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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon, by 
+Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon
+
+Author: Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+Release Date: May 18, 2011 [EBook #36146]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+_Taken from a daguerreotype of Dr. John McLoughlin made in 1856, about a
+year before his death. The original daguerreotype belongs to Mrs. Josiah
+Myrick of Portland, Oregon, a granddaughter of Dr. McLoughlin._]
+
+
+
+
+  DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+  the Father of Oregon
+
+  BY
+
+  FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  Director of the Oregon Pioneer Association and of the
+  Oregon Historical Society
+
+  _With Portraits_
+
+
+  Cleveland, Ohio
+  The Arthur H. Clark Company
+  1907
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY
+
+  FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+_To the true, good, brave Oregon Pioneers of 1843, 1844, 1845, and 1846,
+whose coming in the time of joint-occupancy did so much to help save
+Oregon and assisted in making it what it is today; whose affections and
+regards for Dr. John McLoughlin and whose remembrances and heartfelt
+appreciations of his humanity and kindness to them and theirs can and
+could end only with their deaths, this volume is most respectfully
+dedicated._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  PREFACE                                              15
+
+  TEXT                                                 19
+
+  EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND JOINT-OCCUPANCY OF THE
+    OREGON COUNTRY                                     20
+
+  THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND THE NORTHWEST
+    COMPANY                                            21
+
+  GENEALOGY AND FAMILY OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN          22
+
+  McLOUGHLIN AND THE OREGON COUNTRY                    25
+
+  FORT VANCOUVER                                       27
+
+  PUNISHMENT OF INDIANS                                35
+
+  EARLY FRENCH CANADIAN SETTLERS                       41
+
+  EARLY AMERICAN TRADERS AND TRAVELLERS                45
+
+  PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONARIES                            52
+
+  METHODIST MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES                  54
+
+  PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT                               64
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1842                                  69
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1843                                  70
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1844                                  78
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1845                                  81
+
+  THE QUALITY OF THE EARLY IMMIGRANTS                  83
+
+  THE RESIGNATION OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN               90
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S RELIGION                            98
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S LAND CLAIM                         101
+
+  ABERNETHY ISLAND                                    114
+
+  THE SHORTESS PETITION                               116
+
+  LAND LAWS OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT             119
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S NATURALIZATION                     120
+
+  CONSPIRACY AGAINST DR. McLOUGHLIN                   122
+
+  THURSTON'S LETTER TO CONGRESS                       123
+
+  PROTESTS AGAINST THURSTON'S ACTIONS                 137
+
+  THE OREGON DONATION LAND LAW                        140
+
+  THE CONSPIRACY EFFECTIVE                            143
+
+  CAREER AND DEATH OF THURSTON                        144
+
+  THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH                      146
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS               149
+
+  THE PERSECUTION CONTINUED                           152
+
+  THE END OF DR. McLOUGHLIN'S LIFE                    154
+
+  JUSTICE TO DR. McLOUGHLIN'S MEMORY                  159
+
+  OPINIONS BY DR. McLOUGHLIN'S CONTEMPORARIES         162
+
+  EULOGY UPON DR. McLOUGHLIN                          169
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT:
+
+    A: Article 3 of Convention of October 20, 1818,
+       between the United States and Great Britain    175
+
+    B: Convention of August 6, 1827, between the
+       United States and Great Britain                175
+
+    C: Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay
+       Company and Northwest Company; and grant
+       to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838
+       to trade in the Oregon Country                 176
+
+    D: Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev.
+       Jason Lee                                      180
+
+    E: Rev. Jason Lee's visit to Eastern States in
+       1838; and his report to the Missionary Board
+       at New York in 1844                            185
+
+    F: Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles
+       Wilkes, U.S.N., published in Philadelphia in
+       1845                                           190
+
+    G: Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V.
+       Holman of October 27, 1905                     196
+
+    H: Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's
+       "History of Oregon" relating to Shortess
+       Petition; and excerpt from speech of Samuel
+       R. Thurston in Congress, December 26, 1850,
+       as to author of Shortess Petition              198
+
+    I: Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence
+       Lovejoy and Rev. A. F. Waller of March 20,
+       1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+       claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts
+       from letters of Rev. Jason Lee to Rev. A. F.
+       Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+       1844                                           212
+
+    J: Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev.
+       A. F. Waller, and Rev. David Leslie, of April
+       4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of
+       making said agreement                          224
+
+    K: Statement of career in Oregon of Judge W. P.
+       Bryant                                         228
+
+    L: Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in
+       the "Oregon Spectator" Thursday, September
+       12, 1850                                       229
+
+    M: Letter by William J. Berry, published in the
+       "Oregon Spectator," December 26, 1850          243
+
+    N: Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+       Congress, December 26, 1850                    246
+
+    O: Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J.
+       Wyeth, Robert C. Winthrop and Dr. John
+       McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon
+       Spectator," April 3, 1851                      256
+
+    P: Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John
+       McLoughlin of March 9, 1852                    262
+
+    Q: Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and
+       Vancouver's Island" by James Edward
+       Fitzgerald, published in London in 1849; and
+       excerpt from "Ten Years in Oregon," by Rev.
+       Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+       in New York in 1844                            264
+
+    R: Note on Authorship of "History of Oregon" in
+       Bancroft's Works; and sources of information
+       for this monograph                             270
+
+    S: Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of
+       Dr. McLoughlin                                 272
+
+  INDEX                                               287
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  PORTRAIT OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN, taken from daguerreotype
+    of 1856; from original belonging to Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+    Portland, Oregon                         _Frontispiece_
+
+  PORTRAIT OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN, taken from miniature
+    painted on ivory, 1838 or 1839; from original belonging
+    to Mrs. James W. McL. Harvey, Mirabel, California.
+                                             _facing_ p. 62
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This is a plain and simple narrative of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin,
+and of his noble career in the early history of Oregon. The writing of
+it is a labor of love on my part, for I am Oregon-born. A number of my
+near relatives came to Oregon overland in the immigrations of 1843,
+1845, and 1846. My father and mother came overland in 1846. The one
+great theme of the Oregon pioneers was and still is Dr. McLoughlin and
+his humanity. I came so to know of him that I could almost believe I had
+known him personally.
+
+He, the father of Oregon, died September third, 1857, yet his memory is
+as much respected as though his death were of recent occurrence. In
+Oregon he will never be forgotten. He is known in Oregon by tradition as
+well as by history. His deeds are a part of the folk-lore of Oregon. His
+life is an essential part of the early, the heroic days of early Oregon.
+I know of him from the conversations of pioneers, who loved him, and
+from the numerous heart-felt expressions at the annual meetings of the
+Oregon pioneers, beginning with their first meeting. For years I have
+been collecting and reading books on early Oregon and the Pacific
+Northwest Coast. I am familiar with many letters and rare documents in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society relating to events in
+the time of the settlement of Oregon, and containing frequent references
+to Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+October sixth, 1905, was set apart as McLoughlin Day by the Lewis and
+Clark Exposition, at Portland, Oregon. I had the honor to be selected to
+deliver the address on that occasion. In writing that address I was
+obliged to familiarize myself with exact knowledge of dates and other
+important circumstances connected with the life and times of Dr.
+McLoughlin. In writing it, although I endeavored to be concise, the
+story grew until it went beyond the proper length for an address, and so
+I condensed it for oral delivery on McLoughlin Day.
+
+Since that time I have largely rewritten it, and, while not changing the
+style essentially, I have added to it so that it has become a short
+history. For the benefit of those interested in Dr. John McLoughlin and
+the history of early Oregon, I have added notes and many documents. The
+latter show some of the sources from which I have drawn, but only some
+of them. They are necessary to a thorough understanding, particularly,
+as to the causes of his tribulations, and of what is due to him as a
+great humanitarian, and of his great services in the upbuilding of
+Oregon.
+
+I have been kindly assisted by men and women still living who knew him
+personally, by those who gladly bear witness to what he was and what he
+did, and by those who have studied his life and times as a matter of
+historical interest.
+
+The full history of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin will be written in
+the future. Such a history will have all the interest of a great
+romance. It begins in happiness and ends in martyrdom. It is so
+remarkable that one unacquainted with the facts might doubt if some of
+these matters I have set forth could be true. Unfortunately they are
+true.
+
+                    FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  PORTLAND, OREGON, January, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+
+The story of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin comprises largely the
+history of Oregon beginning in the time of joint-occupancy of the Oregon
+Country, and continuing until after the boundary treaty dividing the
+Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain, the
+establishment of the Oregon Territorial Government, and the passage of
+the Oregon Donation Law. It relates directly to events in Oregon from
+1824 until the death of Dr. McLoughlin in 1857, and incidentally to what
+occurred in Oregon as far back as the founding of Astoria in 1811.
+
+Prior to the Treaty of 1846 between the United States and England fixing
+the present northern boundary line of the United States west of the
+Rocky Mountains, what was known as the "Oregon Country" was bounded on
+the south by north latitude forty-two degrees, the present northern
+boundary of the states of California and Nevada; on the north by
+latitude fifty-four degrees and forty minutes, the present southern
+boundary of Alaska; on the east by the Rocky Mountains; and on the west
+by the Pacific Ocean. It included all of the states of Oregon,
+Washington, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming,
+and all of the present Dominion of Canada between latitudes forty-nine
+degrees and fifty-four degrees forty minutes, and west of the Rocky
+Mountains. Its area was approximately four hundred thousand square
+miles, an area about twenty-five per cent. greater than that of the
+original thirteen colonies at the time of the American Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+_Early Settlements and Joint-occupancy of the Oregon Country._
+
+
+The first permanent settlement on the Columbia River was made by the
+Pacific Fur Company, which was organized and controlled by John Jacob
+Astor. It founded Astoria March 22, 1811. October 16, 1813, during the
+war of 1812, the establishments of the Pacific Fur Company in the Oregon
+Country, and all its furs and supplies, were sold, at less than
+one-third of their value, to the Northwest Company, of Montreal, by the
+treachery of Duncan McDougal, a partner of Astor in the Pacific Fur
+Company. December 1, 1813, the British sloop-of-war Raccoon arrived at
+Astoria and took formal possession of it in the name of the King of
+Great Britain. The captain of the Raccoon changed the name of Astoria to
+that of Fort George. Its name is now Astoria. The Northwest Company
+continued to carry on its business at Fort George and at other points in
+the Oregon Country until its coalition with the Hudson's Bay Company in
+1821.
+
+The treaty of peace between the United States and England at the
+conclusion of the war of 1812 was signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. It
+is known as the "Treaty of Ghent." Under this treaty Great Britain, on
+October 6, 1818, formally restored to the United States "the settlement
+of Fort George on the Columbia River." A Convention between the United
+States and Great Britain was signed October 20, 1818. That Convention
+provided that the Oregon Country should be free and open, for the period
+of ten years, to the citizens and subjects of the two countries, being
+what is called for convenience joint-occupancy by the two countries.[1]
+Another Convention between the two countries was made in 1827, by which
+this joint-occupancy was continued indefinitely, subject to termination
+after October 20, 1828, by either the United States or Great Britain
+giving to the other twelve months' notice.[2] In April, 1846, Congress
+passed a joint resolution giving the President authority, at his
+discretion, to give such notice to the British Government. Under the
+authority of this resolution President Polk signed a notice, dated April
+28, 1846, which by its terms was to go into effect from and after its
+delivery to the British Government at London. June 6, 1846, the British
+Government proposed the present boundary. This was accepted by the
+American Government. The treaty was signed at Washington, June 15, 1846.
+
+
+
+
+_The Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company._
+
+
+The Hudson's Bay Company was established in 1670 under a charter granted
+by King Charles II. The Northwest Company was formed in Montreal in
+1783-4. It became the great rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Warfare
+occurred between the two companies, beginning in 1815. A compromise was
+finally effected and in 1821 the Northwest Company coalesced with the
+Hudson's Bay Company[3]. Dr. McLoughlin was a partner of the Northwest
+Company and opposed the coalition in a most determined manner. He would
+not sign the final agreement, as he considered it unfair to himself and
+to his associates in the Northwest Company. But the Hudson's Bay Company
+knew of Dr. McLoughlin, his resolution, his power, and his capacity, and
+it employed him as Chief Factor to manage and to build up the Company's
+business in the Oregon Country. He was given plenary powers. He was the
+man for the place and the time.
+
+
+
+
+_Genealogy and Family of Dr. John McLoughlin._
+
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin was born October 19, 1784, in Parish La Rivière du
+Loup, Canada, about one hundred and twenty miles below Quebec, on the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River. He was baptized November 3, 1784,
+at the Parish of Kamouraska, Canada, there being no Roman Catholic
+priest at La Rivière du Loup. Both of his parents were Roman Catholics.
+His father was John McLoughlin, a native of Ireland. Of him little is
+now known, excepting that he was a man of high character. He was
+accidentally drowned in the St. Lawrence River. The date I have been
+unable to ascertain. It was probably while his son John was quite young.
+For convenience I shall hereinafter speak of John McLoughlin, the
+younger, as Dr. John McLoughlin, or Dr. McLoughlin. His mother's maiden
+name was Angelique Fraser. She was a very fine woman. She was born in
+the Parish of Beaumont, Canada, and died in Canada, July 3, 1842, aged
+83 years. Her father was Malcolm Fraser, a native of Scotland. At the
+time of his retirement from the army and settlement in Canada, in 1763,
+he was a captain in the 84th regiment of the British regular army. He
+was at one time a lieutenant in the 78th regiment, known as the Fraser
+Highlanders. He spelled his name with two "f's"--Ffraser. His daughter
+was also related to Gen. Fraser, one of Burgoyne's principal officers,
+who was killed at the battle of Saratoga, October 7, 1777.
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin's father and mother had seven children, of which
+five were daughters; the youngest daughter died while young. He was the
+second child, the eldest son, his only brother, David, being the third
+child. It is probable that Dr. John McLoughlin and his brother David
+were brought up in the home of their maternal grandfather. Their only
+maternal uncle was Samuel Fraser, M.D. He was a lieutenant in the Royal
+Highland Regiment (the famous "Black Watch" regiment). He took part in
+all the engagements fought by that regiment from 1795 to 1803, in the
+Napoleonic wars. Their maternal relatives seem to have exercised a
+strong influence on both young John and David McLoughlin. They both
+became physicians. David served in the British army, and, after the
+Battle of Waterloo, practiced medicine in Paris, France. Dr. John
+McLoughlin was educated in Canada and Scotland. He joined the Northwest
+Company, which was composed and controlled by very active, practical,
+and forceful men. In 1821 he was in charge of Fort William, the chief
+depot and factory of the Northwest Company, when that Company coalesced
+with the Hudson's Bay Company. Fort William is situated on the north
+shore of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. It was
+at Fort William, where he was stationed for a long time, that he became
+acquainted with the widow of Alexander McKay. Dr. McLoughlin married
+her, the exact date I have been unable to ascertain. Alexander McKay was
+a partner of John Jacob Astor in the Pacific Fur Company. He was killed
+in the capture, by Indians, of the ship Tonquin in June, 1811, at
+Clayoquot Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver's Island.
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin and wife had four children, whose names in order of
+birth were as follows: Eliza, John, Eloisa, and David. They are all
+dead. Eliza McLoughlin married Captain Epps, an officer in the English
+army. John McLoughlin, Jr., was murdered in April, 1842, at Fort
+Stikeen, where he was in charge. Eloisa McLoughlin was Dr. McLoughlin's
+favorite child. She was married to William Glen Rae at Fort Vancouver in
+1838. Rae was appointed, after his marriage, a Chief Trader of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In 1841 he was sent to California to take charge
+of the Company's business at Yerba Buena, now San Francisco. He
+continued in charge there until his death in 1844. All of their children
+are dead, excepting two--Mrs. Theodore Wygant and Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+both now living in Portland. In October, 1850, Mrs. Rae was married to
+Daniel Harvey. There were three children by this second marriage, all of
+whom are now dead. Daniel Harvey died prior to his wife. She died at
+Portland in October, 1884. In Portland and its vicinity there are now
+living several children of Mrs. Wygant and Mrs. Myrick, and also several
+grandchildren of Mrs. Wygant. At Mirabel, Sonoma County, California,
+there are now living a son, a daughter, and also the widow of James W.
+McL. Harvey, a son of Daniel and Eloisa Harvey. A son of Mrs. Myrick is
+living at Los Angeles, California. David McLoughlin, the youngest child
+of Dr. McLoughlin, was educated in England. He returned to Oregon, and
+later made his home in Idaho, where he died at an advanced age.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin and the Oregon Country._
+
+
+Physically Dr. John McLoughlin was a superb specimen of man. His height
+was not less than six feet four inches. He carried himself as a master,
+which gave him an appearance of being more than six feet and a half
+high. He was almost perfectly proportioned. Mentally he was endowed to
+match his magnificent physical proportions. He was brave and fearless;
+he was true and just; he was truthful and scorned to lie. The Indians,
+as well as his subordinates, soon came to know that if he threatened
+punishment for an offense, it was as certain as that the offense
+occurred. He was absolute master of himself and of those under him. He
+allowed none of his subordinates to question or to disobey. This was
+necessary to conduct the business of his Company, and to preserve peace
+in the vast Oregon Country. He was _facile princeps_. And, yet, with all
+these dominant qualities, he had the greatest kindness, sympathy, and
+humanity. He needed all his stern and manlike characteristics to govern
+the officers, employées, servants, and dependents of his Company, and to
+conduct its business, in the Oregon Country. Here was a great empire in
+physical extent, intersected by great rivers and chains of mountains.
+There was no one on whom he could depend, except his under-officers and
+the Company's servants. To him were given no bands of trained soldiers
+to govern a country half again larger than the Empire of Germany, and
+occupied by treacherous, hostile, crafty, and cruel savages; and to so
+govern as not to be to the prejudice, nor to the exclusion, of citizens
+of the United States, nor to encourage them, nor to help them.
+
+When he first came to Oregon, it was not safe for the Company's parties
+to travel except in large numbers and heavily armed. In a few years
+there was practically no danger. A single boat loaded with goods or furs
+was as safe as a great flotilla had been when he arrived on the Columbia
+River in 1824. It was Dr. John McLoughlin who did this, by his
+personality, by his example, and by his influence. He had accomplished
+all this when the Indian population of the Oregon Country is estimated
+to have been in excess of 100,000, including about 30,000 on the
+Columbia River below its junction with Snake River, and on the
+tributaries of that part of the Columbia River. This was before the
+great epidemics of the years 1829 to 1832, inclusive, which caused the
+deaths of great numbers of the Indians, especially those living on and
+near the lower Columbia River. There were no Indian wars in the Oregon
+Country during all the time Dr. McLoughlin was in charge at Fort
+Vancouver, from 1824 to 1846. All the Indian wars in the Oregon Country
+occurred after he resigned from the Hudson's Bay Company. The first of
+these wars began with the Whitman massacre in 1847.
+
+When he came to Oregon, he was nearly forty years old. His hair was then
+almost white, and was worn long, falling almost to his shoulders. It did
+not take long for the Indians to know him and to give him a name. To
+some of the Indians he was the "White-Headed Eagle," and to others, the
+"Great White Chief."
+
+
+
+
+_Fort Vancouver._
+
+
+Dr. McLoughlin came overland to Fort George (Astoria), arriving there in
+1824. He soon saw that the place for a great trading and supply post
+should be further up the Columbia River. After careful surveys in small
+boats, he founded Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the Columbia
+River, about seven miles above the mouth of the Willamette River, and
+several miles below the point named Point Vancouver by Lieut. Broughtan,
+in 1792, the latter point being near the present town of Washougal,
+Washington. In 1825 Fort Vancouver was constructed, in part, and the
+goods and effects at Fort George were moved to Fort Vancouver. The final
+completion of the latter fort was not until a later period, although the
+work was carried on as rapidly as possible. A few years after, about
+1830, a new fort was erected about a mile westerly from the original
+fort. Here is now located the present United States' Military post,
+commonly known as Vancouver Barracks.
+
+With characteristic energy and foresight Dr. McLoughlin soon established
+at and near Fort Vancouver a large farm on which were grown quantities
+of grain and vegetables. It was afterwards stocked with cattle, horses,
+sheep, goats, and hogs. In 1836 this farm consisted of 3,000 acres,
+fenced into fields, with here and there dairy houses and herdsmen's and
+shepherd's cottages. In 1836 the products of this farm were, in bushels:
+8,000 of wheat; 5,500 of barley; 6,000 of oats; 9,000 of peas; 14,000 of
+potatoes; besides large quantities of turnips (rutabaga), pumpkins,
+etc.[4] There were about ten acres in apple, pear, and quince trees,
+which bore in profusion. He established two saw mills and two flour
+mills near the fort. For many years there were shipped, from Fort
+Vancouver, lumber to the Hawaiian Islands (then called the Sandwich
+Islands) and flour to Sitka. It was not many years after Dr. McLoughlin
+came to the Oregon Country until it was one of the most profitable parts
+of North America to the Hudson's Bay Company. For many years the London
+value of the yearly gathering of furs, in the Oregon Country, varied
+from $500,000 to $1,000,000, sums of money representing then a value
+several fold more than such sums represent today.
+
+Fort Vancouver was a parallelogram about seven hundred and fifty feet
+long and four hundred and fifty broad, enclosed by an upright picket
+wall of large and closely fitted beams, over twenty feet in height,
+secured by buttresses on the inside. Originally there was a bastion at
+each angle of the fort. In the earlier times there were two twelve
+pounders mounted in these bastions. In the center of the fort there were
+some eighteen pounders; all these cannon, from disuse, became merely
+ornamental early in the thirties.[5] In 1841, when Commodore Wilkes was
+at Fort Vancouver, there were between the steps of Dr. McLoughlin's
+residence, inside the fort, two old cannon on sea-carriages, with a few
+shot. There were no other warlike instruments.[6] It was a very peaceful
+fort.
+
+The interior of the fort was divided into two courts, having about forty
+buildings, all of wood except the powder magazine, which was constructed
+of brick and stone. In the center, facing the main entrance, stood the
+Hall in which were the dining-room, smoking-room, and public
+sitting-room, or bachelor's hall. Single men, clerks, strangers, and
+others made the bachelor's hall their place of resort. To these rooms
+artisans and servants were not admitted. The Hall was the only two-story
+house in the fort. The residence of Dr. McLoughlin was built after the
+model of a French Canadian dwelling-house. It was one story,
+weather-boarded, and painted white. It had a piazza with vines growing
+on it. There were flower-beds in front of the house. The other buildings
+consisted of dwellings for officers and their families, a school-house,
+a retail store, warehouses and shops.
+
+A short distance from the fort, on the bank of the river, was a village
+of more than fifty houses, for the mechanics and servants, and their
+families, built in rows so as to form streets. Here were also the
+hospital, boat-house, and salmon-house, and near by were barns,
+threshing-mills, granaries, and dairy buildings. The whole number of
+persons, having their homes at Fort Vancouver and its vicinity, men,
+women, and children, was about eight hundred. The Hall was an oasis in
+the vast social desert of Oregon. Fort Vancouver was a fairy-land to the
+early travellers, after their long, hard journeys across the continent.
+Thomas J. Farnham was a traveller who came to Oregon in 1839. He was
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver. In his account of his
+travels, which he subsequently published, he gives the following
+description of the usual dinner at Fort Vancouver:
+
+"The bell rings for dinner; we will now pay a visit to the 'Hall' and
+its convivialities.... At the end of a table twenty feet in length
+stands Governor McLoughlin, directing guests and gentlemen from
+neighboring posts to their places; and chief-traders, traders, the
+physician, clerks, and the farmer slide respectfully to their places, at
+distances from the Governor corresponding to the dignity of their rank
+in the service. Thanks are given to God, and all are seated. Roast beef
+and pork, boiled mutton, baked salmon, boiled ham; beets, carrots,
+turnips, cabbage, and potatoes, and wheaten bread, are tastefully
+distributed over the table among a dinner-set of elegant queen's ware,
+burnished with glittering glasses and decanters of various-coloured
+Italian wines. Course after course goes round, ... and each gentleman in
+turn vies with him in diffusing around the board a most generous
+allowance of viands, wines, and warm fellow-feeling. The cloth and wines
+are removed together, cigars are lighted, and a strolling smoke about
+the premises, enlivened by a courteous discussion of some mooted point
+of natural history or politics, closes the ceremonies of the dinner hour
+at Fort Vancouver."
+
+At Fort Vancouver Dr. John McLoughlin lived and ruled in a manner
+befitting that of an old English Baron in feudal times, but with a
+graciousness and courtesy, which, I fear, were not always the rule with
+the ancient Barons. Dr. McLoughlin was a very temperate man. He rarely
+drank any alcoholic beverages, not even wines. There was an exception
+one time, each year, when the festivities began at Fort Vancouver on the
+return of the brigade, with the year's furs. He then drank a glass of
+wine to open the festivities. Soon after he came to Oregon, from
+morality and policy he stopped the sale of liquor to Indians. To do this
+effectually he had to stop the sale of liquor to all whites. In 1834,
+when Wyeth began his competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, he began
+selling liquor to Indians, but at the request of Dr. McLoughlin, Wyeth
+stopped the sale of liquors to Indians as well as to the whites. In 1841
+the American trading vessel Thomas Perkins, commanded by Captain Varney,
+came to the Columbia River to trade, having a large quantity of liquors.
+To prevent the sale to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin bought all these
+liquors and stored them at Fort Vancouver. They were still there when
+Dr. McLoughlin left the Hudson's Bay Company in 1846.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin soon established numerous forts and posts in the Oregon
+Country, all of which were tributary to Fort Vancouver. In 1839 there
+were twenty of these forts besides Vancouver. The policy of the Hudson's
+Bay Company was to crush out all rivals in trade. It had an absolute
+monopoly of the fur trade of British America, except the British
+Provinces, under acts of Parliament, and under royal grants. But in the
+Oregon Territory its right to trade therein was limited by the
+Conventions of 1818 and 1827 and by the act of Parliament of July 2,
+1821, to the extent that the Oregon Country (until one year's notice was
+given) should remain free and open to the citizens of the United States
+and to the subjects of Great Britain, and the trade of the Hudson's Bay
+Company should not "be used to the prejudice or exclusion of citizens of
+the United States engaged in such trade."[7] Therefore, as there could
+be no legal exclusion of American citizens, it could be done only by
+occupying the country, building forts, establishing trade and friendly
+relations with the Indians, and preventing rivalry by the laws of trade,
+including ruinous competition. As the Hudson's Bay Company bought its
+goods in large quantities in England, shipped by sea, and paid no import
+duties, it could sell at a profit at comparatively low prices. In
+addition, its goods were of extra good quality, usually much better than
+those of the American traders. It also desired to prevent the settling
+of the Oregon Country. The latter purpose was for two reasons: to
+preserve the fur trade; and to prevent the Oregon Country from being
+settled by Americans to the prejudice of Great Britain's claim to the
+Oregon Country.
+
+For more than ten years after Dr. McLoughlin came to Oregon, there was
+no serious competition to the Hudson's Bay Company in the Oregon Country
+west of the Blue Mountains. An occasional ship would come into the
+Columbia River and depart. At times, American fur traders entered into
+serious competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, east of the Blue
+Mountains. Such traders were Bonneville, Sublette, Smith, Jackson, and
+others. They could be successful, only partially, against the
+competition of the Hudson's Bay Company. Goods were often sold by it at
+prices which could not be met by the American traders, except at a
+loss. Sometimes more was paid to the Indians for furs than they were
+worth.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was the autocrat of the Oregon Country. His allegiance
+was to his Country and to his Company. He knew the Americans had the
+legal right to occupy any part of the Oregon Country, and he knew from
+the directors of his Company, as early as 1825, that Great Britain did
+not intend to claim any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia
+River. The only fort he established south of the Columbia River was on
+the Umpqua River. I do not wish to place Dr. McLoughlin on a pedestal,
+nor to represent him as more than a grand and noble man, ever true, as
+far as possible, to his Company's interests and to himself. To be
+faithless to his Company was to be a weakling and contemptible. But he
+was not a servant, nor was he untrue to his manhood. As Chief Factor he
+was "Ay, every inch a King," but he was also ay, every inch a man. He
+was a very human, as well as a very humane man. He had a quick and
+violent temper. His position as Chief Factor and his continued use of
+power often made him dictatorial. And yet he was polite, courteous,
+gentle, and kind, and a gentleman. He was an autocrat, but not an
+aristocrat. In 1838 Rev. Herbert Beaver, who was chaplain at Fort
+Vancouver, was impertinent to Dr. McLoughlin in the fort-yard.
+Immediately Dr. McLoughlin struck Beaver with a cane. The next day Dr.
+McLoughlin publicly apologized for this indignity.
+
+
+
+
+_Punishment of Indians._
+
+
+The policy of the Company, as well as that of Dr. McLoughlin, was to
+keep Americans, especially traders, out of all the Oregon Country. The
+difference was that he believed that they should be kept out only so far
+as it could be done lawfully. But he did not allow them to be harmed by
+the Indians, and, if the Americans were so harmed, he punished the
+offending Indians, and he let all Indians know that he would punish for
+offenses against the Americans as he would for offenses against the
+British and the Hudson's Bay Company. Personally he treated these rival
+traders with hospitality. In his early years in Oregon on two occasions
+he caused an Indian to be hanged for murder of a white man. In 1829,
+when the Hudson's Bay Company's vessel, William and Ann, was wrecked on
+Sand Island, at the mouth of the Columbia River, and a part of her crew
+supposed to have been murdered and the wreck looted, he sent a well
+armed and manned schooner and a hundred voyageurs to punish the Indians.
+
+Jedediah S. Smith was a rival trader to the Hudson's Bay Company. In
+1828 all his party of eighteen men, excepting four, one of which was
+Smith, were murdered by the Indians, near the mouth of the Umpqua River.
+All their goods and furs were stolen. These four survivors arrived at
+Fort Vancouver, but not all together. They were all at the point of
+perishing from exhaustion and were nearly naked. All their wants were at
+once supplied, and they received the kindest treatment. When the first
+one arrived Dr. McLoughlin sent Indian runners to the Willamette chiefs
+to tell them to send their people in search of Smith and his two men,
+and if found to bring them to Fort Vancouver, and Dr. McLoughlin would
+pay the Indians; and also to tell these chiefs that if Smith, or his
+men, was hurt by the Indians, that Dr. McLoughlin would punish them. Dr.
+McLoughlin sent a strong party to the Umpqua River, which recovered
+these furs. They were of large value. Smith at his own instance sold
+these furs to the Hudson's Bay Company, receiving the fair value for the
+furs, without deduction. Dr. McLoughlin later said of this event that it
+"was done from a principle of Christian duty, and as a lesson to the
+Indians to show them they could not wrong the whites with impunity." The
+effect of this Smith matter was far-reaching and long-continued. The
+Indians understood, even if they did not appreciate, that the opposition
+of Dr. McLoughlin to Americans as traders did not apply to them
+personally.
+
+Dunn, in his _History of the Oregon Territory_, narrates the following
+incident:[8] "On one occasion an American vessel, Captain Thompson, was
+in the Columbia, trading furs and salmon. The vessel had got aground, in
+the upper part of the river, and the Indians, from various quarters,
+mustered with the intent of cutting the Americans off, thinking that
+they had an opportunity of revenge, and would thus escape the censure of
+the company. Dr. McLoughlin, the governor of Fort Vancouver, hearing of
+their intention, immediately despatched a party to their rendezvous; and
+informed them that if they injured one American, it would be just the
+same offence as if they had injured one of his servants, and they would
+be treated equally as enemies. This stunned them; and they relinquished
+their purpose; and all retired to their respective homes. Had not this
+come to the governor's ears the Americans must have perished."
+
+In 1842 the Indians in the Eastern Oregon Country became alarmed for the
+reason that they believed the Americans intended to take away their
+lands. The Indians knew that the Hudson's Bay Company and its employées
+were traders and did not care for lands, except as incidental to
+trading. At this time some of the Indians desired to raise a war party
+and surprise and massacre the American settlements in the Willamette
+Valley. This could have been done easily at that time. Through the
+influence of Dr. McLoughlin with Peopeomoxmox (Yellow Serpent), a chief
+of the Cayuses, this trouble was averted. In 1845 a party of Indians
+went to California to buy cattle. An American there killed Elijah, the
+son of Peopeomoxmox. The Indians of Eastern Oregon threatened to take
+two thousand warriors to California and exterminate the whites there.
+Largely through the actions of Dr. McLoughlin the Indians were persuaded
+to abandon their project.
+
+John Minto, a pioneer of 1844, in an address February 6, 1889, narrated
+the following incident. In 1843 two Indians, for the purpose of
+robbery, at Pillar Rock, in the lower Columbia, killed a servant of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. One of the Indians was killed in the pursuit. The
+other was taken, after great trouble. There was no doubt as to his
+guilt. In order to make the lesson of his execution salutary and
+impressive to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin invited the leading Indians of
+the various tribes, as well as all classes of settlers and missionaries,
+to be present. He made the arrangements for the execution in a way best
+calculated to strike terror to the Indian mind. When all was ready, and
+immediately prior to the execution, with his white head bared, he made a
+short and earnest address to the Indians, showing them that the white
+men of all classes, Englishmen, Americans, and Frenchmen, were as one
+man to punish such crimes. In a technical sense Dr. McLoughlin had no
+authority to cause Indians to be executed or to compel them to restore
+stolen goods, as in the William and Ann matter and the Jedediah S. Smith
+case.
+
+Under the act of Parliament of July, 1821, the courts of judicature of
+Upper Canada were given jurisdiction of civil and criminal matters
+within the Indian territories and other parts of America not within the
+Provinces of Lower or Upper Canada, or of any civil government of the
+United States. Provisions were made for the appointment of justices of
+the peace in such territories, having jurisdiction of suits or actions
+not exceeding two hundred pounds, and having jurisdiction of ordinary
+criminal offenses. But it was expressly provided that such justices of
+the peace should not have the right to try offenders on any charge of
+felony made the subject of capital punishment, or to pass sentence
+affecting the life of any offender, or his transportation; and that in
+case of any offense, subjecting the person committing the same to
+capital punishment or to transportation, to cause such offender to be
+sent, in safe custody, for trial in the court of the Province of Upper
+Canada. As to how far this law applied to Indians or to others than
+British subjects or to residents of the Oregon Country under
+joint-occupancy, it is not necessary here to discuss. It certainly did
+not apply to citizens of the United States. So far as I can learn, Dr.
+McLoughlin was never appointed such a justice of the peace, but he
+caused his assistant James Douglas to be so appointed, at Fort
+Vancouver.
+
+As under joint-occupancy it was doubtful if either the laws of the
+United States or of Great Britain were in force in the Oregon Country,
+it was necessary for some one to assume supreme power and authority over
+the Indians, in the Willamette Valley, until the Oregon Provisional
+Government was established, and over the remainder of the Oregon
+Country, at least, until the boundary-line treaty was made. It was
+characteristic of Dr. McLoughlin that he assumed and exercised such
+power and authority, until he ceased to be an officer of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He did so without question. It is true that this might have
+been an odious tyranny under a different kind of a man. Under Dr.
+McLoughlin it was a kind of despotism, but a just and beneficent
+despotism, under the circumstances. It was a despotism tempered by his
+sense of justice, his mercy, his humanity, and his common-sense. No man
+in the Oregon Country ever knew the Indian character, or knew how to
+control and to manage Indians as well as Dr. McLoughlin did. The few
+severe and extreme measures he took with them as individuals and as
+tribes were always fully justified by the circumstances. To have been
+more lenient might have been fatal to his Company, its employées, and
+the early white settlers in the Oregon Country. They were of the few
+cases where the end justifies the means. The unusual conditions
+justified the unusual methods.
+
+The Oregon Provisional Government was not a government in the true
+meaning of the word, it was a local organization, for the benefit of
+those consenting. It had no true sovereignty. And yet it punished
+offenders. It waged the Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8, caused by the
+Whitman massacre. It would have executed the murderers if it had caught
+them, although the scenes of the massacre and of the war were several
+hundred miles beyond the asserted jurisdiction of the Oregon Provisional
+Government. And it would have been justified in case of such executions.
+The war was a necessity, law or no law. Every act of punitive or
+vindicatory justice to the Indians by Dr. McLoughlin is greatly to his
+credit. These acts caused peace in the Oregon Country and were
+beneficial to the Indians as well as to the whites, both British and
+American, and, in the end, probably saved numerous massacres and
+hundreds of lives. Dr. McLoughlin was a very just and far-seeing man. I
+shall presently tell how Dr. McLoughlin saved the immigrants of 1843
+from great trouble and probable massacre by the Indians.
+
+
+
+
+_Early French Canadian Settlers._
+
+
+After the death of Dr. McLoughlin there was found among his private
+papers a document in his own handwriting. This was probably written
+shortly prior to his death. It gives many interesting facts, some of
+which I shall presently set forth. This document was given to Col. J. W.
+Nesmith by a descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. It was presented to the
+Oregon Pioneer Association by Col. Nesmith in 1880. It was printed at
+length in the _Transactions_ of that Association for that year, pages
+46-55. I shall hereinafter refer to this document as "the McLoughlin
+Document." In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In 1825, from what I had
+seen of the country, I formed the conclusion, from the mildness and
+salubrity of the climate, that this was the finest portion of North
+America that I had seen for the residence of civilized man." The farm at
+Fort Vancouver showed that the wheat was of exceptionally fine quality.
+Dr. McLoughlin knew that where wheat grew well and there was a large
+enough area, that it would become a civilized country, especially where
+there was easy access to the ocean. Thus early he saw that what is now
+called Western Oregon was bound to be a populous country. It was merely
+a question of time. It was evidently with this view that he located his
+land claim at Oregon City in 1829. If settlers came he could endeavor to
+have them locate in the Willamette Valley, and thus preserve, to a great
+extent, the fur animals in other parts of the Oregon Country, and
+especially north of the Columbia River.
+
+The Hudson's Bay Company was bound, under heavy penalties, not to
+discharge any of its servants in the Indian country, and was bound to
+return them to the places where they were originally hired. As early as
+1828 several French Canadian servants, or employées, whose times of
+service were about ended, did not desire to return to Canada, but to
+settle in Oregon. They disliked to settle in the Willamette Valley,
+notwithstanding its fertility and advantages, because they thought that
+ultimately it would be American territory, but Dr. McLoughlin told them
+that he knew "that the American Government and people knew only two
+classes of persons, rogues and honest men. That they punished the first
+and protected the last, and it depended only upon themselves to what
+class they would belong." Dr. McLoughlin later found out, to his own
+sorrow and loss, that he was in error in this statement. These French
+Canadians followed his advice. To allow these French Canadians to become
+settlers, he kept them nominally on the books of the Hudson's Bay
+Company as its servants. He made it a rule to allow none of these
+servants to become settlers unless he possessed fifty pounds sterling to
+start with. He loaned each of them seed and wheat to plant, to be
+returned from the produce of his farm, and sold him implements and
+supplies at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost. The regular
+selling price at Fort Vancouver was eighty per cent. advance on prime
+London cost. Dr. McLoughlin also loaned each of these settlers two cows,
+the increase to belong to the Hudson's Bay Company, as it then had only
+a small herd, and he wished to increase the herd. If any of the cows
+died, he did not make the settler pay for the animal. If he had sold the
+cattle the Company could not supply other settlers, and the price would
+be prohibitive, if owned by settlers who could afford to buy, as some
+settlers offered him as high as two hundred dollars for a cow.
+Therefore, to protect the poor settlers against the rich, and to make a
+herd of cattle for the benefit of the whole country, he refused to sell
+to any one.
+
+In 1825 Dr. McLoughlin had at Fort Vancouver only twenty-seven head of
+cattle, large and small. He determined that no cattle should be killed,
+except one bull-calf every year for rennet to make cheese, until he had
+an ample stock to meet all demands of his Company, and to assist
+settlers, a resolution to which he strictly adhered. The first animal
+killed for beef was in 1838. Until that time the Company's officers and
+employées had lived on fresh and salt venison and salmon and wild fowl.
+
+In August 1839, the expedition of Sir Edward Belcher was at Fort
+Vancouver. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver. He probably
+had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. James Douglas was
+in charge. Although the latter supplied Sir Edward Belcher and his
+officers with fresh beef, Douglas declined to furnish a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, because he did not deem it prudent to kill so many
+cattle. Sir Edward Belcher complained of this to the British
+government.[9] Dr. McLoughlin gave the American settlers, prior to 1842,
+the same terms as he gave to the French Canadian settlers. But some of
+these early American settlers were much incensed at the refusal of Dr.
+McLoughlin to sell the cattle, although they accepted the loan of the
+cows. It has been asserted that Dr. McLoughlin intended to maintain a
+monopoly in cattle. But if that was his intention, as he refused to
+sell, where was to be the profit? The Hudson's Bay Company was a
+fur-trading Company. It was not a cattle-dealing Company. If Dr.
+McLoughlin intended to create a monopoly, he himself assisted to break
+it. That such was not his intention is shown by his helping the settlers
+to procure cattle from California in 1836.
+
+In 1836 a company was formed to go to California to buy cattle and drive
+them to Oregon overland. About twenty-five hundred dollars was raised
+for this purpose, of which amount Dr. McLoughlin, for the Hudson's Bay
+Company, subscribed about half. The number of cattle which were thus
+brought to Oregon was six hundred and thirty, at a cost of about eight
+dollars a head. In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In the Willamette
+the settlers kept the tame and broken-in oxen they had, belonging to the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and gave their California wild cattle in the
+place, so that they found themselves stocked with tame cattle which cost
+them only eight dollars a head, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to favor
+the settlers, took calves in place of grown up cattle, because the
+Hudson's Bay Company wanted them for beef. These calves would grow up
+before they were required."
+
+
+
+
+_Early American Traders and Travellers._
+
+
+In 1832 Nathaniel J. Wyeth of Cambridge, Massachusetts, came overland
+with a small party, expecting to meet in the Columbia River, a vessel
+with supplies, to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company. The vessel was
+wrecked in the South Pacific Ocean. She and the cargo were a total loss.
+This party arrived at Fort Vancouver in a destitute condition. Although
+Dr. McLoughlin knew they came as competing traders, he welcomed them
+cordially, supplied their necessities on their credit, and gave Wyeth a
+seat at his own table. In Wyeth's Journal of this expedition he says,
+under date of October 29, 1832: "Arrived at the fort of Vancouver....
+Here I was received with the utmost kindness and hospitality by Dr.
+McLoughlin, the acting Governor of the place.... Our people were
+supplied with food and shelter.... I find Dr. McLoughlin a fine old
+gentleman, truly philanthropic in his ideas.... The gentlemen of this
+Company do much credit to their country by their education, deportment,
+and talents.... The Company seem disposed to render me all the
+assistance they can." Wyeth was most hospitably entertained by Dr.
+McLoughlin until February 3, 1833, when Wyeth left Vancouver for his
+home overland. He was accompanied by three of his men, the others
+staying at Fort Vancouver. In his Journal under date February 3, 1833,
+he says: "I parted with feelings of sorrow from the gentlemen of Fort
+Vancouver. Their unremitting kindness to me while there much endeared
+them to me, more so than would seem possible during so short a time. Dr.
+McLoughlin, the Governor of the place, is a man distinguished as much
+for his kindness and humanity as his good sense and information; and to
+whom I am so much indebted as that he will never be forgotten by me."
+Dr. McLoughlin assisted the men of Wyeth's expedition who stayed, to
+join the Willamette settlement. He furnished them seed and supplies and
+agreed that they would be paid the same price for their wheat as was
+paid to the French Canadian settlers, _i.e._, three shillings, sterling,
+per bushel, and that they could purchase their supplies from the
+Hudson's Bay Company at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost.
+This is said to have been equivalent to paying one dollar and
+twenty-five cents a bushel for wheat, with supplies at customary prices.
+
+In 1834 Wyeth again came overland to the Columbia River with a large
+party. On the way he established Fort Hall (now in Idaho) in direct
+opposition to the Hudson's Bay Company, as he had a perfect right to do.
+He and his party arrived at Fort Vancouver September 14, 1834, and were
+hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin and the other gentlemen of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In Wyeth's Journal of his second expedition he
+says, under date of September 14, 1834: "Arrived at Vancouver, where I
+found Dr. McLoughlin in charge, who received us in his usual manner. He
+has here power, and uses it as a man should, to make those about him,
+and those who come in contact with him, comfortable and happy." The brig
+May Dacre, with Wyeth's supplies, was then in the Columbia River.
+Immediately on his arrival, Wyeth started in active competition with the
+Hudson's Bay Company. He established a post, which he named Fort
+William, on Wappatoo Island (now Sauvie's Island). He forwarded supplies
+and men to Fort Hall. It was the beginning of a commercial war between
+the two companies, but it was a warfare on honorable lines. In the end
+Wyeth was beaten by Dr. McLoughlin, and sold out his entire
+establishment to the Hudson's Bay Company. While Dr. McLoughlin was
+personally courteous to Wyeth and his employées, he did not and would
+not be false or untrue to the business interests of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. For Dr. McLoughlin to have acted otherwise than he did, would
+have shown him to be unfit to hold his position as Chief Factor. Wyeth
+was too big, and too capable a man not to understand this. In his
+Journal, under date of September 31, 1834, (he evidently forgot that
+September has but thirty days) he says: "From this time until the 13th
+Oct. making preparations for a campaign into the Snake country and
+arrived on the 13th at Vancouver and was received with great attention
+by all there." And under date of February 12, 1835, he says: "In the
+morning made to Vancouver and found there a polite reception."[10] Wyeth
+was a man of great ability, enterprise, and courage. His expeditions
+deserved better fates. He was a high-minded gentleman. Although his two
+expeditions were failures, he showed his countrymen the way to Oregon,
+which many shortly followed.
+
+In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In justice to Mr. Wyeth I have
+great pleasure to be able to state that as a rival in trade, I found him
+open, manly, frank, and fair. And, in short, in all his contracts, a
+perfect gentleman and an honest man, doing all he could to support
+morality and encouraging industry in the settlement." It is pleasing to
+know that after all his hardships and misfortunes Wyeth established a
+business for the exportation of ice from Boston to Calcutta, which was a
+great financial success.
+
+Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., was a Methodist minister who came to Oregon in
+1853. He was a brother of Rev. Gustavus Hines, the Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1840, on the ship Lausanne. December 10, 1897, at
+Pendleton, Oregon, Rev. Dr. Hines delivered one of the finest tributes
+to Dr. McLoughlin that I know of. He was fully capable to do it, for he
+was a profound and scholarly student of Oregon history, and personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. His address should be read by everyone. In his
+address Rev. Dr. Hines said, speaking in regard to the failure of the
+enterprises of Wyeth, Bonneville, and other fur traders in opposition to
+the Hudson's Bay Company: "My own conclusion, after a lengthy and
+laborious investigation, the result I have given here in bare outlines,
+is that Dr. McLoughlin acted the part only of an honorable, high-minded,
+and loyal man in his relation with the American traders who ventured to
+dispute with him the commercial dominion of Oregon up to 1835 or 1837."
+When Wyeth left Oregon in 1835, he left on the Columbia River a number
+of men. These, too, were assisted by Dr. McLoughlin to join the
+Willamette River settlements. They were given the same terms as to
+prices of wheat and on supplies as he had given to the French Canadian,
+and to the other American settlers. In assisting these men whom Wyeth
+left on his two expeditions, Dr. McLoughlin was actuated by two motives.
+The first was humanitarian; the second was the desirability, if not
+necessity, of not having men, little accustomed to think or to plan for
+themselves, roaming the country, and possibly, some of them, becoming
+vagabonds. It was liable to be dangerous for white men to join Indian
+tribes and become leaders. With great wisdom and humanity he made them
+settlers, which gave them every inducement to be industrious and to be
+law abiding.
+
+John K. Townsend, the naturalist, accompanied by Nuttall, the botanist,
+crossed the plains in 1834 with Captain Wyeth. In 1839 Townsend
+published a book entitled, "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
+Mountains," etc. On page 169 he says: "On the beach in front of the
+fort, we were met by Mr. Lee, the missionary, and Dr. John McLoughlin,
+the Chief Factor, and Governor of the Hudson's Bay posts in this
+vicinity. The Dr. is a large, dignified and very noble looking man, with
+a fine expressive countenance, and remarkably bland and pleasing
+manners. The Missionary introduced Mr. N. [Nuttall] and myself in due
+form, and we were greeted and received with a frank and unassuming
+politeness which was most peculiarly grateful to our feelings. He
+requested us to consider his house our home, provided a separate room
+for our use, a servant to wait upon us, and furnished us with every
+convenience which we could possibly wish for. I shall never cease to
+feel grateful to him for his disinterested kindness to the poor,
+houseless, and travel-worn strangers." And on page 263 he said: "I took
+leave of Doctor McLoughlin with feelings akin to those with which I
+should bid adieu to an affectionate parent; and to his fervent, 'God
+bless you, sir, and may you have a happy meeting with your friends,' I
+could only reply by a look of the sincerest gratitude. Words are
+inadequate to express my deep sense of the obligations which I feel
+under to this truly generous and excellent man, and I fear I can only
+repay them by the sincerity with which I shall always cherish the
+recollection of his kindness, and the ardent prayers I shall breathe for
+his prosperity and happiness."
+
+The only persons who were not cordially received by Dr. McLoughlin were
+Ewing Young and Hall J. Kelley, who came to Fort Vancouver in October,
+1834, from California. Gov. Figueroa, the Governor of California, had
+written Dr. McLoughlin that Young and Kelley had stolen horses from
+settlers in California. Dr. McLoughlin told them of the charges, and
+that he would have nothing to do with them until the information was
+shown to be false. This was not done until long afterwards, when it was
+shown that neither Young nor Kelley was guilty, but that some of their
+party, with which they started to Oregon, were guilty, and were
+disreputable characters, which Young and Kelley knew. The stand taken by
+Dr. McLoughlin was the only proper one. He had official information from
+California. Fort Vancouver was not an asylum for horse thieves.
+Nevertheless, as Kelley was sick, Dr. McLoughlin provided Kelley with a
+house, such as was occupied by the servants of the Company, outside the
+fort, furnished him with an attendant, and supplied him with medical aid
+and all necessary comforts until March, 1835, when Dr. McLoughlin gave
+Kelley free passage to the Hawaiian Islands on the Hudson's Bay
+Company's vessel, the Dryad, and also presented Kelley with a draft for
+seven pounds sterling, payable at the Hawaiian Islands. On his return
+home, Kelley, instead of being grateful, most vigorously attacked the
+Hudson's Bay Company for its alleged abuses of American citizens, and
+abused Dr. McLoughlin and falsely stated that Dr. McLoughlin had been so
+alarmed with the dread that Kelley would destroy the Hudson's Bay
+Company's trade that Dr. McLoughlin had kept a constant watch over
+Kelley.
+
+Kelley was a Boston school teacher who became an Oregon enthusiast. From
+the year 1815, when he was twenty-six years of age, for many years, he
+wrote and published pamphlets and also a few books on Oregon and its
+advantages as a country to live in. He originated a scheme to send a
+colony to Oregon; to build a city on the east side of the Willamette
+River, at its junction with the Columbia River; and to build another
+city on the north side of the Columbia River, nearly opposite Tongue
+Point. His efforts resulted in immediate failures. He died a
+disappointed man. Young was a type of a man who was often successful in
+the Far West. He was forceful and self-reliant, but often reckless, and
+sometimes careless of appearances. He was so accustomed to meet
+emergencies successfully that he did not always consider what others
+might think of him and of the methods he sometimes felt compelled to
+adopt. He had been robbed in California of a large amount of furs and
+had not been fairly treated by the representatives of the Mexican
+Government in California. While Young was an adventurer, he was a man of
+ability and became a leading resident of early Oregon. The relations of
+Dr. McLoughlin and Ewing Young finally became quite amicable, for Dr.
+McLoughlin learned of and respected Young's good and manly qualities.
+
+
+
+
+_Presbyterian Missionaries._
+
+
+For convenience I shall first mention the Presbyterian missionaries,
+although they came two years later than the first Methodist
+missionaries. Rev. Samuel Parker was the first Presbyterian minister to
+arrive in Oregon. He came in 1835. He started to Oregon with Doctor
+Marcus Whitman, but Whitman returned East from Green River to obtain
+more associates for the Mission. These came out with Dr. Whitman in
+1836. Parker returned home by sea, reaching his home in 1837. Parker
+published a book called, "Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky
+Mountains." The first edition was published in Ithaca, New York, in
+1838. On page 138 of his book he says: "At two in the afternoon, arrived
+at Fort Vancouver, and never did I feel more joyful to set my feet on
+shore, where I expected to find a hospitable people and the comforts of
+life. Doct. J. McLoughlin, a chief factor and superintendent of this
+fort and of the business of the Company west of the Rocky Mountains,
+received me with many expressions of kindness, and invited me to make
+his residence my home for the Winter, and as long as it would suit my
+convenience. Never could such an invitation be more thankfully
+received." On page 158 he says: "Here, [Fort Vancouver] by the kind
+invitation of Dr. McLoughlin, and welcomed by the other gentlemen of the
+Hudson Bay Company, I took up my residence for the winter." And on page
+263 he says: "Monday, 11th April [1836]. Having made arrangements to
+leave this place on the 14th, I called upon the chief clerk for my bill.
+He said the Company had made no bill against me, but felt a pleasure in
+gratuitously conferring all they have done for the benefit of the object
+in which I am engaged. In justice to my own feelings, and in gratitude
+to the Honorable Company, I would bear testimony to their consistent
+politeness and generosity; and while I do this, I would express my
+anxiety for their salvation, and that they may be rewarded in spiritual
+blessings. In addition to the civilities I had received as a guest, I
+had drawn upon their store for clothing, for goods to pay my Indians,
+whom I had employed to convey me in canoes, in my various journeyings,
+hundreds of miles; to pay my guides and interpreters; and have drawn
+upon their provision store for the support of these men while in my
+employ."
+
+In 1836 Dr. Marcus Whitman came to Oregon. With him came his wife, Rev.
+Henry H. Spalding and wife, and W. H. Gray, a layman. They arrived at
+Fort Vancouver September 1, 1836. Here they were most hospitably
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin and the other gentlemen of the Hudson's
+Bay Company, and all necessary and convenient assistance to these
+missionaries was freely given. When these missionaries arrived at
+Vancouver, they had hardly more than the clothes they had on. They
+concluded to locate one mission near Waiilatpu, near the present city of
+Walla Walla, Washington; and another at Lapwai, near the present city of
+Lewiston, Idaho. Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Spalding remained at Fort
+Vancouver for several months, while their husbands and Gray were
+erecting the necessary houses at the Missions.
+
+
+
+
+_Methodist Missions and Missionaries._
+
+
+With Wyeth's second expedition, in 1834, came the first Methodist
+missionaries: Rev. Jason Lee, Rev. Daniel Lee, his nephew, and the
+following laymen: Cyrus Shepard, a teacher; P. L. Edwards, a teacher;
+and a man named Walker. They arrived at Fort Vancouver September 17,
+1834. They were also hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin, and treated
+with every consideration and kindness. On Dr. McLoughlin's invitation
+Jason Lee preached at Fort Vancouver. Boats and men were furnished by
+Dr. McLoughlin to the missionaries to explore the country and select a
+proper place for the establishment of their Mission. In the McLoughlin
+Document, he says: "In 1834, Messrs. Jason and Daniel Lee, and Messrs.
+Walker and P. L. Edwards came with Mr. Wyeth to establish a Mission in
+the Flat-head country. I observed to them that it was too dangerous for
+them to establish a Mission [there]; that to do good to the Indians,
+they must establish themselves where they could collect them around
+them; teach them first to cultivate the ground and live more comfortably
+than they do by hunting, and as they do this, teach them religion; that
+the Willamette afforded them a fine field, and that they ought to go
+there, and they would get the same assistance as the settlers. They
+followed my advice and went to the Willamette."
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines published a book in 1899 entitled, "Missionary
+History of the Pacific Northwest." While, as is to be expected, Dr.
+Hines' book is biased in favor of the Methodist missionaries, and Jason
+Lee is his hero, nevertheless, he has endeavored to be fair and just to
+all. In this "Missionary History," page 92, Dr. Hines says: "It was no
+accident, nor, yet, was it any influence that Dr. McLoughlin or any
+other man or men had over him [Jason Lee] that determined his choice [of
+a site for the Mission]. It was his own clear and comprehensive
+statesmanship. Mr. Lee was not a man of hasty impulse.... This nature
+did not play him false in the selection of the site of his Mission." And
+on pages 452, 453, he says: "Some writers have believed, or affected to
+believe, that the advice of Dr. McLoughlin both to Mr. Lee in 1834, and
+to the missionaries of the American Board in 1836, was for the purpose
+of pushing them to one side, and putting them out of the way of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, so that they could not interfere with its
+purposes, nor put any obstacle in the way of the ultimate British
+occupancy of Oregon. Such writers give little credit to the astuteness
+of Dr. McLoughlin, or to the intelligence and independence of the
+missionaries of the American Board. Had such been the purpose of Dr.
+McLoughlin, or had he been a man capable of devising a course of action
+so adverse to the purposes for which his guests were in the country, he
+certainly would not have advised them to establish their work in the
+very centers of the great region open to their choice. This he did, as
+we believe, honestly and honorably."
+
+Jason Lee selected, as the original site of the Methodist Mission, a
+place on French Prairie, about ten miles north of the present city of
+Salem. When he and his party were ready to leave for their new home, Dr.
+McLoughlin placed at their disposal a boat and crew to transport the
+mission goods from the May Dacre, Wyeth's vessel, on which their goods
+had come, to the new Mission. He loaned them seven oxen, one bull, and
+seven cows with their calves. The moving of these goods and cattle to
+the Mission required several days. He also provided and manned a boat to
+convey the missionaries, personally. In his diary, Jason Lee says:
+"After dinner embarked in one of the Company's boats, kindly manned for
+us by Dr. McLoughlin, who has treated us with the utmost attention,
+politeness and liberality."[11]
+
+March 1, 1836, Dr. McLoughlin and the other officers of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, all British subjects, sent to Jason Lee, for the benefit of the
+Methodist Mission, a voluntary gift of one hundred and thirty dollars,
+accompanied by the following letter:
+
+               "FORT VANCOUVER, 1st March, 1836.
+
+     "The Rev. JASON LEE,
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "I do myself the pleasure to hand you the enclosed
+     subscription, which the gentlemen who have signed it request
+     you will do them the favor to accept for the use of the
+     Mission; and they pray our Heavenly Father, without whose
+     assistance we can do nothing, that of his infinite mercy he
+     will vouchsafe to bless and prosper your pious endeavors, and
+     believe me to be, with esteem and regard, your sincere
+     well-wisher and humble servant.
+
+                "JOHN MCLOUGHLIN."[12]
+
+From its beginning, and for several years after, the successful
+maintenance of the Methodist Mission in Oregon was due to the friendly
+attitude and assistance of Dr. McLoughlin and of the other officers of
+the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. Without these the Mission must have
+ceased to exist. This applies also to the successful maintenance of all
+other missions in the Oregon Country in the same period of time.[13]
+
+In May, 1837, an addition to the Methodist Mission arrived at Vancouver.
+It consisted of eight adults and three children. Of these three were
+men, one of whom was Dr. Elijah White, the Mission physician; five were
+women, one of whom was Anna Maria Pittman, whom Jason Lee soon married.
+In September, 1837, the ship Sumatra arrived at Fort Vancouver loaded
+with goods for the Methodist Mission. The Sumatra also brought four more
+missionaries, two men, two women, and three children. Rev. David Leslie
+and wife were two of these missionaries. All these missionaries were
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin, and provided with comfortable quarters at
+Fort Vancouver.
+
+In March, 1838, Rev. Jason Lee left for the Eastern States, overland, on
+business for the Mission. His wife died June 26, 1838, three weeks after
+the birth and death of their son. Immediately on her death Dr.
+McLoughlin sent an express to overtake and tell Jason Lee of these sad
+events. The express reached Jason Lee about September 1, 1838, at Pawnee
+Mission, near Westport, Missouri.[14] From this act alone could anyone
+doubt that Dr. McLoughlin was a sympathetic, kind, thoughtful, and
+considerate man? Or think that Jason Lee would ever forget? Later, in
+1838 Dr. McLoughlin made a trip to London, returning to Fort Vancouver
+in 1839.
+
+While Jason Lee was on this trip to the Eastern States, the Missionary
+Board was induced to raise $42,000 to provide for sending thirty-six
+adults, and sixteen children, and a cargo of goods and supplies, on the
+ship Lausanne, to Oregon for the Methodist Mission. Among these new
+missionaries were Rev. Alvan F. Waller, Rev. Gustavus Hines, and George
+Abernethy, a lay member, who was to be steward of the Mission and to
+have charge of all its secular affairs. This party of missionaries, who
+came on the Lausanne, are often referred to as "The great
+re-inforcement." The Lausanne, with its precious and valuable cargoes,
+arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840. As soon as Dr. McLoughlin knew
+of her arrival in the Columbia River, he sent fresh bread, butter, milk,
+and vegetables for the passengers and crew. At Fort Vancouver he
+supplied rooms and provisions for the whole missionary party, about
+fifty-three people. This party remained as his guests, accepting his
+hospitality, for about two weeks.[15] Shortly after some of this
+missionary party were endeavoring to take for themselves Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City. The Lausanne was the last
+missionary vessel to come to Oregon.
+
+Why this large addition to the Oregon Mission, and these quantities of
+supplies, were sent, and this great expense incurred, has never been
+satisfactorily explained. It seems to have been the result of unusual,
+but ill-directed, religious fervor and zeal. The Methodist Oregon
+Mission was then, so far as converting the Indians, a failure. It was
+not the fault of the early missionaries. Until 1840 they labored hard
+and zealously. The Indians would not be converted, or, if converted,
+stay converted. Their numbers had been greatly reduced by the epidemics
+of 1829-32, and the numbers were still being rapidly reduced. And why
+the necessity of such secular business as a part of a mission to convert
+Indians to Christianity?[16] The failure to convert the Indians was
+because they were Indians. Their language was simple and related almost
+wholly to material things. They had no ethical, no spiritual words. They
+had no need for such. They had no religion of their own, worthy of the
+name, to be substituted for a better or a higher one. They had no
+religious instincts, no religious tendencies, no religious traditions.
+The male Indians would not perform manual labor--that was for women and
+slaves. The religion of Christ and the religion of Work go hand in hand.
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, in his _Missionary History_, after setting forth
+certain traits of the Indians and the failures of the Methodist
+missionaries to convert them, says (p. 402): "So on the Northwest Coast.
+The course and growth of a history whose beginnings cannot be discovered
+had ended only in the production of the degraded tribes among whom the
+most consecrated and ablest missionary apostleship the Church of Christ
+had sent out for centuries made almost superhuman efforts to plant the
+seed of the 'eternal life.' As a people they gave no fruitful response."
+And, on page 476, he says: "Indeed, after Dr. Whitman rehabilitated his
+mission in the autumn of 1843, the work of that station lost much of its
+character as an Indian mission. It became rather a resting place and
+trading post, where the successive immigrations of 1844-'45-'46 and '47
+halted for a little recuperation after their long and weary journey,
+before they passed forward to the Willamette. This was inevitable." And
+on page 478 Dr. Hines says that Dr. McLoughlin "advised Dr. Whitman to
+remove from among the Cayuses, as he believed not only that he could no
+longer be useful to them, but that his life was in danger if he remained
+among them."
+
+J. Quinn Thornton in his "History of the Provisional Government of
+Oregon,"[17] says: "In the autumn of 1840 there were in Oregon
+thirty-six American male settlers, twenty-five of whom had taken native
+women for their wives. There were also thirty-three American women,
+thirty-two children, thirteen lay members of the Protestant Missions,
+thirteen Methodist ministers, six Congregational ministers, three Jesuit
+priests, and sixty Canadian-French, making an aggregate of one hundred
+and thirty-six Americans, and sixty-three Canadian-French [including the
+priests in the latter class] having no connection as employées of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. [This estimate includes the missionaries who
+arrived on the Lausanne.] I have said that the population outside of the
+Hudson's Bay Company increased slowly. How much so, will be seen by the
+fact that up to the beginning of the year 1842, there were in Oregon no
+more than twenty-one Protestant ministers, three Jesuit priests, fifteen
+lay members of Protestant churches, thirty-four white women, thirty-two
+white children, thirty-four American settlers, twenty-five of whom had
+native wives. The total American population will thus be seen to have
+been no more than one hundred and thirty-nine." (This was prior to the
+arrival of the immigration of 1842.)
+
+[Illustration: DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+_Taken from a miniature of Dr. John McLoughlin painted on ivory. This
+miniature was probably painted in 1838 or 1839, when he was in London.
+The original miniature belongs to the widow of James W. McL. Harvey, now
+living at Mirabel, California. Her husband was a grandson of Dr.
+McLoughlin._]
+
+In his _Missionary History_ Rev. Dr. Hines says (page 249) that in 1841
+and 1842, prior to the arrival of the immigration of 1842, the Oregon
+Methodist Mission "comprised nearly all the American citizens of the
+country." And on page 239 he says: "Up to 1840 it [the Methodist
+Mission] had been entirely an Indian Mission. After that date it began
+to take on the character of an American colony, though it did not lay
+aside its missionary character or purpose." He also says that in 1840
+there were only nine Methodist ministers in the Oregon mission. Some of
+the lay members, of which J. L. Parrish was one, became ministers, which
+probably accounts for the difference in the estimates of Thornton and of
+Dr. Hines. In the summer of 1843 Rev. Jason Lee was removed, summarily,
+as Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission by the Missionary
+Board in New York, and Rev. George Gary was appointed in his place, with
+plenary powers to close the Mission, if he should so elect. He closed
+the Mission in 1844.
+
+When the Lausanne arrived June 1, 1840, Dr. McLoughlin's power and
+fortunes were almost at their highest point. During his residence of
+sixteen years in the Oregon Country he had established the business of
+his Company beyond all question, and to the entire satisfaction of its
+board of directors. The Indians were peaceable and were friendly and
+obedient to him and to his Company. He was respected and liked by all
+its officers, servants, and employées. With them he was supreme in every
+way, without jealousy and without insubordination. He had become, for
+those days, a rich man, his salary was twelve thousand dollars a year,
+and his expenses were comparatively small. He was then fifty-six years
+old. He had prepared to end his days in Oregon on his land claim. His
+children had reached the age of manhood and womanhood. Few men at his
+age have a pleasanter, or more reasonable expectation of future
+happiness than he then had.
+
+The half-tone portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, shown facing page 62, was
+taken from a miniature, painted on ivory, in London, probably when he
+was in London in 1838-9. It portrays Dr. McLoughlin as he was in his
+happy days. This miniature now belongs to the widow of James W. McL.
+Harvey, who was a grandson of Dr. McLoughlin. It was kindly loaned by
+her so that the half-tone could be made for use in this address.
+
+
+
+
+_Provisional Government._
+
+
+For convenience I shall tell of the Provisional Government of Oregon
+before I speak concerning Dr. McLoughlin's land claim.
+
+About 1841, owing to the death of Ewing Young, intestate, leaving a
+valuable estate and no heirs, the residents of the Oregon Country in the
+Willamette Valley saw the necessity of some form of government until the
+Oregon Question should be finally settled. As under the Conventions of
+1818 and 1827 there was joint-occupancy between the United States and
+Great Britain, the Oregon Country was without any laws in force. It was
+commonly understood, at that time, that most of the Americans in Oregon
+favored a provisional organization--one which would exist until the laws
+of the United States should be extended over the Oregon Country. It was
+also commonly understood that the British residents in Oregon opposed a
+provisional government, as it might interfere with their allegiance to
+Great Britain. As there was a joint-occupancy, and the British were
+legally on an equality with the Americans, each had equal rights in the
+matter. February 17 and 18, 1841, a meeting of the inhabitants was held
+at the Methodist Mission. Although attempts were then made to form a
+government, several officers were appointed, and a committee appointed
+for framing a constitution and a code of laws, the movement failed. The
+matter lay dormant until the spring of 1843. The immigration of 1842,
+although small, and although about half of them went to California in
+the spring of 1843, materially increased the strength of the Americans
+in Oregon.
