, and only the
+threatened resignation of Cornwallis brought about the fulfilment of
+the Government's side of the bargain.
+
+[Sidenote: Society after the Union]
+
+The new nobility were received with derision in England and Ireland,
+and the wits of the day satirized them unmercifully.  There is a story
+told of John Philpot Curran, who had gained the admiration of the
+patriotic party by his fearless advocacy of the '98 rebels in the law
+courts.  The famous wit was accosted by one of the new peers outside
+the defunct Irish Parliament in College Green with the query as to the
+intention of the Government with regard to the empty building, adding,
+'For my part, I hate even the sight of it.'  'I do not wonder,'
+retorted Curran, 'I never yet heard of a murderer who was not afraid of
+a ghost.'  Curran had been a bitter opponent of the Union, and had
+proved himself incorruptible.
+
+Whatever its political effect, the closing of the Irish Parliament was
+a blow to the prestige of {209} Dublin as the metropolis.  The
+viceroyalty remained, but it was shorn of some of its glory.  With the
+death of the Irish House of Commons and the admittance of Irish peers
+to the English House of Lords, there was no longer any need for the
+native nobility to maintain expensive houses in Dublin.  London became
+their centre, and they made their country houses their headquarters
+while in Ireland.  Gradually the social power fell into the hands of
+the professional classes and the higher-grade civil servants; doctors,
+lawyers, officers in the army, and others of the professions dominated
+Dublin society.  The viceroy's court saw less of the aristocracy, and
+the levees degenerated into a meeting-place for those of doubtful
+pedigrees or persons anxious to make new ones.  Merrion Square and St.
+Stephen's Green attracted wealthy barristers and doctors, and
+prosperous tradespeople moved from the 'other side of the bridge' to
+the desirable regions surrounding Merrion Square.  Knighthoods and
+baronetcies were given to doctors and lawyers, and the wives of the men
+who could not have been 'received' at the viceregal court previous to
+the union were now the leaders of fashion and frequenters of the Castle
+and the Lodge.
+
+The energetic viceroy meanwhile pressed for Catholic emancipation,
+which he declared would save Ireland from self-destruction.  The state
+of the country was pitiable, and Dublin looked all the more wretched
+and squalid by reason of its patches of gaiety and wealth.  Trade was
+stagnant and education at a standstill.  Almost every viceroy {210} had
+to contribute to funds for starving peasantry.  Cornwallis was not
+deceived by the carelessness of his immediate circle.  He protested
+again and again against the laxity of the Government, and called aloud
+for the emancipation of the Catholics.  He was informed that the
+Government dared not bring in such a Bill, for it would be thrown out
+instantly, and when they wished to commit political suicide the
+ministers would follow the viceroy's advice.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Cornwallis]
+
+Tired and disgusted, Cornwallis resigned in February, 1801, and in May
+took his departure.  In 1805 he died in India, two years after he had,
+as the English plenipotentiary, signed the disastrous Treaty of Amiens.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Hardwicke]
+
+Pitt having been replaced by Addington, the new premier sent Lord
+Hardwicke to Dublin.  The earl was the eldest son of Lord Chancellor
+Yorke, and being of a genial and easy-going disposition, it was thought
+that he would eradicate, with the assistance of his wife, the
+ill-feeling caused by the union.  Lady Hardwicke certainly did her
+best, and cultivated every class of Dublin society.  The Castle for the
+time being lost its sinister political reputation, and for five years
+it remained the centre of the social life of the city.  There was much
+beauty and talent in Dublin, and the name of Irishman had gained
+something by the exploits of the sons of the late Earl of Mornington.
+Burke and Goldsmith had passed away, but Sheridan, Grattan, Curran,
+Keogh, and many others remained.  The Lord-Lieutenant dearly loved a
+good story and a good dinner, and he {211} surrounded himself with all
+the leading wits of the day.  The personality of John Philpot Curran
+dominated the Irish bar, and his refusal to defend Robert Emmet
+scarcely affected his popularity with the patriotic party.  The attempt
+on the part of Emmet to start a new rebellion failed miserably, and did
+not disturb the equanimity of Hardwicke.  He continued his policy of
+doing nothing and doing it well.  The viceregal etiquette that had
+prevailed for hundreds of years was relaxed somewhat, and Dublin began
+to realize that the reign of the official gang was nearly finished.
+Hitherto Castle functions had been for the few; now they were for the
+many.  The personal charm of Lady Hardwicke lessened the difficulties
+of the viceroyalty, and when, in May, 1804, it was announced that Lord
+Powis was to replace Hardwicke, there was great regret in Dublin.
+Fortunately, Powis would not come to Ireland, and the viceroy and his
+wife remained until the early part of 1806, when John Russell, sixth
+Duke of Bedford, was sent to govern the country under the auspices of
+the Ministry of All the Talents.
+
+The duke was no politician, and fourteen years in the House of Commons
+had given him a profound dislike for public life.  It was only at the
+earnest solicitation of the Prime Minister, Grenville, that he accepted
+the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and when the Duke of Portland began his
+second ministry Bedford gladly vacated Dublin Castle.  It was an
+undistinguished year in Irish affairs, but it is worth noting that
+amongst the duke's family at the time was a boy of fourteen, {212} who,
+as Lord John Russell, had in later years a great deal to do with Irish
+affairs.  He was at the head of the Government when the Irish famine of
+1847-48 ravaged the country, and it was to Russell that Gladstone owed
+his first acquaintance with Irish life.  He never had a very flattering
+opinion of the viceroyalty, regarding it as a useless encumbrance now
+that the country was controlled from London, and more than once he
+pressed upon his Cabinet colleagues a proposal for its abolition and
+the substitution for it of a Secretary of State for Ireland, ranking
+with the Home Secretary and conducting all Irish business.  His father
+retired into private life after leaving Dublin, and earned the
+gratitude of subsequent holders of the dukedom by building Covent
+Garden at a cost of L40,000 and otherwise improving the great Russell
+estates.  Agriculture also owes a great deal to the sixth Duke of
+Bedford, who was one of the first to cultivate the subject
+scientifically, and for many years of his life he was Vice-President of
+the Agricultural Society, which he helped to found and guide into
+prosperity.
+
+Although Catholic Emancipation was very much to the fore now, and the
+speeches of Catholic orators were embarrassing the Government, it was
+not considered essential that the Lord-Lieutenant should be something
+more than a man of fashion.  Dukes were plentiful, and to succeed
+Bedford, another one in the person of Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of
+Richmond and Lennox, was chosen.  The Duke of Richmond was forty-three
+years of age, and had gained the {213} reputation of a sportsman.  He
+was a keen cricketer and a patron of the 'noble art' of boxing.  In his
+early years he had distinguished himself in a duel with the Duke of
+York, and altogether was a typical man of the world, to whom the world
+was very kind.  He was assured that the Government of Ireland was a
+simple matter--no work to do and plenty of opportunities for
+cultivating those social arts so dear to him and to his duchess, who
+was a sister of the outgoing viceroy's wife, the Duchess of Bedford.
+
+[Sidenote: Colonel Arthur Wellesley]
+
+Richmond was given as his chief secretary Colonel Arthur Wellesley, a
+man who would perform any work there was to do.  In the circumstances
+the duke and duchess crossed over and inaugurated their reign with a
+brilliant ball which foreshadowed a very gay time for the metropolis.
+The viceroy was not interested in Catholic Emancipation or in any of
+the subjects that intimately concerned the country he was supposed to
+govern, but, to his great annoyance, Colonel Wellesley, in his anxiety
+to obtain further military service, neglected Ireland, and spent much
+of his time in London interviewing responsible ministers.  Richmond
+complained of his chief secretary's neglect, but Wellesley excused
+himself by pointing out that his civil appointment had been accepted on
+the understanding that he was at liberty to vacate it whenever there
+was a prospect of service in the field.
+
+Wellesley was nominally chief secretary for two years, and he did some
+good work during that time, but his sojourn in Ireland is merely an
+episode {214} in a splendid life.  Richmond's other famous secretary
+was Sir Robert Peel, who practised the arts of the statesman at
+twenty-four as chief secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+
+Despite Wellesley's neglect of his Dublin duties he became a warm
+friend of the viceroy and his wife.  It will be remembered that it was
+the Duchess of Richmond who gave the celebrated ball at Brussels on the
+historic night that preceded Quatre Bras.  At the Battle of Waterloo
+the duke was one of the suite in attendance on the Duke of Wellington.
+
+[Illustration: Duke of Richmond and Lennox]
+
+The Duke of Richmond was bitterly attacked by the Catholic party, and a
+libel action against the editor of the _Dublin Evening Post_ in 1813
+provided Daniel O'Connell with his first great opportunity for a public
+display of his oratory.  McGee, the editor in question, had published a
+daring article on the Lord-Lieutenant in which it was declared 'that he
+was not the superior of the worst of his predecessors--the profligate
+and unprincipled Westmoreland, the cold-hearted and cruel Camden, and
+artful and treacherous Cornwallis.  They all insulted, they oppressed,
+they murdered, and they deceived.'  The reference to murder was held
+sufficient to justify the Government in arresting McGee on the charge
+of having accused the Duke of Richmond with that crime.
+
+[Sidenote: O'Connell and the Duke]
+
+Daniel O'Connell took up the case for the imprisoned editor when no
+other member of the bar dare run the risk of offending the viceregal
+court.  The result was a foregone conclusion, and McGee was considered
+lucky to get off with two {215} years' imprisonment and a fine of L500,
+but the case was rescued from obscurity by the accused's advocate's
+introduction of the ultra-political speech for the defence.  In those
+days they allowed a degree of irrelevancy in counsels' speeches that
+would not be tolerated for a moment in the twentieth century.
+
+The duke did not go out of office until 1813.  The position of
+representative of the king had its advantages, and the almost regal
+state he maintained in Dublin soothed his vanity, and was,
+incidentally, good for the trade of the city.  The duchess loved power
+even more than her husband did, and the exploits of the late chief
+secretary, now well on his way to a dukedom, were her principal topic
+of conversation.  In Dublin she could lead, whereas in London she had
+to follow, and in Dublin she stayed for several years, an undisputed
+queen.  Curran, now Master of the Rolls, was her friend, and the wits
+of the town flattered her in their own charming way.  Years afterwards
+the duchess confessed that the happiest years of her life were spent in
+Dublin.
+
+
+
+
+{216}
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+The advocates of Catholic Emancipation could not be expected to be
+content with mere social pleasures, and the ministry decided to try a
+diplomat in the difficult post.  The duke having resigned in 1813, Lord
+Whitworth, an experienced diplomatist and a strong anti-Catholic, took
+his place.  The duke and duchess, after their experience of Brussels
+and Waterloo, consented to govern British North America, as Canada was
+then termed, and in 1819 the duke died of hydrophobia in the town of
+Richmond.
+
+Students of Napoleonic history will be able to recall the early career
+of the man chosen to foil the attempts of the popular party to force
+their policy of Catholic Emancipation on the Government.  Whitworth,
+who had been born without a title or great wealth, was a self-made man
+as far as it was possible for one who owed his opportunities to the
+generosity of well-disposed patrons.  He was first a soldier, and then,
+through the influence of the Duke of Dorset, a diplomat, representing
+England in Poland, Russia, and France.  As Ambassador in Paris he came
+into contact with Napoleon, and it was Whitworth who demanded his
+passports from the Corsican {217} when the Peace of Amiens was broken
+and all Europe plunged into war.
+
+Lord Whitworth was a man who took advantage of his opportunities, and
+from 1785 to 1803 fortune was very kind to him, but following his
+sudden withdrawal from Paris he seemed to lose his powers, and for ten
+years he chafed in obscurity.  In 1801 he had married the widow of his
+first great patron, and the Duchess of Dorset, a woman whose egotism
+was matched by her greed, brought him a large fortune and some
+influence.  This was increased by the marriage of her mother to Lord
+Liverpool, and when that nobleman had been at the head of the
+Government for about a year he succumbed to the importunities of his
+ambitious stepdaughter and appointed her husband to succeed the Duke of
+Richmond.
+
+[Sidenote: The haughty duchess]
+
+To a woman of the temperament that distinguished the Duchess of Dorset
+the acme of human bliss was the impersonation of royalty.  She revelled
+in the rites attendant upon the state the viceroy maintained, and as
+the haughty duchess she was known throughout the country.  Lord
+Whitworth, past sixty and somewhat bored, was a tool in the hands of
+his wife, who never forgot the fact that he was her late husband's
+protege and, therefore, to some extent hers also.  She personally
+supervised the list of those who had the _entree_ to the Castle, and
+her censorship of her predecessor's list caused a vast amount of
+ill-feeling.  Wives of respectable professional men found themselves
+relegated to the position occupied by their prototypes fifty years
+before, while {218} the intrepid duchess even attacked those who had
+married into plebeian families, and, therefore, forfeited her regard.
+It was due to her efforts that her relative, Lord Liverpool, conferred
+an earldom on Whitworth, though she retained her ducal title throughout
+her life.
+
+The viceregal pair were not unpopular, but Whitworth was scarcely the
+man to understand Irish affairs.  To a large extent the ruler of the
+country was Sir Robert Peel, the chief Secretary until 1818.  The
+Duchess of Dorset did not always approve of Peel, but, recognizing that
+he saved her husband a considerable amount of work, she delegated the
+task of maintaining the usual official correspondence with the ministry
+in London to him.  Peel was a strong--soon to become the
+strongest--opponent of the Catholic claims.  The viceroy was of the
+same opinion on this important matter, and, backed by an enormous
+English army, they defied public opinion.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Talbot]
+
+In the autumn of 1817 it was decided to replace Whitworth by Lord
+Talbot, and accordingly, on October 9, the new viceroy was sworn in,
+Peel taking a prominent part in the ceremony.  Talbot and Whitworth
+were old friends, having first met during the latter's embassy in
+Russia, when the younger nobleman was an attache in the diplomatic
+service, and he owed his selection to the good offices of the outgoing
+viceroy and his wife.  That he was opposed to Catholic Emancipation was
+another point in his favour, while the Government were not unimpressed
+by the fact that Lady {219} Talbot was an Irish lady, the daughter of a
+County Meath gentleman.
+
+[Sidenote: Visit of George IV.]
+
+Lord and Lady Talbot made a determined effort to win the good-will of
+the country.  Daniel O'Connell's raging, tearing propaganda was
+disturbing, and ever threatened a revolution, but Talbot thought that
+by devoting some of his time to the patronage of agriculture he might
+gain more adherents to the Government's policy.  The farmers were not
+ungrateful, but Lord Talbot must have realized before he was a year in
+the country that the solution of the Irish question was not so easy as
+he had thought it to be.  Peel, summoned to London for more important
+duties, still maintained his opposition to O'Connell and the Catholic
+claims.  Then, in 1821, the Cabinet had a brilliant idea which resolved
+itself into this--that all Irish problems should be solved by a State
+visit from George IV.  Hitherto English kings had been accustomed to
+visit Ireland in the role of fugitives, but George IV. was to come as a
+great monarch, the first gentleman in Europe--and, as Thackeray had
+said, 'the biggest blackguard'--and Irish loyalty was to be aroused
+from its dormant condition.
+
+The king carried out the plans laid down for him, and he had no cause
+to regret making the acquaintance of his Irish subjects.  He
+scrutinized everything he saw in Ireland with the air and interest of a
+schoolboy visiting a waxworks show.  English uniforms seemed to
+fascinate him when worn by Irish soldiers, and he hummed and hawed
+question after question from the beginning to the end of his visit.
+
+{220}
+
+'Who is that magnificent-looking officer?' he asked the viceroy,
+indicating the figure of Sir Philip Crampton, the celebrated surgeon.
+
+'Oh, that is a general of the Lancers, sir,' was the witty reply, and
+the king passed on to something else.
+
+The most humorous incident of his visit arose out of His Majesty's
+desire to witness some racing at the Curragh.  In great state he
+travelled down, and every preparation was made to supply the royal
+visitor with a magnificent lunch.  The pantries of Dublin and London
+were searched for dainties, and everything possible pressed into
+service.
+
+It happened to be a very wet day, and the races did not prove very
+exciting, but the king chivalrously maintained his interest as long as
+he could.  When he retired to his room, where gorgeous flunkeys of all
+ranks waited breathlessly for the king to name his refreshment, George
+IV. did not keep them long in doubt--he wanted a cup of tea.
+
+A simple request, and one easily granted, for in the royal pavilion
+were the choicest teas, the finest sugar and cream, and, of course,
+plenty of hot water.  Then someone called for a cup and saucer.  Great
+consternation ensued when it was discovered that those simple
+requisites had been forgotten.  There was absolutely nothing in which
+to serve the tea to the royal visitor!
+
+With prayers that the king might not get impatient, a score of scouts
+were despatched to search the countryside for a cup and saucer, and
+{221} one of them proved successful, finding in a poor peasant's
+ramshackle cabin a twopenny blue cup and saucer.  They were hastily
+polished up, and with remarkable celerity the tea was served to the
+thirsty king.
+
+One of the caterers afterwards visited the owner of the cup and saucer,
+and gave her a guinea for them.  Needless to say, these precious
+articles were treasured by the caterer's family.
+
+  "A clod--a piece of orange-peel--
+    An end of a cigar--
+  Once trod on by a princely heel,
+    How beautiful they are!"
+
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Talbot, K.P.]
+
+He was received in Ireland with a courtesy that often swelled into
+enthusiasm, and Dublin, the centre of the local administration, went
+into ecstasies over the royal visitor.  Lord Talbot was installed a
+Knight of St. Patrick amidst a splendour that contrasted with horrible
+distinctness with the terrible misery and poverty that prevailed in the
+very environs of Dublin Castle itself.  The king must have seen the
+shadows of famine and desolation that lurked behind the gaudy trappings
+that did their best to make the city fit for a king, but he
+conveniently ignored them.  Monarchs have only a distant acquaintance
+with human nature, and so King George, flattered by attentions denied
+him in London except by his satellites, left the country convinced that
+the demand for Catholic Emancipation was an artificial one created by
+O'Connell, and that in reality Ireland was a most contented and
+prosperous nation.
+
+But the ills of humanity cannot be cured by a {222} display of royal
+dignity, and Talbot discovered that pressing social evils could not be
+eradicated by the bestowal of ribbons and orders.  It may have seemed
+unaccountable to him that when the country demanded bread it should be
+dissatisfied with the sight of the king.  Lady Talbot was feeding with
+'cake' the 'upper ten' of Dublin society, but Ireland was dissatisfied.
+The country was not progressing, the cities presented a squalid and
+lifeless appearance, and even Dublin, favoured by the being the
+residence of the well-paid official set and the home of the Government,
+scarcely looked the prosperous place it had been during the last
+quarter of the previous century.
+
+Talbot advised stringent measures against O'Connell, but by now the
+ministry was beginning to feel doubtful of its ready-made Irish policy,
+and soon rumours reached Talbot that he was to be succeeded by the
+Marquis Wellesley, a great Irishman, and an avowed Emancipationist.
+The viceroy resigned at once and left Ireland.  He died in 1849, five
+years after Peel had rewarded his Free Trade allegiance by giving him
+the garter.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Wellesley]
+
+The Marquis Wellesley, an Emancipationist by conviction, was sent to
+Ireland with promises the ministry did not intend to fulfil.  Peel,
+Goulburn, the Irish secretary, and the rest of his colleagues, were
+opposed to the granting of complete relief to the followers of the
+popular religion, and their selection of Lord Wellesley was merely an
+attempt to blind the eyes of the patriotic party.  When in the last
+months of 1821 it was declared officially that Wellesley was to succeed
+Lord {223} Talbot, the joy of the Catholics knew no bounds.  To them
+the new viceroyalty promised a speedy attainment of all their hopes,
+for they knew that Wellesley was a strong man, and one likely to have
+his own way.  Quite apart from political and sectarian reasons, Ireland
+welcomed Wellesley.  He was an Irishman by birth, and although Harrow,
+Eton, and Oxford in turn educated him, he had learnt the rudiments of
+the three R's in the town of Trim.  It was recalled that the
+Lord-Lieutenant in his younger days had been the friend of Henry
+Grattan, and as the result of thirty years' brilliant service on behalf
+of the Crown, no man--with the exception of his brother, the Duke of
+Wellington--commanded greater respect or admiration in the two
+kingdoms, while so far as Ireland was concerned, the marquis was vastly
+more popular than the duke, who had a constitutional objection to
+Catholicism in any form.  For eight years Lord Wellesley had acted as
+Governor-General of India, and during the Peninsular War he was
+Ambassador to Spain--one brother conquering the French and the other
+reaping the not less important diplomatic victories, made possible by
+the great battles.  From the foreign secretaryship under Percival
+Wellesley might have had the premiership, but his views on Ireland were
+unpopular, and his failure to form a ministry prepared the way for Lord
+Liverpool to assume the leadership for a period of nearly fifteen
+years.  Despite his opinions, Wellesley could have had the viceroyalty
+of Ireland in 1812, but he declined it.
+
+{224}
+
+When a young man of twenty-four, Wellesley--then the Earl of
+Mornington--contracted an irregular alliance with a Parisian girl of
+remarkable beauty, Hyacinthe Gabrielle Roland, and for nine years they
+lived together.  She bore him children, and they appear to have been
+happy.  Wellesley, however, was growing in public importance, and it
+was represented to him privately that his domestic relations might
+interfere with his chances of promotion.  To end an impossible
+situation, he married his mistress in 1793, and from the day of the
+marriage they seemed to lose their mutual affection.  Gabrielle Roland
+was modest in her demands, and content to look after her children; as
+Countess of Mornington she pestered her husband to compel society to
+recognize her new status.  He was helpless, of course, and quarrels
+ensued, but they lived together until 1797, when he was appointed
+Governor-General of India.  At first Lady Mornington wished to
+accompany him, but he was able to persuade her to remain at home.
+
+India at the time had a reputation for cruelty and treachery created by
+the episode of the Black Hole of Calcutta, and Lady Mornington,
+thinking doubtless of her children and not herself, consented to remain
+behind, and enjoy the generous allowance her husband proposed to make
+her.  For the rest of her life--which lasted until 1816--husband and
+wife saw little of each other; she failed to provide him with a
+legitimate heir, and at the time it seemed likely that Lord Wellesley
+would be Prime Minister he lived alone in London.  It was said {225}
+that he refused the viceroyalty in 1812 because it would mean taking
+'the Frenchwoman to Dublin,' though a close examination of the existing
+records points to the fact that Wellesley was unwilling to leave the
+centre of political interest at such a critical period in the history
+of England.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord-Lieutenant assaulted]
+
+The coming of Wellesley to Dublin Castle roused the enthusiasm of the
+Catholic party and the animosity of the governing minority.  In 1822 a
+great public meeting voted an address of congratulation to the marquis,
+the motion being proposed by O'Connell and seconded by Richard Lalor
+Sheil.  Meetings all over the country followed suit, and the squeakings
+of the Orange lodges were drowned in the popular welcome.  There was a
+temporary lull in the formation of secret societies, and the Whiteboys,
+the Orangemen, the Ribbonmen, and other associations for doing evil by
+stealth, waited for a sign from the Lord-Lieutenant.  He gave it by
+abolishing the annual Orange decoration of King William's statue, and
+instantly the Orangemen flew to 'arms.'  Wellesley attended a gala
+performance at the theatre, and an infuriated Orangeman entered a
+practical protest by hurling a bottle at his head.  It missed its mark
+by inches, and the culprit was arrested.  The Grand Jury, unanimously
+anti-Catholic, threw out the bill, and the powerful minority followed
+up this blow by inspiring a debate in the House of Commons, in which a
+vote of censure on the Lord-Lieutenant was rejected with the utmost
+difficulty.  It was only too evident that the {226} Orangemen were
+determined to contest every inch of ground with the viceroy.
+
+[Illustration: Marquis Wellesley]
+
+The general opinion regarding the Marquis Wellesley, when it was known
+that he had no power to grant relief to the Catholics, was summed up in
+the lines by Furlong, the Irish poet:
+
+  'Who that hath viewed him in his past career
+  Of hard-earned fame could recognize him here?
+  Changed as he is in lengthened life's descent
+  To a mere instrument's mere instrument;
+  Crippled by Canning's fears and Eldon's rules,
+  Begirt with bigots and beset with fools.
+  A mournful mark of talents misapplied,
+  A handcuffed leader and a hoodwinked guide;
+  The lone opposer of a lawless band,
+  The fettered chieftain of a fettered land.'
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Catholic Association]
+
+In 1824 Daniel O'Connell, realizing that the Lord-Lieutenant could not
+force the hand of his superiors in London, founded the Catholic
+Association, and it is no exaggeration to say that the people clamoured
+for admission to it.  Every town and village throughout the country had
+its branch, and within twelve months it was the real authority in the
+land.  The English Government was superseded, and O'Connell was the
+virtual ruler of Ireland.  Wellesley, who did not approve of the aims
+and methods of the Association, was devoting his attention to the
+suppression of the secret societies, while the Cabinet in London wrote
+imploring him to deal effectively with O'Connell's society.  But the
+marquis was helpless.  There was no secrecy about the Catholic
+Association, and its objects were, academically speaking, lawful, and
+its methods legal.  Further alarm was caused by the statement in some
+English papers that {227} every Irish soldier was a member of the
+association.  Wellesley was asked for his opinion--he repeated again
+and again that the only way to make the country peaceful was to grant
+Catholic Emancipation.  Three Prime Ministers--Liverpool, Canning, and
+Goderich--in succession rejected the advice so disinterestedly given,
+and when a turn of Fortune's wheel placed the great Duke of Wellington
+in power, he intimated to his brother that as their views did not
+coincide, it would be better if the Marquis of Anglesey, an old friend
+of both, should replace him in the Government as Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Lord Wellesley resigned without demur.  He was well aware
+that they differed widely on many important topics, and Wellington had
+never forgotten that if Wellesley's views on foreign policy had
+prevailed, there would have been no Waterloo and less glory.  In the
+House of Lords the marquis rose to denounce the Irish policy of his
+brother, but they never made the blunder of carrying their quarrel into
+private life.  Lord Wellesley had in 1825 married an American lady,
+Mrs. Patterson of Baltimore, the grand-daughter of one of the
+signatories to the document that recorded the independence of the
+United States of America, and she brought him a happiness he had never
+known before.  Witty, beautiful, and rich, the American marchioness
+held her own in London society, and Wellesley was content for her to
+remain out of political affairs, save when his seat in the House of
+Lords enabled him to speak against the Government.  Lady Wellesley, who
+{228} was a devout Catholic, was always escorted by a troop of dragoons
+to the Roman Catholic Provincial Cathedral in Marlborough Street,
+Dublin, when her husband was viceroy.
+
+In the Lower House Sir Robert Peel, now Home Secretary, was affirming
+his unalterable determination never to surrender to the O'Connellites,
+and his leader was also giving a display of the Iron Will.  But even
+Iron Dukes can unbend when they have been tempered by experience.  It
+was the Wellington Ministry that granted Catholic Emancipation, and it
+was Sir Robert Peel who sounded the note of surrender.  The collapse
+was caused by the historic Clare election of 1828, within a few months
+of the appointment of Lord Anglesey.
+
+There was, of course, considerable humour, intentional and otherwise,
+introduced during the agitation for and against Catholic Emancipation.
+Once King George IV. was heard to murmur plaintively:
+
+'Wellington is King of England, O'Connell is King of Ireland, and I am
+supposed to be the Dean of Windsor.'
+
+Lord Eldon presented to the House of Lords a petition of the tailors of
+Glasgow against the surrender to the Catholics.
+
+'What?' exclaimed Lord Lyndhurst, 'do tailors bother themselves about
+such measures?'
+
+'No wonder,' answered Eldon; 'you cannot suppose that tailors would
+like turncoats.'
+
+
+
+
+{229}
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+Wellington's premiership was four days old when Lord Anglesey accepted
+the viceroyalty.  The duke evidently selected his Waterloo comrade
+without taking the trouble to sound him upon the views he held, but
+George IV.--that fine champion of Protestantism!--immediately sent for
+the marquis, and in a touching interview implored him to keep the
+Catholics at bay, emphasizing his belief that the surrender of the
+Government to O'Connell would mean the dismemberment and destruction of
+the British Empire.  Anglesey, who knew nothing whatever about anything
+except women and war, sought refuge in meaningless platitudes.  He
+declared to the king that he intended to take no part in sectarian or
+political strife in Ireland; he would administer the law equally to
+all, and so forth, impressing George IV. with a sense of his extreme
+propriety and impartiality.
+
+On January 29, 1828, Lord Anglesey became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+He was in his sixtieth year, and could look back with some pride on a
+long and busy life.  He had fought with Moore at Corunna, and at
+Waterloo was Wellington's commander of cavalry.  These were landmarks
+{230} in his life, and even his unfortunate relations with the wife of
+his friend's brother did not create any ill-feeling between Anglesey
+and Wellington.  The Iron Duke had a great affection for his relations,
+and he often expressed his gratification at the remarkable successes
+achieved by his brothers, the Marquis Wellesley and Lord Cowley.
+Politically the Wellesleys were always at enmity, and in addition they
+were handicapped by inheriting from their mother some of her severe
+manner and not a little of her pride.  It is remarkable that the three
+brothers should each have had marital troubles.  The Duke of
+Wellington's marriage, begun as a romance, ended as a tragi-comedy;
+Lord Wellesley's went the same way, and he was burdened for years by a
+wife with whom he could not live; while Lord Cowley was compelled to
+seek a divorce.
+
+It was five years before Waterloo that society was startled by the news
+that Lord Cowley had presented a Bill to Parliament, praying to be
+divorced from his wife, a daughter of Lord Cadogan.  The Marquis of
+Anglesey, then known as the Earl of Uxbridge, was cited as the
+co-respondent, and as Lord Uxbridge was a married man with eight
+children, and, of course, an intimate friend of the Wellesley family,
+London discussed nothing else.  The affair was robbed of a great deal
+of publicity by the influence of the two families concerned, but Lady
+Uxbridge was not to be placated, and she divorced her husband.  Then
+Lord Cowley was awarded damages to the extent of L24,000 against the
+earl, and the complicated {231} affair was simplified by the Earl of
+Uxbridge marrying Lady Cowley.
+
+The Duke of Wellington was too fond of a good soldier to permit a mere
+family matter to stand in the way of Lord Uxbridge's prospects.  He
+took him to Waterloo, and if the earl lost a leg in that famous battle,
+he gained a marquisate, bestowed within less than three weeks of June
+18, 1815.  Promotion in the service followed, and owing to Wellington's
+influence it was rapid and remunerative.
+
+The appointment to Ireland was his patron's greatest gift.  It seemed
+only too obvious that a soldier at the head of affairs would be very
+necessary, for it was accepted as truth in ministerial circles that the
+entire Catholic priesthood of Ireland was engaged in a campaign for
+converting the Irish soldiers in the English army to the political
+principles of the Catholic Association.
+
+[Sidenote: The Clare election]
+
+When the Iron Duke formed a Government, the Catholic Association passed
+a resolution declaring that it would oppose the election of any Irish
+member who took office under the new premier.  Undisturbed by this, the
+member for Clare, Mr. Fitzgerald, accepted the post of President of the
+Board of Trade, and then O'Connell announced that he would be the
+nominee of the Association, and would contest the seat.  This created a
+veritable sensation.  The eyes of the world were centred on Clare, and
+Lord Anglesey sent an army of occupation to take possession of it.  On
+the polling days there were about five soldiers for every voter, and
+the Catholic Association {232} received an advertisement that made the
+world understand the seriousness of its principles.  No single election
+has ever had the effect produced by the election of Daniel O'Connell to
+represent Clare at Westminster.  A month before the result Sir Robert
+Peel declared that he would die politically rather than give way: the
+returns from Clare were still being discussed when the same man started
+to draft the Bill he introduced into the House of Commons in February,
+1829, a measure which completely emancipated the Roman Catholics.  The
+posts of Regent, of Lord Chancellor, and of Irish Viceroy were the only
+ones Catholics could not hold.  The Catholic Association had justified
+its existence.
+
+Meanwhile Lord Anglesey's position was not without interest.  He was
+very unpopular with the patriotic party, and the fact that George IV.
+was annoyed with him tended to increase further his popularity.
+Anglesey learned many things during his first six months in England,
+and he became an emancipationist while Peel was still defiant.  The
+Duke of Wellington was exasperated when Anglesey nullified his advice
+to Catholics to substitute patience for agitation by advising them to
+agitate until they obtained their demands.  The duke wrote curt
+letters, and Anglesey answered in a similar strain.  He was not fond of
+Dublin or Dublin society, and Irish affairs began to bore him.  The
+most interesting men were in his opinion the members of the Catholic
+Association, and he dare not be seen with them, while he knew, as every
+other viceroy had known, that {233} to withhold complete emancipation
+was the worst service the English ministry could do the country.  The
+Prime Minister, with the help of the king, compelled Anglesey to send
+in his resignation, and the vacancy was given at once to Hugh Percy,
+third Duke of Northumberland, Greville's 'prodigious bore,' and almost
+the wealthiest nobleman in England.  He accepted with the proviso that
+he was not to hold the post for more than eighteen months, while he
+advised the Government to reduce the viceroy's salary by L10,000--it
+then stood at L20,000 a year.  The latter piece of advice was not
+accepted, because the Government realized that there would be future
+viceroys without the wealth of the newer Percys.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tithe War]
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland gave a great display of their
+wealth in Dublin, and once more the official party revelled in
+feastings, balls, and flamboyant levees and drawing-rooms.  Some
+serious work was attempted, and in April, 1830, a proclamation was
+issued suppressing the Catholic Association.  Agitation feeds on
+agitation, and O'Connell's league had replaced Emancipation by Repeal.
+He was demanding the severance of the Union between the two countries,
+and Northumberland determined on a vigorous campaign against the
+agitator.  The Tithe War--arising out of the refusal of the Catholic
+peasantry to pay tribute to the ministers of an alien Church--had
+begun, and fierce encounters between the military and the country
+people were everyday occurrences.  Northumberland had a large army at
+his disposal, and the Cabinet advised him to {234} make full use of it,
+but realizing the temper of the country better than his superiors, he
+declared that O'Connell's agitation for Repeal could be rendered
+abortive by reason, and not by force.  Despite the friction with his
+official chiefs in London, Northumberland would have remained in Dublin
+had not the Tory ministry been replaced by Lord Grey's administration.
+The Duke and Duchess of Northumberland--the latter best known as one of
+the late Queen Victoria's governesses--left the country with the
+knowledge that they had been as successful as any viceregal pair before
+them.  Sir Robert Peel described him as the very best governor of
+Ireland, and Wellington, never an easy man to please, growled out some
+compliments when he met the duke at a dinner-party.  Lord Anglesey's
+second viceroyalty began in December, 1830, and ended in September,
+1833.  He had been popular during his brief reign of 1828-29, but he
+discovered speedily that patriots are susceptible, and the viceroy who
+earned popularity as an emancipationist in 1828 was disliked and
+distrusted by the O'Connellites, because he would not follow their lead
+and become equally as enthusiastic for Repeal.  Daniel O'Connell
+derided the viceroy in almost every speech made, and no epithet was too
+strong to be applied to Lord Anglesey.  O'Connell publicly prayed for
+his removal, and the viceroy, out of sympathy with all parties,
+lingered on at Dublin Castle, worried by the popularity of the
+Repealer, and disturbed by the havoc the Tithe War was playing with the
+progress of the country.
+
+{235}
+
+[Sidenote: The famous Doon auction]
+
+The history of the Tithe War has been told many times, and there is no
+room for it here, but it possessed so much comedy and tragedy that some
+of its incidents may be recalled.  When the peasantry tried passive
+resistance, their activities were aroused by the arrival of soldiers to
+take their goods and sell them by public auction.  In one battle twelve
+peasants were killed and twenty wounded; in another there were heavy
+casualties on both sides; and there were other affrays with equally
+deadly results.  A touch of humour was provided by the inhabitants of
+Doon, a Limerick town which, in the early thirties of the last century,
+contained a population of about 5,000 Roman Catholics and a single
+Protestant.  In due course, the Protestant clergyman demanded tithes
+from the priest, which the latter promptly refused to pay.  With the
+aid of the law, the priest's cow was seized, and elaborate preparations
+made for its sale by public auction.  The authorities at Dublin Castle
+were consulted, and a long correspondence dealing with the cow ensued;
+there was much advising and consultation; the viceroy discussed it in
+secret and laughed at it during dinner; the Commander-in-Chief of the
+forces was asked for his help, and he signed an order for the
+attendance of a small army at the forthcoming auction.  Meanwhile the
+cow, unmindful of its prominence and glory, browsed on contentedly
+until the time came when it was led into the field by its crown keeper
+and escorted by a force of police.  On the field of auction, besides
+the police were a troop of the 12th Lancers, five companies {236} of
+the 92nd Highlanders, and two pieces of artillery.  The auctioneer
+stood in the midst of an arsenal surrounded by the army.  Bids for the
+historic cow were invited; threats and jokes were all he got from the
+peasantry, and the proceedings finally left the Government in
+possession of the cow, no one having the courage to buy it.  This
+auction was one of many.  Cows and pigs, escorted by several hundred
+soldiers, became part of the pageantry of the country; officers and men
+were recalled from leave of absence to take their part in tending
+cattle captured from rebellious villagers.  No Government could
+maintain its dignity, and ridicule nullified the dearly bought
+victories in the field.  The net result was that the Government
+collected L12,000 at a cost of L27,000 and hundreds of lives, and
+L48,000 still due for tithes.
+
+Lord Anglesey saw nothing of the Tithe War, but from Dublin Castle he
+superintended the operations against the peasantry.  The Government
+regarded the objection to tithe-paying as one of O'Connell's devices
+for rousing the masses against England, and although the ministry was
+compelled to abolish the tithes, the victory of the peasants was more
+apparent than real, because the Tithe Commutation Act of 1838 placed
+the onus of collecting the dues on the landlord, who, of course, added
+the amount to the rent he levied on his tenants' holdings.
+
+Between July, 1834, and April, 1835, there were three ministries, two
+Melbourne administrations being interrupted by Sir Robert Peel's first
+and {237} brief government.  Lord Wellesley's second viceroyalty lasted
+a few months--from September, 1833, to April, 1834--and although in
+1835 he intimated to Lord Melbourne that he would not be averse to a
+third term, the premier appointed Lord Mulgrave, and Wellesley had to
+be content with the gilded post of Lord Chamberlain.  The Marquis
+Wellesley lived until 1842.
+
+The viceroyalty of the Earl of Haddington was as colourless as it was
+brief.  He had been in Parliament some years before he was given a
+peerage, and succeeding to the earldom shortly afterwards, passed into
+an obscurity from which he never emerged, even when Peel, on December
+29, 1834, made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  That ministry resigned
+in the April following, and Lord Melbourne formed his second Cabinet,
+sending Lord Mulgrave to Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish party in Parliament]
+
+The return to power of Lord Melbourne marked a new epoch in the history
+of the British Parliament.  For the first time English statesmen
+realized that the Irish vote could be capable of controlling the
+destinies of an English party.  Hitherto the Irish members had been
+regarded as of no account; ever since the Union one or other of the
+great parties had been able to act independently of the Irish members,
+but the kaleidoscopic ministerial changes that had taken place since
+the termination of Lord Liverpool's record premiership had gradually
+given the Irish members the balance of power between the two parties.
+In eight years seven distinct Cabinets were formed, and when the
+seventh, Lord Melbourne's, received {238} their seals from William IV.,
+they knew as well as O'Connell himself that their existence depended
+upon the Irish vote.
+
+It was only natural that O'Connell and his followers were delighted.
+They foresaw the time when England would tire of the domination of the
+Irish minority in Parliament, and would gladly send them back to
+College Green, and so certain were they of this that O'Connell agreed
+to suspend his demand for the repeal of the Union, and give Melbourne
+and his colleagues an opportunity of doing something great for Ireland.
+It was a strong Government and rich in statesmen.  Lord John Russell
+was Home Secretary, and Palmerston was Foreign Secretary.  The Cabinet
+had many long and anxious consultations on Irish affairs, and the
+ministers did their best to keep their bargain with O'Connell.  The
+House of Lords, however, blocked the way, and the Melbourne Government
+fell in the autumn of 1841.
+
+When Lord Mulgrave was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1835, he
+was regarded as the best man for the position.  O'Connell expressed
+public approval of him, and the numerous religious and political
+associations added their testimonials.  The Irish leader's compact with
+the ministry was well known, and although Lord Mulgrave was regarded as
+O'Connell's puppet, he was not without opinions of his own.  Lord
+Anglesey had expressed the opinion that O'Connell was the real ruler of
+Ireland, and Mulgrave, in showing his sympathy with the Catholics,
+became as popular with the majority as he was unpopular {239} with the
+powerful Protestant minority.  He was considered to have the best
+opportunity to bring peace to Ireland, and English Liberal members of
+Parliament, in their enthusiasm for their leader, Lord Melbourne, were
+continually pointing out how peaceful Ireland had become under a Whig
+administration.  When a constable in the county of Clare appealed to
+Dublin Castle to remove him to the metropolis because the country had
+become so quiet that he had no chance of gaining promotion or
+distinguishing himself, the Whig Press and politicians went wild with
+delight.  The enterprising constable was written about in scores of
+pamphlets, and three-fourths of England got the impression--and
+retained it for many years, too!--that Ireland was most law-abiding, as
+well as one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
+
+[Sidenote: William IV. and Lord Mulgrave]
+
+The fatal weakness of Lord Mulgrave was his partisanship.  He could
+look at nothing except through the spectacles of well-grounded opinions
+of his own.  At a time when he should have exercised discretion, he
+rushed into the arms of the Catholic party, and thereby mortally
+offended the Orangemen and their not-to-be-despised co-religionists.
+The result was that at a Protestant meeting the mention of the
+viceroy's name was sufficient to fill the building with cries of
+derision, while at a gathering of the Catholics Lord Mulgrave was
+cheered to the echo.  It was an undignified reputation for a man
+supposed to hold the scales of justice evenly, and William IV.
+protested to Melbourne about the conduct of his viceroy.
+
+An examination of the crime returns of the {240} period shows that the
+compact between O'Connell and Lord Melbourne caused no appreciative
+diminution of violence in the country.  Protestants declared that Lord
+Mulgrave was encouraging political criminals by his leniency, the
+culmination of which was his decision in the case of the brutal murder
+of the second Earl of Norbury.  The earl was the younger son of the
+notorious Chief Justice Toler, who had received honours from a grateful
+government because of his anti-Irish and anti-Catholic policy.  On his
+deathbed Toler, hearing that his neighbour, Lord Erne, was also dying,
+sent a servant to assure his lordship that it would be a _dead heat_
+between them!  The anecdote is characteristic of the man and his times,
+but his children were of a different calibre.  The elder son died a
+lunatic, and the second was murdered because he evicted one of his
+tenants, a rogue who objected to paying rent.  The country cried out
+for the severe punishment of the murderers, but the viceroy more than
+tempered justice with mercy, and every landowner instantly became
+alarmed.  If murderers were permitted to escape the hangman because a
+Whig viceroy was at Dublin Castle, then assuredly no Tory landlord was
+safe.  Private and public appeals were made to the king and Lord
+Melbourne.  The premier was compelled to 'promote' him, and in 1839,
+shortly after he had been created Marquis of Normanby, the viceroy
+resigned in order to take up the post of Secretary for the Colonies.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Mulgrave]
+
+Lord Normanby's subsequent career was quite in keeping with his conduct
+in Ireland.  No matter {241} in what capacity he acted, he always took
+sides, and during his diplomatic career, the Foreign Office experienced
+too much Normanby for its liking.  His wife was one of the two women of
+the bedchamber to Queen Victoria to whom Peel objected when called upon
+to form a Government in 1841.  Normanby had been asked to take charge
+of affairs, but there were not half a dozen men willing to serve under
+him, and he soon abandoned his attempt to become Prime Minister.
+Thenceforward his public life was spent abroad in the diplomatic
+service, and a list of his diplomatic indiscretions would fill a
+volume.  From 1846 to 1852 he was Ambassador at Paris, and Palmerston's
+sudden recognition of Louis Napoleon exasperated him to an extent that
+he never forgot.  Normanby was not the man for Paris, and when given a
+chance to represent the English nation at the Court of Tuscany in
+Florence, his partisanship, when he ought to have been neutral, was
+such that Lord Malmesbury had to recall him by telegraph!  He returned
+to England, and until his death in 1863, at the age of sixty-six, he
+acted with the Tories against the Whigs.  His conduct was due entirely
+to his personal detestation of Lord Palmerston.  He was not in sympathy
+with a single act of the Whig, or Liberal, party, but he exerted
+himself to thwart Palmerston.  He shed tears when 'Pam' became premier
+for the second time, and he died while the Liberal statesman was
+half-way through his historic ministry.
+
+
+
+
+{242}
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+The Melbourne Government had two years to run when Lord Normanby left
+Ireland, and they were represented for that period at Dublin by Hugh
+Fortescue, Viscount Ebrington, and afterwards Earl Fortescue.  The
+O'Connell party welcomed Lord Ebrington as they would have welcomed
+anybody commissioned by Lord Melbourne, and although they had been
+disappointed by the barren results of the treaty so far, they hoped for
+the best.  The Repealer, realizing slowly, perhaps, that he was going
+to experience a bitter disappointment, was anxious to raise the
+standard of revolt, but he was advised by friends of the ministry to
+wait.  They prevailed upon him to give them another chance.
+
+[Sidenote: Encouraging Irish trade]
+
+The accession to power of Sir Robert Peel dispelled O'Connell's
+sanguine hopes.  It was true that the premier had twelve years
+previously conceded the claims of the Catholic party, but it was known
+that he would have none of the cry for Repeal, and that he would
+appoint a Lord-Lieutenant of his own stamp.  It is singular, indeed,
+how devotedly O'Connell admired the office of the viceroy.  To him it
+seemed to represent Ireland's scrap of royalty, and in the imitation
+{243} courts of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge he saw something
+of regal independence for the country.  He was always opposed to the
+abolition of the post, and during the Melbourne administration was
+continually suggesting to the premier the names of noblemen likely to
+make efficient viceroys.  When Lord Normanby retired, he promptly
+counselled Melbourne to send Lord Clarendon over, but the commission
+was given to Lord Ebrington, and this nobleman's compulsory resignation
+let in Earl de Grey, who governed Ireland from September, 1841, to
+July, 1844.  He was sixty years of age, wealthy, and popular, married
+to an Irish lady of great charm, when he was selected by Sir Robert
+Peel; and with a callous indifference to O'Connell's disapproval he
+came to Ireland, and with the help of his wife won the respect of all
+classes.  Lady de Grey was a daughter of the first Earl of Enniskillen,
+and was three years her husband's junior, whom she had married in 1805.
+While the Lord-Lieutenant entertained Dublin society, and spent
+thousands of pounds to the benefit of the country, Lady de Grey bore
+her part well, though she showed at times that she did not regard
+herself as a hostess only.  She realized that the country could do with
+more trade and less agitation, and without recourse to political means
+she set herself the task of helping the manufacturers of Ireland.
+Habitues of Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge entertainments soon
+heard that they could not please her Excellency better than by
+patronizing Irish industries, and if the ladies were still compelled to
+buy their {244} dresses in London and Paris, they were induced to
+patronize the Irish dressmakers for their less expensive gowns.
+
+It was not, of course, the most auspicious time for a genuine attempt
+to do something practical towards the social salvation of Ireland.
+Crime was rife; agitation was rampant; patriotism rioting deliriously.
+Many districts became acquainted with famine, but if food was short
+orators were plentiful.  De Grey had plenty of work to do, and it was
+he who initiated the proceedings that led to the arrest of Daniel
+O'Connell and some of his friends in the autumn of 1843.  The
+Government took advantage of a public meeting of the agitators to
+apprehend them for conspiracy, and eventually O'Connell and his
+associates were placed on trial, found guilty by a packed jury, and
+subsequently 'imprisoned' in an old-fashioned country house, where they
+passed their time amidst a quiet that must have been to them a luxury.
+They were allowed to have their own servants and whatever food they
+wished, and never were prisoners more free than during the three months
+that elapsed between the conviction and sentence by the Lord Chief
+Justice of Ireland, and the reversal of the verdict by the House of
+Lords.  That memorable trial gave William Smith O'Brien his
+opportunity, for O'Brien became automatically the leader of the Repeal
+movement when O'Connell was in 'prison.'
+
+[Sidenote: The decline of O'Connell]
+
+Between the first and second trials Lord de Grey left Ireland, and was
+succeeded by Lord Heytesbury, who remained until 1846.  Born in 1779,
+{245} William a'Court, first Baron Heytesbury, was educated at Eton,
+and spent many years in the diplomatic service, holding the important
+position of Ambassador to the courts of Portugal and Russia.  In 1808
+he married a grand-daughter of the Earl of Radnor, and twenty years
+later his diplomatic services were rewarded by the bestowal of a
+peerage.  Peel always had a high opinion of Heytesbury, and only his
+resignation in 1835 prevented him making the ex-ambassador
+Governor-General of India.  On the resignation of Earl de Grey, Peel
+invited Heytesbury to go to Ireland, and the invitation was accepted.
+He was able to regard with indifference the censure of the Law Lords on
+the conduct of the Dublin Government in the matter of Daniel
+O'Connell's trial.  He could easily dissociate himself from the faults
+of the preceding regime.  The abandonment of the cry for Repeal by
+O'Connell lessened the anxieties of Heytesbury, but there were the
+usual economic problems to be dealt with, and from all over the country
+reports came of the terrible distress and poverty prevailing.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant did his best, and much money was spent in a vain
+attempt to ameliorate the conditions of peasant life.  By the close of
+Lord Heytesbury's brief reign, however, ominous clouds were rising on
+the political horizon.  Daniel O'Connell, tamed by age and experience,
+was by no means the raging propagandist of the twenties and thirties;
+he was ever counselling his fiery followers to concentrate their
+attention on the reform of the English Parliament, but his adherents
+demanded {246} Repeal, and when he disagreed, they passed on, despising
+the leader who refused to lead.  William Smith O'Brien was now the
+temporary hero, and he was fascinating the rank and file of agitators
+by his aristocratic manner and superficial unselfishness.  Here was a
+man--not one of themselves--who stood to lose everything and gain
+nothing by his association with a cause that was supposed to be the
+religion of the lower-class Irish and the scarcely superior patriotic
+attorneys and doctors.  William Smith O'Brien was a gentleman and a
+patriot!  The country gasped, and followed him, leaving Daniel
+O'Connell to realize that every generation produces its heroes and
+geniuses, and will not tolerate the rivalry of the aged, however
+eminent.
+
+[Sidenote: An Irish Lord-Lieutenant]
+
+Lord John Russell began his first ministry on July 6th, 1846.  His
+Cabinet was a strong one, and his prospects were bright save on the
+omni-present Irish question.  O'Connell was certainly a spent force,
+but a new race of agitators had arisen, and the principles of '98 were
+as strong as ever nearly fifty years later.  The premier, however, had
+some knowledge of Ireland.  As a boy he had played in the heavy rooms
+of Dublin Castle, and as Home Secretary he had studied Irish affairs
+besides administering them.  He was well aware that the chief defect of
+many viceroys was their inability to understand the national character,
+and he therefore came to the conclusion that if a resident Irish
+landlord should be appointed Lord-Lieutenant, something would be done
+at any rate to popularize the executive government {247} in Dublin.
+Happily for Russell, there was the man for his purpose in the ranks of
+his followers.  John William Ponsonby, fourth Earl of Bessborough, was
+a popular Irishman, a large landowner, and possessing considerable
+influence in his own country.  This had been proved by the Kilkenny
+election of 1826, when he was returned to Parliament despite the most
+energetic opposition of O'Connell.
+
+Five years later, when the agitator's position and power were almost
+impregnable, he retained his seat with a majority of sixty-five, thanks
+to the support of the most famous of Irish Roman Catholic Bishops, Dr.
+Doyle.  Retiring from Kilkenny, he represented Nottingham in the
+Commons until in 1834, after twenty-nine years of Parliamentary life,
+he was created a peer in his own right, and took his seat in the House
+of Lords as Lord Duncannon.  In 1834 he was Home Secretary, and from
+1835 to 1839 was Lord Privy Seal.  Two years after, succeeding to the
+earldom, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland immediately upon
+Lord John Russell's formation of a Government.  Between the date of the
+Kilkenny election and his accession to the House of Lords, one of the
+most important events in his life was his friendship with O'Connell.
+Once his bitterest enemy, the agitator became almost an intimate
+friend, and Russell's selection of Bessborough for the viceroyalty was
+a direct attempt to please the popular party.  Unfortunately for the
+designs of the premier, the appointment came too late.  There were new
+'shepherds in Israel,' and O'Connell {248} no longer led the Repealers
+or guided them in their councils.  Of course, in official circles Lord
+and Lady Bessborough were successful enough.  Lady Bessborough was a
+daughter of that Earl of Westmoreland who had been Viceroy of Ireland
+from 1790 to 1795, and her Excellency was like an old friend returning.
+But their stay in Dublin was destined to be very brief, and just when
+it appeared that the viceroy was to be overwhelmed by the enormous
+amount of work created by the followers of O'Brien, his Excellency died
+suddenly in Dublin Castle on May 16, 1847--a tragedy which, amongst
+other things, meant that the stormiest viceroyalty in the history of
+the country should be that of Lord Clarendon.  Lord Bessborough was
+sixty-six, and his death was regretted by everybody.  Those who had the
+welfare of the country at heart had been hoping that, with an Irishman
+and a resident landlord at the head of the Irish executive, peace might
+come to the nation, were left to seek consolations in speculations on
+the 'might-have-been,' while the party of revolution were relieved of
+the embarrassment of rebelling against the Government represented by a
+man against whom no charge of self-interest or lack of patriotism could
+be hurled.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Clarendon]
+
+One friend of O'Connell was succeeded by another, and George William
+Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of Clarendon, was sworn in as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland shortly after Lord Bessborough's death.  It
+was understood that he was to be the last Viceroy of Ireland.  He was
+then forty-seven years of age, twenty-seven of which {249} had been
+spent in the service of the country.  At twenty he was an attache to
+the British Embassy at St. Petersburg; from 1827 to 1829 a
+commissionership of Customs took him to Ireland, where he studied the
+Irish question so effectively that the Lord-Lieutenant, the Marquis of
+Anglesey, was glad to have his advice.  When he left Madrid, the
+Spanish Government struck a medal in his honour as a tribute to his
+successful occupancy of an embassy by no means the easiest in Europe.