+
+After several preliminary meetings had been held, the momentous meeting
+of May 2, 1843, was held at Champoeg, when, by the vote of 52 in favor
+and 50 against, the Provisional Government of Oregon was created.
+Certain officers were elected and a legislative committee of six was
+appointed, the latter to report July 5, 1843. On the latter day most of
+the report was adopted, an executive committee of three persons, David
+Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale, was chosen in place of a governor,
+and Oregon had at least a _de facto_ government, which, with some
+changes, continued until Oregon had a Territorial Government, in 1849.
+George Abernethy, the steward of the Methodist Mission, was elected
+Governor in 1845, and by re-election continued to be Governor until the
+arrival of Gen. Joseph Lane, the first Territorial Governor, in March,
+1849. The Mission Party was one of the strongest and most influential
+political parties in Oregon until the election of Governor Joseph Lane
+as Delegate to Congress, June 2, 1851.[18] At the time of the formation
+of the Provisional Government, the residents of Oregon seem to have been
+divided into three classes, or parties: one favored a provisional
+government, favorable to the United States; another favored an
+independent government, which would be neutral as between the United
+States and Great Britain; the third believed that matters should remain
+_in statu quo_. For some reason Jason Lee and George Abernethy, and some
+others of the Methodist missionaries, seem originally to have belonged
+to or to have favored the third class.[19] In the "Political History of
+Oregon" by J. Henry Brown, he says (page 95) that at a meeting of the
+committee held at Oregon City, in March, 1843, "Rev. Jason Lee and Mr.
+Abernethy were disposed to ridicule the proposed organization [_i.e._,
+the Provisional Government] as foolish and unnecessary, and repeated
+some anecdotes to illustrate their meaning."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was not originally in favor of the Provisional
+Government. It was openly and avowedly advocated as being in favor of
+the United States, and against Great Britain. Once started, without a
+trial, no one could know where it would end. Already some of the
+Americans had denounced the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, and
+had made threats against the property of the Company. His loan of cattle
+had been misunderstood and denounced. Some of the Americans seemed not
+to be aware that the Hudson's Bay Company was lawfully in the Oregon
+Country, under the Conventions for joint-occupancy. To aid or to assist
+the establishment of a government, owing exclusive allegiance to the
+United States, would be, or might be disloyalty by Dr. McLoughlin to his
+Country and be injurious or fatal to his Company in Oregon. By the
+constitution or compact of the Provisional Government, as established in
+1843, each officer was required to take an oath or affirmation "to
+support the laws of the territory," without qualification. There was,
+too, his land claim at Oregon City, which the land laws of the
+Provisional Government, as established, sought to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of, and to give, at least a part of it, to the Methodist
+Mission. About the status of his land claim I shall presently explain.
+There was, also, the cry of "54-40 or fight" and the chance of war over
+the Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain. Dr.
+McLoughlin appealed to the directors of his Company for protection to
+their property, but none came. In June, 1844, he received an answer from
+his Company that it could not obtain protection from the British
+Government, and that the Hudson's Bay Company must protect itself the
+best it could. The fortifications at Fort Vancouver were strengthened.
+There was threatened trouble in the air. It looked as though there might
+be war in Oregon.
+
+In 1845 the Provisional Government attempted to extend its jurisdiction
+north of the Columbia River. It became a question of acquiescence or
+actual opposition by the Hudson's Bay Company. Jesse Applegate, one of
+the best and noblest of Oregon's pioneers, who was a member of the
+Provisional Legislature and one of a committee, privately interviewed
+Dr. McLoughlin. After consulting with James Douglas, his chief
+assistant, a compromise was finally agreed to by which the Hudson's Bay
+Company would be taxed only on goods sold to the settlers. August 15,
+1845, the Hudson's Bay Company, with all the British residents, became
+parties to the Oregon Provisional Government. The oath of office as
+provided by the compact of 1843 had been changed by what is called the
+"Organic Act" of the Provisional Government, adopted by the people, by
+popular vote, July 26, 1845. As so amended the oath of office required
+each officer to swear that he would "support the organic laws of the
+Provisional Government of Oregon, so far as said organic laws are
+consistent with my duties as a citizen of the United States, or a
+subject of Great Britain." The land law of 1843 was also changed by said
+vote of the people, July 26, 1845, by which the objectionable features,
+so far as Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City was concerned, were
+largely eliminated. Under the circumstances joining the Provisional
+Government was a good and wise move on the part of Dr. McLoughlin. But
+he was severely criticized therefore by his Company. Unknown to Dr.
+McLoughlin, there was then a large British fleet of war in the Pacific
+Ocean.
+
+A few days after Dr. McLoughlin, for himself and his Company, had thus
+joined the Provisional Government, he was surprised by the arrival from
+Puget Sound of Lieut. Wm. Peel, son of Sir Robert Peel, and Captain Park
+of the Royal Marines, with a letter from Captain Gordon, commanding the
+British 50-gun ship-of-war America, then in Puget Sound, and also a
+letter from Admiral Seymour, commanding the British fleet, that "firm
+protection" would be given British subjects in Oregon. Subsequently the
+British war sloop, Modeste, 18 guns, arrived at Fort Vancouver, where
+she remained until the boundary treaty of 1846 was entered into.[20]
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1842._
+
+
+In 1842 came the immigration of that year, which is now counted the
+first real immigration of American settlers to Oregon. I believe,
+however, that the immigration of 1843 should be called the first
+immigration of Oregon home-builders. But that question is not material
+in this address. The number of the immigrants of 1842 has been variously
+estimated, but, after a somewhat careful examination of the matter, I
+believe there were all told about one hundred and twenty-five. Of this
+number about fifty-five were men over eighteen years of age. These
+immigrants left their wagons at Fort Hall and used pack horses. They
+came from The Dalles to Oregon City, overland, by the Indian trail which
+passed near Mt. Hood.[21]
+
+Many of the immigrants of 1842 were disappointed in Oregon. The country
+was then very new, and they became discontented. Dr. McLoughlin engaged
+many to labor at fair wages, and furnished goods on credit to those who
+could not make immediate payment. Some of them were of a roving or
+adventurous class, ever seeking new places. In the spring of 1843 nearly
+half of them went to California, leaving on their journey May 30, from
+Champoeg. Dr. McLoughlin furnished these emigrants to California with
+supplies, upon their promise to pay for the same to W. G. Rae, the
+Hudson's Bay Company's agent at Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Most of
+them did not pay, and Dr. McLoughlin personally assumed the payment of
+this indebtedness.
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1843._
+
+
+In 1843 came the first great immigration to Oregon. As if by a common
+impulse, and without preconcert, the immigrants met at Independence,
+Missouri, leaving there for Oregon, May 20, 1843. Peter H. Burnett,
+afterwards a Chief Justice of the Oregon Provisional Government, and the
+first Governor of the State of California, was the first Captain. J. W.
+Nesmith, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon, was Orderly
+Sergeant. About eight hundred and seventy-five men, women, and children
+composed this immigration. Of these there were two hundred and
+ninety-five men, over the age of sixteen years. In this immigration were
+my grandfather, John Holman, and his son, Daniel S. Holman, then nearly
+twenty-one years old.
+
+After first arriving at the Columbia River, they straggled and struggled
+along the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver--a few driving cattle, going
+overland by the Indian trail from near The Dalles to Oregon City. There
+was not then any way to take wagons by land from The Dalles to the
+Willamette Valley. A few of the immigrants went down the Columbia River
+to The Dalles in boats. In one of these parties three persons were
+drowned by the capsizing of boats. The rest of the immigrants went to
+The Dalles overland with their wagons. From The Dalles to the Cascades
+some of them went by boats, others went on rafts, which they
+constructed. There was great difficulty in going from the Upper Cascades
+to the Lower Cascades. The rafts could not be taken over the rapids. It
+took about two weeks to cut a trail around the Cascades. The rains set
+in. The position of the immigrants was desperate. Some did not arrive at
+Fort Vancouver until about Christmas. They had not anticipated such
+hardships and privations as they were then suffering. Few had sufficient
+food or raiment, many were absolutely destitute. Dr. McLoughlin sent
+supplies to be sold to those who were able, and to those who could not
+buy, the supplies were furnished on credit, or given to them. He
+furnished boats to carry them from the Cascades to Fort Vancouver. He
+caused the sick to be attended to, and nursed at the Company's hospital
+at Fort Vancouver. He furnished them every assistance as long as they
+required it. Time will not permit me to go into the details.
+
+When the immigrants of 1843 were thus coming along the Columbia River,
+some helpless and almost hopeless, there was a plot by the Indians to
+massacre these Americans. It was prevented by Dr. McLoughlin. The effect
+of such a massacre would have been tremendous. It would have, probably,
+prevented the further settlement of Oregon for years. Had the United
+States sent troops to punish the Indians in the disputed Oregon Country,
+it would have almost certainly precipitated a war with Great Britain.
+
+In presenting the McLoughlin Document to the Oregon Pioneer Society, in
+1880, Col. J. W. Nesmith said: "I had intended reading it to you as a
+part of my address, but, having already trespassed too long upon your
+patience, I shall hand the document to the secretary of the Society,
+with my endorsement of the truth of all its statements that came within
+my own knowledge.... I desire to say, what I believe all old pioneers
+will agree to, that the statements of this paper furnished a ...
+complete vindication of Dr. McLoughlin's acts and conduct, and that the
+integrity of his narrative cannot be impeached by any honest testimony."
+In the McLoughlin Document Dr. McLoughlin says: "In 1843, about 800
+immigrants arrived from the States. I saw by the looks of the Indians
+that they were excited, and I watched them. As the first stragglers were
+arriving at Vancouver in canoes, and I was standing on the bank, nearer
+the water there was a group of ten or twelve Indians. One of them bawled
+out to his companions, 'It is good for us to kill these Bostons
+[Americans].' Struck with the excitement I had seen in the countenances
+of the Indians since they had heard the report of the immigration
+coming, I felt certain they were inclined to mischief, and that he spoke
+thus loud as a feeler to sound me, and take their measures accordingly.
+I immediately rushed on them with my cane, calling out at the same time,
+'Who is the dog that says it is a good thing to kill the Bostons?' The
+fellow, trembling, excused himself, 'I spoke without meaning harm, but
+The Dalles Indians say so.' 'Well,' said I, 'The Dalles Indians are dogs
+for saying so, and you also,' and left him, as, if I had remained longer
+it would have had a bad effect. I had done enough to convince them I
+would not allow them to do wrong to the immigrants with impunity. From
+this Indian saying, in the way he did, that The Dalles Indians said it
+was good to kill the Bostons, I felt it my duty to do all I could to
+avert so horrid a deed.
+
+"Mr. P. L. Edwards, whom I mentioned, came in 1834, with the Messrs.
+Lee, and left in 1838, and sent me a letter by Gen. McCarver, stating he
+had given a letter of introduction to me to P. H. Burnett, Esq. I
+immediately formed my plan and kept my knowledge of the horrid design of
+the Indians secret, as I felt certain that if the Americans knew it,
+these men acting independently of each other, would be at once for
+fighting, which would lead to their total destruction, and I sent two
+(2) boats with provisions to meet them; sent provisions to Mr. Burnett,
+and a large quantity of provisions for sale to those who would purchase,
+and to be given to those who had not the means, being confident that the
+fright I had given (as I already stated) the Indians who said it was a
+good thing to kill the Bostons was known at The Dalles before our boats
+were there, and that the presence of the Hudson's Bay Company people,
+and the assistance they afforded the immigrants, would deter the Indians
+from doing them any wrong, and I am happy to be able to say that I
+entirely succeeded."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin then says, in this Document, that about a month after
+this incident he told Dr. Marcus Whitman what had occurred. Dr.
+McLoughlin thought the trouble might have been started by some Iroquois
+Indian in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin was
+anxious "to find that rascal out to punish him as an example to deter
+others." Dr. Whitman then said that he had known of this trouble among
+the Indians for about two years, although he had said nothing to Dr.
+McLoughlin about it, and that the trouble was caused by a Shawnee Indian
+named Tom Hill, who is said to have been educated at Dartmouth College.
+He had urged the Indians to allow no Americans to settle on their lands,
+as the Americans had driven out the Shawnees, and that the Indians about
+Walla Walla said the Cayuses were inclined to follow the advice by
+killing the immigrants who first came. It will be remembered that the
+Cayuses were the Indians who caused the Whitman massacre in 1847. Dr.
+McLoughlin, in this Document, then says that he believes the Indians
+would have killed these immigrants of 1843 but for the decided and
+cautious manner in which he acted. Dr. McLoughlin continues: "And the
+reason the Indian made use of the expression he did was because I
+punished the murderers of the Smith party; and, before acting, they
+wanted to know how I would treat them. And most certainly if I had not
+been most anxious for the safety of the immigrants, and to discharge to
+them the duties of a Christian, my ear would not have caught so quickly
+the words, 'it is a good thing to kill these Bostons,' and acted as I
+did."
+
+Then there was the question how these immigrants of 1843 should be
+provided for during the winter and until the next harvest. They had no
+implements, no seed. There was a crisis impending. Without waiting to be
+asked, Dr. McLoughlin gave credit, furnishing these immigrants with
+food and clothing for the present, and also farm implements and
+seed-wheat to begin their farming. He exacted no collateral, he gave
+time without interest. All this was against the rules of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He made himself personally liable for all these debts. He
+also loaned these immigrants cattle, including cows, and also hogs.
+
+Col. J. W. Nesmith, one of the immigrants of 1843, in his address before
+the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1876 said: "Dr. John McLoughlin, then
+at the head of the Hudson's Bay Company, from his own private resources,
+rendered the new settlers much valuable aid by furnishing the destitute
+with food, clothing, and seed, waiting for his pay until they had a
+surplus to dispose of." Peter H. Burnett, of whom I have already spoken,
+was one of the immigrants of 1843. He started a town and called it
+Linnton, which was situated where the present town of Linnton is
+situated--eight miles north of Portland on the Willamette River, and
+about half way between Portland and Vancouver by water. He kept a
+journal of his travels, which was published, in part, in the _New York
+Herald_ in 1844. Part II of the _History of Oregon_ by George Wilkes,
+published in 1845, is largely taken from this journal.[22] In this
+journal Burnett says:[23] "On my arrival I was received with great
+kindness by Doctor McLoughlin and Mr. James Douglass, the second in
+command. They both tendered me the hospitalities of the fort, which
+offer, it is scarcely necessary to say, I accepted willingly and with
+pleasure.... His hospitality is unbounded, and I will sum up all his
+qualities, by saying that he is beloved by all who know him.... The
+kindness of Dr. McLoughlin to this emigration has been very great. He
+furnished them with goods and provisions on credit, and such as were
+sick were sent to the Hospital free of expense, where they had the
+strict and careful attendance of Dr. Barclay, a skillful physician, and
+an excellent and humane man. The Chief Factor [Dr. McLoughlin] likewise
+lent the emigrants the Company's boats, to bring down such of the
+families and baggage as had been left at the Cascades by the advance
+guard of the expedition, which had preceded me; and he also furnished
+them with the facilities for crossing the river with their cattle, at
+Vancouver. Had it not been for the kindness of this excellent man, many
+of us would have suffered greatly.... It is certain that the Doctor
+himself has uniformly aided settlers, by supplying them with farming
+implements, and with seed-grain, as a loan, to be returned out of the
+succeeding crop. He even went so far as to lend them hogs, to be
+returned two or three years afterward, by their issue of the same age;
+to furnish oxen to break their ground, and cows to supply milk to their
+families. This certainly appears to me to be a very poor way to retard
+the settlement of the region, and to discourage adventurers who arrive
+in it."
+
+In 1880 Mr. Burnett, then ex-Governor of California, wrote a book called
+"Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer," so that we have his
+opinion of Dr. McLoughlin in 1843 contemporaneous with the events I
+speak of, and also his mature reflections thirty-seven years after that.
+On page 142 of this book Mr. Burnett says: "When we arrived in Oregon we
+were poor, and our teams were so much reduced as to be unfit for service
+until the next spring. Those of us who came by water from Walla Walla
+left our cattle there for the winter; and those who came by water from
+The Dalles left their cattle for the winter at that point. Even if our
+teams had been fit for use when we arrived, they would have been of no
+benefit to us, as we could not bring them to the Willamette Valley until
+the spring of 1844. Pork was ten, and flour four cents a pound, and
+other provisions in proportion. These were high prices considering our
+scanty means and extra appetites. Had it not been for the generous
+kindness of the gentlemen in charge of the business of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, we should have suffered much greater privations. The Company
+furnished many of our immigrants with provisions, clothing, seed, and
+other necessaries on credit. This was done, in many instances, where the
+purchasers were known to be of doubtful credit. Many of our immigrants
+were unworthy of the favors they received, and only returned abuse for
+generosity."
+
+Captain J. C. Fremont, afterwards Major-General, in the United States
+Army, was at Fort Vancouver when the immigrants of 1843 were arriving.
+On page 191 of the Report of his Second Exploring Expedition, he says:
+"I found many American emigrants at the fort; others had already
+crossed the river into their land of promise--the Walahmette Valley.
+Others were daily arriving; and all of them had been furnished with
+shelter, so far as it could be afforded by the buildings connected with
+the establishment. Necessary clothing and provisions [the latter to be
+afterwards returned in kind from the produce of their labor] were also
+furnished. This friendly assistance was of very great value to the
+emigrants, whose families were otherwise exposed to much suffering in
+the winter rains which had now commenced, at the same time that they
+were in want of all the common necessaries of life."
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1844._
+
+
+The immigration of 1844 was composed of about fourteen hundred persons.
+They suffered many hardships and many lost all, or a part of, their
+cattle, clothing, and goods. Most of these immigrants arrived late in
+the season. Snow began to fall before all arrived at their destinations.
+Boats were supplied free, and provisions, cattle, and seed-wheat were
+furnished them on credit by Dr. McLoughlin, as he had the immigrants of
+1843. The supplies in Oregon had been nearly exhausted by the
+immigration of 1843, although Dr. McLoughlin had urged the raising of
+grain and other supplies in anticipation of the coming of the
+immigration of 1844. The available supply of clothing at Fort Vancouver
+had been practically exhausted before the arrival of the immigration of
+1844.
+
+John Minto, who is still living in Oregon, was one of the immigrants of
+1844. In his address presenting to the State of Oregon the portrait of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, which now hangs in the Senate Chamber, he said: "To
+the assistance given to the Immigrants of 1843, as described by Col.
+Nesmith, I can add as an eyewitness, that those of 1844 received the
+loan of boats in which to descend the Columbia River from The Dalles
+(there being no road across the Cascades [mountains]); the hungry were
+fed, the sick cared for and nursed, and, not the least, was the fact
+that many of the employées of the Hudson's Bay Company followed the good
+Doctor in their treatment of the Americans. Especially was this the case
+in the settlement of retired Canadians who almost worshipped him."
+
+Joseph Watt, the well-known enterprising pioneer of 1844, who largely
+assisted in starting the first woolen mill in Oregon, in 1857, in his
+"Recollections of Dr. John McLoughlin," published in the _Transactions_
+of the Oregon Pioneer Association of 1886 said (pages 24 and 25): "On
+the 13th of November, 1844, a company of immigrants landed at Fort
+Vancouver, brought there on a bateau commanded by Joseph Hess, an
+immigrant of '43. The boat belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr.
+Hess was entrusted with the boat for the purpose of bringing immigrants
+down the river. We had eaten the last of our provisions at our last
+camp, and were told by Hess that we could get plenty at the fort, with
+or without money;--that the old Doctor never turned people away hungry.
+This made us feel quite comfortable, for there was not a dollar among
+us. As near as I can remember the company consisted of sixteen men, five
+women and four children.... We were the first to arrive.... We soon
+found the Doctor in a small room he called his office.... He spoke of
+our being so late, and feared there would be considerable suffering
+before they could all be taken down the river, but should do all in his
+power until they reached their destination.
+
+"We then made known to him our wants. We were all out of provisions.
+There was a small table in one corner of the room, at which he took a
+seat, and directed us to stand in a line--(there being so many of us the
+line reached nearly around the room)--and then told us the year before,
+and in fact previous years, he had furnished the people with all the
+provisions and clothing they wanted, but lately had established a
+trading house at Oregon City, where we could get supplies; but for
+immediate necessity he would supply provisions at the fort. Several of
+our party broke in, saying: 'Doctor, I have no money to pay you, and I
+don't know when or how I can pay you.' 'Tut, tut, never mind that; you
+can't suffer,' said the Doctor. He then commenced at the head man
+saying, 'Your name, if you please; how many in the family, and what do
+you desire?' Upon receiving an answer, the Doctor wrote an order,
+directing him where to go to have it filled; then called up the next
+man, and so on until we were all supplied. He told us the account of
+each man would be sent to Oregon City, and when we took a claim, and
+raised wheat, we could settle the account by delivering wheat at that
+place. Some few who came after us got clothing. Such was the case with
+every boat load, and all those who came by land down the trail. If he
+had said 'We have these supplies to sell for cash down,' I think we
+would have suffered.... When we started to Oregon, we were all
+prejudiced against the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin, being
+Chief Factor of the Company for Oregon, came in for a double share of
+that feeling. I think a great deal of this was caused by the reports of
+missionaries and adverse traders, imbuing us with a feeling that it was
+our mission to bring this country under the jurisdiction of the stars
+and stripes. But when we found him anxious to assist us, nervous at our
+situation in being so late, and doing so much without charge,--letting
+us have of his store, and waiting without interest, until we could make
+a farm and pay him from the surplus products of such farm, the prejudice
+heretofore existing began to be rapidly allayed. We did not know that
+every dollar's worth of provisions, etc., he gave us, all advice and
+assistance in every shape was against the positive orders of the
+Hudson's Bay Company.... In this connection I am sorry to say that
+thousands of dollars virtually loaned by him to settlers at different
+times in those early days, was never paid, as an examination of his
+books and papers will amply testify."
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1845._
+
+
+The immigration of 1845 numbered about three thousand persons. Many of
+them suffered more than the preceding immigrations. They also were
+assisted by Dr. McLoughlin as he had the immigrants of 1843 and 1844.
+For this he was charged with disloyalty by one of the British spies then
+at Vancouver. Stephen Staats was one of the immigrants of 1845. In his
+address before the Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1877, he said: "We
+reached Oregon City in thirteen days (overland) from The Dalles (two of
+which we were without food), and on our arrival, those of us in advance
+were kindly and hospitably received by old Dr. McLoughlin. He
+immediately furnished us with provisions, without money and without
+price, and extended to us favors which we were ever ready to
+reciprocate. I am not one of those who wish to cast reflections on the
+character of Dr. McLoughlin, or wish to impute to him anything wanting
+in the kindest feeling towards the immigrants of 1845. For well do I
+know, that but for him, many would have been more embarrassed in making
+provision for the coming winter's necessities than they were. And I have
+yet to see the immigrant of 1845, who, when speaking of the 'Old Man
+Doctor,' does not speak in high commendation of his actions towards the
+immigrants of that year." The wise, humane, and paternal foresight of
+Dr. McLoughlin was of great assistance to the immigrants of 1845. In the
+McLoughlin Document he says: "When the immigration of 1842 came, we had
+enough of breadstuffs in the country for one year, but as the immigrants
+reported that next season there would be a great immigration, it was
+evident, if there was not a proportionate increase of seed sown in 1843
+and 1844, there would be a famine in the country in 1845, which would
+lead to trouble, as those that had families, to save them from
+starvation, would be obliged to have recourse to violence to get food
+for them. To avert this I freely supplied the immigrants of 1843 and
+1844 with the necessary articles to open farms, and by these means
+avoided the evils. In short I afforded every assistance to the
+immigrants so long as they required it, and by management I kept peace
+in the country, and in some cases had to put up with a great deal."
+
+
+
+
+_The Quality of the Early Immigrants._
+
+
+The early immigrants to Oregon were not mendicants nor tramps. It is
+true some of them were of a roving disposition; probably a few were of
+the improvident class. Most of them were forceful, strong men and women,
+physically and mentally; strong also in their Americanism, and filled
+with the racial instinct to follow the western course of Empire. They
+came to Oregon as home-builders. Many of them had their lineage from the
+pioneers who first settled the Atlantic Coast, particularly the southern
+part of it. Descendants of these pioneers had crossed the mountains and
+were the hardy and courageous pioneers of Kentucky and Tennessee in the
+early, perilous, and heroic days of Daniel Boone, John Sevier, George
+Rogers Clark, and James Robertson. The ancestors of some of these Oregon
+immigrants had taken part in the great war of the American Revolution on
+the Atlantic Coast, and had then assisted in upbuilding civilization in
+the Middle West. These forefathers had won the Middle West. These
+immigrants came to win Oregon. The grandfathers and fathers of some of
+them had taken part in the war of 1812, and in the later Indian wars. A
+few of these immigrants were veterans of the war of 1812 and of these
+Indian wars. There were immigrants who had taken active part in the
+troubles with the Mormons and had assisted in driving them out of
+Western Missouri. It was of this stock that parts of Missouri, and
+especially the western part of that state, had been then largely
+peopled, and many of these Oregon immigrants had settled there
+temporarily before coming to Oregon. A great majority of the immigrants
+to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, and of some of the later
+immigrants, were from the Southern States. They, and their ancestors for
+many generations, had been born and brought up in the South. Most of
+them had the good qualities and were of the high type of American
+citizenship characteristic of the white people of the South. They were
+mostly plain people, but they and their ancestry were of good class.
+Theirs was an inheritance of indomitable will, high courage, and noble
+purposes. Their ancestors had conquered, settled, and upbuilded the
+country from the seaboards of Virginia and the Carolinas to the
+Mississippi River.[24] Oregon was another land to conquer, to settle,
+and to upbuild. There were also in these early immigrations a number of
+men and women, descendants of the sturdy peoples who settled in New
+England, and in other Northern States. There were a few men who were
+attracted to Oregon by the love of adventure incident to the journey and
+to the settlement of a new country. There were also a few men, born
+outside of the United States, who allied themselves with the Americans,
+and became identified with the Americans in Oregon, and subsequently
+were admitted as citizens of the United States.
+
+The places these immigrants left to come to Oregon, although some of
+these places were comparatively new, were mostly over-supplied with
+unsold agricultural products--unsalable for want of markets. The early
+books and pamphlets on Oregon and the stirring speeches of Oregon
+enthusiasts, who had never been to Oregon, pictured Oregon as the
+traditional land of plenty and of "milk and honey." There was, too, an
+abiding faith in the future, a certain improvidence born of strong
+manhood and womanhood. They were filled with confidence in their ability
+to conquer all troubles and overcome all difficulties. They did not
+think of failure--they intended to succeed. Then, too, the journey was
+longer and more arduous than they had anticipated. Their greatest
+dangers and troubles were after they had entered the Oregon Country and
+reached the Columbia River. All east of that river, with its hardships,
+was comfortable compared with the troubles and dangers to come. They did
+not come seeking, nor did they seek charity or alms. The true, honest,
+brave-hearted immigrants wished to pay for what they obtained, and did
+as soon as they were able to do so. They were met by conditions which
+they could not, or did not, foresee. Dr. John McLoughlin, with his
+great, manly prescience, appreciated all this. He sold provisions and
+clothing to those who could pay; equally, he sold on credit, to those
+who could not, without references, without collaterals. He understood
+the quality of most of these pioneers--he was unfortunately in error as
+to some of them. It was not charity on the part of Dr. McLoughlin, it
+was the exercise of that great quality, which he possessed in an
+extraordinary degree--humanity.
+
+I regret to say that a few of these early immigrants, at times, without
+cause, were rude to Dr. McLoughlin and abusive of his Company, and of
+his Country. Some of these did not care--others had been prejudiced by
+false information, which they had read or heard before they left their
+homes, or on the way to Oregon. Some, I still more regret to say,
+accepted the credit extended to them by Dr. McLoughlin, and never paid.
+But the payment to the Hudson's Bay Company of these bad debts was
+assumed by Dr. McLoughlin. The aggregate amount is not definitely known,
+for Dr. McLoughlin suffered, in many ways, in silence. But it was a very
+large sum. Those who paid in full could not requite his kindness to
+them.
+
+The real Oregon pioneers are these overland immigrants who came to
+Oregon prior to 1847. The immigrants of 1846 were a long way on their
+journey to Oregon when the Boundary Treaty was made. They left on their
+journey early in May, 1846. This treaty was signed at Washington, June
+15, 1846. The proclamation by the President of the Treaty and of its
+ratification by the two countries is dated August 5, 1846. The
+immigrants of 1846 did not know that the Treaty had been made, signed,
+or confirmed until after their arrival in Oregon. The news that the
+Treaty had been signed came by a sailing vessel, and did not reach
+Oregon until November, 1846.[25] The distance traveled by the immigrants
+to Oregon, from the rendezvous at Independence, Missouri, to Oregon
+City, was about two thousand miles. The usual time in making this
+journey was between five and six months. Ox-teams were used almost
+exclusively. It was thought that the use of horses for teams was
+impracticable. It was feared there would be insufficient food for such
+horses, on the way, as the numbers would be large. It would be necessary
+to keep these horses shod for pulling the heavily loaded wagons. Many
+horses were brought which were used for riding, rounding-up cattle, and
+in hunting. There were practical difficulties in caring for, and feeding
+horses at night. Horses had to be "staked" at night, cattle would graze
+at large. Horses were liable to be stampeded and be lost or be stolen by
+the Indians. Oxen were much cheaper than horses. It would require at
+least four horses to a wagon. It was desirable to have cows to furnish
+milk on the way, especially for the children. Good cattle were scarce in
+Oregon and it was desirable to take cows and bulls for breeding
+purposes, and other cattle for beef. Many of these immigrants brought
+cattle with them in addition to their ox-teams. These cattle and
+ox-teams could not travel as fast as horses and the speed of the latter
+necessarily would be kept to that of the ox-teams. Should oxen be lost
+or die, their places could be taken by cattle or even by cows. This was
+not infrequently done.
+
+These early immigrants all came to, or started for Oregon, overland, in
+the time of joint-occupancy. They were not encouraged, helped, nor
+protected by the Government in coming to Oregon. There were no United
+States troops in the Oregon Country, or near the immigrant trail prior
+to 1849. The Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8 was carried on by the Oregon
+Provisional Government alone, without assistance from the United States
+Government. This war was fought wholly by volunteers from the Willamette
+Valley. The coming of these early immigrants assisted to hold Oregon for
+the United States, and greatly contributed to the settlement of the
+Oregon Question. They relied on themselves but they believed that their
+Country would protect its own in Oregon. Their rights and courage could
+not be ignored. There was no one man who saved Oregon. If any persons
+saved Oregon, they were these immigrants from 1843 to and including
+1846. There is not a true American who does not take pride in the daring
+of these pioneers and in what they accomplished in coming to Oregon.
+Whatever some of them may have lacked, in certain qualities, and in
+spite of the bad treatment, by some of them, of Dr. McLoughlin, the
+patriotism and courage of most of them were of the highest types. This
+great movement of immigrants to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, may
+not, even now, be thoroughly understood nor explained but it is fully
+appreciated. With all its dangers and hardships, with all its mystery
+and simplicity, and its commonplaces, it stands today one of the most
+daring colonizing movements for, and the most remarkable, interesting,
+and romantic story of the settlement and upbuilding of any part of the
+continents of the two Americas.
+
+It must be borne in mind that all these aids by Dr. McLoughlin to the
+immigrants of 1843, and succeeding years, were after some of the
+Methodist missionaries had attempted to take his land claim, and
+succeeded in part. The history of these transactions I shall presently
+relate. And did the secular department of the Methodist Mission assist
+these early pioneers in any way similar to what was done by Dr.
+McLoughlin? If so, I have found no trace nor record of it. Undoubtedly
+Methodist missionaries, individually, did many kindly acts to destitute
+immigrants. Had Dr. McLoughlin acted with the supineness of the
+Methodist Mission toward the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and 1845, and
+especially that of 1843, the consequences would have been terrible.
+Leaving out the probability of massacres by the Indians, many immigrants
+would have died from starvation, exposure and lack of clothing along the
+Columbia River, or after their arrival in the Willamette Valley. It is
+true Fort Vancouver might have been captured and destroyed. That would
+have given no permanent relief. That would probably have been the
+beginning of a war between the United States and Great Britain. Even
+without a war the settlement of Oregon would have been delayed for many
+years. And all of the Oregon Country north of the Columbia River might
+have been lost to the United States.
+
+Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+severely criticized Dr. McLoughlin for his assistance to the immigrants.
+There was an acrimonious correspondence between them on the subject. As
+I am informed, it was in this correspondence, which I have not seen,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had written the Hudson's Bay Company that he had
+furnished these supplies to the immigrants, saying that, as a man of
+common humanity, it was not possible for him to do otherwise than as he
+did; that he had only done what anyone truly a man would have done. That
+it was then insisted by Governor Simpson that Dr. McLoughlin should no
+longer assist any needy immigrants, or help any other immigrants. To
+this Dr. McLoughlin made the noble reply, "Gentlemen, if such is your
+order, I will serve you no longer." This reply was made by Dr.
+McLoughlin--the only question is as to the exact time and place it was
+made.
+
+
+
+
+_The Resignation of Dr. John McLoughlin._
+
+
+In 1845 Dr. McLoughlin sent in his resignation to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. Its rules required one year's notice before an officer could
+resign. His resignation took effect before the immigration of 1846
+arrived. As this address relates to Dr. McLoughlin, and only
+incidentally to the Oregon Pioneers, I shall not go into details about
+the immigrations succeeding that of 1845. Dr. McLoughlin kept a store
+and lived at Oregon City after his resignation. To the immigrants of
+1846 and after, and to others, as long as he was in business there, he
+continued, as far as he was able, the same hospitality and the same good
+and humane treatment he had exercised when Chief Factor at Fort
+Vancouver. The Barlow road was built in 1846 and the immigrants of that
+year and succeeding years could bring their wagons by that road from The
+Dalles, over the Cascade Mountains, to Oregon City. By common consent of
+all good, honest pioneers, he had been named "The Good Doctor," and "The
+Good Old Doctor," and he was known by these names to the time of his
+death. They also came to call him the "Father of Oregon." Dr.
+McLoughlin's resignation from the Hudson's Bay Company became necessary
+to maintain his self-respect.
+
+I have spoken of Capt. Park and Lieut. Peel, British officers, who
+brought the letters of Admiral Seymour and Captain Gordon to Dr.
+McLoughlin in 1845. They were also sent as spies. They were succeeded by
+two more spies, Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, both of the British
+army. The two latter stayed at Fort Vancouver and elsewhere in Oregon
+for some time. In their report Warre and Vavasour charged, mainly, that
+the policy pursued by Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company, at
+the different forts in the Oregon Country, had tended to the
+introduction of American settlers into the country until they
+outnumbered the British. To prove this position, they instanced the
+assistance rendered the different immigrations, one of which (1845) was
+arriving while they were at Vancouver. They charged that goods had been
+sold to the American settlers at cheaper rates than to British subjects;
+that Dr. McLoughlin and the Company had suffered themselves to join the
+Provisional Government "without any reserve except the mere form of the
+oath;" that their lands had been invaded, and themselves insulted, until
+they required the protection of the British government "against the very
+people to the introduction of whom they had been more than accessory."
+There was more in this report of like import.
+
+As was to be expected Dr. McLoughlin's answer was dignified, forceful,
+and sufficient. I give only a few of his points.[26] In his answer Dr.
+McLoughlin said, concerning his treatment of the missionaries: "What
+would you have? Would you have me turn the cold shoulder to the men of
+God, who came to do that for the Indians which this Company has
+neglected to do?" He said he had tried to prevent the American settlers
+remaining idle, becoming destitute, and dangerous to the Company's
+servants. Drive them away he could not, having neither the right nor the
+power. That these settlers had not come expecting a cordial reception
+from him, but quite the contrary; that while he had done some things for
+humanity's sake, he had intended to, and had averted evil to the
+Company by using kindness and courtesy towards the American immigrants.
+As to joining the Provisional Government he showed the necessity and
+wisdom of his actions under the circumstances. To the accusation that
+the Company had submitted to insult, he said: "They were not to consider
+themselves insulted because an ignorant man thought he had a better
+right than they had." As to the British government, it had not afforded
+protection in time, and that it was not the duty of the Hudson's Bay
+Company to defend Great Britain's right to territory. The obligation of
+the Company's officers, whatever their feelings might be, was to do
+their duty to the Company. He admitted helping the immigrants of 1843,
+1844, and 1845, and saving the lives and property of the destitute and
+sick. He also admitted to assisting the immigrants of 1843 to raise a
+crop for their own support and of saving the Company from the necessity
+of feeding the next immigration. And he said: "If we had not done this,
+Vancouver would have been destroyed and the world would have judged us
+treated as our inhuman conduct deserved; every officer of the Company,
+from the Governor down, would have been covered with obloquy, the
+Company's business in this department would have been ruined, and the
+trouble which would have arisen in consequence would have probably
+involved the British and American nations in war. If I have been the
+means, by my measures, of arresting any of these evils, I shall be amply
+repaid by the approbation of my conscience. It is true that I have
+heard some say they would have done differently; and, if my memory does
+not deceive me, I think I heard Mr. Vavasour say this; but as
+explanation might give publicity to my apprehension and object, and
+destroy my measures, I was silent, in the full reliance that some day
+justice would be done me."[27]
+
+The Governor and the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company apparently
+neither understood nor appreciated the conditions in Oregon in 1843, and
+in the immediate succeeding years, or Dr. McLoughlin's motives and
+humanity in assisting the immigrants. While the Governor in Chief and
+these directors were probably men of high character, and, individually,
+men of humanity, as representatives of this great trading company, they
+seemed to have considered Dr. McLoughlin's actions in assisting the
+American immigrants to settle in parts of the disputed Oregon Country by
+relieving their distresses, and saving them from suffering and
+starvation, as amounting almost to treason to his Country and as being
+untrue and false to the Hudson's Bay Company and its interests. They
+believed that he had failed to carry out its policies, if not its
+express instructions, which they felt he should have followed, as the
+chief of its enterprises west of the Rocky Mountains, no matter what the
+circumstances were or what the consequences might be. They did not seem
+to understand that, if the early immigrants had not been assisted,
+helped, and rescued, as they were, by Dr. McLoughlin, it might have been
+fatal to Fort Vancouver and precipitated a war between the United
+States and Great Britain. As has been already said the Hudson's Bay
+Company, under royal grant, had an absolute monopoly in trading with the
+Indians in what was called British America, that is, northward and
+westward of the United States, excepting the British Provinces and also
+excepting the Oregon Country. In the latter the Company had the
+exclusive right, under said grant, to trade with the Indians, but on the
+condition that it should not be to the prejudice nor exclusion of
+citizens of the United States, who had the right to be in the Oregon
+Country under the convention of joint-occupancy.[28] Undoubtedly the
+Governor in Chief and directors of the Hudson's Bay Company had a
+feeling that the Company and its trade should not be interfered with in
+the Oregon Country. For more than thirty years it and the Northwest
+Company, with which it had coalesced in 1821, had had almost absolute
+control of trade with the Indians in nearly all of the Oregon Country.
+Its practical monopoly there had been almost as complete as its actual
+monopoly in British America. The exercise of absolute power usually
+begets a feeling of a right to continue the exercise of such power. The
+head-officers of the Company resented the actions of Dr. McLoughlin
+which tended to weaken the power of the Hudson's Bay Company and to
+interfere with its control of the fur trade in the Oregon Country.
+
+An Indian trading company is much more likely to be mercenary than
+humane. The headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company were at London.
+Oregon was a long distance from London. Under the conditions it may not
+be surprising that greed of gain and selfish interests outweighed
+humanity in the minds of these officers in charge of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. It is true none of them were in Oregon when these immigrants
+came. None of these officers had ever been in the Oregon Country,
+excepting Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief. These officers did
+not see the distresses, the sufferings, or the perils of these
+immigrants. Their information came largely from others, who were not
+friends of Dr. McLoughlin, and who did not approve his actions. Dr.
+McLoughlin had been for so long a time a Chief Factor of the Company; he
+had been, up to the arrival of the immigration of 1843, so faithful to
+its policies and interests; he had so increased its trade, and added so
+largely to its revenues, that he could not be summarily dismissed. But
+he was a man of pride and of high quality, and he could be forced to
+resign. This the Governor in Chief and the directors of the Hudson's Bay
+Company accomplished. In thus acting unjustly to Dr. McLoughlin, they
+were unconsciously assisting to make him the eternal hero of Oregon. In
+resigning Dr. McLoughlin gave up a salary of twelve thousand dollars a
+year. He made his home at Oregon City, where he expected to pass the
+rest of his life, with the intention of becoming an American citizen as
+soon as possible. He invested his wealth at Oregon City in various
+enterprises in an attempt to assist in upbuilding Oregon. His
+resignation marks the beginning of his tribulations which ended only
+with his death. The details I shall presently set forth. In assisting
+the immigrants Dr. McLoughlin did not count the cost nor fear the
+consequences. His humanity was greater than his liking for wealth or
+position. He had no greed for gain, no selfishness. Had he anticipated
+the consequences I believe that he would not have hesitated nor acted
+otherwise than he did. Frances Fuller Victor wrote of Dr. McLoughlin and
+his tribulations:[29] "Aristocrat, as he was considered by the colonists
+[American settlers] and autocrat as he really was, for twenty years
+throughout the country west of the Rocky Mountains, he still bravely
+returned the assaults of his enemies in the language of a republican. He
+defended the American character from the slurs of government spies,
+saying, 'they have the same right to come that I have to be here,'
+touching lightly upon the ingratitude of those who forgot to pay him
+their just debts, and the rudeness of those, whom White mentions as
+making him blush for American honor. But whether he favored the
+Company's interests against the British, or British interests against
+the Company's, or maintained both against the American interests, or
+favored the American interests against either, or labored to preserve
+harmony between all, the suspicions of both conflicting parties fell
+upon him, and being forced to maintain silence he had the bad fortune to
+be pulled to pieces between them."
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Religion._
+
+
+When an infant, Dr. McLoughlin was baptized in the Roman Catholic
+Church. His father and mother were of that church. While living with the
+family of his maternal grandfather, he probably was brought up in the
+English Established Church, of which he became a member. Prior to 1841
+or 1842, it was his custom, at Fort Vancouver, to read the service of
+that church on Sundays to the congregation of officers and employées who
+attended. Dr. McLoughlin was a broad man in every way. He recognized the
+good in all Christian sects and denominations. He assisted the
+Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational missionaries. Had he been a
+member of those churches, he could hardly have done more for them than
+he did. While still a Protestant, he also assisted the Roman Catholic
+missionaries, from their first coming to Oregon, in 1838, as he had the
+Protestant. He never tried to change the forms of religion of his
+employées and servants of the Company. He encouraged them in their
+devotion to the religions of their choice.
+
+Archbishop Francis Norbert Blanchet in his "Historical Sketches of the
+Catholic Church in Oregon," says (page 68): "It is but just to make
+special mention of the important services which Dr. John
+McLoughlin--though not a Catholic--has rendered to the French Canadians
+and their families, during the fourteen years he was governor of Fort
+Vancouver. He it was who read to them the prayers on Sunday. Besides the
+English school kept for the children of the Bourgeois, he had a
+separate one maintained at his own expense, in which prayers and the
+catechism were taught in French to the Catholic women and children on
+Sundays and week days, by his orders. He also encouraged the chant of
+the canticles, in which he was assisted by his wife and daughter, who
+took much pleasure in this exercise. He visited and examined his school
+once a week.... He it was who saved the Catholics of the Fort and their
+children from the dangers of perversion, and who, finding the log church
+the Canadians had built, a few miles below Fairfield, in 1836, not
+properly located, ordered it to be removed, and rebuilt on a large
+prairie, its present beautiful site."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was given charge of a girl by her dying father, who was a
+Protestant. Dr. McLoughlin would not send her to a Roman Catholic
+school. He respected the religious faith of the girl's father.[30] There
+is some question as to whether Dr. McLoughlin became a Roman Catholic in
+the year 1841 or 1842. In one of those years, Dr. McLoughlin read "The
+End of Controversy," written by Dr. Milner, and was converted by this
+book to the Roman Catholic faith and joined that church. He made his
+abjuration and profession of faith and took his first communion at Fort
+Vancouver in 1841 or 1842. Joining the Roman Catholic Church by Dr.
+McLoughlin was most impolitic, at this time, particularly on account of
+his land claim. But he was not a man to consider policy when there was
+something to be done, which he thought right, just, or proper.
+Otherwise, he would not have assisted the missionaries nor helped the
+immigrants. Joining the Roman Catholic Church only added to the
+opposition to Dr. McLoughlin. He was then a British subject. At that
+time there was great prejudice by many Americans against Great Britain
+as the supposed hereditary enemy of the United States. The long
+discussion of the Oregon Question; the election of Polk as President in
+1844, largely on the popular cry of "54-40 or fight," greatly
+intensified this feeling. There was also great popular prejudice among
+many of the Protestants of the United States against the Roman Catholic
+Church, which had been handed down from the time of the settlement of
+New England and the Cromwellian revolution in England. Locally, in
+Oregon, a partial success of the Roman Catholic missionaries with the
+Indians, where the Protestants had failed, probably intensified this
+feeling.
+
+In these early immigrations were many women, most of whom were wives and
+mothers. There were also numerous children of all ages. There were a few
+births on the way. When these mothers saw their children, along the
+Columbia River, in peril, many sick and almost famishing; when they
+heard their children cry for food and clothing, which these mothers
+could not supply; and when these perils were removed, and these
+necessaries were furnished by Dr. McLoughlin, and their sick children
+were restored to health under his orders and directions; do you think
+these Protestant American mothers considered it important that Dr. John
+McLoughlin was a Roman Catholic and a British subject? Or that they were
+not grateful?
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Land Claim._
+
+
+I shall now take up the matter of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon
+City. Many writers and speakers have spoken of his land claim being
+taken from him, in a loose way, as "unjust treatment," or as "robbery."
+I shall briefly state the facts, as I have found them. The early
+pioneers know these facts. They should be known by everyone in justice
+to Dr. McLoughlin and to his memory.
+
+Prior to the Donation Land Law, there were no lawful titles to lands in
+Oregon, except lands given to Missions by the law establishing the
+Territory of Oregon. The Donation Land Law was passed by Congress, and
+was approved by the President September 27, 1850. Prior to the
+organization, in 1843, of the Oregon Provisional Government, the only
+law, or rule of law, in Oregon was the Golden Rule, or rather a
+consensus of public opinion among the few settlers in Oregon. When a
+person settled on a piece of land and improved it, or declared his
+intention to claim it, all other settlers respected his possessory
+rights. Each settler thought that on the settlement of the boundary line
+between the United States and Great Britain, his land claim would be
+recognized and protected, which he had thus claimed while there was
+joint-occupancy under the Conventions of 1818 and 1827.
+
+It was in 1829 that Etienne Lucier, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+servants, of whom I have spoken, settled in the Willamette Valley at
+French Prairie, now in Marion County. Other servants of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, as their terms of service expired, and a few Americans, had
+settled at or near French Prairie prior to 1834, so that when the first
+missionaries came, there was a thriving, although small, settlement near
+where Jason and Daniel Lee established their first mission in 1834. This
+mission had no title to the land where the Mission was established, yet
+its rights were recognized and respected.
+
+In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin for himself took possession of the land and water
+power at the falls of the Willamette River on the east side of the river
+at and near what is now Oregon City. In his land claim was the valuable,
+but small, island containing about four or five acres of available area
+in low water, and two or three acres in ordinary high water. It was
+separated from the east bank by a part of the river, in summer not more
+than forty feet wide; it was situated near the crest of the falls. Its
+location made it valuable for convenient use of water power. This island
+was afterwards known as "Governor's Island," but was called "Abernethy
+Island" in the Donation Land Law, and is now known by the latter name.
+This island is now owned by the Portland General Electric Company. It
+lies partly in the "Basin" at Oregon City. On it is now erected a large
+wooden building called, by that Company, "Station A." As I have said, in
+1825 the Hudson's Bay Company knew that England did not intend to claim
+any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia River, so it did
+not want for itself any permanent or valuable improvements in the
+Willamette Valley.
+
+In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin began the erection of a sawmill at the falls. He
+caused three houses to be erected and some timbers to be squared for a
+mill. This work continued until May, 1830. In 1829 the Indians there
+burned these squared timbers. In 1832 he had a mill-race blasted out of
+the rocks from the head of the island. It has been asserted that these
+improvements were made for the Hudson's Bay Company, but were
+discontinued by it because it did not wish to erect valuable
+improvements there. But in the McLoughlin Document he says: "I had
+selected for a claim, Oregon City, in 1829, made improvements on it, and
+had a large quantity of timber squared." Who ever knew or heard of Dr.
+McLoughlin telling a lie? That he was a man of the highest honor and
+truthfulness is established beyond all doubt. This claim was taken by
+him in the same year that Lucier settled in the Willamette Valley. It is
+evident that Dr. McLoughlin took this claim, for his old age and for the
+benefit of himself and children.[31] From about 1838 until the passage
+of the Donation Land Law in 1850, he openly and continuously asserted
+his right to his land claim, including Abernethy Island. No adverse
+claim was made until about July, 1840, less than sixty days after the
+arrival of the ship Lausanne, when certain members of the Methodist
+Mission began to plan to take these lands and rights from Dr.
+McLoughlin, and in the end succeeded, but only partially for themselves.
+Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim was as good as that of any
+other person in Oregon to his own land claim. April 1, 1843, Dr. Elijah
+White, who came to Oregon in 1837, as a Methodist missionary, but was
+then United States Sub-Agent of Indian Affairs, in an official report to
+the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, at Washington, D. C., said of the
+Shortess petition, to which I shall presently refer: "A petition started
+from this country today, making bitter complaints against the Hudson's
+Bay Company and Governor McLoughlin. On reference to it (a copy was
+denied) I shall only say, had any gentleman disconnected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company been at half the pains and expense to establish a
+claim on the Wallamet Falls, very few would have raised any
+opposition."[32] Under the joint-occupancy every British subject had the
+same or equal rights in the Oregon Country that a citizen of the United
+States had.
+
+December 18, 1839, Senator Linn introduced a series of resolutions in
+the United States Senate, which were referred to a select Committee.
+March 31, 1840, this Committee reported a substitute. The chief feature
+was a provision for granting _to each male inhabitant_ of Oregon, over
+eighteen years of age, one thousand acres of land. December 16, 1841,
+Senator Linn introduced his famous bill thereafter known as the "Linn
+Bill," which granted six hundred and forty acres of land to every _white
+male inhabitant_ of Oregon, of eighteen years or over, who should
+cultivate the same for five years. This bill was favorably reported back
+to the Senate and subsequently passed the Senate, but failed in the
+House. The Oregon Donation Land Law was largely based on this bill. In
+neither the Linn resolution nor in the Linn bill was any difference made
+between American citizens and British subjects, or other aliens as to
+the right to take land. The Oregon Donation Land Law of September 27,
+1850, applied to every white settler (including aliens) over eighteen
+years of age then a resident of Oregon, or who should become such a
+resident prior to December 1, 1850, except Dr. McLoughlin. In case of an
+alien he must either have made his declaration, according to law, to
+become a citizen of the United States prior to the passage of the
+Donation Land Law or do so prior to December 1, 1851. The Linn bill was
+largely instrumental in causing the early immigrations to Oregon. It was
+felt by these immigrants that it, or a similar law, was bound to pass
+Congress. The Oregon Donation Land Law was such a law. Dr. McLoughlin
+believed that such a bill was bound to become a law.
+
+The Methodist Mission, as a mission, did not, officially, attempt to
+deprive Dr. McLoughlin of any of his land. There were some of the
+missionaries who opposed any such action. But others of them saw that if
+the Mission obtained any of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, it would belong
+to the Mission or to the Church, so they readily proceeded, as
+individuals, for their own private gain. In 1840, shortly after the
+arrival of the Lausanne, Rev. Jason Lee, as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, appointed Rev. A. F. Waller to labor for the Indians
+at Willamette Falls and vicinity. The Mission took up a claim of six
+hundred and forty acres north of Dr. McLoughlin's claim. The Mission's
+religious work was done by Waller on this claim, where Gladstone Park is
+now situated, and also at a point on the west bank of the Willamette
+River opposite Oregon City. At both of these places there were a number
+of Indians.[33] In the summer of 1840 Waller was sent to establish this
+Mission. Dr. McLoughlin generously assisted the undertaking. He gave the
+Mission a piece of land in his claim on which to erect a mission-house;
+and, at the request of Rev. Jason Lee, the Superintendent of the
+Mission, Dr. McLoughlin loaned it some of the timbers, which he had
+caused to be squared, to build the mission-house. Timbers to take the
+place of those so loaned were never furnished to Dr. McLoughlin, nor
+were the timbers ever paid for.[34] It was soon reported to Dr.
+McLoughlin that the Methodist Mission would try to take or to jump his
+claim. He at once (July 21, 1840) notified Jason Lee, Superintendent of
+the Mission, of the facts: That Dr. McLoughlin had taken possession of
+this land claim in 1829, and also of his intention to hold this land as
+a private claim. He gave Lee the general description of the land so
+claimed by Dr. McLoughlin, viz: "From the upper end of the falls across
+to the Clackamas river, and down where the Clackamas falls into the
+Willamette, including the whole point of land, and the small island in
+the falls on which the portage was made." This is the island later known
+as "Governor's" or "Abernethy" Island. After giving the notice
+mentioned, Dr. McLoughlin concluded his letter with these words: "This
+is not to prevent your building the store, as my object is merely to
+establish my claim." A satisfactory answer was returned and Waller
+proceeded in the erection of the mission-house, which was divided into
+two apartments, one of which served as a dwelling, and the other as a
+storeroom for the goods of the Mission.[35]
+
+In 1841 Felix Hathaway, in the employment of the Mission, began to build
+a house on the island, at which Dr. McLoughlin remonstrated with Waller,
+but the latter assured Dr. McLoughlin that no wrong was intended and
+Hathaway stopped his building operations. Matters ran smoothly until the
+autumn of 1842. By this time Dr. McLoughlin had again made improvements
+on his claim, having it surveyed and part of it laid off in town lots
+and blocks, which he named Oregon City. Some of these lots and blocks he
+gave away, some he sold. I cannot go into all the evasive actions of
+Waller and the false statements and claims made by him, and by John
+Ricord, his attorney, in relation to Waller's supposed rights to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim. Waller employed Ricord as an attorney and
+asserted his ownership of all the McLoughlin land claim, except
+Abernethy Island, to which the Oregon Milling Company laid claim. A
+public proclamation signed by Ricord as attorney for Waller, although
+dated December 20, 1843, was publicly posted at Oregon City early in
+1844. It set forth the alleged illegality of Dr. McLoughlin's claim and
+the imaginary rights of Waller.[36] Whatever possession Waller had of
+any part of this land was due to the kind permission of Dr. McLoughlin.
+Waller attempted to turn this kindness into a question of right to the
+whole land claim, excepting Abernethy Island. An agreement or
+settlement, dated April 4, 1844, was executed by Rev. A. F. Waller, Rev.
+David Leslie, acting Superintendent of the Methodist Mission, and by Dr.
+McLoughlin. Under this agreement Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to pay
+Waller five hundred dollars and to convey to Waller eight lots and three
+blocks in Oregon City, and also to convey to the Methodist Mission six
+lots and one block in Oregon City. What right the Mission had to insist
+on the conveyance to it of this land has never been explained--Waller,
+in said agreement or settlement, surrendering and forever abandoning to
+Dr. McLoughlin "all claims, rights, and pretensions whatsoever" which
+Waller had to the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, which is described in
+said agreement as "a tract of land situated at the falls of the
+Wallamette River on the east side of said River, containing six hundred
+and forty acres, and surveyed by Jesse Applegate in the month of
+December, A. D. 1843." This survey included Abernethy Island. There were
+not then any courts in Oregon to which Dr. McLoughlin could apply for
+relief, as he had not then joined the Provisional Government. It was
+probably better and cheaper for him to submit to this unfair agreement,
+otherwise he would have been compelled to allow Waller to take the land
+or to have ousted him by force.[37]
+
+July 15, 1844, about three months after this settlement, Rev. George
+Gary, who was then closing the Methodist Mission in Oregon and disposing
+of its property, in a letter to Dr. McLoughlin offered to sell back
+these lots and block given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin, with the
+improvements thereon, excluding the two lots given by Dr. McLoughlin in
+1840 on which the Methodist Church was built. Gary valued the lots to be
+sold at two thousand, two hundred dollars, and the improvements thereon
+at three thousand, eight hundred dollars. Gary made the conditions that
+the possession of a warehouse should be reserved until June, 1845, and
+the house occupied by George Abernethy until August, 1845. Gary made
+some other reservations and wrote that there must be an answer in a day
+or two. Dr. McLoughlin considered this offer extortionate. He wrote an
+answer to Gary calling attention to the fact that he had so recently
+given the lots to the Mission, that it would be the fairest way for Gary
+to give Dr. McLoughlin back the lots, since the Mission had no longer
+any use for them, and let him pay for the improvements; that one of the
+houses was built with lumber borrowed from him and had not been paid
+for. He suggested that the matter be referred to the Missionary Board.
+But Gary rejected every proposal. Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to yield
+and agreed to pay the six thousand dollars demanded by Gary.[38]
+Notwithstanding the fact that this agreement executed by Waller and
+Leslie, dated April 4, 1844, was made as a final settlement of the
+matter, the conspirators determined to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his
+land claim, even if they did not profit by it. They succeeded by means
+of the Oregon Donation Law, as I shall presently show. These
+conspirators had previously arranged to take or "jump" Abernethy Island.
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines was too honorable a man to justify these
+proceedings. As he came to Oregon in 1853, it appears that he did not
+know all the facts, but such as he knew, even from Methodist missionary
+sources, did not commend Waller's actions to Hines in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. In his _Missionary History_, pages
+353-355, Dr. Hines says: "At Oregon City the Mission as such deemed it
+wisest not to file any claim as against that of Dr. McLoughlin, Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Vancouver, who had made some
+movements toward the occupation of that valuable property before the
+Mission was established. Perhaps all in the country at that time, Mr.
+Lee included, did not consider the claim of Dr. McLoughlin as a British
+subject and the head of a great British corporation, such a claim as
+would be recognized in law when the government of the United States
+should extend its jurisdiction over the country, which they believed it
+was sure to do in a short time.... The mission work at this general
+point was mostly done on the _west side_ of the river at The Falls, and
+at the villages on the Clackamas where 'Gladstone Park' is now situated,
+and where the Mission had a farm, and a claim of a square mile of land.
+This stood in exactly the same relation to the Board as did the claim at
+The Dalles and at Salem.
+
+"It is proper that we say here that much controversy arose at Oregon
+City through the fact that Rev. A. F. Waller filed a claim in his own
+behalf on the land to which Dr. McLoughlin was also laying claim, on the
+ground that the latter, being a British subject, could not obtain title
+under the land laws of the United States. With this the Mission, as
+such, had no connection whatever, and hence this history does not deal
+with the question." Nevertheless, joint-occupancy, Senator Linn's
+resolution and bill, the Donation Land Law, subsequently passed, natural
+justice and right, and common decency should have been recognized as
+giving Dr. McLoughlin full right to his land claim from the beginning.
+
+At least three of the Methodist missionaries and those connected with
+the Methodist Mission were not citizens of the United States at any time
+prior to the passage of the Donation Land Law in 1850. Rev. Jason Lee
+was a native of Canada and died in Canada. He did not become a citizen
+of the United States. His allegiance was always that of a British
+subject. Jason Lee was of English descent. His parents were born in the
+United States but settled at Stanstead, Canada, and made it their home
+several years prior to his birth. He was born at Stanstead in 1803 and
+that was his home until 1834, when he came to Oregon. For a number of
+years he worked in the pineries in the north of Canada. In 1826 he was
+"converted" and joined the Wesleyan Church of Canada. In 1827 he entered
+the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Massachusetts. After attending that
+Academy for a time, he returned to his home at Stanstead, where he
+stayed for several years, first teaching school and afterwards becoming
+a preacher of the Wesleyan Church of Canada. For several years he had
+desired to be a missionary among the Indians and in 1832 or 1833 offered
+his services as a missionary to the Indians of Canada to the Wesleyan
+Missionary Society of London. In 1833, while waiting a reply to his
+application, he was offered the appointment by the New England
+Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of "Missionary to the
+Flathead Indians," and was admitted as a member of the latter
+Conference. In the spring of 1834 he started for Oregon, which, during
+the rest of his life, was jointly occupied by citizens of the United
+States and subjects of Great Britain under the Conventions between these
+countries. The political status of a resident of Oregon then remained as
+it was when he arrived in Oregon. It could not be changed there during
+joint-occupancy. He died at Lake Memphremagog in Canada, March 2, 1845.
+His body was buried at Stanstead. These facts I have obtained mostly
+from Dr. Hines' _Missionary History of the Pacific Northwest_, and I
+have verified them from other reliable sources.
+
+Rev. Daniel Lee was also born in Canada. Up to the time of his return to
+the Eastern States in 1843, he had not become a citizen of the United
+States. As the rest of his life was spent as a Methodist minister in the
+United States, he probably became a citizen of the latter country. Rev.
+Daniel Lee, I believe, took no part in, nor did he encourage, or
+sympathize with any action against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Joseph Holman (not a relative of mine) was born in England, August 20,
+1815. In 1833 he went to Canada where he lived for several years. About
+1836 or 1837 he went to Ohio and later went to Illinois. In 1839 he
+started for Oregon. He arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840, the same
+day the Lausanne arrived there. In 1840 or 1841 he became connected with
+the Methodist Mission. Shortly after his arrival he took up a land claim
+a mile square near the present city of Salem. A person could not become
+a citizen of the United States until he had resided therein for at least
+five years. So he could not become such a citizen in the East for he had
+not resided in the United States more than three years when he started
+for Oregon in 1839. It was in Oregon, after the United States Courts
+were established in 1849, that Joseph Holman first made application to
+become a citizen of the United States and became one. As Jason Lee and
+Daniel Lee took up the land on which the Methodist Mission was situated
+and they were British subjects, their rights as land claimants were the
+same as those of Dr. McLoughlin. The Mission, as such, had no legal
+status to acquire land prior to the Act of 1848 organizing Oregon
+Territory. The land claim of Joseph Holman had the same status as that
+of Dr. McLoughlin--just as good, but no better.
+
+
+
+
+_Abernethy Island._
+
+
+I have spoken of this settlement with Waller, in 1844, in order to treat
+separately of the taking of Abernethy Island from Dr. McLoughlin. The
+land controlling the water-power on the west side of the falls of the
+Willamette River was not taken nor claimed by any one until after the
+year 1841. It is on the west side where the water-power of the falls is
+now mostly used. It could have been had for the taking at the time
+Abernethy Island was "jumped." Dr. McLoughlin's land claim was on the
+east side of the river. As I have said, Felix Hathaway, in the
+employment of the Mission, in 1841 began to build a house on Abernethy
+Island, but after Dr. McLoughlin's remonstrance to Waller, the building
+operations on the island ceased at that time. Dr. McLoughlin erected a
+small house on the island. In 1841 the Oregon Milling Company was
+formed. Almost all of its members belonged to the Methodist Mission.
+Hathaway conveyed all his right and title to the island to the Oregon
+Milling Company, a part of the consideration to be paid by a Committee
+of the Oregon Milling Company in behalf of that Company. Rev. A. F.
+Waller is the one first named, of the Committee, in the deed. This deed
+is recorded at page 52 of Book 2, Record of Deeds of Clackamas County.
+This record shows the date of the deed as November 23, 1852. This is
+evidently an error of the copyist, as to the year. It doubtless was
+1842, for Hathaway, by the deed, conveyed all his "right and title to
+the island on which said Company _are now constructing mills_," etc.
+This is a very religious deed. Hathaway in this conveyance covenanted to
+warrant and defend the island against all persons "(the Lord excepted)."
+
+Among the cargo of the Lausanne, which all belonged to the Methodist
+Mission, was machinery for flour-mills and for saw-mills. The Methodist
+Mission established both a saw-mill and a grist-mill, run by
+water-power, near Chemekete (now Salem). These were in operation in
+1841. These mills were much nearer the Willamette settlements than
+Oregon City was. In the Fall of 1842 the Oregon Milling Company had
+erected a saw-mill on the island, intending to follow it with the
+erection of a flour-mill. It will be noted that there were then no
+courts in Oregon, for the Provisional Government was not organized until
+1843. Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company were not under the
+jurisdiction of the Provisional Government until 1845. In the fall of
+1842 Dr. McLoughlin became satisfied that it was the intention of some
+of the Methodist missionaries to take his land and to deprive him of his
+water rights. To save his interests he forthwith built a saw-mill on
+the river bank near the island, and gave notice that he would erect a
+flour-mill in a short time.
+
+
+
+
+_The Shortess Petition._
+
+
+The enemies of Dr. McLoughlin then determined to send a petition to
+Congress. It is said that this petition was drawn by George Abernethy,
+who then, as steward of the Mission, kept its store at Oregon City, and
+had charge of all its secular affairs, but that Abernethy was unwilling
+to have it known that he was connected with the petition, so it was
+copied by a clerk, named Albert E. Wilson. Abernethy wished to appear
+friendly to Dr. McLoughlin; to act otherwise might hurt the Mission and
+Abernethy in his business.[39] The first signature to this petition was
+that of Robert Shortess, who arrived in the Willamette Valley in April,
+1840. He joined the Methodist Church about 1841. He was then intense in
+his dislike of the Hudson's Bay Company and its officers. From the fact
+that he was the first signer, this petition is known as the "Shortess
+petition." It was signed by sixty-five persons. Of these about one-third
+were immigrants of 1842, who had been in the country less than six
+months. This petition is addressed to Congress. It is dated March 25,
+1843. It begins with a short statement that the petitioners have no laws
+to govern them. That "where the highest court of appeal is the rifle,
+safety in life and property cannot be depended on." Until these people
+attempted unfairly to take Dr. McLoughlin's land, the Golden Rule had
+prevailed and the appeal to the rifle was always "conspicuous by its
+absence." This petition then calls attention to the domination of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and its successful opposition to Bonneville and
+Wyeth, and that that Company formerly would not sell cattle, and its
+opposition to the loan of cows and the return of the increase, which is
+true; and that in case of the death of a cow, the settler had to
+pay--which is false.
+
+This petition further sets forth that in 1842 the settlers formed a
+company for supplying lumber and flour. That they selected an island at
+the falls of the Willamette. That after commencing they were informed by
+Dr. McLoughlin that the land was his. This is true, as to the company
+and the information by Dr. McLoughlin, but false, by indirection, in
+this, that they knew the island for years had been claimed by him as his
+property. The petition proceeds, "However, he erected a shed on the
+island, after the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then
+gave them permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the
+paper he wrote them containing his conditions, but did not obligate
+themselves to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his
+claim just or reasonable." In the latter statement the members of the
+Oregon Milling Company, who signed the petition, stated an estoppel to
+themselves. They could not enter into possession under conditions and
+then refuse to abide by them. This was pleading themselves out of Court,
+not to mention their admitted breach of faith.
+
+This petition then mentions the erection of the saw-mill by the Oregon
+Milling Company and complains of the erection of a mill by Dr.
+McLoughlin, and says that he can manufacture lumber cheaper than the
+Milling Company can. Nevertheless, the Oregon Milling Company succeeded.