+In 1838 he declined the Governor-Generalship of Canada: indeed, he made
+a habit of declining honours, amongst these being a twice-offered
+marquisate and two pressing invitations to govern India.  In 1847,
+however, he accepted the post of Viceroy of Ireland, and with Lady
+Clarendon, who was a daughter of the Earl of Verulam, he entered upon
+his remarkable term of office.  A year before he had presided over the
+Board of Trade, and this was his most onerous ministerial appointment
+until he went to Ireland.
+
+The strongest and wisest of men would have failed in Ireland during the
+period bounded by the years 1847 and 1852--the time covered by Lord
+Clarendon's viceroyalty--and the Lord-Lieutenant was by no means
+entitled to be considered above the average in strength and wisdom.  He
+was a Liberal, and a Free Trader, and a friend of O'Connell, and he had
+numerous ideas that he hoped would fructify to Ireland's gain, but he
+never had a real chance.  In succession he had to face the Young
+Ireland insurrection, the famine, Orange disturbances in several
+counties, the {250} ghastly economic problems created by the increasing
+emigration of the peasantry, and the consequent bankruptcy of the
+landlords.  Clarendon laboured at the Castle and in London in a
+hopeless endeavour to restore order out of chaos.  To defeat William
+Smith O'Brien and his followers was ridiculously easy, but it was
+another matter coping with a famine that threatened to wipe the peasant
+population out of existence.  Ireland, ever the thorn in the crown of
+British statesmanship, drove Russell to distraction, and made Clarendon
+old before his time.  Daily plots to assassinate him were duly reported
+to the police, and by them to the viceroy; Lady Clarendon was induced
+to spend most of her time in England, and eventually so virulent did
+the enemies of the Government become that for days the viceroy was
+placed in the humiliating position of being unable to go beyond the
+precincts of Dublin Castle.  At viceregal parties a large percentage of
+those present consisted of spies and detectives.  In the country blood
+was being shed--at the Castle lives were being worn out.  Clarendon was
+courageous enough, but courage is only a secondary attribute in a
+statesman.  Wisdom was wanted, and wisdom was not to be found.  The
+executive at Dublin scarcely understood the temper of the country.  The
+Lord-Lieutenant's policy was vigorous, but its administration haphazard
+and spasmodic.
+
+Whenever an experiment or change was tried, it was abandoned in panic
+before anyone could judge the results.  The viceroy overshadowed {251}
+the Chief Secretary, and thus all the acts of the queen's
+representative were coloured by the opinions of one political party.
+To the mass of the people of Ireland the throne of England symbolized
+oppression and persecution.
+
+In this vague and bewildering state of affairs there was no room for
+social pleasantries, though Castle seasons came and went with grim
+regularity.  There was, however, some compensation in store for the
+harassed viceroy, for to everybody's surprise it was announced that
+Queen Victoria intended to visit Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: Queen Victoria's first visit]
+
+The first visit to Ireland of Queen Victoria took place in 1849.  Her
+Majesty was accompanied by the Prince Consort, and the royal parents
+brought their children with them.  Their stay in Ireland had to be
+limited to five days, and a great deal had to be compressed into the
+short time at their disposal.  Ireland has always been courteous to its
+visitors of whatever rank, but Queen Victoria received an enthusiastic
+welcome that voiced her popularity with every class and creed in the
+country.  She had undertaken the journey from a strong sense of duty;
+she actually experienced a sense of pleasure, and from that time
+forward there was at least one eminent person in England who understood
+the good qualities of the people of Ireland.  On the surface, and to
+suit the phrase-mongers, they might be disloyal, but at heart they
+entertained a strong affection for the occupant of the throne of
+England.  Queen Victoria knew this, and her opinion was endorsed by her
+successors, King Edward VII. and King George V., {252} when they made
+the acquaintance of the people of the 'kingdom of Ireland.'
+
+The royal visit accomplished, Dublin returned to its old condition of
+squalor.  Agitation was rife, fostered by the pens and voices of a
+group of brilliant Irishmen.  They had started the _Nation_ newspaper,
+and had made it one of the most powerful organs in the country; other
+offshoots of the Young Ireland Press helped to pepper the Government,
+and as there was no champion on the English side, the patriots appeared
+to have matters all their own way.  Arguments were unanswered, and
+were, therefore, accepted as infallible, and this condition of things
+continued for a time until the viceroy and his secretary, Mr. Corry
+Conellan, decided to have a newspaper champion of their very own.  Sir
+William Somerville, the Chief Secretary, was called into the
+conference, and ways and means discussed.  There can be no doubt of the
+fact that the Lord-Lieutenant could have had the aid of any one of a
+dozen clever journalists, but ashamed, perhaps, of their methods, they
+enlisted in their service a person of the name of Birch, whose only
+claim to notoriety was the proprietorship of the _World_, and a
+conviction ending in six months' imprisonment for having threatened to
+publish a defamatory article about a public official unless the latter
+paid for its suppression.  Lord Clarendon was, of course, unaware of
+his hireling's police-court experiences, and he agreed with his private
+secretary's recommendation of Mr. Birch.  The latter was, therefore,
+regularly supplied with {253} opinions from the Castle upon all
+subjects relating to Ireland, and week by week the _World_ did its best
+to counteract the effect produced by every issue of the _Nation_.  It
+was a feeble attempt on Birch's part, who possessed neither the wit nor
+the talent of the _Nation_ writers, and his employers tired of his
+futilities.  The hack was given notice, and his _World_ was abandoned
+by the viceregal party.  But Mr. Birch was a gentleman with a knowledge
+of a greater world; he decided that Lord Clarendon and his Chief
+Secretary could be made to pay, and so he concocted a list of services
+rendered and demanded a honorarium of L7,000 for his trouble.
+
+[Sidenote: A 'cause celebre']
+
+When the claim was first made, the Lord-Lieutenant declined to pay a
+penny more.  He reminded Birch that he had received nearly L2,000 in
+return for very little work, but the journalist did not wish to argue
+the rights or wrongs of his claim--he wanted money, or else he would
+bring them into court and open his mouth.  This frightened Lord
+Clarendon, who compromised with Birch by paying him the sum of L2,000
+to withdraw his action.  The journalist accepted, and turned his
+attention to the Chief Secretary, who wisely refused to be blackmailed,
+and accordingly, in the month of December, 1851, the elite of Dublin
+crowded the approaches to the Four Courts, to witness the spectacle of
+a viceroy in the witness-box being cross-examined by counsel for the
+plaintiff.  There were rumours that the most sensational disclosures
+would be made, and in official circles there was much trepidation.
+{254} By now the viceroy had learned the lesson that to attempt to
+conciliate a blackmailer was the most stupid form folly could assume.
+He agreed to submit himself to cross-examination--the only course if he
+desired to free himself from his late confederate.
+
+Birch boldly stated his case, and described how he had been sent for by
+the viceroy's private secretary, and bought over by the Government.  He
+had been instructed to reply to the attacks of the _Nation_, and, so he
+said, given a free hand in the spending of money.  One story is good
+until another is told, and Birch's was largely discounted when the
+defence made its explanation.  Lord Clarendon confessed that he had
+paid L3,700 altogether to Birch, and had received practically nothing
+in return.  Of this sum L2,000 had been paid to the journalist to
+abandon an action he had entered against the viceroy, claiming L4,800
+and L3 10s. costs.  The action tried was ostensibly against Sir William
+Somerville, the Chief Secretary, but everybody knew that it was merely
+another attempt on the insatiable Birch's part to extract more money
+from the Lord-Lieutenant.
+
+The trial lasted several days, but when the jury were allowed to
+retire, they made short work of Birch, whose cross-examination had
+killed his chances of success.  Four minutes' deliberation was
+sufficient for the jurymen to bring in a verdict for the defendants, to
+whom they awarded costs to the amount of sixpence.  It was a blow to
+the prestige of Lord Clarendon, though the right-minded admitted his
+honesty in declining to be {255} blackmailed by an adventurer.
+Naturally, the opposition party made great capital out of it, and the
+_Nation_ attained the dignity of a classic.  For many weeks its pages
+were never without a reference to the _cause celebre_, one of these
+being a neat epigram, which read:
+
+  '"Lord C. has grown most awfully religious,"
+    Said Corry Conellan with a rueful air;
+  "At least, his trepidation is prodigious
+    As to how in the next World he'll fare!":
+
+
+With all the stubbornness of an English gentleman, the viceroy remained
+on at his post.  He was anxious to discover the solution to the
+problems of the day.  English money poured into the country to relieve
+the famine-stricken areas, and the landlords were helped also, but this
+did not augur tranquillity in the future.  In despair the viceroy began
+a policy of favouring the patriotic party; he tried conciliation, made
+advances, and offered the hand of friendship, only to be called a
+coward, and earn the distrust of his own party.  He then reversed his
+policy with the usual result--nobody was pleased, and when in 1852 Lord
+Clarendon's term came to an end, he was adjudged by all classes to have
+failed, although in such times Clarendon's failure was not without its
+personal compensations.  He had the satisfaction of knowing that no man
+could have succeeded, and history has proved that to be a fact.  His
+subsequent career is part of the history of England, for he was Foreign
+Secretary from 1853 to 1858, an epoch rendered memorable by the {256}
+Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny.  In 1870 he died suddenly, seventy
+years of age.
+
+[Illustration: Earl of Eglinton and Winton]
+
+[Sidenote: A remarkable sportsman]
+
+Lord Derby's first Government began on February 27, 1852, and ended in
+the following December.  During that short period the Viceroy of
+Ireland was Lord Eglinton and Winton, a nobleman who is best remembered
+as the promoter of the Eglinton tournament, an attempt to revive the
+old-time glory of the age of chivalry.  This freak cost him L40,000, a
+small sum to one possessed of great wealth, a fact he made evident
+throughout his stay in Dublin.  His lavish entertainments created a new
+era in viceregal hospitality.  Lord Eglinton was essentially what may
+be described as a sportsman, using the term in the old sense, and not
+as it is now understood.  His racing stable was about the largest and
+most successful in England, and during the forty-nine years (1812-61)
+he lived, he helped to enliven the crowd.  He was devoted to sport, and
+some surprise was expressed when he agreed to govern Ireland, but he
+liked the country, and in 1858, on Lord Derby's return, he went back to
+Dublin, but within sixteen months he resigned, and in June, 1859, it
+became necessary to find a successor.  He was scarcely interested in
+politics, though in 1854 he moved a resolution in the Lords asking for
+a commission to inquire into the working of the Board of Education in
+Ireland.  During his second viceroyalty he married again--the first
+Lady Eglinton having died in 1853--and for a few months a daughter of
+the Earl of Essex acted as the hostess of Dublin Castle and the
+Viceregal {257} Lodge.  Personally untouched by the political
+difficulties of the country, Lord Eglinton had the merit of realizing
+the hopelessness of trying to solve Irish problems, and he did more
+good with his lavish dinners than the well-meaning Clarendon had with
+his painstaking investigations into, and midnight studies of, what are
+termed, for want of a better name, 'Irish affairs.'  He was given the
+United Kingdom peerage of Winton--an earldom--on his retirement from
+Ireland, the grateful ministry thus acknowledging his popularity as a
+sportsman, and helping us to remember that he won the St. Leger three
+times and the Derby once.
+
+Political affairs having terminated Lord Eglinton's first viceroyalty
+towards the close of 1852, Lord Aberdeen, the Prime Minister, appointed
+the Earl of St. Germans to Ireland.  It was yet another attempt to meet
+the criticism that English statesmen and Irish viceroys were absolutely
+ignorant of and indifferent to Irish problems.  Lord St. Germans was
+fifty-four, and for some years--1841 to 1845--had been Chief Secretary
+for Ireland.  He was a man of ability and courage, and as the author of
+the Eliot Convention taught the participants in the Carlist rising in
+Spain something of the decencies of warfare.  As Chief Secretary for
+Ireland, his time had been spent in dealing with the numerous petty
+rebellions and their leaders; he introduced a Bill to restrict the sale
+of firearms and the importation of ammunition; the Government found it
+unacceptable, and Eliot went out of office to be given the {258}
+Postmaster-Generalship by Peel, and later the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Ireland.
+
+Lord St. Germans married in 1824 a grand-daughter of the first Marquis
+Cornwallis, and both became intimate friends of the royal family.  In
+1853 Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort visited Dublin to open the
+great International Exhibition, and, of course, they were
+enthusiastically welcomed by the whole of the country.  Lord and Lady
+St. Germans took the lead in a splendid series of festivities that
+celebrated the visit of the queen.  Political motives may have
+suggested the visit, but in all probability the anxiety of Her Majesty
+to see Ireland again was not lessened by the fact that her friend was
+the viceroy.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Carlisle]
+
+St. Germans' retirement in 1855 to become Lord Steward and confidant of
+the queen until his death, at the age of seventy-nine, in 1877, was
+followed by Lord Carlisle's first term of office.  As Lord Morpeth he
+had been Chief Secretary for more than six years--1835-41--the post
+having been given him because it was his amendment to the address that
+turned out the Peel administration in the spring of 1835.  Lord
+Morpeth, as he was known during the twenty odd years he sat in
+Parliament, was the most workmanlike minister of his generation.  With
+the assistance of Thomas Drummond, his under-secretary, he framed the
+Irish Tithe Bill, the Irish Municipal Reform Bill, and the Irish Poor
+Law Bill; and, although hampered by the House of Lords and by the fact
+that he was regarded as Lord Melbourne's {259} hostage for good
+behaviour to Daniel O'Connell, he was a most successful Chief Secretary
+in a time when success was very dearly bought.  He was, therefore,
+essentially a safe man when he became viceroy on the nomination of Lord
+Palmerston in February, 1855.  He held the post until October, 1864,
+with the exception of the sixteen months occupied by Lord Eglinton's
+second viceroyalty, between February, 1858, and June, 1859.
+
+It is not possible to say that any Viceroy of Ireland has been
+successful, because there is no such thing as pleasing the numerous
+parties into which the democracy and aristocracy of the country is
+divided, but Lord Carlisle went as near success as any human being
+could.  A fine statue by J. H. Foley, erected in Phoenix Park in 1870,
+is evidence of the popularity of George William Frederick Howard,
+seventh Earl of Carlisle.  He was an emancipationist when it was
+dangerous to confess to such ultra-Liberalism, and his speech when
+introducing the Irish Tithe Bill in the House of Commons in 1835--he
+was but thirty-three--remains one of the best speeches by an Englishman
+on Irish affairs.  He took a genuine interest in the welfare of the
+country, and did his best.  The 'patriots' denounced him as a tool of a
+tyrannical Government; the few that made his personal acquaintance
+discovered a scholarly nobleman with the most amiable manner in the
+world.  He never married, and consequently did not entertain on the
+same lavish and indiscriminate scale as his predecessors, but Dublin
+Castle was all the better for its acquaintance with the eminent {260}
+persons the viceroy dined and wined there.  Another visit of the Queen
+and Prince Albert, inspired by the fact that the Prince of Wales was
+quartered with his regiment at the Curragh, was a feature of Lord
+Carlisle's term.
+
+There were, of course, the usual political agitations, and although the
+Smith O'Brien rising had collapsed ignominiously, a new force in Irish
+affairs came into existence about the time that Lord Carlisle was
+concluding his first viceroyalty.  The Irish in America had begun to
+take a practical interest in Irish affairs.  They subscribed large sums
+of money to aid the cause of Irish independence, and for six years,
+beginning with 1858, great preparations were made for the striking of
+the decisive blow.  James Stephens and others founded the Fenian
+organization described by Mr. Gladstone as having its root in Ireland
+and its branches in the United States.  During the latter months of
+Lord Carlisle's viceroyalty there were one or two small attempts on the
+part of the Fenians to make themselves prominent, but it was not until
+Lord Wodehouse was in power at Dublin Castle that English ministers
+realized the gravity of the new situation created by Stephens and his
+friends.  Lord Carlisle's resignation was brought about by ill-health,
+and in October, 1864, he left Ireland, to die before the close of the
+year.  It illustrates the viceroy's position in social and literary
+circles to recall the fact that when the country celebrated in 1864 the
+tercentenary of the birth of William Shakespeare, Lord Carlisle should
+be selected to preside over the festivities at Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+
+
+
+{261}
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+The viceroyalty of Lord Wodehouse brought him an earldom in the year he
+retired from office--1868--but it would be an exaggeration to say that
+he was conspicuously successful.  Until his appointment to Ireland,
+Wodehouse had had experience of under-secretaryships only, at the
+Foreign and Indian Offices, and Lord Palmerston's selection came as a
+surprise.  It may have been due to the fact that Lord Wodehouse's wife
+was a daughter of an Irish peer, the last Earl of Clare, and there have
+been selections for the viceroyalty based on even more frivolous and
+cynical reasons.  There was, of course, a great deal of anxious and
+dangerous work for Lord Wodehouse to do, and within a few months of his
+arrival in Dublin he was coping night and day with the Fenian rising.
+At first all the viceroy's energy and the underground activities of his
+subordinates seemed helpless against the efforts of the latest society
+for bringing about separation from England, but Lord Wodehouse was not
+dismayed, and he met murder with execution and assassination with the
+rope.  The Fenian movement culminated in 1867 in a series of shameless
+murders that once more drew the {262} attention of the English nation
+to the disturbed condition of Ireland.
+
+In the May of 1867 Mr. Gladstone declared in the House of Commons that
+the time was near when the Government would have to deal with the Irish
+Church, one of the strongest arguments of the Fenian party.  Following
+this declaration came the murder of a policeman in Manchester, when an
+attempt was made to rescue two Fenian prisoners.  Three men were
+executed for the crime, and as the 'Manchester martyrs' they are to be
+found in the calendar of Nationalism.  There was a melodramatic attempt
+to blow up a London prison, and thus free a Fenian incarcerated within
+its walls.  Everywhere the mention of the name of Ireland produced a
+feeling of panic and an expression of profound contempt.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Kimberley]
+
+Meanwhile Lord Wodehouse, whose administration, ending in 1866, was
+wholly political, acted with rigour and fearlessness.  The Home Rulers
+mocked him, issuing imitation proclamations signed 'Woodlouse.'  He
+turned aside from signing warrants to welcome, in May, 1865, the Prince
+of Wales--afterwards King Edward VII.--to Dublin to open the
+International Exhibition, but that was almost the only occasion when he
+made a public appearance unassociated with politics.  There was some
+effort to maintain the social side of Dublin Castle government, but the
+times were not favourable to hospitality, and when in 1866 the viceroy
+was succeeded by the Marquis of Abercorn, and took his place in Mr.
+Gladstone's first ministry as Lord Privy Seal, under his new title of
+Earl of {263} Kimberley, there was neither regret nor gratitude
+expressed for his departure.  The Nationalists and their Fenian allies
+could not be expected to show approval or disapproval of persons who
+merely administered the same system.  To them Dublin Castle was the
+outward token of England's rule in Ireland, and their object was to
+destroy its existence.
+
+Lord Kimberley died in 1902, aged seventy-six.  He is not remembered
+for his Irish viceroyalty, but as Foreign Secretary under Lord Rosebery
+in 1892-94 he displayed an ability that was something above mere
+industry.  He declined to join an alliance which had for its object the
+coercion of Japan after the latter's victory over China, and this
+far-seeing act was the first step towards the Anglo-Japanese alliance
+which many consider Lord Lansdowne's greatest achievement during his
+tenure of the Foreign Office.  Lord Kimberley was Colonial Secretary in
+the days when the affairs of the outer Empire were not considered very
+important, and a knowledge of the colonies something akin to bad form.
+His administration of Indian affairs was decidedly tame, but he did no
+harm.  It was his fate who once had been a member of the strongest
+Liberal Cabinet in the history of party government to witness the
+Liberal debacle that followed the resignation of the Rosebery
+Government.  In the palmy days of Liberalism it was his good fortune to
+serve under Gladstone--towards the close of his life he sat in the
+Cabinet of a man who, having won the greatest prize of political life
+too easily, treated it with {264} contempt, and in doing so wrecked the
+party which enabled him to win some fame as a statesman.  To Lord
+Kimberley fell the task of leading the Liberal minority in the House of
+Lords, and when he died in 1902, the Conservative and Unionist party
+was in an apparently impregnable position, and Liberalism was in the
+depths.
+
+The fall of the Liberal ministry brought Lord Derby to the head of the
+Government, with Disraeli as his Chancellor of the Exchequer.  The
+Prime Minister thereupon asked the Marquis of Abercorn to accept the
+difficult and laborious post of Viceroy of Ireland, and the hazardous
+position was accepted from a sense of duty.  Lord Abercorn was in 1866
+fifty-five years of age, and thirty-four years earlier he had married
+Lady Louisa Russell, a daughter of the sixth Duke of Bedford, another
+viceregal family.  The viceroy was a popular landlord, though he, too,
+had a constitutional objection to tenants who would not pay their
+rents.  But the respectable classes admired him, and those who knew him
+personally considered that he was the right man for Ireland.  He was
+the proudest man in Ireland, with a flamboyant love of display.
+Fenianism was most active during his first term, and Abercorn was
+compelled to adopt similar methods in dealing with the trouble as had
+been part of the Liberal administration of his predecessor.  Ireland
+has always refused to accept the spirit of the English party system,
+and whether Liberal or Conservative ministry was in power, Dublin
+Castle remained the same.  There were the usual evictions, riots, {265}
+murders, and other crimes scarcely less reprehensible, and the viceroy,
+although protected to some extent by the Chief Secretary, who was, of
+course, the mouthpiece of the Irish Government in the House of Commons,
+found himself compelled by force of circumstances to undertake
+political work against which his soul revolted.  Lord Abercorn was not
+a man to revel in a display of the power of the police, or even of the
+tenacity and strength of the Castle bureaucracy.  He aimed at the
+improvement of the masses, the progress of education, and the
+cultivation of the fine arts.  In society the viceroy and the
+marchioness were most popular.  He was an intimate friend of the queen.
+No charge of alienism could be laid against the head of the Irish
+Hamiltons, and while every other great landlord had his land troubles,
+the tenants of the Marquis of Abercorn had realized in a practical
+manner their indebtedness to their landlord.  If anybody should have
+been the ideal viceroy Lord Abercorn was the man; but here, again, any
+success achieved was purely social, and confined to a small area.  The
+unruly state of the country, its increasing poverty, and its record of
+crime, found no palliative in the reign of the proudest of the
+Hamiltons.
+
+[Sidenote: Prince and Princess of Wales]
+
+In April, 1868, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Dublin, to
+prove again that if Ireland had the reputation of being a nation of
+rebels, it could be courteous to distinguished visitors.  Lord and Lady
+Abercorn received them in Dublin, and there were great rejoicings.  The
+executive had taken the most elaborate precautions for the safety {266}
+of the royal pair, but events proved that they were quite unnecessary,
+and Ireland might have been one of the most prosperous countries in the
+world for all the prince and princess saw to the contrary.  Within the
+sacred walls of St. Patrick's Cathedral the Lord-Lieutenant presided
+over a gorgeous ceremony, which formally created the Prince of Wales a
+Knight of St. Patrick, and the banquet that followed in St. Patrick's
+Hall was one of great splendour.  The dinner brought together not only
+all the notables of Ireland, but also the largest gathering of English
+and Irish detectives that the Castle has ever contained.  The number of
+the detectives was quite embarrassing, but it was considered necessary,
+with recollections of Manchester and Clerkenwell.  The royal guests
+were ignorant of this part of the programme, however, although the
+prince once addressed a question to a gentleman whom he thought was the
+viceroy's secretary.  He was not enlightened as to the identity of the
+detective-inspector from London, who was part of his bodyguard.
+
+Benjamin Disraeli was Prime Minister at the time of the royal visit to
+Ireland, and he had no difficulty in getting Abercorn a dukedom.  On
+August 10, 1868, his elevation was announced, and Ireland's only
+duke--his Grace of Leinster--was joined by a second wearer of the
+strawberry leaves.  The new dignity had been earned years before Lord
+Abercorn lived in Dublin Castle, and by no stretch of official
+imagination could it be said to hallmark the Abercorn administration of
+1866 to 1868.  The General Election in the latter {267} year displaced
+Disraeli, and gave Mr. Gladstone the reins of power, and the Duke of
+Abercorn went out with the Tory Government to enjoy himself in
+opposition until 1874, when Disraeli tasted the sweets of office again.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Church disestablished]
+
+We have Mr. Gladstone's own admission that the Fenian agitation of the
+sixties was the primary cause of English interest in the Irish Church,
+and in the great land question.  It is one of the truisms of history
+that agitation on unconstitutional methods is more effective than the
+employment of peaceful persuasion.  Catholic Emancipation proved that.
+When Gladstone took office it was known that he would attempt to create
+a contented Ireland by disestablishing the Irish Church, and by passing
+a great Land Act.  He chose as his Irish viceroy Earl Spencer, then an
+unknown and untried young man in his thirty-third year.  To be the
+representative of the premier in Ireland was the most onerous and
+dangerous position in the Government.  The viceroy found society, lay
+and clerical, against him, and with the passing of the Land Act of 1870
+the upper-class Irish believed what they had only doubted before--that
+Gladstone was the worst enemy of Ireland, and that Lord Spencer was his
+dangerous satellite.  There is no need to enter into the controversy
+that ensued when Gladstone introduced the Bill disestablishing the
+Church of Ireland, as the Protestant minority was termed absurdly.
+Archbishop Trench declared passionately that the disestablishment would
+'put to the Irish Protestants the choice between apostasy and
+expatriation, and every {268} man among them who has money or position,
+when he sees his Church go, will leave the country.  If you do that,'
+he continued, 'you will find the country so difficult to manage that
+you will have to depend upon the gibbet and the sword.'  It would be
+unfair to dwell upon the ludicrous moanings of the Church party; they
+prophesied not only the extinction of the Irish Protestants, but the
+end of Christendom.  We can be content with the knowledge that time has
+given us of the prosperity and progress of Protestantism in Ireland.
+
+It is a splendid example of the irony of life to recall Mr. Gladstone's
+declaration when the telegram arrived at Hawarden, informing him that
+an emissary was on his way from Windsor Castle.  'My mission,' he said,
+'is to pacify Ireland.'  That may have been true, but Gladstone brought
+a sword rather than peace to the country which had such a long and
+fateful connection with the statesmanship of the great Liberal.  Lord
+Spencer, his first viceroy, experienced all the fury of rebellious
+Nationalism, and during his second viceroyalty had the unfortunate
+distinction of being the governor of a country where no man's life was
+safe, and where murder and outrage were as common as sand.