+This petition then goes into puerility about the measurement of wheat by
+the Hudson's Bay Company, which Dr. White in his report, dated April 1,
+1843, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and hereinbefore referred
+to, says is untrue, for he knows the measure to be exact. This petition
+does not state (which is true) that when Dr. McLoughlin found that wheat
+weighed more than sixty pounds to the bushel, he raised the price paid
+to settlers, correspondingly. This petition sets forth, however, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had surveyed his claim, platted it, and called it Oregon
+City; and that he had given a notice dated January 18, 1843, requiring
+all persons claiming lots on his land, before February 1, 1843, to apply
+for a deed, or a bond for a deed, as the case might be, which he would
+give. Dr. McLoughlin required a payment of five dollars to his attorney
+for making the deed or bond. As these people were all trespassers, it
+would seem that this action of Dr. McLoughlin was a very generous one.
+
+There is a very significant phrase in the Shortess petition, which
+indicates that the conspiracy to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his land
+claim had its inception before that time. In this petition, after saying
+that Dr. McLoughlin did not own his Oregon City land claim, it is said
+"and which we hope he never will own." This phrase is omitted in the
+copy of the Shortess petition in Gray's _History of Oregon_ and in
+Brown's _Political History of Oregon_.[40] This phrase is referred to in
+Thurston's speech of December 26, 1850, as justifying his actions in
+giving Dr. McLoughlin's land claim to Oregon for an university.[41] I
+shall not discuss some of the allegations of this petition, as they are
+trivial and unimportant. This petition was given to W. C. Sutton to be
+taken to Washington. Dr. McLoughlin applied to Shortess for a copy of
+this petition, but the request was refused.
+
+
+
+
+_Land Laws of the Provisional Government._
+
+
+As I have stated, in July, 1843, the Provisional Government went into
+effect. Its land laws were purposely framed against Dr. McLoughlin's
+claim, and in favor of the Methodist Mission. These land laws allowed
+any person, without regard to citizenship, who was then holding or
+wished to establish a land claim in Oregon, not exceeding 640 acres, "in
+a square or oblong form, according to the natural situation of the
+premises," to have such land claim. Those in possession were allowed one
+year in which to file a description of the claim in the Recorder's
+office. Dr. McLoughlin filed his description in 1843. The survey was
+made by Jesse Applegate in 1843. The record is now in the office of the
+Secretary of State at Salem, Oregon. In having this survey made Dr.
+McLoughlin had it extend only about half way from the falls to the
+Clackamas River and so as to include not more than six hundred and forty
+acres. He abandoned that part of his original claim extending between
+his new north line and the Clackamas River.
+
+Article 4 of these land laws of 1843 was the one intended to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of his claim. It was as follows: "Art. 4. No person shall be
+entitled to hold such a claim upon city or town sites, extensive water
+privileges, or other situations necessary for the transaction of
+mercantile or manufacturing operations, to the detriment of the
+community: _Provided_, that nothing in these laws shall be so construed
+as to effect _any claim of any mission_ of a religious character, made
+previous to this time, of an extent of not more than _six miles
+square_." This land law was amended in July, 1845. The only material
+change, so far as is necessary for the purposes of this monograph, was
+that said Section 4 of the land laws of 1843 was repealed. It was after
+the repeal of the objectionable and unfair Section 4 of the land laws of
+1843 that Dr. McLoughlin for himself and the Hudson's Bay Company joined
+the Provisional Government.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Naturalization._
+
+
+After Dr. McLoughlin sent his resignation to the Hudson's Bay Company,
+in 1845, he determined to become a citizen of the United States. In 1845
+he consulted with Peter H. Burnett, then Chief-Justice of the
+Provisional Government, and with Jesse Applegate, about taking the oath
+of allegiance to the United States, and taking out his first
+naturalization papers, but Burnett had no authority from the United
+States, or other jurisdiction, to administer such an oath (or to issue
+such papers) and so advised Dr. McLoughlin. Although this matter was
+well known in Oregon, it gave Dr. McLoughlin's enemies a chance to say
+that he was a British subject, and had not taken the oath of allegiance
+to the United States, nor applied to become a citizen of the United
+States. August 14, 1848, the bill establishing the Territory of Oregon
+became a law. March 2, 1849, General Joseph Lane, the first Territorial
+Governor of Oregon, arrived at Oregon City. March 3, 1849, he issued his
+proclamation assuming charge as governor. Soon after the Territory of
+Oregon was organized and courts of the United States established. The
+assignment of Judges to their respective districts was made May 13,
+1849. May 30, 1849, Dr. McLoughlin took the oath and made his
+declaration to become a citizen of the United States, as required by the
+naturalization law. So he acted with promptness. This was well known in
+Oregon at the time. Dr. McLoughlin voted at Oregon City at the first
+general election held in June, 1849, but he did not vote for Thurston as
+delegate to Congress, which Thurston knew. Under the act of Congress,
+organizing Oregon as a territory, all aliens who had declared, on oath,
+their intentions to become citizens of the United States, and taken an
+oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the provisions
+of the act establishing the Territorial Government of Oregon, were
+entitled to vote at the first election. Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen
+of the United States, at Oregon City, September 5, 1851. The
+naturalization law then allowed an alien to become a citizen of the
+United States two years after taking the oath and making his
+declaration, if he had lived in the United States for five years. His
+witnesses were A. L. Lovejoy, A. A. Skinner, and Theodore Magruder. His
+admission to citizenship was based on his said oath and declaration of
+May 30, 1849.
+
+
+
+
+_Conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+It was in 1849 that the conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin and his land
+claim began to become effective. In 1846 Governor Abernethy became the
+sole owner of the Oregon Milling Company and its property on Abernethy
+Island, Abernethy and his son claiming to own the island, which was then
+known as "Governor's Island," in supposed compliment to Governor
+Abernethy. W. P. Bryant, the first Territorial Chief-Justice of Oregon,
+arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849. May 29, 1849, fifty days after his
+arrival he purchased all said interests of Gov. Abernethy and son.
+Bryant gave his promissory notes to Gov. Abernethy, aggregating $30,000
+in principal, as part consideration for the purchase. Bryant also bought
+from Gov. Abernethy, on time, wheat, flour, and staves for about $2500
+and a quantity of lumber and logs, the value of which I am unable to
+give. Bryant's judicial district included Oregon City.[42]
+
+In June, 1849, Samuel R. Thurston was elected Territorial Delegate to
+Congress from Oregon. He arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1847. He was
+shrewd enough to obtain the support of the Mission Party. He skillfully
+made his canvass largely against the Hudson's Bay Company. Having the
+support of the Mission Party, and many of the voters being then in the
+California mines, Thurston was elected. The vote was as follows:
+Thurston, 470; Columbus Lancaster, 321; J. W. Nesmith, 106; Joseph L.
+Meek, 40; and J. S. Griffin, 8. The most important measure for Oregon
+was the passage of a land law, for no person had or could then obtain a
+legal title to land. It was all owned by the United States except the
+small portions granted to the Missions. Thurston used his best endeavors
+to obtain the passage of such a bill. But he was anxious for re-election
+and to ingratiate himself with the Mission Party and the conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+
+
+
+_Thurston's Letter to Congress._
+
+
+Thurston prepared the way, by a letter addressed to the members of the
+House of Representatives, for introducing into the land bill a section
+depriving Dr. McLoughlin of his Oregon City claim. This letter contains
+many false statements. This section is section eleven of the Donation
+Land Law, which was passed without opposition. To this section I shall
+presently refer.
+
+This letter to the members of the House of Representatives was issued by
+Thurston at Washington, D. C., in the month of May or the early part of
+June, 1850. Said letter was published in full in the _Oregon Spectator_
+of September 12, 1850. Nothing was known in Oregon or California of this
+letter until late in August or early in September, 1850. As this letter
+is quite long and relates mostly to the general features of the Oregon
+Donation Land Bill and the necessity of its passage, I have omitted all
+that part of the letter excepting Thurston's discussion of the eleventh
+section of that bill, which contains all that part of the letter
+referring to Dr. McLoughlin and his land claim. In that part of his
+letter Thurston said:
+
+"I will next call your attention to the eleventh section of the bill,
+reserving the town site of Oregon City, known as the 'Oregon City
+Claim.' The capital of our Territory is located here (Oregon City) and
+here is the county seat of Clackamas County. It is unquestionably the
+finest water power in the known world; and as it is now, so will remain,
+the great inland business point for the Territory. This claim has been
+wrongfully wrested by Dr. McLoughlin from American citizens. The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim, with the view of establishing
+here their mills and Mission. They were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them; and,
+successively, a number of citizens of our Country have been driven from
+it, while Dr. McLoughlin was yet at the head of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Having at his command the Indians
+of the country, he has held it by violence and dint of threats up to
+this time. He had sold lots up to the 4th of March, 1849, worth
+$200,000. He also has upon it a flouring mill, graineries, two double
+sawmills, a large number of houses, stores, and other buildings, to
+which he may be entitled by virtue of his possessory rights, under the
+treaty of 1846. For only a part of these improvements which he may thus
+hold, he has been urged during the past year to take $250,000. He will
+already have made a half million out of that claim. He is still an
+Englishman, still connected in interest with the Hudson's Bay Company,
+and still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen,
+and assigns as a reason to the Supreme Judge of the Territory, that he
+cannot do it without prejudicing his standing in England. Last summer,
+he informed the writer of this, that whatever was made out of this claim
+was to go into the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he
+and other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in
+other words, that he was holding the claim for the benefit of the
+Company. Now, the bill proposes to reserve this claim; subject to
+whatever right he may have to it, or any part of it, by virtue of the
+treaty; and confirms the title of all lots sold or donated by him
+previous to March 4th, 1849. This is designed to prevent litigation.
+That day is fixed on, because, on that day, in Oregon City, Governor
+Lane took possession of the Territory, declaring the laws of the United
+States in force, and apprising Dr. McLoughlin and all others, that no
+one had a right to sell or meddle with the Government lands. Dr.
+McLoughlin ought to have been made to pay back the $200,000, but not
+wishing to create any litigation, the committee concluded to quiet the
+whole matter by confirming the lots. Having in this way made $200,000,
+and his possessory rights, if it shall turn out that he lawfully
+acquired any, being worth $200,000 more, the people of Oregon think our
+bounty is sufficient to this man, who has worked diligently to break
+down the settlements ever since they commenced; and they ask you to save
+their capital, their county seat, and the balance of that noble water
+power from the grasp of this British propagandist, and bestow it on the
+young American generation in Oregon, in the shape of education, upon
+which you and the whole Country are to rely and to defend and protect
+the western outposts of this glorious Union. The children of my Country
+are looking up to you with countenances flashing eloquence, clamoring to
+be educated, and asking you, in simple but feeling language, where your
+charity begins. They call you 'fathers,' and ask you whether you will
+put the moral weapons of defence in your children's hands in the shape
+of education, or whether you will deny it to them, and put means into
+the hands of him who will turn and rend both you and them. They do not
+doubt your decision, nor do I.
+
+"When the Methodist Missionaries were driven from this claim, they went
+on the island in the middle of the river, and constructed mills and made
+other improvements. This island is known as the Abernethy Island, and is
+of no value, except for the improvements upon it. It consists of about
+two acres of barren rock. This island was subsequently sold to George
+Abernethy, and the bill ought to confirm the same to Abernethy or his
+assigns.--This is a simple act of justice to American citizens, who now
+have their mills and property staked on those rocks, and which, for a
+long time, stood the only mills in the valley, where an American could
+get any grain ground for toll. They are now, with the exception of Dr.
+McLoughlin's mills, nearly the only mills in the whole country left
+standing by the late freshet, and they have been very materially
+injured. They must be repaired at vast expense, and if they are not, Dr.
+McLoughlin will hold, as he has heretofore held, the bread of the people
+of the Territory in his own fist. Your brethren ask you to confirm their
+title to those rocks, that their property may stand there in safety.
+They doubt not your decision. Hence there should be an amendment in the
+bill to this effect."
+
+It is not true, as asserted by Thurston, that the Methodist Mission
+first took the "Oregon City claim." It was first taken by Dr.
+McLoughlin, as I have shown. If the Methodist Mission ever took, or had
+any interest in this land claim, it was through a secret agreement or
+understanding with Waller, or with the Oregon Milling Company, excepting
+only the lots given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin in 1840 and those
+secured by the Mission under the Articles of Agreement, dated April 4,
+1844.[43] Most of the statements, in the parts of this letter just
+quoted, Thurston knew were false.
+
+Thurston also succeeded in having a proviso added to the fourth section
+of the bill, skillfully worded, which forbade anyone claiming under the
+Donation Land Law to claim both under that law and under the treaty of
+1846, that treaty providing that possessory rights of British subjects
+should be respected. As Dr. McLoughlin had declared, in 1849, his
+intentions to become a citizen and renounced his allegiance to Great
+Britain, he probably was no longer qualified to claim under the treaty.
+But even if he could have claimed under the treaty of 1846, as a British
+subject, that would not have given him a right to obtain title to his
+land claim under that treaty. It was afterwards held by the Supreme
+Court of Oregon, in the case of Cowenia v. Hannah, 3 Oregon, 465, and by
+Judge M. P. Deady, sitting as United States Circuit Judge, in the case
+of Town v. De Haven, 5 Sawyer, 146, that the stipulation in the treaty
+of 1846 that the United States would respect the possessory rights of
+British subjects, was merely a recognition of such possessory rights and
+conferred no right to, or in the land, and that no means were provided
+by the Donation Land Law, or otherwise, to obtain title or a patent, but
+a British subject might have a claim against the United States for
+compensation; that a claim to land, under the treaty, was to be excluded
+from any rights under the Donation Land Law, and a claim to land, under
+that law, was a surrender of possessory rights under the treaty.
+Unquestionably the Supreme Court of Oregon and Judge Deady were right in
+their construction of the law, as they found it, as applicable to the
+points involved in those cases.
+
+Article III of the Boundary Treaty of 1846 is as follows: "In the future
+appropriation of the territory south of the forty-ninth parallel of
+north latitude, as provided in the first article of this treaty, the
+possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay Company, and of all British
+subjects who may be already in the occupation of land or other property
+lawfully acquired within the said territory, shall be respected." Good
+faith, and to carry out the letter and the spirit of this Article III,
+should have caused Congress to respect these possessory rights of
+British subjects, so as to make them effective, and especially as they
+had acquired these rights under the Conventions for joint-occupancy of
+the Oregon Country. Means should have been provided in the Donation Land
+Law by which such British subjects "already in the occupation of land"
+in Oregon could have acquired the title thereto.
+
+In the debate in the House of Representatives, May 28, 1850, on the bill
+which became the Oregon Donation Land Law, Thurston said:[44] "This
+company [Hudson's Bay Company] has been warring against our government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been their chief fugleman,
+first to cheat our government out of the whole country, and next to
+prevent its settlement. He has driven men from claims and from the
+country, to stifle the efforts at settlement. In 1845, he sent an
+express to Fort Hall, 800 miles, to warn the American emigrants that if
+they attempted to come to Willamette they would all be cut off; they
+went, and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living? He fought the battles of the country, yet by one act of
+treason forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country--more
+dangerous, because more hidden, more jesuitical. I can refer you to the
+Supreme Judge of our territory, for proof that this Dr. McLoughlin
+refuses to file his intention to become an American citizen." Judge
+Bryant was then in Washington, lobbying for the passage of the eleventh
+section of the Donation Land Law, particularly the part giving
+Abernethy's Island to the assigns of the Milling Company. I have already
+shown the falsity of these statements of Thurston in his letter and in
+this speech, by setting forth the truth in this monograph. The mention
+by Thurston, in his speech, of Benedict Arnold in comparison with Dr.
+McLoughlin, was contemptible. It was an insinuation which Thurston
+should have been ashamed to make.
+
+On September 12, 1850, Dr. McLoughlin published in the _Oregon
+Spectator_ his answer to some of the statements, or rather
+misstatements, in Thurston's speech in Congress, May 28, 1850, and in
+his letter to the House of Representatives. Dr. McLoughlin there said:
+"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on trade under the treaty of joint-occupation of the
+country--even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity.... But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the
+Hudson's Bay Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole
+country, and next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my
+head is very white with the frost of many winters, but I have never
+before been accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject--I have had
+for twenty years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+trade, in Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have
+been the representative of British interests in this country; but I have
+never descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and
+doing wrong to any one. I have on the other hand, afforded every
+assistance to all who required it, and which religion and humanity
+dictated; and this community can say if I did so or not.... But,
+moreover, it is well known that the fact of my having aided in the
+settlement of this country has been a subject of serious complaints, and
+grave charges made against me, by subjects of Her Britannic Majesty,
+during the pending of the boundary question--who seem to have been
+imbued with the same kind disposition toward their fellow men as Mr.
+Thurston.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents, touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston--'Keep this still till next mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed--my land bill; keep dark till next mail."
+
+  "June 9, 1850.      THURSTON.'"
+
+"... In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission--they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate.... Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'--That I have held my claim or any part of it [Dr. McLoughlin's
+land claim] by violence or threats, no man will assert, and far less
+will one be found to swear so, who will be believed on his oath, in a
+court of justice. I have probably no other enemy than Mr. Thurston, so
+lost to the _suggestions_ of conscience as to make a statement so much
+at variance with my whole character. He says that I have realized, up to
+the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000 from the sale of lots; this is also
+wholly untrue. I have given away lots to the Methodists, Catholics,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to
+a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to the Clackamas Female Protestant
+Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon Legislature. The Trustees are all
+Protestants, although it is well known I am a Roman Catholic. In short,
+in one way and another I have donated to the county, to schools, to
+churches, and private individuals, more than three hundred town lots,
+and I never realized in cash $20,000 from all the original sales I have
+made. He continues, 'He is still an Englishman, still connected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses to file his intentions to become an
+American citizen.' If I was an Englishman, I know no reason why I should
+not acknowledge it; but I am a Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by
+descent. I am neither ashamed of my birth-place or lineage.... I
+declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact--he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme Judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full.... But Mr. Thurston makes another
+statement in which there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,'
+meaning myself, 'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out
+of the claim was to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+of which he and other stock-holders would share in proportion to their
+stock; in other words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the
+Hudson's Bay Company.'... I assert I never made such a statement to Mr.
+Thurston, and I assert that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that
+the Hudson's Bay Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have
+any interest in it with me.... Can the people of Oregon City and its
+vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months before he left
+this [territory], that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they
+were, to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate
+this Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact,
+proposing to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns."[45]
+
+Thurston attempted to reply to this letter of Dr. McLoughlin, published
+in the _Oregon Spectator_, in a speech made in Congress December 26,
+1850.[46] With all its false statements this speech utterly failed to
+justify the actions of Thurston against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Lieutenant Neil M. Howison, of the United States Navy, came to Oregon in
+1846, in charge of the United States schooner "Shark." He made a report
+on Oregon to the Commander of the Pacific squadron. The report is dated
+at San Francisco, February 1, 1847. It was printed by order of the House
+of Representatives, at Washington, in 1848, more than two years prior to
+Thurston's speech. It is Miscellaneous Document No. 29 of the first
+session of the 30th Congress. In this report, after speaking in praise
+of Dr. McLoughlin, Howison said of him: "He resides now altogether at
+Oregon City ... and has, by his advice and assistance, done more than
+any other man towards the rapid development of the resources of this
+country." Lieutenant Howison also said, in this report, that Dr.
+McLoughlin "has settled himself on the south side of the river
+[Columbia] with full expectation of becoming a citizen of the United
+States, and I hope the government at home will duly appreciate him."
+
+In the report of Dr. Elijah White, dated Willamette Valley, Oregon,
+November 15, 1843, to J. M. Porter, Secretary of War, Dr. White said:
+"And here allow me to say, the seasonable service, in which hundreds of
+dollars were gratuitously expended in assisting such numbers of our poor
+emigrant citizens down the Columbia to the Willamette, entitles Gov.
+McLoughlin, saying nothing of his previous fatherly and fostering care
+of this colony, to the honorable consideration of the members of this
+government. And I hope, as he is desirous to settle with his family in
+this country, and has made a claim at the falls of the Willamette, his
+claim will be honored in such a manner as to make him conscious that we,
+as a nation, are not insensible to his numerous acts of benevolence and
+hospitality towards our countrymen. Sir, in the midst of slander, envy,
+jealousy, and, in too many instances, of the blackest ingratitude, his
+unceasing, never tiring hospitality affects me, and makes him appear in
+a widely different light than too many would have him and his worthy
+associates appear before the world."[47]
+
+
+
+
+_Protests against Thurston's Actions._
+
+
+As shown in Dr. McLoughlin's printed letter of September 12, 1850,
+Thurston had sent to a confidant in Oregon, with instructions for
+secrecy, a printed copy of his letter to the House of Representatives.
+He also sent a printed copy of the bill for the Donation Land Law. These
+arrived in Oregon late in August or early in September, 1850. The
+eleventh section of the latter began to be noised about, and Thurston's
+friends, who were not in the conspiracy, met the charge with scornful
+denials. They said such a thing was not possible. But it was.[48] There
+were Oregon pioneers who protested. Before the law passed, when the
+intended action of Thurston became known, in relation to said section
+eleven, on September 19, 1850, a public meeting was held in Oregon City.
+Resolutions were passed declaring that the selection of the Oregon City
+claim for an university reservation was uncalled for by any considerable
+portion of the citizens of the Territory, and was invidious and unjust
+to Dr. McLoughlin; and that he "merits the gratitude of multitudes of
+persons in Oregon for the timely and long-continued assistance rendered
+by him in the settlement of this Territory." At the same time a memorial
+to Congress was signed by fifty-six persons, which set forth that Dr.
+McLoughlin had taken up the Oregon City claim like other claims in the
+Territory, and it had been held by him in accordance with the
+Provisional and Territorial governments of Oregon; that the memorialists
+have ever regarded it as entitled to protection as fully as other
+claims, without an intimation to the contrary from any official source
+until that time; that under this impression, both before and especially
+since March 4, 1849, large portions of it in blocks and lots had been
+purchased in good faith by many citizens of Oregon, who had erected
+valuable buildings thereon, in many instances, in the expectation of
+having a complete and sufficient title when Congress should grant a
+title to Dr. McLoughlin, as was confidently expected; that since March
+4, 1849, he had donated for county, educational, charitable, and
+religious purposes more than two hundred lots. They, therefore,
+remonstrated against the passage of the bill in its present form,
+believing that it would work a "severe, inequitable, unnecessary, and
+irremediable injustice."[49] There were no telegraph lines in Oregon or
+California in those days. And the bill was a law eight days thereafter.
+
+I am happy to say that among those who took part in these proceedings
+and signed this memorial were my father, James D. Holman, a pioneer of
+1846, and my uncle, Woodford C. Holman, a pioneer of 1845. October 26,
+1850, a public meeting was held at Salem, the stronghold of the Mission
+Party. At this meeting a committee on resolutions was appointed. The
+resolutions reported by the committee were adopted. They "highly
+approved all the actions of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress," and said
+"that facts well known in Oregon will sustain him in all he has said
+about Dr. McLoughlin and the H. B. Company." Another of these
+resolutions heartily approved the course taken by Thurston, in Congress
+upon the Donation Land Bill "especially that part which relates to the
+Oregon City claim," and "that if that claim should be secured to Dr.
+McLoughlin it would, in effect, be donating land to the H. B. Company."
+Another of these resolutions was, "That in the opinion of this meeting,
+the children of Oregon have a better right to the balance of that claim
+[Oregon City claim] than Dr. McLoughlin." Another of these resolutions
+was, "That the H. B. Company, with Dr. McLoughlin as their fugleman,
+have used every means that could be invented by avarice, duplicity,
+cunning, and deception to retard American settlement, and cripple the
+growth of American interests in Oregon."[50]
+
+There are certain qualities in some men which move them never to forgive
+a favor bestowed on them; to ruin those they have wronged or cheated; to
+endeavor to cover with obloquy those they have lied about; and to seek
+to hurt any one of better quality than they are. As a native son of
+Oregon I am ashamed of some of its pioneers and their actions. But in
+such a movement as the early settling of Oregon, there were, of
+necessity, some men of coarse fiber, and of doubtful integrity and
+honor. But such men were rare exceptions. To the honor of the
+overwhelming majority of the Oregon pioneers, be it said that they took
+no part in these actions against Dr. McLoughlin, nor did they endorse or
+sympathize with Thurston's actions and those of his co-conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+It must be borne in mind that many thousands of people, men, women, and
+children, came to Oregon in the immigrations after 1846. There were
+probably in the immigrations of 1847 to 1850, inclusive, an aggregate of
+more than ten thousand people, the number of men being in the ratio of
+about one to four. The immigration of 1847 was composed of over four
+thousand persons. These later immigrants did not experience the
+difficulties which beset the earlier immigrants along the Columbia River
+and from there to the Willamette Valley. They did not need the
+assistance of Dr. McLoughlin which the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and
+1845 did. They found Oregon City a small but thriving settlement. Some
+of them were easily led to believe that Dr. McLoughlin was not entitled
+to his land claim, which they thought was a valuable one, especially as
+he was technically a British subject. But most of them were friendly to
+him for his kindness to them, and for what he had done for the earlier
+immigrants. They appreciated that he was justly entitled to his land
+claim. The love of justice and fair play were predominant traits of most
+Oregon pioneers.
+
+
+
+
+_The Oregon Donation Land Law._
+
+
+The Donation Land Law passed and was approved by the President
+September 27, 1850. Section 4 "granted to every white settler or
+occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included,
+above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States,
+or having made a declaration, according to law, of his intention to
+become a citizen, or who shall make such declaration on or before the
+first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, now residing in
+such territory, or who shall become a resident thereof on or before the
+first day of December, 1850, and who shall have resided upon and
+cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall otherwise
+conform to the provisions of this act," 320 acres of land, if a single
+man, or if a married man, 640 acres, 320 acres being for his wife. The
+last sentence of Section 4 is as follows: "Provided further, however,
+that this section shall not be so construed as to allow those claiming
+rights under the treaty with Great Britain, relative to the Oregon
+territory, to claim both under this grant and the treaty, but merely to
+secure them the election and confine them to a single grant of land."
+
+Section eleven of said Donation Law is as follows: "Sec. 11. And be it
+further enacted, That what is known as the 'Oregon City Claim,'
+excepting the Abernethy Island, which is hereby confirmed to the legal
+assigns of the Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, shall be set
+apart and be at the disposal, of the Legislative Assembly, the proceeds
+thereof to be applied, by said Legislative Assembly, to the
+establishment and endowment of a university, to be located at such place
+in the territory as the Legislative Assembly may designate; Provided,
+however, That all lots and parts of lots in said claim, sold or granted
+by Doctor John McLoughlin, previous to the fourth of March, eighteen
+hundred and forty-nine, shall be confirmed to the purchaser or donee, or
+their assigns, to be certified to the commissioner of the general land
+office by the surveyor-general, and patents to issue on said
+certificates, as in other cases: Provided, further, That nothing in this
+act contained shall be so construed and executed as in any way to
+destroy or affect any rights to land in said territory, holden or
+claimed under the provisions of the treaty or treaties existing between
+this country and Great Britain." By the "Oregon City claim" is meant Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim.
+
+This section eleven is unjust in its treatment of Dr. McLoughlin. Not
+that Congress was to blame. It did not know the facts. Did not the first
+Delegate from Oregon advocate it? Did not the first Territorial Chief
+Justice of Oregon then in Washington, advise it? And did not the
+Delegate and the Chief Justice say that Dr. McLoughlin was so dangerous
+and unprincipled a man as not be entitled to his land claim? And that he
+refused to become an American citizen? There was not even a recognition
+of Dr. McLoughlin's right to the improvements which he had placed on his
+land claim. And there, in all its infamy, said section eleven stands on
+the statute books today. If the assigns of the Milling Company were
+entitled to Abernethy Island, why should not the courts have settled
+the matter according to law and justice, as other contested land claims
+were settled?
+
+
+
+
+_The Conspiracy Effective._
+
+
+The motives and scheme of the conspirators to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of
+his land claim were very simple but effective. They desired to obtain
+Abernethy Island, which was a part of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, for
+the assigns of the Oregon Milling Company. They desired to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of the rest of his land claim to wreak their malice against
+him, and at the same time, by statute passed by Congress, to have their
+actions against him apparently justified. Theirs was an uneasy
+conscience. It was, therefore, necessary to make it appear to Congress
+that Dr. McLoughlin was not only not entitled to his land claim nor any
+part of it, but that he should not have it under any circumstances; that
+Dr. McLoughlin was a man dangerous to Oregon, its people, and their
+interests, and had unfairly tried to prevent its settlement by citizens
+of the United States; that he refused to become an American citizen; and
+that he was not really trying to get the land claim for himself, but for
+the Hudson's Bay Company, although they knew his resignation had become
+effective in 1846. Having so wronged Dr. McLoughlin, they still did not
+dare to try to get the whole claim. To keep Dr. McLoughlin, or his
+heirs, from ever getting it, they tried to bribe the people of Oregon by
+providing that his land claim, less Abernethy Island, should be used for
+the establishment of an university, which would be for the benefit of
+all the people of Oregon. It was a cunning scheme. Thurston's reward was
+to be a re-election as Delegate to Congress. He died before he could be
+re-elected.
+
+There was great rejoicing in Oregon, at first, on the passage of the
+Donation Land Law. Every settler, except Dr. McLoughlin, could now have
+his land claim, for the title to which he had waited so long. A great
+university was to be built, without cost to anyone, except Dr.
+McLoughlin and his heirs. This was long before the discussion about
+using "tainted money." But the reaction against Thurston soon began. The
+newspapers printed letters against Thurston's actions in vilifying Dr.
+McLoughlin and in taking away his land claim. Thurston's party papers
+began to mention or to advocate other available men[51] for Thurston's
+position as delegate to Congress.[52]
+
+
+
+
+_Career and Death of Thurston._
+
+
+Even had the Mission Party, at the next election, been strong enough to
+have elected Thurston, had he lived, his political career would probably
+not have continued long. April 9, 1851, at the age of thirty-five years
+he died at sea off Acapulco, Mexico, while returning to Oregon.
+Thurston's letter, speeches, and actions against Dr. McLoughlin are the
+one great blot on his career. Thurston was a man of ability, a fluent
+speaker, a profuse writer of letters, of untiring energy, but inclined
+to be vindictive, and was not careful about the truth of his statements
+concerning a person he opposed or disliked. He made quite a reputation
+during the short time he was in Congress. He was quite popular in Oregon
+until his actions against Dr. McLoughlin became known. But for his
+actions against Dr. McLoughlin his memory would even now be highly
+regarded in Oregon. The passage of the Donation Land Law was largely due
+to his efforts. In spite of said section eleven that law gave great
+satisfaction to many people in Oregon. Up to that time no settler had
+more than a squatter's right. Man is naturally selfish. Notwithstanding
+the treatment of Dr. McLoughlin by this law, many settlers were pleased
+that they could now secure titles to their lands, and to that extent
+were grateful to Thurston.
+
+Thurston secured appropriations for Oregon aggregating one hundred and
+ninety thousand dollars. Of this one hundred thousand dollars were for
+expenses of the Cayuse Indian War. He introduced and worked for many
+bills favorable to Oregon and busied himself in looking after the
+interests of Oregon and his constituents. He wrote a great number of
+letters, which were published in the _Oregon Spectator_, calling
+attention to what he was doing in Congress and thus kept his name
+continuously before the people, for he was a skillful politician. But
+his alliance with leaders of the Mission Party was a political error.
+
+This address is about Dr. McLoughlin. I have not attempted to give the
+life of Thurston, nor a history of the Methodist Mission. To speak only
+of Thurston's actions against Dr. McLoughlin might be taken to mean that
+Thurston did nothing else while in Congress. In estimating Thurston's
+actions in Congress, those that are to his credit must be taken into
+account as well as those which are not. His actions in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim were an unfortunate bid for popularity, which
+reacted on him and his reputation. Thurston's untrue and unjust
+statements, his despicable actions, and his false and malicious charges
+against Dr. McLoughlin are indefensible. Thurston's untimely death
+probably prevented justice being done to Dr. McLoughlin and his devisees
+sooner than it was. Thurston was not a strong man physically and it was
+thought that he had shortened his life in working for Oregon and his
+constituents. To act justly to the living Dr. McLoughlin, in a certain
+sense, might be construed as reflecting on the dead Thurston.
+
+
+
+
+_The Methodist Episcopal Church._
+
+
+All my ancestors and relatives for many generations have been
+Protestants. I was brought up under the auspices of the Old School
+Presbyterian Church, of which my parents were members from my early
+childhood until their deaths at advanced ages. I have never been a
+member of any church, but my feelings and sympathies have always been
+that of a Protestant. I respect all true sects and denominations of the
+great Christian Church. I respect the religion of the Jews, of Buddha,
+and of Confucius, for the good that is in them. I respect every man's
+religious faith, as long as it is truly a religious faith. I uphold the
+right of every man to worship God according to his liking. I respect, I
+admire, the man who against opposition and against his material and
+business interests follows the dictates of his conscience in religious
+and other matters of principle. While I may not agree with him, I defend
+his right. It is immaterial to me whether Dr. McLoughlin was a
+Protestant or a Roman Catholic. It is sufficient to me that he honestly
+acted according to his reason, his judgment, and what he considered was
+right. I condemn any persecution of him for being true to his
+conscience. I have great admiration for the Methodist missionaries who
+were true to their principles, who tried to lead blameless lives and to
+convert the Indians, and respected the rights of others. It is
+immaterial to me whether the missionaries were Methodists,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, or Roman Catholics, so long as they
+were really missionaries and true to their God, according to their
+lights, true to their professions, to themselves, and to their fellow
+men. I have no attack to make on religion, nor on the Methodist
+Episcopal Church, nor on its true missionaries, clerical or lay.
+
+The Methodist Episcopal Church has been one of the great civilizing
+agencies in the United States, particularly in the newer parts of the
+country. In its earlier days, and until the great growth of the country
+in the past forty or fifty years, it reached a class of people, which no
+other denomination could reach or influence, and made better people of
+them. All churches and denominations are subject to conditions and to
+evolution. And the Methodist Episcopal Church is today one of the great
+and influential churches in the United States.
+
+There always have been and there always will be men who make use of
+religion for sinister purposes. These unworthy missionaries who were
+parties to the unjust treatment of Dr. McLoughlin are not entitled to
+escape criticism, nor to have their wrongful acts passed over because of
+their religious pretentions. They are subject all the more to severe
+condemnation. All good Methodists condemn those wrongful acts of the
+missionaries as all true, honest Oregon pioneers condemn the acts of the
+pioneers who abused or cheated Dr. McLoughlin. But these base actions
+were not sustained by, nor concurred in by all the Methodist
+missionaries. Some condemned these actions. Others of these
+missionaries, appreciating what Dr. McLoughlin had done for them, and
+his humanitarianism, spoke in his praise, but did not break with their
+fellows who were persecuting Dr. McLoughlin. Some of the signers of the
+Shortess petition afterwards regretted, or were ashamed of their actions
+in so doing. Some timid persons may say that it would be better, in this
+address, merely to speak of the kind acts and high character of Dr.
+McLoughlin and not of the wrongful and unjust ways in which he was
+treated by some of the early immigrants, by some of the Methodist
+missionaries, by Thurston, by Bryant, and others. But that would not
+show what he suffered for the upbuilding of Oregon, nor his martyrdom
+on account of his humanity, of his principles, and of his integrity. It
+would not be a true, nor an accurate account of his life and time.
+
+Some persons in writing a life of Jesus would speak of his gentleness,
+his kindness, and his humanity, and say no more. They would not say
+anything against the Pharisees, nor of their condemnation by Jesus,
+because the Pharisees were people of some standing in their community,
+and did some kindly acts, and for fear of offending the descendants of
+the Pharisees. Such historians would not say anything against Caiaphas,
+the high priest, nor his actions against Jesus, because they might
+offend those religiously inclined. They would not say anything against
+those who cried "Crucify him," in their religious zeal. They would not
+say anything against Pontius Pilate, for fear of being thought to have
+attacked the Judiciary. They would either omit the crucifixion or merely
+say the last days of Jesus were passed somewhat in sorrow and in pain.
+But such a history would be trivial, and of no value. It would fail to
+show what Jesus did and suffered in his endeavors to help mankind. It
+would be a history in name only.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Memorial to Congress._
+
+
+By the passage of the Donation Land Law, and also by reason of the
+letter and of the speeches of Thurston in Congress, Dr. McLoughlin was
+put in the humiliating position of having to issue a printed circular
+letter to get expressions of opinions of others, as to the falsity of
+the charges made against him by Thurston, and to support a memorial to
+Congress which Dr. McLoughlin afterwards sent to Congress with all the
+evidence. But his memorial accomplished nothing. There was, too, the
+question that Congress had given away his land claim, which was then
+technically the property of Oregon, for an university, and that Congress
+could not, with dignity to itself, revoke its gift. And who was Dr.
+McLoughlin to Congress? He was away out in Oregon nearly 4,000 miles
+from Washington. There were great and serious matters to be considered
+by Congress. The Oregon question was settled. What were the wrongs and
+misfortunes of one old man to Congress?
+
+In answer to the printed circular issued by Dr. McLoughlin, after the
+passage of the Donation Land Law, for the purposes of his memorial to
+Congress, he received many commendatory letters. I give merely excerpts
+from the letter of that noble old pioneer, Jesse Applegate, an immigrant
+of 1843. He wrote: "I have received your letter of inquiries, and take
+pleasure in replying to such of them as I personally know to be true. I
+came to this country in the fall of 1843, and, from that time forward, I
+can safely testify that your conduct has been the most generous and
+philanthropic, not only to immigrants from the United States, but to all
+requiring your assistance, whether natives or foreigners. I can also say
+that you have greatly encouraged and given much assistance in settling
+and developing the resources of the country, but I have by no means
+considered your motive for doing so political, or that your charitable
+acts were intended to advance the interests of any particular nation,
+but that you acted in the one case simply from a sense of Christian duty
+and humanity, and in the other from a natural desire to be useful in
+your day and generation.... But as the office of Chief Factor of the
+Hudson's Bay Company is in no way connected with politics, the discharge
+of its duties imposed no restrictions upon your private sentiments, and
+unless they led to a betrayal of your trust, which has never been
+charged against you, as an Irishman and a Catholic, you were free to
+feel and express your partiality for the free and tolerant institutions
+of the United States. That you did entertain such partiality, from my
+first acquaintance with you, need not depend upon my assertion, for it
+is a fact well known, and one you did not pretend to conceal."
+
+Jesse Applegate then says, in this letter, that he was present in 1845
+when Dr. McLoughlin applied to Judge Peter H. Burnett, the Chief Justice
+of the Provisional Government, to take the oath of allegiance to the
+United States and to obtain first naturalization papers, but Judge
+Burnett declined to grant the request for he believed he did not have
+any jurisdiction to do so. Jesse Applegate further said in his letter:
+"That 'you pulled down houses and turned women and children out of
+them,' is a charge not only false, but too absurd to require refutation
+or notice. I can myself state, from experience, which accords with that
+of every other destitute immigrant who applied to you for assistance,
+either before or since my arrival in the country, that your conduct was
+entirely the reverse. My own company, of more than seventy persons,
+mostly women and children, who arrived at Vancouver in the storms of
+winter, in a condition the most destitute and miserable, were received
+by you, not as strangers, or foreigners, or as some would have it,
+enemies, but as brethren and fit subjects of hospitality and Christian
+charity, and our reception was not more kind and generous than was
+extended to every immigrant who sought your hospitality or
+assistance.... But however unjust the Oregon Land Law has been towards
+you, it may be said in excuse for the members of Congress who passed it,
+that with the concurring and uncontradicted evidence of the Delegate and
+Chief Justice of Oregon before them, you neither _had_ nor _would_
+become an American citizen, they are not chargeable with injustice."[53]
+
+
+
+
+_The Persecution Continued._
+
+
+The conspirators and their friends did not cease their persecution of
+Dr. McLoughlin. They were determined he should not have his land claim.
+To protect the reputation of Thurston and the other conspirators, it was
+necessary to defeat all actions of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in
+favor of Dr. McLoughlin. If that body made any petitions to Congress or
+passed any resolutions in favor of Dr. McLoughlin, it would show that he
+was entitled to his land claim, the injustice of section eleven of the
+Donation Land Law, and that Thurston was guilty of malicious untruths in
+his letter to, and his speeches before Congress relating to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. Oregon could not, with propriety, pretend
+to act justly to Dr. McLoughlin and still retain his land claim. I
+regret to say that the House of Representatives of the Oregon
+Legislative Assembly, at its session in 1853-4, not only refused to help
+Dr. McLoughlin, but by its actions did him harm. January 6, 1854,
+several petitions were presented to the House asking that Congress be
+memorialized in favor of Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim,
+"excepting the Abernethy Island," but the petitions were immediately
+laid on the table. January 28, 1854, Orlando Humason presented to the
+House the following resolution: "Whereas, the acts of John McLoughlin in
+regard to his treatment of the early settlers of Oregon, have, as we
+believe, been misrepresented, therefore--RESOLVED, that the generous
+conduct of Dr. John McLoughlin in assisting the early settlers of
+Oregon, merits our warmest commendations, and that as evidence of the
+high estimation in which his services are held by his fellow citizens,
+the thanks of this Assembly be tendered to the said Dr. John
+McLoughlin."[54] But by the vote of sixteen to seven, three being
+absent, the resolution was indefinitely postponed, which was the
+legislative way of defeating it. All honor to the seven who voted in
+favor of the resolution. Their names are F. C. Cason, L. F. Cartee,
+Orlando Humason, B. B. Jackson, J. W. Moffitt, Chauncey Nye, and L. S.
+Thompson.
+
+
+
+
+_The End of Dr. McLoughlin's Life._
+
+
+All these troubles and tribulations naturally told on Dr. McLoughlin. He
+was a man of fortitude, who brooded, almost silently, over his sorrows,
+with an occasional outburst when his sufferings were too intense. He had
+made expensive improvements on his land claim, including a flour-mill
+and a saw-mill, and other buildings. No provisions were ever made by
+Congress to pay for these improvements. Even his dwelling house at
+Oregon City, which for several years had been the home of himself and
+his family, was taken from him, with his other improvements, by section
+eleven of the Oregon Donation Land Law. It is true he remained in
+possession of these improvements, including his home, but by sufferance
+only. Because the Territory of Oregon did not sell the land he was not
+actually ousted. There was no way to acquire land in Oregon City, taken
+from Dr. McLoughlin by said section eleven, except by a law passed by
+the Oregon Legislature. And the legislature did nothing.
+
+He could not move nor sell his improvements. They belonged to the land
+on which they were erected. Even if he could have sold them they would
+have brought but little as they would have to be moved. His mills were
+erected to be run by water power and they were conveniently situated on
+the bank of the river near the falls, for the economical handling of
+wheat and logs and the shipping of products of these mills. They could
+not, at that time, be successful financially if they were moved and
+operated by steam. He hoped that Congress or the Legislature would
+restore his land claim to him. But he hoped and waited in vain. The lion
+was entangled in a net. He struggled but he could not escape. And so Dr.
+McLoughlin became straitened financially. Had Dr. McLoughlin been
+allowed to have his land, he could then have built up a large town at
+Oregon City. As it was, investors went to places where titles to land
+could be obtained and there built up enterprises. With the moneys from
+the sale of land Dr. McLoughlin could have paid the Hudson's Bay Company
+all the moneys due by settlers, who had failed or refused to pay. The
+payment of this heavy indebtedness Dr. McLoughlin had assumed. It was a
+matter of honor with him. He owed nothing else to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. The settlers who would not pay their indebtedness caused Dr.
+McLoughlin to feel keenly their ingratitude. If they had paid him, he
+would have paid the Company in full.
+
+And there, too, was the question of providing after his death for his
+loving and faithful wife, to whom he was devoted, and his children. He
+had always been generous to his family. He had provided for his mother
+until her death at the age of eighty-three years. He had educated four
+nieces. He had helped other of his relatives. Is it to be wondered at
+that he sometimes felt bitter?
+
+The McLoughlin Document was undoubtedly written at this period. It is a
+brief of his defense. He probably wrote it so that his descendants would
+understand. At the end of this Document, Dr. McLoughlin said: "By
+British demagogues I have been represented as a traitor. For what?
+Because I acted as a Christian; saved American citizens, men, women and
+children from the Indian tomahawk and enabled them to make farms to
+support their families.[55] American demagogues have been base enough to
+assert that I had caused American citizens to be massacred by hundreds
+by the savages. I, who saved all I could. I have been represented by the
+Delegate from Oregon, the late S. R. Thurston, as doing all I could to
+prevent the settling [of Oregon], while it was well known to every
+American settler who is acquainted with the history of the Territory if
+this is not a downright falsehood, and most certainly will say, that he
+most firmly believes that I did all I could to promote its settlement,
+and that I could not have done more for the settlers if they had been my
+brothers and sisters, and, after being the first person to take a claim
+in the country and assisting the immigrants as I have, my claim is
+reserved, after having expended all the means I had to improve it, while
+every other settler in the country gets his. But as I felt convinced
+that any disturbance between us here might lead to a war between Great
+Britain and the States, I felt it my bounden duty as a Christian, to act
+as I did, and which I think averted the evil, and which was so
+displeasing to some English demagogues that they represented me to the
+British government as a person so partial to American interests as
+selling the Hudson's Bay Company goods, in my charge, cheaper to
+American than I did to British subjects.... Yet, after acting as I
+have, spending my means and doing my utmost to settle the country, my
+claim is reserved, while every other settler in the country gets his;
+and how much this has injured me, is daily injuring me, it is needless
+to say, and certainly it is a treatment I do not deserve and which I did
+not expect. To be brief, I founded this settlement and prevented a war
+between the United States and Great Britain, and for doing this
+peaceably and quietly, I was treated by the British in such a manner
+that from self respect I resigned my situation in the Hudson's Bay
+Company's service, by which I sacrificed $12,000 per annum, and the
+'Oregon Land Bill' shows the treatment I received from the Americans."
+
+And so, worried and troubled without surcease, Dr. McLoughlin maintained
+his grand, but kindly, attitude to the last. But these matters affected
+his health. For several years before his death he was an invalid, but
+his pride assisted him to persevere and to transact such business as he
+could, although his heart was breaking. His flesh became greatly
+reduced, his eyes deeply sunken. He grew so emaciated that his great
+frame stood out, making him look gaunt and grim. For a few weeks, only,
+before his death he was confined to his bed.
+
+Thus encompassed and overcome, and crucified by robbery, mendacity, and
+ingratitude, Dr. John McLoughlin died at Oregon City, September 3, 1857,
+a broken-hearted man. He was buried in the churchyard of the Roman
+Catholic Church in Oregon City, where his body now lies. The stone
+which marks his grave bears the simple inscription:
+
+      "DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+              DIED
+         Sept. 3, 1857.
+              AGED
+            73 Years.
+  The pioneer and Friend of Oregon.
+   Also the founder of this City."
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin is not the only great character in history, whose
+memory shall live for all time, but whose death was under sad
+circumstances and whose heart, at the time of his death, was then filled
+with thoughts of the wrong-doings and the ingratitude of others.
+
+The frontispiece to this address is made from a photograph of a
+daguerreotype of Dr. McLoughlin taken in 1856, when his sorrows and
+tribulations were beginning to tell on him. This daguerreotype belongs
+to Mrs. Josiah Myrick, of Portland, Oregon, who is a granddaughter of
+Dr. McLoughlin. She kindly loaned this daguerreotype to have the
+photograph made of it.
+
+Governor L. F. Grover was elected Governor of Oregon for two consecutive
+terms. He resigned during his last term to be an United States Senator,
+to which latter office he was elected. He is now living in Portland, at
+an advanced age. On the fourteenth of September, 1905, he gave me a
+written statement of an incident which occurred in the last sickness of
+Dr. McLoughlin. In this statement Governor Grover said that he was
+riding on horseback through Oregon City on his way from Salem to
+Portland, and passed down the street directly in front of Dr.
+McLoughlin's home, a few days before his death. As Governor Grover was
+giving directions for the care of his horse, a messenger came to him
+from Dr. McLoughlin requesting Governor Grover to call at Dr.
+McLoughlin's house. Governor Grover says: "I found him extremely ill....
+He said that he was dying by inches. He said: 'I shall live but a little
+while longer and this is the reason I sent for you. I am an old man and
+just dying, and you are a young man and will live many years in this
+country, and will have something to do with affairs here. As for me, I
+might better have been shot'--and he brought it out harshly--'I might
+better have been shot forty years ago.' After a silence, for I did not
+say anything, he concluded: 'than to have lived here and tried to build
+up a family and an estate in this government. I became a citizen of the
+United States in good faith. I planted all I had here and the government
+has confiscated my property. Now what I want to ask of you is that you
+will give your influence after I am dead to have this property go to my
+children. I have earned it as other settlers have earned theirs, and it
+ought to be mine and my heirs.' I told him I would favor his request,
+and did."
+
+
+
+
+_Justice to Dr. McLoughlin's Memory._
+
+
+Although the Donation Land Law went into effect September 27, 1850, and
+its section eleven provided that the "Oregon City Claim" should be at
+the disposal of the Territory for the establishment and endowment of an
+university, nothing was done with this land claim until 1862, three
+years after Oregon became a state. In October, 1862, the Legislative
+Assembly of the State of Oregon passed an act, which was approved by the
+Governor October 17, 1862, conveying and confirming to the legatees
+under the will of Dr. McLoughlin, who were his son, David, his daughter,
+Eloisa, and her husband, Daniel Harvey, the McLoughlin or Oregon City
+land claim, excepting Abernethy Island, upon the condition that said
+legatees pay to the University Fund of Oregon, the nominal sum of one
+thousand dollars. This was forthwith paid by Daniel Harvey and wife in
+gold coin although they might have paid it in greenbacks, which were
+then at a large discount. As the eleventh section of the Donation Land
+Law provided that the proceeds of the sale of said Oregon City Claim
+should be applied to the establishment and endowment of an university,
+there had to be some consideration paid on its disposal by the State.
+All this occurred twelve years after the passage of the Donation Land
+Law and five years after the death of Dr. McLoughlin. During all those
+twelve years the title of this land claim was in the Territory, or State
+of Oregon. It stopped the growth of Oregon City. It impoverished Dr.
+McLoughlin.
+
+As appears by the Senate and House Journals of the Legislative Session
+of 1862 said act passed the Senate, with two negative votes only, and
+there were none in the House after the act was amended in the Senate in
+the form in which the act became a law. The injustice of the Donation
+Land Law to Dr. McLoughlin had appealed to the people of Oregon in the
+twelve years which had elapsed since the passage of the latter law. What
+Dr. McLoughlin had done for Oregon and its pioneers could not be
+forgotten. Justice to him and his memory was, at last, triumphant. The
+enactment and approval of this law of October 17, 1862, was an official
+vindication of Dr. McLoughlin, by the Legislative and Executive
+Departments of the State of Oregon, of all the false statements about,
+and all charges against him made by Thurston and others, and of all
+their misrepresentations of Dr. McLoughlin and of his acts. It was a
+formal official acknowledgment of the injustice of the Oregon Donation
+Land Law to Dr. McLoughlin. It was an official recognition of his
+sterling qualities; of his humanity; of his great services in assisting
+the early immigrants; of what he had done for Oregon; and of what was
+due to him and to his memory as the Father of Oregon. It cleared his
+character and reputation from every imputation of unfairness, injustice,
+and chicanery. It was, in effect, an official condemnation of the acts
+of the conspirators against him.
+
+In 1846 the fame of Dr. John McLoughlin as a great and good man had
+extended to Rome. That year Gregory XVI, then the Pope, made Dr.
+McLoughlin a Knight of St. Gregory the Great, of civil grade. The
+original patent, written in Latin, is now in the possession of a
+descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. A copy in English is in the possession of
+the Oregon Historical Society. The Pope sent to Dr. McLoughlin the
+Insignia of the Order, which was delivered to him by Archbishop Francis
+N. Blanchet on his return from Europe in August, 1847. It was a high and
+deserved honor. But without it Dr. John McLoughlin was one of Nature's
+knights in all qualities which the highest and best of knights should
+have. He was such a knight, _sans peur, sans reproche_.
+
+
+
+
+_Opinions by Dr. McLoughlin's Contemporaries._
+
+
+In 1887 the people of Portland determined to raise six hundred dollars
+for a three-quarter life-size portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, to be painted
+by William Coggswell, the artist, to be owned by the Oregon Pioneer
+Association. The money was raised by popular subscription. The total
+amount subscribed was nearly double the sum required. This portrait was
+formally presented to the Association at its annual meeting, June 15,
+1887. Judge M. P. Deady made the presentation address. He was a judge
+for forty years continuously in Oregon. A part of the time, six years,
+he was on the Oregon Territorial Supreme Bench, and for thirty-four
+years he was United States District Judge for Oregon, after Oregon
+became a State. In his presentation address Judge Deady, speaking of Dr.
+McLoughlin,[56] said: "The man, whose portrait now hangs before you,
+came to this country from the Atlantic commissioned as Chief Factor and
+Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains. He was
+clothed with absolute power.... He was the ruler of this country, and
+had the peace and security of the people in his hands. He was
+distinguished for his justice and fair dealing with the Indians. When
+the immigration came he was distinguished for kindness and hospitality.
+He always literally obeyed the scriptural injunction to feed the hungry,
+visit the sick and clothe the naked. The maintenance of law, order and
+justice rested on his shoulders and he was equal to the occasion.
+
+"The people of Portland have thought to honor his memory by having his
+portrait painted and giving it to the Pioneer Association, to be taken
+to the fair city of Salem and hung in the State Capitol, where you may
+look at it and show it to your children, and they to their children, and
+say: 'This is the old doctor, the good doctor, Dr. John McLoughlin.'
+Thirty years ago he laid down his life at the Wallamet Falls, where he
+had builded and lived since 1845, somewhat in obscurity, somewhat in
+sorrow, somewhat in sadness and disappointment. But the political strife
+and religious bigotry which cast a cloud over his latter days have
+passed away, and his memory and figure have arisen from the mist and
+smoke of controversy, and he stands out today in bold relief, as the
+first man in the history of this country--the Pioneer of Pioneers."
+
+The Oregon Pioneer Association deemed it best to present this portrait
+to the State of Oregon. This was done February 6, 1889, at a joint
+session of the Senate and House of the Oregon Legislative Assembly held
+for the purpose. This portrait now hangs in the Senate chamber of the
+State Capitol at Salem in the place of honor, immediately back of the
+chair of the President of the Senate. John Minto, an honored pioneer of
+1844, was selected to make the presentation address. In this address Mr.
+Minto said:[57] "In this sad summary of such a life as Dr. McLoughlin's,
+there is a statement that merits our attention, which, if ever proven
+true--and no man that ever knew Dr. McLoughlin will doubt that he
+believed it true, namely, that he prevented war between Great Britain
+and the United States--will show that two of the greatest nations on
+this earth owe him a debt of gratitude, and that Oregon in particular is
+doubly bound to him as a public benefactor.... It is now twenty-six
+years since the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, so far as
+restoration of property to Dr. McLoughlin's family could undo the wrong
+of Oregon's land bill, gave gladness to the heart of every Oregon
+pioneer worthy of the name. All of them yet living now know that (good
+man as they believed him) he was better than they knew. They see him
+now, after the strife and jealousies of race, national, business, and
+sectarian interests are allayed, standing in the centre of all these
+causes of contention--a position in which to please all parties was
+simply impossible, to maintain which 'only a good man could bear with
+patience'--and they have adopted this means of conveying their
+appreciation of this great forbearance and patient endurance, combined
+with his generous conduct. Looking, then, at this line of action in the
+light of the merest glimpses of history known to be true by witnesses
+yet living, can any honest man wonder that the pioneers of Oregon, who
+have eaten the salt of this man's hospitality--who have been eye
+witnesses to his brave care for humanity and participators of his
+generous aid--are unwilling to go to their graves in silence, which
+would imply base ingratitude--a silence which would be eloquent with
+falsehood?"
+
+In accepting this portrait, on behalf of the State of Oregon, Gov.
+Sylvester Pennoyer, also an Oregon pioneer, who served two consecutive
+terms as Governor of the State of Oregon, said:[58] "This gift is alike
+creditable to the venerable men of your Association in its bestowment
+and to the State of Oregon in its acceptance. It does honor to the
+pioneers of Oregon, because it shows their full appreciation of the high
+qualities of a true and noble manhood; and the placing of this painting
+in the honorable position it now occupies in the senate-hall of the
+state capitol evinces a like appreciation on the part of the
+representatives and the people of this great State. Dr. McLoughlin was,
+indeed, a most extraordinary man. Entrusted with a most responsible
+position under the British flag at a time when there was a bitter
+contest for governmental supremacy in Oregon, it was the undoubted and
+honorable wish and prompting of his heart that the flag of his country
+might continue to wave over Oregon soil, and yet in instances repeated
+without number, he extended the hand of charity and unstinted aid to the
+poor immigrants of the contesting people, whose advent here threatened
+the supremacy of his government over the contested territory. While he
+was loyal to his country he was, as became his lofty character, more
+loyal to his conscience; and while never forgetting his full allegiance
+as a Briton, he never forgot his higher duty as a man.... Then let this
+picture of the grand old man, whose numerous deeds of charity are
+inseparably interwoven in the early history of our State, ever enjoy the
+place of honor it now holds; and when our children and our children's
+children shall visit these venerated halls, let them pause before the
+portrait of this venerable man and do homage to his memory, who, with
+his patriotic devotion to his country and his devout service to his God,
+crowned the full completeness of his high character with an unmeasured
+love for his fellow men."
+
+I have already spoken of the Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., a Methodist
+minister who came to Oregon in 1853, and of his memorable address
+delivered at Pendleton, December 10, 1897. In this address Dr. Hines
+said that "Dr. McLoughlin should escape the traduction of sectarian
+rancor and bigotry, ... was perhaps an impossibility. He certainly did
+not. Of course all could see at the outset, and none more clearly than
+the missionaries themselves, that the attitude he assumed towards the
+American missions and missionaries, must needs decide the success of
+their work, and even the very inauguration of it.... Dr. McLoughlin was
+a Christian, professedly, and it does not lie in me to say that he was
+not really and truly. At this time, and long before, and for years
+afterwards, he was a member of the Church of England. That subsequently,
+in 1841, I think, he became a devout member of the Roman Catholic
+church, does not, to my mind, take from or add to the estimate I make of
+him as a devout believer in that form of religion called Christianity."
+And speaking of Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of the missionaries of all
+denominations, Dr. Hines said: "All these missionaries came while Dr.
+McLoughlin was not connected with any of the churches they represented.
+His treatment of them was on a broader and higher plane than that of the
+sectary. It was that of the humanitarian and the Christian, and it
+continued thus even after he must have seen that, at least, the missions
+of Mr. Lee and Dr. Whitman were, in the order of events, gathering about
+themselves the elements of an American civilization that indicated what
+the future of Oregon would be--what it has long since become." And
+referring to the early immigrants and Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of
+them, Dr. Hines said: "What would Dr. McLoughlin do? Would he shut the
+gates of his fortress? Would he lock the doors of his granaries? Would
+he deny asylum to the weary, footsore, famishing immigrants? What would
+he do? We can answer by rehearsing what he did. He forgot, in large
+measure, that those who lay at his door, sick, weary, poor, and almost
+ready to die, were not his friends. He fed them and pointed them out the
+ways in which they could take living root in the soil of that very
+Oregon which was the covet of England, and had so long been the
+possession of his own Company, albeit they who came were American
+citizens, and each brought an American flag in his heart if not in his
+hand.
+
+"To me it seems evident that Dr. McLoughlin clearly saw the inevitable
+outcome of the struggle between dilatory and procrastinating diplomacy
+and the steady tramp of the growing army of ox teams that slowly swung
+down the slopes of the mountains, and, in his humanity, which was wider
+than his national prejudices, and stronger to control him than his love
+of gain, gave the final cast of his own act to humanity and peace,
+rather than to gain and war. I cannot here trace the individual acts
+that demonstrate this general conclusion, as my aim has been rather to
+indicate the results and show the conclusions of history than to relate
+its incidents and chronicle its dates.
+
+"A few years pass on. The great Company, erst and long the rulers of
+Oregon, disown the acts and reprove the conduct of this man of men.
+Rising to an even higher altitude of resplendent manhood, with a
+magnificent scorn he casts down his lofty office, with its salary of
+$12,000 a year, at the feet of these knights of the counting-house and
+ledger, cuts all the bonds that bind him to their service, comes back
+from the palaces of London to the green woods and soft plains of Oregon,
+takes his place as an American citizen under the stars and stripes, and
+thus wins the place of imperishable honor and fame as the true 'Father
+of Oregon.' There his ablest contemporaries place him. There the great
+State within whose bounds he died and whose foundations he laid, by the
+voice of her legislature and her chief executive has crowned him. There
+history, whose verdict I record to-night, and with which my own heart
+agrees, enshrines him as the greatest of our really great pioneer era."
+
+I have given these opinions because they are those of men who personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. And years after his death, after careful
+consideration and reflection, they have properly estimated him and, thus
+remembering, have spoken truly and justly.[59]
+
+
+
+
+_Eulogy upon Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+Like many others of the world's great men, Dr. John McLoughlin had many
+characteristics, apparently conflicting, but making in the aggregate a
+wonderful and harmonious whole. He was the autocrat of the early Oregon
+Country, yet all his feelings and political sympathies were for a
+republican form of government, and for rule by the people, and for
+personal liberty; he was a trader, with the training of a trader and of
+a business man, yet he gave credit, without security, to the early
+pioneers, because he was a humanitarian; he was quick tempered and
+impulsive, yet he was courteous and kind, for he was a gentleman; he was
+stern and severe and a strict disciplinarian, yet he had a sympathy like
+that of a woman, and a heart as tender and susceptible as that of a
+little child.
+
+Whatever Dr. John McLoughlin did to or for the Oregon settlers,
+missionaries and immigrants, he did to every citizen of Oregon, man,
+woman, and child, for all time, then, now, and to come. In honoring him,
+we honor ourselves. To fail to honor him and his memory, we would
+dishonor ourselves. To every true, honest Oregon pioneer, and to the
+descendants of every Oregon pioneer, has come the pleasing and loving
+duty of letting the whole world know of Dr. McLoughlin's actions and
+character, so that memory of him and his humanity shall never perish.
+The time will come--and it should come soon--when a magnificent and
+stately monument will be erected in Oregon in honor of Dr. John
+McLoughlin. But it must be a monument of such size and beauty as, in
+that manner, to show the appreciation of the people of Oregon for him,
+and of the good and noble deeds of this grand old man.
+
+His name should be enrolled in the Temple of Fame of distinguished
+Americans. A county in each of the states of Oregon and Washington
+should be named for him. For prior to March 2, 1853, what is now the
+State of Washington, was a part of the Territory of Oregon, and Fort
+Vancouver, where his noblest deeds were performed, is in the State of
+Washington. That State would do itself great honor if it should change
+the name of Thurston County to that of McLoughlin. I am glad that the
+last Legislative Assembly of Oregon restored the name of Mt. McLoughlin
+to that sublime, snow-covered mountain in Southern Oregon, sometimes
+called Mt. Pitt, but, prior to 1838, named for Dr. John McLoughlin by
+the early residents of Oregon, and for years called and shown on the
+maps as Mt. McLoughlin. It will forever be known by his name. It would
+have been appropriate if the Legislative Assembly of Oregon had changed
+the name of Mount Hood to that of Mount McLoughlin, for, in the days
+when Dr. John McLoughlin was in charge at Fort Vancouver, it was the
+custom of the Indians, in what is now called Eastern Oregon and Eastern
+Washington, to point to Mt. Hood as showing near where was his
+residence.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin died more than forty-nine years ago. Under the canons of
+the Roman Catholic Church no one can be canonized until he or she has
+been dead at least fifty years. If I may do so with propriety, I suggest
+that, when the fifty years have passed, those in proper authority in
+that Church cause Dr. John McLoughlin to be canonized, if it is possible
+to do so. But the people of Oregon, as a people, are not bound by this
+canon. Already the memory of this grand old man is enshrined in their
+hearts. To them he is now the patron saint of Oregon, without regard to
+canon or rules, religion or sect.
+
+Of all the names and titles given to, or bestowed upon Dr. John
+McLoughlin, the one I like best is "Father of Oregon;" for he was, and
+is truly, the Father of Oregon. And it enables every old, true Oregon
+pioneer, and every son and daughter of every Oregon pioneer, and his and
+her descendants, to the remotest generations, to speak of Dr. John
+McLoughlin with affection and love, with respect and veneration as "Our
+Father." In the past the fervent prayers of these grateful pioneers
+were made in his praise and that his tribulations might end and
+persecutions of him might cease. Their tears consecrated his martyrdom
+and his memory. Today the hearts of the survivors and of the descendants
+of these pioneers quicken at thoughts of what he was and what he did;
+and their eyes moisten in recalling what he suffered and what he endured
+in the making of Oregon.
+
+Of all the men whose lives and deeds are essential parts of the history
+of the Oregon Country, Dr. John McLoughlin stands supremely first--there
+is no second. In contemplating him all others sink into comparative
+insignificance. You may search the whole world, and all its histories
+from the beginning of civilization to today, and you will find no
+nobler, no grander man than Dr. John McLoughlin. His life and character
+illustrate the kinship of man to God. He was God-like in his great
+fatherhood, in his great strength, in his great power, and in the
+exercise of his strength and of his power; he was Christ-like in his
+gentleness, in his tenderness, in his loving-kindness, and in his
+humanity.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT A
+
+  _Article 3 of the Convention between the United States of America and
+  Great Britain, signed at London, October 20, 1818._
+
+
+"It is agreed that any country that may be claimed by either party on
+the north-west coast of America, westward of the Stony Mountains, shall,
+together with its harbors, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all
+rivers within the same, be free and open for the term of ten years from
+the date of the signature of the present convention, to the vessels,
+citizens, and subjects, of the two powers; it being well understood that
+this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim
+which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of
+the said country, nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any
+other power or state to any part of the said country; the only object of
+the high contracting parties, in that respect, being to prevent disputes
+and differences among themselves."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT B
+
+  _Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain,
+  signed at London, August 6, 1827._
+
+
+"Article 1. All the provisions of the third article of the convention
+concluded between the United States of America and his majesty the king
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the 20th of
+October, 1818, shall be, and they are hereby, further indefinitely
+extended and continued in force, in the same manner as if all the
+provisions of the said article were herein specifically recited.
+
+"Art. 2. It shall be competent, however, to either of the contracting
+parties, in case either should think fit, at any time after the 20th of
+October, 1828, on giving due notice of twelve months to the other
+contracting party, to annul and abrogate this convention; and it shall,
+in such case, be accordingly entirely annulled and abrogated, after the
+expiration of the said term of notice.
+
+"Art. 3. Nothing contained in this convention, or in the third article
+of the convention of the 20th October, 1818, hereby continued in force,
+shall be construed to impair, or in any manner affect, the claims which
+either of the contracting parties may have to any part of the country
+westward of the Stony or Rocky Mountains."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT C
+
+  _Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay Company and North-West
+  Company; and grant to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838 to trade in
+  the Oregon Country._
+
+
+A great enmity arose between the Hudson's Bay Company and the
+North-West Company. In 1815 a regular war broke out between the two
+companies, which was, for some time after, openly carried on. In 1821 a
+compromise was effected, by which the North-West Company became united
+with, or rather merged, in the Hudson's Bay Company. In connection with
+this merger the British Parliament July 2, 1821, passed an act entitled,
+"An act for regulating the fur trade and establishing a criminal and
+civil jurisdiction in certain parts of North America," containing every
+provision required to give stability to the Hudson's Bay Company, and
+efficiency to its operation. Under this act of Parliament, the King was
+authorized to make grants or give licenses for the exclusive privilege
+of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North America, not
+being parts of the territories previously granted to the Hudson's Bay
+Company, or of any of His Majesty's provinces in North America, or of
+any territories belonging to the United States of America; "provided,
+however, that no such grant or license shall be given for a longer
+period than twenty-one years; that no grant or license for exclusive
+trade, in the part of America west of the Rocky mountains, which, by the
+convention of 1818 with the United States, remained free and open to the
+subjects or citizens of both nations, shall be used to the prejudice or
+exclusion of citizens of the United States engaged in such trade; and
+that no British subject shall trade in those territories west of the
+Rocky mountains without such license or grant."
+
+December 21, 1821, the King of England granted a license for twenty-one
+years, to the Hudson's Bay Company and to W. McGillivray, S.
+McGillivray, and E. Ellice (representing the North-West Company) "the
+exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians, in all such parts of
+North America, to the northward and westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power." Said grant also provided: "And we
+do hereby declare that nothing in this our grant contained shall be
+deemed or construed to authorize the said Governor and Company, or W.
+McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, or any person in their
+employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+north-west coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any citizen of the United States of
+America, who may be engaged in the said trade: Provided always, that no
+British subjects other than and except the said Governor and Company,
+and the said W. McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, and the
+persons authorized to carry on exclusive trade by them on grant, shall
+trade with the Indians within such limits, during the period of this our
+grant." Under this license, the parties to whom it was granted continued
+their operations until 1824, when the claims of the North-West Company
+were extinguished by mutual consent; the Hudson's Bay Company then
+became the sole possessor of the privileges conceded, which were
+enjoyed by that body until the expiration of the grant. Previous to that
+period, 1838, a new grant was made to the Company, entitled, "Crown
+Grant to the Hudson's Bay Company of the Exclusive Trade with the
+Indians in certain parts of North America, for a term of twenty-one
+Years, and upon Surrender of a former Grant."
+
+Said grant of 1838 provided: "We do hereby grant and give our license,
+under the hand and seal of one of our principal secretaries of state, to
+the said Governor and Company, and their successors, for the exclusive
+privilege of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North
+America, to the northward and to the westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power, but subject, nevertheless, as
+hereinafter mentioned: And we do, by these presents, give, grant, and
+secure, to the said Governor and Company, and their successors, the sole
+and exclusive privilege, for the full period of twenty-one years from
+the date of this our grant, of trading with the Indians in all such
+parts of North America as aforesaid (except as hereinafter mentioned)."
+Said grant of 1838 also provided: "But we do hereby declare that nothing
+in this our grant contained shall be deemed or construed to authorize
+the said Governor and Company, or their successors, or any persons in
+their employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+northwest coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any of the subjects of any foreign states,
+who, under or by force of any convention for the time being, between us
+and such foreign states, respectively, may be entitled to, and shall be
+engaged in, the said trade."[60]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT D
+
+  _Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev. Jason Lee._
+
+
+The following excerpts are taken from the manuscript journal of Rev.
+Jason Lee, all of which is in his handwriting. This original journal is
+now in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society.
+
+"Vancouver, Teus[day], Sept. 16, 1834.----Arrived at Fort Vancouver 3
+o'clock found the Governor and other Gentlemen connected with the Fort
+on shore waiting our arrival and conducted us to the Fort and gave us
+food which was very acceptable as we had eaten our last for breakfast.
+We received every attention from these Gentlemen. Our baggage was
+brought and put into a spacious room without consulting us and the room
+assigned for our use and we had the pleasure of sleeping again within
+the walls of a house after a long and fatiguing journey replete with
+menacies, deprivations, toil and prosperity.
+
+"I have been much delighted today in viewing the improvements of the
+farm, &c. The dinner was as good and served in as good stile as in any
+gentleman's house in the east. Fine mus[k] & water melons and apples
+were set before us which were indeed a luxury after the dry living we
+have had for some time. After dinner took a turn in the Garden and was
+astonished to find it in such a high state of cultivation. The orchard
+is young but the quantity of the fruit is so great that many of the
+branches would break if they were not prevented by props.
+
+"Dr. McLoughlin the Governor of the Fort seems pleased that Missionaries
+have come to the country and freely offers us any assistance that it is
+in his power to render. It is his decided opinion that we should
+commence somewhere in this vicinity. O Lord do thou direct us in the
+choice of a location. This evening received the joyful inteligence that
+Capt. Wyeth's Brig was in sight. It is a matter of joy because the last
+we heard it was on a sand-bar some 70 mi. below and we found we should
+be obliged to go down for our goods. Is not the hand of Providence in
+all this? Would to God that I could praise him as I ought for his
+gracious dealings with us. It is now past 11 o'clock and I must commend
+myself to divine care and retire.
+
+"Friday Sep. 19, 1834.----Daniel and myself are now on the bank of the
+Willamette River a little distance from Mr. McKay's place. Wednesday
+expected that the Brig would come up to Vancouver and we should receive
+our goods there but the want of wind prevented her coming up. Went on
+board just at night and ascertained that we could not get them until the
+cargo was taken out. Slept on board and walked to the Fort 3 mi. in the
+morning and commenced preparations for a trip up the Willamette. Dr. Mc.
+made all the necessary preparations of men, boat, food, &c. and we were
+off about 4 o'clock. Camped upon the sand. Started early this morning
+and came to the mouth of the W. [Willamette] and found the Brig there.
+Took breakfast on board. Waited while Capt's Lambert, Wyeth & Thing
+explored the vicinity in search of a place to suit their business but
+the[y] could find none to please them. Left them with the expectation
+that they will unload some of their goods and arms at or near the place
+where they now are. Arrived 1/2 past 1 o'clock."
+
+After an exploring trip up the Willamette River, which is described in
+his journal, Jason Lee sets forth: "Sat. 27 [Sept.]. Arrived at the Fort
+g. h. found our brethern well.
+
+"After mature deliberation on the subject of our location and earnest
+prayer for divine direction I have nearly concluded to go to the W.
+[Willamette]."
+
+"Sun. 28 Sep. 1834.--A. M. Assayed to preach to a mixed congregation
+English French scotch Irish Indians Americans Half Breeds Japanese &c.
+some of whom did not understand 5 words of english. Found it extremely
+difficult to collect my thoughts or find language to express them but
+am thankful that I have been permited to plead the cause of God on this
+side the Ry. Mountains where the banners of Christ were never before
+unfurled. Great God grant that it may not be in vain but may some fruit
+appear even from this feeble attempt to labour for Thee.
+
+"Evening Preached again but with as little liberty as in the morning,
+but still I find it is good to worship God in the public congregation."
+
+"Mon. Sep. 29, 1834. This morning began to make preparations in good
+earnest for our departure to the W. [Willamette] and after dinner
+embarked in one of the Company's boats kindly maned for us by Dr.
+McLoughlin who has treated us with the utmost politeness, attention and
+liberality. The Gentlemen of the Fort accompanied us to the boat and
+most heartily wished us great success in our enterprise. Arrived at the
+lower mouth of the W. where Capt. Wyeth's Brig is late in the evening."...
+
+"Wednes[day] Sep. 31, 1834. This morning put Br's D. Lee & Edwards on
+shore to go to Mr. MKay's place to get horses and we pursued our course
+up the river. Met Capt. Wyeth on his return from his farm and shall not
+see him again til summer. Camped on a small prairie about 9 mi. from the
+Falls and found here the men which the Dr. had sent with the cattle he
+has lent us 8 oxen 8 cows & 8 calves."
+
+After November 9, 1834, there is no entry in this journal until August
+18, 1837, where there is an entry by Jason Lee, saying that he has not
+kept up his journal. There is no further entry until July 28, 1838,
+which was written at North Fork, Platte River, when he was on his first
+trip to the eastern states. He says in his journal that on February 16,
+1838: "The 16 Feb. [1838] I set out for Umpqua, and after 23 days, of
+toil and hard-ship reached home in safety, and after a few days rest
+found myself rather better for the trip. This was encouraging,
+considering the difficulties encountered such as being drenched in rain
+many times, fording creeks high enough to wet our feet, sleeping in wet
+clothes, and blankets, very bad roads and sometimes hard marching, &c.
+The subject of the necessity of some one of the Mission Family visiting
+the U. S. had been agitated during the winter, and it was at length
+decided by a majority that it was expedient for _me_ to go. Previous to
+leaving for Umpqua, I had written Dr. McLoughlin, requesting a passage,
+in the companies Boats, with himself by the Hudson Bay route. This I
+greatly preferred to the route I came, as less fatiguing, less
+dangerous, better calculated to restore my debilitated system, and much
+more likely to afford new, interesting and useful information. The
+answer was near when I left, and was to be brought me by a man, who was
+to overtake us the second day, but by mistake he sent it to my house,
+hence I did not get it till my return. The Dr. could not grant my
+request, and expressed himself 'doubly mortified;' because he could not
+do me the favour, and should also be deprived of my company." The
+remainder of the journal is taken up with the account by Jason Lee of
+his trip East. March 26, 1838, there is an entry that he left the
+Mission House on the Willamette for the United States. March 28 he
+arrived at Fort Vancouver. On April 4 he left Fort Vancouver in company
+with a Hudson's Bay Company's party bound for the Rocky Mountains. The
+rest of the journal is taken up with his trip Eastward. The last entry
+in his journal says that on July 17, 1838, he was at Sweet Water River.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT E
+
+  _Rev. Jason Lee's visit to the Eastern States in 1838; and his Report
+  to the Missionary Board at New York in 1844._
+
+
+On arriving in the Eastern States in 1838 Rev. Jason Lee seems to have
+become imbued with the zeal and fervor of an evangelist in regard to
+christianizing the Oregon Indians, and the necessity of more
+missionaries in Oregon. Rev. Dr. Hines in his _Missionary History of the
+Pacific Northwest_, p. 194, says: "Mr. Lee devoted the winter of 1838
+and the summer of 1839 to traveling and delivering missionary addresses
+in the cities and larger towns of the Atlantic states. He was
+accompanied in his journeys by the two Indian boys, Wm. Brooks and
+Thomas Adams, brought with him from his missionary school in Oregon,
+whose presence and intelligent speeches added greatly to the popular
+enthusiasm. Lee's appeals were irresistible. The fire of his zeal caught
+on the altars of the church everywhere. Oregon and the Oregon Mission
+fired the heart of the church as no mission ever did before. The age of
+apostolic fervor seemed to have returned, and Lee was in the eye of the
+church like the great Apostle to the Gentiles building on no other man's
+foundation. The thought of distant wilds, where uncounted red men waited
+and longed for deliverance from the darkness of heathenism that had
+wrapped all their race for all these ages became an ever present vision
+to the church of the United States." In this _History_, p. 195, Dr.
+Hines also says: "Poverty donated its little; wealth gave its 'gold,
+frankincense, and myrrh.'... The culture of Boston responded; the pride
+of New York cast its jewels into the treasury. The staid sobriety of
+Philadelphia wept and shouted and gave. Baltimore out-did the renown of
+her ancient missionary fame. Lee, erst the lumberman of Canada, later
+the pioneer missionary, who had dipped his banner in the spray of the
+Pacific was the hero of the hour." But in his oral report to the
+Missionary Board in July, 1844, after quoting the following from the
+letter of a complaining fellow missionary who went to Oregon on the
+Lausanne: "And indeed they [the Indians] have no life or energy and are
+a melancholy, doomed race," Jason Lee said: "I think this is in part
+true, the Indians on the Willamette will become, as a distinct race,
+extinct. But I think there will be more Indian blood through
+amalgamation, running in the veins of white men a hundred years hence,
+than would have been running in the veins of the Indians, if they had
+been left to themselves."
+
+In July, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee made an oral report to the Missionary
+Board in New York. This report was not reduced to writing in full but a
+brief statement of it was made. A copy of this report, as reduced to
+writing, corrected by, and in Jason Lee's handwriting, is in the
+possession of the Oregon Historical Society. The principal serious
+charges made against Jason Lee, and which caused his summary removal as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission, had been made secretly,
+and without notice to him, by members of the Oregon Mission. Lee
+answered these charges in detail, occasionally with some indignation.
+These charges against Jason Lee were: using the Mission's funds for
+speculation for his own use; misuse of Mission funds; and failure to
+report concerning the property of the Mission.
+
+In this report Jason Lee said of certain Methodist missionaries:
+
+"In one of Bro. Abernethy's letters, he tells you that the
+Superintendent [Jason Lee] refused to send the report of the state of
+the property home. There is some error in this. I cannot, I will not,
+believe that A. intended to charge me with opposing the sending of that
+report.
+
+"Before I had left Oregon I was aware that Bro. Hines had written to the
+Board. He had read part of his communication to some persons, who had
+hinted to me about it. He started from Oregon with me, and I was in
+hopes we should have met face to face before this Board. He returned,
+however, from the Sandwich Islands to Oregon.
+
+"Bro. Kone complains of my treatment of him, and professes to know my
+secret reasons for wishing to keep all in the field. I never had any
+_secret_ reasons.... Bro. Kone by his injudicious remarks caused great
+excitement among the laymen, and made much difficulty.
+
+"He considered Dr. Richmond his enemy because he had so declared
+himself, and sent word to him [Mr. Lee] that he was his antagonist. And
+he hoped as they had heard his enemy they would hear him.
+
+"Of Bro. Frost I cannot say much. He has made no thorough effort to
+bring sinners to God. I mean such an effort as would render it probable
+that these Indians could not be benefited by the Gospel."
+
+In this report Jason Lee also spoke of some other Methodist missionaries
+who had made charges against him, without giving their names.
+
+As the Board seems to have exonerated Jason Lee from all charges, it
+must have found that these charges made in Oregon were untrue, or
+unfounded, or not justified. Exonerating Jason Lee was, in effect,
+condemning those persons who made the charges, and finding that their
+charges were false. In this report Rev. Jason Lee also said: "When the
+Board sent out its last large reinforcement, its object in my view and I
+believe in theirs was that Methodism should spread throughout Oregon;
+for what purpose else, I ask, did so large a number of laymen go out? If
+it was only to form one or two stations, it appears to me that both the
+Board and myself as their agent must have taken leave of our senses. If
+my associates had stood firm to their post, and persevered willingly in
+the work consigned them, I have not a doubt but far more favorable
+accounts would have reached you from that distant country. The plans I
+assert were well formed and had I been sustained the object would have
+been accomplished. A great mistake was made in selecting some of those
+who were sent out. I allude not to the number but the qualifications of
+certain individuals. I forewarned the Oregon Committee that if the
+persons who applied for situations were not examined by a proper
+committee the plan would fail. Such proved to be the case. As proof I
+aver that we had not reached our first stopping place in South America,
+before some desired to return to the United States, and even after
+touching at the S. [Sandwich] Islands before we had reached Oregon one
+wanted to return and secure the Chaplaincy at the Islands. I have had
+much to contend with, and I regret that men of more steadfast minds had
+not been chosen. Such persons do more injury to a distant Mission than
+they do good, and no one knows the difficulties I have had to pass
+through."
+
+In this report Rev. Jason Lee said further: "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a
+Catholic. Previous to the Priests going there, I was his intimate
+friend,--his confidant. Such was my influence with the Canadian part of
+the settlement, that they would have been pleased to give me their
+church and have no Priest come. Since my return I have not time to
+instruct their children as we used to do, and the Priests have taken
+them."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT F
+
+  _Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.,
+  published in Philadelphia in 1845._
+
+
+Commander Charles Wilkes of the United States Navy, (afterwards
+Commodore) had charge of an exploring expedition during the years
+1838-1842, which came to the Oregon Country in 1841. His squadron
+consisted of six vessels, which arrived at Puget Sound in 1841. He left
+his ships at Puget Sound and came overland to Vancouver in May, 1841. In
+his narrative of his exploring expedition, published in 1845, Wilkes
+says, (vol. IV, p. 327): "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a tall fine-looking
+person, of a very robust frame, with a frank, manly, open countenance,
+and a florid complexion; his hair is perfectly white. He gave us that
+kind reception we had been led to expect from his well known
+hospitality. He is of Scotch parentage, but by birth, a Canadian,
+enthusiastic in disposition, possessing great energy of character, and
+extremely well suited for the situation he occupies, which requires
+great talent and industry. He at once ordered dinner for us, and we soon
+felt ourselves at home, having comfortable rooms assigned us, and being
+treated as part of the establishment." And on page 331 he says: "The
+liberality and freedom from sectarian principles of Dr. M'Loughlin may
+be estimated from his being thus hospitable to missionaries of so many
+Protestant denominations, although he is a professed Catholic, and has
+a priest of the same faith officiating daily at the chapel. Religious
+toleration is allowed in its fullest extent. The dining-hall is given up
+on Sunday to the use of the ritual of the Anglican Church, and Mr.
+Douglass or a missionary reads the service.... Messrs. Griffith and
+Clarke were entirely disappointed in finding self-support here, and had
+it not been for the kindness of Dr. M'Loughlin, who took them in, they
+would have suffered much. They were advised to settle themselves on the
+Faulitz Plains, where I have understood they have since taken land, and
+succeeded in acquiring quite respectable farms."
+
+June 3, 1841, Wilkes left Vancouver to make an exploring trip up the
+Willamette Valley. In his account of this trip he says in his narrative,
+(vol. IV, pp. 343-344): "We reached the falls about noon, where we found
+the missionary station under the charge of the Rev. Mr. Waller.... There
+was a petty dispute between Mr. Waller and the [Hudson's Bay] Company,
+and he complained of them. It seems that the Company refuse to buy any
+beaver-skins, except from the hunters and trappers; and he accuses them
+of monopoly in consequence. The Company, on the other hand, say that
+they have no idea of selling goods out of their own stores, for the
+purpose of enabling others to enter into competition with them; and that
+they will spare no expense to keep the trade, as long as they can, in
+their own hands. This is certainly not unfair. I cannot help feeling it
+is quite unsuited to the life of a missionary, to be entering into trade
+of any kind. To embark in traffic must, I think, tend to destroy the
+usefulness of a missionary, or divert his attention from the great cause
+in which he is engaged. I am very far from attaching any blame on this
+account to the missionaries, whose avowed object is to teach the arts of
+civilization, as well as the Word of God, and I have no doubt that they
+are doing all in their power to promote the latter object; but I am
+disposed to think, that any complaints against the Hudson Bay Company
+for endeavouring to keep the trade in their own hands, comes with an ill
+grace from the members of a Mission who are daily receiving the kindest
+attentions and hospitality from its officers." In vol. IV, p. 351, he
+says: "The lands of the Methodist Mission are situated on the banks of
+the Willamette river, on a rich plain adjacent to fine forests of oak
+and pine. They are about eight miles beyond the Catholic Mission,
+consequently eighteen miles from Champooing, in a southern direction....
+We had the expectation of getting a sight of the Indians on whom they
+were inculcating good habits and teaching the word of God; but with the
+exception of four Indian servants, we saw none since leaving the
+Catholic Mission. On inquiring, I was informed that they had a school of
+twenty pupils, some ten miles distant, at the mill; that there were but
+few adult Indians in the neighborhood; and that their intention and
+principal hope was to establish a colony, and by their example to induce
+the white settlers to locate near those over whom they trusted to
+exercise a moral and religious influence."
+
+In vol. IV, p. 352, he says: "The next day the gentlemen of the Mission
+proposed a ride to what they term 'the Mill,' distant about nine miles,
+in a southeast direction.... We reached 'the Mill' by noon, which
+consists of a small grist and saw mill on the borders of an extensive
+prairie. They are both under the same roof, and are worked by a
+horizontal wheel.... From the number of persons about the premises, this
+little spot had the air and stir of a new secular settlement; and I
+understood that it is intended to be the permanent location of the
+Mission, being considered more healthy than the bank of the Willamette.
+The missionaries, as they told me, have made individual selections of
+lands to the amount of one thousand acres each, in prospect of the whole
+country falling under our laws."
+
+On page 355 of the same volume he says: "I am aware that the
+missionaries come out to this country to colonize, and with the
+Christian religion as their guide and law, to give the necessary
+instruction, and hold out inducements to the Indians to quit their
+wandering habits, settle, and become cultivators of the soil. This
+object has not been yet attained in any degree, as was admitted by the
+missionaries themselves; and how it is to be effected without having
+constantly around them large numbers, and without exertions and
+strenuous efforts, I am at a loss to conceive. I cannot but believe,
+that the same labour and money which have been expended here, would have
+been much more appropriately and usefully spent among the tribes about
+the Straits of Juan de Fuca, who are numerous, and fit objects for
+instruction." And on page 356 Commander Wilkes says: "Three years
+since, O'Neill came to the valley with only a shirt to his back, as he
+expressed it; he began by working part of this farm, and obtained the
+loan of cattle and other articles from Dr. M'Loughlin, all of which he
+has, from the natural increase of his stock and out of his crops, since
+repaid. He has bought the farm, has two hundred head of stock, horses to
+ride on, and a good suit of clothes, all earned by his own industry; and
+he says it is only necessary for him to work one month in the year to
+make a living; the rest of the time he may amuse himself. He spoke in
+the highest terms of Dr. M'Loughlin, and the generous aid he had
+afforded him in the beginning."
+
+The Peacock, one of the vessels of the squadron, was wrecked July 18,
+1841, on a spit near Cape Disappointment on the north side of the
+entrance to the Columbia River, ever since known as Peacock Spit. The
+vessel was a total loss. Commander Wilkes says that the crew of the
+Peacock were supplied with clothing through the kindness of Dr.
+McLoughlin and the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Wilkes further
+says that "every facility has been at all times extended [by Dr.
+McLoughlin] to newcomers and settlers; it is sufficient that they are of
+good character, and the use of cattle, horses, farming utensils, and
+supplies, is invariably extended to facilitate their operations, until
+such time as they are able to provide for themselves." At the time of
+the wreck of the Peacock, there was lying at Astoria the American brig
+Thomas H. Perkins. She was under charter to the Hudson's Bay Company.
+Dr. McLoughlin readily agreed to surrender the charter party for a small
+consideration, if the goods he had on board were delivered at Fort
+Vancouver. This Wilkes agreed to and purchased the brig. He changed her
+name to the "Oregon." In August, 1841, the Oregon was taken to Fort
+Vancouver to be repaired and outfitted. In the meantime Wilkes proceeded
+slowly up the Columbia River in the naval gun-brig Porpoise, of two
+hundred and thirty tons, making a survey of the river. The Porpoise
+arrived at Fort Vancouver August 28, and remained there until September
+14, 1841. The expedition was treated with kindness and courtesy while at
+Fort Vancouver.
+
+Fresh beef seems to have been scarce even in 1841. Wilkes in his
+narrative says that on September 27, 1841, the Porpoise was at Puget's
+Island, near Cathlamet. Here he was joined by Michel La Framboise, in
+the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, "who brought a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, which they were much in need of." On leaving the
+Columbia River, Wilkes addressed a letter from Baker's Bay, dated
+October 5, 1841, to Dr. McLoughlin and James Douglas as Chief Factors of
+the Hudson's Bay Company, giving thanks "for the important aid and
+facilities which you have afforded the Expedition on all occasions, for
+carrying out the object of our visit to this part of the world;" and
+saying, "be assured it will prove a very pleasing part of my duty to
+make a due representation of it to my government." And also saying:
+"Your personal kindness and friendly attention to myself and officers,
+from our first arrival, and also to Captain Hudson and his officers
+after the wreck of the Peacock, have laid me under many obligations
+which I trust it may be at some future day in our power to return."
+(Vol. V, p. 147).
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT G
+
+  _Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V. Holman of October 27, 1905._
+
+
+Since I delivered my address on McLoughlin Day, I have received the
+following letter. The persons referred to are probably a small party,
+who came to Oregon prior to 1840. There were several small parties of
+immigrants to Oregon, who came prior to 1842. Robert Shortess came
+overland in 1839 and 1840 to Oregon with one of these parties.
+
+                                        "Seaside, Oct. 27, 1905."
+
+     "Mr. Frederick V. Holman,
+       "Portland, Oregon.
+
+     "Dear Sir: In the Sunday _Oregonian_ of the 15th of this month
+     I see an interesting account of Dr. McLoughlin, but one act of
+     his that showed his human kindness, I have never seen in print.
+     This a man by the name of Marechell told me. He was an old
+     Hudson's Bay man who died here in his eighty-sixth year. He
+     could not recollect the exact year, but it was a year or two
+     after Wyeth came, the emigrants got lost in the head waters of
+     Snake River, and would have all perished but the Indians
+     brought word from one tribe to another about them being there,
+     until it reached Fort Vancouver. When the Doctor heard it, he
+     rushed around like one wild and called, 'Where is Marechell!
+     Where is La Framboise.' He started them with a lot of
+     provisions in their canoes, with some others to help to the
+     Cascades, there to pack them over, then get them in their
+     canoes again, take them to The Dalles, and there they got
+     ponies to pack them on their journey to the emigrants, a weary
+     trip. And after some two weeks' trip, they found the emigrants
+     encamped in a small valley, there still to live a short time
+     and then starve to death. He said if ever it tried a man's
+     soul, then it did his. The poor women came running to him, fell
+     on their knees, hugging them and crying. Men crying and
+     blessing them and the Doctor for sending them. I often think if
+     there is an upper seat around the throne of God, that the
+     Doctor and some of those men that were so kind to others, are
+     there now.
+
+     "This man Marechell came with the Hudson's Bay Company, when he
+     was 12 years of age, with his father. As near as he could tell
+     he was about 22 years of age when he took the trip to find the
+     emigrants.
+
+     "I came to the Coast in early '52; to Oregon in '58; to Astoria
+     in '63, and to Seaside soon after. So I knew Marechell well,
+     and did see La Framboise a number of times. So what Marechell
+     told me I believe is true.
+
+     "Beg pardon if this intrudes on your time and patience.
+
+                               "Respectfully,
+                                   "HENRY BRALLIER,
+                                       "Seaside, Oregon."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT H
+
+  _Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's "History of Oregon" relating
+  to Shortess Petition; and excerpt from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+  Congress, December 26, 1850, as to author of Shortess Petition._
+
+
+"To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled:
+
+"We, the undersigned, settlers south of the Columbia river, beg leave
+respectfully to represent to your honorable body:
+
+"As has been before represented to your honorable body, we consider
+ourselves citizens of the United States, and acknowledge the right of
+the United States to extend its jurisdiction over us; and the object of
+the present memorial is to ask that the protection of the United States
+Government may be extended to us as soon as possible. Hitherto, our
+numbers have been small, and the few difficulties that arose in the
+settlement were speedily and satisfactorily settled. But as our
+settlement increases in numbers, so our difficulties increase in number
+and importance; and unless we can have laws to govern us that will be
+respected and obeyed, our situation will be a deplorable one. Where the
+highest court of appeal is the rifle, safety in life and property cannot
+be depended on.
+
+"The state of the country, its climate, resources, soil, productions,
+&c., has already been laid before your honorable body, in Captain
+Wyeth's memoir and in former memorials from the inhabitants of this
+place.
+
+"Laws are made to protect the weak against the mighty; and we feel the
+necessity of them in the steps that are constantly taken by the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company, in their opposition to the improvement and
+enterprise of American citizens. You have been apprized already of their
+opposition to Captains Wyeth, Bonneville, and others; and we find that
+the same spirit dwells with them at the present day. Some years ago,
+when the Hudson Bay Company owned all the cattle in Oregon, they would
+not sell on any conditions; but they would lend their cows to the
+settler--he returning to the company the cows loaned, with all the
+increase; and, in case of the death of a cow, he then had the privilege
+of paying for it. But, after the settlers, at great risk and expense,
+went to California, and purchased cattle for themselves, and there was a
+fair prospect of the settlement being supplied, then the Hudson Bay
+Company were willing to sell, and at lower rates than the settler could
+sell.
+
+"In the year 1841, feeling the necessity of having mills erected that
+could supply the settlement with flour and lumber, a number of the
+inhabitants formed themselves into a joint stock company, for the
+purpose of supplying the growing wants of the community. [Many of the
+farmers were obliged to leave their farms on the Willamette, and go six
+miles above Vancouver, on the Columbia River--making the whole distance
+about sixty miles--to get their wheat ground, at a great loss of time
+and expense.] The company was formed, and proceeded to select a site.
+They selected an island at the falls of the Willamette, and concluded to
+commence their operations. After commencing, they are informed by Dr.
+McLoughlin, who is at the head of the Hudson Bay Company's affairs west
+of the Rocky Mountains, that the island is his, and that he (although a
+chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company) claims all the lands at the east
+side of the Willamette, embracing the falls down to the Klakamus river,
+a distance of about two miles. He had no idea, we presume, that the
+company would succeed. However, he erected a shed on the island, after
+the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then gave them
+permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the paper he
+wrote them, containing his conditions; but did not obligate themselves
+to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his claim just or
+reasonable.
+
+"Many projects had been started by the inhabitants, but, for want of
+means and encouragement, failed. This fate was predicted for the Milling
+Company. But, after much labor and difficulty, they succeeded in getting
+a saw mill erected, and ready to run; and entered into a contract to
+have a grist mill erected forthwith. And now, as they have succeeded,
+where is the Hudson Bay Company? Dr. McLoughlin employs hands to get out
+a frame for a saw mill, and erect it at the Willamette falls; and we
+find, as soon as the frame is up, the gearing which has been made at
+Vancouver is brought up in boats; and that which caused a feeble
+company of American citizens months of toil and embarrassment is
+accomplished by the chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company in a few
+weeks; (he has men and means); and it is said by him, that in two weeks
+his mill will be sawing. And what will be the consequences? Why, if the
+Milling Company sell for $15 per thousand, he can sell for $12; if they
+reduce the price to $10, he can come to $8, or $5, or $2 per thousand.
+He says he will have a grist mill started as soon as he gets the saw
+mill in operation.
+
+"All the wheat raised in Oregon they are anxious to get, as they ship it
+to the Russians on the Northwest coast. In the first place, they
+measured the wheat in a half bushel, called by them imperial measure,
+much larger than the standard measure of the United States; this not
+answering, they next proceeded to kick the half bushel with the foot, to
+settle the wheat; then they brought up a measure larger than the former
+one; and now they fill this measure, then strike it three times with a
+stout club, and then fill it up, and call it fair measure. Against such
+proceedings we need law that will be respected and obeyed.
+
+"About twelve or fourteen years ago the Hudson Bay Company blasted a
+canal a few feet to conduct water to a mill they were going to build,
+the timber for which is now lying at the falls rotting. They, however,
+abandoned the thing altogether, and built their mills on the Columbia,
+about six miles above Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the river.
+
+"In the year 1838, agreeably to orders left by Mr. Slacum, a house was
+erected at the falls, to secure the claim for him.
+
+"In 1840, the Methodist mission erected buildings at the falls, and
+stationed two families there, and made a claim to sufficient land for
+their buildings, not interfering with any others who might wish to
+build. A short time previous to this, Dr. McLoughlin had a storehouse
+erected for the company, not occupied, however, further than to store
+wheat and other articles in, and as a trading house during the salmon
+season.
+
+"After this, in 1841, a shantee was erected, and a man kept at the
+falls, whose business it was to trade with the Indians for furs and
+salmon, and look out for the Doctor's claim, he said, and to forbid
+persons building at the falls, as some had built, and others were about
+building. This man was, and still is, a servant of the Hudson Bay
+Company.
+
+"During the years 1841 and 1842, several families settled at the falls,
+when Dr. McLoughlin, who still resides at Fort Vancouver, comes on the
+ground, and says the land is his, and any person building without his
+permission is held as a trespasser. Without reference to any person's
+right or claim, he employs a surveyor to lay out the plat; and as a bill
+was before the Senate of the United States to grant to every white male
+inhabitant a mile square, he has a mile run out to suit his views, and
+lays out a town plat at the falls, and calls it Oregon City. And
+although some, for peace sake, asked him for the lots they had already
+in possession, and which he appeared very willing to grant, the Doctor
+now felt himself secure, and posted up the annexed paper, (marked A)
+which is the original; and all who had lots were required to pay Mr.
+Hastings five dollars for a deed of land which they knew very well the
+grantor did not own, and which we hope he never will own, but that
+Congress will pass a special act granting to each man his lot and
+improvements. Those that applied received (if they had a house on the
+lot) a deed, a copy of which is annexed, (marked B); if they had no
+house, a bond was given for five dollars, a copy of which is annexed,
+(marked C). To those that applied and paid their five dollars, all was
+right with the Doctor; while those who considered his title to the land
+not good, and that therefore he had no right to direct who should build
+and who should not, had their lots sold to others. In one case the
+purchaser came to the original claimant, and ordered him to stop digging
+the ground which he was preparing for a garden, and commanded him to
+remove his fences, as he had Dr. McLoughlin's bond in his pocket for the
+lots; and if he did not move his fence he would, and take forcible
+possession. Those who desired to have no difficulty, and did not apply
+for a deed, have lost their lots, the Doctor's promise, and all. And Mr.
+Hastings (the Doctor's agent) is now offering for sale the lots on which
+part of the mission buildings stand; and if he succeeds in finding a
+purchaser, they must either contend or lose their buildings.
+
+"Dr. McLoughlin had held claims in other places south of the Columbia
+river--at the Tualatin plains and Klakamus plains he had huts erected,
+to prevent others from building; and such is the power of Dr.
+McLoughlin, that many persons are actually afraid to make their
+situation known, thinking, if he hears of it, he will stop their
+supplies. Letters were received here from Messrs. Ladd & Co., of the
+Sandwich Islands, in answer to a letter written by the late Mr. Ewing
+Young, for a few supplies, that orders were received, forbidding the
+company's vessels carrying any goods for the settlers of Oregon. Every
+means will be made use of by them to break down everything that will
+draw trade to this country, or enable persons to get goods at any other
+place than their store.
+
+"One other item, and we are done. When any United States Government
+officers of distinction arrive, Vancouver is thrown open, and every
+facility afforded them. They were even more condescending to the
+settlers during the time the exploring squadron was in the Columbia;
+nothing was left undone to give the officers a high opinion of the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company. Our Indian agent is entirely dependent on
+them for supplies and funds to carry on his operations.
+
+"And now your memorialists pray your honorable body, that immediate
+action of Congress be taken in regard to this country, and good and
+wholesome laws be enacted for our Territory, as may, in your wisdom, be
+thought best for the good of the American citizens residing here.
+
+"And your memorialists will ever pray.
+
+"Robert Shortess, A. E. Wilson, William C. Remick, Jeffrey Brown, E. N.
+Coombs, Reuben Lewis, George Davis, V. Bennet, J. Rekener, T. J.
+Hubbard, James A. O'Neil, Jer. Horregon, William McKarty, Charles Compo,
+John Howard, his + mark, R. Williams, G. Brown, John Turner, Theodore
+Pancott, A. F. Waller, John Hofstatter, G. W. Bellamy, William Brown, A.
+Beers, J. L. Parrish, William H. Gray, A. D. Smith, J. C. Bridges, Aaron
+Cook, A. Copeland, S. W. Moss, Gustavus Hines, George W. LeBreton, J. R.
+Robb, J. L. Morrison, M. Crawford, John Anderson, James M. Bates, L. H.
+Judson, Joel Turnham, Richard H. Ekin, H. Campbell, James Force, W. H.
+Willson, Felix Hathaway, J. Lawson, Thomas J. Shadden, Joseph Gibbs, his
++ mark, S. Lewis, Jr., Charles Roy, William Brum, S. Davis, Joseph
+Yatten, Daniel Girtman, C. T. Arrendrill, A. Tonner, David Carter, J. J.
+Campbell, W. Johnson, John Edmunds, W. Hauxhurst, W. A. Pfeiffer, J.
+Holman, H. B. Brewer, William C. Sutton.
+
+"Willamette, Oregon Territory, March 25, 1843."
+
+
+     A.
+
+     NOTICE
+
+     "Notice is hereby given to all whom it may concern, that those
+     who have obtained grants of lots in Oregon City will be
+     expected to call upon L. W. Hastings, my authorized agent at
+     Oregon City, and obtain a bond for a deed or deeds, as the case
+     may be. Those who hold claims to any lot, and who comply with
+     the above requisite on or before the first day of February
+     next, will be entitled to their lot or lots; otherwise, the
+     lots upon which they hold a claim will thereafter be subject to
+     any disposition which the undersigned may think proper to make
+     of them.
+
+                         "JOHN McLOUGHLIN."
+       "January 18, 1843."
+
+
+                "Oregon City, March 27, 1843."
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that the within [above]
+     notice of John McLoughlin was posted up in the most public
+     place in this town.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."
+
+
+     B.
+
+     DEED--JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO WALTER POMEROY
+
+     "Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+     Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, for and in
+     consideration of the sum of one dollar, to me in hand paid by
+     Walter Pomeroy, of Oregon City, of the Territory aforesaid, the
+     receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have this day, and do
+     by these presents, remit, release, and forever quit claim, unto
+     the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, all and singular the
+     following piece, parcel, and lot of land, bounded and described
+     as follows, to wit: commencing at the northeast corner, running
+     thence southerly sixty-six (66) feet to a stake; thence
+     westerly one hundred (100) feet to a stake; thence northerly
+     sixtysix (66) feet to a stake; thence easterly one hundred
+     (100) feet to a stake at the place of beginning--being lot
+     number four, (4,) in block number three, (3,) in the town of
+     Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, which will more fully
+     appear from a reference to the map and plan of said town:
+
+     "To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular
+     the privileges and appurtenances thereunto in any wise
+     appertaining or belonging, unto the said Pomeroy, his heirs,
+     executors, administrators, or assigns, forever.
+
+     "And I, the said McLoughlin, for myself, do avouch and declare,
+     that I am the true and proper claimant of and to the said
+     premises and lot of land, and that I have in myself full power,
+     good right, and sufficient authority, to remit, release, and
+     quit by claim, to all and singular my right, title, interest,
+     and claim, in and to said lot and premises, in manner and form
+     aforesaid.
+
+     "And I, the said McLoughlin, do hereby covenant and agree to
+     warrant and defend the said premises, together with the
+     privileges and appurtenances thereunto appertaining or
+     belonging, to the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, against
+     all lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, the claims of the
+     Government only excepted.
+
+     "In testimony whereof, I, the said McLoughlin, have hereunto
+     set my hand and affixed my seal, this the 2d day of March, A.
+     D. 1843.
+
+                     "JOHN McLOUGHLIN, (L. S.)"
+       "Per L. W. HASTINGS, his Agent."
+
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge that the above is
+     a true and correct copy of the original.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."
+
+
+     C.
+
+     BOND--JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO ALBERT E. WILSON
+
+     "Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+     Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, am held and firmly
+     bound unto Albert E. Wilson, of Oregon City, in the Territory
+     aforesaid, in the full sum of five hundred, federal money; for
+     the punctual payment of which, well and truly to be made, I
+     bind myself, my heirs, executors, or administrators, firmly by
+     these presents.
+
+     "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto, below, set my hand and
+     affixed my seal, this the 26th day of December, A. D. 1842.
+
+     "Now, know ye, that the condition of the above obligation is
+     such, that whereas the said Wilson hath this day, and doth by
+     these presents, purchase of the said McLoughlin all and
+     singular the following pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of
+     land, namely: lots No. four (4) and five (5) in block No. two,
+     (2), in the town of Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, as
+     is more fully shown by the map and plan of the said town; and
+     hath, and by these presents doth, agree to build upon and
+     improve each of the said lots within the term of one year from
+     the date of these presents. In consideration of which, the
+     said McLoughlin hath and doth by these presents covenant and
+     agree to make to the said Wilson a good and sufficient quit
+     claim deed for and to all and singular the above-mentioned
+     pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of land, whenever he, the
+     said Wilson, shall have complied with the above conditions on
+     his part. Now, if the said McLoughlin shall well and truly
+     make, or cause to be made, the said deed to the said Wilson,
+     upon the said Wilson's complying on his part with the above
+     condition, then and in such case the within obligation shall
+     become entirely void and of no effect; otherwise, to be and
+     remain of full force and virtue.
+
+                     "JOHN McLOUGHLIN, (L. S.)"
+       "Per L. W. HASTINGS, his Agent."
+
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge the above to be a
+     true and correct copy of the original.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."[61]
+
+
+W. H. Gray was one of the signers of the Shortess petition. In his
+_History of Oregon_, pp. 296, 297, he says, in relation to certain
+persons who did not sign the Shortess petition:
+
+"Mr. George Abernethy declined to sign this petition through fear of
+injuring the Methodist Mission in its secular or business relations with
+the Hudson's Bay Company.
+
+"Hugh Burns would not sign it because he did not wish Congress to be
+asked to confirm his title to lots and improvements.
+
+"Jason Lee, though he thought it right to petition Congress for
+protection, yet on account of his position as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, and the influence of the [Hudson's Bay] Company
+against them should he sign it, thought it best not to give his name.
+
+"Dr. I. L. Babcock refused, because, by signing he would lose his
+influence with the [Hudson's Bay] company.
+
+"Walter Pomeroy, ditto.
+
+"Dr. Bailey did not wish any protection from the Congress of the United
+States.
+
+"Rev. H. K. W. Perkins was _ashamed_ of the petition. 'What does
+Congress care about measuring wheat? or a contest between two milling
+companies?'
+
+"George Gay did not care anything about it. Congress might do as it
+pleased; he did not want its protection.
+
+"The people in Tualatin Plains did not have an opportunity to sign or
+refuse for want of time to circulate it in that section. The bearer of
+it, William C. Sutton, was on his way to the States across the Rocky
+Mountains."
+
+Thurston in his speech in Congress December 26, 1850, said, as to the
+author of the Shortess petition: "I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original, whom to know is to respect, to listen to to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years residence and who would be universally believed on any subject on
+which he would presume to speak."[62] Thurston certainly did not refer
+to Shortess. The latter, while a man of ability and some education, was
+of an ascetic disposition, intense in his dislikes and given to sarcasm.
+He was not a popular man.
+
+That the Shortess petition was written by George Abernethy is shown in a
+foot-note on page 207 of volume 1, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's
+Works, where it is said that "such is the statement of Shortess made to
+Elwood Evans by letter in 1867," quoting from a manuscript history of
+Oregon written by Evans for Bancroft. Subsequently Evans wrote an
+elaborate history of Oregon and Washington, entitled "History of the
+Pacific Northwest," which was published in 1889. On page 243 of volume 1
+of this history Evans says that September 1, 1867, Shortess wrote an
+autograph letter to Evans that Shortess originally drew up notes or a
+summary of the subjects he intended to embrace in the petition. That
+Shortess requested Abernethy "to write it in proper form, which he did,
+but refused to sign it or allow it to be circulated in his handwriting,
+fearing it might injure the mission. I had it copied by A. E. Wilson. It
+was circulated and, through his assistance, sent to Washington."
+
+Shortess arrived in the Willamette Valley in April, 1840. He afterwards
+took up a land claim near Upper Astoria. He sold his claim and became a
+recluse. He died in 1877. Some time after he signed the Shortess
+petition he appears to have changed his opinions of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, and especially of the Methodist missionaries. He wrote a
+document about his trip to Oregon which he gave to Mr. William Chance.
+The latter gave this document to the Oregon Pioneer Association. It is
+published in full in the _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer
+Association for 1896, pp. 92-107. It is a very interesting document. In
+it he refers to the Methodist missionaries in terms which, at least, are
+not complimentary.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT I
+
+  _Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence Lovejoy and Rev. A. F.
+  Waller of March 20, 1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+  claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts from letters of Rev.
+  Jason Lee to Rev. A. F. Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+  1844._
+
+
+The following is a copy of a proclamation dated December 20, 1843, and
+issued by John Ricord, as attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller. The
+original of this document in the handwriting of Ricord, and signed by
+him, pasted on cloth, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. Said original was publicly posted at Oregon City by Waller
+after Ricord left for the Hawaiian Islands. It shows weather stains,
+but is perfectly legible.
+
+     "TO THE PEOPLE OF OREGON.
+
+  "Fellow Citizens,
+
+"Having been Retained professionally to establish the Claim of Mr. Alvin
+F. Waller to the Tract of Land on the East Bank of the Wallammette
+River, sometimes called the Wallammette Falls Settlement and sometimes
+Oregon City, I consider it a duty to my Client and the public, to state
+briefly and concisely the several circumstances of his case, as they
+really exist, in order that his motives may not be impugned and his
+intentions misunderstood and misrepresented.
+
+"The public are already aware that my client commenced the Occupancy of
+his Farm, in the spring of A. D. 1840, when no one resided at the falls;
+and that, in the course of that Summer, he built his Home, moved his
+family into it, and cleared and fenced a good portion of the Land, from
+which, in the ensuing years A. D. 1841 & 1842 he raised successive crops
+of corn, Potatoes and other vegetables usually cultivated by Farmers.
+That he remained thus occupying undisturbed, until the month of December
+A. D. 1842, about two years and six months, when Doctor McLoughlin
+caused his Farm to be surveyed, for the purpose of selling it in
+subdivisions to American Citizens. It has since been currently reported
+and quite generally believed, that my client had renounced his right in
+favor of Doctor McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict, having
+perused the letter written by Mr. Waller, which not only contains no
+renunciation, but on the contrary, is replete with modest and firm
+assertions of his rights in the premises: offering at the same time to
+relinquish his claim, if the Doctor would comply with certain very
+reasonable and just conditions. Upon this offer, the parties had come to
+no final conclusion, until my arrival in the Colony, when Doctor
+McLoughlin attempted to employ me to establish his claim, disregarding
+the rights of all other persons--which, I declined doing. Mr. Waller
+thereupon engaged me to submit the conditions a second time to the
+Doctor, for his acceptance or rejection; which I did in the following
+words:
+
+"1st. That your preemptive line be so run as to exclude the Island upon
+which a private Company of Citizens have already erected a Grist
+Mill--conceding to them so much water as may be necessary for the use of
+said Mill.
+
+"2d. That Mr. Waller be secured in the ultimate Title to the two city
+Lots now in his possession and other lots not exceeding in superficial
+area five Acres, to be chosen by him from among the unsold lots of your
+present Survey.
+
+"3d. That the Rev. Mr. Lee on behalf of the Methodist Episcopal Mission,
+be in like manner secured in the lots claimed for the use of said
+Mission. They consist of Church and Parsonage lots and are well known to
+the public.
+
+"I received a letter from Dr. McLoughlin dated 10th Novr. 1843, in
+answer to mine, in which he declines complying with the above
+Conditions, and thus puts an end to the offer of my Client to relinquish
+his right of Preemption. Under these circumstances Mr. Waller has now
+applied to the Supreme Court of the United States, which, under the
+Constitution has original jurisdiction of 'all cases in Law & Equity,
+arising under Treaties,' to grant him a Commission for perpetuating the
+testimony of the facts in his case, _de bene esse_, in order that,
+whenever Congress shall hereafter see fit to prescribe by law the
+conditions and Considerations, he may be enabled to demand of the United
+States, a Patent; also praying the Court to grant him such other relief
+in the premises as may be consonant with Equity and good conscience.
+
+"The Legality of Mr. Waller's claim rests upon the following Grounds:--
+
+"1st. He was a citizen of the United States of full age and possessed of
+a family when he first came to reside on the premises. 2d. He built a
+House upon them and moved his family into it; thus becoming in Fact and
+in Law a Householder on the land. 3d. He cleared, fenced and cultivated
+a portion of it during two years and six months, before he was disturbed
+in his actual possession. And 4th. That he is not at this moment
+continuing the cultivation of his Farm, is not his fault since it was
+wrested from him.
+
+"The Illegality of Doctor McLoughlin's Claim rests upon the following
+Grounds:--
+
+"1st. He is a British Subject, owing allegiance to a Foreign Power, and
+has so continued to be ever since the Spring of A. D. 1840. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.
+
+"2d. He is the Chief Officer of a Foreign Corporate Monopoly. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.
+
+"3d. He does not now and never did reside on the land in question, but
+on the contrary, he resides and has always continued to reside on the
+North side of the Columbia River, the Section of country actually in
+dispute between the two Governments, about Twenty miles from the land
+claimed by Mr. Waller, and there he is obliged to remain, so long as he
+continues to be Chief Factor.
+
+"4th. He is not in fact the Claimant. The Hudson's Bay Company, a
+Foreign Corporation, is in fact the Claimant while Doctor McLoughlin
+only lends his name; well knowing, that a Corporation even though it be
+an American one, can not acquire a preemption. This is evinced by the
+employment of men to be his Agents and to sell lots for him, who are at
+the same time partners in and receiving dividends and Salaries from the
+Company.
+
+"5th. The pretentions of Doctor McLoughlin arose, if at all, two years
+and six months after the actual Settlement of Mr. Waller; and therefore
+they are in direct violation of the Treaty of A. D. 1827: Converting the
+mutual and joint occupancy into an exclusive occupancy by British
+subjects.
+
+"6th. The Treaty of joint occupancy [1827] does not and was never
+intended on the part of the United States, to confer any rights of
+citizenship upon Foreigners. The Power to confer such rights is by the
+Constitution reserved to Congress. And the right to acquire title by
+preemption is peculiar to citizens.
+
+"Those fellow citizens are the Facts and some of the Points of Law in my
+client's case. Upon the same principle contended for by Dr. McLoughlin,
+any of you may incur the risk of being ousted from your Farms in this
+Colony, by the next rich foreigner who chooses to take a fancy so to do,
+unless in the first instance, you come unanimously forward and resist
+these usurpations. It is not my client's intention to wrong any who have
+purchased Lots of the Doctor, and to guard against the injury which
+might result to individuals in this respect, I have carefully drawn up
+the Form of a Bond for a Warantee Deed, which Mr. Waller is at all times
+ready, without any further consideration, to execute to any person who
+has, in good faith, bought of the Doctor, prior to the date of this
+notice, by being applied to at his residence. Mr. Waller does not
+require one cent of money to be paid to him as a Consideration for his
+Bonds--the trouble, expense and outlays they have already incurred, with
+the desire to save all such persons harmless from pecuniary loss, is a
+good and sufficient Consideration in Law to bind him in the proposed
+penalty of One Thousand Dollars. See Comyns. Digest, Assumpsit B.
+
+"I am of opinion that Mr. Waller has rights in the premises, which
+neither Doctor McLoughlin nor even Congress by any retrospective
+legislation can take away from him;--and therefore, fellow citizens, in
+sincere friendship, I would counsel you to lose no time in applying to
+him for your new Bonds.
+
+    "JOHN RICORD,"
+      "Counsellor in the Supreme Court of
+        the United States and Attorney
+        for Alvin F. Waller."
+  "Dated 20th December, 1843."
+
+The following two letters from A. L. Lovejoy to A. F. Waller and from
+Waller to Lovejoy, each dated March 20, 1844, are in reference to the
+foregoing proclamation by Ricord as attorney for Waller. These letters
+are in the handwriting of Lovejoy and Waller, respectively. The letter
+of Waller is shown by the line below Waller's signature to be a copy
+which he made and kept to show what he had written. These letters are in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. They were among
+Waller's private papers at the time of his death.
+
+                           "Wallamette Falls 20 Mar. 1844."
+
+     "To the
+       "Revd. A. F. Waller--
+
+     "I have been directed by Dr. McLoughlin to make some enquiries
+     of you in relation to a letter which appears to have been
+     written by yourself to him relative to his claim. Dr.
+     McLoughlin observes in your notice to the People of Oregon
+     words like the following:
+
+     "'It has since been currently reported and quite generally
+     believed that my client had renounced his right in favor of Dr.
+     McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict having perused
+     the letter written by Mr. Waller which not only contains no
+     renunciation but on the contrary is replete with modest and
+     firm assertions of his rights in the premises.'
+
+     "Please have the kindness to say whether you wrote such a
+     letter as there referred to and if so. As Dr. McLoughlin has
+     never received anything of the kind allow him through me to
+     solicit a copy thereof and much oblige.
+
+             "I am Revd. Sir,
+        "Your humble and obt. servant,
+             "A. LAWRENCE LOVEJOY."
+
+
+                           "Willamette Falls, 20 Mar. 1844."
+
+     "Mr. Lovejoy.
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "The letter referred to in the Notice was one written to Rev.
+     J. Lee in answer to one he wrote me. I think I have never
+     written a line to Dr. McLoughlin on any subject. Mr. Lee I
+     presume has the letter with him.
+
+       "I am yours truly,
+                            "A. F. WALLER."
+     "Copy of a reply to the within."
+
+The following copy and statement of John Ricord's caveat or notice as
+attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller to Dr. McLoughlin is taken from Mrs.
+Frances Fuller Victor's volume, _The River of the West_, page 358: "'You
+will please to take notice that my client, Mr. A. F. Waller, has taken
+formal measures at Washington to substantiate his claim as a preemptor
+and actual settler upon the tract of land, sometimes called the Wallamet
+Falls settlement and sometimes Oregon City, comprising six hundred and
+forty acres; and being aware that, although a foreigner, you claim to
+exercise acts of ownership over said land, this notice is given to
+apprise you that all sales you may make of lots or other subdivisions of
+said farm, after the receipt hereof, will be regarded by my client, and
+by the government, as absolutely fraudulent, and will be made at your
+peril.'"
+
+Then followed the grounds upon which the Doctor's claim was denied.
+"First, that he was an alien; Secondly, that he was the chief of a
+foreign corporate monopoly; Thirdly, that he had not resided upon the
+land in question for a year previous; Fourthly, that he did not hold the
+land for himself but the Company; Fifthly, that his claim, if he had
+any, arose two years subsequent to Mr. Waller's settlement thereon. This
+flattering document closed with Mr. Ricord's regrets that he had 'failed
+to make an amicable compromise' of the matter between the Doctor and his
+client, and also that his 'client had been driven to the vexatious
+proceedings of the law, in order to establish his rights as an American
+citizen.'" This caveat or notice was served on Dr. McLoughlin in 1844
+prior to April 4, after Ricord left Oregon for the Sandwich Islands.
+
+The attempt of Rev. A. F. Waller to assert any right to, or to procure
+the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, or any part of it, at Oregon City,
+under the law relating to pre-empting lands was absurd as well as
+invalid. Under the act of Congress of September 4, 1841, then in force,
+relating to the pre-emption of public lands of the United States, it
+was necessary that the lands should be a part of the public lands of the
+United States. The Conventions of joint-occupancy were then in force and
+neither Great Britain nor the United States exercised jurisdiction over
+the lands in the Oregon Country.
+
+In addition to other requisites of the pre-emption law, no person could
+pre-empt more than one hundred and sixty acres, and the law required the
+intending pre-emptor "to enter with the Register of the Land-Office for
+the district in which such land lies, by legal subdivisions, any number
+of acres not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter-section of
+land," etc.
+
+There was no United States land district in Oregon nor any Register of
+any United States land-office. There had been no public surveys of land
+in Oregon. No lands could be legally pre-empted which had not been
+officially surveyed by authority of the United States.[63]
+
+In the case of Lytle v. State of Arkansas, 9 _Howard_ (U. S. Supreme
+Court) 314, it was held, concerning a claim to pre-emption, that "until
+sanctioned by law, it has no existence as a substantive right." In the
+case of Brown v. Coursen, 16 _Oregon_, 388, it was held that a
+pre-emption is a right derived wholly from statute and a substantial
+compliance with the statute is necessary; and the condition must exist
+which would enable the pre-emptor to acquire the land under the statute.
+In the case of Stark v. Starrs, 6 _Wallace_ (U. S. Supreme Court) 402,
+it was held that even the act of August 14, 1848, organizing the
+Territory of Oregon, did not extend over Oregon any portion of the
+preëmption act of September 4, 1841.
+
+Ricord and Rev. Jason Lee sailed on the same vessel from the Columbia
+River bound to the Hawaiian Islands. They left Oregon City January 4,
+but did not cross the Columbia River bar until February 3, 1844. Ricord
+did not intend to return to Oregon. He made his home at the Hawaiian
+Islands (then called Sandwich Islands) and died there. Rev. Jason Lee
+intended merely to make a trip to the Eastern States and return to
+Oregon. He wished to see the Missionary Board in New York. He also
+wished to go to Washington to see about land matters, particularly those
+which the Methodist Mission wished to obtain the title to. When he
+arrived at Honolulu he first learned that he had been removed as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Mission, and that Rev. George Gary was on
+his way to take charge. February 28, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee sailed on a
+small schooner called the "Hoaikaika" for Mazatlan, Mexico.[64] After
+his arrival at Mazatlan, Jason Lee crossed Mexico. He arrived in New
+York May 27, 1844. In June he went to Washington. On his return to New
+York he appeared before the Missionary Board for several days, beginning
+with July 1, 1844, and submitted his oral report on the Oregon Mission.
+
+As relating to land claims in Oregon, I make the following excerpts from
+two letters written by Rev. Jason Lee after leaving Oregon. The
+originals of these letters are in the possession of the Oregon
+Historical Society. The first of these letters was written on board the
+schooner Hoaikaika, March 23, 1844, to Rev. A. F. Waller. In this letter
+Jason Lee says: "I paid Mr. Ricord Two hundred and Fifty dollars for you
+and shall inclose your order to Bro. Abernethy.... What the result of
+your land claim will be, of course, I can form no better opinion than
+when I left. But I have less hopes of effecting anything for the Mission
+more than to prepare the way for something to be done at the proper
+stage, that is, whenever the Government shall be prepared to grant
+title.... I long to hear how you are getting on with Dr. ---- &c., and
+how the good cause is prospering. May the Lord bless all who have
+embraced his cause and keep them unto 'that day.'"
+
+The second of these letters is to Rev. Gustavus Hines. It is dated at
+New York July 1, 1844, and written after the return of Rev. Jason Lee
+from Washington. He wrote: "Met a favorable reception there [Washington]
+and there is every reason to expect that the land claimed will be
+cheerfully accorded to us.... Please tell Bro. Waller that his claim is
+filed in the Office of the Commissioner General of the land office. This
+will probably secure his claim, though the Supreme Court will probably
+take no action till an Oregon Bill passes." Waller, however, had
+"surrendered" all his rights in "his" (the McLoughlin) "land claim"
+April 4, 1844.[65]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT J
+
+  _Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev. A. F. Waller, and Rev.
+  David Leslie, of April 4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of making
+  said agreement._
+
+
+The following agreement is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. It was among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the
+time of his death. This instrument is certified to be a true copy of the
+original by W. W. Raymond, one of the lay Methodist missionaries.
+Apparently there was but one original of this instrument, although
+executed by Dr. McLoughlin, Rev. Alvan F. Waller and Rev. David Leslie,
+and therefore a copy was made of the same and certified by Raymond for
+Waller's use.
+
+     ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT
+
+     "ARTICLE OF AGREEMENT made and entered into this fourth day of
+     April A. D. 1844 between John McLoughlin and Alvan F. Waller
+     both of Oregon City in the Territory of Oregon:
+
+     "Whereas certain conflicting claims to a tract of land situated
+     at the Falls of the Wallamette River on the east side of said
+     River containing six [hundred] and forty acres and surveyed by
+     Jesse Applegate in the month of December A. D. 1843 have
+     existed between the aforesaid parties and the said parties are
+     now willing and desirous to arrange all differences existing
+     between them in regard to the same;
+
+     "It is therefore agreed as follows: The said Alvan F. Waller
+     agrees to surrender make over and forever abandon unto the said
+     John McLoughlin his heirs administrators and assigns and in his
+     favor, all claims rights and pretensions whatsoever which he
+     now has within or to the said above mentioned Tract or survey
+     of land or any part thereof. The said Waller further agrees to
+     withdraw any proceedings which he or his attorney may have
+     commenced in any of the courts of the United States touching
+     the said tract or survey of land and to abstain from at any
+     future time instituting any proceedings to secure to himself
+     the title of the said tract or survey of land in opposition to
+     the said McLoughlin or to his detriment in any way whatsoever,
+     or to sell or otherwise dispose of to any person whatsoever
+     other than the said McLoughlin any claim or right which he the
+     said Waller may have in the same.
+
+     "And the said John McLoughlin agrees in consideration of the
+     above mentioned acts and agreements on the part of the said
+     Alvan F. Waller to pay to the said Waller the sum of five
+     hundred dollars and further to convey to the said Waller the
+     premises now occupied by him being lots number two and seven in
+     Blocks number one in Oregon City in said survey--also the
+     entire Blocks numbers fifty four, forty one and eighteen and
+     lots one, two, three, six, seven, and eight in Block number
+     eleven all included in the plot Oregon City aforesaid; and the
+     said John McLoughlin further agrees to give to said Alvan F.
+     Waller his Bond conditioned for a good and sufficient Warrantee
+     Deed to all the above specified premises.
+
+     "And the said John McLoughlin further agrees to convey to
+     David Leslie now acting superintendent of the Oregon Methodist
+     Episcopal Mission lots three, four, five and six in Block
+     number one and also lots numbers four and five in Block twenty
+     eight and also the entire Block number twenty nine on the plot
+     of Oregon City aforesaid; and the said John McLoughlin further
+     agrees to give to the said David Leslie his Bond conditioned
+     for a good and sufficient warrantee deed accordingly to all the
+     above specified premises.
+
+     "Signed with our names and sealed with our seals this day and
+     year first above mentioned.
+
+                                "JOHN MCLOUGHLIN" {     }
+                                "ALVAN F. WALLER" {L. S.}
+                                "DAVID LESLIE"    {     }
+
+                            "Witnesses"
+                                "JAMES DOUGLAS"
+                                "ELIJAH WHITE"
+                                "A. L. LOVEJOY"
+                                "W. GILPIN."
+
+                   "True Copy of the original.
+               "Attest:       W. W. RAYMOND.
+               "Wallamette Falls July 24, 1844."
+
+
+A copy of the bond, dated April 4, 1844, given by Dr. John McLoughlin to
+Rev. A. F. Waller, as provided in said Articles of Agreement of the same
+date, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. It is also
+certified to be a true copy by said W. W. Raymond. This certified copy
+was, also, among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the time of
+his death.
+
+Frances Fuller Victor, who had access to original documents, says that
+the reasons why the agreement set forth in this Document J, came to be
+entered into are as follows: In April, 1844, Dr. Elijah White suggested
+that the differences between Dr. McLoughlin and A. F. Waller about the
+Oregon City land claim might be settled by arbitration. Dr. McLoughlin
+finally consented to this plan. The arbitrators chosen were Dr. Elijah
+White, Major Gilpin, and James Douglas, on the side of Dr. McLoughlin,
+and Revs. David Leslie and A. F. Waller on the side of Waller and the
+Methodist Mission. All the arbitrators, except Douglas, were citizens of
+the United States. Major Gilpin had attended West Point and had been an
+officer in the regular army of the United States. He came to Oregon with
+Fremont's expedition. Rev. David Leslie was then the acting
+Superintendent of the Methodist Mission.
+
+Waller insisted that he should receive five hundred dollars and five
+acres for himself and the Methodist Mission should receive fourteen
+lots. White and Gilpin considered this exorbitant and opposed it. They
+were finally persuaded by Douglas to agree to Waller's terms. Douglas
+said to Dr. McLoughlin, "I thought it best to give you one fever and
+have done with it. I have acceded to the terms and signed the
+papers."[66]
+
+While Dr. McLoughlin signed these agreements and executed these bonds
+and carried them out as far as he was able to, he was not pleased with
+being compelled to accede to these demands, which he considered unjust.
+If Waller, either for himself alone or for himself and the Methodist
+Mission, were entitled to the 640 acres of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim,
+Waller and it should have insisted on having the whole claim. The
+proposition of Waller to accept $500 and five acres of land and for Dr.
+McLoughlin to give the Mission fourteen lots shows that in the minds of
+Waller and the Mission his and its claims were, to say the least, very
+dubious ones. Dr. McLoughlin could but consider that he had been forced
+to comply with these demands, not as a question of right, but as a
+question of expediency and to get rid of these false claims.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT K
+
+  _Statement of the career in Oregon of Judge W. P. Bryant._
+
+
+I have been unable to learn much about Judge W. P. Bryant, except his
+actions in connection with Abernethy Island and against Dr. McLoughlin.
+To his _Biennial Report_ of 1899 (page 190) Hon. H. R. Kincaid, as
+Secretary of State for Oregon, added an Appendix giving short
+biographies of the Chief Justices of Oregon and of other Oregon
+officials. Of Judge Bryant the Secretary of State said only: "There are
+no official records in the Department of State to show when Mr. Bryant
+assumed the duties of his office nor for what period he served. The
+decisions of the Supreme Court at the time when he served were not
+reported. Mr. Bryant was appointed by the President from some eastern
+state and only served here a short time when he again returned east."
+
+In the _History of Oregon_ in Bancroft's Works, it is said: That Judge
+Bryant's home was in Indiana; that he was appointed Chief Justice of
+Oregon in August, 1848, and arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849; that he
+resigned as Chief Justice January 1, 1851, having spent but five months
+in Oregon; that upon his resignation he returned to Indiana, where he
+soon died.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT L
+
+  _Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  Thursday, September 12, 1850._
+
+
+"Mr. Editor:
+
+"In the Congressional Globe of May 30th, 1850, is the following language
+of Mr. Thurston, the Delegate from Oregon, to which I wish to invite the
+attention of the public.
+
+"'And as to the humbug about the Hudson's Bay Company, mentioned by the
+gentleman from Missouri [Mr. Bowlin], I have to say that I know of no
+humbug about it; this Company has been warring against our Government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been the chief fugleman, first
+to cheat our Government, out of the whole country, and next to prevent
+its settlement. He has driven men from their claims, and from the
+country, to stifle its efforts at settlement. In 1845 he sent an express
+to Fort Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the emigrants, if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would all be cut off; they
+went and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living; he fought the battles of the country, yet, by one act of
+treason, forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this Bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country, because
+more Jesuitical.'
+
+"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on trade under the treaty of joint occupation of the
+country--even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity. The government and policy of the Company were
+such as to render traveling safe, and the Indians were friendly to
+whites. When the Hudson's Bay Company first began to trade with these
+Indians they were so hostile to the whites that they had to mount guard
+day and night at the establishment, have sentinels at the gates to
+prevent any Indian entering, unless to trade, and when they entered, to
+take their arms from them. The Columbia could not be traveled in parties
+of less than sixty well armed men; but, by the management of the
+Company, they were brought to that friendly disposition that _two_ men,
+for several years back, can travel in _safety_ between this and Fort
+Hall.
+
+"Mr. Thurston is pleased to describe me as 'chief fugleman to the
+Hudson's Bay Company.' This is a term which he probably gathered from
+the vocabulary in which he found the word 'gumption,' with which he
+recently garnished another dish, and which he seems to have prepared for
+appetites similar to his own. By the use of this, and such like epithets
+it will at once be seen that he has a field of literature which he is
+likely to occupy without a rival, and the exclusive possession of which
+no one will deny him. Neither my principles nor my tastes lead me in
+that direction. But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the Hudson's Bay
+Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole country, and
+next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my head is very
+white with the frost of many winters, but I have never before been
+accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject--I have had for twenty
+years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's trade, in
+Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have been the
+representative of British interests in this country; but I have never
+descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and doing
+wrong to anyone. I have, on the other hand, afforded every assistance to
+all who required it, and which religion and humanity dictated; and this
+community can say if I did so or not. My language to all who spoke to me
+on the subject of politics, was that situated as we were we ought to say
+nothing about the boundary question, as that was an affair of the
+Government; but to live as Christians in peace and concord, and in
+acting as I did I consider that I have rendered services to the British
+and American Governments. But if I had acted differently, the Government
+would have had difficulties, and this community would perhaps not have
+enjoyed the peace it has, nor be in so prosperous a condition as it is,
+and certainly there is not a man in it who will say that I have sought
+to prevent its settlement. There are, in this Valley, very many persons,
+and especially among the earliest immigrants, of the first years of the
+settlement of the country, who are sufficiently honest to admit that the
+country could never have been colonized as easily as it was, but for the
+timely, ample, and continuous assistance rendered by me, to them, with
+the means of the Hudson's Bay Company under my charge. Provisions were
+sent to meet the immigrants--boats were dispatched to convey them down
+the Columbia,--when arrived on their claims, cattle were loaned
+them--they were supplied with clothing, food, farming utensils, and
+wheat for seed. Very many of these men honorably paid, as soon as they
+could; others, though able to pay, and though their notes have been
+standing for many years, testify their sense of the number and magnitude
+of my favors by signing a _secret_ Memorial to the Congress of the
+United States, to take from me my property, and to leave me in the
+decline of life, and in the decrepitude of old age, to the companionship
+of adders, who--when they were benumbed with frost, I gathered from the
+hedges and warmed into life, to feel, when alas! too late, the stings
+of their ingratitude.