+
+This is, however, anticipating events.  The refusal of Lord Halifax to
+accept the viceroyalty had restricted Gladstone's choice.  Liberalism,
+even in its mildest state, has never appealed to territorial magnates,
+and the Whiggism of Lord Spencer was scarcely the fire-and-thunder
+Liberalism {269} of his chief, but he stepped into the breach, and for
+the rest of his life was one of the strongest champions of a political
+faith unpopular amongst his own class.  Born in 1836, and married at
+the age of twenty-two, he brought the courage of youth to bear upon the
+Irish situation.  Gladstone never had a more faithful colleague and
+Dublin Castle a more conscientious occupant.  Dublin society was
+inclined to frown upon the viceroy, and there was some talk of a
+boycott of the viceregal functions, but Lord and Lady Spencer were
+independent of the support of the official and professional class which
+forms what is called society in the capital of Ireland.  A great
+English landlord and his wife could create any society they chose,
+being somewhat in a similar position to the Scotsman who declared that
+wherever he sat was the head of the table.  Lord Hartington, better
+known as the Duke of Devonshire, was Chichester Fortescue's successor
+as Chief Secretary, and the two noblemen carried out Gladstone's
+reforms with a thoroughness that for a time gave the impression that at
+last the Irish nation was to be pacified and made amenable to English
+rule.
+
+[Sidenote: The Land Act of 1870]
+
+The disestablishment of the Protestant Church in Ireland was, however,
+a minor reform compared with the great Land Act of 1870.  This was a
+measure of reform that took away the breath of the Tory leaders, but it
+has proved a most beneficial act, and when in the course of time it
+became obsolete, it was a Unionist administration that improved upon
+it, and passed an Act which, {270} compared with that of 1870, or even
+that of 1881, out-Gladstoned Gladstone.  It was not a brilliant
+success, because it tried to do too much, and, of course, offended both
+parties; but as the first attempt on a large scale to settle this
+many-sided question, it deserves a high place in the records of
+Gladstone's memorable Government of 1868-74.
+
+Any determined effort to ostracize the viceroy was soon killed by the
+presence and influence of Lady Spencer.  She had been no more than
+twenty-four hours in Dublin when she was nicknamed "Spencer's Fairy
+Queen," a most flattering description of a great beauty and a charming
+woman.  Lord Spencer's skill as a horseman was in his favour, and his
+regular attendance in the chase earned him the respect of a large
+community which has a hereditary affection for the noblest of animals.
+
+Castle seasons were enlivened by visits from the Prince of Wales, the
+Princess Louise, and the Prince Arthur, now the Duke of Connaught;
+while the important Dublin Exhibition was opened, and numerous Irish
+industries patronized and helped.
+
+
+
+
+{271}
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+The fall of the Government was hastened by the Premier's anxiety to
+fulfil his pledge to pacify Ireland.  The Church question was settled,
+the land problem on its way to solution, and now Gladstone turned his
+attention to the grievances of Roman Catholics on the question of a
+university.  The Prime Minister's pose as the only man capable of
+settling Irish affairs had not been strengthened by the passing of a
+coercion act in the spring of 1870, but if he imprisoned Fenians, he
+generally followed it up by pressing for their release.  And firmly
+believing that if he conciliated the Roman Catholics he would bring
+peace to the country, he introduced a measure into the House of Commons
+seeking powers to establish a university acceptable to all classes and
+creeds.  It was defeated by three votes in one of the most memorable
+and significant divisions Parliament has known.  Friends and foes
+abstained, and friends and foes voted with surprising inconsistency,
+but the net result was the discomfiture of the Gladstonians and the
+immediate resignation of the premier, the latter act prompted, no
+doubt, by the knowledge that there was no other possible leader of a
+Government in the country.  {272} Mr. Gladstone came back--as he knew
+he would--but the effects of the Irish University bill were felt right
+down to the day that the leader of the Liberal party heard the results
+of the General Election of 1874, and realized that his great rival,
+Benjamin Disraeli, was at last at the head of a working majority.
+
+When writing of Gladstone's colleagues, it is difficult to resist the
+temptation to turn from them to speak of their chief.  Lord Spencer,
+however, was something more than a mere official obeying the orders of
+his superior.  His first term in Ireland laid the foundation of his
+public life, and exhibited those principles of devotion to duty, as he
+considered his duty to be, and a single-minded adherence to the
+political principles that distinguished him above his changing and
+vacillating colleagues.  When Mr. Gladstone proposed his university
+reforms, the viceroy worked his hardest, and Dublin Castle witnessed
+numberless interviews between him and representatives of both Churches.
+He saw Cardinal Cullen and obtained his views.  As usual, the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy, never doubtful as to its wants, asked too much, but
+Spencer listened politely, and in due course informed Gladstone.
+Doubtless, the English nobleman failed to understand the extraordinary
+mixture of politics and religion that is always part of Irish affairs,
+but he tried to understand and even to sympathize.
+
+Gladstone's defeat in 1874 meant, of course, the viceroy's retirement
+from Dublin, and if the majority of the members of the Liberal
+administration {273} regretted their defeat, Lord Spencer was not one
+of them.  He merited the rest opposition gave him, and for six years
+Tory noblemen acted as viceroys of Ireland.
+
+The Duke of Abercorn's second viceroyalty was quiet and threadbare.
+Disraeli was not the man to attempt heroic measures.  Perhaps he
+laboured to avoid Irish affairs, which since the Union had threatened
+to monopolize the time of Parliament.  He sent Sir Michael Hicks-Beach,
+afterwards Viscount St. Aldwyn, to the Irish office, and trusted to the
+viceroy and the Chief Secretary to shield him from the worries created
+by the awkward fact that a Prime Minister's duties were not confined to
+England.  When the Duke of Abercorn sent in his resignation, in
+December, 1876, owing to the state of his wife's health, Disraeli
+prevailed upon another duke to take his place.  This was the sixth Duke
+of Marlborough, who had declined the viceroyalty in the first days of
+the Government's existence.  The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn retired
+into private life, popular and respected, the duke living until 1885.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duke of Marlborough]
+
+The incoming Lord-Lieutenant was in his fifty-fifth year when in the
+early days of 1877 he was sworn in as Viceroy of Ireland.  One of
+Disraeli's personal friends, the influence of the duke had helped the
+Prime Minister from the outer ring of plebeian obscurity into the inner
+circle of Conservative exclusiveness.  Disraeli had a passion for
+dukes, although that rank suggested dulness to his bizarre and Oriental
+imagination.  Marlborough {274} had been Lord President of the Council
+in 1868 during Disraeli's first administration, and he was induced to
+reconsider his decision not to join the ministry when the Duke of
+Abercorn retired.
+
+The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough directed their attention to the
+amelioration of the lot of the poverty-stricken peasantry, and they
+endeavoured also to aid the trade of Ireland.  When the failure of the
+crops brought a famine, the duchess inaugurated a relief fund, which,
+with the help of the Mansion House, London, brought over L170,000 to
+the rescue of the sufferers.  Many other acts of kindness could be
+recorded of them, and although their reign necessarily concluded in
+May, 1880, on the destruction of the Tory Government, they accomplished
+much in a brief space of time, and, without being great reformers,
+achieved something in the way of reform.  Her Excellency had been
+before her marriage Lady Frances Tempest, and was a daughter of the
+third Marquis of Londonderry.  She was a dignified chatelaine of Dublin
+Castle, a fit partner for a great nobleman.  The rumblings of the Home
+Rule agitation storm could be heard before they vacated the viceregal
+position, for by now Charles Stewart Parnell had arisen to sound a new
+battle-cry for Nationalist Ireland.  The old methods of dead-and-gone
+agitators were to be improved upon, new ones invented and exploited,
+and a decisive battle fought for Irish independence.
+
+[Sidenote: Agitation and crime]
+
+The records of the day state that the Duke of Marlborough was 'popular'
+and 'successful,' but {275} these are the records written by partisans.
+A popular viceroy generally means a Lord-Lieutenant who exhibits an
+amiable weakness to let things remain as they are, and as Marlborough
+did this, he was an especial favourite of the official party.  He was,
+however, wise in his generation.  Before his time history had taught
+the vital lesson that the viceroy who did his best to please all
+parties earned the hatred of all, and the men who ignored the pressing
+problems of the day, and turned his term of office into a social orgy,
+was acclaimed by the unthinking multitudes.  Riots, and evictions, and
+murders, were common enough in the closing months of Marlborough's
+viceroyalty, but beyond giving his sanction to the various acts that
+dealt with agrarian crimes and the troublous land problem, the viceroy
+made no display of statesmanship or endangered his ducal equanimity.
+It was to the Duke of Marlborough that Disraeli addressed his letter
+asking the electors for a fresh mandate.  He lived long enough to feel
+thankful that the English electors decided in 1880 to have nothing to
+do with Toryism, and so ordained that, instead of Beaconsfield
+nominating a viceroy, the task should be Gladstone's.  During his stay
+in Dublin Marlborough had for private secretary Lord Randolph
+Churchill.  In 1883 the duke died at the comparatively early age of
+sixty-one.
+
+It was expected that Lord Spencer would return to Ireland, but he was
+selected to fill the decorative post of Lord President of the Council,
+and Earl Cowper was sent to cope with Parnell's {276} followers.
+Cowper was forty-six years of age, and ten years previous to his
+appointment had married a daughter of the fourth Lord Northampton.  He
+was a man of great strength of character, a charming host, and famous
+for a temperament that he never allowed to be ruffled.  A perfect host,
+and a man of the world endowed with many talents, Earl Cowper might
+have succeeded at almost anything except the one particular task to
+which he was assigned.  When he arrived in Dublin the country was in a
+state of rebellion, the remarkable success of Parnell in uniting all
+shades of Nationalists under his leadership having the result of
+presenting the most formidable opposition to the Government yet
+experienced in the history of both countries.  Parnell had entered
+Parliament in 1875, and four years later was popularly acclaimed the
+new leader of the Irish people.  His lightest words were sufficient to
+render null and void the most important Act of Parliament, his orders
+were reverenced and obeyed by a vast majority of his countrymen.  When
+Lord Cowper took up his duties Parnell was the ruler of Ireland, and
+the efforts of the English Government to maintain a semblance of
+authority would have been ludicrous if the results had not been so
+tragic.  Landlords, agents, and tenants were murdered in cold blood,
+peaceful citizens were dragged into foul conspiracy by their bullying
+neighbours, and Parnell went about in open defiance of the Government,
+preaching rebellion and its ghastly accompaniments wherever he came.
+Mr. W. E. Forster, the Chief Secretary, induced his official chief to
+advise the {277} Cabinet to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, and when
+Gladstone hesitated, a practical demonstration of its necessity was
+furnished by the arrest of Parnell charged with seditious conspiracy,
+his abortive trial owing to the disagreement of the Dublin jury, and
+the Irish leader's consequent triumph over his opponents.  Then the
+power to imprison without trial was given to the Irish executive, and
+soon the gaols of the country were full to overflowing.  With the
+suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act the Land League was born, and a new
+terror to officialism created.
+
+[Sidenote: The Land League]
+
+Lord Cowper's viceroyalty has been tersely described as occupying 'two
+dismal years--the most dismal of the nineteenth century.'  His own life
+was threatened, elaborate plots to terminate the Chief Secretary's
+existence were discovered as fast as an overworked detective department
+could unravel its agents' reports, and from all over the country
+murders were reported until it seemed that all sense of decency had
+long since departed from the country.  Encouraged by the success of the
+Land League, a fresh series of revolting crimes shocked civilization.
+Terrified English ministers tried the effects of another Land Act, and
+in 1881 it was placed in the statute-book.  This was a great triumph
+for the Land League, and was regarded by its members as the
+justification of its existence.  Again a desire to conciliate had been
+interpreted as a sign of weakness.
+
+The new Land Act did not decrease the agitation, and on October 12,
+1881, a five-hour sitting of the Cabinet resulted in an order to the
+viceroy {278} to have Parnell arrested under the Coercion Act.  The
+Irish leader was thereupon taken to Kilmainham Gaol, and remained there
+for six months.  Optimists expected that this bold stroke would
+intimidate the intimidators; it had an opposite effect.  Mr. Forster
+had to report that crime was actually on the increase, and that the
+Land Act had not been of the slightest use.  It was easy to imprison
+Parnell, but the spirit of the movement remained abroad in the people.
+
+In despair Gladstone turned to Parnell, clutching at the straw
+presented by one of the Irishman's friends that Parnell was willing to
+discuss terms of peace with the Government.  The premier was willing,
+anxious, in fact, to remove the reproach from his Government the state
+of Ireland entailed, and he sent Forster to open negotiations with the
+prisoner, who was a dictator.  When Lord Cowper heard of the
+preliminaries to what became known as the Kilmainham Treaty he
+resigned, rightly deeming it demeaning and humiliating for responsible
+ministers to treat with a man who had roused the passions of the
+uncontrollables, and who, to his lasting disgrace, never denounced the
+crimes the Land League produced until the greatest crime of all
+convinced him that sometimes murder is a mistake.  Mr. Gladstone
+appealed to Lord Spencer, a member of his Cabinet, and an experienced
+administrator of Irish affairs, to take up the most dangerous and
+irksome post in the Government.  The earl could not, of course, refuse,
+for refusal in the circumstances could have been construed into a
+confession of cowardice.  {279} He had agreed in the Cabinet to the
+_pourparlers_ with Parnell, and he was determined to give the Irish
+leader an opportunity of retrieving the blunders of the Land League,
+and doing so with a show of victory over the Government, which did not
+care about its reputation on Irish matters provided an end was made of
+the reign of the murderers.
+
+[Sidenote: State of the country]
+
+Immediate events justified Lord Cowper up to the hilt, who must have
+watched with a grim satisfaction the terrible results of Mr.
+Gladstone's Irish policy in the early eighties.  When the time came
+that disclosed Mr. Gladstone as the champion of Home Rule, Lord Cowper
+took a leading part in the forces arrayed against his old chief.  At a
+meeting in a London theatre addressed by Lord Salisbury and the Marquis
+of Hartington, Lord Cowper was in the chair, and his presence was a
+tower of strength to the cause.  After the final defeat of Liberal Home
+Rule he dropped out of public life, and at his death--on July 19,
+1905--he was almost forgotten by his contemporaries.
+
+There is an admirable and eloquent description in Viscount Morley's
+'Life of Gladstone' of the condition of Ireland when Lord Spencer began
+his second viceroyalty: 'In 1882 Ireland seemed to be literally a
+society on the verge of dissolution.  The Invincibles still roved with
+knives about the streets of Dublin.  Discontent had been stirred in the
+ranks of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and a dangerous mutiny broke out
+in the metropolitan force.  Over half of the country the demoralization
+of every class, the terror, the fierce hatred, {280} the universal
+distrust, had grown to an incredible pitch.  The moral cowardice of
+what ought to have been the governing class was astounding.  The
+landlords would hold meetings and agree not to go beyond a certain
+abatement, and then they would go individually and privately offer to
+the tenant a greater abatement.  Even the agents of the law and the
+Courts were shaken in their duty.  The power of random arrest and
+detention under the Coercion Act of 1881 had not improved the morale of
+magistrates and police.  The Sheriff would let the word get out that he
+was coming to make a seizure, and profess surprise that the cattle had
+vanished.  The whole countryside turned out thousands in half the
+counties in Ireland to attend flaming meetings, and if a man did not
+attend angry neighbours trooped up to know the reason why.  The clergy
+hardly stirred a finger to restrain the wildness of the storm; some did
+their best to raise it.  All that was what Lord Spencer had to deal
+with, the very foundations of the social fabric rocking.'
+
+[Illustration: Earl Spencer, K.G.]
+
+The appointment of Earl Spencer was not pleasing to Mr. Forster, and he
+sent in his resignation, his ostensible reason being the proposed
+suspension of the Coercion Act, which had enabled the Irish executive
+to imprison Parnell.  Forster, however, was more concerned with his own
+status.  Lord Spencer would retain his seat in the Cabinet, which meant
+that the Chief Secretary's position would be of less importance than
+hitherto.  The Prime Minister accepted the resignation without more
+than the expected and usual formal expressions {281} of regret.  Lord
+Frederick Cavendish was selected to succeed him, and on the same day
+the viceroy and the Chief Secretary crossed the Channel.  This was the
+fatal May 6, 1882.  Lord Spencer was sworn in at Dublin Castle, and
+during the afternoon he was engaged in 'that grim apartment in Dublin
+Castle, where successive Secretaries spend unshining hours in saying
+"No" to impossible demands and hunting for plausible answers to
+insoluble riddles.'  At five o'clock the Viceroy started to ride to
+Phoenix Park, and at six Lord Frederick Cavendish followed.  In the
+Park he was overtaken by Mr. Burke, the Under-Secretary, and a few
+minutes later both men were foully murdered within sight of the
+Viceregal Lodge.
+
+[Sidenote: The Phoenix Park murders]
+
+Lord Spencer wrote the following account of his knowledge of the
+murders--a statement inspired by a report that he had actually
+witnessed the affray and innocently regarded it as an unimportant
+scuffle:
+
+'It is said that I saw the murder.  That is not so.  I had asked
+Cavendish to drive to the Park with me.  He said he would not; he would
+rather walk with Burke.  Of course, if he had come with me it would not
+have happened.  I then rode to the Park with a small escort--I think,
+my aide-de-camp and a trooper.  Curiously enough, I stopped to look at
+the polo-match which Carey described, so that he and I seem to have
+been together on that occasion.  I then turned towards the Viceregal
+Lodge.  The ordinary and more direct way for me to go was over the very
+scene {282} of the murder.  Had I so gone the murders would not
+probably have been committed.  Three men coming up would have prevented
+anything of that kind.  But I made a slight detour, and got to the
+lodge another way.  When I reached the Lodge I sat down near the window
+and began to read some papers.  Suddenly I heard a shriek which I shall
+never forget.  I seem to hear it now; it is always in my ears.  This
+shriek was repeated again and again.  I got up to look out.  I saw a
+man rushing along.  He jumped over the palings, and dashed up to the
+Lodge shouting: "Mr. Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish are killed!"
+There was great confusion, and immediately I rushed out; but someone of
+the household stopped me, saying that it might be a ruse to get me out,
+and advising me to wait and make inquiries.  Of course, the inquiries
+were made, and the truth soon discovered.  I always deplore my
+unfortunate decision to make that detour, always feeling that if I had
+gone to the Lodge by the ordinary way the murders would have been
+prevented.  I have said that I did not see the murder, but my servant
+did.  He was upstairs, and saw a scuffle going on, but, of course, did
+not know what it was about.'
+
+No political crime produced as great a sensation as these senseless and
+stupid murders.  The news came to London late in the evening, when
+Ministers were dining out.  The Home Secretary was attending a
+dinner-party at the Austrian Embassy when a messenger hurried in to
+tell of the dreadful calamity, and very soon all his colleagues were in
+possession of the dreadful tidings.
+
+{283}
+
+[Sidenote: Another Coercion Act]
+
+The murders meant the end of the policy of conciliation, and the House
+of Commons gave a ready assent to another Coercion Act.  Parnell wrote
+to Gladstone offering to resign his seat, but the premier was not the
+person to judge members of the House of Commons.  With perfect courtesy
+he acknowledged the feeling that had prompted the Irish leader's
+letter, though he must have known that if there had been no Land League
+there would have been no Phoenix Park murders.
+
+It is one of the most difficult of tasks to write familiar history in
+an original manner.  The worthless lives of the assassins paid the
+penalty of the law, and a crude justice was meted out to Carey, the
+informer, who was shot dead by O'Donnell on board the liner which was
+taking him to safety.  O'Donnell was brought back from South Africa and
+executed, but the punishment of the actual murderers was a small part
+of the after-effects of the whole disastrous episode.
+
+It was not long before the party of progress by murder and revolution
+cast off the sackcloth it had donned on the deaths of Mr. Burke and
+Lord Frederick Cavendish.  The viceroy, with his back against the wall,
+was compelled to fight for his own life as well as for the existence of
+law and order.  The Parnellites, confident in their well-established
+reputation for obstruction and their followers' capacity for riot,
+looked forward to the day when they could dictate terms to one of the
+great political parties in England.  The granting of an extended
+franchise in 1884 had cleared the {284} way for an all-Nationalist
+Ireland.  The Liberal party was, as usual, blindly handing to their
+opponents weapons to be used for the destruction of Liberalism.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was always a difficult leader to follow, but when he was
+dealing with Irish affairs his movements resembled the lines created by
+a maze.  With the best of motives he performed the worst and most
+foolish of actions, and Lord Spencer's task became more difficult every
+day.  The Government was defeated on the Budget, and a prolonged crisis
+ensued.  But before the resignation of the Cabinet Lord Spencer had to
+deal with the notorious Maamtrasna case.  This was, in brief, the trial
+of some forty persons for the murder of an entire family.  Twenty-one
+of the convicted prisoners were executed, and it was alleged that some
+of these were innocent.  A fierce debate absorbed three days in the
+House of Commons, and later on, when Lord Salisbury was premier and Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach was leader of the Commons, a motion was brought
+forward censuring the administration of Earl Spencer.  The only result
+was to draw public attention once more to the fearless manner in which
+the viceroy had carried out his duties, and even Tory members had to
+rise and protest in forcible language against the action of Tory
+leaders in condemning the man who risked his life to maintain law and
+order.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Spencer's character]
+
+A month after his retirement from the viceroyalty 300 members of both
+houses of Parliament attended a banquet in his honour.  It was {285}
+noticed that Mr. Chamberlain was absent, but the presence of Lord
+Hartington in the chair and Mr. Bright among the company testified
+eloquently to the general opinion of Lord Spencer's conduct of Irish
+affairs.
+
+The three years of office that remained to Lord Spencer subsequent to
+the Phoenix Park murders brought into prominence in Irish affairs Mr.
+G. O. Trevelyan and Mr. Campbell-Bannerman, successive Chief
+Secretaries.  Neither was a pronounced success.  The only person in the
+limelight was the viceroy.  His personal bravery dismayed his cowardly
+foes, who, judging human nature by their own standard, could not but
+stand in awe of the man who could ride to hounds while the country
+round seethed with assassins.  Trevelyan could earn the title of
+'jelly-fish,' while Campbell-Bannerman utilized the position of Chief
+Secretary to try and convince his superiors that he could do something
+better if given greater opportunities.  The viceroy was firm, just,
+knowing no fear and showing no favour.  The fury of his opponents found
+expression in the attempt of an hysterical woman to horsewhip him, but
+she got no farther than stopping the horses and brandishing her whip.
+He was first called 'Rufus' because of his red beard, but this being
+deemed too genial, was changed to the 'Red Earl,' and accepted as an
+omen of his alleged 'red policy' of punishing murderers by hanging
+them.  It was hinted that the Lord Chancellor, Sir Edward Sullivan, was
+the power behind the viceregal throne, and when the great lawyer died
+the first {286} favourable opportunity that presented itself to taunt
+the Lord-Lieutenant with leniency towards the criminal political
+classes he was declared to have lost his backbone.  On one occasion it
+was thought that he was suffering from lumbago because he was seen
+pressing his back with his hands; but a malicious wit declared that it
+was only 'His Excellency feeling for his backbone.'  The joke would
+have been more effective if it contained just a grain of truth to
+flavour it, but if there was one charge that could not be levelled
+against Lord Spencer it was this taunt of lack of firmness.  His only
+piece of good fortune was the submission of the Irish bishops to the
+Pope, who had censured them for disloyalty.  This was a great help to
+the castle.  A keen pleasure to the viceroy and a cause of anxiety to
+the police was a visit paid to Lord Spencer by the Prince of Wales on
+April 8, 1885.
+
+In the summer of 1885 Lord Salisbury formed a Government, and appointed
+Lord Carnarvon Viceroy of Ireland.  Within eight months a General
+Election placed Mr. Gladstone in power once more, and Lord Aberdeen
+spent the few but extremely critical months of life vouchsafed to the
+Liberal party until Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill split up his
+followers, and another General Election endorsed Lord Salisbury's claim
+that the Conservatives and Unionists represented the real opinion of
+the country on the question of Ireland and its government.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of the Home Rule Bill]
+
+Lord Spencer was President of the Council in 1885, and in 1892, when
+Mr. Gladstone became {287} Prime Minister for the fourth and last time,
+he was given the post of First Lord of the Admiralty.  That ministry
+brought in another Home Rule Bill, and passed it through the Commons;
+but the House of Lords rejected it by the overwhelming majority of 378,
+the actual figures being 419 for its rejection and 41 against.  Mr.
+Gladstone did not appeal to the country, and thus Home Rule passed out
+of the Liberal repertoire for nineteen years.
+
+If Queen Victoria had consulted Mr. Gladstone on the question of a
+successor, he would have advised Lord Spencer's selection.  Her
+Majesty, however, sent for that brilliant dilettante, Lord Rosebery,
+and Lord Spencer remained on at the Admiralty.  There was some talk of
+the premiership for him shortly before the resignation of Mr. Balfour's
+Ministry at the close of 1905, but by then he was a spent force, worn
+out and ill.  He could not join Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Cabinet,
+but he lent it his moral support, and that was not the least important
+factor in bringing to reason the members of the egregious Liberal
+Imperialist League, who at first viewed with suspicion the new premier,
+and then rushed with one accord to be received into the strangest
+political fold ever presided over by a Liberal shepherd.  Lord Spencer
+died in 1910 at the age of seventy-four, and it can be said of him, as
+of the late Duke of Devonshire, that he could have risen to greater
+heights had he not been born with a sense of modesty adorned by a good
+nature that permitted younger men to pass him, and left him without a
+{288} trace of rancour or bitterness.  He had the satisfaction of
+witnessing the amazing triumph of the Liberal party, and could die with
+the knowledge that it savoured of the Gladstonian Liberalism of the
+middle eighties and the early nineties--the Liberalism he fought for
+and in whose interest he had sacrificed his best years.
+
+
+
+
+{289}
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+Lord Carnarvon was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant on July 7, 1885, and on
+January 12, 1886, he tendered his resignation, departing from the
+country thirteen days later.  It was an unusually brief, yet an
+exceptionally interesting, viceroyalty.  He was rightfully regarded as
+a man of fastidious honour and sincerity.  On two occasions he had
+resigned Cabinet rank because of conscientious objections to the policy
+of his leaders, and there was scarcely anybody among the statesmen of
+his time who commanded greater respect and confidence.  The action of
+Lord Salisbury in giving him the viceroyalty was rightfully interpreted
+to mean that the Tory Prime Minister realized fully the gravity of the
+situation in Ireland.  Lord Carnarvon might have had a more exalted and
+powerful position in the ministry.  He accepted the viceroyalty in the
+same spirit of anxiety to benefit his fellows that had been
+characteristic of him since his entry into public life nearly thirty
+years before.  He was now fifty-four years of age, and was known to
+fame as the author of the act that consolidated the British possessions
+in North America in 1867.  Again Colonial Secretary in 1874, the
+foreign policy of the Cabinet did not {290} meet with his approval, and
+he resigned, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach succeeding him.
+
+Lord Carnarvon's state entry into Dublin evoked a display of
+enthusiasm, from all classes that indicated clearly the hopes of the
+people for something brilliant from his administration.  Lady Carnarvon
+was received for her own sake, as well as for that of her husband.  She
+possessed all the arts of the successful leader of society, and she
+exercised them fully while in Ireland.  There was keen competition to
+make the acquaintance of the viceroy and his wife, and Dublin Castle
+seemed likely to experience something quite different to its troubles
+of the previous five years.  But the wise knew that the imminent
+General Election would in all probability terminate the reign of Lord
+Carnarvon.  The Salisbury ministry was a 'Cabinet of Caretakers,' and
+the most that could be hoped for was the viceroy's return within a few
+years when the electors had had another opportunity of passing a
+verdict upon Gladstonian Liberalism.