+
+"For additional proof, in repelling these calumnies, I could refer to
+many sources: Wilkes' Journal, Fremont's Narrative, to American
+travelers and writers, and to letters from many and many an immigrant to
+this country, and now residents in this valley, stating to their friends
+in the States the kindness I had shewn them, and who, I am sure, would
+acknowledge it, and are as much surprised at the charge brought against
+me as I am myself. But, moreover, it is well known that the fact of my
+having aided in the settlement of this country has been a subject of
+serious complaints, and grave charges made against me, by subjects of
+Her Britannic Majesty, during the pending of the boundary question--who
+seem to have been imbued with the same kind disposition toward their
+fellow men as Mr. Thurston.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston--'Keep this still till next mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed--my land bill; keep dark till next mail.
+
+                                           "'THURSTON.'"
+
+  "'June 9, 1850.'"
+
+"In the paragraph already quoted from the Globe of June 30, Mr. Thurston
+affirms that I am a more dangerous man than Benedict Arnold was;
+because, as he states, I am more 'Jesuitical.' Webster, the celebrated
+American Lexicographer, defines Jesuitism thus: 'Cunning, deceit,
+prevarication, deceptive practices'--yet this same man, Mr. Thurston,
+who bestows epithets upon me without stint and beyond measure; who
+accuses me of being 'Jesuitical,' and who occupies the situation of a
+grave legislator, admits that his measures will not bear the light of
+truth, and he requires his friend to keep still, until he shall complete
+the perpetration of a deed of wickedness. Is this not the cunning of the
+fox? who prowls around in the darkness, that he may rob the hen-roost of
+the farmer while he is sleeping, without a suspicion of a meditated
+evil. Is not the sending of such a document, with the request written
+upon it to keep 'dark,' a deceptive practice, within the very letter and
+meaning of Webster's definition of Jesuitism? Mr. Thurston, it appears,
+was afraid of the light of facts, which he did not desire to have
+communicated to the Government at Washington, before he completed an act
+of contemplated wrong doing.
+
+"In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission--they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate. In 1829, I commenced making preparations at the falls of
+the Willamette, for building a sawmill. I had a party residing there
+during the winter of 1829 and 1830. This party, in my employment, and
+paid with my money, built three houses, and prepared the timber for the
+erection of a mill. Circumstances rendered the suspension of the mill
+for a while necessary. In the spring of 1830 I commenced cultivating the
+ground at the Falls. In the year 1832 I had a mill race blasted out of
+the rocks, from near the head of the island which Mr. Thurston calls
+Abernethy Island--but Mr. Thurston found it convenient to conceal from
+the United States Government that Mr. Abernethy and others purchased the
+island from F. Hathaway, who jumped the island in the first instance,
+and that Judge Bryant and Gov. Lane finally purchased whatever right Mr.
+Abernethy had acquired. The Indians having burnt in 1829 the timber
+which during that same year had been prepared for the erection of the
+mill, I had, in the summer of 1838, another house built at the Falls;
+during the same year I had squared timber prepared and hauled to the
+place at which I had originally proposed to erect a mill; the erection
+of the mill was again postponed. In 1840 the Rev. Jason Lee,
+superintendent of the Methodist Mission in Oregon, applied to me for the
+loan of some of the above mentioned timber, for the purpose of erecting
+a Mission building. To this request I assented, and at the same time
+sent Dr. F. W. Tolmie to point out to the Rev. Mr. Lee the spot upon
+which he might build. Up to this time, it should be observed that no
+effort had been made to interfere with my claim, and no one called in
+question my perfect right to make it. It should be borne in mind, too,
+that I commenced improving in 1829, and that the missionaries did not
+come here till 1834. To prevent, however, any future misunderstanding,
+growing out of any occupancy of sufferance, I handed Mr. Lee a letter,
+dated Vancouver, 21st July, 1840, in which I described the extent of my
+claim, as embracing 'the upper end of the Falls, across to the Clackamas
+Falls, in the Willamette, including the whole point of land _and the
+small Island in the falls, on which the portage is made and which I
+intend to claim when the boundary line is drawn_.' The words italicised
+are not so in the original. I now do this to call attention to them. Up
+to this time no one but myself claimed the island. Mr. Lee promised to
+return the timber he procured to erect the building, with the wood thus
+loaned Mr. Waller and family, who were placed in it by Mr. Lee. I gave
+Mr. Lee permission to occupy, as a mission store room, a house I had got
+erected for myself. Up to 1841 my claim to the island had never been
+interfered with; in this year Mr. Felix Hathaway put some logs on the
+island. I gave him notice of my claim, and erected a small house upon
+the island. Hathaway finally proceeded with his building. I did not
+forcibly eject him because I wished to preserve the peace of the
+country. In the autumn of 1842, I first heard that the Rev. Mr. Waller,
+as I was informed, set up a claim in conflict with mine, (not for the
+Mission, but in his own name.) I subsequently bought off Mr. Waller, in
+the same anxious desire to preserve the peace.
+
+"In conclusion of this part of the subject I will remark that when Mr.
+Waller requested Capt. W. K. Kilbourn, who resides in this place, to
+assist him in putting up the logs which I had loaned to Mr. Lee, Capt.
+Kilbourn said to him: 'I will not assist to build the house, if you
+intend to set up any claim here.' Mr. Waller disavowed any such
+intention.
+
+"In 1842 I had the claim surveyed by Mr. Hudspath, and laid off some
+lots; in the fall of 1843, there being better instruments in the
+country, I had my claim surveyed by Jesse Applegate, Esq., who more
+accurately marked its streets, alleys, lots, etc., etc. When the Oregon
+Provisional Government was formed, I recorded my claim in accordance
+with the provisions of its organic laws; this record covers the island
+and the site of Oregon City. In making this record, I circumscribed the
+limits of my claim, so that instead of extending down to the Clackamas
+River, as I had made it previous to there being any government in the
+country, I made it so as to extend only about half way down. This I did
+because the Organic Law provided that no one should hold more than six
+hundred and forty acres. This I did also for the sake of peace,
+notwithstanding Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'--That I have held my claim or any part of it by violence or
+threats, no man will assert, and far less will one be found to swear so,
+who will be believed on his oath, in a court of justice. I have probably
+no other enemy than Mr. Thurston, so lost to the _suggestions_ of
+conscience as to make a statement so much at variance with my whole
+character.
+
+"He says that I have realized, up to the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000
+from the sale of lots; this is also wholly untrue. I have given away
+lots to the Methodists, Catholics, Presbyterians, Congregationalists,
+and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to
+the Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon
+Legislature. The Trustees are all Protestants, although it is well known
+I am a Roman Catholic. In short, in one way and another I have donated
+to the county, to schools, to churches, and private individuals, more
+than three hundred town lots, and I never realized in cash $20,000, from
+all the original sales I have made. He continues, 'He is still an
+Englishman, still connected with the Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses
+to file his intentions to become an American citizen.' If I was an
+Englishman, I know no reason why I should not acknowledge it; but I am a
+Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by descent. I am neither ashamed of
+my birth-place or lineage--but it has always appeared to me that a man
+who can only boast of his country has little to be proud of:
+
+  "'A wit's a feather, a chief, a rod--
+  An honest man's the noblest work of God.'"
+
+"I was a Chief Factor in the Hudson's Bay Company's service, and by the
+rules of the Company, enjoy a retired interest, as a matter of
+right.--Capt. McNeil, a native born citizen of the United States of
+America, holds the same rank as I held in the Hudson's Bay Company
+service. He never was required to become a British subject; he will be
+entitled, by the laws of the Company, to the same retired interest, no
+matter to what country he may owe allegiance.
+
+"I declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact--he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full. In July or August, 1849, Gov. Lane
+told me Judge Bryant would speak to me in regard to my claim on the
+Island; the Judge did so and asked me to state the extent of my claim.
+To avoid mistakes and misunderstandings, to which verbal communications
+are subject, I told him I would write him, and accordingly addressed him
+the following letter:
+
+                                 "OREGON CITY, 21st Aug. 1849."
+
+     "_To the Hon. W. P. Bryant_:
+
+       "Sir--
+
+     "I hasten to comply with your request, 'that I state the extent
+     of my claim to the Island within ten days,' and I beg to refer
+     you to the books of recorded land claims, kept by Theo.
+     McGruder, Esq., for the extent of my claim; and I shall expect
+     a transfer of the fee simple of the whole ground, with all and
+     every privilege from the United States of America, as soon as
+     it shall meet the pleasure of my adopted government to act in
+     the matter.
+
+     "I have the honor to be
+         "Your obedient humble servant,
+           [_Signed_] "JOHN McLOUGHLIN."
+
+"This letter was handed to Judge Bryant by J. D. Holman, Esq., and it
+seems quite incomprehensible to me, how, after receiving and perusing
+this letter, Judge Bryant could corroborate (if he did so) Mr.
+Thurston's statement, that I had declined to file my intention to become
+an American citizen. I filed my intention on the 30th May. Mr. Thurston
+left this (Territory) in August, and Judge Bryant in October. Is it
+probable! nay, is it possible! in so small a place as Oregon City, where
+every little occurrence is so soon known--where the right of voting is
+so scrutinized--that I should have voted, and against Mr. Thurston, and
+that his partisans and supporters did not inform him of it, or that
+Judge Bryant did not know that I had filed my intention to become an
+American citizen? But Mr. Thurston makes another statement in which
+there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,' meaning myself,
+'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out of the claim was
+to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he and
+other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in other
+words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the Hudson's Bay
+Company.'
+
+"Mr. Thurston had just before said that I had made for myself $200,000
+from the sale of lots; but now after having made my conservative purse
+vastly capacious finds it convenient to shrivel it up by transferring
+this cheering amount of coin to the coffers of the Hudson's Bay Company.
+I assert I never made such a statement to Mr. Thurston, and I assert
+that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that the Hudson's Bay
+Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have any interest in it
+with me.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says that on the 4th March, 1849, Governor Lane apprised
+Dr. McLoughlin and all others that no one had a right to sell or meddle
+with government lands. This is given as a reason why every man that has
+bought a lot since that time shall lose it. If by this statement
+anything more is meant than at that date the Territorial government was
+put in operation, then it is wholly untrue; but were it otherwise, what
+is the motive for the commission of such an act of injustice that
+necessarily involves in pecuniary loss half the inhabitants of this
+place, in addition to many who do not reside here? Mr. Thurston says,
+Abernethy's Island is in the middle of the river. Such a statement could
+only be made to persons unacquainted with this place, and conveys a
+wrong impression, as every one who knows the place will admit the island
+is not in the middle of the river, but separated from the main land only
+by a chasm over which there is a bridge about 100 feet long. In the dry
+season, the stream is not more than forty feet broad at the Falls, which
+separates it from the main land, and can the people of Oregon City and
+its vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months before he
+left this, that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they were,
+to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate this
+Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact, proposing
+to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.
+
+                                 "JNO. McLOUGHLIN."
+
+"[At the request of Dr. McLoughlin, we stepped into the Clerk's office
+and read upon a paper filed in the office that on the 30th day of May,
+1849, John McLoughlin filed his intention to become an American citizen,
+and that the said paper was duly certified to, by the then acting Clerk,
+Geo. L. Curry.--ED.]"
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT M
+
+  _Letter by William J. Berry, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  December 26, 1850._
+
+
+"FOREST CREEK, Polk Co., December 15, 1850."
+
+"_Mr. Editor_:
+
+  "Truth crush'd to earth, shall rise again:
+  The eternal years of God are hers;
+  But error, wounded, withers with pain,
+  And dies among his worshippers."
+
+"Believing that the characters of public men are public property, I
+desire, with your permission, to speak through the columns of the
+'Spectator' about some of the doings of our Delegate in Congress.
+
+"I am dissatisfied with his course in regard to the 'Oregon City Claim.'
+And now permit me to say, that I am not influenced in this matter by
+mercenary motives of any kind. I never owned any property in or about
+Oregon City, nor do I ever expect to; but I am influenced by motives of
+a certain kind, which are: the veneration I feel for the sacred
+principles of truth and justice,--and the mortification I feel at seeing
+these principles not only overlooked, but indignantly trampled under
+foot.
+
+"Up to the time of writing his celebrated 'letter to the members of the
+House of Representatives,' I, in common with a large portion of the
+people here, was led to admire the ability, the zeal, and industry, with
+which Mr. Thurston conducted the business of this Territory. But in that
+portion of said letter, where he speaks of the Oregon City claim, I
+think he has placed himself in the position of the old cow, who, after
+giving a fine pail of milk, kicked it all over. With the disposal of
+said claim as contemplated in the bill, I have no fault to find; but
+with the means employed by Mr. Thurston to effect that end, I do find
+most serious fault.
+
+"Some of these I will notice. Speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, he says: 'He
+still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen.'
+Now, I assert that Mr. Thurston _knew_, previous to the election, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions. I heard him say in a stump
+speech, at the City Hotel, that he expected his (the Doctor's) vote. At
+the election I happened to be one of the Judges; Dr. McLoughlin came up
+to vote; the question was asked by myself, if he had filed his
+intentions? The Clerk of the Court, George L. Curry, Esq., who was
+standing near the window, said that he had. He voted. Some time after
+the election, when I was holding the office of Justice of the Peace, in
+Oregon City, Mr. Thurston came to me, in company with a man whose name I
+have forgotten, having an affidavit already prepared which he wished
+sworn to, and subscribed by this man; which was done. Said affidavit
+went to state that Dr. McLoughlin had written a letter, or letters, to
+some French settlers north of the Columbia, directing them to oppose
+Thurston and vote for Lancaster, &c., &c. I merely mention this
+circumstance to show that Mr. Thurston knew exactly how Dr. McLoughlin
+stood. The assertion of Mr. Thurston that Dr. McLoughlin has 'worked
+diligently to break down the settlements,' is also without foundation.
+There are scores of persons in this valley of the early emigrants, who
+testify to the kindness received at the hands of Dr. McLoughlin. And
+many there are who would doubtless have perished had it not been for his
+humane attention. He helped them to descend the Columbia--fed them,
+clothed them; and now he is accused of 'working diligently to break down
+the settlements!'
+
+"I shall notice but one more of Mr. Thurston's assertions in regard to
+this claim. Mr. Thurston says: 'The Methodist Mission first took this
+claim.' Now this is an assertion which any one who knows anything about
+the history of Oregon City, knows to be utterly without foundation.--On
+the contrary the said Methodist Mission never had a right to any part of
+said claim, unless jumping constitutes right.
+
+"In what I have said about Dr. McLoughlin, I have not spoken from
+interested motives. I never received any favor at his hands, nor do I
+expect to. But I am ashamed of the course of our Delegate; I think it is
+unbecoming the Representative of a magnanimous people.
+
+"What must be the feelings of Dr. McLoughlin? A man whose head is
+whitened by the frosts of perhaps eighty winters! Who, during that long
+period has been living subject to the nation under whose flag he was
+born. And who, at that advanced age declares his intention of becoming a
+citizen of our great Republic.--I say what must be his feelings? and
+what must be the feelings of all candid men--of all men of honor and
+magnanimity, who have read Mr. Thurston's letter. And yet this same
+Honorable (?) Delegate in his address to his constituents lectures us
+upon Religion and Morality.
+
+                             "Very respectfully, yours,
+                                              "WM. J. BERRY."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT N
+
+  _Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress, December 26,
+  1850._
+
+
+December 26, 1850, Thurston attempted to answer, by a speech in
+Congress, Dr. McLoughlin's letter, published in the _Oregon Spectator_,
+September 12, 1850. It is a scurrilous speech. Most of its asserted
+statements of fact are untrue. It is too long to be set forth here in
+full. It will be found at pages 36 to 45 of the Appendix to volume 23
+of the _Congressional Globe_. The italics in this Document N are those
+appearing in the _Congressional Globe_.
+
+He first discussed the petition of the fifty-six persons who signed the
+petition at Oregon City, September 19, 1850, against the passage of the
+eleventh section of the Donation Land Bill, and attempted to show that
+the petition was against Dr. McLoughlin instead of being in his favor.
+This was pettifogging. Thurston set forth that he had not been in favor
+of recognizing in the bill transfers of land by Dr. McLoughlin after
+March 3, 1849, for the reason that "If such transfers were confirmed in
+general terms, up to the passage of the bill, the whole of what the
+Doctor claimed would be covered by fictitious transfers for his
+benefit." Thurston attacked J. Quinn Thornton and Aaron E. Wait, the
+attorneys of Dr. McLoughlin, and called them names too vile to be
+inserted in this address.
+
+Referring to Dr. McLoughlin's statement in his letter that the Hudson's
+Bay Company's business was so managed "in all respects subservient to
+the best interests of the country, and the duties of religion and
+humanity," Thurston said: "If to make the settler pay _with his life_
+the penalty of settling where they did not want him to, or to oppress
+him until he was compelled to yield; if tearing down houses over
+families' heads, and burning them up, and leaving a poor woman in the
+rain, houseless and homeless; if attempting to break down all American
+enterprises, and to prevent the settlement of the country--if, sir, to
+do all these things, and many more, which are hereafter proved, then is
+the quotation true. If this is their religion, then have they adorned,
+for the last ten years, the religion they profess." These charges are
+maliciously false.
+
+Thurston charged that Dr. McLoughlin was "for all practical purposes, as
+much in, of, and connected with the [Hudson's Bay] Company as he ever
+was ... yet he comes up here with a hypocritical face and pleads
+poverty! and says that he has picked up my people out of ditches,
+mud-puddles, from under the ice, and warmed them into life; which Wait
+and Thornton virtually testify to.... Who ever heard a Jew or a Gypsy
+making up a more pitiful face than this." Thurston further said that Dr.
+McLoughlin persuaded some of the immigrants of 1842 to go to California;
+that he provided outfits for them "and took notes, payable in
+California. And this was done for the purpose of ridding the country of
+these unwelcome visitors.... That the Doctor was determined to do all he
+could to prevent the country from finally settling up, and with this
+object in view, undertook to persuade our early settlers to leave." This
+is absolutely untrue, except the part that Dr. McLoughlin furnished said
+immigrants with outfits and took their notes payable in California. Most
+of these notes were never paid.
+
+Thurston then proceeds to pettifog about his injunction to keep his
+letter to Congress about the Donation Land Bill "dark till next mail."
+He had to pettifog or say it was a forgery. He said he wrote this as he
+feared the bill "never would pass, and I dreaded the effect the news of
+its failure, on the first day, would have on business of the
+territory.... It was to avoid the general panic that I adopted this
+course and this is why I requested to have nothing said till the time of
+trial might come."[67] Thurston was compelled to admit that he knew that
+Dr. McLoughlin had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States
+prior to the election in June, 1849, but Thurston said he did not know
+that Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions to become a citizen.
+Thurston endeavored to justify himself by technicalities. He knew that
+the Circuit Courts of the Provisional Government had ceased to exist May
+13, 1849, or prior thereto. It was on that day that Governor Lane
+assigned the Territorial judges, appointed by the President, to their
+respective districts. Yet Thurston asserted that "The court, or the
+tribunal, in which Dr. McLoughlin took his oaths was not such a court as
+the law requires, but was a creature of the Provisional Government." He
+asserted that George L. Curry, the Clerk of the court, before whom Dr.
+McLoughlin took the oath of allegiance and filed his intentions to
+become an American citizen, did it in his capacity as a clerk of a court
+of the Provisional Government (which was no longer in existence),
+instead of in the capacity of a clerk of the new Territorial court, and
+said that Judge Bryant informed him that this was the case.
+
+May 30, 1849, George L. Curry, if not the _de jure_ clerk, was the _de
+facto_ and acting clerk of the Territorial District Court, before whom
+it was lawful and proper to take the oath of allegiance under the United
+States naturalization law. If, for any reason, Dr. McLoughlin did not
+comply technically with the law, it was nevertheless his intention to do
+so. He subscribed and filed two oaths on May 30, 1849. In these he swore
+it was his intention to become an American citizen and that "I renounce
+all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State and
+Sovereignty, whatsoever and particularly to Victoria, Queen of the
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and that I will support the
+Constitution of the United States, and the provisions of 'An Act to
+establish the Territorial Government of Oregon.'" Under these oaths, or
+one of them, Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen of the United States
+September 5, 1851. In admitting him to citizenship the Judge must have
+found that Dr. McLoughlin's original declaration was sufficient and was
+filed in a court of competent jurisdiction. And yet Thurston had said in
+his letter to the House of Representatives and in his speech of May 28,
+1850, that Dr. McLoughlin "refuses to become an American citizen."
+
+In this speech of December 26, 1850, Thurston said that if any persons
+in Oregon owed money to Dr. McLoughlin, he could proceed in the Courts.
+This is true. The difficulty was to enforce judgments. Judgments could
+not then or prior to that time and until long afterwards be enforced
+against land. An execution could only reach personal property. If a
+debtor did not wish to pay a debt, he could sell his crops privately in
+advance, or he could cover them and other personal property by chattel
+mortgages. Thurston as a lawyer knew the law. The law establishing the
+Territorial Government of Oregon provided that "all laws heretofore
+passed in said Territory [_i.e._, by the Provisional Government] making
+grants of land, or otherwise affecting or incumbering the title to
+lands, shall be, and are hereby declared to be, null and void."
+
+Under the Donation Land Law a settler on public land had merely a
+possessory right which did not ripen into a title to the land until he
+had "resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years."
+It was an estate upon condition. It was not subject to execution sale.
+If such a sale could have been made, under a law of the Territory of
+Oregon, a purchaser would take nothing--not even the possessory right of
+a settler.[68] The settler was the only one who could complete the four
+years' residence and cultivation. In fact, it was a long time after the
+passage of the law before a land claim could be lawfully taken up. The
+settlers really held a kind of squatter's title until the
+Surveyor-General was ready to proceed or to receive applications for
+surveys. The first notifications were not filed until 1852. Besides, the
+statute of limitations, for bringing suit on these debts, did not exceed
+six years.
+
+The case of McLoughlin v. Hoover, 1 _Oregon Reports_, 32, was decided at
+the December term, 1853, of the Supreme Court of the Territory of
+Oregon. This case shows that Dr. McLoughlin did bring a suit shortly
+after September 29, 1852, the exact date not being given in the
+decision, against John Hoover to recover from Hoover a promissory note
+for $560 dated October 2, 1845, and payable one year after date. Hoover
+pleaded the Statute of Limitations. It was held by the Supreme Court of
+Oregon Territory that at no time under the Provisional or Territorial
+governments of Oregon was the statute of limitations to recover on notes
+and accounts for a longer period than six years. But by reason of
+amendments of the law, that the statute of limitations did not run a
+longer period than three years succeeding the act of September 29, 1849.
+The full six years from the time said note became due would end October
+5, 1853, counting three days of grace, but under this decision the
+statute of limitations had run September 29, 1852, being less than five
+years from the time said note became due. The statute of limitations
+does not extinguish a debt. It merely stops the collection of it by law.
+
+In this speech Thurston was compelled to admit that he had no proper
+foundation for the statement in his letter to Congress that Dr.
+McLoughlin had sent word to Fort Hall to turn the immigration to
+California. He said in this speech that the immigrants to Oregon "at a
+very early period, perhaps as early as 1842 or 1843, were met with the
+tale that the Indians were hostile to the immigrants; that they would be
+cut off if they proceeded further on the Oregon trail; and that this
+story was told by the officer in charge of Fort Hall, as having been
+received from Vancouver, [the headquarters of Dr. McLoughlin] and that
+this same officer advised the emigrants to go to California." This
+statement is not borne out by the facts. That there was danger to the
+immigrants in coming to Oregon is shown by the intended massacre of the
+immigrants of 1843, as set forth in this address and in the McLoughlin
+Document.
+
+Thurston, in this speech, took up the Shortess petition and read
+numerous parts of it. He said in reference to the phrase that the
+petitioners hoped that Dr. McLoughlin never would own his land claim,
+that that is "just what the land bill provides for." Referring to the
+assertion in the Shortess petition that Dr. McLoughlin "says the land is
+his, and every person building without his permission is held as a
+trespasser," Thurston said: "What do you think of this, Mr. Speaker? An
+Englishman holding an _American citizen_ a trespasser for settling on
+American soil, where the American Government had invited him! This, sir,
+was before the treaty [of 1846] and before the Provisional Government
+was formed, and when one American citizen had as good a right to settle
+there as another, and all a better right than Dr. McLoughlin. Yet this
+barefaced Jesuit has the effrontery to pretend he did not hold that
+claim by dint of threats." Thurston does not explain how the American
+Government invited the immigrants prior to 1847 to settle in Oregon. The
+truth is that the American settlers who left the East prior to 1849 went
+on their own initiative. They were neither invited nor helped nor
+protected by the Government, until after the establishment of the
+Territorial Government in 1849. Under the Conventions of joint-occupancy
+Dr. McLoughlin had the same rights, up to the Treaty of 1846, as a
+British subject, that any citizen of the United States had--no more, no
+less. This, Thurston as a lawyer, knew.
+
+After quoting further from the Shortess petition, Thurston said: "Now,
+Mr. Speaker, all this was before the Provisional Government was in
+operation--before the treaty, when no man had any right to meddle with
+the soil. Who can contemplate the helpless condition of these few and
+feeble American citizens, at that time and place, struggling for life,
+and for subsistence, thus kicked and buffeted round at the mercy of one
+of the most powerful corporations on earth, headed by a man whose
+intrigues must have furnished Eugene Sue with a clue to his 'Wandering
+Jew,'--who, I say, sir, can thus contemplate our flesh, and blood, and
+kindred, with their land, their houses, their all, thus posted up, and
+declared subject to _any_ disposition this unfeeling man might make of
+them without shedding tears of pity for their distress.... Now, sir,
+just turn to my correspondence in letters one and two, where he tells
+you, if a man settled where the company did not allow him to, he paid
+the _forfeiture with his life_, or from _necessity_ was compelled to
+yield. And here, again, the names of Wait and Thornton rise up before
+me, and while reading their laudations of McLoughlin, I can think of
+nothing but two Jews lauding Judas Iscariot....
+
+"This petition is signed by many persons, many of whom I know, who are
+now living in Oregon. I can bear unqualified testimony to their
+character in society, to their honor and to their veracity. I undertake
+to say, that not a word is uttered in it but the truth, and it is
+susceptible of any reasonable proof. I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original, whom to know is to respect, to listen to, to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years' residence, and who would be universally believed on any subject
+on which he would presume to speak. That gentleman informs me that every
+word of it is true to the letter.... If in the mouth of two or three
+witnesses all things are established, then surely sixty-five men are
+good evidence of the facts stated in the petition to which their names
+were attached, and, then, you and the country can judge whether this man
+McLoughlin, by whom all the abuses here complained of were dictated, is
+entitled to receive gratuities of the American Government for such
+rascalities, or whether the people of Oregon owe him a debt of gratitude
+which they refuse to pay."
+
+Thurston set forth the letter of Dr. McLoughlin to Robert Shortess,
+dated at Vancouver, April 13, 1843, in which Dr. McLoughlin wrote: "I am
+informed that you have circulated a petition for signatures, complaining
+of me, and of the Hudson's Bay Company. I hope you will, in common
+fairness, give me a copy of the petition, with the names of those who
+signed it, that I may know what is said against us, and who those _are_
+who think they have cause of complaint against us." Thurston said: "The
+_names_ must be given, and for what? I will not say whether as a sure
+guide to the tomahawk of the Indian, or as a precursor to death by
+combined and grinding oppression--I leave this to the witnesses who have
+already spoken. But could you read in the records of heaven the deeds of
+this power in Oregon, while you would admire the consummate skill with
+which they were conducted, your whole moral nature would be shocked by
+the baseness of the design, and the means for their accomplishment."
+
+Thurston in this speech, without giving names, gave excerpts from a
+number of letters he had received, sustaining his actions against Dr.
+McLoughlin in the Donation Land Bill. Shameful as Thurston's actions
+were against Dr. McLoughlin, Thurston had reason to believe that his
+actions were sustained and approved by leaders and members of the party
+which had elected him. Those who thus abetted Thurston in his
+misstatements and actions against Dr. McLoughlin were as culpable as
+Thurston was--they became his accessories. Some of these afterwards were
+ashamed of their actions against Dr. McLoughlin. Their repentances,
+although late, are commendable.
+
+
+
+
+DOCUMENT O
+
+  _Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J. Wyeth, Robert C.
+  Winthrop and Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  April 3, 1851._
+
+                               "Chicopee, Mass., Nov. 16, 1850."
+
+     "Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth:
+
+     "My Dear Sir--You will excuse me, I am sure, when I assure you
+     I am from Oregon, and her delegate to the Congress of the
+     United States, for addressing you for a purpose of interest to
+     the country to which I belong.
+
+     "I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can at
+     this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+     and your enterprise in Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's Bay
+     Company, and particularly by Doc. John McLoughlin, then its
+     Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin has, since you left the
+     country, rendered his name odious among the people of Oregon,
+     by his endeavors to prevent the settlement of the country, and
+     to cripple its growth.
+
+     "Now that he wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends
+     that he has been the long tried friend of Americans and
+     American enterprise west of the mountains. Your early reply
+     will be highly appreciated, both for its information, and your
+     relation to my country.
+
+     "I am, sir, yours very truly,
+                             "S. R. THURSTON."
+
+
+                   "Cambridge, Nov. 21, 1850."
+
+     "Hon. Sam'l R. Thurston:
+
+     "Dear Sir--Your favor of the 16th inst., was received on the
+     19th. The first time I visited the Columbia, in the autumn of
+     1832, I reached Vancouver with a disorganized party of ten
+     persons, the remnant of twenty-four who left the States. Wholly
+     worn out and disheartened, we were received cordially, and
+     liberally supplied, and there the party broke up. I returned to
+     the States in the Spring of 1833 with one man. One of the
+     party, Mr. John Ball, remained and planted wheat on the
+     Willamette, a little above Camp du Sable, having been supplied
+     with seed and implements from Vancouver, then under the charge
+     of John McLoughlin, Esq., and this gentleman I believe to have
+     been the first American who planted wheat in Oregon. I returned
+     to the country in the autumn of 1834, with a large party and
+     more means, having on the way built Fort Hall, and there met a
+     brig which I sent around the Horn. In the winter and spring of
+     1835, I planted wheat on the Willamette and on Wappatoo Island.
+
+     "The suffering and distressed of the early American visitors
+     and settlers on the Columbia were always treated by Hudson's
+     Bay Company's agents, and particularly so by John McLoughlin,
+     Esq., with consideration and kindness, more particularly the
+     Methodist Missionaries, whom I brought out in the autumn of
+     1834. He supplied them with the means of transportation, seeds,
+     implements of agriculture and building, cattle and food for a
+     long time.
+
+     "I sincerely regret that the gentleman, as you state, has
+     become odious to his neighbors in his old age.
+
+     "I am your ob't serv't,
+                             "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+                     "Cambridge, Nov. 28, 1850."
+
+     "Hon. Robert C. Winthrop:
+
+     "Dear Sir--I have received a letter from Sam'l R. Thurston, of
+     which the following is a portion:
+
+     "'I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can
+     at this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+     and your enterprise in Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's
+     Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains, and particularly by
+     Dr. John McLoughlin, then its Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin
+     has since you left the country, rendered his name odious among
+     the people of Oregon, by his endeavors to prevent the
+     settlement of the country and cripple its growth. Now that he
+     wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has
+     been the long-tried friend of Americans and American enterprise
+     west of the mountains.'
+
+     "I have written Mr. Thurston, in reply to the above extract,
+     that myself and parties were kindly received, and were treated
+     well in all respects by J. McLoughlin, Esq., and the officers
+     of the Hudson's Bay Co.; but from the tenor of his letter, I
+     have no confidence that my testimony will be presented before
+     any committee to whom may be referred any subjects touching the
+     interests of said John McLoughlin, Esq.
+
+     "The very honorable treatment received by me from Mr.
+     McLoughlin during the years inclusive from 1832 to 1836, during
+     which time there were no other Americans on the Lower Columbia,
+     except myself and parties, calls on me to state the facts.
+
+     "The purpose of this letter is to ask the favor of you to
+     inform me what matter is pending, in which Mr. McLoughlin's
+     interests are involved, and before whom, and if you will
+     present a memorial from me on the matters stated in Mr.
+     Thurston's letter as above.
+
+     "Respectfully and truly your ob't servant,
+                             "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+                     "Washington, Dec. 28, 1850."
+
+     "Dear Sir--I took the earliest opportunity to enquire of Mr.
+     Thurston what there was pending before Congress or the
+     Executive, in which Mr. McLoughlin's character or interest were
+     concerned. He would tell me nothing, nor am I aware of
+     anything.
+
+     "Respectfully your ob't serv't,
+                             "R. C. WINTHROP."
+     "To. N. J. Wyeth, Esq."
+
+
+     "John McLoughlin, Esq.:
+
+     "Dear Sir--On the 19th of December, 1850, I received a letter
+     from Sam'l R. Thurston, delegate from Oregon, of which see copy
+     No. 1, and by same mail an Oregon newspaper containing a
+     communication over your signature, the letter [latter], I
+     think, addressed in your handwriting.
+
+     "From the tenor of Mr. Thurston's letter, I presumed he wanted
+     my testimony for some purpose not friendly to yourself. I
+     answered his letter as per copy No. 2, but doubting if my
+     testimony, except it suited his views, would be presented, and
+     being ignorant of his intentions, I wrote the Hon. R. C.
+     Winthrop, late Speaker of the House of Representatives, and at
+     present a member of the Senate of the United States, as per
+     copy, [No. 3] and received from him a reply as per copy [No.
+     4].
+
+     "Should you wish such services as I can render in this part of
+     the United States, I shall be pleased to give them in return
+     for the many good things you did years since, and if my
+     testimony as regards your efficient and friendly actions
+     towards me and the other earliest Americans who settled in
+     Oregon, will be of use in placing you before the Oregon people
+     in the dignified position of a benefactor, it will be
+     cheerfully rendered.
+
+     "I am, with much respect, yours truly,
+                          "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+     "Mr. Thurston writes to Mr. Wyeth, 'That Dr. McLoughlin has,
+     since you left the country, rendered his name odious to the
+     people of Oregon.' (That I have rendered my name odious to the
+     people of Oregon, is what I do not know.) And 'By his endeavors
+     to prevent the settlement of the country, and to cripple its
+     growth.' I say I never endeavored to prevent the settlement of
+     the country, or to cripple its growth, but the reverse. If the
+     whole country had been my own private property, I could not
+     have exerted myself more strenuously than I did to introduce
+     civilization, and promote its settlement. 'Now that he wants a
+     few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has been the
+     long tried friend of Americans and American enterprise west of
+     the mountains.' Mr. Wyeth states how I acted towards him and
+     his companions, the first Americans that I saw on this side of
+     the mountains. Those that came since, know if Mr. Thurston
+     represents my conduct correctly or not. As to my wanting a few
+     favors, I am not aware that I asked for any favors. I was
+     invited by the promises held out in Linn's bill, to become an
+     American citizen of this territory. I accepted the invitation
+     and fulfilled the obligations in good faith, and after doing
+     more, as I believe will be admitted, to settle the country and
+     relieve the immigrants in their distresses, than any other man
+     in it, part of my claim, which had been jumped, Mr. Thurston,
+     the delegate from this territory, persuades Congress to donate
+     Judge Bryant, and the remainder is reserved. I make no
+     comment--the act speaks for itself, but merely observe, if I
+     had no claim to Abernethy Island, why did Mr. Thurston get
+     Congress to interfere, and what had Judge Bryant done for the
+     territory to entitle him to the favor of our delegate? Mr.
+     Thurston is exerting the influence of his official situation to
+     get Congress to depart from its usual course, and to interfere
+     on a point in dispute, and donate that island to Abernethy, his
+     heirs and assigns, alias Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.
+
+                                 "Yours respectfully,
+                                           "JNO. MCLOUGHLIN."
+
+With this correspondence was published the following letter from Doctor
+McLoughlin to the Editor of the _Oregon Spectator_: "I handed the
+following letters to the Editor of the _Statesman_, and he refused to
+publish them, unless as an advertisement." This last letter is quoted to
+show that the letters set forth in this Document O are authentic. The
+first number of the _Oregon Statesman_ was published March 28, 1851.[69]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT P
+
+  _Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John McLoughlin of March 9,
+  1852._
+
+
+The original of the following letter is now in the possession of the
+Oregon Historical Society, from which this copy is made. Rev. Vincent
+Snelling was the first Baptist minister who came to Oregon.
+
+                         "Oregon City, 9th March, 1852."
+
+     "Mr. John McLoughlin, Esq.,
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "Having learned that you intend shortly to visit Washington
+     City, and knowing that you have been misrepresented by our
+     Delegate from this country,--and wishing as an honest man, and
+     a friend to truth and justice, to contribute something toward
+     the correction of those misrepresentations, I submit to your
+     acceptance and disposal the following:
+
+     "I arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1844 and have been an
+     observer of your treatment of and conduct to the American
+     immigrants. I know that you have saved our people from
+     suffering by hunger and I believe from savage cruelty also. I
+     know you sent your boats to convey them down the Columbia
+     river, free of charge, and that you also sent them provisions
+     when they were in a state of starvation, and that you directed
+     them to be distributed among the immigrants, to those that were
+     destitute of money equally with those that had. Nor did your
+     kindness stop there, as many of us lost nearly all we possessed
+     by the time we arrived in the valley. You continued your favors
+     by letting us have both food and raiment for the year, seed
+     wheat, and charging no more than the same number of bushels the
+     next harvest, plows and cattle to plow with. To conclude I do
+     affirm that your conduct ever since I have known you has been
+     such as to justify the opinion that you were friendly to the
+     settlement of the country by Americans. I judge the tree [by]
+     its fruit; you have done more for the American settlers than
+     all the men that were in it, at that time.
+
+     "With sincere wishes that you may obtain your rights,
+
+              "I subscribe myself yours,
+                         "VINCENT SNELLING,
+                  "Ord. Minister Gospel, Baptist."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT Q
+
+  _Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by
+  James Edward Fitzgerald, published in London in 1849; and excerpt from
+  "Ten Years in Oregon" by Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+  in New York in 1844._
+
+
+In order to show some of the unjustifiable abuse of Dr. McLoughlin from
+British sources, I here insert an excerpt from pp. 13-18, inclusive, of
+"The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by J. E. Fitzgerald.
+He says: "Dr. M'Loughlin was formerly an Agent in the North West Fur
+Company of Montreal; he was one of the most enterprising and active in
+conducting the war between that Association and the Hudson's Bay
+Company. In the year 1821, when the rival companies united, Dr.
+M'Loughlin became a factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. But his
+allegiance does not appear to have been disposed of along with his
+interests; and his sympathy with anything other than British, seems to
+have done justice to his birth and education, which were those of a
+French Canadian.
+
+"This gentleman was appointed Governor of all the country west of the
+Rocky Mountains; and is accused, by those who have been in that country,
+of having uniformly encouraged the emigration of settlers from the
+United States, and of having discouraged that of British subjects.
+
+"While the Company in this country were asserting that their settlements
+on the Columbia River were giving validity to the claim of Great Britain
+to the Oregon territory, it appears, that their chief officer on the
+spot was doing all in his power to facilitate the operations of those,
+whose whole object it was to annihilate that claim altogether.
+
+"There is one story told, about which it is right that the truth should
+be ascertained. It is said that a number of half-breeds from the Red
+River settlement were, in the year 1841, induced by the Company's
+officers to undertake a journey entirely across the continent, with the
+object of becoming settlers on the Columbia River.
+
+"It appears that a number went, but on arriving in the country, so far
+from finding any of the promised encouragement, the treatment they
+received from Dr. M'Loughlin was such, that, after having been nearly
+starved under the paternal care of that gentleman, they all went over to
+the American settlement on the Wallamette valley.
+
+"These emigrants became citizens of the United States, and it is further
+said, were the first to memorialize Congress to extend the power of the
+United States over the Oregon territory.
+
+"For the truth of these statements we do not of course vouch. But we do
+say they demand inquiry.
+
+"Dr. M'Loughlin's policy was so manifestly American, that it is openly
+canvassed in a book written by Mr. Dunn, one of the servants of the
+Company, and written for the purpose of praising their system and
+policy.
+
+"Sir Edward Belcher also alludes to this policy. He says,--'Some few
+years since, the Company determined on forming settlements on the rich
+lands situated on the Wallamatte and other rivers, and for providing for
+their retired servants by allotting them farms, and further aiding them
+by supplies of cattle &c. That on the Wallamatte was a field too
+inviting for missionary enthusiasm to overlook; but instead of selecting
+a British subject to afford them spiritual assistance, recourse was had
+to Americans--a course pregnant with evil consequences, and particularly
+in the political squabble pending, as will be seen by the result. No
+sooner had the American and his allies fairly squatted,--(which they
+deem taking possession of the country) than they invited their brethren
+to join them, and called on the American Government for laws and
+protection.'
+
+"A great deal of importance is attached to the account given by
+Commodore Wilkes, U. S. N., of the operations of the Hudson's Bay
+Company on the north-west coast; and it is inferred that testimony,
+coming from such a quarter, is doubly in favour of the Company.
+
+"Nothing, indeed, can be higher than the terms in which Captain Wilkes
+speaks of the Hudson's Bay Company's chief factor, Dr. M'Loughlin, and
+of the welcome he met, and the hospitality he experienced during his
+stay upon the coast.
+
+"Captain Wilkes was far too sensible and discriminating a man, not to
+see, plainly enough, whose game Dr. M'Loughlin was playing. But there is
+something strange, if we turn from the perusal of Captain Wilkes'
+narrative, and the description of the facilities which were ever
+afforded him, to the following passage from Sir Edward Belcher's voyage:
+
+"The difference of the reception which a frigate of the United States
+Navy met with, from that which one of Her Majesty's ships experienced,
+is a most suspicious fact, as suggesting the animus of the Company's
+agents upon the north-west coast. Sir Edward Belcher says: 'The
+attention of the Chief to myself, and those immediately about me,
+particularly in sending down fresh supplies, previous to my arrival, I
+feel fully grateful for; but I cannot conceal my disappointment at the
+want of accommodation exhibited towards the crews of the vessels under
+my command, in a British possession.'
+
+"We certainly were not distressed, nor was it imperatively necessary
+that fresh beef and vegetables should be supplied, or I should have made
+a formal demand. But as regarded those who might come after, and not
+improbably myself among the number, I inquired in direct terms what
+facilities Her Majesty's ships of war might expect, in the event of
+touching at this port for bullocks, flour, vegetables, &c. I certainly
+was extremely surprised at the reply, that 'they were not in a condition
+to supply.'... The American policy of the Hudson's Bay Company would
+seem from the above facts, to be more than a matter of suspicion.
+
+"It is very easy to say, these are idle tales; they are tales--but such
+tales, that Parliament ought to make a searching investigation into
+their truth.... It is certain that Dr. McLoughlin has now left the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and has become _nominally_, what he seems to have
+been for years, _really_--an _American citizen_, living in the midst of
+an American population, which he collected around him, upon soil, to
+which he knew that his own country had, all along, laid claim."
+
+Sir Edward Belcher's exploring expedition was at Fort Vancouver in
+August, 1839. He insisted that the crews of his vessels should be
+supplied with fresh beef. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver.
+Probably he had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. Mr.
+Douglas, who was in charge, refused Belcher's request because the supply
+of cattle was not sufficient for that purpose. Fresh beef was supplied
+to Sir Edward Belcher and his officers.
+
+Commodore Wilkes and his exploring expedition were on the Oregon Coast
+in 1841. He did not ask for his crews to be supplied with provisions. He
+was grateful for the kind treatment of himself, his officers and men, by
+Dr. McLoughlin and other officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Sir
+Edward Belcher, it seems, was not grateful.[70]
+
+In relation to the Red River immigrants, who arrived in 1841, the
+statement of Fitzgerald is mostly untrue. These settlers came to Oregon
+in 1841 under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company and settled on
+Nisqually Plains, near Puget Sound. These plains are almost sterile,
+being an enormous bed of very fine gravel mixed with some soil at the
+surface. It is easy to understand how these settlers were disappointed
+in living by themselves on the Nisqually Plains, when they could come to
+the Willamette Valley with its fertile soil and be near the settlers in
+the Willamette Valley. It must be borne in mind that when these Red
+River settlers went to the Willamette Valley, they were practically as
+much dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, as though
+they had stayed on the Nisqually Plains.
+
+Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost wrote a book entitled "Ten Years in
+Oregon," which was printed in New York in 1844. On page 216 of that work
+they say of these settlers from Red River: "They went to Nesqually, on
+Pugit's Sound; but, after spending a year, it was found that the land
+was of a very inferior quality, and that they could not subsist upon it.
+Thus, after having subjected themselves to many hardships, and
+privations, and losses, for almost two years, they had yet to remove to
+the Walamet Valley, as promising to remunerate them for their future
+toil, and make them forget the past. Accordingly most of them removed
+and settled in the Walamet in 1841-2."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT R
+
+  _Note on authorship of "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's Works; and
+  sources of information for this monograph._
+
+
+Hubert Howe Bancroft obtained a fine collection of books and pamphlets
+relating to early Oregon and a great deal of other information before
+the "History of Oregon," in his Works, was written. A great many Oregon
+pioneers were personally interviewed and their statements reduced to
+writing. He also borrowed, on a promise to return, a great many private
+papers and other documents, including letters and copies of letters from
+the heirs of Dr. McLoughlin and from other Oregon pioneers and heirs of
+pioneers, which he has not yet returned, although he borrowed these
+papers and documents more than twenty years ago. Said "History of
+Oregon" is largely supplemented by foot-notes taken from this
+information obtained, or caused to be obtained by Bancroft. The defense
+of Dr. McLoughlin to the report of Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, was
+afterwards returned to Dr. McLoughlin by James Douglas, to whom it was
+sent by Sir George Simpson. It was among the papers loaned to Bancroft.
+
+While Bancroft was a handy man in collecting materials, he wisely
+employed Frances Fuller Victor, Oregon's best and greatest historian, to
+write the "History of Oregon" for his Works. It was largely, if not
+wholly, written by her. This applies particularly to that part of the
+history up to and including the year 1850. For years she had been a
+careful student of Oregon history. She had access to all the data
+collected by Bancroft.
+
+In 1871 Mrs. Victor published "The River of the West" which sets forth
+many of the facts about Dr. McLoughlin, his land claim, and the actions
+of the missionaries and the conspirators against him, which are
+contained in this address and in the "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's
+Works. Volume one of the latter history was published in 1886, and
+volume two was published in 1888.
+
+In writing this monograph on Dr. McLoughlin I have found _The River of
+the West_ and Bancroft's _History of Oregon_ of some use, especially
+where the information was taken from the documents so borrowed by
+Bancroft. But I have obtained most of my facts from original sources.
+Wherever it was possible I have consulted Oregon newspapers and books
+and pamphlets written by persons who took part in the events described,
+or which were written contemporaneous therewith, and letters written by
+pioneers.
+
+The Oregon Historical Society has a number of original letters, files of
+early Oregon newspapers, and other documents relating to events in early
+Oregon. Many of these I have examined and taken copies of. In this I
+have been greatly aided by Mr. George H. Himes, for years the efficient
+Assistant Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, and Secretary of
+the Oregon Pioneer Association. I have also obtained copies from two
+issues of the _Oregon Spectator_ in the possession of the University of
+Oregon, through the courtesy of Prof. Frederic G. Young.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT S
+
+  _Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+In addition to opinions of Dr. McLoughlin set forth in the address, I
+here set forth excerpts from other opinions, given by some of his
+contemporaries. I have selected these out of many high opinions and
+eulogies upon Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Judge Matthew P. Deady, in an address before the Oregon Pioneer
+Association, in 1876, said:[71] "Dr. John McLoughlin was Chief Factor of
+the Company [Hudson's Bay Company] west of the Rocky mountains, from
+1824 to 1845, when he resigned the position and settled at Oregon City,
+where he died in 1857, full of years and honor.... Although, as an
+officer of the Company, his duty and interest required that he should
+prefer it to the American immigrant or missionary, yet at the call of
+humanity, he always forgot all special interests, and was ever ready to
+help and succor the needy and unfortunate of whatever creed or clime.
+
+"Had he but turned his back upon the early missionary or settler and
+left them to shift for themselves, the occupation of the country by
+Americans would have been seriously retarded, and attended with much
+greater hardship and suffering than it was. For at least a quarter of a
+century McLoughlin was a grand and potent figure in the affairs of the
+Pacific slope.... But he has long since gone to his rest. Peace to his
+ashes! Yet the good deeds done in the body are a lasting monument to his
+memory, and shall in due time cause his name to be written in letters of
+gold in Oregon history."
+
+Governor Peter H. Burnett, from whose "Recollections and Opinions of An
+Old Pioneer," I have already quoted, also said in that book (pp. 143,
+144): "Dr. John McLoughlin was one of the greatest and most noble
+philanthropists I ever knew. He was a man of superior ability, just in
+all his dealings, and a faithful Christian. I never knew a man of the
+world who was more admirable. I never heard him utter a vicious
+sentiment, or applaud a wrongful act. His views and acts were formed
+upon the model of the Christian gentleman. He was a superior business
+man, and a profound judge of human nature.... In his position of Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company he had grievous responsibilities
+imposed upon him. He stood between the absent directors and stockholders
+of the Company and the present suffering immigrants. He witnessed their
+sufferings; they did not. He was unjustly blamed by many of both
+parties. It was not the business of the Company to deal upon credit; and
+the manager of its affairs in Oregon was suddenly thrown into a new and
+very embarrassing position. How to act, so as to secure the approbation
+of the directors and stockholders in England, and at the same time not
+to disregard the most urgent calls of humanity, was indeed the great
+difficulty. No possible line of conduct could have escaped censure.
+
+"To be placed in such a position was a misfortune which only a good man
+could bear in patience. I was assured by Mr. Frank Ermatinger, the
+manager of the Company's store at Oregon City, as well as by others,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had sustained a heavy individual loss by his charity
+to the immigrants. I knew enough myself to be certain that these
+statements were substantially true. Yet such was the humility of the
+Doctor that he never, to my knowledge, mentioned or alluded to any
+particular act of charity performed by him. I was intimate with him, and
+he never mentioned them to me."
+
+Col. J. W. Nesmith,[72] from whose address in 1876 I have already
+quoted, in that address also said:[73] "Dr. John McLoughlin was a public
+benefactor, and the time will come when the people of Oregon will do
+themselves credit by erecting a statue to his memory.... Thus far
+detraction and abuse have been his principal rewards."
+
+Hon. Willard H. Rees, a pioneer of 1844, in his address before the
+Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1879, said:[74] "Dr. McLoughlin, as
+director of the affairs of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky
+mountains, had more power over the Indians of the whole Northwest Coast,
+which he judiciously exercised, than all other influences multiplied and
+combined. He was a great and just man, having in no instance deceived
+them, firm in maintaining the established rules regulating their
+intercourse, making their supplies, so far as the Company was concerned,
+strictly depend upon their own efforts and good conduct, always prompt
+to redress the slightest infraction of good faith. This sound
+undeviating policy made Dr. McLoughlin the most humane and successful
+manager of the native tribes this country has ever known, while the
+Indians both feared and respected him above all other men.... Dr.
+McLoughlin was no ordinary personage. Nature had written in her most
+legible hand preeminence in every lineament of his strong Scotch face,
+combining in a marked degree all the native dignity of an intellectual
+giant. He stood among his pioneer contemporaries like towering old
+[Mount] Hood amid the evergreen heights that surround his mountain
+home--a born leader of men. He would have achieved distinction in any of
+the higher pursuits of life.... His benevolent work was confined to no
+church, sect nor race of men, but was as broad as suffering humanity,
+never refusing to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and provide for the
+sick and toilworn immigrants and needy settlers who called for
+assistance at his old Vancouver home. Many were the pioneer mothers and
+their little ones, whose hearts were made glad through his timely
+assistance, while destitute strangers, whom chance or misfortune had
+thrown upon these, then, wild inhospitable shores, were not permitted to
+suffer while he had power to relieve. Yet he was persecuted by men
+claiming the knowledge of a Christian experience, defamed by designing
+politicians, knowingly misrepresented in Washington as a British
+intriguer, until he was unjustly deprived of the greater part of his
+land claim. Thus, after a sorrowful experience of man's ingratitude to
+man, he died an honored American citizen."
+
+J. Quinn Thornton was one of the early Oregon pioneers. He came to
+Oregon with the immigration of 1846. At the meeting of the Oregon
+Pioneer Association in 1875, he furnished to that Association a history
+of the Provisional Government of Oregon. In this history, speaking of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, Thornton said:[75] "The late Dr. John McLoughlin
+resided at Fort Vancouver, and he was Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay
+Company west of the Rocky Mountains. He was a great man, upon whom God
+had stamped a grandeur of character which few men possess and a nobility
+which the patent of no earthly sovereign can confer.... As a Christian,
+he was a devout Roman Catholic, yet, nevertheless, catholic in the
+largest sense of that word.... He was a man of great goodness of heart,
+too wise to do a really foolish thing, too noble and magnanimous to
+condescend to meanness, and too forgiving to cherish resentments. The
+writer, during the last years of Dr. McLoughlin's life, being his
+professional adviser, had an opportunity such as no other man had, save
+his confessor, of learning and studying him; and as a result of the
+impressions, which daily intercourse of either a social or business
+nature made upon the writer's mind, he hesitates not to say, that old,
+white-headed John McLoughlin, when compared with other persons who have
+figured in the early history of Oregon, is in sublimity of character, a
+Mount Hood towering above the foot hills into the regions of eternal
+snow and sunshine."
+
+Col. J. K. Kelly was Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon
+Mounted Volunteers in the Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was afterwards a
+United States Senator from Oregon, and Chief Justice of the Oregon State
+Supreme Court. In his address to the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1882,
+speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, Col. Kelly said:[76] "Just and generous as
+that law [Oregon Donation Land Law] was to the people of Oregon, yet
+there was one blot upon it. I refer to the provisions contained in the
+11th section of the act by which the donation claim of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, known as the Oregon City claim, was taken from him and
+placed at the disposal of the Legislative Assembly to be sold and the
+proceeds applied to the endowment of an university. It was an act of
+injustice to one of the best friends and greatest benefactors which the
+early immigrants ever had. I do not propose to speak of the many
+estimable and noble qualities of Dr. McLoughlin here. They have been
+dwelt upon by others who have heretofore addressed the Pioneer
+Association, and especially by Mr. Rees in 1879. I concur in everything
+he said in praise of Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+"It was my good fortune to know him well during the last six years of
+his life, years which were embittered by what he considered an act of
+ingratitude after he had done so many acts of personal kindness to the
+early immigrants in their time of need. That Dr. McLoughlin was unjustly
+treated in this matter, few, if any, will deny. And I am very sure that
+a large majority of the people, in Oregon, at that time, condemned the
+act which took away his property, and tended to becloud his fame. And
+yet no act was ever done by the Territorial Government to assert its
+right to the Oregon City claim during the life of Dr. McLoughlin; and in
+1862, five years after his death, the State of Oregon confirmed the
+title to his devisees upon the payment of the merely nominal
+consideration of $1,000 into the university fund. And so five years
+after he was laid in his grave an act of tardy justice was done at last
+to the memory of the grand old pioneer." It was largely through Col.
+Kelly's influence and actions that this act was passed in favor of Dr.
+McLoughlin's devisees.
+
+Horace S. Lyman was a son of Rev. Horace Lyman, a Congregational
+minister who came to Oregon in 1849, and who founded the First
+Congregational Church of Portland in June, 1851. Horace S. Lyman grew up
+in Oregon and from his own knowledge, from personal association with
+pioneer missionaries and others, and from reading, he became well
+acquainted with the history of Oregon. He was the author of a "History
+of Oregon" published in 1903. His associate editors were Mr. Harvey W.
+Scott, Judge Charles B. Bellinger, and Prof. Frederic G. Young. In the
+fourth volume of this history, page 381, it is said: "Whether the
+justice of history, and the recognition of after times, when personal
+interests and partizan spites are dissipated, and a character like that
+of McLoughlin stands forth as one of the best ever produced under the
+British flag, and one of the best ever given to America, should be
+regarded as compensation for the injustice and sufferings of a life
+darkened in old age, may not be determined. Yet the historian must ever
+assert that a character worthy of perpetual commemoration and
+admiration, illuminating, by humanity and Christian doctrine, the dark
+chapters of wilderness life from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
+setting a star of hope over the barracks of a mercenary trading company,
+is worth all personal sacrifice. It is of such acts that great history
+consists. Even to the Doctor himself, going down in old age and poverty,
+and doubting whether his family would have a support, and believing that
+he had better have been shot as a beast than to have so suffered, we may
+hope that it was but 'a light affliction, compared with the perpetual
+consciousness of a life of peace and good will sustained in a period
+menaced by war."
+
+As I have said, my uncle, Daniel S. Holman, was one of the immigrants of
+1843. He was then about twenty-one years old. He will be eighty-five
+years old the fifteenth of November, 1907. He lives at McMinnville,
+Oregon, strong in mind and body. When I was honored by being selected to
+deliver the address, I wrote him asking for his opinion of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, for I knew his feelings. He wrote me August 7, 1905. In this
+letter he said: "I received yours requesting me to tell you of some of
+the kind acts of Doctor McLoughlin. It would take more time than I have
+to speak of all the very good things that he did, but I can say that he
+did all that was in his power to do to help the starving, wornout and
+poverty stricken [immigrants] that came to Oregon. For the first three
+or four years after I came if he had not helped us we could not have
+lived in Oregon. At the time we came he sent his boats to The Dalles,
+free of cost, to help all that could not help themselves to go down the
+river. He also sent food and clothing to the destitute and gave it to
+them. He also furnished seed grain to everyone who wanted, and waited
+for his pay until they raised wheat to pay. The fact is there never was
+a better man than he was. He did more than any other man did to settle
+Oregon. History says Doctor Whitman was the man who saved Oregon to the
+United States, but that is not true. It was Dr. John McLoughlin of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. So says every man that is a man, that came to
+Oregon up to 1849. He furnished the entire immigration with food and
+clothing for the first year after we came. The people did not have money
+to live on and so he fed and clothed us all. Some never paid him but
+some did pay the good old man."
+
+And he added a postscript to say that his wife thought he had not said
+enough about Dr. John McLoughlin. She has been my uncle's loving and
+faithful help-mate for more than fifty-nine years. She is a pioneer of
+1846. She, too, is still strong, mentally and physically. My uncle said
+in the postscript: "I can say that I am sure no man could have done
+better than he did to us all. In the fall of 1845 I went out to meet the
+immigrants and was gone from home six or eight weeks without a change of
+clothing. I got back to Vancouver where the Doctor then lived. I was as
+ragged as I could be. I went to his office and told him I wanted some
+clothing, but had no money. He gave me an order to his son to let me
+have whatever I wanted in the store. He treated others as he did me. In
+1848 he let every one who wanted to go to the mines have all they
+needed, on time, to go to California. Some never paid him. Have you
+anyone in Portland that would help any and all such men off to the mines
+on such chances of getting their pay? I don't think there is such a man
+in Oregon, or any other place. You can't say too much in his praise."
+
+Joseph Watt, a pioneer of 1844, from whose "Recollections of Dr. John
+McLoughlin" I have already quoted, also said, in said
+_Recollections_:[77] "The next I saw of the Doctor was in Oregon City,
+he having stayed at Fort Vancouver until all the immigrants for that
+year [1844] had arrived. He was building a large flouring mill, at that
+time nearing its completion. He already had a saw mill in full blast,
+also was building a dwelling house, preparing to move to that place,
+which he did in the following spring. From that time to his death he was
+a prominent figure in Oregon City. Nothing pleased him better than to
+talk with the settlers, learn how they were getting along, their
+prospects, of their ability to live, and to help others. He was anxious
+that every one should be well and kept busy. He could not endure
+idleness or waste. Over-reaching, or, what we Americans call 'sharp
+practice,' he had no patience with whatever. As far as he was concerned
+all transactions were fair, straight-forward and honorable. Those who
+knew him best never thought of disputing his word or his declared
+intentions, although there were some high in authority who did this in
+after years, apparently for selfish motives; and through their
+representations, caused the U. S. Government to do an act of great
+injustice. But I am proud to be able to say that all, or nearly all of
+the first settlers, did not endorse the action, and never rested until
+the wrong was adjusted as nearly as it was possible to do so.... It
+appeared by common consent that he was practically the first governor of
+the great North Pacific Coast. No man ever fulfilled that trust better
+than Dr. John McLoughlin. He was always anxious over the Indian problem.
+No one understood the Indian character better than he did. All the
+Indians knew him as the great 'White Chief,' and believed whatever he
+said could be depended on; that he was not their enemy, but was strictly
+just with them in every thing;--could punish or reward, as he thought
+best, and no trouble grew out of it. But with the settlers the case was
+different.... Dr. McLoughlin! Kind, large-hearted Dr. John McLoughlin!
+One of nature's noblemen, who never feared to do his duty to his God,
+his country, his fellow-men and himself, even in the wilderness. The
+pioneers of this great North-West feel that they owe Dr. John McLoughlin
+a debt of gratitude above all price, and that they and their posterity
+will cherish his memory by a suitable monument placed on the highest
+pinnacle of fame within the State of Oregon."
+
+Archbishop F. N. Blanchet came to Oregon in 1838 as Vicar-General of the
+Roman Catholic Church in Oregon. He was consecrated as Archbishop in
+Quebec in 1845. In his "Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in
+Oregon" (published in 1878), from which I have already quoted, he also
+said of Dr. McLoughlin (pp. 8 and 9): "He was one of 'nature's noblemen'
+in every sphere of life. Of commanding presence, strict integrity, sound
+judgment, and correct principles of justice, no man was better qualified
+for the position he occupied as the father and friend of both the
+Indians and the whites who then jointly occupied the Pacific northwest.
+Dr. McLoughlin was the arbiter to whom both whites and Indians looked
+for the settlement of their differences, and the friend from whom they
+sought relief in all their difficulties.... Under the impartial
+supervision of this good and great man the business of the Hudson Bay
+Company prospered amazingly; he perpetuated peace between the Indians
+and the employes of the Company.... He also extended assistance to every
+immigrant whose necessities required it, and his good deeds have
+enshrined his name amidst the most honored of the pioneers of the
+Pacific Coast." And on page 71 Archbishop Blanchet said: "Dr. John
+McLoughlin was the father of the orphans and servants of the H. B. Co.;
+the father of the French-Canadian colonies of Cowlitz and Wallamette
+Valley; of all the American immigrants; and a great benefactor of the
+Catholic Church."
+
+It will be remembered that Rev. Daniel Lee was a Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1834. He worked faithfully and earnestly for about
+ten years when he returned to the Eastern States. He continued in the
+ministry and died about 1895. His son, Rev. William H. Lee, is the
+Pastor of the People's Mission Church at Colorado Springs. He was in
+Portland in 1905. In answer to the inquiry of Mr. G. H. Himes, Assistant
+Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, Rev. William H. Lee wrote
+the following letter at his home, July 31, 1905, to Mr. Himes: "As the
+son of a pioneer Oregon Missionary I wish to add my tribute of respect
+to the memory of Dr. John McLoughlin. For 10 years my father Rev. Daniel
+Lee labored in missionary work in Oregon and during all these years John
+McLoughlin was his friend. When my Father and Mother were united in
+marriage it was within the hospitable walls of Ft. Vancouver and we
+treasure a marriage certificate signed by John McLoughlin as one of the
+witnesses. Many times have I heard my Father and Mother speak of the
+kindness of Dr. John McLoughlin. And one of the most pleasant memories
+of my recent visit to Portland was the privilege I had of stopping in
+Oregon City and placing some flowers on the grave of my Father and
+Mother's friend."
+
+The well known writer, S. A. Clarke, who was an Oregon immigrant of
+1850, published a two volume work in 1903, entitled: "Pioneer Days of
+Oregon History." In this work (vol. 1, pp. 214, 215) Mr. Clarke says of
+Dr. McLoughlin: "It was because of his loyalty to humanity and his
+kindness to Americans that he lost his high official station and was
+left almost heartbroken in his old age. We can afford to hold up in
+contrast those who profited by his bounty and left him to pay the bill;
+also those--be they Missionaries or who--that tried to rob him of his
+land claim, with the nobler minded man--John McLoughlin--who did so much
+and lost so much for humanity, and never expressed regret."
+
+Mr. Clarke in this work (vol. 1, p. 226) narrates the following
+incident, which was told to him by Dr. William C. McKay, who was a
+grandson of Mrs. Dr. John McLoughlin. It will be remembered that her
+first husband was Alexander McKay, who was killed in the capture of the
+Tonquin in 1811. "In 1843 William Beagle and family reached Vancouver
+destitute, and he had the typhus fever. McLoughlin heard of it and told
+Dr. Barclay there was a sick and destitute family at the landing; to fix
+up a house for them, make them comfortable and attend to the sick.
+
+"Dr. W. C. McKay had just returned from the States where he pursued
+medical studies. So the doctor invited him to assist in taking care of
+his patients. There was the mother and several children, who had all
+they needed for two months, until Beagle got better, when he went to
+Governor McLoughlin and asked what his bill was. 'Tut, tut, tut! bill,
+bill, bill! Take care of yourself, sir! That is the bill!" Beagle
+pleaded that even the doctor couldn't afford to take care of his family
+and treat them so long without pay. 'Tut, tut, tut,' was the reply. 'You
+do the best you can for some other man who is in trouble, and that will
+pay me.'
+
+"He sent them up the Willamette, free of charge, sold them supplies that
+were necessary until Beagle could earn money, and was finally paid for
+them in full. This is but one instance in the many where the kindness
+and generosity of Dr. McLoughlin was manifested toward Americans who
+reached Vancouver sick and impoverished and received his generous and
+kindly care."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See Document A at end of volume.
+
+[2] See Document B.
+
+[3] See Document C.
+
+[4] Report of Naval Agent W. A. Slocum to the Secretary of State, March
+26, 1837.
+
+[5] Dunn's _History of the Oregon Territory_, p. 143.
+
+[6] Wilkes's _Narrative_, iv, p. 327.
+
+[7] See Document C.
+
+[8] John Dunn was an employée of the Hudson's Bay Company. He came from
+England to Fort Vancouver, in 1830, by sea. He returned to England in
+1839 or 1840. The first edition of his history was published in London
+in 1844.
+
+[9] Belcher's _Narrative of a Voyage Round the World_, vol. i, p. 296.
+
+[10] As to the high regard which Wyeth retained through his life for Dr.
+McLoughlin, see Document O.
+
+[11] See Document D.
+
+[12] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of Oregon_, p. 16.
+
+[13] Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 90.
+
+[14] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of the Oregon Missions_, pp. 31, 32;
+Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 156.
+
+[15] Lee and Frost's _Ten Years in Oregon_, pp. 225, 226.
+
+[16] See Documents E and F.
+
+[17] _Transactions_, Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p. 45.
+
+[18] _History of Oregon_ by Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., pp. 166, 167.
+
+[19] Gray's _History of Oregon_, pp. 268, 269.
+
+[20] "Narrative of Dr. McLoughlin" published in the _Quarterly_ of the
+Oregon Historical Society, June, 1900.
+
+[21] Address of Medorum Crawford, in 1881. See _Transactions_ of the
+Oregon Pioneer Association for 1881, p. 14.
+
+[22] See _Quarterly_ of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3, pp.
+398-426.
+
+[23] Wilkes, _History of Oregon_, p. 95.
+
+[24] See Theodore Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_.
+
+[25] _Oregon Spectator_, November 12, 1846.
+
+[26] A full summary will be found in Vol. 1, pp. 501-505, _History of
+Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[27] See Document R.
+
+[28] See Document C.
+
+[29] Vol. 1, pp. 504, 505, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[30] Vol. 1, p. 31, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works, from
+manuscript of Jesse Applegate.
+
+[31] See Document L.
+
+[32] White's _Ten Years in Oregon_, p. 200.
+
+[33] Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 354.
+
+[34] See Document L.
+
+[35] Vol. 1, p. 204, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works. See also
+Document L.
+
+[36] This proclamation is set forth in full in Document I.
+
+[37] This agreement is set forth in full in Document J.
+
+[38] Vol. 1, p. 253, _History of the Pacific Northwest_, by Elwood
+Evans; _The River of the West_, by Frances Fuller Victor, pp. 360, 361;
+Vol. 1, pp. 224, 225, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[39] Vol. 1, p. 207, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works; Vol. 1, p.
+243, Elwood Evans's _History of the Pacific Northwest_. See also
+Document H.
+
+[40] See Document H, which is a true copy of all the Shortess petition
+as printed in 1844 by order of the United States Senate.
+
+[41] See Document N.
+
+[42] See Document K.
+
+[43] Set forth in Document J.
+
+[44] _Congressional Globe_, Vol. 21, Part Second, p. 1079, first Session
+of 31st Congress.
+
+[45] This letter of Dr. McLoughlin is set forth in full in Document L.
+See also letter of William J. Berry, Document M.
+
+[46] See Document N, where excerpts from this speech are set forth.
+
+[47] White's _Ten Years in Oregon_, pp. 220, 221.
+
+[48] _Oregon Spectator_, August 22 and 29, 1850.
+
+[49] _Oregon Spectator_, September 26, 1850.
+
+[50] _Oregon Spectator_, November 7, 1850.
+
+[51] _Western Star_ (Milwaukee, Oregon) February 20, and March 13, 1851.
+
+[52] Attention is called to the correspondence of S. R. Thurston,
+Nathaniel J. Wyeth, R. C. Winthrop and Dr. McLoughlin, which is set
+forth in Document O.
+
+[53] See Document P.
+
+[54] _House Journal_, 1853-54, P. 165.
+
+[55] See Document Q.
+
+[56] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1887, p. 16.
+
+[57] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888, p. 134.
+
+[58] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888, pp. 135,
+136.
+
+[59] For further opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin, see
+Document S.
+
+[60] Greenhow's _History of Oregon and California_, pp. 323-325, 467-476
+(second edition, 1845); Martin's _Hudson Bay Territories and Vancouver's
+Island_, pp. 151-165; Bryce's _The Remarkable History of the Hudson's
+Bay Company_, Chapters XXIV to XXIX.
+
+[61] This copy of the Shortess petition is made from the United States
+Senate Document as printed by its order of February 7, 1844. It is
+Senate Document 105, 28th Congress, 1st Session. One copy of this
+original Senate Document is in the possession of Milton W. Smith, Esq.,
+of Portland, Oregon. By his courtesy the foregoing copy was made from
+said Senate Document. The purported copy of the Shortess petition in
+Gray's _History of Oregon_ and in Brown's _Political History of Oregon_
+are not true copies.
+
+[62] See Document N.
+
+[63] Bernard's Heirs v. Ashley's Heirs, 18 _Howard_ (U. S. Supreme
+Court) 43; Hot Spring Cases, 2 _Otto_ (U. S. Supreme Court) 698, 706.
+
+[64] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of Oregon_, Chapter x.
+
+[65] See Document J.
+
+[66] Mrs. Frances F. Victor, _The River of the West_, pp. 359, 360;
+_History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works, Vol. I, p. 223.
+
+[67] See Document L, where this injunction by Thurston, written on the
+copy of his letter, is set forth in full.
+
+[68] Hall v. Russell, 101 _U. S._, 503.
+
+[69] This correspondence was also published in full in the _Western
+Star_ (published at Milwaukee, Oregon), in its issue of April 10, 1851.
+
+[70] See Document F.
+
+[71] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876, p. 18.
+
+[72] Col. J. W. Nesmith was a Captain of Oregon volunteers in the Cayuse
+Indian War of 1847; and also in the Rogue River Indian War of 1852, and
+was Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon Mounted Volunteers in the
+Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was a United States Senator and also a
+Representative to Congress from Oregon.
+
+[73] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876, p. 58.
+
+[74] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1879, pp. 29,
+30.
+
+[75] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p. 51.
+
+[76] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1882, p. 26.
+
+[77] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1886, pp.
+25-27.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abernethy, General George, 65, 66, 109, 116, 122, 126, 134, 135, 187,
+      209, 211, 223, 235, 240, 243.
+
+  Abernethy Island, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 114, 116, 117, 122, 126,
+      130, 134, 135, 141, 142, 143, 153, 200, 214, 228, 235, 236, 237,
+      239, 242, 262.
+
+  Academy, Wesleyan, 112 (_see also_ Schools).
+
+  Acapulco (Mex.), 144.
+
+  Act, Organic, 67;
+    of 1848, 114;
+    trading, 177.
+
+  Adams, Thomas (an Indian), 185.
+
+  Agriculture, 85, 258.
+
+  Alaska, 19.
+
+  America, 38, 175, 180, 279;
+    British, 32, 95 (_see also_ Canada);
+    North, 41, 177, 178, 179;
+    South, 189;
+    a ship, 68.
+
+  Americans, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45-52, 61, 62, 64, 66,
+      69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97,
+      100, 102, 124, 127, 129, 133, 156, 157, 167, 168, 170, 182, 199,
+      213, 220, 238, 239, 244, 249, 250, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260,
+      261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 272, 276, 282, 284, 285, 286.
+
+  Anderson, John, 205.
+
+  Applegate, Jesse, 67, 99, 108, 119, 120, 150, 151, 224, 237.
+
+  Apples, 181 (_see also_ Fruit).
+
+  Army, British, 23, 24, 91, 227.
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 130, 230, 234.
+
+  Arkansas (state), 221.
+
+  Arrendrill, C. T., 205.
+
+  Articles of Agreement, 224-226.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob, 20, 24.
+
+  Astoria, 19, 20, 27, 194, 197, 212.
+
+  Atlantic Ocean, 279.
+
+  Attorneys, 107, 118, 212, 218, 219, 225, 247.
+
+
+  Babcock, Dr. I. L., 210.
+
+  Bailey, Dr. --, 210.
+
+  Baker's Bay, 195.
+
+  Ball, John, 257.
+
+  Baltimore, 186.
+
+  Bancroft, Hubert Howe, _History of Oregon_, cited, 92, 97, 99, 107,
+      110, 116, 211, 227, 229, 270-272.
+
+  Baptists, 133, 238, 263.
+
+  Barclay, Dr. --, 76, 286.
+
+  Barlow Road, 91.
+
+  Bates, James M., 205.
+
+  Battles, 23, 24 (_see also_ Wars).
+
+  Beagle, William, 285.
+
+  Beaumont (Canadian parish), 23.
+
+  Beaver, Rev. Herbert, 34.
+
+  Beaver-skins, 191.
+
+  Beef, 43, 44, 45, 195, 267.
+
+  Beers, Alanson, 65, 205.
+
+  Belcher, Sir Edward, 43, 44, 266, 267, 268, 269.
+
+  Bellamy, G. W., 205.
+
+  Bellinger, Judge Charles B., 279.
+
+  Bennet, V., 205.
+
+  Berry, William J., 135.
+
+  Blanchet, Archbishop Francis Norbert, 162;
+    _Historical Sketches_, cited, 98, 99, 283, 284.
+
+  Blue Mountains, 33.
+
+  Boats, 78, 184, 201, 232, 263, 280, (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Bonds, 208, 209, 217, 218, 225, 227.
+
+  Bonneville, Captain --, 33, 49, 117, 199.
+
+  Boone, Daniel, 83.
+
+  Boston (Mass.), 48, 52, 186.
+
+  Bostons (name given to Americans), 72, 73, 74.
+
+  Boundaries, of Oregon County, 19, 20, 21, 39, 68, 86, 101, 129, 131,
+      231, 232, 233, 236.
+
+  Bowlin, --, 229.
+
+  Brallier, Henry, letter by, 196, 197.
+
+  Bread, 59.
+
+  Brewer, H. B., 205.
+
+  Bribery, 143.
+
+  Bridges, J. C., 205.
+
+  British, 35, 39, 40, 64, 67, 68, 92, 97, 157, 165, 166, 215, 216, 231,
+      232, 239.
+
+  Brooks, Wm. (an Indian), 185.
+
+  Broughtan, Lieut. --, 28.
+
+  Brown, --, 221.
+
+  Brown, G., 205.
+
+  Brown, Jeffrey, 205.
+
+  Brown, J. Henry, _Political History of Oregon_, cited, 66, 119, 209.
+
+  Brown, William, 205.
+
+  Brum, William, 205.
+
+  Bryant, Judge W. P., 122, 130, 133, 134, 135, 142, 148, 152, 228, 229,
+      235, 239, 240, 241, 243, 249, 262.
+
+  Bryce, --, _The remarkable history of the Hudson's Bay Company_,
+    cited, 181.
+
+  Buddha, 146.
+
+  Burgoyne, General John, 23.
+
+  Burnett, Peter H., 70, 73, 75, 76, 77, 120, 121, 151, 273, 274.
+
+  Burns, Hugh, 210.
+
+  Butler, 59.
+
+
+  Calcutta (India), 48.
+
+  California, 19, 25, 37, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 64, 69, 76, 123, 124, 138,
+      199, 248, 252, 253, 281.
+
+  California Bill, 132, 234.
+
+  Cambridge (Mass.), 45, 258.
+
+  Campbell, H., 205.
+
+  Campbell, J. J., 205.
+
+  Camp du Sable, 258.
+
+  Canada, Dominion of, 20, 22, 23, 24, 111, 113, 186;
+    Upper, 38, 39.
+
+  Canadians, 79, 133, 189, 190, 238;
+    French, 41-45, 46, 61, 98, 99, 265, 284.
+
+  Canal, 201.
+
+  Cannon, 29.
+
+  Canoes, 54, 72, 197.
+
+  Cape Horn, 258.
+
+  Carolinas, 84.
+
+  Cartee, L. F., 153.
+
+  Carter, David, 205.
+
+  Cascades, 70, 71, 76, 197;
+    Mountains, 79, 91.
+    _See also_ Rapids.
+
+  Cason, F. C., 153.
+
+  Casualties, 70.
+
+  Cathlamet, 195.
+
+  Catholics, 22, 98, 99, 100, 133, 147, 151, 157, 167, 171, 189, 190,
+    191, 192, 238, 276.
+
+  Cattle, 28, 37, 43, 44, 45, 57, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78, 87, 117, 183, 194,
+    199, 232, 258, 263, 266, 268.
+
+  Cayuse (Indian tribe), 37, 40, 61, 74, 88, 145, 274 (_see also_ Wars).
+
+  Champoeg (Ore.), 65, 69 (_see also_ the following).
+
+  Champooing, 192.
+
+  Chance, William, 212.
+
+  Charles II (king of Great Britain), 21.
+
+  Charters, 21, 95, 194 (_see also_ Grants).
+
+  Chemekete, (Ore.), 115.
+
+  Chicopee (Mass.), 256.
+
+  Churches, 99, 238;
+    Catholic, 157, 167, 171, 283;
+    English, 167;
+    Methodist, 109.
+    _See also_ Missionaries and kindred topics.
+
+  Clackamas County (Ore.), 115. 124.
+
+  Clackamas Falls, 236.
+
+  Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, 133, 238.
+
+  Clackamas River, 106, 107, 111, 120, 237.
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, 83.
+
+  Clarke, --, 191.
+
+  Clarke, S. A., _Pioneer days_, cited, 285, 286.
+
+  Clayoquot Sound, 24.
+
+  Coggswell, William (artist), 162.
+
+  Colonies, American, 20.
+
+  Colorado Springs (Col.), 284.
+
+  Columbia River, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42,
+      45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 59, 67, 70, 71, 79, 80, 85, 89, 90, 100, 103,
+      136, 140, 154, 195, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 216, 222, 230, 232,
+      245, 257, 258, 259, 263, 265.
+
+  Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 118.
+
+  Compo, Charles, 205.
+
+  Comyns, --, 217.
+
+  Confiscations, 159.
+
+  Confucius, 146.
+
+  Congregationalists, 133, 147, 238, 278.
+
+  Congress, 21, 65, 104, 105, 116, 121, 123, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136,
+      137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154,
+      155, 203, 204, 210, 215, 217, 220, 232, 243, 244, 246, 248, 252,
+      257, 260, 262, 266, 274.
+
+  _Congressional Globe_, cited, 129, 229, 234, 247.
+
+  Constitution, 64, 121, 215, 217, 250.
+
+  Conventions, 21, 32, 101, 113, 129, 175, 176, 177, 221, 254 (_see also_
+      Treaties).
+
+  Cook, Aaron, 205.
+
+  Coombs, E. N., 205.
+
+  Copeland, A., 205.
+
+  Corn, 213.
+
+  Coursen, --, 221.
+
+  Courts, 38, 39, 109, 113, 115, 116, 121, 128, 142, 198, 215, 221, 222,
+      223, 225, 228, 229, 240, 249, 250, 251, 252.
+
+  Cowenia, --, 128.
+
+  Cowlitz, 284.
+
+  Crawford, Medorum, 69, 205.
+
+  Creeks, 184.
+
+  Curry, George L., 243, 244, 249.
+
+
+  Dalles (Indians), 72, 73.
+
+  Dartmouth College, 74.
+
+  Davis, George, 205.
+
+  Davis, S., 205.
+
+  Deady, Judge Matthew P., 128, 162, 272, 273.
+
+  Debt, collection of, 252.
+
+  Deeds, land, 115, 118, 203, 205, 206-208, 217, 225.
+
+  De Haven, --, 128.
+
+  Donation Land Law, 101, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 123, 124, 128, 129,
+      137, 140-143, 145, 149, 150, 152, 154, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164,
+      247, 248, 251, 256.
+
+  Douglas, James, 39, 43, 44, 67, 75, 191, 195, 226, 227, 268, 270.
+
+  Dryad, (a ship), 51.
+
+  Dunn, --, _History of the Oregon Territory_, cited, 29, 36, 37, 266.
+
+
+  Edmunds, John, 205.
+
+  Edwards, --, 183.
+
+  Edwards, P. L. (teacher), 55, 73.
+
+  Ekin, Richard H., 205.
+
+  Elections, 244.
+
+  Elijah, an Indian, 37.
+
+  Ellice, E., 178.
+
+  England, 20, 25, 32, 36, 43, 103, 113, 125, 134, 167, 177, 239, 273.
+
+  English, 38, 125, 133, 182, 238, 253, (_see also_ British, England,
+      and Great Britain).
+
+  English Church, 98, 191.
+
+  Epidemics, 27, 60.
+
+  Epitaph, 158.
+
+  Epps, Captain --, 24.
+
+  Ermatinger, Frank, 274.
+
+  Evans, Elwood, _History of Pacific Northwest_, cited, 110, 116, 211.
+
+  Executions, 38, 40.
+
+  Expeditions, 43, 45-52, 54, 76, 77, 195, 227, 268.
+
+  Exports, 28, 29.
+
+
+  Fairfield (Ore.), 99.
+
+  Farmers, 199, 234.
+
+  Farms, 28, 41, 42, 81, 181, 194, 199, 213, 215, 217, 266.
+
+  Farnham, Thomas J. (traveler), 30.
+
+  Faulitz Plains, 191.
+
+  Figueroa, --, (governor of California), 51.
+
+  Fillmore, Millard, 141, 249.
+
+  Fitzgerald, James Edward, _The Hudson's Bay Company_, cited, 264-268,
+      269.
+
+  Flatheads (Indian tribe), 55, 112.
+
+  Flour, 117, 122 (_see also_ Wheat).
+
+  Force, James, 205.
+
+  Forest Creek (Ore.), 243.
+
+  Forts, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35.
+
+  Fowl, 43.
+
+  Fraser, Angelique, mother of McLoughlin, 23.
+
+  Fraser, Malcolm, 23.
+
+  Fraser, Samuel, M. D., 23.
+
+  Fraser, General --, 23.
+
+  Fraser Highlanders, 23.
+
+  Fremont, Col. John C., 77, 78, 227, 233.
+
+  French, 38, 182, 245 (_see also_ Canadians, French).
+
+  French Prairie (Ore.), 56, 102.
+
+  Freshets, 184.
+
+  Frost, Rev. J. H., 188, 269.
+
+  Fruit, 28.
+
+  Funds, misappropriation of, 187.
+
+  Furs, 20, 26, 29, 32, 35, 36, 42, 52.
+
+  Furtrade, 32, 33, 177, 178, 202.
+
+  Furtraders, 24, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 49 (_see also_ Trade and
+      commerce).
+
+
+  Gale, Joseph, 65.
+
+  Garden, 203.
+
+  Gary, Rev. George, 63, 109, 110, 222.
+
+  Gay, George, 210.
+
+  George (Fort), 20, 21, 27, 28.
+
+  Germany, 26.
+
+  Ghent, 20, 21.
+
+  Gibbs, Joseph, 205.
+
+  Gifts, 57, 59, 71, 73, 82, 138, 139, 141, 165.
+
+  Gilpin, Major W., 226, 227.
+
+  Girtman, Daniel, 205.
+
+  Gladstone Park, 106, 111.
+
+  Goats, 28.
+
+  Gordon, Captain --, 68, 91.
+
+  Governor's Island. _See_ Abernethy Island.
+
+  Grain, 28 (_see also_ Wheat).
+
+  Grants, 178, 179, 180, 205 (_see also_ Charters).
+
+  Gray, W. H., 54;
+    _History of Oregon_, cited, 66, 119, 205, 209, 210.
+
+  Great Britain, 19, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 39, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 90,
+      93, 95, 100, 101, 104, 112, 128, 141, 142, 156, 157, 164, 175,
+      176, 221, 250, 265. (_See also_ England).
+
+  Green River, 53.
+
+  Greenhow, --, _History of Oregon and California_, cited, 180.
+
+  Gregory XVI (pope), 161.
+
+  Griffin, J. S., 123.
+
+  Griffith, --, 191.
+
+  Grover, Gov. L. F., 158, 159.
+
+
+  Hall, --, 251.
+
+  Hall (Fort), 46, 47, 69, 129, 131, 229, 231, 233, 252, 258.
+
+  Hannah, --, 128.
+
+  Harvey, Daniel, 25, 160.
+
+  Harvey, James W. McLoughlin, (grandson of Dr. J. McLoughlin), 25, 63.
+
+  Hastings, --, 203, 205, 207, 209.
+
+  Hathaway, Felix, 114, 115, 134, 205, 235, 236, 239.
+
+  Hauxhurst, W., 205.
+
+  Hawaiian Islands, 28, 51, 212, 213, 222.
+
+  Hess, Joseph, 79.
+
+  Hill, David, 65.
+
+  Hill, Tom (a Shawnee Indian), 74.
+
+  Himes, George H., 272, 284.
+
+  Hines, Rev. Gustavus, 48, 205, 223;
+    _History of Oregon_, cited, 57, 59, 222.
+
+  Hines, Rev. H. K., D. D., 48, 55, 166-169, 187;
+    _Missionary history_, cited, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 106,
+      110, 111, 112, 113, 185, 186.
+
+  Hoaikaika (ship), 222, 223.
+
+  Hofstatter, John, 205.
+
+  Hogs, 28, 75, 76.
+
+  Holman, Daniel S., 70, 279-281.
+
+  Holman, Frederick V., preface, 15-17;
+    Dr. John McLoughlin, 19-172.
+
+  Holman, J., 205.
+
+  Holman, James D. (the author's father), 138, 241.
+
+  Holman, John (grandfather of the author), 70.
+
+  Holman, Joseph, 113, 114.
+
+  Holman, Woodford C., 138.
+
+  Honolulu (Hawaii), 222.
+
+  Hoover, John, 251, 252.
+
+  Horregon, Jer., 205.
+
+  Horses, 28, 51, 69, 77, 87, 159, 183, 194.
+
+  Howard, --, 221.
+
+  Howard, John, 205.
+
+  Howison, Lieut. Neil M., 135, 136.
+
+  Hubbard, T. J., 205.
+
+  Hudson Bay, 184.
+
+  Hudson's Bay Company, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35,
+      36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56,
+      57, 58, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 86, 90,
+      91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 104, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123,
+      124, 125, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 150, 155, 156, 157,
+      162, 167, 168, 176, 177, 178, 179, 185, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196,
+      197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 210, 212, 216, 220, 229, 230, 231,
+      232, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 248, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 266,
+      267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 284.
+
+  Hudspath, --, 237.
+
+  Humason, Orlando, 153.
+
+  Hunters, 191.
+
+
+  Idaho, 19, 46, 54.
+
+  Illinois (state), 113.
+
+  Immigrants, and immigration to Oregon, 15, 41, 61, 62, 64, 69-90, 91,
+      92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 105, 116, 129, 132, 136, 140, 148, 150, 151,
+      165, 169, 196, 197, 230, 232, 233, 248, 252, 253, 261, 263, 265,
+      269, 272, 273, 279, 280, 281, 284.
+
+  Independence (Mo.), 70, 87.
+
+  Indians, 24, 26, 27, 32, 35-41, 49, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72,
+      73, 74, 87, 88, 92, 95, 100, 103, 107, 112, 124, 132, 141, 156,
+      163, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 188, 192, 193, 196,
+      202, 230, 235, 238, 252, 256, 274, 275, 282, 283, 284.
+
+  Ireland, 22, 176, 250.
+
+  Irish, 133, 151, 182, 238.
+
+  Iroquois (Indians), 73.
+
+  Ithaca (N. Y.), 53.
+
+  Ivory, 63.
+
+
+  Jackson, -- (furtrader), 33.
+
+  Jackson, B. B., 153.
+
+  Japanese, 182.
+
+  Jesuitism, 234.
+
+  Jesuits, 61.
+
+  Jews, 146.
+
+  Johnson, W., 205.
+
+  Judges, 134, 162, 239, 244, 245, 250.
+
+  Judson, L. H., 205.
+
+
+  Kamouraska (parish in Canada), 22.
+
+  Kaministiquia River, 24.
+
+  Kelley, Hall J., 50, 51, 52.
+
+  Kelly, Col. --, 278.
+
+  Kentucky (state), 83.
+
+  Kilbourn, Captain W. K., 237.
+
+  Kincaid, H. R., _Biennial Report, of 1899_, cited, 228.
+
+  Klakamus Plains, 204.
+
+  Klakamus River, 200 (_see also_ Clackamas).
+
+  Kone, --, 187, 188.
+
+
+  Ladd & Co., 204.
+
+  La Framboise, Michel, 195, 197.
+
+  Lambert, Captain --, 182.
+
+  Lancaster, Columbus, 123, 245.
+
+  Land Claims, 68, 80, 88, 99, 101-114, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125,
+      127, 129, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146,
+      152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 200, 202, 205, 214, 218, 220, 222,
+      223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241,
+      242, 243, 245, 251, 253, 262, 272, 277, 278, 285.
+
+  Land laws, 119, 120, 123 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Lane, Gen. Joseph, 65, 235, 240, 242, 248.
+
+  Lapwai (Idaho), 54.
+
+  Lausanne (a ship), 48, 59, 61, 63, 103, 105, 113, 115, 186.
+
+  Lawson, J., 205.
+
+  Lawyer, 254.
+
+  LeBreton, George W., 205.
+
+  Lee, Rev. Daniel (missionary), 55, 59, 73, 102, 113, 114, 181, 183,
+      264, 269, 284.
+
+  Lee, Rev. Jason (missionary), 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66,
+      73, 102, 106, 110, 111, 112, 167, 180-185, 186, 187, 188, 189,
+      210, 212, 214, 219, 222, 223, 235, 236, 237.
+
+  Lee, Rev. William H. (son of Daniel), opinion of McLoughlin, 284, 285.
+
+  Leslie, Rev. David, 58, 108, 110, 224, 226, 227.
+
+  Lewis, Jr., S., 205.
+
+  Lewis, Reuben, 205.
+
+  Lewis and Clark Exposition, 16.
+
+  Lewiston (Idaho), 54.
+
+  Linn Bill, 104, 111, 261.
+
+  Linn, Senator --, 104, 111.
+
+  Linnton (Ore.), 75.
+
+  London, 21, 29, 36, 43, 46, 59, 63, 96, 112, 168, 175.
+
+  Los Angeles (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Lovejoy, A. Lawrence, 122, 226;
+    letter by, 218, 219.
+
+  Lucier, Etienne, 102, 103.
+
+  Lumber, 28, 117, 122 (_see also_ Timber).
+
+  Lyman, Horace, 278.
+
+  Lyman, Rev. Horace S., _History of Oregon_, 278, 279.
+
+  Lytle, --, 221.
+
+
+  McCarver, General --, 73.
+
+  McDougal, Duncan, 20.
+
+  McGillivray, S., 178.
+
+  McGillivray, W., 178.
+
+  McGruder, Theodore, 240.
+
+  McKarty, William, 205.
+
+  McKay, --, 181.
+
+  McKay, Alexander, 24, 285.
+
+  McKay, Dr. William C., 285.
+
+  McLoughlin, David (brother of Dr. McL.), 23, 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, David (son of Dr. McL.), 24, 25, 160.
+
+  McLoughlin, Eliza (daughter of Dr. J. McL.), 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, Eloisa (daughter of Dr. McL.), 24, 25, 160.
+
+  McLoughlin, John (father of following), 22.
+
+  McLoughlin, Dr. John: revered in Oregon, 15;
+    McLoughlin Day, 16;
+    life, 19-172;
+    illustrative documents on, 175-286;
+    genealogy and family, 22-25;
+    and the Oregon Country, 25-27;
+    treatment of Indians, 35-41;
+    letters, etc. by, 57, 149-152, 205, 206, 229-243 (_see also_
+      McLoughlin Document, and Deeds);
+    kindness and humanity of, 34, 36, 37, 45-48, 56, 57, 59, 72, 73,
+      75-83, 89, 100, 101, 106, 163, 164, 167-172, 181, 182, 184, 190,
+      197, 257-259, 272-286;
+    appellations, 91, 161, 168, 171, 282, 283;
+    persecuted, 122, 123, 152-158;
+    his land claims (_see_ Land Claims);
+    naturalized, 120-122;
+    answer to Thurston, 130-135.
+
+  McLoughlin, John (son of Dr. McL.), 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, Mrs. Dr. John, 285.
+
+  McLoughlin Day, 16, 196.
+
+  McLoughlin Document, cited, 41, 44, 48, 55, 71, 72, 82, 83, 103, 155,
+      156, 253.
+
+  McMinnville (Ore.), 280.
+
+  McNeil, Captain --, 239.
+
+  Magruder, Theodore, 122.
+
+  Marechell, --, 196, 197.
+
+  Marion County (Ore.), 102.
+
+  Martin, --, _Hudson Bay Territories_, cited, 180, 181.
+
+  Massachusetts (state), 45, 112.
+
+  Mazatlan (Mex.), 222.
+
+  May Dacre (a ship), 47, 57.
+
+  Meek, Joseph L., 123.
+
+  Melons, 181.
+
+  Memphremagog (Lake), 112, 113.
+
+  Methodists, 113, 116, 119, 133, 147, 238 (_see also_ Missionaries, and
+      Missions).
+
+  Mexican Government, 52.
+
+  Mexico, 222.
+
+  Mills, 28, 79, 103, 115, 116, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 134, 154,
+     193, 199, 200, 201, 214, 234, 240, 282.
+
+  Milner, Dr. --, 99.
+
+  Milwaukee (Ore.), 144, 262.
+
+  Mines, 123, 281.
+
+  Minto, John, 37, 79, 164.
+
+  Mirabel (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Missionaries, 38, 50, 56, 81, 100, 102, 112, 147, 148, 166, 167, 169,
+      180-185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 236, 272, 279, 285;
+    Catholic, 98, 100;
+    Congregational, 98;
+    Methodist, 52, 54-63, 65, 88, 98, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 115,
+      126, 147, 148, 187, 188, 212, 224, 258, 284;
+    Presbyterian, 52-54, 98 (_see also_ Missions).
+
+  Missionary Board, Report to, 185-189, 222.
+
+  Mission Church, 284.
+
+  Mission Party, 123, 138, 144, 145.
+
+  Missions (Catholic), 192.
+
+  Missions (Methodist), 64, 67, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114,
+      115, 116, 120, 123, 124, 127, 132, 146, 185, 187, 192, 193, 202,
+      210, 214, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 234, 235, 245.
+
+  Mississippi River, 84.
+
+  Missouri (state), 58, 70, 84, 87, 229.
+
+  Modeste (ship), 68.
+
+  Moffitt, J. W., 153.
+
+  Montana (state), 19, 20.
+
+  Monopolies, 44, 191, 216, 220.
+
+  Montreal, 20, 22, 264.
+
+  Morrison, J. L., 205.
+
+  Moss, S. W., 205.
+
+  Mount Hood, 171, 275, 277.
+
+  Mt. McLoughlin, 170, 171.
+
+  Mt. Pitt, 170.
+
+  Murders, 35, 40, 74.
+
+  Myrick, Mrs. Josiah, 25, 158.
+
+
+  Nesmith, Col. J. W., 41, 70, 71, 75, 123, 274.
+
+  Nesqually, 269.
+
+  Nevada (state), 19.
+
+  New England, 85, 100.
+
+  New England conference, 112.
+
+  New York (city), 63, 185, 186, 222.
+
+  _New York Herald_, cited, 75.
+
+  Nisqually Plains, 269.
+
+  North Fork, 184.
+
+  North Pacific Coast, 282.
+
+  Northwest Coast, 131, 201, 231, 275.
+
+  Northwest Fur Company, 20, 21, 22, 24, 95, 176, 177, 178, 264.
+
+  Nunnery, 238.
+
+  Nutall, -- (botanist), 49, 50.
+
+  Nye, Chauncey, 153.
+
+
+  Oak, 192.
+
+  Ohio (state), 113.
+
+  O'Neil, James A., 205.
+
+  O'Neill, --, 194.
+
+  Oregon (country, territory, and state), 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
+      25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48,
+      49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64-68, 69, 70,
+      71, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101,
+      103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124,
+      126, 129, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145,
+      148, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
+      169, 170, 171, 172, 176, 185, 187, 188, 190, 196, 197, 198, 199,
+      201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218, 221,
+      222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 238, 240, 250, 251,
+      252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266,
+      268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283, 284.
+
+  Oregon (ship), 195.
+
+  Oregon Bill, 223, 233 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon City (Ore.), 42, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 80, 82, 87, 91, 96, 101,
+      102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 123,
+      124, 125, 127, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 154,
+      155, 157, 159, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 219, 220,
+      222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 234, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245,
+      247, 272, 274, 278, 281, 282, 285.
+
+  Oregon City Claim, 124 (_see also_ Land claims).
+
+  Oregon Donation Law, 19 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon Historical Society, 16, 68, 75, 161, 180, 187, 212, 218, 223,
+      224, 226, 263, 284.
+
+  _Oregon House Journal_, cited, 153, 160.
+
+  _Oregonian_, cited, 196.
+
+  Oregon Land Bill, 132 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon Legislature, 67, 133, 152, 153, 154, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170,
+      171, 277.
+
+  Oregon Milling Company, 108, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 127, 130, 200,
+      201.
+
+  Oregon Pioneer Association, 41, 61, 69, 71, 75, 79, 82, 162, 163, 164,
+      165, 212, 272, 274, 276, 277, 281.
+
+  Oregon Provisional Government, 39, 40, 64-68, 70, 88, 92, 93, 101,
+      109, 115, 119, 120, 138, 151, 237, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 276.
+
+  _Oregon Reports_, cited, 251.
+
+  _Oregon Senate Journal_, cited, 160.
+
+  _Oregon Spectator_, cited, 87, 124, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139, 145, 229,
+      243, 246, 256, 262, 272.
+
+  _Oregon Statesman_, cited, 262.
+
+  Oregon Supreme Court, 128.
+
+  Oregon Territorial Government, 19, 65, 138.
+
+  Oxen, 44, 57, 76, 87, 88, 168, 183 (_see also_ Cattle).
+
+
+  Pacific Coast and slope, 15, 273, 284.
+
+  Pacific Fur Company, 20, 24.
+
+  Pacific Ocean, 19, 45, 186, 279.
+
+  Pancott, Theodore, 205.
+
+  Paris (France), 24.
+
+  Park, Captain --, 68, 91.
+
+  Parker, Rev. Samuel (Missionary), 53.
+
+  Parliament, 32, 38, 177, 268.
+
+  Parrish, J. L., 62, 205.
+
+  Patents, 215.
+
+  Pawnee Mission, 58.
+
+  Peacock (ship), 194, 196.
+
+  Peel, Lieut. Wm., 68, 91.
+
+  Peel, Sir Robert, 68.
+
+  Penalties, 35-41, 42.
+
+  Pendleton (Ore.), 48, 166.
+
+  Pennoyer, Governor Sylvester, 165.
+
+  Peopeomoxmox (Indian Chief), 37.
+
+  Perkins, Rev. H. K. W., 210.
+
+  Pfeiffer, W. A., 205.
+
+  Philadelphia (Penn.), 186, 190.
+
+  Pillar Rock, 38.
+
+  Pine, 192.
+
+  Pineries, 112.
+
+  Pioneers, 15, 37, 67, 71, 77, 86, 91, 101, 137, 138, 139, 140, 148,
+      150, 158, 163, 164, 165, 170, 171, 172, 186, 270, 275, 281, 283,
+      284.
+
+  Pittman, Anna Maria, 58.
+
+  Platte River, 184.
+
+  Plows, 263.
+
+  Polk (County), 243.
+
+  Polk, James K., 21, 87, 100.
+
+  Pomeroy, Walter, 206, 210.
+
+  Porpoise (ship), 195.
+
+  Portage, 236.
+
+  Porter, J. M. (Secretary of War), 136.
+
+  Portland (Ore.), 16, 17, 25, 75, 158, 159, 162, 196, 209, 278, 281,
+      284, 285.
+
+  Portland General Electric Company, 102.
+
+  Potatoes, 28, 213.
+
+  Prairies, 193.
+
+  Presbyterians, 133, 146, 238.
+
+  Prices, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 77, 118, 201.
+
+  Priests, Catholic, 22, 61, 189, 191.
+
+  Protestants, 100, 133, 146, 147, 190, 238.
+
+  Puget's Island, 195.
+
+  Puget Sound, 68, 190, 269.
+
+
+  Quebec (city), 22, 283.
+
+
+  Raccoon (British sloop-of-war), 20.
+
+  Rae, William Glen, 24, 25, 69.
+
+  Rafts, 70 (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Rapids, 70, 102, 103, 114, 119, 136, 191, 200, 201, 202, 213, 224,
+      235, 236, 242.
+
+  Raymond, W. W., 224, 226.
+
+  Red River Settlement, 265, 269.
+
+  Rees, Hon. Willard H., 274, 278;
+    opinion of McLoughlin, 274-276.
+
+  Regiments, 23, 274.
+
+  Rekener, J., 205.
+
+  Remick, William C., 204, 205.
+
+  Revolution, Cromwellian, 100.
+
+  Richmond, Dr. --, 188.
+
+  Ricord, John (attorney), 107, 212-218, 220, 222, 223.
+
+  Rivière du Loup (a parish), 22.
+
+  Robb, J. R., 205.
+
+  Robertson, James, 83.
+
+  Rocky Mountains, 19, 20, 49, 53, 94, 97, 124, 162, 176, 177, 183, 185,
+      200, 210, 259, 261, 265, 272, 275, 276 (_see also_ Stony
+      Mountains).
+
+  Rogue River Indians, 274.
+
+  Rome (Italy), 161.
+
+  Roosevelt, Theodore, _Winning of the West_, cited, 84.
+
+  Roy, Charles, 205.
+
+  Russell, --, 251.
+
+  Russians, 201.
+
+
+  St. Gregory the Great, Knight of, 161.
+
+  St. Lawrence River, 22.
+
+  Salem (Ore.), 56, 111, 113, 115, 119, 138, 159, 163.
+
+  Salmon, 36, 43, 202.
+
+  Sand Island, 35.
+
+  Sandwich Islands, 29, 187, 189, 204, 220.
+
+  San Francisco (Cal.), 25, 69, 135.
+
+  Saratoga, battle of, 23.
+
+  Savages, 26 (_see also_ Indians).
+
+  Sawyer, --, 128.
+
+  Schoolhouses, 30.
+
+  Schools, 98, 99, 133, 192, 238 (_see also_ Seminary).
+
+  Scotch, 182, 190.
+
+  Scotland, 23, 24.
+
+  Scott, Harvey W., 279.
+
+  Seaside, 196, 197.
+
+  Seminary, 238 (_see also_ Schools).
+
+  Senate Document, 209.
+
+  Senators, 70, 158, 274.
+
+  Sevier, John, 83.
+
+  Seymour, Admiral --, 68, 91.
+
+  Shadden, Thomas J., 205.
+
+  Shark (ship), 135.
+
+  Shawnees (Indian tribe), 74.
+
+  Sheep, 28.
+
+  Shepard, Cyrus (teacher), 55.
+
+  Ships, 33, 35, 36, 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59, 61, 63, 68, 103, 105,
+      113, 115, 135, 181, 182, 183, 186, 194, 195, 196, 222, 223, 258,
+      267.
+
+  Shortess petition, 104, 116-119, 148, 175-209, 210, 212, 253, 254.
+
+  Shortess, Robert, 116, 119, 196, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 255.
+
+  Simpson, Sir George, 90, 96, 270.
+
+  Sitka (Alaska), 29.
+
+  Skinner, A. A., 122.
+
+  Slacum, --, 202.
+
+  Slocum, W. A., 28.
+
+  Smith, A. D., 205.
+
+  Smith, Jedediah S. (furtrader), 33, 35, 36, 38, 74.
+
+  Smith, Milton W., 209.
+
+  Snake country, 47.
+
+  Snake River, 27, 196.
+
+  Snelling, Vincent, letter to McLoughlin, 262-264.
+
+  Sonoma County (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Spalding, Mrs. Henry H., 54.
+
+  Spalding, Rev. Henry H., 54.
+
+  Spies, 91, 97.
+
+  Staats, Stephen, 82.
+
+  Stanstead (Canada), 112.
+
+  Stark, --, 222.
+
+  Starrs, --, 222.
+
+  _Statesman_, cited, 262.
+
+  Stikeen (Fort), 24.
+
+  Stony Mountains, 175, 176, 178, 180 (_see_ Rocky Mountains).
+
+  Straits of Juan de Fuca, 193.
+
+  Sublette, -- (furtrader), 33.
+
+  Sue, Eugene, 254.
+
+  Sumatra (a ship), 58.
+
+  Superior (lake), 24.
+
+  Surveyors, 224, 237, 251.
+
+  Sutton, William C., 119, 205, 210.
+
+  Sweet Water River, 185.
+
+
+  Taxes, 67.
+
+  Teachers, missionaries as, 193.
+
+  Tennessee (state), 83.
+
+  The Dalles, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 82, 91, 111, 197.
+
+  Thing, Captain --, 182
+
+  Thomas H. Perkins (American ship), 32, 194.
+
+  Thomas, Captain --, 36.
+
+  Thompson, L. S., 153.
+
+  Thornton, J. Quinn, 247, 248, 254;
+    _History of Provisional Government of Oregon_, cited, 61, 62, 276,
+      277.
+
+  Thurston (county), 170.
+
+  Thurston, Samuel R., 119, 121, 122, 123, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237,
+      238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 256, 261, 262, 263;
+    his letter, 123-140;
+    protests against him, 137-140;
+    acts approved, 139;
+    acts not endorsed, 140;
+    death, 144;
+    career and death, 144-146;
+    illtreats McLoughlin, 148, 149;
+    false statements by, 152, 161;
+    excerpts from speech, 210, 211, 246-256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262.
+
+  Timber, 201, 235, 236 (_see also_ Lumber).
+
+  Tolmie, Dr. F. W., 236.
+
+  Tongue Point (Ore.), 52.
+
+  Tonner, A., 205.
+
+  Tonquin (ship), 24, 285.
+
+  Town, --, 128.
+
+  Townsend, John K., _Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
+      Mountains_, cited, 49, 50.
+
+  Trade and commerce, 95, 191, 192.
+
+  Trade licenses, 177, 178, 179, 180.
+
+  Traders, American, 33, 45-52, 81.
+
+  Trading act, 177.
+
+  Trading Companies, 95, 96, 176-179 (_see also_ Hudson's Bay Company,
+      and Northwest Fur Company).
+
+  Trading posts, 27, 28.
+
+  Trappers, 191.
+
+  Treaties, 19, 20, 21, 39, 68, 86, 87, 128, 129, 131, 141, 142, 216,
+      253, 254 (_see also_ Conventions).
+
+  Tualatin Plains, 203, 204, 210.
+
+  Turner, John, 205.
+
+  Turnham, Joel, 205.
+
+  Typhus fever, 285, 286.
+
+
+  Umpqua, 184.
+
+  Umpqua River, 34, 35, 36.
+
+  United States, 19, 20, 26, 28, 32, 33, 38, 39, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71,
+      72, 85, 88, 90, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113, 120, 121,
+      122, 123, 125, 128, 136, 143, 147, 148, 150, 151, 156, 157, 159,
+      164, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 189, 198, 201, 210,
+      215, 216, 220, 221, 225, 227, 232, 233, 235, 239, 240, 248, 250,
+      257, 260, 265, 266, 267, 274, 280, 282, 286.
+
+  United States Senate, 104, 105, 119, 120, 202, 260.
+
+  University of Oregon, 119, 141, 142, 143, 150, 160, 272, 278.
+
+
+  Vancouver Barracks, 28.
+
+  Vancouver (Fort), 24, 27-34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
+      50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77,
+      78, 79, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 110, 113, 152, 170, 171,
+      180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 190, 191, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202,
+      204, 206, 208, 236, 253, 255, 257, 258, 268, 275, 276, 281, 285.
+
+  Vancouver Island, 24.
+
+  Vancouver, Point, 28.
+
+  Varney, Captain --, 32.
+
+  Vavasour, Lieutenant and Captain --, 91, 94, 270.
+
+  Venison, 43.
+
+  Victor, Frances Fuller, 226, 270;
+    _The River of the West_, cited, 97, 110, 219, 227, 271.
+
+  Victoria (Queen of England), 131, 233, 250, 267.
+
+  Virginia (state), 84.
+
+
+  Waiilatpu (Wash.), 54.
+
+  Wait, Aaron E., 247, 248, 254.
+
+  Walahmette Valley, 78 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Walamet Valley, 269 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Walker, --, 55.
+
+  Wallace, --, 222.
+
+  Wallamatte River, 266 (_see_ Willamette River).
+
+  Wallamet Falls, 104, 163, 219 (_see_ Willamette Falls).
+
+  Wallamette River, 108, 115, 224 (_see_ Willamette River).
+
+  Wallamette Valley, 265, 284 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Wallammette Falls Settlement, 213, 218 (_see_ Oregon City).
+
+  Walla Walla (Wash.), 54, 77.
+
+  Waller, Rev. Alvin F., 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 127,
+      191, 205, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,
+      225, 226, 227, 236, 237.
+
+  Wappatoo Island, 258.
+
+  Warehouses, 109, 202.
+
+  Warre, Captain --, 91, 270.
+
+  Wars: 67, 157, 164.
+    American Revolution, 20, 83;
+    War of 1812, 20, 84;
+    Indian, 27, 40, 84, 88, 145, 274, 277.
+
+  Washington, D. C. (city), 21, 86, 104, 119, 123, 130, 150, 211, 219,
+      222, 223, 234, 263, 276.
+
+  Washington (state), 19, 54, 170, 211.
+
+  Washougal (Wash.), 28.
+
+  Watt, Joseph, _Recollections_, cited, 79, 281-283.
+
+  Webster, Noah, 234.
+
+  Wesleyan Church, 112.
+
+  Wesleyan Missionary Society, 112, (_see also_ Missionaries, and
+      Missions).
+
+  _Western Star_, cited, 144, 262.
+
+  West, Middle, 84.
+
+  West Point (N. Y.), 227.
+
+  Westport (Mo.), 58.
+
+  Wheat, 28, 41, 42, 46, 49, 80, 118, 122, 200, 201, 202, 210, 232, 257,
+      258, 263, 268, 280.
+
+  White, Dr. Elijah (medical missionary), 58, 97, 104, 118, 136, 137,
+      226, 227.
+
+  Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 53, 54, 60, 73, 74, 167, 280.
+
+  Whitman, Mrs. Marcus, 54.
+
+  Whitman massacre, 27, 40, 74.
+
+  Wilbraham (Mass.), 112.
+
+  Wilkes, --, _Journal_, cited, 233.
+
+  Wilkes, Commodore Charles, 29, 266, 267, 268;
+      excerpts from his _Narrative_, 190-196.
+
+  Wilkes, George, _History of Oregon_, cited, 75.
+
+  Willamette, 130, 131, 205.
+
+  Willamette Falls, 106, 111, 114, 117, 119, 136, 200, 202, 219, 235.
+
+  Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, 141, 142.
+
+  Willamette River, 28, 49, 52, 75, 102, 107, 114, 136, 181, 182, 183,
+      185, 186, 192, 193, 199, 200, 230, 233, 236, 258, 286.
+
+  Willamette Valley, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 55, 64, 70, 77, 88, 89, 102,
+      103, 116, 136, 140, 191, 211, 232, 269.
+
+  William and Ann (ship), 35, 38.
+
+  William (Fort), 24, 47.
+
+  Williams, R., 205.
+
+  Willson, W. H., 205.
+
+  Wilson, Albert E., 116, 206, 208, 209, 211.
+
+  Wilson, E. C., 204.
+
+  Winthrop, Robert C., 144, 256, 258, 260.
+
+  Wrecks, 35, 45, 194, 196 (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Wyeth, Captain Nathaniel J., 32, 45, 46, 47, 49, 54, 57, 117, 144,
+      181, 182, 183, 196, 199;
+    _Journal_ cited, 45, 46, 47, 48;
+    letters to, 256, 257, 260;
+    letters by, 257-259, 260, 261.
+
+  Wygant, Mrs. Theodore, 25.
+
+  Wyoming (state), 20.
+
+
+  Yakima (Indians), 274.
+
+  Yatten, Joseph, 205.
+
+  Yerba Buena, 25, 69 (_see_ San Francisco).
+
+  Young, Ewing, 50, 51, 52, 64, 204.
+
+  Young, Frederic G., 272, 279.
+
+
+
+
+  Early Western Travels
+
+  1748-1846
+
+  _A SERIES OF ANNOTATED REPRINTS_ of some of the best and rarest
+  contemporary volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and
+  Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West during the
+  Period of Early American Settlement.
+
+  COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES
+
+     1--=Weiser's= Journal of a Tour to the Ohio in 1748. =Croghan's=
+     Tours into the Western Country, 1750-1765. =Post's= Western
+     Tours, 1758-59. =Morris's= Journal relative to his Thrilling
+     Experiences on the Maumee in 1764.
+
+     2--=Long's= Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and
+     Trader, 1768-1782.
+
+     3--=Michaux= (André) Travels into Kentucky in 1795-96. =Michaux=
+     (F. A.) Travels to the West of the Alleghanies, 1802. =Harris's=
+     Tour into the Territory Northwest of the Alleghanies, 1803.
+
+     4--=Cuming's= Tour to the Western Country, etc., 1807-1809.
+
+     5--=Bradbury's= Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-1811.
+
+     6--=Brackenridge's= Voyage up the Missouri, 1811. =Franchere's=
+     Voyage to the N. W. Coast, 1811-1814.
+
+     7--=Ross's= Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon,
+     1810-13.
+
+     8--=Buttrick's= Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries, 1812-19.
+     =Evans's= Tour of 4000 miles through Western States and
+     Territories, 1818.
+
+     9--=Flint's= Letters from America, 1818-1820.
+
+     10--=Hulme's= Tour in the West (Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois),
+     1818. =Flower's= Letters from Lexington and Illinois, 1819.
+     =Flower's= Letters from Illinois, 1820-1821. =Woods's= Residence in
+     English Prairie, Illinois, 1820-1821.
+
+     11, 12--=Faux's= Tour to the United States, 1819-1820. =Welby's=
+     Visit to North America and Illinois, 1819-1820.
+
+     13--=Nuttall's= Travels into Arkansas Territory, 1819.
+
+     14, 15, 16, 17--=S. H. Long's= Expedition from Pittsburg to the
+     Rocky Mountains, 1819-1820.
+
+     18--=Pattie's= Personal Narrative of Expedition from St. Louis to
+     the Pacific, 1824-1827.
+
+     19, 20--=Ogden's= Tour through the Western Country, 1821-1823.
+     =Bullock's= Journey through Western States, 1827. =Gregg's=
+     Commerce of the Prairies, 1831-1839.
+
+     21--=Wyeth's= Journey from Atlantic to Pacific, 1832. =Townsend's=
+     Journey across the Rockies to Columbia River, 1834.
+
+     22, 23, 24, 25--=Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied's= Travels in
+     the Interior of North America with folio Atlas, 1843.
+
+     26, 27--=Flagg's= Far West, 1836-1837. =De Smet's= Letters and
+     Sketches. Residence among Indian Tribes, 1841-1842.
+
+     28, 29--=Farnham's= Travels in the Great Western Prairies, etc.,
+     1839. =De Smet's= Oregon Missions and Travels, 1845-1846.
+
+     30--=Palmer's= Travels over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-1846.
+
+     31--Index to the Series.
+
+  _Edited with Historical, Geographical, Ethnological, and
+  Bibliographical Notes, and Introductions and Index, by_
+
+  Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D.
+
+  With facsimiles of the original title-pages, maps, portraits, views,
+  etc. 31 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price, $4 net per
+  volume (except the Atlas, which is $15 net).
+
+  _An Elaborate Analytical Index to the Whole_
+
+  Almost all the rare originals are unindexed. In the present reprint
+  series, this immense mass of historical data will be made accessible
+  through one exhaustive analytical index.
+
+  EXTRACTS FROM A FEW OF THE REVIEWS
+
+     _AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW_: "The books are handsomely bound
+     and printed. The editing by Dr. Thwaites seems to have been
+     done with his customary care and knowledge. There is no want of
+     helpful annotations. =The books therefore are likely to be of
+     more real value than the early prints from which they are
+     taken.="
+
+     _THE OUTLOOK_: "Dr. Thwaites is the best possible editor who
+     could have been chosen for such a task."
+
+     "The student of society, as well as the historian, can profit
+     by the perusal of these travels;... they present, as is nowhere
+     else so well presented, the picture of society in the making in
+     the American back country."--FREDERICK J. TURNER in the _Dial_.
+
+     _THE NATION_: "Thoroughly interesting, as well as historically
+     valuable."
+
+  _Full descriptive circulars giving the contents of each volume may he
+  had on application._
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF RECONSTRUCTION
+
+  Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial 1865
+  to the Present Time
+
+  SELECTED AND EDITED BY
+  WALTER L. FLEMING, Ph. D.
+  PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
+
+  _Printed on a specially made paper, illustrated with facsimiles, two
+  volumes, large 8vo, (about 900 pages), cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price
+  per set, $10.00 net._
+
+  This work has been prepared in response to a demand on the part of
+  students and thoughtful readers for an adequate collection of
+  historical material which shall
+
+     1st. _Present the original sources, which alone give the true
+     contemporary conditions, and allow the reader to make his own
+     interpretation of the facts._
+
+     2nd. _Comprehend all phases of the progress and results of
+     Reconstruction, social and economic, as well as political._
+
+     3rd. _Exhibit not only the national aspects but also the local
+     conditions of Reconstruction, in all the States._
+
+  PROFESSOR FLEMING is recognized as one of the foremost authorities in
+  the country on the Reconstruction Period. The excellence of his
+  previous contributions on special topics in this field is sufficient
+  guarantee of the value of the present comprehensive work.
+
+     "It is certainly a most interesting and important
+     plan."--WOODROW WILSON.
+
+     "Every student ... will rejoice over this addition to his
+     facilities for intelligent appreciation of the great interests
+     involved in the sectional struggle of 1861-1865, and its
+     aftermath."--_Chicago Evening Post._
+
+     "I feel sure that your work will be of great interest and
+     benefit to the future historian."--THOMAS NELSON PAGE.
+
+  _Full descriptive circular and list of documents will be sent by the
+  publishers on application._
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+  Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+  Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.
+
+  Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
+  the original.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors in the original have been corrected as
+  follows:
+
+    Page  10: "Britian" changed to "Britain"
+    Page  25: "McLouglin" changed to "McLoughlin"
+    Page  68: "therefor" changed to "therefore"
+    Page 254: "is" changed to "his"
+    Page 295: "Memphregog" changed to "Memphremagog"
+
+  Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of
+Oregon, by Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN ***
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon, by Frederick V. Holman.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon, by 
+Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon
+
+Author: Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+Release Date: May 18, 2011 [EBook #36146]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="Dr. John McLoughlin" /></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. John McLoughlin</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Taken from a daguerreotype of Dr. John McLoughlin made in 1856, about a
+year before his death. The original daguerreotype belongs to Mrs. Josiah
+Myrick of Portland, Oregon, a granddaughter of Dr. McLoughlin.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">the Father of Oregon</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">FREDERICK V. HOLMAN</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Director of the Oregon Pioneer Association and of the
+Oregon Historical Society</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big"><i>With Portraits</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/tpage_logo.png" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Cleveland, Ohio</p>
+<p class="center">The Arthur H. Clark Company</p>
+<p class="center">1907</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">FREDERICK V. HOLMAN</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p>
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="big"><i>To the true, good, brave Oregon Pioneers of 1843, 1844, 1845, and 1846,
+whose coming in the time of joint-occupancy did so much to help save
+Oregon and assisted in making it what it is today; whose affections and
+regards for Dr. John McLoughlin and whose remembrances and heartfelt
+appreciations of his humanity and kindness to them and theirs can and
+could end only with their deaths, this volume is most respectfully
+dedicated.</i></span></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CONTENTS</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>PREFACE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>TEXT</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Early Settlements and Joint-occupancy of the Oregon Country&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Genealogy and Family of Dr. John McLoughlin</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">McLoughlin and the Oregon Country</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fort Vancouver</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Punishment of Indians</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Early French Canadian Settlers</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Early American Traders and Travellers</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Presbyterian Missionaries</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Methodist Missions and Missionaries</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Provisional Government</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Immigration of 1842</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Immigration of 1843</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Immigration of 1844</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Immigration of 1845</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Quality of the Early Immigrants</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Resignation of Dr. John McLoughlin</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dr. McLoughlin's Religion</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dr. McLoughlin's Land Claim</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Abernethy Island</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Shortess Petition</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Land Laws of the Provisional Government</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dr. McLoughlin's Naturalization</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Thurston's Letter to Congress</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Protests against Thurston's Actions</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Oregon Donation Land Law</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Conspiracy Effective</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Career and Death of Thurston</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Methodist Episcopal Church</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dr. McLoughlin's Memorial To Congress</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Persecution Continued</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The End of Dr. McLoughlin's Life</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Justice To Dr. McLoughlin's Memory</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Opinions by Dr. McLoughlin's Contemporaries</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Eulogy upon Dr. McLoughlin</span></td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT:</span></p>
+
+<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">A: Article 3 of Convention of October 20, 1818, between
+the United States and Great Britain</td>
+<td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">B: Convention of August 6, 1827, between the United
+States and Great Britain</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">C: Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay
+Company and Northwest Company; and grant
+to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838
+to trade in the Oregon Country</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">D: Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev. Jason
+Lee</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">E: Rev. Jason Lee's visit to Eastern States in 1838;
+and his report to the Missionary Board at New
+York in 1844</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">F: Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles
+Wilkes, U.S.N., published in Philadelphia in
+1845</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">G: Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V. Holman
+of October 27, 1905</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">H: Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's "History<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+of Oregon" relating to Shortess Petition; and
+excerpt from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+Congress, December 26, 1850, as to author of
+Shortess Petition</td>
+<td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">I: Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence
+Lovejoy and Rev. A. F. Waller of March 20,
+1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts
+from letters of Rev. Jason Lee to Rev. A. F.
+Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+1844</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">J: Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev.
+A. F. Waller, and Rev. David Leslie, of April
+4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of making
+said agreement</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">K: Statement of career in Oregon of Judge W. P.
+Bryant</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">L: Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the
+"Oregon Spectator" Thursday, September 12,
+1850</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">M: Letter by William J. Berry, published in the
+"Oregon Spectator," December 26, 1850</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">N: Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+Congress, December 26, 1850</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">O: Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J.
+Wyeth, Robert C. Winthrop and Dr. John
+McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+April 3, 1851</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">P: Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John
+McLoughlin of March 9, 1852</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">Q: Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and
+Vancouver's Island" by James Edward Fitzgerald,
+published in London in 1849; and excerpt
+from "Ten Years in Oregon," by Rev.
+Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+in New York in 1844</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>R: Note on Authorship of "History of Oregon" in
+Bancroft's Works; and sources of information
+for this monograph</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">S: Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of Dr.
+McLoughlin</td>
+  <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent">INDEX</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">ILLUSTRATIONS</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table width="65%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Dr. John McLoughlin</span>, taken from daguerreotype
+of 1856; from original belonging to Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+Portland, Oregon</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_4"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Dr. John McLoughlin</span>, taken from miniature
+painted on ivory, 1838 or 1839; from original belonging
+to Mrs. James W. McL. Harvey, Mirabel, California.</td>
+ <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_62"><i>facing</i> p. 62</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">PREFACE</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is a plain and simple narrative of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin,
+and of his noble career in the early history of Oregon. The writing of
+it is a labor of love on my part, for I am Oregon-born. A number of my
+near relatives came to Oregon overland in the immigrations of 1843,
+1845, and 1846. My father and mother came overland in 1846. The one
+great theme of the Oregon pioneers was and still is Dr. McLoughlin and
+his humanity. I came so to know of him that I could almost believe I had
+known him personally.</p>
+
+<p>He, the father of Oregon, died September third, 1857, yet his memory is
+as much respected as though his death were of recent occurrence. In
+Oregon he will never be forgotten. He is known in Oregon by tradition as
+well as by history. His deeds are a part of the folk-lore of Oregon. His
+life is an essential part of the early, the heroic days of early Oregon.
+I know of him from the conversations of pioneers, who loved him, and
+from the numerous heart-felt expressions at the annual meetings of the
+Oregon pioneers, beginning with their first meeting. For years I have
+been collecting and reading books on early Oregon and the Pacific
+Northwest Coast. I am familiar with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> many letters and rare documents in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society relating to events in
+the time of the settlement of Oregon, and containing frequent references
+to Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>October sixth, 1905, was set apart as McLoughlin Day by the Lewis and
+Clark Exposition, at Portland, Oregon. I had the honor to be selected to
+deliver the address on that occasion. In writing that address I was
+obliged to familiarize myself with exact knowledge of dates and other
+important circumstances connected with the life and times of Dr.
+McLoughlin. In writing it, although I endeavored to be concise, the
+story grew until it went beyond the proper length for an address, and so
+I condensed it for oral delivery on McLoughlin Day.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time I have largely rewritten it, and, while not changing the
+style essentially, I have added to it so that it has become a short
+history. For the benefit of those interested in Dr. John McLoughlin and
+the history of early Oregon, I have added notes and many documents. The
+latter show some of the sources from which I have drawn, but only some
+of them. They are necessary to a thorough understanding, particularly,
+as to the causes of his tribulations, and of what is due to him as a
+great humanitarian, and of his great services in the upbuilding of
+Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>I have been kindly assisted by men and women still living who knew him
+personally, by those who gladly bear witness to what he was and what he
+did, and by those who have studied his life and times as a matter of
+historical interest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>The full history of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin will be written in
+the future. Such a history will have all the interest of a great
+romance. It begins in happiness and ends in martyrdom. It is so
+remarkable that one unacquainted with the facts might doubt if some of
+these matters I have set forth could be true. Unfortunately they are
+true.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">Frederick V. Holman</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Portland, Oregon</span>, January, 1907.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The story of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin comprises largely the
+history of Oregon beginning in the time of joint-occupancy of the Oregon
+Country, and continuing until after the boundary treaty dividing the
+Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain, the
+establishment of the Oregon Territorial Government, and the passage of
+the Oregon Donation Law. It relates directly to events in Oregon from
+1824 until the death of Dr. McLoughlin in 1857, and incidentally to what
+occurred in Oregon as far back as the founding of Astoria in 1811.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the Treaty of 1846 between the United States and England fixing
+the present northern boundary line of the United States west of the
+Rocky Mountains, what was known as the "Oregon Country" was bounded on
+the south by north latitude forty-two degrees, the present northern
+boundary of the states of California and Nevada; on the north by
+latitude fifty-four degrees and forty minutes, the present southern
+boundary of Alaska; on the east by the Rocky Mountains; and on the west
+by the Pacific Ocean. It included all of the states of Oregon,
+Washington, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> and Wyoming,
+and all of the present Dominion of Canada between latitudes forty-nine
+degrees and fifty-four degrees forty minutes, and west of the Rocky
+Mountains. Its area was approximately four hundred thousand square
+miles, an area about twenty-five per cent. greater than that of the
+original thirteen colonies at the time of the American Revolution.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Early Settlements and Joint-occupancy of the Oregon Country.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The first permanent settlement on the Columbia River was made by the
+Pacific Fur Company, which was organized and controlled by John Jacob
+Astor. It founded Astoria March 22, 1811. October 16, 1813, during the
+war of 1812, the establishments of the Pacific Fur Company in the Oregon
+Country, and all its furs and supplies, were sold, at less than
+one-third of their value, to the Northwest Company, of Montreal, by the
+treachery of Duncan McDougal, a partner of Astor in the Pacific Fur
+Company. December 1, 1813, the British sloop-of-war Raccoon arrived at
+Astoria and took formal possession of it in the name of the King of
+Great Britain. The captain of the Raccoon changed the name of Astoria to
+that of Fort George. Its name is now Astoria. The Northwest Company
+continued to carry on its business at Fort George and at other points in
+the Oregon Country until its coalition with the Hudson's Bay Company in
+1821.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty of peace between the United States and England at the
+conclusion of the war of 1812 was signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. It
+is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> known as the "Treaty of Ghent." Under this treaty Great Britain, on
+October 6, 1818, formally restored to the United States "the settlement
+of Fort George on the Columbia River." A Convention between the United
+States and Great Britain was signed October 20, 1818. That Convention
+provided that the Oregon Country should be free and open, for the period
+of ten years, to the citizens and subjects of the two countries, being
+what is called for convenience joint-occupancy by the two countries.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Another Convention between the two countries was made in 1827, by which
+this joint-occupancy was continued indefinitely, subject to termination
+after October 20, 1828, by either the United States or Great Britain
+giving to the other twelve months' notice.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In April, 1846, Congress
+passed a joint resolution giving the President authority, at his
+discretion, to give such notice to the British Government. Under the
+authority of this resolution President Polk signed a notice, dated April
+28, 1846, which by its terms was to go into effect from and after its
+delivery to the British Government at London. June 6, 1846, the British
+Government proposed the present boundary. This was accepted by the
+American Government. The treaty was signed at Washington, June 15, 1846.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Hudson's Bay Company was established in 1670 under a charter granted
+by King Charles II.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> The Northwest Company was formed in Montreal in
+1783-4. It became the great rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Warfare
+occurred between the two companies, beginning in 1815. A compromise was
+finally effected and in 1821 the Northwest Company coalesced with the
+Hudson's Bay Company<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. Dr. McLoughlin was a partner of the Northwest
+Company and opposed the coalition in a most determined manner. He would
+not sign the final agreement, as he considered it unfair to himself and
+to his associates in the Northwest Company. But the Hudson's Bay Company
+knew of Dr. McLoughlin, his resolution, his power, and his capacity, and
+it employed him as Chief Factor to manage and to build up the Company's
+business in the Oregon Country. He was given plenary powers. He was the
+man for the place and the time.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Genealogy and Family of Dr. John McLoughlin.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John McLoughlin was born October 19, 1784, in Parish La Rivière du
+Loup, Canada, about one hundred and twenty miles below Quebec, on the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River. He was baptized November 3, 1784,
+at the Parish of Kamouraska, Canada, there being no Roman Catholic
+priest at La Rivière du Loup. Both of his parents were Roman Catholics.
+His father was John McLoughlin, a native of Ireland. Of him little is
+now known, excepting that he was a man of high character. He was
+accidentally drowned in the St. Lawrence River. The date I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> have been
+unable to ascertain. It was probably while his son John was quite young.
+For convenience I shall hereinafter speak of John McLoughlin, the
+younger, as Dr. John McLoughlin, or Dr. McLoughlin. His mother's maiden
+name was Angelique Fraser. She was a very fine woman. She was born in
+the Parish of Beaumont, Canada, and died in Canada, July 3, 1842, aged
+83 years. Her father was Malcolm Fraser, a native of Scotland. At the
+time of his retirement from the army and settlement in Canada, in 1763,
+he was a captain in the 84th regiment of the British regular army. He
+was at one time a lieutenant in the 78th regiment, known as the Fraser
+Highlanders. He spelled his name with two "f's"&mdash;Ffraser. His daughter
+was also related to Gen. Fraser, one of Burgoyne's principal officers,
+who was killed at the battle of Saratoga, October 7, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John McLoughlin's father and mother had seven children, of which
+five were daughters; the youngest daughter died while young. He was the
+second child, the eldest son, his only brother, David, being the third
+child. It is probable that Dr. John McLoughlin and his brother David
+were brought up in the home of their maternal grandfather. Their only
+maternal uncle was Samuel Fraser, M.D. He was a lieutenant in the Royal
+Highland Regiment (the famous "Black Watch" regiment). He took part in
+all the engagements fought by that regiment from 1795 to 1803, in the
+Napoleonic wars. Their maternal relatives seem to have exercised a
+strong influence on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> both young John and David McLoughlin. They both
+became physicians. David served in the British army, and, after the
+Battle of Waterloo, practiced medicine in Paris, France. Dr. John
+McLoughlin was educated in Canada and Scotland. He joined the Northwest
+Company, which was composed and controlled by very active, practical,
+and forceful men. In 1821 he was in charge of Fort William, the chief
+depot and factory of the Northwest Company, when that Company coalesced
+with the Hudson's Bay Company. Fort William is situated on the north
+shore of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. It was
+at Fort William, where he was stationed for a long time, that he became
+acquainted with the widow of Alexander McKay. Dr. McLoughlin married
+her, the exact date I have been unable to ascertain. Alexander McKay was
+a partner of John Jacob Astor in the Pacific Fur Company. He was killed
+in the capture, by Indians, of the ship Tonquin in June, 1811, at
+Clayoquot Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver's Island.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John McLoughlin and wife had four children, whose names in order of
+birth were as follows: Eliza, John, Eloisa, and David. They are all
+dead. Eliza McLoughlin married Captain Epps, an officer in the English
+army. John McLoughlin, Jr., was murdered in April, 1842, at Fort
+Stikeen, where he was in charge. Eloisa McLoughlin was Dr. McLoughlin's
+favorite child. She was married to William Glen Rae at Fort Vancouver in
+1838. Rae was appointed, after his marriage, a Chief Trader of the
+Hudson's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> Bay Company. In 1841 he was sent to California to take charge
+of the Company's business at Yerba Buena, now San Francisco. He
+continued in charge there until his death in 1844. All of their children
+are dead, excepting two&mdash;Mrs. Theodore Wygant and Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+both now living in Portland. In October, 1850, Mrs. Rae was married to
+Daniel Harvey. There were three children by this second marriage, all of
+whom are now dead. Daniel Harvey died prior to his wife. She died at
+Portland in October, 1884. In Portland and its vicinity there are now
+living several children of Mrs. Wygant and Mrs. Myrick, and also several
+grandchildren of Mrs. Wygant. At Mirabel, Sonoma County, California,
+there are now living a son, a daughter, and also the widow of James W.