+
+[Sidenote: Carnarvon and Parnell]
+
+Lord Carnarvon, however, quickly upset the equanimity of the prophets.
+Whatever may have been his own doubts about the durability of his
+position, he startled friends and foes alike by arranging for an
+interview with Charles Stewart Parnell.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant
+debating the policy of his Government with the Irish leader was even
+more productive of astonishment than the sight of Parnell accepting a
+place in the Government would have been.  The interview was kept a
+secret for a time, but it was too {291} important to escape disclosure
+and debate, and the result of the General Election of
+November-December, 1885, hastened the acrimonious and puzzling
+discussion, with its sequel of denials and denunciations.  The scene of
+the momentous interview was a London drawing-room.  The viceroy, the
+moment he was alone with Parnell, appears to have taken the trouble to
+explain elaborately--perhaps too elaborately--his adherence to Unionist
+principles.  As the representative of the queen, he could not listen to
+one word involving the separation of the two countries; as a Tory
+minister, he did not expect any result from the interview, and he did
+not even hope for an agreement; while further, to protect himself and
+his colleagues, he assured Mr. Parnell that he was acting entirely upon
+his own responsibility, and as an individual, and not as a Cabinet
+minister.
+
+Despite these preliminary precautions, the Irish leader came away from
+the meeting under the impression that the Tory party were willing to
+grant Ireland an assembly giving it complete control of its own
+affairs, and also a measure of land reform that would settle that
+difficult problem.  Of course, the price to be paid for this was to be
+the Irish vote.  On the other hand, Lord Carnarvon most emphatically
+contradicted this interpretation of what had passed between them.
+Nevertheless, Mr. Parnell adhered to his version.
+
+The General Election of November-December, 1885, did not give either of
+the English parties an independent majority.  Of Liberals there were
+{292} 335, Tories numbered 249; and 86 Irish Home Rulers, all followers
+of Mr. Parnell, held the balance of power.  Mr. Gladstone was now a
+Home Ruler, and a Bill for establishing a separate legislature for
+Ireland was introduced.  It was in the early days of Mr. Gladstone's
+conversion to the cause that Mr. Parnell hurled a charge against the
+Tory party of having at one time been willing to purchase the Irish
+vote by an eleventh-hour conversion to Home Rule.  The charge was
+denied indignantly, and then the Nationalist leader named Lord
+Carnarvon as the Tory emissary.  The ex-viceroy explained his position
+in the House of Lords.  This was on June 10--three days after Mr.
+Parnell's speech in the Commons.  The latter at once replied in a
+letter to the _Times_ of June 12.  It is worth reproducing:
+
+[Sidenote: The Tory Party and Home Rule]
+
+'Lord Carnarvon proceeded to say that he had sought the interview for
+the purpose of ascertaining my views regarding--should he call it?--a
+constitution for Ireland.  But I soon found out that he had brought me
+there in order that he might communicate to me his own views upon the
+matter, as well as ascertain mine.  In reply to an inquiry as to a
+proposal which had been made to build up a central legislative body
+upon the foundation of county boards, I told him that I thought this
+would be working in the wrong direction, and would not be accepted by
+Ireland; that the central legislative body should be a Parliament in
+name and in fact.  Lord Carnarvon assured me that this was his own view
+also, and he strongly appreciated the importance of giving {293} due
+weight to the sentiment of the Irish in this matter.  He had certain
+suggestions to this end, taking the Colonial model as a basis, which
+struck me as being the result of much thought and knowledge of the
+subject.  At the conclusion of the conversation, which lasted more than
+an hour, and to which Lord Carnarvon was very much the larger
+contributor, I left him, believing that I was in complete accord with
+him regarding the main outlines of a settlement conferring a
+legislature upon Ireland.'
+
+The viceroy's explanation of this was more general than particular.  He
+must have been satisfied with Lord Salisbury's verdict that he had
+conducted the interview with Mr. Parnell 'with perfect discretion,' but
+all the same it was many years before the Tory party lived down the
+allegation that had he wished Parnell could have purchased it lock,
+stock, and barrel, for service in the Home Rule cause.
+
+In social circles Lord Carnarvon's popularity never waned.  He was
+supposed to be that contradiction in terms, 'a Tory Home Ruler,' but he
+was only a high-minded gentleman who made a genuine attempt to deal
+with the Irish problem.  It was yet another instance of a viceroy
+risking peace and popularity by trying to be impartial.  One of his
+opponents in Dublin expressed amazement that he should 'bother his head
+about Home Rule when he had the viceroyalty and a beautiful wife.'  It
+is not to his discredit that he failed, and it must be remembered that
+he paid a price for his interest in Ireland.  The General Election
+placed {294} Mr. Gladstone in power with the aid of the Nationalists,
+but Gladstone soon committed political suicide, and Lord Salisbury
+returned for a six years' lease of power.  He did not invite Lord
+Carnarvon to join his Cabinet, and at fifty-five the earl passed from
+the political stage.  All he gained by his brief association with
+Ireland was the degree of LL.D. from Dublin University, when he replied
+to the Public Orator's congratulations with an elegant Latin speech
+that amazed the dons by reason of its splendour and faultlessness.
+Lord Carnarvon died in 1890, only fifty-nine, but with a generous
+record of work in the public service behind him.  Never a party hack
+nor a slave to political shibboleths, always an individualist and a
+thinker, it was scarcely a fault if his good nature led him into an
+unfortunate attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable.  He came to
+Ireland with no previous experience of the country and its people, and
+so he judged them by the standard applied to average men and women.  We
+have been told by an authority that the Celtic temperament is
+destructive, and not constructive, and the facts of history confirm
+him.  Lord Carnarvon forgot this, and therefore laid himself open to
+the charge that he was surrendering to Parnellism and reform by crime,
+and at the same time leading the Tory party to destruction.  But
+political catch-phrases are usually the work of the unthinking and the
+illogical, and the only mistake he made was the common one of being a
+little too much in advance of his time.  The Tory party has travelled
+many Irish miles since the day an {295} Irish viceroy and Parnell
+exchanged their opinions in a London drawing-room.
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Aberdeen]
+
+The General Election of 1885 swept Liberalism out of Ireland, and gave
+the House of Commons eighty-six Nationalists, the remainder of the
+Irish members representing the opinions of the Unionist and
+Conservative party.  Mr. Gladstone had to solve the problem created by
+the indecisive election, and as he finally decided to cast in his lot
+with the Home Rulers, he formed a Government--his third--and appointed
+the Earl of Aberdeen Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Mr. John Morley--now
+Viscount Morley--entering the Cabinet for the first time as Chief
+Secretary.
+
+Lord Aberdeen was born on August 3, 1847, and in 1870 succeeded to the
+earldom--the seventh to hold the title.  Associated from his earliest
+days with the great Liberal statesman, he had always enjoyed his
+friendship and confidence.  It was to Lord and Lady Aberdeen's London
+residence in the eighties--Dollis Hill, near Willesden--that Mr.
+Gladstone went to seek repose after giving up his London house,
+recording in his diary that he felt too timid at seventy-seven to think
+of acquiring another London home.  When in 1894 he resigned the
+premiership, it was at Dollis Hill that he spent a few days in rest and
+quiet.  Ever a stanch and discriminating friend, Mr. Gladstone was
+delighted to bestow the viceroyalty upon Lord Aberdeen, and
+accordingly, on February 10, 1886, he was sworn in at Dublin Castle.
+
+It is almost impossible to write of contemporaries without revealing
+traces of prejudice or {296} partiality.  Lord Aberdeen's Liberalism
+was moulded by Mr. Gladstone, who was his political mentor; and Lady
+Aberdeen, his clever and energetic wife, has always displayed a
+masculine knowledge of politics and politicians.  She was a Miss Ishbel
+Marjoribanks before her marriage in 1877, and from all accounts seems
+to have been a Home Ruler before Mr. Gladstone's conversion.  When she
+entered Dublin in 1886 as the viceroy's wife she was under thirty, but
+already had achieved considerable fame as a determined politician, a
+philanthropist who had initiated common-sense methods in dealings with
+the grave problems of ill-health and poverty, and a loyal friend.  She
+entered with zest into the social pleasures of Ireland's capital, and
+practised the arts of the vice-queen which she has since brought to
+perfection in Canada and in Dublin.
+
+Their hospitality was generous, their popularity boundless.  The chosen
+of Gladstone could not but be an idol with the masses.  Until coached
+by their suspicious chieftains, the rank and file of Nationalism
+idolized the viceroy and his wife.  The Lord Mayor of Dublin and the
+leading citizens voiced the opinions of the people, and the 'Union of
+Hearts' appeared to be accomplished.  At last Liberalism seemed to have
+won the allegiance of the Irish.
+
+The influence of Lady Aberdeen was considerable, and she helped to earn
+success for the viceregal party.  An ardent politician, she never made
+the mistake of subordinating the hostess to the politician, and at her
+functions all classes and {297} creeds met.  It may be necessary here
+to state that the story which has been in circulation some years,
+describing how Lady Aberdeen was informed by the late Lord Morris that
+'herself and the waiters, bedad!' were the only Home Rulers in the
+room, is a wicked and malicious lie.  The alleged incident never took
+place, for Lady Aberdeen is not in the habit of introducing politics
+during dinner-parties and canvassing for opinions when entertaining.
+Lord Morris was the author of many witty sayings, and he does not
+require the aid of the unscrupulous to perpetuate his memory.  His
+sayings will live without the help of that type of person who delights
+in associating persons of eminence with their jokes, well aware that
+because of their position they are compelled to ignore their slanderers.
+
+While history was being made with startling rapidity in England, Lord
+Aberdeen continued to carry out the duties of his exalted office.  But
+the Liberal party was by now smashed to atoms.  Mr. Gladstone was
+acting like a broken and disappointed man, and the life of the ministry
+threatened at any time to cease.  It was merely a question of time for
+the Tory party and the rebellious Liberals to amalgamate and turn out
+the Gladstone Government.
+
+On July 20, 1886, Mr. Gladstone resigned, and Lord and Lady Aberdeen
+left Ireland, and it was now the turn of the Tory-Liberal-Unionist
+coalition to show what they could do in Ireland--the land of
+opportunities of which no one seemed capable of taking advantage.  Lord
+Salisbury had {298} already stated his views with characteristic
+bluntness.  During the debate on the Home Rule Bill of 1886 he forgot
+that he had not a reputation for humour, and informed his audience that
+the Irish were like the Hottentots, incapable of governing themselves,
+while he suggested that the best plan for Ireland would be the
+application for twenty years of a stringent Coercion Act.  The question
+of the Imperial contribution towards the setting up of a Parliament in
+Dublin he touched upon lightly by suggesting that the money would be
+better employed in aiding the emigration of a million Irishmen.
+
+This was the statesman who was given the opportunity of putting into
+practice his theories of Irish administration.  There was some
+curiosity as to the new viceroy, and when Lord Salisbury chose the
+Marquis of Londonderry the nervous felt more relieved.  The premier had
+selected a safe rather than a brilliant Lord-Lieutenant, and one who
+was capable of perpetrating as few blunders as any of his Tory
+contemporaries.  Sir Michael Hicks-Beach emphasized the new importance
+of the Irish Secretaryship by accepting it, and, as he had been
+Chancellor of the Exchequer in the previous Salisbury Cabinet, his
+action was regarded as a generous one.  It was a remarkable innovation
+to send a tried statesman to Dublin, for it had been the custom for
+many years to utilize the position as a sort of preparatory school for
+the Cabinet.  It was Sir Michael's second attempt, but this was only a
+half-hearted one.  Two Royal Commissions were appointed--one {299} to
+report on the land question, the other to examine into the material
+resources of the country.  Lord Cowper, an ex-viceroy, presided over
+the first.  Lord Salisbury was, indeed, making a worthy attempt to
+effect the political salvation of the Hottentots by Act of Parliament.
+
+The viceroy, Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, sixth Marquis of
+Londonderry, was thirty-four years of age, and had before his
+succession to the peerage in 1884 represented County Down in Parliament
+for six years.  As a descendant of the second marquis, who earned
+undying notoriety by his destruction of the so-called Irish Parliament,
+he was naturally of interest to all whose affairs brought them into
+close touch with Ireland.  He was an Irish landlord, the husband of a
+clever, ambitious woman, a daughter of the premier earl of England.
+They had married in 1875, and she was a leading Tory hostess when they
+transferred their headquarters from Londonderry House, Park Lane, to
+Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge for a period of three years.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Balfour as Chief Secretary]
+
+They were stirring times, but the viceroy, by a curious chance, was
+able to stand aloof.  The resignation of Sir Michael Hicks-Beach in the
+March following the arrival of Lord Londonderry brought the Prime
+Minister's nephew, Mr. A. J. Balfour, over as Chief Secretary.  We know
+how he made his years in Ireland peculiarly his own, obscuring our view
+of the viceroy until at times it seems that there was only a shadow
+behind the frail-looking personality that dominated Ireland in his
+capacity of Chief Secretary.  'Bloody' {300} Balfour, they called him,
+and plotted against his life, much to the annoyance of the viceroy, who
+detested fuss, and never could understand the prevailing passion for
+political principles.  Mr. Balfour answered force with force, and,
+remembering the history of attempts at conciliation, he went boldly and
+fearlessly for the criminals, their patrons and instigators.  Another
+Coercion Bill was framed, and, empowered by it, he sent about thirty
+members of Parliament to gaol, while evictions and murder continued to
+be reported, and Parnellism became synonymous with crime.
+
+A visit from Prince Albert Victor and Prince George towards the end of
+June, 1887, was appreciated by both viceroy and people.  The event had
+all the charm of spontaneity and unexpectedness, and Lord and Lady
+Londonderry had the one opportunity of their viceroyalty to show what
+they could do as representatives of the Queen of England.  There was a
+brilliant State banquet in the famous old dining-room of Dublin Castle,
+where the leading men of the country paid their respects to the then
+second heir to the throne and the youthful Prince who was destined by
+Fate to ascend the throne.  A review in the famous and superb Phoenix
+Park was another feature of the visit that must have appealed to the
+viceroy as an oasis does to the traveller in the desert.  Not that Lord
+Londonderry took a too prominent part in the inevitable political and
+agrarian troubles of his reign.  He left those to the efficient and
+indomitable Mr. Balfour, while he pursued the even way of life, gently
+patronizing the elect, and {301} good-humouredly tolerating the
+non-elect who are the clamouring and unsought satellites of every
+Viceroy of Ireland.  Lady Londonderry, who is clever enough to deserve
+a better title than that of mere giver of dinners, softened the
+crudities of office and gained a popularity in Ireland not confined to
+her political friends--a rare achievement in a confessedly party woman.
+She is the author of a study of Viscount Castlereagh, second Marquis of
+Londonderry.
+
+[Sidenote: The Mitchelstown affray]
+
+The affray at Mitchelstown in the September of 1887 was dealt with by
+Mr. Balfour with his usual splendid disregard for public opinion, and
+it was succeeded by the Parnell Commission.  During these historic
+incidents the viceroy remained in the background, jogging amiably
+along, and no doubt thanking Heaven that had cast his lot in pleasanter
+times than those that fell to Lord Cowper and Lord Spencer.  He
+resigned the office in 1889.  Eleven years later he sat in his first
+Cabinet as Postmaster-General, and when Mr. Balfour succeeded his uncle
+in the premiership he appointed his colleague President of the Board of
+Education--a nice, respectable post that nobody took seriously, and
+wondered why it was represented in the Cabinet at all.  The 'tariff'
+resignations in 1903 placed several important portfolios at Mr.
+Balfour's disposal, and he thereupon added to Lord Londonderry's
+official duties by making him Lord President of the Council.  And as
+President of the Board of Education and President of the Council the
+marquis continued to attend the Cabinet until the ministry perished in
+the {302} maelstrom that swallowed up the Tory party and astonished the
+world within a few weeks of Mr. Balfour's resignation of the
+premiership.  The Tory ex-Prime Minister appeared to have left most of
+his courage behind him in Ireland, where he went as 'Clara,' and stayed
+to earn the more flattering, if inelegant, sobriquet of 'Tiger Lily.'
+
+
+
+
+{303}
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+From out of the solid phalanx of Tory peers eligible for the post Lord
+Salisbury chose the Earl of Zetland, and sent him to Dublin.  The
+viceroy was then in his forty-fifth year, was chiefly distinguished by
+his fondness for horse-racing, while a painstaking press recorded the
+fact that his mother was an Irishwoman.  In 1871 he married Lady Lilian
+Lumley, a daughter of the ninth Earl of Scarborough, and the following
+year he was elected for the family borough of Richmond, Yorkshire.  The
+death of his uncle in 1873 terminated his career in the House of
+Commons, and until his appointment to Ireland in 1889 he led the life
+of a country gentleman and a sportsman.
+
+His viceroyalty was somewhat similar to that of Lord Londonderry's,
+though he soon lost the aid of Mr. Balfour, who was replaced by Mr. W.
+L. Jackson, raised to the peerage as Lord Allerton in King Edward's
+Coronation year.  He had not been long in office when the report of the
+Parnell Commission became the sensation of the season; indeed, it was
+all Parnell and no Zetland from the beginning to the end of his term.
+The Commission was followed by the divorce case that {304} extinguished
+the Irish leader; then came the sharp and bitter party schisms, the
+intervention of the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and last of all the death
+of the central figure of the sordid and miserable tragedy.  It was
+quite impossible for either viceroy or Chief Secretary to do more than
+be there if he was wanted, and, perhaps fortunately no great crisis
+called for their intervention.  A Tory Lord-Lieutenant can always have
+a comfortable and easy life in Dublin provided he is not ambitious to
+be up and doing.  Lord Zetland was disinclined to create precedents or
+seek to alter established things.  Every good cause received his
+approval and the benediction of Lady Zetland.  They were not more
+political than they had to be, while the viceroy's fondness for the
+Turf was not without its effect, although the Irish sportsman is quite
+a different type to the Irish, and 'never the twain shall meet.'  The
+viceroyalty jogged on gently to its predestined end, and the General
+Election giving Mr. Gladstone a majority the six-year-old Salisbury
+Administration came to an end.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone in power]
+
+The return of Mr. Gladstone to the premiership caused great
+perturbation in Unionist circles in Ireland.  At last the polls had
+given him a mandate for Home Rule, and there was no prospect of
+rebellious Liberals rising again to destroy their chief.  There
+remained the House of Lords, ever the bulwark of the liberties of the
+people--whether the people appreciated it or not; but there was a doubt
+whether the Upper Chamber would peril its existence by defying
+Gladstone again.  Nevertheless, Unionist Ireland, with a {305}
+fanaticism and a determination not unworthy of the Irish Nationalist
+representatives, determined to fight the odds against them inspired by
+a 'No surrender' spirit.  They resolved not to touch Gladstone or his
+noble representative with a forty-foot pole, and, numbering in their
+ranks the majority of the gentry and nobility, their decision to
+boycott the incoming viceroy meant much more than it appeared on the
+surface.  It is true that any Tory viceroy can create the sort of court
+he pleases, and so can a Liberal in ordinary circumstances, but Lord
+Houghton was viceroy at a time when every snob, whether he took any
+interest in politics or not, became a Unionist in order to be known as
+a member of the gentlemanly party.  It was simply 'bad form' to favour
+Home Rule, and that was sufficient to unite Unionists as they have
+never been united before or since.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was in the position of having very few candidates for the
+viceroyalty.  Mr. John Morley was, of course, the Chief Secretary, and
+he could be depended upon to do all the political work.  The premier
+offered the viceroyalty to the then Lord Houghton, and it was accepted
+in the hope that it would lead to better things.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Houghton]
+
+Lord Houghton was born in 1858, on January 12, so that he was in his
+thirty-fifth year when he was sworn in as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+His official training had been meagre, comprising the not fatiguing
+post of Assistant Private Secretary to Lord Granville during part of
+that statesman's occupancy of the Foreign Office in Mr. Gladstone's
+second Administration, and a few months as Lord-in-Waiting {306} to
+Queen Victoria in 1886.  The son of Monckton Milnes was always an
+object of interest to students of history, literary and political, and
+Lord Houghton had shown that he was not inexpert by writing a number of
+stray verses that exhibited a talent for rhyming.  His ability for
+statesmanship was, however, more doubtful, and, as events proved, he
+was not the man to conciliate the important body of opinion adverse to
+the Government he represented.  The position, certainly, was most
+difficult, and abler men than Lord Houghton would have failed.  He
+could not forget his own dignity, and therefore never attempted to
+conciliate the Opposition.  The distrust of the Nationalists must have
+struck him as savouring of ingratitude, and as every Liberal viceroy
+has found it, Lord Houghton was an object of suspicion and distrust to
+all Irishmen.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Crewe]
+
+Irish society boycotted the Liberal viceroy.  He started badly by
+declining to receive a loyal address because it contained a reference
+to the Home Rule question.  Lord Houghton, being temperamentally
+incapable of inspiring affection in inferiors, adopted an attitude of
+extreme _hauteur_, offending every class in turn.  Mr. Gladstone was in
+the midst of the battle of his life, ably seconded by Mr. John Morley;
+but the Lord-Lieutenant of the Government sat in gloomy solitude in
+Dublin, cognisant no doubt of the fact that for the first time since
+1172 Dublin Castle and Viceregal Lodge invitations were being declined
+or ignored by a society which in the ordinary course of events would
+sacrifice {307} anything rather than the _entree_ to the miniature
+court of the viceroy.  No help could come from Ireland, where the
+masses watched the efforts to plant a Parliament in College Green with
+a sullenness of demeanour that indicated their lack of enthusiasm.  The
+educated classes were almost to a man and a woman Unionists, and the
+movement against the viceroy was inspired by party feelings, but Lord
+Houghton's personality did not tend towards the softening of the
+austerities.  The members of his _entourage_ suffered from the general
+disfavour, and the aides-de-camp, who are usually almost danced to
+death every season, ended their labours as fresh as they began them.
+The entertaining that had to be done was in the capable hands of the
+Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker, Lord Houghton's sister, a lady of many
+accomplishments.  The viceroy was a widower then, and some years from a
+second wife, an earldom, an heir, and a marquisate.
+
+Lord Houghton's position in Ireland was certainly unique.  In a country
+overwhelmingly Nationalist--using the word in its party sense--he was
+supposed to belong to the popular side.  Hitherto, the Lord-Lieutenant
+had been more or less a Tory, for the average Liberal was too superior
+to descend into the cockpit of Irish politics; but Lord Houghton was
+the Heaven-sent embodiment of Ireland's hopes of legislative
+independence.  He was a member of the Government that had for its first
+and only object the settlement of the Irish question, and yet the
+viceroy, with all these aids, might have been the most {308} bigoted
+Tory of Tories, judging by the attitude of the Nationalists.  The
+native politician well maintained his reputation for suspecting his
+best friends.  The prophets of gloom foretold of the fatal intervention
+of the House of Lords, and were so certain of defeat as to contribute
+towards it themselves.  Lord Houghton was regarded as a sham,
+Gladstone's noble self-sacrifice as a mere trick; the whole body
+politic seemed destitute of honour and honesty.  Wherever the viceroy
+went he was received in silence; there were no popular demonstrations
+in town or country.  Ireland was in the position of the beggar who
+awaits charity with curses ready on her tongue in the case of refusal
+or dissatisfaction.  She could not--would not--believe and understand
+that Mr. Gladstone was risking his own life, and that of his party, in
+his endeavour to grant the Nationalist demands.  Eventually he wrecked
+Liberalism, but it has since recovered--Ireland has not.
+
+The House of Lords is the stock enemy of Liberalism, but the peers did
+Lord Houghton a good turn when they rejected Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule
+Bill and numbered the days of the ministry.  Heroically enough, the
+viceroy agreed to continue in office when Lord Rosebery was
+unexpectedly given the premiership; but all men knew that the
+Government was merely a makeshift, and that a General Election and a
+Conservative-Unionist triumph was to be expected as a matter of course.
+It came in 1895, and with it the end of Liberalism for ten years.  Lord
+Houghton resigned with the ministry, and left {309} Dublin as glad to
+be out of the country as the country was as pleased to see the last of
+him.  When the whirligig of time brought its revenges, and the Lord
+Houghton of the 1892-95 viceroyalty was an earl of ten years' standing,
+earls being remarkably scarce on the Liberal red benches, he was
+admitted to the Cabinet in the respectable capacity of Lord President
+of the Council.  This post was vacated for a time when in Mr. Asquith's
+Ministry he was Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State for the
+Colonies.  In 1910 he became Secretary of State for India, exchanging
+offices with Viscount Morley.
+
+Lord Crewe's marriage in 1898 to Lady Margaret Primrose, the youngest
+daughter of the Earl of Rosebery, was a brilliant social function, and
+the birth of a son and heir in 1911 was more welcome than the
+marquisate which came to the Indian Secretary in the Coronation
+Honours' List.
+
+[Sidenote: Tory ascendancy]
+
+The triumph of the Conservative and Liberal-Unionist coalition cleared
+the political atmosphere.  Once more the rival parties in Ireland were
+on their old footing; the Castle and the Lodge would be exclusively
+Unionist, and the other side was saved the embarrassment of having a
+friend in power.  Lord Salisbury, in looking round for a suitable
+viceroy, found in his intimate friend and colleague, Lord Cadogan, the
+ideal viceroy.  Twenty years previously they had been members of the
+same Government--Lord Salisbury in the Cabinet, and Lord Cadogan
+Under-Secretary at the War Office and the Colonial Office in turn.
+{310} In Lord Salisbury's Government of 1886-92 he was Lord Privy Seal.
+Their political friendship served to cement a private friendship that
+lasted until Lord Salisbury's death, and it was the premier's
+resignation in 1902 that caused the then viceroy to retire.
+
+[Illustration: Earl Cadogan, K.G.]
+
+Lord Cadogan was born in 1840, and in 1865 he married Lady Beatrix
+Craven, who died in 1907.  Succeeding to the earldom in 1873, he was
+obliged to leave the House of Commons, to which he had been elected by
+the citizens of Bath the same year.  From the day of his elevation to
+one of the wealthiest places in the peerage Lord Cadogan became a
+valued asset of the Conservative party.  An intimate friend of the then
+Prince and Princess of Wales, given to hospitality, married to a lady
+with more than the usual gift for entertaining, the owner of Chelsea
+House and his wife became social leaders of the party.  Lord Salisbury
+was fortunate in securing Lord Cadogan for the viceroyalty, and a seat
+in the Cabinet was only right and proper for one whose influence and
+support were of paramount importance.  As Chief Secretary, Mr. Gerald
+Balfour accompanied Lord Cadogan, and after an imposing state entry on
+August 12, 1895, they settled down to work.