+McL. Harvey, a son of Daniel and Eloisa Harvey. A son of Mrs. Myrick is
+living at Los Angeles, California. David McLoughlin, the youngest child
+of Dr. McLoughlin, was educated in England. He returned to Oregon, and
+later made his home in Idaho, where he died at an advanced age.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Dr. McLoughlin and the Oregon Country.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Physically Dr. John McLoughlin was a superb specimen of man. His height
+was not less than six feet four inches. He carried himself as a master,
+which gave him an appearance of being more than six feet and a half
+high. He was almost perfectly proportioned. Mentally he was endowed to
+match his magnificent physical proportions. He was brave and fearless;
+he was true and just; he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> truthful and scorned to lie. The Indians,
+as well as his subordinates, soon came to know that if he threatened
+punishment for an offense, it was as certain as that the offense
+occurred. He was absolute master of himself and of those under him. He
+allowed none of his subordinates to question or to disobey. This was
+necessary to conduct the business of his Company, and to preserve peace
+in the vast Oregon Country. He was <i>facile princeps</i>. And, yet, with all
+these dominant qualities, he had the greatest kindness, sympathy, and
+humanity. He needed all his stern and manlike characteristics to govern
+the officers, employées, servants, and dependents of his Company, and to
+conduct its business, in the Oregon Country. Here was a great empire in
+physical extent, intersected by great rivers and chains of mountains.
+There was no one on whom he could depend, except his under-officers and
+the Company's servants. To him were given no bands of trained soldiers
+to govern a country half again larger than the Empire of Germany, and
+occupied by treacherous, hostile, crafty, and cruel savages; and to so
+govern as not to be to the prejudice, nor to the exclusion, of citizens
+of the United States, nor to encourage them, nor to help them.</p>
+
+<p>When he first came to Oregon, it was not safe for the Company's parties
+to travel except in large numbers and heavily armed. In a few years
+there was practically no danger. A single boat loaded with goods or furs
+was as safe as a great flotilla had been when he arrived on the Columbia
+River in 1824. It was Dr. John McLoughlin who did this,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> by his
+personality, by his example, and by his influence. He had accomplished
+all this when the Indian population of the Oregon Country is estimated
+to have been in excess of 100,000, including about 30,000 on the
+Columbia River below its junction with Snake River, and on the
+tributaries of that part of the Columbia River. This was before the
+great epidemics of the years 1829 to 1832, inclusive, which caused the
+deaths of great numbers of the Indians, especially those living on and
+near the lower Columbia River. There were no Indian wars in the Oregon
+Country during all the time Dr. McLoughlin was in charge at Fort
+Vancouver, from 1824 to 1846. All the Indian wars in the Oregon Country
+occurred after he resigned from the Hudson's Bay Company. The first of
+these wars began with the Whitman massacre in 1847.</p>
+
+<p>When he came to Oregon, he was nearly forty years old. His hair was then
+almost white, and was worn long, falling almost to his shoulders. It did
+not take long for the Indians to know him and to give him a name. To
+some of the Indians he was the "White-Headed Eagle," and to others, the
+"Great White Chief."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Fort Vancouver.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin came overland to Fort George (Astoria), arriving there in
+1824. He soon saw that the place for a great trading and supply post
+should be further up the Columbia River. After careful surveys in small
+boats, he founded Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the Columbia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+River, about seven miles above the mouth of the Willamette River, and
+several miles below the point named Point Vancouver by Lieut. Broughtan,
+in 1792, the latter point being near the present town of Washougal,
+Washington. In 1825 Fort Vancouver was constructed, in part, and the
+goods and effects at Fort George were moved to Fort Vancouver. The final
+completion of the latter fort was not until a later period, although the
+work was carried on as rapidly as possible. A few years after, about
+1830, a new fort was erected about a mile westerly from the original
+fort. Here is now located the present United States' Military post,
+commonly known as Vancouver Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>With characteristic energy and foresight Dr. McLoughlin soon established
+at and near Fort Vancouver a large farm on which were grown quantities
+of grain and vegetables. It was afterwards stocked with cattle, horses,
+sheep, goats, and hogs. In 1836 this farm consisted of 3,000 acres,
+fenced into fields, with here and there dairy houses and herdsmen's and
+shepherd's cottages. In 1836 the products of this farm were, in bushels:
+8,000 of wheat; 5,500 of barley; 6,000 of oats; 9,000 of peas; 14,000 of
+potatoes; besides large quantities of turnips (rutabaga), pumpkins,
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> There were about ten acres in apple, pear, and quince trees,
+which bore in profusion. He established two saw mills and two flour
+mills near the fort. For many years there were shipped, from Fort
+Vancouver, lumber to the Hawaiian Islands (then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> called the Sandwich
+Islands) and flour to Sitka. It was not many years after Dr. McLoughlin
+came to the Oregon Country until it was one of the most profitable parts
+of North America to the Hudson's Bay Company. For many years the London
+value of the yearly gathering of furs, in the Oregon Country, varied
+from $500,000 to $1,000,000, sums of money representing then a value
+several fold more than such sums represent today.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Vancouver was a parallelogram about seven hundred and fifty feet
+long and four hundred and fifty broad, enclosed by an upright picket
+wall of large and closely fitted beams, over twenty feet in height,
+secured by buttresses on the inside. Originally there was a bastion at
+each angle of the fort. In the earlier times there were two twelve
+pounders mounted in these bastions. In the center of the fort there were
+some eighteen pounders; all these cannon, from disuse, became merely
+ornamental early in the thirties.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> In 1841, when Commodore Wilkes was
+at Fort Vancouver, there were between the steps of Dr. McLoughlin's
+residence, inside the fort, two old cannon on sea-carriages, with a few
+shot. There were no other warlike instruments.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> It was a very peaceful
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>The interior of the fort was divided into two courts, having about forty
+buildings, all of wood except the powder magazine, which was constructed
+of brick and stone. In the center, facing the main entrance, stood the
+Hall in which were the dining-room, smoking-room, and public
+sitting-room,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> or bachelor's hall. Single men, clerks, strangers, and
+others made the bachelor's hall their place of resort. To these rooms
+artisans and servants were not admitted. The Hall was the only two-story
+house in the fort. The residence of Dr. McLoughlin was built after the
+model of a French Canadian dwelling-house. It was one story,
+weather-boarded, and painted white. It had a piazza with vines growing
+on it. There were flower-beds in front of the house. The other buildings
+consisted of dwellings for officers and their families, a school-house,
+a retail store, warehouses and shops.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance from the fort, on the bank of the river, was a village
+of more than fifty houses, for the mechanics and servants, and their
+families, built in rows so as to form streets. Here were also the
+hospital, boat-house, and salmon-house, and near by were barns,
+threshing-mills, granaries, and dairy buildings. The whole number of
+persons, having their homes at Fort Vancouver and its vicinity, men,
+women, and children, was about eight hundred. The Hall was an oasis in
+the vast social desert of Oregon. Fort Vancouver was a fairy-land to the
+early travellers, after their long, hard journeys across the continent.
+Thomas J. Farnham was a traveller who came to Oregon in 1839. He was
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver. In his account of his
+travels, which he subsequently published, he gives the following
+description of the usual dinner at Fort Vancouver:</p>
+
+<p>"The bell rings for dinner; we will now pay a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> visit to the 'Hall' and
+its convivialities.... At the end of a table twenty feet in length
+stands Governor McLoughlin, directing guests and gentlemen from
+neighboring posts to their places; and chief-traders, traders, the
+physician, clerks, and the farmer slide respectfully to their places, at
+distances from the Governor corresponding to the dignity of their rank
+in the service. Thanks are given to God, and all are seated. Roast beef
+and pork, boiled mutton, baked salmon, boiled ham; beets, carrots,
+turnips, cabbage, and potatoes, and wheaten bread, are tastefully
+distributed over the table among a dinner-set of elegant queen's ware,
+burnished with glittering glasses and decanters of various-coloured
+Italian wines. Course after course goes round, ... and each gentleman in
+turn vies with him in diffusing around the board a most generous
+allowance of viands, wines, and warm fellow-feeling. The cloth and wines
+are removed together, cigars are lighted, and a strolling smoke about
+the premises, enlivened by a courteous discussion of some mooted point
+of natural history or politics, closes the ceremonies of the dinner hour
+at Fort Vancouver."</p>
+
+<p>At Fort Vancouver Dr. John McLoughlin lived and ruled in a manner
+befitting that of an old English Baron in feudal times, but with a
+graciousness and courtesy, which, I fear, were not always the rule with
+the ancient Barons. Dr. McLoughlin was a very temperate man. He rarely
+drank any alcoholic beverages, not even wines. There was an exception
+one time, each year, when the festivities began at Fort Vancouver on the
+return of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> brigade, with the year's furs. He then drank a glass of
+wine to open the festivities. Soon after he came to Oregon, from
+morality and policy he stopped the sale of liquor to Indians. To do this
+effectually he had to stop the sale of liquor to all whites. In 1834,
+when Wyeth began his competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, he began
+selling liquor to Indians, but at the request of Dr. McLoughlin, Wyeth
+stopped the sale of liquors to Indians as well as to the whites. In 1841
+the American trading vessel Thomas Perkins, commanded by Captain Varney,
+came to the Columbia River to trade, having a large quantity of liquors.
+To prevent the sale to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin bought all these
+liquors and stored them at Fort Vancouver. They were still there when
+Dr. McLoughlin left the Hudson's Bay Company in 1846.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin soon established numerous forts and posts in the Oregon
+Country, all of which were tributary to Fort Vancouver. In 1839 there
+were twenty of these forts besides Vancouver. The policy of the Hudson's
+Bay Company was to crush out all rivals in trade. It had an absolute
+monopoly of the fur trade of British America, except the British
+Provinces, under acts of Parliament, and under royal grants. But in the
+Oregon Territory its right to trade therein was limited by the
+Conventions of 1818 and 1827 and by the act of Parliament of July 2,
+1821, to the extent that the Oregon Country (until one year's notice was
+given) should remain free and open to the citizens of the United States
+and to the subjects of Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> Britain, and the trade of the Hudson's Bay
+Company should not "be used to the prejudice or exclusion of citizens of
+the United States engaged in such trade."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Therefore, as there could
+be no legal exclusion of American citizens, it could be done only by
+occupying the country, building forts, establishing trade and friendly
+relations with the Indians, and preventing rivalry by the laws of trade,
+including ruinous competition. As the Hudson's Bay Company bought its
+goods in large quantities in England, shipped by sea, and paid no import
+duties, it could sell at a profit at comparatively low prices. In
+addition, its goods were of extra good quality, usually much better than
+those of the American traders. It also desired to prevent the settling
+of the Oregon Country. The latter purpose was for two reasons: to
+preserve the fur trade; and to prevent the Oregon Country from being
+settled by Americans to the prejudice of Great Britain's claim to the
+Oregon Country.</p>
+
+<p>For more than ten years after Dr. McLoughlin came to Oregon, there was
+no serious competition to the Hudson's Bay Company in the Oregon Country
+west of the Blue Mountains. An occasional ship would come into the
+Columbia River and depart. At times, American fur traders entered into
+serious competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, east of the Blue
+Mountains. Such traders were Bonneville, Sublette, Smith, Jackson, and
+others. They could be successful, only partially, against the
+competition of the Hudson's Bay Company. Goods were often sold by it at
+prices<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> which could not be met by the American traders, except at a
+loss. Sometimes more was paid to the Indians for furs than they were
+worth.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin was the autocrat of the Oregon Country. His allegiance
+was to his Country and to his Company. He knew the Americans had the
+legal right to occupy any part of the Oregon Country, and he knew from
+the directors of his Company, as early as 1825, that Great Britain did
+not intend to claim any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia
+River. The only fort he established south of the Columbia River was on
+the Umpqua River. I do not wish to place Dr. McLoughlin on a pedestal,
+nor to represent him as more than a grand and noble man, ever true, as
+far as possible, to his Company's interests and to himself. To be
+faithless to his Company was to be a weakling and contemptible. But he
+was not a servant, nor was he untrue to his manhood. As Chief Factor he
+was "Ay, every inch a King," but he was also ay, every inch a man. He
+was a very human, as well as a very humane man. He had a quick and
+violent temper. His position as Chief Factor and his continued use of
+power often made him dictatorial. And yet he was polite, courteous,
+gentle, and kind, and a gentleman. He was an autocrat, but not an
+aristocrat. In 1838 Rev. Herbert Beaver, who was chaplain at Fort
+Vancouver, was impertinent to Dr. McLoughlin in the fort-yard.
+Immediately Dr. McLoughlin struck Beaver with a cane. The next day Dr.
+McLoughlin publicly apologized for this indignity.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Punishment of Indians.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The policy of the Company, as well as that of Dr. McLoughlin, was to
+keep Americans, especially traders, out of all the Oregon Country. The
+difference was that he believed that they should be kept out only so far
+as it could be done lawfully. But he did not allow them to be harmed by
+the Indians, and, if the Americans were so harmed, he punished the
+offending Indians, and he let all Indians know that he would punish for
+offenses against the Americans as he would for offenses against the
+British and the Hudson's Bay Company. Personally he treated these rival
+traders with hospitality. In his early years in Oregon on two occasions
+he caused an Indian to be hanged for murder of a white man. In 1829,
+when the Hudson's Bay Company's vessel, William and Ann, was wrecked on
+Sand Island, at the mouth of the Columbia River, and a part of her crew
+supposed to have been murdered and the wreck looted, he sent a well
+armed and manned schooner and a hundred voyageurs to punish the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Jedediah S. Smith was a rival trader to the Hudson's Bay Company. In
+1828 all his party of eighteen men, excepting four, one of which was
+Smith, were murdered by the Indians, near the mouth of the Umpqua River.
+All their goods and furs were stolen. These four survivors arrived at
+Fort Vancouver, but not all together. They were all at the point of
+perishing from exhaustion and were nearly naked. All their wants were at
+once supplied, and they received the kindest treatment. When the first
+one arrived Dr. McLoughlin sent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> Indian runners to the Willamette chiefs
+to tell them to send their people in search of Smith and his two men,
+and if found to bring them to Fort Vancouver, and Dr. McLoughlin would
+pay the Indians; and also to tell these chiefs that if Smith, or his
+men, was hurt by the Indians, that Dr. McLoughlin would punish them. Dr.
+McLoughlin sent a strong party to the Umpqua River, which recovered
+these furs. They were of large value. Smith at his own instance sold
+these furs to the Hudson's Bay Company, receiving the fair value for the
+furs, without deduction. Dr. McLoughlin later said of this event that it
+"was done from a principle of Christian duty, and as a lesson to the
+Indians to show them they could not wrong the whites with impunity." The
+effect of this Smith matter was far-reaching and long-continued. The
+Indians understood, even if they did not appreciate, that the opposition
+of Dr. McLoughlin to Americans as traders did not apply to them
+personally.</p>
+
+<p>Dunn, in his <i>History of the Oregon Territory</i>, narrates the following
+incident:<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> "On one occasion an American vessel, Captain Thompson, was
+in the Columbia, trading furs and salmon. The vessel had got aground, in
+the upper part of the river, and the Indians, from various quarters,
+mustered with the intent of cutting the Americans off, thinking that
+they had an opportunity of revenge, and would thus escape the censure of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> company. Dr. McLoughlin, the governor of Fort Vancouver, hearing of
+their intention, immediately despatched a party to their rendezvous; and
+informed them that if they injured one American, it would be just the
+same offence as if they had injured one of his servants, and they would
+be treated equally as enemies. This stunned them; and they relinquished
+their purpose; and all retired to their respective homes. Had not this
+come to the governor's ears the Americans must have perished."</p>
+
+<p>In 1842 the Indians in the Eastern Oregon Country became alarmed for the
+reason that they believed the Americans intended to take away their
+lands. The Indians knew that the Hudson's Bay Company and its employées
+were traders and did not care for lands, except as incidental to
+trading. At this time some of the Indians desired to raise a war party
+and surprise and massacre the American settlements in the Willamette
+Valley. This could have been done easily at that time. Through the
+influence of Dr. McLoughlin with Peopeomoxmox (Yellow Serpent), a chief
+of the Cayuses, this trouble was averted. In 1845 a party of Indians
+went to California to buy cattle. An American there killed Elijah, the
+son of Peopeomoxmox. The Indians of Eastern Oregon threatened to take
+two thousand warriors to California and exterminate the whites there.
+Largely through the actions of Dr. McLoughlin the Indians were persuaded
+to abandon their project.</p>
+
+<p>John Minto, a pioneer of 1844, in an address February 6, 1889, narrated
+the following incident.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> In 1843 two Indians, for the purpose of
+robbery, at Pillar Rock, in the lower Columbia, killed a servant of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. One of the Indians was killed in the pursuit. The
+other was taken, after great trouble. There was no doubt as to his
+guilt. In order to make the lesson of his execution salutary and
+impressive to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin invited the leading Indians of
+the various tribes, as well as all classes of settlers and missionaries,
+to be present. He made the arrangements for the execution in a way best
+calculated to strike terror to the Indian mind. When all was ready, and
+immediately prior to the execution, with his white head bared, he made a
+short and earnest address to the Indians, showing them that the white
+men of all classes, Englishmen, Americans, and Frenchmen, were as one
+man to punish such crimes. In a technical sense Dr. McLoughlin had no
+authority to cause Indians to be executed or to compel them to restore
+stolen goods, as in the William and Ann matter and the Jedediah S. Smith
+case.</p>
+
+<p>Under the act of Parliament of July, 1821, the courts of judicature of
+Upper Canada were given jurisdiction of civil and criminal matters
+within the Indian territories and other parts of America not within the
+Provinces of Lower or Upper Canada, or of any civil government of the
+United States. Provisions were made for the appointment of justices of
+the peace in such territories, having jurisdiction of suits or actions
+not exceeding two hundred pounds, and having jurisdiction of ordinary
+criminal offenses. But it was expressly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> provided that such justices of
+the peace should not have the right to try offenders on any charge of
+felony made the subject of capital punishment, or to pass sentence
+affecting the life of any offender, or his transportation; and that in
+case of any offense, subjecting the person committing the same to
+capital punishment or to transportation, to cause such offender to be
+sent, in safe custody, for trial in the court of the Province of Upper
+Canada. As to how far this law applied to Indians or to others than
+British subjects or to residents of the Oregon Country under
+joint-occupancy, it is not necessary here to discuss. It certainly did
+not apply to citizens of the United States. So far as I can learn, Dr.
+McLoughlin was never appointed such a justice of the peace, but he
+caused his assistant James Douglas to be so appointed, at Fort
+Vancouver.</p>
+
+<p>As under joint-occupancy it was doubtful if either the laws of the
+United States or of Great Britain were in force in the Oregon Country,
+it was necessary for some one to assume supreme power and authority over
+the Indians, in the Willamette Valley, until the Oregon Provisional
+Government was established, and over the remainder of the Oregon
+Country, at least, until the boundary-line treaty was made. It was
+characteristic of Dr. McLoughlin that he assumed and exercised such
+power and authority, until he ceased to be an officer of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He did so without question. It is true that this might have
+been an odious tyranny under a different kind of a man. Under Dr.
+McLoughlin it was a kind of despotism, but a just and beneficent
+despotism,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> under the circumstances. It was a despotism tempered by his
+sense of justice, his mercy, his humanity, and his common-sense. No man
+in the Oregon Country ever knew the Indian character, or knew how to
+control and to manage Indians as well as Dr. McLoughlin did. The few
+severe and extreme measures he took with them as individuals and as
+tribes were always fully justified by the circumstances. To have been
+more lenient might have been fatal to his Company, its employées, and
+the early white settlers in the Oregon Country. They were of the few
+cases where the end justifies the means. The unusual conditions
+justified the unusual methods.</p>
+
+<p>The Oregon Provisional Government was not a government in the true
+meaning of the word, it was a local organization, for the benefit of
+those consenting. It had no true sovereignty. And yet it punished
+offenders. It waged the Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8, caused by the
+Whitman massacre. It would have executed the murderers if it had caught
+them, although the scenes of the massacre and of the war were several
+hundred miles beyond the asserted jurisdiction of the Oregon Provisional
+Government. And it would have been justified in case of such executions.
+The war was a necessity, law or no law. Every act of punitive or
+vindicatory justice to the Indians by Dr. McLoughlin is greatly to his
+credit. These acts caused peace in the Oregon Country and were
+beneficial to the Indians as well as to the whites, both British and
+American, and, in the end, probably saved numerous massacres and
+hundreds of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> lives. Dr. McLoughlin was a very just and far-seeing man. I
+shall presently tell how Dr. McLoughlin saved the immigrants of 1843
+from great trouble and probable massacre by the Indians.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Early French Canadian Settlers.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Dr. McLoughlin there was found among his private
+papers a document in his own handwriting. This was probably written
+shortly prior to his death. It gives many interesting facts, some of
+which I shall presently set forth. This document was given to Col. J. W.
+Nesmith by a descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. It was presented to the
+Oregon Pioneer Association by Col. Nesmith in 1880. It was printed at
+length in the <i>Transactions</i> of that Association for that year, pages
+46-55. I shall hereinafter refer to this document as "the McLoughlin
+Document." In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In 1825, from what I had
+seen of the country, I formed the conclusion, from the mildness and
+salubrity of the climate, that this was the finest portion of North
+America that I had seen for the residence of civilized man." The farm at
+Fort Vancouver showed that the wheat was of exceptionally fine quality.
+Dr. McLoughlin knew that where wheat grew well and there was a large
+enough area, that it would become a civilized country, especially where
+there was easy access to the ocean. Thus early he saw that what is now
+called Western Oregon was bound to be a populous country. It was merely
+a question of time. It was evidently with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> this view that he located his
+land claim at Oregon City in 1829. If settlers came he could endeavor to
+have them locate in the Willamette Valley, and thus preserve, to a great
+extent, the fur animals in other parts of the Oregon Country, and
+especially north of the Columbia River.</p>
+
+<p>The Hudson's Bay Company was bound, under heavy penalties, not to
+discharge any of its servants in the Indian country, and was bound to
+return them to the places where they were originally hired. As early as
+1828 several French Canadian servants, or employées, whose times of
+service were about ended, did not desire to return to Canada, but to
+settle in Oregon. They disliked to settle in the Willamette Valley,
+notwithstanding its fertility and advantages, because they thought that
+ultimately it would be American territory, but Dr. McLoughlin told them
+that he knew "that the American Government and people knew only two
+classes of persons, rogues and honest men. That they punished the first
+and protected the last, and it depended only upon themselves to what
+class they would belong." Dr. McLoughlin later found out, to his own
+sorrow and loss, that he was in error in this statement. These French
+Canadians followed his advice. To allow these French Canadians to become
+settlers, he kept them nominally on the books of the Hudson's Bay
+Company as its servants. He made it a rule to allow none of these
+servants to become settlers unless he possessed fifty pounds sterling to
+start with. He loaned each of them seed and wheat to plant, to be
+returned from the produce of his farm, and sold him implements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> and
+supplies at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost. The regular
+selling price at Fort Vancouver was eighty per cent. advance on prime
+London cost. Dr. McLoughlin also loaned each of these settlers two cows,
+the increase to belong to the Hudson's Bay Company, as it then had only
+a small herd, and he wished to increase the herd. If any of the cows
+died, he did not make the settler pay for the animal. If he had sold the
+cattle the Company could not supply other settlers, and the price would
+be prohibitive, if owned by settlers who could afford to buy, as some
+settlers offered him as high as two hundred dollars for a cow.
+Therefore, to protect the poor settlers against the rich, and to make a
+herd of cattle for the benefit of the whole country, he refused to sell
+to any one.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 Dr. McLoughlin had at Fort Vancouver only twenty-seven head of
+cattle, large and small. He determined that no cattle should be killed,
+except one bull-calf every year for rennet to make cheese, until he had
+an ample stock to meet all demands of his Company, and to assist
+settlers, a resolution to which he strictly adhered. The first animal
+killed for beef was in 1838. Until that time the Company's officers and
+employées had lived on fresh and salt venison and salmon and wild fowl.</p>
+
+<p>In August 1839, the expedition of Sir Edward Belcher was at Fort
+Vancouver. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver. He probably
+had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. James Douglas was
+in charge. Although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> the latter supplied Sir Edward Belcher and his
+officers with fresh beef, Douglas declined to furnish a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, because he did not deem it prudent to kill so many
+cattle. Sir Edward Belcher complained of this to the British
+government.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Dr. McLoughlin gave the American settlers, prior to 1842,
+the same terms as he gave to the French Canadian settlers. But some of
+these early American settlers were much incensed at the refusal of Dr.
+McLoughlin to sell the cattle, although they accepted the loan of the
+cows. It has been asserted that Dr. McLoughlin intended to maintain a
+monopoly in cattle. But if that was his intention, as he refused to
+sell, where was to be the profit? The Hudson's Bay Company was a
+fur-trading Company. It was not a cattle-dealing Company. If Dr.
+McLoughlin intended to create a monopoly, he himself assisted to break
+it. That such was not his intention is shown by his helping the settlers
+to procure cattle from California in 1836.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836 a company was formed to go to California to buy cattle and drive
+them to Oregon overland. About twenty-five hundred dollars was raised
+for this purpose, of which amount Dr. McLoughlin, for the Hudson's Bay
+Company, subscribed about half. The number of cattle which were thus
+brought to Oregon was six hundred and thirty, at a cost of about eight
+dollars a head. In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In the Willamette
+the settlers kept the tame and broken-in oxen they had, belonging to the
+Hudson's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> Bay Company, and gave their California wild cattle in the
+place, so that they found themselves stocked with tame cattle which cost
+them only eight dollars a head, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to favor
+the settlers, took calves in place of grown up cattle, because the
+Hudson's Bay Company wanted them for beef. These calves would grow up
+before they were required."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Early American Traders and Travellers.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 Nathaniel J. Wyeth of Cambridge, Massachusetts, came overland
+with a small party, expecting to meet in the Columbia River, a vessel
+with supplies, to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company. The vessel was
+wrecked in the South Pacific Ocean. She and the cargo were a total loss.
+This party arrived at Fort Vancouver in a destitute condition. Although
+Dr. McLoughlin knew they came as competing traders, he welcomed them
+cordially, supplied their necessities on their credit, and gave Wyeth a
+seat at his own table. In Wyeth's Journal of this expedition he says,
+under date of October 29, 1832: "Arrived at the fort of Vancouver....
+Here I was received with the utmost kindness and hospitality by Dr.
+McLoughlin, the acting Governor of the place.... Our people were
+supplied with food and shelter.... I find Dr. McLoughlin a fine old
+gentleman, truly philanthropic in his ideas.... The gentlemen of this
+Company do much credit to their country by their education, deportment,
+and talents.... The Company seem disposed to render me all the
+assistance they can." Wyeth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> was most hospitably entertained by Dr.
+McLoughlin until February 3, 1833, when Wyeth left Vancouver for his
+home overland. He was accompanied by three of his men, the others
+staying at Fort Vancouver. In his Journal under date February 3, 1833,
+he says: "I parted with feelings of sorrow from the gentlemen of Fort
+Vancouver. Their unremitting kindness to me while there much endeared
+them to me, more so than would seem possible during so short a time. Dr.
+McLoughlin, the Governor of the place, is a man distinguished as much
+for his kindness and humanity as his good sense and information; and to
+whom I am so much indebted as that he will never be forgotten by me."
+Dr. McLoughlin assisted the men of Wyeth's expedition who stayed, to
+join the Willamette settlement. He furnished them seed and supplies and
+agreed that they would be paid the same price for their wheat as was
+paid to the French Canadian settlers, <i>i.e.</i>, three shillings, sterling,
+per bushel, and that they could purchase their supplies from the
+Hudson's Bay Company at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost.
+This is said to have been equivalent to paying one dollar and
+twenty-five cents a bushel for wheat, with supplies at customary prices.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834 Wyeth again came overland to the Columbia River with a large
+party. On the way he established Fort Hall (now in Idaho) in direct
+opposition to the Hudson's Bay Company, as he had a perfect right to do.
+He and his party arrived at Fort Vancouver September 14, 1834, and were
+hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> other gentlemen of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In Wyeth's Journal of his second expedition he
+says, under date of September 14, 1834: "Arrived at Vancouver, where I
+found Dr. McLoughlin in charge, who received us in his usual manner. He
+has here power, and uses it as a man should, to make those about him,
+and those who come in contact with him, comfortable and happy." The brig
+May Dacre, with Wyeth's supplies, was then in the Columbia River.
+Immediately on his arrival, Wyeth started in active competition with the
+Hudson's Bay Company. He established a post, which he named Fort
+William, on Wappatoo Island (now Sauvie's Island). He forwarded supplies
+and men to Fort Hall. It was the beginning of a commercial war between
+the two companies, but it was a warfare on honorable lines. In the end
+Wyeth was beaten by Dr. McLoughlin, and sold out his entire
+establishment to the Hudson's Bay Company. While Dr. McLoughlin was
+personally courteous to Wyeth and his employées, he did not and would
+not be false or untrue to the business interests of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. For Dr. McLoughlin to have acted otherwise than he did, would
+have shown him to be unfit to hold his position as Chief Factor. Wyeth
+was too big, and too capable a man not to understand this. In his
+Journal, under date of September 31, 1834, (he evidently forgot that
+September has but thirty days) he says: "From this time until the 13th
+Oct. making preparations for a campaign into the Snake country and
+arrived on the 13th at Vancouver and was received with great attention
+by all there."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> And under date of February 12, 1835, he says: "In the
+morning made to Vancouver and found there a polite reception."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Wyeth
+was a man of great ability, enterprise, and courage. His expeditions
+deserved better fates. He was a high-minded gentleman. Although his two
+expeditions were failures, he showed his countrymen the way to Oregon,
+which many shortly followed.</p>
+
+<p>In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In justice to Mr. Wyeth I have
+great pleasure to be able to state that as a rival in trade, I found him
+open, manly, frank, and fair. And, in short, in all his contracts, a
+perfect gentleman and an honest man, doing all he could to support
+morality and encouraging industry in the settlement." It is pleasing to
+know that after all his hardships and misfortunes Wyeth established a
+business for the exportation of ice from Boston to Calcutta, which was a
+great financial success.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., was a Methodist minister who came to Oregon in
+1853. He was a brother of Rev. Gustavus Hines, the Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1840, on the ship Lausanne. December 10, 1897, at
+Pendleton, Oregon, Rev. Dr. Hines delivered one of the finest tributes
+to Dr. McLoughlin that I know of. He was fully capable to do it, for he
+was a profound and scholarly student of Oregon history, and personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. His address should be read by everyone. In his
+address Rev. Dr. Hines said, speaking in regard to the failure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> of the
+enterprises of Wyeth, Bonneville, and other fur traders in opposition to
+the Hudson's Bay Company: "My own conclusion, after a lengthy and
+laborious investigation, the result I have given here in bare outlines,
+is that Dr. McLoughlin acted the part only of an honorable, high-minded,
+and loyal man in his relation with the American traders who ventured to
+dispute with him the commercial dominion of Oregon up to 1835 or 1837."
+When Wyeth left Oregon in 1835, he left on the Columbia River a number
+of men. These, too, were assisted by Dr. McLoughlin to join the
+Willamette River settlements. They were given the same terms as to
+prices of wheat and on supplies as he had given to the French Canadian,
+and to the other American settlers. In assisting these men whom Wyeth
+left on his two expeditions, Dr. McLoughlin was actuated by two motives.
+The first was humanitarian; the second was the desirability, if not
+necessity, of not having men, little accustomed to think or to plan for
+themselves, roaming the country, and possibly, some of them, becoming
+vagabonds. It was liable to be dangerous for white men to join Indian
+tribes and become leaders. With great wisdom and humanity he made them
+settlers, which gave them every inducement to be industrious and to be
+law abiding.</p>
+
+<p>John K. Townsend, the naturalist, accompanied by Nuttall, the botanist,
+crossed the plains in 1834 with Captain Wyeth. In 1839 Townsend
+published a book entitled, "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
+Mountains," etc. On page 169 he says: "On the beach in front of the
+fort, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> were met by Mr. Lee, the missionary, and Dr. John McLoughlin,
+the Chief Factor, and Governor of the Hudson's Bay posts in this
+vicinity. The Dr. is a large, dignified and very noble looking man, with
+a fine expressive countenance, and remarkably bland and pleasing
+manners. The Missionary introduced Mr. N. [Nuttall] and myself in due
+form, and we were greeted and received with a frank and unassuming
+politeness which was most peculiarly grateful to our feelings. He
+requested us to consider his house our home, provided a separate room
+for our use, a servant to wait upon us, and furnished us with every
+convenience which we could possibly wish for. I shall never cease to
+feel grateful to him for his disinterested kindness to the poor,
+houseless, and travel-worn strangers." And on page 263 he said: "I took
+leave of Doctor McLoughlin with feelings akin to those with which I
+should bid adieu to an affectionate parent; and to his fervent, 'God
+bless you, sir, and may you have a happy meeting with your friends,' I
+could only reply by a look of the sincerest gratitude. Words are
+inadequate to express my deep sense of the obligations which I feel
+under to this truly generous and excellent man, and I fear I can only
+repay them by the sincerity with which I shall always cherish the
+recollection of his kindness, and the ardent prayers I shall breathe for
+his prosperity and happiness."</p>
+
+<p>The only persons who were not cordially received by Dr. McLoughlin were
+Ewing Young and Hall J. Kelley, who came to Fort Vancouver in October,
+1834, from California. Gov. Figueroa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> the Governor of California, had
+written Dr. McLoughlin that Young and Kelley had stolen horses from
+settlers in California. Dr. McLoughlin told them of the charges, and
+that he would have nothing to do with them until the information was
+shown to be false. This was not done until long afterwards, when it was
+shown that neither Young nor Kelley was guilty, but that some of their
+party, with which they started to Oregon, were guilty, and were
+disreputable characters, which Young and Kelley knew. The stand taken by
+Dr. McLoughlin was the only proper one. He had official information from
+California. Fort Vancouver was not an asylum for horse thieves.
+Nevertheless, as Kelley was sick, Dr. McLoughlin provided Kelley with a
+house, such as was occupied by the servants of the Company, outside the
+fort, furnished him with an attendant, and supplied him with medical aid
+and all necessary comforts until March, 1835, when Dr. McLoughlin gave
+Kelley free passage to the Hawaiian Islands on the Hudson's Bay
+Company's vessel, the Dryad, and also presented Kelley with a draft for
+seven pounds sterling, payable at the Hawaiian Islands. On his return
+home, Kelley, instead of being grateful, most vigorously attacked the
+Hudson's Bay Company for its alleged abuses of American citizens, and
+abused Dr. McLoughlin and falsely stated that Dr. McLoughlin had been so
+alarmed with the dread that Kelley would destroy the Hudson's Bay
+Company's trade that Dr. McLoughlin had kept a constant watch over
+Kelley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>Kelley was a Boston school teacher who became an Oregon enthusiast. From
+the year 1815, when he was twenty-six years of age, for many years, he
+wrote and published pamphlets and also a few books on Oregon and its
+advantages as a country to live in. He originated a scheme to send a
+colony to Oregon; to build a city on the east side of the Willamette
+River, at its junction with the Columbia River; and to build another
+city on the north side of the Columbia River, nearly opposite Tongue
+Point. His efforts resulted in immediate failures. He died a
+disappointed man. Young was a type of a man who was often successful in
+the Far West. He was forceful and self-reliant, but often reckless, and
+sometimes careless of appearances. He was so accustomed to meet
+emergencies successfully that he did not always consider what others
+might think of him and of the methods he sometimes felt compelled to
+adopt. He had been robbed in California of a large amount of furs and
+had not been fairly treated by the representatives of the Mexican
+Government in California. While Young was an adventurer, he was a man of
+ability and became a leading resident of early Oregon. The relations of
+Dr. McLoughlin and Ewing Young finally became quite amicable, for Dr.
+McLoughlin learned of and respected Young's good and manly qualities.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Presbyterian Missionaries.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For convenience I shall first mention the Presbyterian missionaries,
+although they came two years later than the first Methodist
+missionaries.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> Rev. Samuel Parker was the first Presbyterian minister to
+arrive in Oregon. He came in 1835. He started to Oregon with Doctor
+Marcus Whitman, but Whitman returned East from Green River to obtain
+more associates for the Mission. These came out with Dr. Whitman in
+1836. Parker returned home by sea, reaching his home in 1837. Parker
+published a book called, "Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky
+Mountains." The first edition was published in Ithaca, New York, in
+1838. On page 138 of his book he says: "At two in the afternoon, arrived
+at Fort Vancouver, and never did I feel more joyful to set my feet on
+shore, where I expected to find a hospitable people and the comforts of
+life. Doct. J. McLoughlin, a chief factor and superintendent of this
+fort and of the business of the Company west of the Rocky Mountains,
+received me with many expressions of kindness, and invited me to make
+his residence my home for the Winter, and as long as it would suit my
+convenience. Never could such an invitation be more thankfully
+received." On page 158 he says: "Here, [Fort Vancouver] by the kind
+invitation of Dr. McLoughlin, and welcomed by the other gentlemen of the
+Hudson Bay Company, I took up my residence for the winter." And on page
+263 he says: "Monday, 11th April [1836]. Having made arrangements to
+leave this place on the 14th, I called upon the chief clerk for my bill.
+He said the Company had made no bill against me, but felt a pleasure in
+gratuitously conferring all they have done for the benefit of the object
+in which I am engaged. In justice to my own feelings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> and in gratitude
+to the Honorable Company, I would bear testimony to their consistent
+politeness and generosity; and while I do this, I would express my
+anxiety for their salvation, and that they may be rewarded in spiritual
+blessings. In addition to the civilities I had received as a guest, I
+had drawn upon their store for clothing, for goods to pay my Indians,
+whom I had employed to convey me in canoes, in my various journeyings,
+hundreds of miles; to pay my guides and interpreters; and have drawn
+upon their provision store for the support of these men while in my
+employ."</p>
+
+<p>In 1836 Dr. Marcus Whitman came to Oregon. With him came his wife, Rev.
+Henry H. Spalding and wife, and W. H. Gray, a layman. They arrived at
+Fort Vancouver September 1, 1836. Here they were most hospitably
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin and the other gentlemen of the Hudson's
+Bay Company, and all necessary and convenient assistance to these
+missionaries was freely given. When these missionaries arrived at
+Vancouver, they had hardly more than the clothes they had on. They
+concluded to locate one mission near Waiilatpu, near the present city of
+Walla Walla, Washington; and another at Lapwai, near the present city of
+Lewiston, Idaho. Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Spalding remained at Fort
+Vancouver for several months, while their husbands and Gray were
+erecting the necessary houses at the Missions.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Methodist Missions and Missionaries.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>With Wyeth's second expedition, in 1834, came the first Methodist
+missionaries: Rev. Jason Lee,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> Rev. Daniel Lee, his nephew, and the
+following laymen: Cyrus Shepard, a teacher; P. L. Edwards, a teacher;
+and a man named Walker. They arrived at Fort Vancouver September 17,
+1834. They were also hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin, and treated
+with every consideration and kindness. On Dr. McLoughlin's invitation
+Jason Lee preached at Fort Vancouver. Boats and men were furnished by
+Dr. McLoughlin to the missionaries to explore the country and select a
+proper place for the establishment of their Mission. In the McLoughlin
+Document, he says: "In 1834, Messrs. Jason and Daniel Lee, and Messrs.
+Walker and P. L. Edwards came with Mr. Wyeth to establish a Mission in
+the Flat-head country. I observed to them that it was too dangerous for
+them to establish a Mission [there]; that to do good to the Indians,
+they must establish themselves where they could collect them around
+them; teach them first to cultivate the ground and live more comfortably
+than they do by hunting, and as they do this, teach them religion; that
+the Willamette afforded them a fine field, and that they ought to go
+there, and they would get the same assistance as the settlers. They
+followed my advice and went to the Willamette."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines published a book in 1899 entitled, "Missionary
+History of the Pacific Northwest." While, as is to be expected, Dr.
+Hines' book is biased in favor of the Methodist missionaries, and Jason
+Lee is his hero, nevertheless, he has endeavored to be fair and just to
+all. In this "Missionary History," page 92, Dr. Hines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> says: "It was no
+accident, nor, yet, was it any influence that Dr. McLoughlin or any
+other man or men had over him [Jason Lee] that determined his choice [of
+a site for the Mission]. It was his own clear and comprehensive
+statesmanship. Mr. Lee was not a man of hasty impulse.... This nature
+did not play him false in the selection of the site of his Mission." And
+on pages 452, 453, he says: "Some writers have believed, or affected to
+believe, that the advice of Dr. McLoughlin both to Mr. Lee in 1834, and
+to the missionaries of the American Board in 1836, was for the purpose
+of pushing them to one side, and putting them out of the way of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, so that they could not interfere with its
+purposes, nor put any obstacle in the way of the ultimate British
+occupancy of Oregon. Such writers give little credit to the astuteness
+of Dr. McLoughlin, or to the intelligence and independence of the
+missionaries of the American Board. Had such been the purpose of Dr.
+McLoughlin, or had he been a man capable of devising a course of action
+so adverse to the purposes for which his guests were in the country, he
+certainly would not have advised them to establish their work in the
+very centers of the great region open to their choice. This he did, as
+we believe, honestly and honorably."</p>
+
+<p>Jason Lee selected, as the original site of the Methodist Mission, a
+place on French Prairie, about ten miles north of the present city of
+Salem. When he and his party were ready to leave for their new home, Dr.
+McLoughlin placed at their disposal a boat and crew to transport the
+mission<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> goods from the May Dacre, Wyeth's vessel, on which their goods
+had come, to the new Mission. He loaned them seven oxen, one bull, and
+seven cows with their calves. The moving of these goods and cattle to
+the Mission required several days. He also provided and manned a boat to
+convey the missionaries, personally. In his diary, Jason Lee says:
+"After dinner embarked in one of the Company's boats, kindly manned for
+us by Dr. McLoughlin, who has treated us with the utmost attention,
+politeness and liberality."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>March 1, 1836, Dr. McLoughlin and the other officers of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, all British subjects, sent to Jason Lee, for the benefit of the
+Methodist Mission, a voluntary gift of one hundred and thirty dollars,
+accompanied by the following letter:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="bqright">
+"<span class="smcap">Fort Vancouver</span>, 1st March, 1836.</span><br/></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The Rev. <span class="smcap">Jason Lee</span>,<br/>
+<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Dear Sir:<br /></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I do myself the pleasure to hand you the enclosed
+subscription, which the gentlemen who have signed it request
+you will do them the favor to accept for the use of the
+Mission; and they pray our Heavenly Father, without whose
+assistance we can do nothing, that of his infinite mercy he
+will vouchsafe to bless and prosper your pious endeavors, and
+believe me to be, with esteem and regard, your sincere
+well-wisher and humble servant.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="bqright">
+"<span class="smcap">John McLoughlin.</span>"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>From its beginning, and for several years after, the successful
+maintenance of the Methodist Mission in Oregon was due to the friendly
+attitude and assistance of Dr. McLoughlin and of the other officers of
+the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. Without these the Mission must have
+ceased to exist. This applies also to the successful maintenance of all
+other missions in the Oregon Country in the same period of time.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>In May, 1837, an addition to the Methodist Mission arrived at Vancouver.
+It consisted of eight adults and three children. Of these three were
+men, one of whom was Dr. Elijah White, the Mission physician; five were
+women, one of whom was Anna Maria Pittman, whom Jason Lee soon married.
+In September, 1837, the ship Sumatra arrived at Fort Vancouver loaded
+with goods for the Methodist Mission. The Sumatra also brought four more
+missionaries, two men, two women, and three children. Rev. David Leslie
+and wife were two of these missionaries. All these missionaries were
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin, and provided with comfortable quarters at
+Fort Vancouver.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1838, Rev. Jason Lee left for the Eastern States, overland, on
+business for the Mission. His wife died June 26, 1838, three weeks after
+the birth and death of their son. Immediately on her death Dr.
+McLoughlin sent an express to overtake and tell Jason Lee of these sad
+events. The express reached Jason Lee about September 1, 1838, at Pawnee
+Mission, near Westport, Missouri.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> From this act alone could anyone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+doubt that Dr. McLoughlin was a sympathetic, kind, thoughtful, and
+considerate man? Or think that Jason Lee would ever forget? Later, in
+1838 Dr. McLoughlin made a trip to London, returning to Fort Vancouver
+in 1839.</p>
+
+<p>While Jason Lee was on this trip to the Eastern States, the Missionary
+Board was induced to raise $42,000 to provide for sending thirty-six
+adults, and sixteen children, and a cargo of goods and supplies, on the
+ship Lausanne, to Oregon for the Methodist Mission. Among these new
+missionaries were Rev. Alvan F. Waller, Rev. Gustavus Hines, and George
+Abernethy, a lay member, who was to be steward of the Mission and to
+have charge of all its secular affairs. This party of missionaries, who
+came on the Lausanne, are often referred to as "The great
+re-inforcement." The Lausanne, with its precious and valuable cargoes,
+arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840. As soon as Dr. McLoughlin knew
+of her arrival in the Columbia River, he sent fresh bread, butter, milk,
+and vegetables for the passengers and crew. At Fort Vancouver he
+supplied rooms and provisions for the whole missionary party, about
+fifty-three people. This party remained as his guests, accepting his
+hospitality, for about two weeks.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Shortly after some of this
+missionary party were endeavoring to take for themselves Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City. The Lausanne was the last
+missionary vessel to come to Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>Why this large addition to the Oregon Mission,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> and these quantities of
+supplies, were sent, and this great expense incurred, has never been
+satisfactorily explained. It seems to have been the result of unusual,
+but ill-directed, religious fervor and zeal. The Methodist Oregon
+Mission was then, so far as converting the Indians, a failure. It was
+not the fault of the early missionaries. Until 1840 they labored hard
+and zealously. The Indians would not be converted, or, if converted,
+stay converted. Their numbers had been greatly reduced by the epidemics
+of 1829-32, and the numbers were still being rapidly reduced. And why
+the necessity of such secular business as a part of a mission to convert
+Indians to Christianity?<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> The failure to convert the Indians was
+because they were Indians. Their language was simple and related almost
+wholly to material things. They had no ethical, no spiritual words. They
+had no need for such. They had no religion of their own, worthy of the
+name, to be substituted for a better or a higher one. They had no
+religious instincts, no religious tendencies, no religious traditions.
+The male Indians would not perform manual labor&mdash;that was for women and
+slaves. The religion of Christ and the religion of Work go hand in hand.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, in his <i>Missionary History</i>, after setting forth
+certain traits of the Indians and the failures of the Methodist
+missionaries to convert them, says (p. 402): "So on the Northwest Coast.
+The course and growth of a history whose beginnings cannot be discovered
+had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> ended only in the production of the degraded tribes among whom the
+most consecrated and ablest missionary apostleship the Church of Christ
+had sent out for centuries made almost superhuman efforts to plant the
+seed of the 'eternal life.' As a people they gave no fruitful response."
+And, on page 476, he says: "Indeed, after Dr. Whitman rehabilitated his
+mission in the autumn of 1843, the work of that station lost much of its
+character as an Indian mission. It became rather a resting place and
+trading post, where the successive immigrations of 1844-'45-'46 and '47
+halted for a little recuperation after their long and weary journey,
+before they passed forward to the Willamette. This was inevitable." And
+on page 478 Dr. Hines says that Dr. McLoughlin "advised Dr. Whitman to
+remove from among the Cayuses, as he believed not only that he could no
+longer be useful to them, but that his life was in danger if he remained
+among them."</p>
+
+<p>J. Quinn Thornton in his "History of the Provisional Government of
+Oregon,"<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> says: "In the autumn of 1840 there were in Oregon
+thirty-six American male settlers, twenty-five of whom had taken native
+women for their wives. There were also thirty-three American women,
+thirty-two children, thirteen lay members of the Protestant Missions,
+thirteen Methodist ministers, six Congregational ministers, three Jesuit
+priests, and sixty Canadian-French, making an aggregate of one hundred
+and thirty-six Americans, and sixty-three Canadian-French [including the
+priests in the latter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> class] having no connection as employées of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. [This estimate includes the missionaries who
+arrived on the Lausanne.] I have said that the population outside of the
+Hudson's Bay Company increased slowly. How much so, will be seen by the
+fact that up to the beginning of the year 1842, there were in Oregon no
+more than twenty-one Protestant ministers, three Jesuit priests, fifteen
+lay members of Protestant churches, thirty-four white women, thirty-two
+white children, thirty-four American settlers, twenty-five of whom had
+native wives. The total American population will thus be seen to have
+been no more than one hundred and thirty-nine." (This was prior to the
+arrival of the immigration of 1842.)</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig-fp062.jpg" alt="Dr. John McLoughlin" /></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. John McLoughlin</span></p>
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Taken from a miniature of Dr. John McLoughlin painted on ivory. This
+miniature was probably painted in 1838 or 1839, when he was in London.
+The original miniature belongs to the widow of James W. McL. Harvey, now
+living at Mirabel, California. Her husband was a grandson of Dr.
+McLoughlin.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In his <i>Missionary History</i> Rev. Dr. Hines says (page 249) that in 1841
+and 1842, prior to the arrival of the immigration of 1842, the Oregon
+Methodist Mission "comprised nearly all the American citizens of the
+country." And on page 239 he says: "Up to 1840 it [the Methodist
+Mission] had been entirely an Indian Mission. After that date it began
+to take on the character of an American colony, though it did not lay
+aside its missionary character or purpose." He also says that in 1840
+there were only nine Methodist ministers in the Oregon mission. Some of
+the lay members, of which J. L. Parrish was one, became ministers, which
+probably accounts for the difference in the estimates of Thornton and of
+Dr. Hines. In the summer of 1843 Rev. Jason Lee was removed, summarily,
+as Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission by the Missionary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+Board in New York, and Rev. George Gary was appointed in his place, with
+plenary powers to close the Mission, if he should so elect. He closed
+the Mission in 1844.</p>
+
+<p>When the Lausanne arrived June 1, 1840, Dr. McLoughlin's power and
+fortunes were almost at their highest point. During his residence of
+sixteen years in the Oregon Country he had established the business of
+his Company beyond all question, and to the entire satisfaction of its
+board of directors. The Indians were peaceable and were friendly and
+obedient to him and to his Company. He was respected and liked by all
+its officers, servants, and employées. With them he was supreme in every
+way, without jealousy and without insubordination. He had become, for
+those days, a rich man, his salary was twelve thousand dollars a year,
+and his expenses were comparatively small. He was then fifty-six years
+old. He had prepared to end his days in Oregon on his land claim. His
+children had reached the age of manhood and womanhood. Few men at his
+age have a pleasanter, or more reasonable expectation of future
+happiness than he then had.</p>
+
+<p>The half-tone portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, shown facing page 62, was
+taken from a miniature, painted on ivory, in London, probably when he
+was in London in 1838-9. It portrays Dr. McLoughlin as he was in his
+happy days. This miniature now belongs to the widow of James W. McL.
+Harvey, who was a grandson of Dr. McLoughlin. It was kindly loaned by
+her so that the half-tone could be made for use in this address.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Provisional Government.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For convenience I shall tell of the Provisional Government of Oregon
+before I speak concerning Dr. McLoughlin's land claim.</p>
+
+<p>About 1841, owing to the death of Ewing Young, intestate, leaving a
+valuable estate and no heirs, the residents of the Oregon Country in the
+Willamette Valley saw the necessity of some form of government until the
+Oregon Question should be finally settled. As under the Conventions of
+1818 and 1827 there was joint-occupancy between the United States and
+Great Britain, the Oregon Country was without any laws in force. It was
+commonly understood, at that time, that most of the Americans in Oregon
+favored a provisional organization&mdash;one which would exist until the laws
+of the United States should be extended over the Oregon Country. It was
+also commonly understood that the British residents in Oregon opposed a
+provisional government, as it might interfere with their allegiance to
+Great Britain. As there was a joint-occupancy, and the British were
+legally on an equality with the Americans, each had equal rights in the
+matter. February 17 and 18, 1841, a meeting of the inhabitants was held
+at the Methodist Mission. Although attempts were then made to form a
+government, several officers were appointed, and a committee appointed
+for framing a constitution and a code of laws, the movement failed. The
+matter lay dormant until the spring of 1843. The immigration of 1842,
+although small, and although about half of them went to California in
+the spring of 1843, materially increased the strength of the Americans
+in Oregon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>After several preliminary meetings had been held, the momentous meeting
+of May 2, 1843, was held at Champoeg, when, by the vote of 52 in favor
+and 50 against, the Provisional Government of Oregon was created.
+Certain officers were elected and a legislative committee of six was
+appointed, the latter to report July 5, 1843. On the latter day most of
+the report was adopted, an executive committee of three persons, David
+Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale, was chosen in place of a governor,
+and Oregon had at least a <i>de facto</i> government, which, with some
+changes, continued until Oregon had a Territorial Government, in 1849.
+George Abernethy, the steward of the Methodist Mission, was elected
+Governor in 1845, and by re-election continued to be Governor until the
+arrival of Gen. Joseph Lane, the first Territorial Governor, in March,
+1849. The Mission Party was one of the strongest and most influential
+political parties in Oregon until the election of Governor Joseph Lane
+as Delegate to Congress, June 2, 1851.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> At the time of the formation
+of the Provisional Government, the residents of Oregon seem to have been
+divided into three classes, or parties: one favored a provisional
+government, favorable to the United States; another favored an
+independent government, which would be neutral as between the United
+States and Great Britain; the third believed that matters should remain
+<i>in statu quo</i>. For some reason Jason Lee and George Abernethy, and some
+others of the Methodist missionaries, seem originally to have belonged
+to or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> to have favored the third class.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> In the "Political History of
+Oregon" by J. Henry Brown, he says (page 95) that at a meeting of the
+committee held at Oregon City, in March, 1843, "Rev. Jason Lee and Mr.
+Abernethy were disposed to ridicule the proposed organization [<i>i.e.</i>,
+the Provisional Government] as foolish and unnecessary, and repeated
+some anecdotes to illustrate their meaning."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin was not originally in favor of the Provisional
+Government. It was openly and avowedly advocated as being in favor of
+the United States, and against Great Britain. Once started, without a
+trial, no one could know where it would end. Already some of the
+Americans had denounced the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, and
+had made threats against the property of the Company. His loan of cattle
+had been misunderstood and denounced. Some of the Americans seemed not
+to be aware that the Hudson's Bay Company was lawfully in the Oregon
+Country, under the Conventions for joint-occupancy. To aid or to assist
+the establishment of a government, owing exclusive allegiance to the
+United States, would be, or might be disloyalty by Dr. McLoughlin to his
+Country and be injurious or fatal to his Company in Oregon. By the
+constitution or compact of the Provisional Government, as established in
+1843, each officer was required to take an oath or affirmation "to
+support the laws of the territory," without qualification. There was,
+too, his land claim at Oregon City, which the land laws of the
+Provisional Government, as established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> sought to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of, and to give, at least a part of it, to the Methodist
+Mission. About the status of his land claim I shall presently explain.
+There was, also, the cry of "54-40 or fight" and the chance of war over
+the Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain. Dr.
+McLoughlin appealed to the directors of his Company for protection to
+their property, but none came. In June, 1844, he received an answer from
+his Company that it could not obtain protection from the British
+Government, and that the Hudson's Bay Company must protect itself the
+best it could. The fortifications at Fort Vancouver were strengthened.
+There was threatened trouble in the air. It looked as though there might
+be war in Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 the Provisional Government attempted to extend its jurisdiction
+north of the Columbia River. It became a question of acquiescence or
+actual opposition by the Hudson's Bay Company. Jesse Applegate, one of
+the best and noblest of Oregon's pioneers, who was a member of the
+Provisional Legislature and one of a committee, privately interviewed
+Dr. McLoughlin. After consulting with James Douglas, his chief
+assistant, a compromise was finally agreed to by which the Hudson's Bay
+Company would be taxed only on goods sold to the settlers. August 15,
+1845, the Hudson's Bay Company, with all the British residents, became
+parties to the Oregon Provisional Government. The oath of office as
+provided by the compact of 1843 had been changed by what is called the
+"Organic Act" of the Provisional Government,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> adopted by the people, by
+popular vote, July 26, 1845. As so amended the oath of office required
+each officer to swear that he would "support the organic laws of the
+Provisional Government of Oregon, so far as said organic laws are
+consistent with my duties as a citizen of the United States, or a
+subject of Great Britain." The land law of 1843 was also changed by said
+vote of the people, July 26, 1845, by which the objectionable features,
+so far as Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City was concerned, were
+largely eliminated. Under the circumstances joining the Provisional
+Government was a good and wise move on the part of Dr. McLoughlin. But
+he was severely criticized therefore by his Company. Unknown to Dr.
+McLoughlin, there was then a large British fleet of war in the Pacific
+Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after Dr. McLoughlin, for himself and his Company, had thus
+joined the Provisional Government, he was surprised by the arrival from
+Puget Sound of Lieut. Wm. Peel, son of Sir Robert Peel, and Captain Park
+of the Royal Marines, with a letter from Captain Gordon, commanding the
+British 50-gun ship-of-war America, then in Puget Sound, and also a
+letter from Admiral Seymour, commanding the British fleet, that "firm
+protection" would be given British subjects in Oregon. Subsequently the
+British war sloop, Modeste, 18 guns, arrived at Fort Vancouver, where
+she remained until the boundary treaty of 1846 was entered into.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Immigration of 1842.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>In 1842 came the immigration of that year, which is now counted the
+first real immigration of American settlers to Oregon. I believe,
+however, that the immigration of 1843 should be called the first
+immigration of Oregon home-builders. But that question is not material
+in this address. The number of the immigrants of 1842 has been variously
+estimated, but, after a somewhat careful examination of the matter, I
+believe there were all told about one hundred and twenty-five. Of this
+number about fifty-five were men over eighteen years of age. These
+immigrants left their wagons at Fort Hall and used pack horses. They
+came from The Dalles to Oregon City, overland, by the Indian trail which
+passed near Mt. Hood.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many of the immigrants of 1842 were disappointed in Oregon. The country
+was then very new, and they became discontented. Dr. McLoughlin engaged
+many to labor at fair wages, and furnished goods on credit to those who
+could not make immediate payment. Some of them were of a roving or
+adventurous class, ever seeking new places. In the spring of 1843 nearly
+half of them went to California, leaving on their journey May 30, from
+Champoeg. Dr. McLoughlin furnished these emigrants to California with
+supplies, upon their promise to pay for the same to W. G. Rae, the
+Hudson's Bay Company's agent at Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Most of
+them did not pay, and Dr. McLoughlin personally assumed the payment of
+this indebtedness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Immigration of 1843.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>In 1843 came the first great immigration to Oregon. As if by a common
+impulse, and without preconcert, the immigrants met at Independence,
+Missouri, leaving there for Oregon, May 20, 1843. Peter H. Burnett,
+afterwards a Chief Justice of the Oregon Provisional Government, and the
+first Governor of the State of California, was the first Captain. J. W.
+Nesmith, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon, was Orderly
+Sergeant. About eight hundred and seventy-five men, women, and children
+composed this immigration. Of these there were two hundred and
+ninety-five men, over the age of sixteen years. In this immigration were
+my grandfather, John Holman, and his son, Daniel S. Holman, then nearly
+twenty-one years old.</p>
+
+<p>After first arriving at the Columbia River, they straggled and struggled
+along the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver&mdash;a few driving cattle, going
+overland by the Indian trail from near The Dalles to Oregon City. There
+was not then any way to take wagons by land from The Dalles to the
+Willamette Valley. A few of the immigrants went down the Columbia River
+to The Dalles in boats. In one of these parties three persons were
+drowned by the capsizing of boats. The rest of the immigrants went to
+The Dalles overland with their wagons. From The Dalles to the Cascades
+some of them went by boats, others went on rafts, which they
+constructed. There was great difficulty in going from the Upper Cascades
+to the Lower Cascades. The rafts could not be taken over the rapids.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> It
+took about two weeks to cut a trail around the Cascades. The rains set
+in. The position of the immigrants was desperate. Some did not arrive at
+Fort Vancouver until about Christmas. They had not anticipated such
+hardships and privations as they were then suffering. Few had sufficient
+food or raiment, many were absolutely destitute. Dr. McLoughlin sent
+supplies to be sold to those who were able, and to those who could not
+buy, the supplies were furnished on credit, or given to them. He
+furnished boats to carry them from the Cascades to Fort Vancouver. He
+caused the sick to be attended to, and nursed at the Company's hospital
+at Fort Vancouver. He furnished them every assistance as long as they
+required it. Time will not permit me to go into the details.</p>
+
+<p>When the immigrants of 1843 were thus coming along the Columbia River,
+some helpless and almost hopeless, there was a plot by the Indians to
+massacre these Americans. It was prevented by Dr. McLoughlin. The effect
+of such a massacre would have been tremendous. It would have, probably,
+prevented the further settlement of Oregon for years. Had the United
+States sent troops to punish the Indians in the disputed Oregon Country,
+it would have almost certainly precipitated a war with Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>In presenting the McLoughlin Document to the Oregon Pioneer Society, in
+1880, Col. J. W. Nesmith said: "I had intended reading it to you as a
+part of my address, but, having already trespassed too long upon your
+patience, I shall hand the document to the secretary of the Society,
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> my endorsement of the truth of all its statements that came within
+my own knowledge.... I desire to say, what I believe all old pioneers
+will agree to, that the statements of this paper furnished a ...
+complete vindication of Dr. McLoughlin's acts and conduct, and that the
+integrity of his narrative cannot be impeached by any honest testimony."
+In the McLoughlin Document Dr. McLoughlin says: "In 1843, about 800
+immigrants arrived from the States. I saw by the looks of the Indians
+that they were excited, and I watched them. As the first stragglers were
+arriving at Vancouver in canoes, and I was standing on the bank, nearer
+the water there was a group of ten or twelve Indians. One of them bawled
+out to his companions, 'It is good for us to kill these Bostons
+[Americans].' Struck with the excitement I had seen in the countenances
+of the Indians since they had heard the report of the immigration
+coming, I felt certain they were inclined to mischief, and that he spoke
+thus loud as a feeler to sound me, and take their measures accordingly.
+I immediately rushed on them with my cane, calling out at the same time,
+'Who is the dog that says it is a good thing to kill the Bostons?' The
+fellow, trembling, excused himself, 'I spoke without meaning harm, but
+The Dalles Indians say so.' 'Well,' said I, 'The Dalles Indians are dogs
+for saying so, and you also,' and left him, as, if I had remained longer
+it would have had a bad effect. I had done enough to convince them I
+would not allow them to do wrong to the immigrants with impunity. From
+this Indian saying,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> in the way he did, that The Dalles Indians said it
+was good to kill the Bostons, I felt it my duty to do all I could to
+avert so horrid a deed.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. P. L. Edwards, whom I mentioned, came in 1834, with the Messrs.
+Lee, and left in 1838, and sent me a letter by Gen. McCarver, stating he
+had given a letter of introduction to me to P. H. Burnett, Esq. I
+immediately formed my plan and kept my knowledge of the horrid design of
+the Indians secret, as I felt certain that if the Americans knew it,
+these men acting independently of each other, would be at once for
+fighting, which would lead to their total destruction, and I sent two
+(2) boats with provisions to meet them; sent provisions to Mr. Burnett,
+and a large quantity of provisions for sale to those who would purchase,
+and to be given to those who had not the means, being confident that the
+fright I had given (as I already stated) the Indians who said it was a
+good thing to kill the Bostons was known at The Dalles before our boats
+were there, and that the presence of the Hudson's Bay Company people,
+and the assistance they afforded the immigrants, would deter the Indians
+from doing them any wrong, and I am happy to be able to say that I
+entirely succeeded."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin then says, in this Document, that about a month after
+this incident he told Dr. Marcus Whitman what had occurred. Dr.
+McLoughlin thought the trouble might have been started by some Iroquois
+Indian in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin was
+anxious "to find that rascal out to punish him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> as an example to deter
+others." Dr. Whitman then said that he had known of this trouble among
+the Indians for about two years, although he had said nothing to Dr.
+McLoughlin about it, and that the trouble was caused by a Shawnee Indian
+named Tom Hill, who is said to have been educated at Dartmouth College.
+He had urged the Indians to allow no Americans to settle on their lands,
+as the Americans had driven out the Shawnees, and that the Indians about
+Walla Walla said the Cayuses were inclined to follow the advice by
+killing the immigrants who first came. It will be remembered that the
+Cayuses were the Indians who caused the Whitman massacre in 1847. Dr.
+McLoughlin, in this Document, then says that he believes the Indians
+would have killed these immigrants of 1843 but for the decided and
+cautious manner in which he acted. Dr. McLoughlin continues: "And the
+reason the Indian made use of the expression he did was because I
+punished the murderers of the Smith party; and, before acting, they
+wanted to know how I would treat them. And most certainly if I had not
+been most anxious for the safety of the immigrants, and to discharge to
+them the duties of a Christian, my ear would not have caught so quickly
+the words, 'it is a good thing to kill these Bostons,' and acted as I
+did."</p>
+
+<p>Then there was the question how these immigrants of 1843 should be
+provided for during the winter and until the next harvest. They had no
+implements, no seed. There was a crisis impending. Without waiting to be
+asked, Dr. McLoughlin gave credit, furnishing these immigrants with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+food and clothing for the present, and also farm implements and
+seed-wheat to begin their farming. He exacted no collateral, he gave
+time without interest. All this was against the rules of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He made himself personally liable for all these debts. He
+also loaned these immigrants cattle, including cows, and also hogs.</p>
+
+<p>Col. J. W. Nesmith, one of the immigrants of 1843, in his address before
+the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1876 said: "Dr. John McLoughlin, then
+at the head of the Hudson's Bay Company, from his own private resources,
+rendered the new settlers much valuable aid by furnishing the destitute
+with food, clothing, and seed, waiting for his pay until they had a
+surplus to dispose of." Peter H. Burnett, of whom I have already spoken,
+was one of the immigrants of 1843. He started a town and called it
+Linnton, which was situated where the present town of Linnton is
+situated&mdash;eight miles north of Portland on the Willamette River, and
+about half way between Portland and Vancouver by water. He kept a
+journal of his travels, which was published, in part, in the <i>New York
+Herald</i> in 1844. Part II of the <i>History of Oregon</i> by George Wilkes,
+published in 1845, is largely taken from this journal.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> In this
+journal Burnett says:<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> "On my arrival I was received with great
+kindness by Doctor McLoughlin and Mr. James Douglass, the second in
+command. They both tendered me the hospitalities of the fort, which
+offer, it is scarcely necessary to say,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> I accepted willingly and with
+pleasure.... His hospitality is unbounded, and I will sum up all his
+qualities, by saying that he is beloved by all who know him.... The
+kindness of Dr. McLoughlin to this emigration has been very great. He
+furnished them with goods and provisions on credit, and such as were
+sick were sent to the Hospital free of expense, where they had the
+strict and careful attendance of Dr. Barclay, a skillful physician, and
+an excellent and humane man. The Chief Factor [Dr. McLoughlin] likewise
+lent the emigrants the Company's boats, to bring down such of the
+families and baggage as had been left at the Cascades by the advance
+guard of the expedition, which had preceded me; and he also furnished
+them with the facilities for crossing the river with their cattle, at
+Vancouver. Had it not been for the kindness of this excellent man, many
+of us would have suffered greatly.... It is certain that the Doctor
+himself has uniformly aided settlers, by supplying them with farming
+implements, and with seed-grain, as a loan, to be returned out of the
+succeeding crop. He even went so far as to lend them hogs, to be
+returned two or three years afterward, by their issue of the same age;
+to furnish oxen to break their ground, and cows to supply milk to their
+families. This certainly appears to me to be a very poor way to retard
+the settlement of the region, and to discourage adventurers who arrive
+in it."</p>
+
+<p>In 1880 Mr. Burnett, then ex-Governor of California, wrote a book called
+"Recollections and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> Opinions of an Old Pioneer," so that we have his
+opinion of Dr. McLoughlin in 1843 contemporaneous with the events I
+speak of, and also his mature reflections thirty-seven years after that.