+
+In Dublin Castle there is an object-lesson of the relative political
+importance of the two chief executive officers of the Government in
+Ireland.  The Lord-Lieutenant's room is small and unpretentious, that
+of the Chief Secretary roomy, well furnished, and comfortable; but
+during Lord Cadogan's term he overshadowed his first Chief {311}
+Secretary, although the latter was a brother of the leader of the House
+of Commons.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Cadogan]
+
+Lord and Lady Cadogan quickly earned that popularity which never left
+them.  Charming to everybody, the soul of courtesy to all ranks and
+classes, ideal host and hostess, and spending their great wealth
+freely, it would have been surprising, indeed, if the viceroy and his
+wife had not achieved success.  Nationalists, professional and amateur,
+learnt the advantage of having a wealthy Lord-Lieutenant, even if he
+had been nominated by the hated and detested Tories, and the
+unostentatious munificence of the viceregal pair was not the least
+factor that contributed towards their success.  As a member of the
+Cabinet, Lord Cadogan's political sympathies were obvious, yet in an
+extraordinary way he managed to conceal the politician in the
+administrator.  He was even accused of favouring the Nationalists and
+Roman Catholics, and aggrieved place-hunters ruefully declared that the
+only qualification for office and promotion was Nationalist leanings or
+adherence to the Church of Rome.  Nevertheless, Lord and Lady Cadogan
+lost nothing of their influence over all classes.  Every Dublin season
+was brilliant and successful, simply because Lord and Lady Cadogan had
+the power to do things, and knew how to do them.  The visit of the then
+Duke and Duchess of York in 1897--a brilliant success--was a triumph
+for Lord Cadogan's political perspicacity.  The Local Government Bill
+of 1898--a measure frankly Liberal in tone--would have wrecked any
+other Lord-Lieutenant; it left Lord Cadogan as strong {312} as ever.
+It is the irony of fate that the Conservative-Unionist party should
+have done, and still be doing, more for Ireland than Gladstone or his
+colleagues ever did.  The Local Government Bill meant that the control
+of local affairs should pass from the hands of the minority to the
+majority.  Protestant and Unionist councillors, Chairmen of County
+Councils, aldermen, magistrates, and other minor dignitaries were swept
+out of existence, and that nebulous host, the people, reigned in their
+stead.  Had Gladstone proposed such a measure, and carried it, there
+would have been a revolt of the Unionists in Ireland, but as a
+Salisbury Government fathered the Act it was accepted without demur,
+and the revolution on the Nationalist side was a peaceful one.  In a
+single phrase, the Act meant that in future the Catholic majority
+should be the masters of the Protestant minority.  There is no quarter
+given or asked in Irish politics, and from that day to this the
+Protestants have had no share in the administration of local government
+in the country.
+
+
+
+
+{313}
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+The outbreak of the South African War initiated a display of disloyalty
+in Ireland which might have embarrassed a less adroit Administration.
+The policy of killing Home Rule by kindness had not succeeded, and it
+was very evident that the throwing open of practically every office to
+the people had not satisfied them.  Every Boer victory was received
+with jubilation, but it was mostly superficial.  An English tourist,
+tactfully extracting the opinions of a cabdriver, was informed that the
+English deserved to be beaten, as he hoped they would, adding with a
+grin of delight, 'But we did make them run, sor, didn't we?' referring
+to the account of an English victory over the enemy the day before in
+which an Irish regiment had gained fresh laurels.  Nothing is more
+ludicrous than the fervent politician who attempts unearthly
+consistency in thought, word, and deed.  Few persons take seriously the
+over-serious politician.
+
+The General Election of 1900 was preceded by a visit from Queen
+Victoria--the last of a successful series.  It was a tribute to the
+good sense of the Irish and their innate loyalty, and Lord Cadogan did
+much to bring the queen to Ireland by {314} assuring the Cabinet that
+there was not the slightest danger.  Four and a half years' residence
+in the country had taught the viceroy a great deal about the Irish
+people, and his trust and confidence in them were confirmed when, on
+April 3, 1900, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Sir Thomas D. Pile, Bart.,
+presented Her Majesty with the keys of the city and the civic sword.
+She entered Dublin in triumph, and was received by Lord and Lady
+Cadogan at the Viceregal Lodge amid great rejoicing and splendour.  The
+following day more than 50,000 children were reviewed in the Phoenix
+Park by the queen--a happy inspiration on the part of her advisers.
+There was, of course, a review of the troops, the queen's youngest son,
+the Duke of Connaught, in command, and several other incidents of an
+historic occasion passed off with as much success as though there was
+'no such a thing' as Irish disloyalty.  Thousands of persons who had
+cheered Boer victories without quite knowing why they did it cheered
+the queen until they were hoarse, because heart and head combined to
+welcome their illustrious visitor.  Well might the aged monarch write a
+letter reflecting the emotion of a grateful and proud queen.  No other
+monarch had the happy inspirations Queen Victoria constantly displayed
+in her messages to her people, and the secret of it all was that she
+wrote them as a woman, though compelled to publish them as a queen.
+
+Shortly after the conclusion of her visit she wrote to Lord Cadogan:
+'How very much gratified and how deeply touched she had been by her
+{315} reception.  After the lapse of thirty-nine years her reception
+had equalled that of previous visits, and she carried away with her a
+most pleasant and affectionate memory of the time she had spent in
+Ireland, having been received by all ranks and creeds with an
+enthusiasm and affection which cannot be surpassed.'
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Queen Victoria]
+
+The next important event was the reconstruction of the Salisbury
+Ministry following the Election of 1900.  Mr. Gerald Balfour, not too
+successful at the Irish Office, was transferred to the Board of Trade,
+and Mr. George Wyndham took his place in Ireland.  The new Chief
+Secretary was eager to effect reforms, but the influence of the
+Lord-Lieutenant and the Prime Minister compelled him to pursue the
+conventional course of Chief Secretaries who are neither poets nor
+dandies.  The death of Queen Victoria in January placed the court in
+mourning for a year, and when that was over the resignation of Lord
+Salisbury became an imminent event.  To Lord Cadogan it meant something
+more than the severance of old ties.  Lord Salisbury and he were bound
+together by numerous social and political ties, and when the great
+statesman resigned in the summer of 1902 Lord Cadogan immediately
+tendered his resignation to the king of the high office of
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  Speaking to his tenantry on the subject,
+the viceroy declared that all his political life had been bound up with
+Lord Salisbury's, and he had no desire to continue in it now that his
+old chief was retiring.  He had spent seven years in Ireland--seven
+years of peace--and {316} his success was notable and inspiring.  Mere
+wealth could not have achieved it unaided; it was personality and the
+desire to be as non-political as one in his position could be.  It is
+no exaggeration to say that his departure was universally regretted.
+For the time the acerbities of political life were forgotten, and
+Ireland turned out to say good-bye to a good friend and his charming
+comrade, Lady Cadogan.  On all sides people expressed the opinion that
+Mr. Balfour would find it impossible to nominate a suitable successor,
+and bad times were predicted for the man brave enough to attempt to
+follow Lord Cadogan in the viceroyalty.
+
+Had he chosen to do so, the retiring viceroy might have taken a high
+post in Mr. Balfour's ministry, but he stood aside to accompany Lord
+Salisbury into private life--that is, as private as the husband of a
+political hostess can be.  His social services were still at the
+disposal of the party to which he belonged, and they were strong
+supporters of the Balfour regime.
+
+In 1907 Lady Cadogan died, and this tragedy was succeeded by the death
+of his eldest son, Viscount Chelsea, in 1908.  Two years later his
+grandson and heir passed away.  These events isolated Lord Cadogan, and
+he led a somewhat lonely life until he married for a second time.  The
+marriage took place on January 12, 1911, the bride being the Countess
+Adele Palagi, a cousin of the bridegroom.
+
+About two years after Lord Cadogan's retirement from the viceroyalty a
+deputation of leading {317} Irishmen called at his London residence to
+present him with a token of the esteem in which he was held by all
+those who had come in contact with him during his viceroyalty.  The
+deputation was headed by Lord Iveagh, and included Sir David Harrel,
+Sir James Blyth, Sir Thomas Pile, Sir Lambert Ormsby, and Sir James
+Henderson.  They represented all Ireland, and on their behalf the
+chairman presented the earl with an address, a silver bowl, and his
+portrait painted by Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A.  It was a unique
+ceremony, this tribute to one of the most successful viceroys Ireland
+had ever known.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord and Lady Dudley]
+
+Lord Dudley succeeded to the viceroyalty at the youthful age of
+thirty-five.  For seven years he had been Parliamentary Secretary to
+the Board of Trade, and had proved himself to be a hard-working,
+ambitious peer.  Immensely wealthy and generous, he was the most
+suitable man to follow Lord Cadogan, especially as Lady Dudley was a
+hostess of renown--one of the most popular of the younger
+hostesses--and a general favourite with royalty.
+
+The Dudley reign in Ireland was full of incident, social and political.
+It opened unluckily enough, for in the early days of December, 1902,
+Lady Dudley was seized with a serious illness at the Viceregal Lodge,
+and at one time the gravest fears were entertained.  The operation for
+appendicitis, however, was successful, and the countess recovered to
+adorn the office she shared with her husband.  The mother of a young
+family, she won the hearts of all Ireland by sending one of {318} her
+daughters to the Alexandra High School--an institution deservedly
+famous for its successful training and teaching of girls.  This was one
+of many triumphs achieved by tact and good nature, and within a few
+months of her arrival in Ireland there was no more popular person in
+the country.  Mr. Balfour had been fortunate, indeed, in finding a Lady
+Dudley to follow a Lady Cadogan, while the Lord-Lieutenant at once
+proved himself to be strong, fearless, open-minded, and just.  It was
+said of a Chief Secretary--Sir Robert Peel--that his one-sided opinions
+of Irish affairs were due to the fact that he had driven through the
+country on an outside car.  Lord Dudley went all over Ireland in a
+motor-car, and therefore could not help but see both sides.  Ever an
+enthusiastic motorist, His Excellency pursued his hobby all the time he
+was in Ireland, and unexpected visits to remote hamlets were numerous.
+This passion for motoring had a practical result--it enabled the
+viceroy to gather a great deal of first-hand information about the
+country and the people; and when he consented to become chairman of the
+Royal Commission on Congestion in Ireland, the year he retired from the
+viceroyalty, he brought to bear upon the subject and the problem a
+knowledge unequalled by any other non-Irish member of the Board.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Dudley]
+
+[Sidenote: The Wyndham Land Act]
+
+The supreme political event of Lord Dudley's term was undoubtedly Mr.
+George Wyndham's Land Act of 1903.  Had Gladstone lived to witness a
+Tory Chief Secretary piloting such a measure through Parliament he must
+assuredly have gasped.  {319} It caused great searchings of heart
+amongst the colleagues of Mr. Wyndham, but it came into the
+statute-book--another proof of the political axiom that the Tory party
+have done more for Ireland than the Liberal, that Tory Cabinets have
+worked more for Home Rule than their political rivals.
+
+The revolutionary Tory Chief Secretary aroused the suspicions of his
+friends.  Loud-voiced Unionists in Ireland declared that he was at
+heart a Home Ruler, and when the Lord-Lieutenant declined to take this
+accusation seriously he was in his turn labelled Home Ruler, too.
+Reports were sent to London of the dreadful backsliding of Lord Dudley.
+As time crawled by he was described as an out-and-out Nationalist, a
+traitor to the party he was sent to represent in Ireland.  The
+devolution scheme ascribed to Lord Dunraven, the late Captain Shaw, and
+others, was said to have received the viceroy's benediction.
+Superficially, that plan seemed the easiest method by which the eternal
+Irish question could be settled; it appeared so nice and equitable.
+But there was the dangerous rock of finance, on which all devolution
+schemes must be wrecked.  During the uproar the Lord-Lieutenant was
+compelled to adopt measures of precaution.  The party leaders in
+England demanded a sign from him, for it would not do to permit Liberal
+and Nationalist orators to assure receptive and eager audiences night
+after night that the Tory Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had learned by
+experience in Ireland that the only cure for the evils of the country
+was Home Rule.  The Wyndham Land Act was merely a palliative, {320}
+they added.  It was deemed necessary that Lord Dudley should write an
+elaborate explanation of his views on Ireland, and entrust the document
+to Lord Lansdowne, the leader of the Government in the House of Lords.
+This precious epistle was to recline in the noble marquis's pocket
+until, goaded by the taunts of the Opposition, he should be able to
+produce it dramatically and confound the scoffers and unbelievers.  The
+letter was written, but never read in the Lords, the minds of men
+turning to other matters when Mr. Wyndham was recalled from Ireland and
+Mr. Walter Long appointed Chief Secretary.  It was Mr. Balfour's way of
+announcing his dislike of the already dead and buried devolution plan.
+
+The period of doubt left the viceroy unshorn of his friends.  Those who
+knew him personally were well aware that he was a genuine friend of
+Ireland, and the whole country knew that this English nobleman stood
+rather to lose than gain by any active display of good-will towards the
+people he ruled in the name of the king.  The personal popularity of
+Lord and Lady Dudley was such that no political crisis could affect
+materially.  Lady Dudley, a clever woman of rare charm, an artist and a
+linguist, was not without experience of the vicissitudes of life, and
+her knowledge of things human had been increased thereby.  The daughter
+of a once wealthy banker, she knew what poverty was, and at one time
+she was associated along with her sister in the millinery shop their
+mother started in London soon after the Gurney bank failure.  The shop
+was not a {321} success, and had to be abandoned.  The girls were
+adopted by friends of the family, the Duke and Duchess of Bedford
+taking charge of Miss Rachel Gurney.  Under their wing she made the
+acquaintance of the young Earl of Dudley, and they were married in
+1891, society, headed by the Prince of Wales, attending the function.
+Never very strong, and often suffering great pain, Lady Dudley,
+nevertheless, preserved a sweetness of temper and a kindliness to all
+and sundry that both in Ireland and Australia helped immensely in
+establishing the influence of her husband.  In Ireland, especially, a
+viceroy's wife has many opportunities, and they are not always easy to
+grasp.  Lady Dudley succeeded every time, and it is not to be wondered
+at that by thousands of those whose experience entitle them to be
+considered experts on the subject she is named as the most successful
+and popular 'vicereine' the country has known for over a hundred years.
+
+[Sidenote: Royal visitors]
+
+The busiest social year of the Dudley regime was that of 1903, when
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra visited Ireland.  It was the first
+occasion a King of England was seen in Ireland for eighty-two years,
+and the people marked the honour by a display of enthusiasm unequalled
+in the history of the country.  The king and queen were greatly touched
+by the loyalty of the Irish, and under the capable direction of Lord
+and Lady Dudley the series of festivities went with a vim that
+gratified the distinguished visitors and added fresh laurels to those
+already earned by the _chatelaine_ of the Viceregal Lodge and Dublin
+Castle.  {322} A royal visit produces more anxiety than pleasure, as a
+rule, for those whose duty it is to see that the arrangements for
+entertaining the guests are perfect and carried out to the letter; but
+a genius for organization displayed itself in the arrangements devised
+for the filling up of their Majesties' programme, and that was the
+genius of the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife.  The most significant event
+of the visit was the Levee held at Dublin Castle by the king.  All the
+leading men of Ireland were invited, irrespective of politics and
+religion.  It was a daring thing to do, but Lord Dudley could count
+upon his own popularity, and he confidently invited Roman Catholic
+Archbishops, Catholic gentlemen, Nationalists, and many others whose
+political opinions were against the Government.  The occasion was
+historic--a King of England holding a Levee in 'the worst castle in the
+worst situation in Christendom,' as a former viceroy described it--and
+it was almost unprecedented.  With characteristic good feeling and
+understanding all classes and creeds attended to do homage to His
+Majesty, who had the gratification of receiving many notable Irishmen
+and seeing them mingling together, their differences forgotten in the
+presence of their Sovereign.  The success of that Levee was a splendid
+tribute to Lord Dudley's tenure of the post of Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland.  Another visit by King Edward and Queen Alexandra the
+following April was equally successful.
+
+The dying days of the Balfour ministry found Irish affairs inert.  The
+respectable Mr. Long was {323} ready to do anything to prove his stanch
+Unionist principles, but both countries and parties were in that frame
+of mind produced by a sense of impending death.  There had been ten
+unbroken years of Unionist sway in Ireland; two viceroys of great
+wealth and popularity had carried on the Government, assisted by Chief
+Secretaries of varying qualities of statesmanship; the country had
+grown accustomed to Tory control, and rather liked it, judging by the
+experience of Liberal predecessors.  Every charitable cause had met
+with a ready response from the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife, and for
+ten years the viceroy had appeared almost non-political.  The
+numberless acts of kindness placed to the credit of Lady Cadogan and
+Lady Dudley created for them a genuine feeling of admiration and
+affection.  The heads of the Government in Ireland were no longer mere
+party 'jobbers.'  The anxiety to be impartial was at times almost
+painful, but it was not without effect.
+
+[Sidenote: Social splendour]
+
+Socially, the two viceroyalties had been brilliant successes.  The Tory
+Government had everything in its favour.  Two such hostesses as the
+wives of Lords Cadogan and Dudley are rarely met with, and for ten
+years in succession the Dublin season was ever one of splendour.  There
+had been periods of mourning, but, apart from these, the years were
+notable.
+
+And yet the cry for Home Rule was not less shrill nor less determined.
+Nationalists could say with some reason that all that Lord Cadogan and
+Lord Dudley had done could be done again with {324} a Parliament in
+College Green.  The growing feeling in English constituencies against
+the Conservative Government was hailed with delight by the Irish party.
+They saw Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, an avowed Home Ruler, gladly and
+eagerly putting their demand for Home Rule in the forefront of the
+great fight, and when the polls had placed him in power making Home
+Rule the first plank in the programme of the resuscitated Liberal party.
+
+England could not be expected to be impressed by the successes of the
+Tory Government in Dublin.  As a matter of fact, English electors were
+feeling rather bored with Irish affairs, and at the polls they scarcely
+stopped to think about Home Rule, but voted for the Liberal candidate
+for the negative reason that they did not like his opponent.  The
+General Election was a triumph for the pure, undiluted political faith
+of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, and, besides smashing all hopes that
+the Irish party would be the masters of the situation, compelled those
+minute particles of Liberalism labelled Imperialists, Radicals, and so
+on, to unite under the lead of the new Prime Minister.
+
+[Sidenote: The spirit of conciliation]
+
+In the ordinary course of events Lord Dudley resigned with the
+Conservative Ministry, and on the appointment of a successor departed
+from Ireland.  A few months' previously--September 21, 1905, to be
+exact--he had escaped death in the waters of Lough Erne, where, with a
+small party, he was unlucky enough to see his yacht capsize during a
+race.  It was one adventure of many he {325} has experienced in his
+comparatively brief life.  Following his resignation, he still evinced
+a keen interest in Ireland, and when the Liberal premier asked him to
+preside over the deliberations of a Royal Commission on Congestion, he
+accepted it as one who has never allowed his actions to be guided and
+controlled solely by party motives.  The work of the Commission
+finishing, he went to the other end of the world as Governor-General of
+Australia, holding the post for three years, when Lady Dudley's
+ill-health compelled him to return home in 1911.  This willingness to
+serve the Liberal party has been taken by some as additional evidence
+of his lukewarm Unionism, but Lord Dudley remains a member of the party
+that made him Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and he is a Unionist at
+heart, though he permits himself the luxury of thinking on the subject.
+It is certain that while in Ireland he examined the claims and
+pretensions of the Home Rule party, and endeavoured to arrive at an
+understanding.  The fact that he was not hounded out of the country by
+his fellow-Unionists is proof positive of the fact that a new spirit of
+conciliation has arisen, and that Irish political controversialists are
+aware that there can be two sides to every question, even an Irish one.
+
+
+
+
+{326}
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Aberdeen's return]
+
+Lord Aberdeen's return to Ireland, twenty years after his first entry
+into Dublin as Lord-Lieutenant, was announced immediately after the
+resignation of Mr. Balfour's ministry.  It was to a new Ireland that
+the viceroy came.  Much history had been made since the days when the
+'Union of Hearts' presaged a smooth passage to popularity for the Earl
+of Aberdeen.  Successive Tory Governments had laboured upon Irish
+affairs, and if they had stopped short at Home Rule they had come very
+near it.  The Nationalist party was inclined to be sullen, realizing
+their futility, and compelled to wait humbly upon Sir Henry
+Campbell-Bannerman's pleasure.  He was independent of them.  They were
+free to join the Opposition if they chose to do so, although the Prime
+Minister, always consistent, hinted that a Home Rule Bill was about to
+appear on the Parliamentary horizon.  There was the South African
+business to be got through first; then the fiscal question seemed
+capable of wasting more public time, and questions of Empire and home
+finance all blocked the way to the ambitions of the group led by Mr.
+John Redmond.  Astute Nationalists quickly understood that they must
+wait for another General Election, perhaps two, before {327} their
+hopes could be realized, and therefore they stood aside while the
+country blinked its eyes at the unusual sight of Liberals sitting in
+the seats of the mighty, and new men with even newer names flocking to
+the Cabinet room in Downing Street.
+
+Meanwhile, the Viceroy of Ireland took possession of his high office.
+For nearly eight years he had lived in retirement, his
+Governor-Generalship of Canada beginning in 1893 and ending in 1898.
+The Canadian period was another record of success for the viceregal
+pair, who were undoubtedly the most valuable at the disposal of the
+Government for viceregal positions requiring a long pedigree, a long
+purse, and the royal attribute of being all things to all men.
+
+The position of a Lord-Lieutenant nominated by a Liberal Prime Minister
+is the most anomalous and difficult in the Government.  He is selected
+because he is a member of the party in power, and asked to fill a post
+in which, as the representative of the king, he must not display any
+political leanings.  His Majesty is above politics, and the man who is
+accorded royal honours in Ireland must represent the king
+non-politically.  Even in this attempt he must needs lay himself open
+to the charges--eagerly laid against him--of showing favour to either
+political party, for even a Viceroy of Ireland cannot help being aware
+of the politics and religion of some of those upon whom he bestows
+office.  In the case of a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant he dwells in a
+country where Liberalism has been buried for more than a generation,
+where {328} a religious motive colours every political action, and
+where bones of contention provide the only food for the hungry
+politicians.
+
+But the severest handicap to which a Liberal Lord-Lieutenant is
+subjected arises out of the prevalent notion that Nationalism and
+disloyalty are almost interchangeable terms.  This enables every
+Unionist to charge the viceroy with pandering to the prejudices of the
+disloyal majority, and thereby degrading the dignity of his office by
+condoning insults to the king whom he represents.  From time to time
+Nationalist politicians have declined to drink the king's health, or
+have marched out of a hall or room at the sound of the first bars of
+'God save the King.'  Instances readily occur to all acquainted with
+Ireland.  Unionists naturally make the most of this, and the
+Lord-Lieutenant finds himself criticized by all, the fiercest being
+those who ought to support him.  Had Daniel O'Connell and his fiery
+successors bred a spirit of personal devotion to the throne of England,
+Home Rule might have been an accomplished fact thirty years ago, but
+the attitude adopted by Home Rule's leading propagandists has alienated
+the sympathies of the voters of Great Britain.  Comfortable politicians
+in Westminster can legislate and talk of Ireland far from the centre of
+the problem, and unhampered by the local difficulties that are to be
+met with in Ireland.  They know nothing, or else conveniently forget
+that, while Liberalism in England can, and does, hold Home Rule
+compatible with loyalty to the king, such an amalgamation of ideas has
+not been {329} recognized hitherto in Ireland.  The viceroy, however,
+has to face the music, and as the embodiment of kingly rule in Ireland
+he has to remain a Liberal and a Home Ruler despite the knowledge that
+Nationalists feel bound to hold aloof from the king's representative
+until self-government is granted.
+
+Very few Viceroys of Ireland have been Cabinet ministers, and it is,
+indeed, surprising how any statesman can be expected to act as king in
+Ireland and as an exponent of his party's policy in Downing Street; but
+the fact that viceroys do not often sit in the Cabinet does not remove
+the political aspect of the post.  The unwritten law seems to be that
+while a Tory occupant of the Viceregal Lodge may be as partisan as he
+wishes, no Lord-Lieutenant chosen by a Liberal premier must open his
+mouth on the political questions of the day.  It is easy to account for
+this.  Unionism superficially means this, at any rate--that the party
+believes in loyalty to the Crown and the Constitution, while the other
+side can only retort by declaring that a readjustment of the
+Constitution would not affect the indissolubility of the Crown.
+
+[Sidenote: Nationalists and the Castle]
+
+Then, Nationalists are by training and instinct suspicious of the
+Castle.  Irishmen are seldom cowards, but it is only necessary to bring
+a charge of sycophancy against an Irishman to make him forswear the
+Castle and all its works.  It is, in his opinion, the greatest insult
+you can offer him.  You may question the honour of his ancestors, doubt
+his honour, or even deride his alleged sense {330} of humour--all these
+things will leave him cold; but hint that he wants a job, sneer at him
+because you imagine he is hankering after the fleshpots of Castle Yard
+or the messes of the Viceregal Lodge, and then take steps to insure
+your safety.  This weapon has proved most effective in the hands of
+Nationalist writers and journalists, though it has not always succeeded
+in preventing men holding Nationalist opinions from serving their
+country on the bench or in the administration of the Government of the
+land.
+
+English ministers possess more patronage than the Lord-Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and jobbery is ever rampant in London; but the business of the
+metropolis is not stopped in order that the multitude may hold up their
+hands in horror at the action of the jobbers.  Happily, England's
+strength is not in its Civil Service.  In Ireland it is different, and
+whereas the ambition of every family was to have a priest amongst its
+sons, now a Civil Servant within its ranks is considered more
+desirable.  And the Lord-Lieutenant, as Chief Patron, is the natural
+prey of the eager, and hopeful, and the disappointed.
+
+Not since the mayoralty of T. D. Sullivan in 1886--during Lord
+Aberdeen's previous term of office--has the Mansion House in Dawson
+Street known the presence of a viceroy.  Successive Lord Mayors of
+Dublin have held aloof from the Government--some from conviction, the
+majority frightened by the bogie of sycophancy.  Amateur politicians
+continue to practise the art of debate on the floors and in the
+galleries of the City Hall, and their brethren in a more sophisticated
+manner {331} demonstrated their statesmanlike qualities in Westminster;
+while the Lord-Lieutenant, the symbol of England's despotic rule,
+mingles with the aristocratic and official sets, which are mainly Tory.
+In fact, the Nationalists are afraid to indicate loyalty by accepting
+the hospitality of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and, curiously
+enough, the extreme Unionists adopt precisely the same course when a
+Liberal Government is in power.
+
+[Sidenote: Welcoming the Lord-Lieutenant]
+
+Lord Aberdeen made his state entry on February 3, 1906.  Only veterans
+could recall the doings of the Lord-Lieutenant of 1886, but Lord and
+Lady Aberdeen's names were household words, as they had been no
+strangers to Ireland during these twenty years, but had identified
+themselves with much work for the benefit of her industries and
+welfare, and in many ways the new viceroy and his wife received a
+sympathetic welcome.  They were anxious to mark their term of office by
+social reform, and to keep the office as far removed from party
+politics as possible.
+
+Two notable deputations waited on the viceroy at Dublin Castle within a
+fortnight of his arrival.  One consisted of the survivors of the
+extraordinary popular demonstration that had escorted Lord and Lady
+Aberdeen out of Dublin in 1886.  On that occasion the Lord Mayor of
+Dublin and members of the Corporation had headed the procession, which
+was intended to show the affection of the Home Rule party for the Home
+Rule viceroy.  The survivors now read an address of welcome to the
+Lord-Lieutenant, and as all addresses to the viceroy are carefully
+subedited, Lord Aberdeen {332} was able to listen to the compliments
+this particular one contained, and reply in set terms indicating his
+desire to work in sympathy with all parties in Ireland.  Twenty years
+earlier a different reply might have been possible, but during the
+interval between the first and second Aberdeen reigns the Tory party
+had stolen much of the Liberal thunder, and the deputation represented
+something as Victorian as an antimacassar.
+
+The second deputation was from the City of Belfast, and expressed
+devotion and loyalty to the throne and to the king's representative.
+In other words, it was a grim reminder to Lord Aberdeen that the
+Unionists had their eye on him, and that it behoved him not to air his
+Home Rule opinions during his viceroyalty.  There is an unwritten law
+that all Lord-Lieutenants of Ireland must be non-political in thought
+and word, if not in deed, and the rule is always applied with rigour in
+the case of a Liberal viceroy.  To this and all other addresses of
+welcome it was easy to return a speech of thanks, and Lord Aberdeen
+promised to visit Belfast at the first available opportunity--a promise
+which was soon fulfilled, and resulted in many subsequent visits to the
+northern capital, where Lord and Lady Aberdeen have always been
+accorded a hearty welcome.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Aberdeen in Rome]
+
+It was not very long before the viceroy provided his watchful opponents
+with food for criticism.  In January, 1907, he actually visited Rome
+without taking the trouble to obtain the consent of the Orangemen, who
+were horrified to hear that the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland had been
+received {333} in audience by the Pope.  In this atrocious act they
+discovered all the evidence of the intention of the Government to
+consign the lives and property of Protestants to the inquisitorial
+mercies of the Catholics.  The ministry was going to pass Home Rule at
+once, and in order to make it complete sent the Viceroy of Ireland to
+interview the Pope, and obtain his views on the matter.  This was the
+opinion of the easily terrified Opposition.  These excitable
+religionists were well aware of the fact that Lord Aberdeen is a
+Presbyterian, and an office-bearer in that Church.  Ready themselves to
+sacrifice every shred of religion in the cause of politics, they
+doubted the sincerity of others, and the Lord-Lieutenant was accused of
+selling his soul to Rome to further the ends of the Government he
+represented.  Religious extremists, whether they be Protestants or
+Catholics, always present an unedifying caricature of human nature and
+human sense.  English Protestants made themselves just as ridiculous
+over the visit of the late King Edward paid to the Pope a few years
+ago.  We know that, in the phrase of a great Irishman, the Catholics in
+England are a sect, while in Ireland they are a nation; but the
+brass-tongued minority in Ireland seem to dominate the country when
+they have any opportunity to bring charges against their Catholic
+fellow-countrymen.  Lord Aberdeen passed from the Vatican to the
+presence of the king of Rome, but this act did not serve to mitigate
+the heinousness of his first offence.
+
+The year of 1907 was a full and exciting one for all concerned in the
+viceregal administration of {334} Ireland.  On January 24 Mr. Augustine
+Birrell became Chief Secretary, as Mr. James Bryce was appointed to the
+embassy at Washington--or, at any rate, was induced to think so--and
+the new broom came with the intention of sweeping out many abuses.
+There was to be a superb Irish University; there were whispers of a new
+Land Act that would bring peace to all concerned; the reform of Trinity
+College would be accomplished on the advice of the Royal Commission
+appointed the previous June; and, finally, there was a promise of Home
+Rule.  Apart from these more or less political topics, quieter folk
+discussed the forthcoming visit of the king and queen, who were
+venerated by their Irish subjects.
+
+[Illustration: King Edward conversing with Lord Aberdeen at the Irish
+International Exhibition, 1907]
+
+[Sidenote: The Dublin Castle jewels]
+
+The royal visitors were expected to arrive during the second week of
+July, and a few days before--on the 6th--it was announced that the
+famous collection of jewellery, known as the Dublin Castle jewels, had
+disappeared.  The pecuniary value of the jewels was about L40,000, but
+their intrinsic worth was considerably more than this.  The public
+amazement was nothing compared with the official consternation.  These
+jewels were to have been used during the installation of Lord Pirrie as
+a Knight of St. Patrick, and King Edward was to have presided at the
+ceremony.  Strange rumours flooded Dublin and travelled on to London.
+No name was too high or too sacred to be associated with the theft, and
+every bar-loafer could pose as a _persona grata_ in Court circles by
+slyly mentioning the mystery and declaring that 'everybody' knew
+So-and-so was the thief, and that his family {335} were paying ransom
+for him.  It seemed as though the police confined their investigations
+to Debrett, ignoring those whose lack of rank and title disqualified
+them for suspicion.  The circumstances of this official tragedy were
+well in keeping with the romantic result.  Dublin Castle is the
+headquarters of the police force and the detective staff, and on
+ordinary days presents the appearance of a German fort.  Those
+acquainted with Dublin Castle declined to believe for a moment that
+professional thieves had entered this glorified police-station and
+stolen the most rigorously-guarded collection of jewels in the country.
+
+King Edward and Queen Alexandra entered Ireland to the accompaniment of
+ringing cheers, the people being independent of Crown jewels or any
+other baubles to symbolize their loyalty.  The Irish love a sportsman,
+and if he should happen to be a king as well they love him all the
+better for that.  The magnetic personality of Edward VII. and the
+infectious charm of Queen Alexandra triumphed in Ireland, and everybody
+forgot for the time being that there was a Home Rule Government in
+power, and that a Liberal peer was their Majesties' host.  Dublin was
+favoured greatly by the royal visitors, who daily performed some public
+act and received the salutations of the people.  Those who expected
+that the absence of the Crown jewels would tend to depreciate the
+importance and effect of the visit were disappointed agreeably.
+
+It is scarcely necessary to record that throughout the memorable visit
+of the king and queen {336} Lord and Lady Aberdeen displayed to the
+best advantage those perfect social qualities for which they are
+renowned in two continents.  Such a period is necessarily one of hard
+and often anxious work, and the thousand and one questions to be
+settled offhand, the numberless applications for invitations to be
+studied and settled, and the natural anxiety for the safety and comfort
+of their royal guests, are matters that would place the average person
+at a disadvantage.  Lord and Lady Aberdeen, however, have the happy
+quality of rising to the great heights great occasions demand, and so,
+if their Majesties' reception was tumultuous and their welcome regal,
+that accorded day after day to the Lord-Lieutenant and his wife can be
+described as viceregal.  Second only in popularity to their illustrious
+guests, they proved to the thousands of strangers who visit Ireland in
+the wake of royalty that it is by no means certain that a Liberal
+viceroy cannot earn the affection of the country.  Common courtesy
+might account for the respect royalty and royalty's representatives
+meet with in Ireland, but only genuine affection could inspire the
+enthusiastic welcomes accorded to King Edward and his son and their
+viceroy, the Earl of Aberdeen.
+
+The report of the Viceregal Commission appointed to inquire into the
+circumstances of the theft of the Crown jewels appeared on February 1,
+1908.  It stated that Sir Arthur Vicars, the Ulster King of Arms, who
+was the official custodian of the jewels, did not exercise due
+vigilance or proper care.  His resignation followed as a matter of
+{337} course, though it must be recorded that there was a general
+impression that Sir Arthur Vicars had been made the official scapegoat.
+The decision of the Commission by no means satisfied public opinion,
+and rumour raged furiously again, inspired by all sorts and conditions
+of statements said to have been omitted from the report, although
+stated in evidence before the Commissioners.  One of these days the
+secret history of the disappearance of the Dublin Castle jewellery may
+be revealed.  Until that time, it must be classed among the unsolved
+mysteries of the twentieth century.
+
+A state visit to Belfast in the autumn of 1907, and the unveiling of a
+statue of Queen Victoria in Dublin on February 15, 1908, were the most
+notable events of these years.  The tragic death of the Hon. Ian
+Archibald Gordon, their Excellencies' youngest son, took place in
+November, 1909, the result of a motor-car accident.  Mr. Gordon had
+just become engaged to Miss Violet Asquith, the daughter of the Prime
+Minister, and the marriage had been looked forward to with pardonable
+eagerness on both sides, as it would have united at the altar two
+families bound together by many ties of friendship.  The engagement was
+a secret until the fact was published that Lord Aberdeen's son was at
+the point of death.  Great sympathy was expressed with his devoted
+parents.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of King Edward]
+
+The termination of King Edward's brief and splendid reign necessarily
+placed the court in mourning for twelve months, and the viceroyalty
+underwent a period of quiescence.  King George's {338} accession was
+proclaimed in Dublin and other cities on May 11, 1910.
+
+The visit of King George and Queen Mary in July, 1911, was the great
+event of the year.  Fresh from the Coronation, their Majesties arrived
+in Dublin on July 8, holding a Levee, a garden-party, and a
+drawing-room, reviewing troops in Phoenix Park, and visiting hospitals
+and institutions.  And all in five days!  The Prince of Wales and
+Princess Mary of Wales accompanied their parents, and won for
+themselves no little popularity.  The magnificent reception accorded to
+the king and queen astonished even those who possessed a knowledge of
+previous royal visits.  At times it exceeded in warmth that extended to
+King Edward--a feat which many declared to be impossible until it was
+an accomplished fact.  Again Lord and Lady Aberdeen demonstrated their
+ability and popularity.  Once more they were second only to the king
+and queen.  The perfect organization that had displayed itself on the
+occasion of King Edward's visit was seen again, and if their Majesties
+had a most strenuous time, they were equally as pleased as their
+subjects and their viceregal representatives.  Not a single discordant
+note was struck throughout the series of public and private ceremonies
+performed by the king and queen, and well might Nationalists fear that
+the spectacle of Irish men and women outdoing the welcome accorded to
+the king and queen at their Coronation would give to all the world the
+impression that Ireland's dislike of England was purely a paper one.
+
+{339}
+
+When the visit was over, King George telegraphed from the royal yacht
+expressing his thanks to Lord and Lady Aberdeen.
+
+'Having just arrived, after a most beautiful passage,' he said, 'the
+queen and I, with the hearty cheers of the Irish people still ringing
+in our ears, wish once more to express to you and Lady Aberdeen our
+warm appreciation of all your kindness and trouble to insure our stay
+in Dublin being a happy and pleasant one.  You have indeed succeeded,
+and we thank you sincerely.'
+
+[Illustration: The Countess of Aberdeen]
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Aberdeen]
+
+From the earliest days of her husband's viceroyalty Lady Aberdeen
+worked actively in connection with numerous philanthropic societies.  A
+champion of women, with a record dating back to the seventies, her
+specialities are the eradicating of consumption and the improvement of
+the lot of female workers.  Her enthusiasm has led her into conflict
+with the old order, but Lady Aberdeen has ever been inspired with the
+best of motives, and she has done a great deal of good.
+
+Lady Aberdeen founded the Women's National Health Association of
+Ireland in 1907, and the fact that this society has united
+representatives of every creed and party in the cause of public health
+and the stamping out of consumption has in itself wrought much indirect
+good in all parts of Ireland, in addition to the direct result of
+reducing the death-rate from consumption by one-seventh in three years.
+There are now over one hundred and fifty branches of this organization,
+composed of men and women representing all sections of the community,
+in all parts of Ireland, working {340} devotedly together for the
+welfare and the happiness of the people as a whole; and these workers
+have shown a power of initiative in meeting local needs by providing
+meals for school-children; forming Babies' Clubs, where mothers and
+their elder daughters are taught how to care for the babies, and how to
+make small resources go a long way in selecting nourishing food and
+suitable garments; turning derelict spaces into garden playgrounds;
+organizing health lectures, health exhibitions, travelling health
+caravans, besides supporting sanatoria, hospitals, convalescent homes,
+and maintaining nurses for the care of tuberculosis patients in their
+own homes.
+
+The success of other notable undertakings might be quoted as an
+evidence of the support which the present occupants of the Viceregal
+Lodge can count upon when they identify themselves with any special
+enterprise.
+
+The Irish Lace Ball of 1907 at the Castle, the Pageant of Irish
+Industries of 1909, the great Ui Breasail Exhibition and Fete of Irish
+Industries and Health in 1911, visited by over 176,000 persons in
+fourteen days, of every shade of opinion and of every class of the
+community, are events which will be long remembered in the Irish
+capital in connection with Lord Aberdeen's lengthy reign.
+
+There was a 'storm in a teacup' during the General Election of
+December, 1910, when Lord Aberdeen aroused the wrath of the
+Conservatives and Unionists by telegraphing to the Liberal candidate in
+West Aberdeenshire expressing his own belief that the apprehension that
+under Home {341} Rule the Protestant minority would suffer was
+unfounded.  A Committee of Privileges composed of members of both
+Houses of Parliament inquired into the matter, and reported that they
+found that the viceroy's action had not contravened any Standing Order
+or regulation.  This was accepted, and nothing more was heard of the
+matter.
+
+Further criticism fell his way when Ireland was in the grip of a
+railway strike, and he was spending a holiday in Scotland.  There was a
+clamour for the viceroy's presence in Ireland.  He was already on his
+way thither, but though he had been successful in settling the
+Carriers' Strike some years previously, the present occasion did not
+offer an opportunity for personal mediation.
+
+[Sidenote: The place-hunters]
+
+When his term of office ends, Lord Aberdeen can look back upon several
+years of success in Ireland.  He may not be a racing man, and
+Punchestown may not be a favourite haunt of his, but sterner qualities
+than a fondness for horse-racing are necessary to succeed as
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.  In the most favourable times it requires a
+vast amount of tact, a keen sense of humour, and a sense of proportion.
+Place-hunters abound and office-seekers are innumerable.  Dublin Castle
+is regarded as the haven of hope for all younger sons without talent
+and briefless barristers hungering for a regular income.  They are all
+suppliants of the Lord-Lieutenant, and several hundreds of years of
+ascendancy have given them a sense of right in receiving favours, and
+one of indignation and injustice in the case of refusal.  But when all
+is said and done, the {342} outcry over jobbery in Ireland is absurd,
+for it is a fact that there is more jobbery in London in a month than
+in the whole of Ireland in a year.
+
+There have been some attempts to abolish the viceroyalty, but if
+ornamental it is also useful, because the Irish instinctively respect
+royalty, and a country populated by the descendants of kings could not
+be expected to have an instinctive respect for any form of government
+savouring of Republicanism, or one that left wholly to the imagination
+the majesty of the Sovereign ruler.
+
+To satisfy all classes, to tolerate the intolerant, and to represent
+the non-political King of England, although appointed for his political
+opinions, are the duties of the Lord-Lieutenant.  Surrounded by
+lynx-eyed critics, Tory and Nationalist, he has to be something more
+than the shadow of the monarch, and he is not allowed to escape
+criticism, although the king for whom he acts as deputy is supposed to
+be above it.  It is not an enviable post, and never will be.  That Lord
+Aberdeen and Lady Aberdeen have been successful nobody will deny, and
+Ireland will lose two good friends when their term of office comes to
+an end.
+
+The introduction of Mr. Asquith's Home Rule Bill makes the Irish
+viceroy's position more delicate than ever.  Its success means the end
+of the official ascendancy, and bureaucracies always fight desperately
+until the first shot is fired.  When Liberalism has achieved its
+ambition, the Irish bureaucracy will cease to hold the power that makes
+or mars every viceroyalty.
+
+
+
+
+{343}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abercorn, Marquis and first Duke of, 264
+  Abercorn's second viceroyalty, Duke of, 273
+  Aberdeen and Belfast, Lord, 332
+  Aberdeen and Gladstone, Lord, 295
+  Aberdeen, fourth Earl of, 257
+  Aberdeen's first viceroyalty, Lord, 295
+  Aberdeen, Lady, 296
+  Aberdeen's second viceroyalty, Lord, 326-342
+  Aberdeen, seventh Earl of, 295
+  Aberdeen's visit to Rome, Lord, 332
+  Abercromby, Sir Ralph, 204
+  Addison, Joseph, 131
+  Albert, visit of Prince, 300
+  Ambrose, Eleanor, 150
+  America, British North, 216
+  Andrews, Dr., 157, 175
+  Anglesey and George IV., Lord, 229
+  Anglesey and O'Connell, 234
+  Anglesey divorced, Lord, 230
+  Anglesey, Marquis of, 227
+  Anglesey on agitation, 232
+  Anglesey's second viceroyalty, Lord, 234
+  Anglo-Irish, Rise of, 31
+  Annesley, Arthur, 89
+  Armagh, Archbishop of, 52
+  Arran, Lord, 128
+  Asquith's Home Rule Bill, Mr., 342
+  Asquith, Miss Violet, 337
+
+
+  Bagenal, Sir Nicholas, 74
+  Balfour, Mr. A. J., 299
+  Balfour, Mr. Gerald, 310, 315
+  'Baratariana,' 176
+  Bedford, fourth Duke of, 161
+  Bedford, Jasper, Duke of, 57
+  Bedford, sixth Duke of, 211
+  Belfast and Lord Aberdeen, 332
+  Belfast Volunteer Review, 195
+  Bellingham, Sir Edward, 67
+  Beresford, 199, 201
+  Berkeley, Lord, John, 98
+  Berkeley, Lord Justice, 123
+  Berkeley, Mary, 72
+  Berwick, Duke of, 118
+  Bessborough, fourth Earl of, 247
+  Bessborough, Lady, 248
+  Bessborough, O'Connell and Lord, 247
+  Birch _v._ Clarendon, 253
+  Birrell, Mr. Augustine, 334
+  Blyth, Sir James, 317
+  Boisseleau, 118
+  Bolton, Charles Paulet, Duke of, 135
+  Bosworth, Battle of, 57
+  'Bottle riot, the,' 225
+  Boyle, Earl of Shannon, 158
+  Boyne, Battle of the, 117
+  Brabazon, 67
+  Brabazon, Captain, 101
+  Brereton, Sir William, 66
+  Brigham, Sir Richard, 74
+  Bristol and Edmund Burke, 184
+  Bristol, Lord, 171
+  British North America, 216
+  Bruce, Edward, 26
+      crowned King of Ireland, 25
+      defeated and killed, 26
+  Bruce, Robert, 25
+      and Prior Roger Utlagh, 28
+  Bryan, Sir Francis, 67
+  Bryce, Mr. James, 334
+  Buckingham, Duke of, 103
+  Buckingham, Marquis of, 192
+      and Grattan, 190
+      and Parliament, 190
+  Buckinghamshire, Earl of, 181
+  Burke, Edmund, 169
+      and Bristol, 184
+      and Irish trade, 184
+  Burke, murder of Mr., 281
+  Byron, Lord, 185
+
+
+  Cadogan, Earl, 309
+  Cadogan's resignation, Lord, 315
+  Camden, Lady, 203
+  Camden, Lord, 200
+  Camden on the Union, 204
+  Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H., 285
+  Canada, 216
+  Canning, 227
+  Capel of Tewkesbury, Lord, 122
+      and Jonathan Swift, 122
+  Carew, John, Lord, 34
+  Carlisle and Grattan, 184
+  Carlisle, fifth Earl of, 181
+  Carlisle, seventh Earl of, 258
+  Carnarvon and Dublin University, 294
+  Carnarvon and Parnell, Lord, 290
+  Carnarvon interview, Parnell on, 292
+  Carnarvon, Lady, 290
+  Carnarvon, Lord, 286, 289
+  Caroline, Queen, 147
+  Carteret and Swift, 142
+  Carteret, John, Lord, 139
+  Cary, 283
+  Cary, Sir George, 80
+  Cashel, Archbishop of, 26
+  Castle, Dublin, 16
+  Castle, Dudley, 68
+  Castle, Fotheringay, 76
+  Castle, Kilcolman, 73
+  Castle, Ludlow, 69
+  Castle, Rathfarnham, 173
+  Castle rebuilt, Dublin, 20
+  Castlemaine, Ormonde and Lady, 97
+  Caatlemaine, Phoenix Park and Lady, 97
+  Castlereagh and Roman Catholic Church, 202
+  Castlereagh, Lord, 174, 202
+  Castlereagh's methods, 207
+  Catholic Association, 232
+  Catholic Association, O'Connell founds, 226
+  Catholic Bill, rejection of, 204
+  Catholic committee, 194
+  Catholic convention, 196
+  Catholic disabilities, 196
+  Catholic Emancipation, 212, 228
+  Catholic Emancipation, Cornwallis and, 209
+  Catholic Emancipation and Union, 207
+  Catholic relief, struggle for, 197
+  Catholics emancipated, 232
+  Cavendish, Lady Dorothy, 186
+  Cavendish, Lord John, 187
+  Cavendish, murder of Lord Frederick, 281
+  Chamberlain, Mr., 285
+  Charles I. and Ormonde, 88
+  Charles I., Irish money for, 83
+  Chesterfield and Eleanor Ambrose, 150
+  Chesterfield and Phoenix Park, 151
+  Chesterfield, Lady, 151
+  Chesterfield on Ireland, 151
+  Chesterfield on Irishmen, 154
+  Chesterfield on the Irish Parliament, Lord, 154
+  Chesterfield's 'Letters,' 147
+  Chesterfield's marriage, 147
+  Chesterfield's political legacy, 149
+  Chesterfield, the Earl of, 146
+  Chichester House, 143
+  Chichester, Lord, 80
+  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 275
+  Church, Gladstone and the Irish, 262
+  Church of Ireland, Disestablishment of, 267
+  Clanricarde, Earl of, 61
+  Clanricarde, Thomond, Earl of, 68
+  Clare, attempt to lynch Lord, 201
+  Clare Election, 231
+  Clare, O'Connell stands for, 231
+  Clarence, George, Duke of, 54
+  Clarendon and O'Connell, 249
+  Clarendon, fourth Earl of, 248
+  Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl of, 107
+  Clarendon _v._ Birch, 253
+  Clement V. and Dublin University, 25
+  Cleveland's plot, Duchess of, 101
+  Clifford, Rosemond, 21
+  Clonmel, Siege of, 92
+  Coercion Act of 1881, 280
+  Coinage, introduction of special, 20
+  Commissioners, Parliamentary, 89
+  Conellan, Mr. Corry, 252
+  Coningsby, Lord Justice, 120
+  Connaught, Visit of Duke of, 270
+  Cooke, military secretary, 199
+  Cornwallis and Catholic Emancipation, 209
+  'Cornwallis Correspondence,' 187
+  Cornwallis, Lord, 203, 205
+  Cornwallis, surrender of Humbert to, 207
+  Corunna, 229
+  Coventry, Bishop of, 18
+  Cowley, Lord, 230
+  Cowper, Earl, 275
+  Crampton, Sir Philip, 220
+  Craven, Lady Beatrix, 310
+  Cromwell, Henry, 94
+  Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland, 90
+  Croft, Sir James, 67
+  Cullen, Cardinal, 272
+  Cumberland, Richard, 167
+  Curragh, George IV. at, 220
+  Curran, 215
+  Curran and Emmet, 211
+  Curran and the Union, 208
+  Curwen, Archbishop of Dublin, 68
+
+
+  Dantsey, Bishop of Meath, 49
+  d'Arcy's parliament, 31
+  d'Arcy, Roger, 33
+  d'Audeley, Jacques, 23
+  d'Ardingselles, Guillaume, 23
+  Deane, Henry, 61
+  de Balscot, Alexander, 40, 43
+  de Bermingham, Jean, Earl of Louth, 26
+  de Bermingham, Walter, 34
+  de Blaquerie, Lord, 179
+  de Bromwich, John, 40
+  de Burgh, Guillaume Fitz-Aldelm, 17
+  de Burgh, Richard, 22
+  de Burgh, Sir Guillaume, 24
+  de Burgh, Sir Thomas, 29
+  de Burgh, William, Earl of Ulster, 29
+  de Burghs, the, 30
+  de Cherlton, Sir John, 29
+  de Colton, Dean, 39, 41, 44
+  de Courcy, 19
+  de Courtenay, Philip, 41
+  de Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, 39
+  'Defenders, the,' 197
+  de Gaveston, Piers, 24
+  de Gorges, Sir Ralph, 27
+  de Gray, Sir John, 49
+  de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, 21
+  de Grey, Earl, 243
+  de Grey, Lady, 243
+  de Joinville, Geoffery, 23
+  de Lacy, assassination of Hugh, 19
+  de Lacy, Hugh, 16
+  de Lacy, Hugh, 18
+  de Lacy II., Hugh, 19
+  de la Haye, Guillaume, 23
+  de la Rochelle, Sir Richard, 23
+  de la Zouche, Alain, 22
+  de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin, 21
+  de Marreis, Geoffery, 22
+  de Mortimer, Edmund, 40, 49
+  de Mortimer, Roger, 26
+  de Mortimer, Roger, 43
+  de Mortimer, Sir Thomas, 41
+  de Peche, Richard, 18
+  de Pembridge, Sir Richard, 38
+  Derby, Lord, 256, 264
+  de Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 34
+  de Saundford, Archbishop of Dublin, 23
+  Desmond, Earl of, 31
+  Desmond, Earl of, 54
+  Desmond, Gerald, fourth Earl of, 37
+  Desmond, Maurice, Earl of, 34
+  Desmonds, the, 30
+  de Stanley, Sir John, 43
+  de Stanley, Sir John, 44
+  de Taney, William, 39
+  de Valognes, Hamon, 19
+  de Verdun, Theobaude, 25
+  de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 42
+  de Vesci, Sir Guillaume, 23
+  Devolution, 319
+  Devonshire, William, third Duke of, 145
+  de Welles, Sir Leon, 49
+  de Welles, William, 49
+  de Windsor, Sir William, 38
+  de Windsor, Sir William, 39
+  D'Exeter, Richard, 23
+  'Diamond, Battle of,' 197
+  Disraeli, 264
+  Disraeli and Marlborough, 273
+  Doon, the auction at, 235
+  Dorset and Mrs. La Touche, 157
+  Dorset and Peg Woffington, 157
+  Dorset and the Irish Parliament, 159
+  Dorset, Duchess of, 217
+  Dorset, Duke of, 216
+  Dorset, Lionel Sackville, Duke of, 144, 155
+  Doyle, Bishop, 247
+  'Drapier's Letters,' 140
+  Drogheda, massacre of, 91
+  Drummond, Thomas, 258
+  du Bouchet, Mdlle., 147
+  Dublin after the Union, 209
+  Dublin Castle, 16
+  Dublin Castle rebuilt, 20
+  Dublin Corporation, Perrott's present to, 75
+  _Dublin Evening Post_, 214
+  Dublin, Exhibition of 1870, 270
+  Dublin Exhibition of 1853, 258
+  Dublin, Marquis of, 42
+  Dublin Parliament, 31, 41
+  Dublin in the eighteenth century, 137, 156
+  Dublin in the fourteenth century, 34
+  Dublin in the seventeenth century, 100
+  Dublin streets, famous, 169
+  Dublin trade and England, 115
+  Dublin University and Lord Carnarvon, 294
+  Dublin University, first mention of, 25
+  Dublin, university opened in, 27
+  Dudley Castle, 68
+  Dudley, Earl of, 317
+  Dudley, Edmund, 55
+  Dudley, Lady, 320
+  d'Ufford, Sir Raoul, 31
+  D'Ufford, Sir Robert, 23
+  Duncannon, Lord.  See Bessborough
+  Dundas, 196
+  Dunraven, Lord, 319
+
+
+  Ebrington, Viscount, 242
+  Ecclesiastics, banishment of, 82
+  Ecclesiastical deputies, 23
+  Eden, Sir William, 182
+  Edgecumbe, Sir Richard, 58
+  Edward II., 24
+  Edward III., 28
+  Edward IV. and Desmond, 54
+  Edward VII., death of King, 337
+  Edward and Queen Alexandra, last visit of King, 335
+  Edward and Queen Alexandra, visit of King, 321
+  Edward, Prince, 57
+  Eglinton and Winton, Earl of, 256
+  Eglinton tournament, 256
+  Eldon, Lord, 228
+  Election of 1885, result of General, 292
+  Election of 1906, General, 324
+  Emmet and Curran, 211
+  Emmet, Robert, 211
+  Enniskillen, Earl of, 243
+  English defeats, 19, 34, 43, 44
+  Erne, Lord, 240
+  Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of, 99
+      Lady, 100
+      death of, 102
+  Essex, Captain Brabazon and Lady, 101
+  Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 76
+      and Mountjoy, 77, 79
+  Etienne, 23
+
+
+  'Faerie Queen,' Spenser's, 73
+  Falkland, Lady, 82
+  Falkland, Viscount, 82
+  Famine, the great, 249
+  Faughard, Battle of, 26
+  Faulkner, Mary Ann, 165
+  Fenianism, 260
+  Fenianism and Mr. Gladstone, 267
+  Fenianism, Gladstone on, 260
+  'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' 63
+  Fitz-Eustace, Edmund, 52
+  Fitz-Eustace, Sir Roland, 54
+  Fitz-Geoffery, Jean, 22
+  Fitzgerald and Clare, Mr., 231
+  Fitzgerald, Capture of Lord Edward, 206
+  Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, Thomas, 26
+  Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 202
+  Fitzgerald, Maurice, 22
+  Fitzgerald, Maurice Fitzmaurice, 23
+  Fitzgerald, Sir James, 64
+  Fitzgerald, Sir Maurice, 62
+  Fitz-Gislebert, 17
+  Fitzmaurice, Thomas, 23
+  Fitz-Simon, Walter, 59
+  Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Kildare, 26
+  Fitzwilliam, Earl, 199
+  Fitzwilliam, Lady, 75
+  Fitz-William, Sir William, 68, 75
+  Fleetwood, Sir Charles, 93
+  Flood, Henry, 169
+  Foley's statue of Carlisle, 259
+  Forster, Mr. W. E., 276
+  Forster, resignation of, 280
+  Fotheringay Castle, 76
+  Fox, Charles James, 182
+  Franklin, 196
+  Free Trade and Grattan, 181
+  Free Trade for Ireland, 181
+  Froude on Ireland, 206
+  Froude on Irish Volunteers, 195
+  Furlong on Lord Wellesley, 226
+
+
+  Gainsborough, Lord, 76
+  Gardiner, Sir Robert, 76
+  George and Queen Mary, visit of King, 338
+  George II. and Lord Chesterfield, 146
+  George IV. and Lord Anglesey, 229
+  George IV.'s visit, 219
+  George on his visit, King, 339
+  George proclaimed, King, 337
+  George, visit of Prince, 300
+  Geraldine family, first of, 17
+  Geraldines, the, 30
+  Gladstone and Ireland, 268
+  Gladstone and the Irish Church, 262
+  Gladstone and Irish University, 271
+  Gladstone and Lord Aberdeen, 295
+  Gladstone on Fenianism, 260
+  Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of, 43
+  Goderich, 227
+  Godolphin, 127
+  Gordon, death of Hon. Archibald, 337
+  Gormanstown, Lord of, 35
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 57
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 62
+  Gormanstown, Viscount, 59
+  Government bribery, 202
+  Grafton, Duke of, 138
+  Grattan and Dolly Munroe, 174
+  Grattan and Free Trade, 181
+  Grattan and Lord Carlisle, 184
+  Grattan and Phoenix Park, 183
+  Grattan, Henry, 169
+  Grattan's position, 183
+  Grenville, 211
+  Greville, 233
+  Grey, Elizabeth, 54
+  Grey, Lady Elizabeth, 63
+  Grey, Lord, 56
+  Grey of Ruthyn, Reginald, 44
+  Grey of Wilton, Lord, 71
+  Grouchy, 202
+  Gunning sisters, the, 154
+
+
+  Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, 277
+  Halifax, George, second Earl of, 163
+  Halifax, Lord, 268
+  Haddington, Earl of, 237
+  Hamilton, 'Single-Speech,' 167
+  Hamilton, Sir George, 111
+  Hardwicke, Lady, 210
+  Hardwicke, Lord, 210
+  Harcourt, Lord, 177
+  Harcourt, Lord, 179
+  Harding, 140
+  Barrel, Sir David, 317
+  Harrington, William Stanhope, Earl of, 152
+  Hartington, Lord, 161
+  Henderson, Sir James, 317
+  Henniker, Hon. Mrs. Arthur, 307
+  Henry II. invades Ireland, 15
+  Henry III. and viceroy, 21
+  Henry IV. and English colony, 45
+  Henry VIII., 60
+  Hereford, Bishop of, 30
+  Hertford, Earl of, 168
+  Heytesbury, Lord, 244
+  Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael, 273, 284, 299
+  Hobart, 196
+  Hoche, 202
+  Holbein's portrait of Kildare, 64
+  Holland, Lord, 86
+  Home Rule Bill, defeat of second, 308
+  Home Rule Bill of 1912, Mr. Asquith's, 342
+  Home Rule, Gladstone and, 279
+  Home Rule, Tory party and, 291
+  Houghton, Lord, 305
+  'Hours of Idleness,' 185
+  Humbert to Cornwallis, surrender of, 207
+  Hyde, Anne, 120
+  Hyde, Laurence, 107
+
+
+  Ireland and the English party system, 264
+  Ireland and the Pope, 15, 18
+  Ireland, Duke of, 42
+  Ireland, Edward Bruce crowned King of, 25
+  Ireland, first viceroy of, 16
+  Ireland, Gladstone on, 268
+  Ireland, Henry II. invades, 15
+  Ireland in 1882, 279
+  Ireland, Jacobean war in, 116
+  Ireland, proposal to create King of, 42
+  Ireton, Henry, 93
+  Irish land, prices of, 72
+  Irish land, struggle for, 30
+  Irishmen, Chesterfield on, 154
+  Irish Free Trade, 181
+  Irish mines, 32
+  Irish Parliament and the Civil War, 83
+  Irish Parliament, character of, 170
+  Irish Parliament, Declaration of Independence of, 53
+  Irish Parliament and Duke of York, 53
+  Irish Parliament's independence, 182
+  Irish party and Melbourne, 237
+  Irish trade, 114
+  Irish trade, Burke and, 184
+  Irish volunteers, 183
+  Iveagh, Lord, 317
+
+
+  Jackson, Mr. W. L., 303
+  Jacobean war in Ireland, 116
+  James II. and Lady Tyrconnel, 115, 117
+  James II.'s grant to Tyrconnel, 118
+  James II. in Ireland, 115
+  James II.'s Irish policy, 107
+  Jean, Constable of Chester, 18
+  Jewels, disappearance of Castle, 334
+  John in Ireland, King, 20
+  Jones, Colonel Michael, 89
+
+
+  Kauffmann, Angelica, 174
+  Kendal, Duchess of, 139
+  Kenmare, Lord, 194
+  Keogh, John, 194
+  Kilcolman Castle, 73
+  Kildare and London society, 60
+  Kildare, death of, 65
+  Kildare, Earl of, 55
+  Kildare, execution of tenth Earl of, 66
+  Kildare, Gerald, fifth Earl of, 46
+  Kildare, Gerald, ninth Earl of, 55
+  Kildare, Holbein's portrait of, 64
+  Kildare, Jean Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, 26
+  Kildare, Maurice, fourth Earl of, 35
+  Kildare, Maurice Fitz-Thomas, Earl of, 39
+  Kildare, release of Earl of, 33
+  Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of, 26
+  Kildare, Thomas Fitz-Gerald, Earl of, 52
+  Kildare, Thomas, second Earl of, 28
+  Kilkenny Castle and William III., 125
+  Kilkenny Election of 1828, 247
+  Kilkenny, Statute of, 36
+  Kilmainham Treaty, 278
+  Kimberley, Lord, 263
+  'King Kildare,' 65
+  King, Sir R., 89
+  Kingale, 115
+  Knocdoe, Battle of, 61
+
+
+  'Lady of the Sun, the,' 40
+  Lake, General, 204
+  Lambert, Major-General, 93
+  Land Act of 1870, 267
+  Land Act of 1870, 269
+  Land Act of 1881, 277
+  Land Act of 1903, 318
+  Land League founded, 277
+  Langrishe, Hercules, 174
+  La Touche, Elizabeth, 184
+  La Touche, Mrs., and Dorset, 157
+  Laud, 79
+  Lauzun, 118
+  le Botiller, Earl of Ormonde, 35
+  le Botiller, Prior Thomas, 47
+  le Botiller, Sir Edmund, 25
+  Lech, Archbishop of Dublin, 25
+  le Dene, Guillaume, 23
+  le Gros, Raymond, 17
+  Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, 84
+  Leinster, Duke of, 266
+  Leinster, King of, 16
+  le Petril, Guillaume, 19
+  le Scrope, Sir Stephen, 46
+  le Strange, Sir Thomas, 49
+  Liberalism in Ireland, 295
+  'Lilli Burlero, Bullen a la,' 130
+  Limerick, Siege of, 93
+  Limerick, Siege of, 118
+  Limerick, Treaty of, 119
+  Lionel's army, defeat of Prince, 35
+  Lionel, Prince, 35
+  Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, 57
+  Lisle, Lord, 85
+  Local Government Bill, the, 311
+  Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, 71
+  Loftus, Lady, 173
+  Loftus, Lord, 173
+  Londonderry, Lady, 301
+  Londonderry, sixth Marquis of, 298
+  Londonderry, third Marquis of, 274
+  Long, Mr. Walter, 320
+  Lord-Lieutenant, first mention of, 29
+  Louise, visit of Princess, 270
+  Louth, Jean de Bermingham, Earl of, 26
+  Lucas, Charles, 152
+  Ludlow Castle, 69
+  Lyndhurst, Lord, 228
+
+
+  Maamtrasna case, the, 284
+  McNally, treachery of, 206
+  'Magna Charta,' 21
+  Malmesbury, Lord, 241
+  'Manchester Martyrs,' 262
+  Mansion House, last visit by viceroy to, 330
+  Mansion House Relief Fund, 274
+  Marechal, Guillaume, 22
+  Marechal, Guillaume, Earl, 19
+  Marlborough and Disraeli, 273
+  Marlborough, Earl of, 118-119
+  Marlborough, sixth Duke of, 273
+  Mary of Wales, Princess, 338
+  Maynooth Castle, Siege of, 65
+  Maynooth College, foundation of, 201
+      origin of, 202
+  McMurrough, Dermot, 16
+  Melbourne, Irish party and Lord, 237
+  Melbourne, Lord, 237
+  Melbourne, O'Connell and Lord, 238
+  Mirabeau, 195
+  Mitchelstown affray, 301
+  Molyneux, 196
+  Monck, General, 97
+  Montgomery, Anne, 175
+  Montgomery, Barbara, 199
+  Montgomery, Captain, 178
+  Moor, Colonel John, 89
+  Moore, Sir John, 229
+  Moriz, Sir John, 30
+  Morley, Mr. John, 295, 305
+  Morley's 'Life of Gladstone' quoted, 279
+  Mornington, Earl of, 210
+  Mountjoy and Essex, 77, 79
+  Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, 78
+  Mountjoy, Lady, 79
+  Mulgrave, Lord, 237
+  Mulgrave, William IV. and Lord, 239
+  Municipal Bill, Irish, 258
+  Munroe, Dorothea, 173
+  Munster, plantation of, 72
+
+
+  Naas Parliament, 56
+  Napoleon, 216
+  Napoleon, Louis, 241
+  Nationalism, beginnings of, 153
+  'Nation, the,' 252
+  Norbury, murder of Earl of, 240
+  Norbury, Toler, Lord, 199
+  Norfolk, Duke of, 63
+  Normanby, Lord.  See Mulgrave, Lord
+  Norris, Sir Thomas, 76
+  Northampton, Lord, 276
+  Northington, Lord, 189
+  Northumberland, Hugh Percy, Duke of, 233
+  Northumberland, Hugh Smithson, Earl and Duke of, 167
+  Northumberland, Lady, 168
+  Nugent, Richard, 51
+
+
+  O'Brien, William Smith, 244, 246, 250
+  O'Connell abandons Repeal, 245
+  O'Connell and Lord Anglesey, 234
+  O'Connell and Lord Bessborough, 247
+  O'Connell and Lord Clarendon, 249
+  O'Connell and Lord Melbourne, 238
+  O'Connell and Lord Wellesley, 225
+  O'Connell and the Duke of Richmond, 214
+  O'Connell and the viceroyalty, 242
+  O'Connell arrested, 244
+  O'Connell, Daniel, 219
+  O'Connell founds Catholic Association, 226
+  O'Connell stands for Clare, 231
+  O'Connell starts Repeal movement, 233
+  O'Connor, King, 18
+  O'Donnell, 283
+  Offaly, Thomas, Lord, 65
+  Orange Government, 120
+  Orange lodges, 225
+  O'Malley, Grace, 69
+  O'Neill and Cromwell, 92
+  O'Neill, defeat of, 78
+  O'Neill, Shane, 67
+  Ormonde and Wiltshire, Earl of, 53
+  Ormonde, Cromwell and Lady, 94
+  Ormonde, death of, 106
+  Ormonde, Earl of, 63
+  Ormonde, Earl of, 73, 76
+  Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, 86
+      and the Civil War, 85
+  Ormonde, James Butler, first Duke of, and Stafford, 88
+      honours showered upon, 95
+      and Lady Castlemaine, 97
+      recalled, 97
+      attempt to assassinate, 103
+      return to Ireland, 104
+      and the Catholics, 105
+      superseded, 106
+  Ormonde, James le Botiller, Earl of, 40
+  Ormonde, second Earl of, 35
+  Ormonde's exile, 128
+  Ormonde, the second Duke of, 124
+  Ormonde, third Earl of, 43
+  Ormsby, Sir Lambert, 317
+  O'Ruarc, murder of Tiarnan, 17
+  Ossory, death of Lord, 105
+  Ossory, Earl of, 64
+  Ossory, Lord, 103
+  Oxford, Earl of, 55
+
+
+  Pakenham, Catherine, 198
+  Palmer, Lady.  See Ambrose, Eleanor
+  Palmerston, Lord, 241, 259
+  Parese, Christopher, 65
+  Parliament and Act of Union, Irish, 207
+  Parliament and the Civil War, Irish, 83
+  Parliament at Naas, 56
+  Parliament at Trim, 56
+  Parliament, bribing the Irish, 208
+  Parliament, character of Irish, 170
+  Parliamentary commissioners, 89
+  Parliament, Declaration of Independence of Irish, 53
+  Parliament, Dorset and the Irish, 159
+  Parliament House, rebuilding of, 143
+  Parliament in Dublin, 31, 41
+  Parliament, Lord Chesterfield on the Irish, 154
+  Parliament's independence, Irish, 182
+  Parliament, Townshend and Irish, 171
+  Parnell and Lord Carnarvon, 290
+  Parnell and Phoenix Park murders, 283
+  Parnell arrested and discharged, 277
+  Parnell, Charles Stewart, 274
+  Parnell Commission, 301
+  Parnell, death of, 304
+  Parnell's leadership, 276
+  Parnell on the Carnarvon interview, 292
+  Parnell's second arrest, 278
+  'Paston Letters,' 60
+  Patterson of Baltimore, Mrs., 227
+  Peel, Sir Robert, 214, 218, 228, 232, 242, 243
+  'Peep o'-day' Boys, 197
+  Pelham, Sir William, 71
+  Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, Earl of, 127
+  Ferrers, Alice, 39
+  Perrott, Sir John, 72
+      charges against, 74
+      and Spanish Armada, 74
+  Perrott, Thomas, 72
+  Petersham, Lady Caroline, 155
+  Phoenix Park and Grattan, 183
+  Phoenix Park, Chesterfield and, 151
+  Phoenix Park, Lady Castlemaine and, 97
+  Phoenix Park murders, 281
+  Phoenix Park murders, Parnell and, 283
+  Pile, Sir Thomas D., 314
+  Pipard, Pierre, 19
+  Pirrie, Lord, 334
+  Pitt, William, 161, 193, 196
+      and the Union, 205
+  Plantagenet, Maud, 32
+  Plantation methods, attempt to revive, 94
+  Plantation of Ireland, 71
+  Pole, Cardinal, 66
+  Poor Law Bill, Irish, 258
+  Pope, Alexander, 136
+  Pope and Ireland, the, 15, 18
+  Pope and viceroy, the, 21
+  Porter, Lord Justice, 120
+  Portland, third Duke of, 186, 202
+  Portsmouth, Duchess of, 98
+  Powis, Lord, 211
+  Poynings, Sir Edward, 60
+  Preston, Elizabeth, 86
+  Primrose, Lady Margaret, 309
+  Purcell, 130
+
+
+  Radnor, Earl of, 245
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 73
+  Rathfarnham Castle, 173
+  Rebellion of 1641, the, 84
+  Rebellion of '98, 204
+  Rebellion, Robert Emmet, 211
+  Redmond, Mr. John, 326
+  Religious persecution, beginning of, 67
+  Repeal Movement, O'Connell starts, 233
+  Repeal, O'Connell abandons, 245
+  Restoration, the, 95
+  Ribbonmen, 225
+  Rich, Lord, 79
+  Richard II., deposition of, 28
+  Richard II. in Ireland, 28, 43
+  'Richard in Iron,' 69
+  Richmond and Lennox, fourth Duke of, 212
+  Richmond's libel action, Duke of, 214
+  Robarts, Lord, 97
+  Rochester, Earl of, 106
+  Rochester, Laurence, Earl of, 123
+  Rockingham, Lord, 185
+  Roland, Hyacinthe Gabrielle, 224
+  Roman Catholic Church, plan to endow, 202
+  Rosebery, Lord, 263
+  'Rose of Raby, the,' 51
+  Royal Commissions, 299
+  Russell, Lady Louisa, 264
+  Russell, Lord John, 212, 238, 246
+      and Gladstone, Lord John, 212
+      and abolition of viceroyalty, 212
+  Russell, Sir William, 76
+  Rutland, Duke of, 189
+  Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, 53
+  Rye House plot, 102
+
+
+  Sackville, Lord George, 157
+  Salisbury, Bishop of, 18
+  Salisbury, Guillaume, Earl of, 21
+  Salisbury, Lord, 279, 284, 310
+  Salisbury Ministry, 290
+  Salisbury's retirement, Lord, 315
+  Sarsfield, Patrick, 116
+  St. Albans, Battle of, 52
+  St. Amaud, Lord of Gormanstown, 35
+  St. Germans, Earl of, 257
+  St. John, Elizabeth, 60
+  St. John, Sir Oliver, 81
+  St. Leger, Sir Anthony, 66
+  St. Patrick, creation of Order of, 188
+  Shannon, Earl of, 158
+  Shaw, Captain, 319
+  Sheil, Richard Lalor, 225
+  Shelburne, Lord, 187
+  Sheridan, 142
+  Sheridan, 155
+  Sheridan, actor, 159
+  Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 169
+  Sherwood, Bishop of Meath, 54
+  Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of, 133
+  Shrewsbury, Sir John Talbot, Earl of, 49
+  Sidney on the viceroyalty, 68
+  Sidney, Sir Henry, 67
+  Sidney, Viscount, 120
+  Simnel, Lambert, 57
+      crowned King of Ireland, 57
+  Skeffington, Sir William, 64
+  Solomon, R.A., Mr. Solomon J., 317
+  Somers, 127
+  Somerville, Sir William, 252
+  South African War, Ireland and, 313
+  Spanish Armada and Perrott, 74
+  Spencer, Earl, 267
+      on Phoenix Park murders, 281
+      motion of censure on, 284
+      banquet to, 284
+      second viceroyalty, 278
+      and the Premiership, 287
+  Spencer, Lady, 270
+  Spenser, Edmund 73
+  Statute of Kilkenny, 36
+  Stephens, James, 260
+  Stoke, Battle of, 58
+  Stone, Archbishop, 158
+  Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 83
+      and Ormonde, 88
+  Suffolk, Henrietta Howard, Countess of, 147
+  Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of, 55
+  Sullivan, Lord Mayor, T. D., 330
+  Sullivan, Sir Edward, 285
+  Sunderland, Earl of, 137
+  Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of, 44
+  Sussex, Earl of, 67
+  Sutton, Sir John, 49
+  Swift, Jonathan, 122, 126, 131, 136, 142, 143
+
+
+  Talbot and his salary, Sir John, 48
+  Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, 49
+  Talbot, Lord, 218
+  Talbot, Richard.  See Tyrconnel, Earl of
+  Talbot, Sir John, 48
+  Tempest, Lady Frances, 274
+  Temple, Earl, 188
+  Thomas of Lancaster, Prince, 45
+  Thurlos, Battle of, 20
+  Tithe Bill, Irish, 258
+  Tithe Commutation Act of 1838, 236
+  Tithe War, the, 235
+  Tithe War, cost of, 236
+  Toler, Chief Justice, 240
+  Tone, Wolfe, 202
+  Townshend and duelling, 177
+  Townshend and Irish Parliament, 171
+  Townshend, death of Lady, 173
+  Townshend, Lord, 169
+  Townshend marries Anne Montgomery, 179
+  Tory party and Home Rule, 291
+  Treaty of Limerick, 119
+  Treaty, the Kilmainham, 278
+  Trench on disestablishment, Archbishop, 267
+  Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 285
+  Trim Castle, mint at, 53
+  Trim Parliament, 56
+  Trinity College, 334
+  Tyrone, Earl of, 76
+  Tyrconnel and James II., Lady, 115, 117
+  Tyrconnel, James II.'s grant to, 118
+  Tyrconnel, Lady, 113
+  Tyrconnel, Lord, 107
+  Tyrconnel's death, 118
+
+
+  Ulster, colonization of, 81
+  Ulster, Countess of, 29
+  Ulster, murder of Earl of, 29
+  Ulster, William de Burgh, Earl of, 29
+  'Undertakers,' 72
+  Union, Camden on the, 204
+  Union carried, Act of, 208
+  Union, Catholic emancipation and Act of, 207
+  Union, Curran and the, 208
+  Union, defeat of Act of, 207
+  Union, Dublin after the, 209
+  Union, first articles of the, 207
+  Union, first thoughts of, 181
+  'Union of Hearts, The,' 296
+  Union, Pitt and the, 205
+  United Irishmen, the, 202
+  University and Lord Carnarvon, Dublin, 294
+  University, Clement V. and Dublin, 25
+  University, first mention of Dublin, 25
+  University, Gladstone and Irish, 271
+  University opened in Dublin, 27
+  Utlagh and Robert Bruce, 28
+  Utlagh, charge against, 28
+  Utlagh, death of, 30
+  Utlagh, Prior Roger, 28
+
+
+  Verulam, Earl of, 249
+  Vicars, Sir Arthur, 336
+  Viceregal allowance, 39
+  Viceregal Commission on Castle jewels, 336
+  Viceregal contracts, 19
+  Viceregal lodge, purchase of, 182
+  Viceregal profits, 33
+  Viceroy and cattle-stealing, 30
+  Viceroy and Dublin tradespeople, 21
+  Viceroy and Henry III., 21
+  Viceroy and Pope, 21
+  Viceroy of Ireland, the first, 16
+  Viceroy, petition against, 21
+  Viceroy sued, 253
+  'Viceroy, the Hanging,' 71
+  Viceroy's army, defeat of, 25
+  Viceroys, character of early, 17
+  Viceroy's debts, 21
+  Viceroys, rival, 56
+  Viceroy's salary, 22, 46
+  Viceroy's salary increased, 189
+  Viceroy's salary in eighteenth century, 165
+  Viceroyalty, early English views regarding, 24
+  Viceroyalty, Nationalist attitude towards, 329
+  Viceroyalty, O'Connell and the, 242
+  Viceroyalty, proposal to abolish, 212
+  Viceroyalty, Sidney on the, 68
+  Victoria and Prince Consort in Ireland, Queen, 258
+  Victoria, death of Queen, 315
+  Victoria on her visit, Queen, 314
+  Victoria's first visit to Ireland, Queen, 251
+  Victoria's last visit, Queen, 313
+  Victoria's third visit, Queen, 260
+  Volunteers, Irish, 183
+  Volunteer review, Belfast, 195
+  Volunteers, revival of, 195
+
+
+  Wakefield, Battle of, 54
+  Wales, Edward, Prince of, 338
+  Wales in Dublin, Prince of, 262
+  Wales, visit of Prince and Princess of, 265
+  Wales, visit of Prince of, 286
+  Wallop, Sir Henry, 71
+  Walpole's 'Journal of George III.'s Reign,' 193
+  Walsingham, Petronilla, Countess of, 147
+  Wandesford, Sir Charles, 84
+  Warbeck, Perkin, 59
+  Warrenne and Surrey, Earl of, 22
+  Warwick, Earl of, 55
+  Washington, 196
+  Waterford, Siege of, 91
+  Waterloo, Battle of, 214
+  Wellesley, Arthur, 198, 213
+  Wellesley, Marquis, 222
+      marriage, 199
+      attacked in theatre, 225
+      and O'Connell, 225
+      Furlong on Lord, 226
+      second marriage, 227
+      second Viceroyalty, Lord, 237
+  Wellington, Duke of, 227
+  Wellington, Prime Minister, Duke of, 231
+  Westmoreland, tenth Earl of, 193
+  Wexford, massacre of, 91
+  Wharton, the first Lady, 131
+  Wharton, the second Lady, 131
+  Wharton, Thomas, Earl of, 128
+  Whiteboys, 225
+  White, Mathew, 92
+  White, Richard, 43
+  Whitshed, Chief Justice, 141
+  Whitworth, Lord, 216
+  William III. at Kilkenny Castle, 125
+  William IV., 238
+  William IV. and Lord Mulgrave, 239
+  Wiltshire, Earl of, 52
+  Wodehouse, Lord, 260
+  Woffington and Dorset, 156
+  Wogan, Sir Jean, 23, 25
+  Wolfe, Solicitor-General, 199
+  Wolsey and Kildare, 63
+  Women's National Health Association of Ireland, 339
+  Wood's halfpence, 139
+  Woodville, Elizabeth, 63
+  World, the, 253
+  Wyndham Land Act, 318
+  Wyndham, Mr. George, 315
+
+
+  York, Richard, Duke of, 50, 57
+  York, visit of Duke and Duchess of, 311
+  Yorke, Lord Chancellor, 210
+  Yorktown, Cornwallis's surrender at, 205
+  Young Ireland insurrection, 249
+
+
+  Zetland, Earl and first Marquis of, 330
+
+
+
+
+BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
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