+On page 142 of this book Mr. Burnett says: "When we arrived in Oregon we
+were poor, and our teams were so much reduced as to be unfit for service
+until the next spring. Those of us who came by water from Walla Walla
+left our cattle there for the winter; and those who came by water from
+The Dalles left their cattle for the winter at that point. Even if our
+teams had been fit for use when we arrived, they would have been of no
+benefit to us, as we could not bring them to the Willamette Valley until
+the spring of 1844. Pork was ten, and flour four cents a pound, and
+other provisions in proportion. These were high prices considering our
+scanty means and extra appetites. Had it not been for the generous
+kindness of the gentlemen in charge of the business of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, we should have suffered much greater privations. The Company
+furnished many of our immigrants with provisions, clothing, seed, and
+other necessaries on credit. This was done, in many instances, where the
+purchasers were known to be of doubtful credit. Many of our immigrants
+were unworthy of the favors they received, and only returned abuse for
+generosity."</p>
+
+<p>Captain J. C. Fremont, afterwards Major-General, in the United States
+Army, was at Fort Vancouver when the immigrants of 1843 were arriving.
+On page 191 of the Report of his Second Exploring Expedition, he says:
+"I found many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> American emigrants at the fort; others had already
+crossed the river into their land of promise&mdash;the Walahmette Valley.
+Others were daily arriving; and all of them had been furnished with
+shelter, so far as it could be afforded by the buildings connected with
+the establishment. Necessary clothing and provisions [the latter to be
+afterwards returned in kind from the produce of their labor] were also
+furnished. This friendly assistance was of very great value to the
+emigrants, whose families were otherwise exposed to much suffering in
+the winter rains which had now commenced, at the same time that they
+were in want of all the common necessaries of life."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Immigration of 1844.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The immigration of 1844 was composed of about fourteen hundred persons.
+They suffered many hardships and many lost all, or a part of, their
+cattle, clothing, and goods. Most of these immigrants arrived late in
+the season. Snow began to fall before all arrived at their destinations.
+Boats were supplied free, and provisions, cattle, and seed-wheat were
+furnished them on credit by Dr. McLoughlin, as he had the immigrants of
+1843. The supplies in Oregon had been nearly exhausted by the
+immigration of 1843, although Dr. McLoughlin had urged the raising of
+grain and other supplies in anticipation of the coming of the
+immigration of 1844. The available supply of clothing at Fort Vancouver
+had been practically exhausted before the arrival of the immigration of
+1844.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>John Minto, who is still living in Oregon, was one of the immigrants of
+1844. In his address presenting to the State of Oregon the portrait of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, which now hangs in the Senate Chamber, he said: "To
+the assistance given to the Immigrants of 1843, as described by Col.
+Nesmith, I can add as an eyewitness, that those of 1844 received the
+loan of boats in which to descend the Columbia River from The Dalles
+(there being no road across the Cascades [mountains]); the hungry were
+fed, the sick cared for and nursed, and, not the least, was the fact
+that many of the employées of the Hudson's Bay Company followed the good
+Doctor in their treatment of the Americans. Especially was this the case
+in the settlement of retired Canadians who almost worshipped him."</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Watt, the well-known enterprising pioneer of 1844, who largely
+assisted in starting the first woolen mill in Oregon, in 1857, in his
+"Recollections of Dr. John McLoughlin," published in the <i>Transactions</i>
+of the Oregon Pioneer Association of 1886 said (pages 24 and 25): "On
+the 13th of November, 1844, a company of immigrants landed at Fort
+Vancouver, brought there on a bateau commanded by Joseph Hess, an
+immigrant of '43. The boat belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr.
+Hess was entrusted with the boat for the purpose of bringing immigrants
+down the river. We had eaten the last of our provisions at our last
+camp, and were told by Hess that we could get plenty at the fort, with
+or without money;&mdash;that the old Doctor never turned people away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> hungry.
+This made us feel quite comfortable, for there was not a dollar among
+us. As near as I can remember the company consisted of sixteen men, five
+women and four children.... We were the first to arrive.... We soon
+found the Doctor in a small room he called his office.... He spoke of
+our being so late, and feared there would be considerable suffering
+before they could all be taken down the river, but should do all in his
+power until they reached their destination.</p>
+
+<p>"We then made known to him our wants. We were all out of provisions.
+There was a small table in one corner of the room, at which he took a
+seat, and directed us to stand in a line&mdash;(there being so many of us the
+line reached nearly around the room)&mdash;and then told us the year before,
+and in fact previous years, he had furnished the people with all the
+provisions and clothing they wanted, but lately had established a
+trading house at Oregon City, where we could get supplies; but for
+immediate necessity he would supply provisions at the fort. Several of
+our party broke in, saying: 'Doctor, I have no money to pay you, and I
+don't know when or how I can pay you.' 'Tut, tut, never mind that; you
+can't suffer,' said the Doctor. He then commenced at the head man
+saying, 'Your name, if you please; how many in the family, and what do
+you desire?' Upon receiving an answer, the Doctor wrote an order,
+directing him where to go to have it filled; then called up the next
+man, and so on until we were all supplied. He told us the account of
+each man would be sent to Oregon City, and when we took a claim, and
+raised wheat,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> we could settle the account by delivering wheat at that
+place. Some few who came after us got clothing. Such was the case with
+every boat load, and all those who came by land down the trail. If he
+had said 'We have these supplies to sell for cash down,' I think we
+would have suffered.... When we started to Oregon, we were all
+prejudiced against the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin, being
+Chief Factor of the Company for Oregon, came in for a double share of
+that feeling. I think a great deal of this was caused by the reports of
+missionaries and adverse traders, imbuing us with a feeling that it was
+our mission to bring this country under the jurisdiction of the stars
+and stripes. But when we found him anxious to assist us, nervous at our
+situation in being so late, and doing so much without charge,&mdash;letting
+us have of his store, and waiting without interest, until we could make
+a farm and pay him from the surplus products of such farm, the prejudice
+heretofore existing began to be rapidly allayed. We did not know that
+every dollar's worth of provisions, etc., he gave us, all advice and
+assistance in every shape was against the positive orders of the
+Hudson's Bay Company.... In this connection I am sorry to say that
+thousands of dollars virtually loaned by him to settlers at different
+times in those early days, was never paid, as an examination of his
+books and papers will amply testify."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Immigration of 1845.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The immigration of 1845 numbered about three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> thousand persons. Many of
+them suffered more than the preceding immigrations. They also were
+assisted by Dr. McLoughlin as he had the immigrants of 1843 and 1844.
+For this he was charged with disloyalty by one of the British spies then
+at Vancouver. Stephen Staats was one of the immigrants of 1845. In his
+address before the Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1877, he said: "We
+reached Oregon City in thirteen days (overland) from The Dalles (two of
+which we were without food), and on our arrival, those of us in advance
+were kindly and hospitably received by old Dr. McLoughlin. He
+immediately furnished us with provisions, without money and without
+price, and extended to us favors which we were ever ready to
+reciprocate. I am not one of those who wish to cast reflections on the
+character of Dr. McLoughlin, or wish to impute to him anything wanting
+in the kindest feeling towards the immigrants of 1845. For well do I
+know, that but for him, many would have been more embarrassed in making
+provision for the coming winter's necessities than they were. And I have
+yet to see the immigrant of 1845, who, when speaking of the 'Old Man
+Doctor,' does not speak in high commendation of his actions towards the
+immigrants of that year." The wise, humane, and paternal foresight of
+Dr. McLoughlin was of great assistance to the immigrants of 1845. In the
+McLoughlin Document he says: "When the immigration of 1842 came, we had
+enough of breadstuffs in the country for one year, but as the immigrants
+reported that next season there would be a great immigration, it was
+evident,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> if there was not a proportionate increase of seed sown in 1843
+and 1844, there would be a famine in the country in 1845, which would
+lead to trouble, as those that had families, to save them from
+starvation, would be obliged to have recourse to violence to get food
+for them. To avert this I freely supplied the immigrants of 1843 and
+1844 with the necessary articles to open farms, and by these means
+avoided the evils. In short I afforded every assistance to the
+immigrants so long as they required it, and by management I kept peace
+in the country, and in some cases had to put up with a great deal."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Quality of the Early Immigrants.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The early immigrants to Oregon were not mendicants nor tramps. It is
+true some of them were of a roving disposition; probably a few were of
+the improvident class. Most of them were forceful, strong men and women,
+physically and mentally; strong also in their Americanism, and filled
+with the racial instinct to follow the western course of Empire. They
+came to Oregon as home-builders. Many of them had their lineage from the
+pioneers who first settled the Atlantic Coast, particularly the southern
+part of it. Descendants of these pioneers had crossed the mountains and
+were the hardy and courageous pioneers of Kentucky and Tennessee in the
+early, perilous, and heroic days of Daniel Boone, John Sevier, George
+Rogers Clark, and James Robertson. The ancestors of some of these Oregon
+immigrants had taken part in the great war of the American Revolution on
+the Atlantic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> Coast, and had then assisted in upbuilding civilization in
+the Middle West. These forefathers had won the Middle West. These
+immigrants came to win Oregon. The grandfathers and fathers of some of
+them had taken part in the war of 1812, and in the later Indian wars. A
+few of these immigrants were veterans of the war of 1812 and of these
+Indian wars. There were immigrants who had taken active part in the
+troubles with the Mormons and had assisted in driving them out of
+Western Missouri. It was of this stock that parts of Missouri, and
+especially the western part of that state, had been then largely
+peopled, and many of these Oregon immigrants had settled there
+temporarily before coming to Oregon. A great majority of the immigrants
+to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, and of some of the later
+immigrants, were from the Southern States. They, and their ancestors for
+many generations, had been born and brought up in the South. Most of
+them had the good qualities and were of the high type of American
+citizenship characteristic of the white people of the South. They were
+mostly plain people, but they and their ancestry were of good class.
+Theirs was an inheritance of indomitable will, high courage, and noble
+purposes. Their ancestors had conquered, settled, and upbuilded the
+country from the seaboards of Virginia and the Carolinas to the
+Mississippi River.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Oregon was another land to conquer, to settle,
+and to upbuild. There were also in these early immigrations a number of
+men and women, descendants of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> the sturdy peoples who settled in New
+England, and in other Northern States. There were a few men who were
+attracted to Oregon by the love of adventure incident to the journey and
+to the settlement of a new country. There were also a few men, born
+outside of the United States, who allied themselves with the Americans,
+and became identified with the Americans in Oregon, and subsequently
+were admitted as citizens of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The places these immigrants left to come to Oregon, although some of
+these places were comparatively new, were mostly over-supplied with
+unsold agricultural products&mdash;unsalable for want of markets. The early
+books and pamphlets on Oregon and the stirring speeches of Oregon
+enthusiasts, who had never been to Oregon, pictured Oregon as the
+traditional land of plenty and of "milk and honey." There was, too, an
+abiding faith in the future, a certain improvidence born of strong
+manhood and womanhood. They were filled with confidence in their ability
+to conquer all troubles and overcome all difficulties. They did not
+think of failure&mdash;they intended to succeed. Then, too, the journey was
+longer and more arduous than they had anticipated. Their greatest
+dangers and troubles were after they had entered the Oregon Country and
+reached the Columbia River. All east of that river, with its hardships,
+was comfortable compared with the troubles and dangers to come. They did
+not come seeking, nor did they seek charity or alms. The true, honest,
+brave-hearted immigrants wished to pay for what they obtained, and did
+as soon as they were able<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> to do so. They were met by conditions which
+they could not, or did not, foresee. Dr. John McLoughlin, with his
+great, manly prescience, appreciated all this. He sold provisions and
+clothing to those who could pay; equally, he sold on credit, to those
+who could not, without references, without collaterals. He understood
+the quality of most of these pioneers&mdash;he was unfortunately in error as
+to some of them. It was not charity on the part of Dr. McLoughlin, it
+was the exercise of that great quality, which he possessed in an
+extraordinary degree&mdash;humanity.</p>
+
+<p>I regret to say that a few of these early immigrants, at times, without
+cause, were rude to Dr. McLoughlin and abusive of his Company, and of
+his Country. Some of these did not care&mdash;others had been prejudiced by
+false information, which they had read or heard before they left their
+homes, or on the way to Oregon. Some, I still more regret to say,
+accepted the credit extended to them by Dr. McLoughlin, and never paid.
+But the payment to the Hudson's Bay Company of these bad debts was
+assumed by Dr. McLoughlin. The aggregate amount is not definitely known,
+for Dr. McLoughlin suffered, in many ways, in silence. But it was a very
+large sum. Those who paid in full could not requite his kindness to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The real Oregon pioneers are these overland immigrants who came to
+Oregon prior to 1847. The immigrants of 1846 were a long way on their
+journey to Oregon when the Boundary Treaty was made. They left on their
+journey early in May, 1846. This treaty was signed at Washington, June<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+15, 1846. The proclamation by the President of the Treaty and of its
+ratification by the two countries is dated August 5, 1846. The
+immigrants of 1846 did not know that the Treaty had been made, signed,
+or confirmed until after their arrival in Oregon. The news that the
+Treaty had been signed came by a sailing vessel, and did not reach
+Oregon until November, 1846.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> The distance traveled by the immigrants
+to Oregon, from the rendezvous at Independence, Missouri, to Oregon
+City, was about two thousand miles. The usual time in making this
+journey was between five and six months. Ox-teams were used almost
+exclusively. It was thought that the use of horses for teams was
+impracticable. It was feared there would be insufficient food for such
+horses, on the way, as the numbers would be large. It would be necessary
+to keep these horses shod for pulling the heavily loaded wagons. Many
+horses were brought which were used for riding, rounding-up cattle, and
+in hunting. There were practical difficulties in caring for, and feeding
+horses at night. Horses had to be "staked" at night, cattle would graze
+at large. Horses were liable to be stampeded and be lost or be stolen by
+the Indians. Oxen were much cheaper than horses. It would require at
+least four horses to a wagon. It was desirable to have cows to furnish
+milk on the way, especially for the children. Good cattle were scarce in
+Oregon and it was desirable to take cows and bulls for breeding
+purposes, and other cattle for beef. Many of these immigrants brought
+cattle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> with them in addition to their ox-teams. These cattle and
+ox-teams could not travel as fast as horses and the speed of the latter
+necessarily would be kept to that of the ox-teams. Should oxen be lost
+or die, their places could be taken by cattle or even by cows. This was
+not infrequently done.</p>
+
+<p>These early immigrants all came to, or started for Oregon, overland, in
+the time of joint-occupancy. They were not encouraged, helped, nor
+protected by the Government in coming to Oregon. There were no United
+States troops in the Oregon Country, or near the immigrant trail prior
+to 1849. The Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8 was carried on by the Oregon
+Provisional Government alone, without assistance from the United States
+Government. This war was fought wholly by volunteers from the Willamette
+Valley. The coming of these early immigrants assisted to hold Oregon for
+the United States, and greatly contributed to the settlement of the
+Oregon Question. They relied on themselves but they believed that their
+Country would protect its own in Oregon. Their rights and courage could
+not be ignored. There was no one man who saved Oregon. If any persons
+saved Oregon, they were these immigrants from 1843 to and including
+1846. There is not a true American who does not take pride in the daring
+of these pioneers and in what they accomplished in coming to Oregon.
+Whatever some of them may have lacked, in certain qualities, and in
+spite of the bad treatment, by some of them, of Dr. McLoughlin, the
+patriotism and courage of most of them were of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> the highest types. This
+great movement of immigrants to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, may
+not, even now, be thoroughly understood nor explained but it is fully
+appreciated. With all its dangers and hardships, with all its mystery
+and simplicity, and its commonplaces, it stands today one of the most
+daring colonizing movements for, and the most remarkable, interesting,
+and romantic story of the settlement and upbuilding of any part of the
+continents of the two Americas.</p>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind that all these aids by Dr. McLoughlin to the
+immigrants of 1843, and succeeding years, were after some of the
+Methodist missionaries had attempted to take his land claim, and
+succeeded in part. The history of these transactions I shall presently
+relate. And did the secular department of the Methodist Mission assist
+these early pioneers in any way similar to what was done by Dr.
+McLoughlin? If so, I have found no trace nor record of it. Undoubtedly
+Methodist missionaries, individually, did many kindly acts to destitute
+immigrants. Had Dr. McLoughlin acted with the supineness of the
+Methodist Mission toward the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and 1845, and
+especially that of 1843, the consequences would have been terrible.
+Leaving out the probability of massacres by the Indians, many immigrants
+would have died from starvation, exposure and lack of clothing along the
+Columbia River, or after their arrival in the Willamette Valley. It is
+true Fort Vancouver might have been captured and destroyed. That would
+have given no permanent relief. That would probably have been the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+beginning of a war between the United States and Great Britain. Even
+without a war the settlement of Oregon would have been delayed for many
+years. And all of the Oregon Country north of the Columbia River might
+have been lost to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+severely criticized Dr. McLoughlin for his assistance to the immigrants.
+There was an acrimonious correspondence between them on the subject. As
+I am informed, it was in this correspondence, which I have not seen,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had written the Hudson's Bay Company that he had
+furnished these supplies to the immigrants, saying that, as a man of
+common humanity, it was not possible for him to do otherwise than as he
+did; that he had only done what anyone truly a man would have done. That
+it was then insisted by Governor Simpson that Dr. McLoughlin should no
+longer assist any needy immigrants, or help any other immigrants. To
+this Dr. McLoughlin made the noble reply, "Gentlemen, if such is your
+order, I will serve you no longer." This reply was made by Dr.
+McLoughlin&mdash;the only question is as to the exact time and place it was
+made.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Resignation of Dr. John McLoughlin.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>In 1845 Dr. McLoughlin sent in his resignation to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. Its rules required one year's notice before an officer could
+resign. His resignation took effect before the immigration of 1846
+arrived. As this address relates to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> Dr. McLoughlin, and only
+incidentally to the Oregon Pioneers, I shall not go into details about
+the immigrations succeeding that of 1845. Dr. McLoughlin kept a store
+and lived at Oregon City after his resignation. To the immigrants of
+1846 and after, and to others, as long as he was in business there, he
+continued, as far as he was able, the same hospitality and the same good
+and humane treatment he had exercised when Chief Factor at Fort
+Vancouver. The Barlow road was built in 1846 and the immigrants of that
+year and succeeding years could bring their wagons by that road from The
+Dalles, over the Cascade Mountains, to Oregon City. By common consent of
+all good, honest pioneers, he had been named "The Good Doctor," and "The
+Good Old Doctor," and he was known by these names to the time of his
+death. They also came to call him the "Father of Oregon." Dr.
+McLoughlin's resignation from the Hudson's Bay Company became necessary
+to maintain his self-respect.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of Capt. Park and Lieut. Peel, British officers, who
+brought the letters of Admiral Seymour and Captain Gordon to Dr.
+McLoughlin in 1845. They were also sent as spies. They were succeeded by
+two more spies, Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, both of the British
+army. The two latter stayed at Fort Vancouver and elsewhere in Oregon
+for some time. In their report Warre and Vavasour charged, mainly, that
+the policy pursued by Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company, at
+the different forts in the Oregon Country, had tended to the
+introduction of American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> settlers into the country until they
+outnumbered the British. To prove this position, they instanced the
+assistance rendered the different immigrations, one of which (1845) was
+arriving while they were at Vancouver. They charged that goods had been
+sold to the American settlers at cheaper rates than to British subjects;
+that Dr. McLoughlin and the Company had suffered themselves to join the
+Provisional Government "without any reserve except the mere form of the
+oath;" that their lands had been invaded, and themselves insulted, until
+they required the protection of the British government "against the very
+people to the introduction of whom they had been more than accessory."
+There was more in this report of like import.</p>
+
+<p>As was to be expected Dr. McLoughlin's answer was dignified, forceful,
+and sufficient. I give only a few of his points.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> In his answer Dr.
+McLoughlin said, concerning his treatment of the missionaries: "What
+would you have? Would you have me turn the cold shoulder to the men of
+God, who came to do that for the Indians which this Company has
+neglected to do?" He said he had tried to prevent the American settlers
+remaining idle, becoming destitute, and dangerous to the Company's
+servants. Drive them away he could not, having neither the right nor the
+power. That these settlers had not come expecting a cordial reception
+from him, but quite the contrary; that while he had done some things for
+humanity's sake, he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> intended to, and had averted evil to the
+Company by using kindness and courtesy towards the American immigrants.
+As to joining the Provisional Government he showed the necessity and
+wisdom of his actions under the circumstances. To the accusation that
+the Company had submitted to insult, he said: "They were not to consider
+themselves insulted because an ignorant man thought he had a better
+right than they had." As to the British government, it had not afforded
+protection in time, and that it was not the duty of the Hudson's Bay
+Company to defend Great Britain's right to territory. The obligation of
+the Company's officers, whatever their feelings might be, was to do
+their duty to the Company. He admitted helping the immigrants of 1843,
+1844, and 1845, and saving the lives and property of the destitute and
+sick. He also admitted to assisting the immigrants of 1843 to raise a
+crop for their own support and of saving the Company from the necessity
+of feeding the next immigration. And he said: "If we had not done this,
+Vancouver would have been destroyed and the world would have judged us
+treated as our inhuman conduct deserved; every officer of the Company,
+from the Governor down, would have been covered with obloquy, the
+Company's business in this department would have been ruined, and the
+trouble which would have arisen in consequence would have probably
+involved the British and American nations in war. If I have been the
+means, by my measures, of arresting any of these evils, I shall be amply
+repaid by the approbation of my conscience. It is true that I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+heard some say they would have done differently; and, if my memory does
+not deceive me, I think I heard Mr. Vavasour say this; but as
+explanation might give publicity to my apprehension and object, and
+destroy my measures, I was silent, in the full reliance that some day
+justice would be done me."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Governor and the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company apparently
+neither understood nor appreciated the conditions in Oregon in 1843, and
+in the immediate succeeding years, or Dr. McLoughlin's motives and
+humanity in assisting the immigrants. While the Governor in Chief and
+these directors were probably men of high character, and, individually,
+men of humanity, as representatives of this great trading company, they
+seemed to have considered Dr. McLoughlin's actions in assisting the
+American immigrants to settle in parts of the disputed Oregon Country by
+relieving their distresses, and saving them from suffering and
+starvation, as amounting almost to treason to his Country and as being
+untrue and false to the Hudson's Bay Company and its interests. They
+believed that he had failed to carry out its policies, if not its
+express instructions, which they felt he should have followed, as the
+chief of its enterprises west of the Rocky Mountains, no matter what the
+circumstances were or what the consequences might be. They did not seem
+to understand that, if the early immigrants had not been assisted,
+helped, and rescued, as they were, by Dr. McLoughlin, it might have been
+fatal to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> Fort Vancouver and precipitated a war between the United
+States and Great Britain. As has been already said the Hudson's Bay
+Company, under royal grant, had an absolute monopoly in trading with the
+Indians in what was called British America, that is, northward and
+westward of the United States, excepting the British Provinces and also
+excepting the Oregon Country. In the latter the Company had the
+exclusive right, under said grant, to trade with the Indians, but on the
+condition that it should not be to the prejudice nor exclusion of
+citizens of the United States, who had the right to be in the Oregon
+Country under the convention of joint-occupancy.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Undoubtedly the
+Governor in Chief and directors of the Hudson's Bay Company had a
+feeling that the Company and its trade should not be interfered with in
+the Oregon Country. For more than thirty years it and the Northwest
+Company, with which it had coalesced in 1821, had had almost absolute
+control of trade with the Indians in nearly all of the Oregon Country.
+Its practical monopoly there had been almost as complete as its actual
+monopoly in British America. The exercise of absolute power usually
+begets a feeling of a right to continue the exercise of such power. The
+head-officers of the Company resented the actions of Dr. McLoughlin
+which tended to weaken the power of the Hudson's Bay Company and to
+interfere with its control of the fur trade in the Oregon Country.</p>
+
+<p>An Indian trading company is much more likely to be mercenary than
+humane. The headquarters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> of the Hudson's Bay Company were at London.
+Oregon was a long distance from London. Under the conditions it may not
+be surprising that greed of gain and selfish interests outweighed
+humanity in the minds of these officers in charge of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. It is true none of them were in Oregon when these immigrants
+came. None of these officers had ever been in the Oregon Country,
+excepting Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief. These officers did
+not see the distresses, the sufferings, or the perils of these
+immigrants. Their information came largely from others, who were not
+friends of Dr. McLoughlin, and who did not approve his actions. Dr.
+McLoughlin had been for so long a time a Chief Factor of the Company; he
+had been, up to the arrival of the immigration of 1843, so faithful to
+its policies and interests; he had so increased its trade, and added so
+largely to its revenues, that he could not be summarily dismissed. But
+he was a man of pride and of high quality, and he could be forced to
+resign. This the Governor in Chief and the directors of the Hudson's Bay
+Company accomplished. In thus acting unjustly to Dr. McLoughlin, they
+were unconsciously assisting to make him the eternal hero of Oregon. In
+resigning Dr. McLoughlin gave up a salary of twelve thousand dollars a
+year. He made his home at Oregon City, where he expected to pass the
+rest of his life, with the intention of becoming an American citizen as
+soon as possible. He invested his wealth at Oregon City in various
+enterprises in an attempt to assist in upbuilding Oregon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> His
+resignation marks the beginning of his tribulations which ended only
+with his death. The details I shall presently set forth. In assisting
+the immigrants Dr. McLoughlin did not count the cost nor fear the
+consequences. His humanity was greater than his liking for wealth or
+position. He had no greed for gain, no selfishness. Had he anticipated
+the consequences I believe that he would not have hesitated nor acted
+otherwise than he did. Frances Fuller Victor wrote of Dr. McLoughlin and
+his tribulations:<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> "Aristocrat, as he was considered by the colonists
+[American settlers] and autocrat as he really was, for twenty years
+throughout the country west of the Rocky Mountains, he still bravely
+returned the assaults of his enemies in the language of a republican. He
+defended the American character from the slurs of government spies,
+saying, 'they have the same right to come that I have to be here,'
+touching lightly upon the ingratitude of those who forgot to pay him
+their just debts, and the rudeness of those, whom White mentions as
+making him blush for American honor. But whether he favored the
+Company's interests against the British, or British interests against
+the Company's, or maintained both against the American interests, or
+favored the American interests against either, or labored to preserve
+harmony between all, the suspicions of both conflicting parties fell
+upon him, and being forced to maintain silence he had the bad fortune to
+be pulled to pieces between them."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Dr. McLoughlin's Religion.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>When an infant, Dr. McLoughlin was baptized in the Roman Catholic
+Church. His father and mother were of that church. While living with the
+family of his maternal grandfather, he probably was brought up in the
+English Established Church, of which he became a member. Prior to 1841
+or 1842, it was his custom, at Fort Vancouver, to read the service of
+that church on Sundays to the congregation of officers and employées who
+attended. Dr. McLoughlin was a broad man in every way. He recognized the
+good in all Christian sects and denominations. He assisted the
+Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational missionaries. Had he been a
+member of those churches, he could hardly have done more for them than
+he did. While still a Protestant, he also assisted the Roman Catholic
+missionaries, from their first coming to Oregon, in 1838, as he had the
+Protestant. He never tried to change the forms of religion of his
+employées and servants of the Company. He encouraged them in their
+devotion to the religions of their choice.</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop Francis Norbert Blanchet in his "Historical Sketches of the
+Catholic Church in Oregon," says (page 68): "It is but just to make
+special mention of the important services which Dr. John
+McLoughlin&mdash;though not a Catholic&mdash;has rendered to the French Canadians
+and their families, during the fourteen years he was governor of Fort
+Vancouver. He it was who read to them the prayers on Sunday. Besides the
+English school kept for the children of the Bourgeois, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> had a
+separate one maintained at his own expense, in which prayers and the
+catechism were taught in French to the Catholic women and children on
+Sundays and week days, by his orders. He also encouraged the chant of
+the canticles, in which he was assisted by his wife and daughter, who
+took much pleasure in this exercise. He visited and examined his school
+once a week.... He it was who saved the Catholics of the Fort and their
+children from the dangers of perversion, and who, finding the log church
+the Canadians had built, a few miles below Fairfield, in 1836, not
+properly located, ordered it to be removed, and rebuilt on a large
+prairie, its present beautiful site."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin was given charge of a girl by her dying father, who was a
+Protestant. Dr. McLoughlin would not send her to a Roman Catholic
+school. He respected the religious faith of the girl's father.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> There
+is some question as to whether Dr. McLoughlin became a Roman Catholic in
+the year 1841 or 1842. In one of those years, Dr. McLoughlin read "The
+End of Controversy," written by Dr. Milner, and was converted by this
+book to the Roman Catholic faith and joined that church. He made his
+abjuration and profession of faith and took his first communion at Fort
+Vancouver in 1841 or 1842. Joining the Roman Catholic Church by Dr.
+McLoughlin was most impolitic, at this time, particularly on account of
+his land claim. But he was not a man to consider policy when there was
+something to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> done, which he thought right, just, or proper.
+Otherwise, he would not have assisted the missionaries nor helped the
+immigrants. Joining the Roman Catholic Church only added to the
+opposition to Dr. McLoughlin. He was then a British subject. At that
+time there was great prejudice by many Americans against Great Britain
+as the supposed hereditary enemy of the United States. The long
+discussion of the Oregon Question; the election of Polk as President in
+1844, largely on the popular cry of "54-40 or fight," greatly
+intensified this feeling. There was also great popular prejudice among
+many of the Protestants of the United States against the Roman Catholic
+Church, which had been handed down from the time of the settlement of
+New England and the Cromwellian revolution in England. Locally, in
+Oregon, a partial success of the Roman Catholic missionaries with the
+Indians, where the Protestants had failed, probably intensified this
+feeling.</p>
+
+<p>In these early immigrations were many women, most of whom were wives and
+mothers. There were also numerous children of all ages. There were a few
+births on the way. When these mothers saw their children, along the
+Columbia River, in peril, many sick and almost famishing; when they
+heard their children cry for food and clothing, which these mothers
+could not supply; and when these perils were removed, and these
+necessaries were furnished by Dr. McLoughlin, and their sick children
+were restored to health under his orders and directions; do you think
+these Protestant American mothers considered it important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> that Dr. John
+McLoughlin was a Roman Catholic and a British subject? Or that they were
+not grateful?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Dr. McLoughlin's Land Claim.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>I shall now take up the matter of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon
+City. Many writers and speakers have spoken of his land claim being
+taken from him, in a loose way, as "unjust treatment," or as "robbery."
+I shall briefly state the facts, as I have found them. The early
+pioneers know these facts. They should be known by everyone in justice
+to Dr. McLoughlin and to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the Donation Land Law, there were no lawful titles to lands in
+Oregon, except lands given to Missions by the law establishing the
+Territory of Oregon. The Donation Land Law was passed by Congress, and
+was approved by the President September 27, 1850. Prior to the
+organization, in 1843, of the Oregon Provisional Government, the only
+law, or rule of law, in Oregon was the Golden Rule, or rather a
+consensus of public opinion among the few settlers in Oregon. When a
+person settled on a piece of land and improved it, or declared his
+intention to claim it, all other settlers respected his possessory
+rights. Each settler thought that on the settlement of the boundary line
+between the United States and Great Britain, his land claim would be
+recognized and protected, which he had thus claimed while there was
+joint-occupancy under the Conventions of 1818 and 1827.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>It was in 1829 that Etienne Lucier, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+servants, of whom I have spoken, settled in the Willamette Valley at
+French Prairie, now in Marion County. Other servants of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, as their terms of service expired, and a few Americans, had
+settled at or near French Prairie prior to 1834, so that when the first
+missionaries came, there was a thriving, although small, settlement near
+where Jason and Daniel Lee established their first mission in 1834. This
+mission had no title to the land where the Mission was established, yet
+its rights were recognized and respected.</p>
+
+<p>In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin for himself took possession of the land and water
+power at the falls of the Willamette River on the east side of the river
+at and near what is now Oregon City. In his land claim was the valuable,
+but small, island containing about four or five acres of available area
+in low water, and two or three acres in ordinary high water. It was
+separated from the east bank by a part of the river, in summer not more
+than forty feet wide; it was situated near the crest of the falls. Its
+location made it valuable for convenient use of water power. This island
+was afterwards known as "Governor's Island," but was called "Abernethy
+Island" in the Donation Land Law, and is now known by the latter name.
+This island is now owned by the Portland General Electric Company. It
+lies partly in the "Basin" at Oregon City. On it is now erected a large
+wooden building called, by that Company, "Station A." As I have said, in
+1825 the Hudson's Bay Company knew that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> England did not intend to claim
+any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia River, so it did
+not want for itself any permanent or valuable improvements in the
+Willamette Valley.</p>
+
+<p>In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin began the erection of a sawmill at the falls. He
+caused three houses to be erected and some timbers to be squared for a
+mill. This work continued until May, 1830. In 1829 the Indians there
+burned these squared timbers. In 1832 he had a mill-race blasted out of
+the rocks from the head of the island. It has been asserted that these
+improvements were made for the Hudson's Bay Company, but were
+discontinued by it because it did not wish to erect valuable
+improvements there. But in the McLoughlin Document he says: "I had
+selected for a claim, Oregon City, in 1829, made improvements on it, and
+had a large quantity of timber squared." Who ever knew or heard of Dr.
+McLoughlin telling a lie? That he was a man of the highest honor and
+truthfulness is established beyond all doubt. This claim was taken by
+him in the same year that Lucier settled in the Willamette Valley. It is
+evident that Dr. McLoughlin took this claim, for his old age and for the
+benefit of himself and children.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> From about 1838 until the passage
+of the Donation Land Law in 1850, he openly and continuously asserted
+his right to his land claim, including Abernethy Island. No adverse
+claim was made until about July, 1840, less than sixty days after the
+arrival of the ship Lausanne, when certain members of the Methodist
+Mission began to plan to take these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> lands and rights from Dr.
+McLoughlin, and in the end succeeded, but only partially for themselves.
+Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim was as good as that of any
+other person in Oregon to his own land claim. April 1, 1843, Dr. Elijah
+White, who came to Oregon in 1837, as a Methodist missionary, but was
+then United States Sub-Agent of Indian Affairs, in an official report to
+the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, at Washington, D. C., said of the
+Shortess petition, to which I shall presently refer: "A petition started
+from this country today, making bitter complaints against the Hudson's
+Bay Company and Governor McLoughlin. On reference to it (a copy was
+denied) I shall only say, had any gentleman disconnected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company been at half the pains and expense to establish a
+claim on the Wallamet Falls, very few would have raised any
+opposition."<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> Under the joint-occupancy every British subject had the
+same or equal rights in the Oregon Country that a citizen of the United
+States had.</p>
+
+<p>December 18, 1839, Senator Linn introduced a series of resolutions in
+the United States Senate, which were referred to a select Committee.
+March 31, 1840, this Committee reported a substitute. The chief feature
+was a provision for granting <i>to each male inhabitant</i> of Oregon, over
+eighteen years of age, one thousand acres of land. December 16, 1841,
+Senator Linn introduced his famous bill thereafter known as the "Linn
+Bill," which granted six hundred and forty acres of land to every <i>white
+male inhabitant</i> of Oregon, of eighteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> years or over, who should
+cultivate the same for five years. This bill was favorably reported back
+to the Senate and subsequently passed the Senate, but failed in the
+House. The Oregon Donation Land Law was largely based on this bill. In
+neither the Linn resolution nor in the Linn bill was any difference made
+between American citizens and British subjects, or other aliens as to
+the right to take land. The Oregon Donation Land Law of September 27,
+1850, applied to every white settler (including aliens) over eighteen
+years of age then a resident of Oregon, or who should become such a
+resident prior to December 1, 1850, except Dr. McLoughlin. In case of an
+alien he must either have made his declaration, according to law, to
+become a citizen of the United States prior to the passage of the
+Donation Land Law or do so prior to December 1, 1851. The Linn bill was
+largely instrumental in causing the early immigrations to Oregon. It was
+felt by these immigrants that it, or a similar law, was bound to pass
+Congress. The Oregon Donation Land Law was such a law. Dr. McLoughlin
+believed that such a bill was bound to become a law.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodist Mission, as a mission, did not, officially, attempt to
+deprive Dr. McLoughlin of any of his land. There were some of the
+missionaries who opposed any such action. But others of them saw that if
+the Mission obtained any of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, it would belong
+to the Mission or to the Church, so they readily proceeded, as
+individuals, for their own private gain. In 1840, shortly after the
+arrival of the Lausanne,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> Rev. Jason Lee, as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, appointed Rev. A. F. Waller to labor for the Indians
+at Willamette Falls and vicinity. The Mission took up a claim of six
+hundred and forty acres north of Dr. McLoughlin's claim. The Mission's
+religious work was done by Waller on this claim, where Gladstone Park is
+now situated, and also at a point on the west bank of the Willamette
+River opposite Oregon City. At both of these places there were a number
+of Indians.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> In the summer of 1840 Waller was sent to establish this
+Mission. Dr. McLoughlin generously assisted the undertaking. He gave the
+Mission a piece of land in his claim on which to erect a mission-house;
+and, at the request of Rev. Jason Lee, the Superintendent of the
+Mission, Dr. McLoughlin loaned it some of the timbers, which he had
+caused to be squared, to build the mission-house. Timbers to take the
+place of those so loaned were never furnished to Dr. McLoughlin, nor
+were the timbers ever paid for.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> It was soon reported to Dr.
+McLoughlin that the Methodist Mission would try to take or to jump his
+claim. He at once (July 21, 1840) notified Jason Lee, Superintendent of
+the Mission, of the facts: That Dr. McLoughlin had taken possession of
+this land claim in 1829, and also of his intention to hold this land as
+a private claim. He gave Lee the general description of the land so
+claimed by Dr. McLoughlin, viz: "From the upper end of the falls across
+to the Clackamas river, and down where the Clackamas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> falls into the
+Willamette, including the whole point of land, and the small island in
+the falls on which the portage was made." This is the island later known
+as "Governor's" or "Abernethy" Island. After giving the notice
+mentioned, Dr. McLoughlin concluded his letter with these words: "This
+is not to prevent your building the store, as my object is merely to
+establish my claim." A satisfactory answer was returned and Waller
+proceeded in the erection of the mission-house, which was divided into
+two apartments, one of which served as a dwelling, and the other as a
+storeroom for the goods of the Mission.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1841 Felix Hathaway, in the employment of the Mission, began to build
+a house on the island, at which Dr. McLoughlin remonstrated with Waller,
+but the latter assured Dr. McLoughlin that no wrong was intended and
+Hathaway stopped his building operations. Matters ran smoothly until the
+autumn of 1842. By this time Dr. McLoughlin had again made improvements
+on his claim, having it surveyed and part of it laid off in town lots
+and blocks, which he named Oregon City. Some of these lots and blocks he
+gave away, some he sold. I cannot go into all the evasive actions of
+Waller and the false statements and claims made by him, and by John
+Ricord, his attorney, in relation to Waller's supposed rights to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim. Waller employed Ricord as an attorney and
+asserted his ownership of all the McLoughlin land claim, except
+Abernethy Island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> to which the Oregon Milling Company laid claim. A
+public proclamation signed by Ricord as attorney for Waller, although
+dated December 20, 1843, was publicly posted at Oregon City early in
+1844. It set forth the alleged illegality of Dr. McLoughlin's claim and
+the imaginary rights of Waller.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> Whatever possession Waller had of
+any part of this land was due to the kind permission of Dr. McLoughlin.
+Waller attempted to turn this kindness into a question of right to the
+whole land claim, excepting Abernethy Island. An agreement or
+settlement, dated April 4, 1844, was executed by Rev. A. F. Waller, Rev.
+David Leslie, acting Superintendent of the Methodist Mission, and by Dr.
+McLoughlin. Under this agreement Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to pay
+Waller five hundred dollars and to convey to Waller eight lots and three
+blocks in Oregon City, and also to convey to the Methodist Mission six
+lots and one block in Oregon City. What right the Mission had to insist
+on the conveyance to it of this land has never been explained&mdash;Waller,
+in said agreement or settlement, surrendering and forever abandoning to
+Dr. McLoughlin "all claims, rights, and pretensions whatsoever" which
+Waller had to the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, which is described in
+said agreement as "a tract of land situated at the falls of the
+Wallamette River on the east side of said River, containing six hundred
+and forty acres, and surveyed by Jesse Applegate in the month of
+December, A. D. 1843." This survey included Abernethy Island. There were
+not then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> any courts in Oregon to which Dr. McLoughlin could apply for
+relief, as he had not then joined the Provisional Government. It was
+probably better and cheaper for him to submit to this unfair agreement,
+otherwise he would have been compelled to allow Waller to take the land
+or to have ousted him by force.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>July 15, 1844, about three months after this settlement, Rev. George
+Gary, who was then closing the Methodist Mission in Oregon and disposing
+of its property, in a letter to Dr. McLoughlin offered to sell back
+these lots and block given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin, with the
+improvements thereon, excluding the two lots given by Dr. McLoughlin in
+1840 on which the Methodist Church was built. Gary valued the lots to be
+sold at two thousand, two hundred dollars, and the improvements thereon
+at three thousand, eight hundred dollars. Gary made the conditions that
+the possession of a warehouse should be reserved until June, 1845, and
+the house occupied by George Abernethy until August, 1845. Gary made
+some other reservations and wrote that there must be an answer in a day
+or two. Dr. McLoughlin considered this offer extortionate. He wrote an
+answer to Gary calling attention to the fact that he had so recently
+given the lots to the Mission, that it would be the fairest way for Gary
+to give Dr. McLoughlin back the lots, since the Mission had no longer
+any use for them, and let him pay for the improvements; that one of the
+houses was built with lumber borrowed from him and had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> not been paid
+for. He suggested that the matter be referred to the Missionary Board.
+But Gary rejected every proposal. Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to yield
+and agreed to pay the six thousand dollars demanded by Gary.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>
+Notwithstanding the fact that this agreement executed by Waller and
+Leslie, dated April 4, 1844, was made as a final settlement of the
+matter, the conspirators determined to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his
+land claim, even if they did not profit by it. They succeeded by means
+of the Oregon Donation Law, as I shall presently show. These
+conspirators had previously arranged to take or "jump" Abernethy Island.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines was too honorable a man to justify these
+proceedings. As he came to Oregon in 1853, it appears that he did not
+know all the facts, but such as he knew, even from Methodist missionary
+sources, did not commend Waller's actions to Hines in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. In his <i>Missionary History</i>, pages
+353-355, Dr. Hines says: "At Oregon City the Mission as such deemed it
+wisest not to file any claim as against that of Dr. McLoughlin, Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Vancouver, who had made some
+movements toward the occupation of that valuable property before the
+Mission was established. Perhaps all in the country at that time, Mr.
+Lee included, did not consider the claim of Dr. McLoughlin as a British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+subject and the head of a great British corporation, such a claim as
+would be recognized in law when the government of the United States
+should extend its jurisdiction over the country, which they believed it
+was sure to do in a short time.... The mission work at this general
+point was mostly done on the <i>west side</i> of the river at The Falls, and
+at the villages on the Clackamas where 'Gladstone Park' is now situated,
+and where the Mission had a farm, and a claim of a square mile of land.
+This stood in exactly the same relation to the Board as did the claim at
+The Dalles and at Salem.</p>
+
+<p>"It is proper that we say here that much controversy arose at Oregon
+City through the fact that Rev. A. F. Waller filed a claim in his own
+behalf on the land to which Dr. McLoughlin was also laying claim, on the
+ground that the latter, being a British subject, could not obtain title
+under the land laws of the United States. With this the Mission, as
+such, had no connection whatever, and hence this history does not deal
+with the question." Nevertheless, joint-occupancy, Senator Linn's
+resolution and bill, the Donation Land Law, subsequently passed, natural
+justice and right, and common decency should have been recognized as
+giving Dr. McLoughlin full right to his land claim from the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>At least three of the Methodist missionaries and those connected with
+the Methodist Mission were not citizens of the United States at any time
+prior to the passage of the Donation Land Law in 1850. Rev. Jason Lee
+was a native of Canada and died in Canada. He did not become a citizen
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> United States. His allegiance was always that of a British
+subject. Jason Lee was of English descent. His parents were born in the
+United States but settled at Stanstead, Canada, and made it their home
+several years prior to his birth. He was born at Stanstead in 1803 and
+that was his home until 1834, when he came to Oregon. For a number of
+years he worked in the pineries in the north of Canada. In 1826 he was
+"converted" and joined the Wesleyan Church of Canada. In 1827 he entered
+the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Massachusetts. After attending that
+Academy for a time, he returned to his home at Stanstead, where he
+stayed for several years, first teaching school and afterwards becoming
+a preacher of the Wesleyan Church of Canada. For several years he had
+desired to be a missionary among the Indians and in 1832 or 1833 offered
+his services as a missionary to the Indians of Canada to the Wesleyan
+Missionary Society of London. In 1833, while waiting a reply to his
+application, he was offered the appointment by the New England
+Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of "Missionary to the
+Flathead Indians," and was admitted as a member of the latter
+Conference. In the spring of 1834 he started for Oregon, which, during
+the rest of his life, was jointly occupied by citizens of the United
+States and subjects of Great Britain under the Conventions between these
+countries. The political status of a resident of Oregon then remained as
+it was when he arrived in Oregon. It could not be changed there during
+joint-occupancy. He died at Lake Memphremagog<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> in Canada, March 2, 1845.
+His body was buried at Stanstead. These facts I have obtained mostly
+from Dr. Hines' <i>Missionary History of the Pacific Northwest</i>, and I
+have verified them from other reliable sources.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Daniel Lee was also born in Canada. Up to the time of his return to
+the Eastern States in 1843, he had not become a citizen of the United
+States. As the rest of his life was spent as a Methodist minister in the
+United States, he probably became a citizen of the latter country. Rev.
+Daniel Lee, I believe, took no part in, nor did he encourage, or
+sympathize with any action against Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Holman (not a relative of mine) was born in England, August 20,
+1815. In 1833 he went to Canada where he lived for several years. About
+1836 or 1837 he went to Ohio and later went to Illinois. In 1839 he
+started for Oregon. He arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840, the same
+day the Lausanne arrived there. In 1840 or 1841 he became connected with
+the Methodist Mission. Shortly after his arrival he took up a land claim
+a mile square near the present city of Salem. A person could not become
+a citizen of the United States until he had resided therein for at least
+five years. So he could not become such a citizen in the East for he had
+not resided in the United States more than three years when he started
+for Oregon in 1839. It was in Oregon, after the United States Courts
+were established in 1849, that Joseph Holman first made application to
+become a citizen of the United States and became one. As Jason Lee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> and
+Daniel Lee took up the land on which the Methodist Mission was situated
+and they were British subjects, their rights as land claimants were the
+same as those of Dr. McLoughlin. The Mission, as such, had no legal
+status to acquire land prior to the Act of 1848 organizing Oregon
+Territory. The land claim of Joseph Holman had the same status as that
+of Dr. McLoughlin&mdash;just as good, but no better.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Abernethy Island.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of this settlement with Waller, in 1844, in order to treat
+separately of the taking of Abernethy Island from Dr. McLoughlin. The
+land controlling the water-power on the west side of the falls of the
+Willamette River was not taken nor claimed by any one until after the
+year 1841. It is on the west side where the water-power of the falls is
+now mostly used. It could have been had for the taking at the time
+Abernethy Island was "jumped." Dr. McLoughlin's land claim was on the
+east side of the river. As I have said, Felix Hathaway, in the
+employment of the Mission, in 1841 began to build a house on Abernethy
+Island, but after Dr. McLoughlin's remonstrance to Waller, the building
+operations on the island ceased at that time. Dr. McLoughlin erected a
+small house on the island. In 1841 the Oregon Milling Company was
+formed. Almost all of its members belonged to the Methodist Mission.
+Hathaway conveyed all his right and title to the island to the Oregon
+Milling Company, a part of the consideration to be paid by a Committee
+of the Oregon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> Milling Company in behalf of that Company. Rev. A. F.
+Waller is the one first named, of the Committee, in the deed. This deed
+is recorded at page 52 of Book 2, Record of Deeds of Clackamas County.
+This record shows the date of the deed as November 23, 1852. This is
+evidently an error of the copyist, as to the year. It doubtless was
+1842, for Hathaway, by the deed, conveyed all his "right and title to
+the island on which said Company <i>are now constructing mills</i>," etc.
+This is a very religious deed. Hathaway in this conveyance covenanted to
+warrant and defend the island against all persons "(the Lord excepted)."</p>
+
+<p>Among the cargo of the Lausanne, which all belonged to the Methodist
+Mission, was machinery for flour-mills and for saw-mills. The Methodist
+Mission established both a saw-mill and a grist-mill, run by
+water-power, near Chemekete (now Salem). These were in operation in
+1841. These mills were much nearer the Willamette settlements than
+Oregon City was. In the Fall of 1842 the Oregon Milling Company had
+erected a saw-mill on the island, intending to follow it with the
+erection of a flour-mill. It will be noted that there were then no
+courts in Oregon, for the Provisional Government was not organized until
+1843. Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company were not under the
+jurisdiction of the Provisional Government until 1845. In the fall of
+1842 Dr. McLoughlin became satisfied that it was the intention of some
+of the Methodist missionaries to take his land and to deprive him of his
+water rights. To save his interests he forthwith built a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> saw-mill on
+the river bank near the island, and gave notice that he would erect a
+flour-mill in a short time.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Shortess Petition.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The enemies of Dr. McLoughlin then determined to send a petition to
+Congress. It is said that this petition was drawn by George Abernethy,
+who then, as steward of the Mission, kept its store at Oregon City, and
+had charge of all its secular affairs, but that Abernethy was unwilling
+to have it known that he was connected with the petition, so it was
+copied by a clerk, named Albert E. Wilson. Abernethy wished to appear
+friendly to Dr. McLoughlin; to act otherwise might hurt the Mission and
+Abernethy in his business.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The first signature to this petition was
+that of Robert Shortess, who arrived in the Willamette Valley in April,
+1840. He joined the Methodist Church about 1841. He was then intense in
+his dislike of the Hudson's Bay Company and its officers. From the fact
+that he was the first signer, this petition is known as the "Shortess
+petition." It was signed by sixty-five persons. Of these about one-third
+were immigrants of 1842, who had been in the country less than six
+months. This petition is addressed to Congress. It is dated March 25,
+1843. It begins with a short statement that the petitioners have no laws
+to govern them. That "where the highest court of appeal is the rifle,
+safety in life and property cannot be depended on." Until these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> people
+attempted unfairly to take Dr. McLoughlin's land, the Golden Rule had
+prevailed and the appeal to the rifle was always "conspicuous by its
+absence." This petition then calls attention to the domination of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and its successful opposition to Bonneville and
+Wyeth, and that that Company formerly would not sell cattle, and its
+opposition to the loan of cows and the return of the increase, which is
+true; and that in case of the death of a cow, the settler had to
+pay&mdash;which is false.</p>
+
+<p>This petition further sets forth that in 1842 the settlers formed a
+company for supplying lumber and flour. That they selected an island at
+the falls of the Willamette. That after commencing they were informed by
+Dr. McLoughlin that the land was his. This is true, as to the company
+and the information by Dr. McLoughlin, but false, by indirection, in
+this, that they knew the island for years had been claimed by him as his
+property. The petition proceeds, "However, he erected a shed on the
+island, after the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then
+gave them permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the
+paper he wrote them containing his conditions, but did not obligate
+themselves to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his
+claim just or reasonable." In the latter statement the members of the
+Oregon Milling Company, who signed the petition, stated an estoppel to
+themselves. They could not enter into possession under conditions and
+then refuse to abide by them. This was pleading themselves out of Court,
+not to mention their admitted breach of faith.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>This petition then mentions the erection of the saw-mill by the Oregon
+Milling Company and complains of the erection of a mill by Dr.
+McLoughlin, and says that he can manufacture lumber cheaper than the
+Milling Company can. Nevertheless, the Oregon Milling Company succeeded.
+This petition then goes into puerility about the measurement of wheat by
+the Hudson's Bay Company, which Dr. White in his report, dated April 1,
+1843, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and hereinbefore referred
+to, says is untrue, for he knows the measure to be exact. This petition
+does not state (which is true) that when Dr. McLoughlin found that wheat
+weighed more than sixty pounds to the bushel, he raised the price paid
+to settlers, correspondingly. This petition sets forth, however, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had surveyed his claim, platted it, and called it Oregon
+City; and that he had given a notice dated January 18, 1843, requiring
+all persons claiming lots on his land, before February 1, 1843, to apply
+for a deed, or a bond for a deed, as the case might be, which he would
+give. Dr. McLoughlin required a payment of five dollars to his attorney
+for making the deed or bond. As these people were all trespassers, it
+would seem that this action of Dr. McLoughlin was a very generous one.</p>
+
+<p>There is a very significant phrase in the Shortess petition, which
+indicates that the conspiracy to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his land
+claim had its inception before that time. In this petition, after saying
+that Dr. McLoughlin did not own his Oregon City land claim, it is said
+"and which we hope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> he never will own." This phrase is omitted in the
+copy of the Shortess petition in Gray's <i>History of Oregon</i> and in
+Brown's <i>Political History of Oregon</i>.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> This phrase is referred to in
+Thurston's speech of December 26, 1850, as justifying his actions in
+giving Dr. McLoughlin's land claim to Oregon for an university.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> I
+shall not discuss some of the allegations of this petition, as they are
+trivial and unimportant. This petition was given to W. C. Sutton to be
+taken to Washington. Dr. McLoughlin applied to Shortess for a copy of
+this petition, but the request was refused.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Land Laws of the Provisional Government.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>As I have stated, in July, 1843, the Provisional Government went into
+effect. Its land laws were purposely framed against Dr. McLoughlin's
+claim, and in favor of the Methodist Mission. These land laws allowed
+any person, without regard to citizenship, who was then holding or
+wished to establish a land claim in Oregon, not exceeding 640 acres, "in
+a square or oblong form, according to the natural situation of the
+premises," to have such land claim. Those in possession were allowed one
+year in which to file a description of the claim in the Recorder's
+office. Dr. McLoughlin filed his description in 1843. The survey was
+made by Jesse Applegate in 1843. The record is now in the office of the
+Secretary of State at Salem, Oregon. In having this survey made Dr.
+McLoughlin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> had it extend only about half way from the falls to the
+Clackamas River and so as to include not more than six hundred and forty
+acres. He abandoned that part of his original claim extending between
+his new north line and the Clackamas River.</p>
+
+<p>Article 4 of these land laws of 1843 was the one intended to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of his claim. It was as follows: "Art. 4. No person shall be
+entitled to hold such a claim upon city or town sites, extensive water
+privileges, or other situations necessary for the transaction of
+mercantile or manufacturing operations, to the detriment of the
+community: <i>Provided</i>, that nothing in these laws shall be so construed
+as to effect <i>any claim of any mission</i> of a religious character, made
+previous to this time, of an extent of not more than <i>six miles
+square</i>." This land law was amended in July, 1845. The only material
+change, so far as is necessary for the purposes of this monograph, was
+that said Section 4 of the land laws of 1843 was repealed. It was after
+the repeal of the objectionable and unfair Section 4 of the land laws of
+1843 that Dr. McLoughlin for himself and the Hudson's Bay Company joined
+the Provisional Government.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Dr. McLoughlin's Naturalization.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>After Dr. McLoughlin sent his resignation to the Hudson's Bay Company,
+in 1845, he determined to become a citizen of the United States. In 1845
+he consulted with Peter H. Burnett, then Chief-Justice of the
+Provisional Government, and with Jesse Applegate, about taking the oath
+of allegiance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> to the United States, and taking out his first
+naturalization papers, but Burnett had no authority from the United
+States, or other jurisdiction, to administer such an oath (or to issue
+such papers) and so advised Dr. McLoughlin. Although this matter was
+well known in Oregon, it gave Dr. McLoughlin's enemies a chance to say
+that he was a British subject, and had not taken the oath of allegiance
+to the United States, nor applied to become a citizen of the United
+States. August 14, 1848, the bill establishing the Territory of Oregon
+became a law. March 2, 1849, General Joseph Lane, the first Territorial
+Governor of Oregon, arrived at Oregon City. March 3, 1849, he issued his
+proclamation assuming charge as governor. Soon after the Territory of
+Oregon was organized and courts of the United States established. The
+assignment of Judges to their respective districts was made May 13,
+1849. May 30, 1849, Dr. McLoughlin took the oath and made his
+declaration to become a citizen of the United States, as required by the
+naturalization law. So he acted with promptness. This was well known in
+Oregon at the time. Dr. McLoughlin voted at Oregon City at the first
+general election held in June, 1849, but he did not vote for Thurston as
+delegate to Congress, which Thurston knew. Under the act of Congress,
+organizing Oregon as a territory, all aliens who had declared, on oath,
+their intentions to become citizens of the United States, and taken an
+oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the provisions
+of the act establishing the Territorial Government of Oregon, were
+entitled to vote at the first election.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen
+of the United States, at Oregon City, September 5, 1851. The
+naturalization law then allowed an alien to become a citizen of the
+United States two years after taking the oath and making his
+declaration, if he had lived in the United States for five years. His
+witnesses were A. L. Lovejoy, A. A. Skinner, and Theodore Magruder. His
+admission to citizenship was based on his said oath and declaration of
+May 30, 1849.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>It was in 1849 that the conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin and his land
+claim began to become effective. In 1846 Governor Abernethy became the
+sole owner of the Oregon Milling Company and its property on Abernethy
+Island, Abernethy and his son claiming to own the island, which was then
+known as "Governor's Island," in supposed compliment to Governor
+Abernethy. W. P. Bryant, the first Territorial Chief-Justice of Oregon,
+arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849. May 29, 1849, fifty days after his
+arrival he purchased all said interests of Gov. Abernethy and son.
+Bryant gave his promissory notes to Gov. Abernethy, aggregating $30,000
+in principal, as part consideration for the purchase. Bryant also bought
+from Gov. Abernethy, on time, wheat, flour, and staves for about $2500
+and a quantity of lumber and logs, the value of which I am unable to
+give. Bryant's judicial district included Oregon City.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p>In June, 1849, Samuel R. Thurston was elected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> Territorial Delegate to
+Congress from Oregon. He arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1847. He was
+shrewd enough to obtain the support of the Mission Party. He skillfully
+made his canvass largely against the Hudson's Bay Company. Having the
+support of the Mission Party, and many of the voters being then in the
+California mines, Thurston was elected. The vote was as follows:
+Thurston, 470; Columbus Lancaster, 321; J. W. Nesmith, 106; Joseph L.
+Meek, 40; and J. S. Griffin, 8. The most important measure for Oregon
+was the passage of a land law, for no person had or could then obtain a
+legal title to land. It was all owned by the United States except the
+small portions granted to the Missions. Thurston used his best endeavors
+to obtain the passage of such a bill. But he was anxious for re-election
+and to ingratiate himself with the Mission Party and the conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Thurston's Letter to Congress.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>Thurston prepared the way, by a letter addressed to the members of the
+House of Representatives, for introducing into the land bill a section
+depriving Dr. McLoughlin of his Oregon City claim. This letter contains
+many false statements. This section is section eleven of the Donation
+Land Law, which was passed without opposition. To this section I shall
+presently refer.</p>
+
+<p>This letter to the members of the House of Representatives was issued by
+Thurston at Washington, D. C., in the month of May or the early part of
+June, 1850. Said letter was published in full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> in the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>
+of September 12, 1850. Nothing was known in Oregon or California of this
+letter until late in August or early in September, 1850. As this letter
+is quite long and relates mostly to the general features of the Oregon
+Donation Land Bill and the necessity of its passage, I have omitted all
+that part of the letter excepting Thurston's discussion of the eleventh
+section of that bill, which contains all that part of the letter
+referring to Dr. McLoughlin and his land claim. In that part of his
+letter Thurston said:</p>
+
+<p>"I will next call your attention to the eleventh section of the bill,
+reserving the town site of Oregon City, known as the 'Oregon City
+Claim.' The capital of our Territory is located here (Oregon City) and
+here is the county seat of Clackamas County. It is unquestionably the
+finest water power in the known world; and as it is now, so will remain,
+the great inland business point for the Territory. This claim has been
+wrongfully wrested by Dr. McLoughlin from American citizens. The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim, with the view of establishing
+here their mills and Mission. They were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them; and,
+successively, a number of citizens of our Country have been driven from
+it, while Dr. McLoughlin was yet at the head of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Having at his command the Indians
+of the country, he has held it by violence and dint of threats up to
+this time. He had sold lots up to the 4th of March, 1849, worth
+$200,000. He also has upon it a flouring mill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> graineries, two double
+sawmills, a large number of houses, stores, and other buildings, to
+which he may be entitled by virtue of his possessory rights, under the
+treaty of 1846. For only a part of these improvements which he may thus
+hold, he has been urged during the past year to take $250,000. He will
+already have made a half million out of that claim. He is still an
+Englishman, still connected in interest with the Hudson's Bay Company,
+and still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen,
+and assigns as a reason to the Supreme Judge of the Territory, that he
+cannot do it without prejudicing his standing in England. Last summer,
+he informed the writer of this, that whatever was made out of this claim
+was to go into the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he
+and other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in
+other words, that he was holding the claim for the benefit of the
+Company. Now, the bill proposes to reserve this claim; subject to
+whatever right he may have to it, or any part of it, by virtue of the
+treaty; and confirms the title of all lots sold or donated by him
+previous to March 4th, 1849. This is designed to prevent litigation.
+That day is fixed on, because, on that day, in Oregon City, Governor
+Lane took possession of the Territory, declaring the laws of the United
+States in force, and apprising Dr. McLoughlin and all others, that no
+one had a right to sell or meddle with the Government lands. Dr.
+McLoughlin ought to have been made to pay back the $200,000, but not
+wishing to create any litigation, the committee concluded to quiet the
+whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> matter by confirming the lots. Having in this way made $200,000,
+and his possessory rights, if it shall turn out that he lawfully
+acquired any, being worth $200,000 more, the people of Oregon think our
+bounty is sufficient to this man, who has worked diligently to break
+down the settlements ever since they commenced; and they ask you to save
+their capital, their county seat, and the balance of that noble water
+power from the grasp of this British propagandist, and bestow it on the
+young American generation in Oregon, in the shape of education, upon
+which you and the whole Country are to rely and to defend and protect
+the western outposts of this glorious Union. The children of my Country
+are looking up to you with countenances flashing eloquence, clamoring to
+be educated, and asking you, in simple but feeling language, where your
+charity begins. They call you 'fathers,' and ask you whether you will
+put the moral weapons of defence in your children's hands in the shape
+of education, or whether you will deny it to them, and put means into
+the hands of him who will turn and rend both you and them. They do not
+doubt your decision, nor do I.</p>
+
+<p>"When the Methodist Missionaries were driven from this claim, they went
+on the island in the middle of the river, and constructed mills and made
+other improvements. This island is known as the Abernethy Island, and is
+of no value, except for the improvements upon it. It consists of about
+two acres of barren rock. This island was subsequently sold to George
+Abernethy, and the bill ought to confirm the same to Abernethy or his
+assigns.&mdash;This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> is a simple act of justice to American citizens, who now
+have their mills and property staked on those rocks, and which, for a
+long time, stood the only mills in the valley, where an American could
+get any grain ground for toll. They are now, with the exception of Dr.
+McLoughlin's mills, nearly the only mills in the whole country left
+standing by the late freshet, and they have been very materially
+injured. They must be repaired at vast expense, and if they are not, Dr.
+McLoughlin will hold, as he has heretofore held, the bread of the people
+of the Territory in his own fist. Your brethren ask you to confirm their
+title to those rocks, that their property may stand there in safety.
+They doubt not your decision. Hence there should be an amendment in the
+bill to this effect."</p>
+
+<p>It is not true, as asserted by Thurston, that the Methodist Mission
+first took the "Oregon City claim." It was first taken by Dr.
+McLoughlin, as I have shown. If the Methodist Mission ever took, or had
+any interest in this land claim, it was through a secret agreement or
+understanding with Waller, or with the Oregon Milling Company, excepting
+only the lots given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin in 1840 and those
+secured by the Mission under the Articles of Agreement, dated April 4,
+1844.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Most of the statements, in the parts of this letter just
+quoted, Thurston knew were false.</p>
+
+<p>Thurston also succeeded in having a proviso added to the fourth section
+of the bill, skillfully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> worded, which forbade anyone claiming under the
+Donation Land Law to claim both under that law and under the treaty of
+1846, that treaty providing that possessory rights of British subjects
+should be respected. As Dr. McLoughlin had declared, in 1849, his
+intentions to become a citizen and renounced his allegiance to Great
+Britain, he probably was no longer qualified to claim under the treaty.
+But even if he could have claimed under the treaty of 1846, as a British
+subject, that would not have given him a right to obtain title to his
+land claim under that treaty. It was afterwards held by the Supreme
+Court of Oregon, in the case of Cowenia v. Hannah, 3 Oregon, 465, and by
+Judge M. P. Deady, sitting as United States Circuit Judge, in the case
+of Town v. De Haven, 5 Sawyer, 146, that the stipulation in the treaty
+of 1846 that the United States would respect the possessory rights of
+British subjects, was merely a recognition of such possessory rights and
+conferred no right to, or in the land, and that no means were provided
+by the Donation Land Law, or otherwise, to obtain title or a patent, but
+a British subject might have a claim against the United States for
+compensation; that a claim to land, under the treaty, was to be excluded
+from any rights under the Donation Land Law, and a claim to land, under
+that law, was a surrender of possessory rights under the treaty.
+Unquestionably the Supreme Court of Oregon and Judge Deady were right in
+their construction of the law, as they found it, as applicable to the
+points involved in those cases.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>Article III of the Boundary Treaty of 1846 is as follows: "In the future
+appropriation of the territory south of the forty-ninth parallel of
+north latitude, as provided in the first article of this treaty, the
+possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay Company, and of all British
+subjects who may be already in the occupation of land or other property
+lawfully acquired within the said territory, shall be respected." Good
+faith, and to carry out the letter and the spirit of this Article III,
+should have caused Congress to respect these possessory rights of
+British subjects, so as to make them effective, and especially as they
+had acquired these rights under the Conventions for joint-occupancy of
+the Oregon Country. Means should have been provided in the Donation Land
+Law by which such British subjects "already in the occupation of land"
+in Oregon could have acquired the title thereto.</p>
+
+<p>In the debate in the House of Representatives, May 28, 1850, on the bill
+which became the Oregon Donation Land Law, Thurston said:<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> "This
+company [Hudson's Bay Company] has been warring against our government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been their chief fugleman,
+first to cheat our government out of the whole country, and next to
+prevent its settlement. He has driven men from claims and from the
+country, to stifle the efforts at settlement. In 1845, he sent an
+express to Fort Hall, 800 miles, to warn the American emigrants that if
+they attempted to come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> to Willamette they would all be cut off; they
+went, and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living? He fought the battles of the country, yet by one act of
+treason forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country&mdash;more
+dangerous, because more hidden, more jesuitical. I can refer you to the
+Supreme Judge of our territory, for proof that this Dr. McLoughlin
+refuses to file his intention to become an American citizen." Judge
+Bryant was then in Washington, lobbying for the passage of the eleventh
+section of the Donation Land Law, particularly the part giving
+Abernethy's Island to the assigns of the Milling Company. I have already
+shown the falsity of these statements of Thurston in his letter and in
+this speech, by setting forth the truth in this monograph. The mention
+by Thurston, in his speech, of Benedict Arnold in comparison with Dr.
+McLoughlin, was contemptible. It was an insinuation which Thurston
+should have been ashamed to make.</p>
+
+<p>On September 12, 1850, Dr. McLoughlin published in the <i>Oregon
+Spectator</i> his answer to some of the statements, or rather
+misstatements, in Thurston's speech in Congress, May 28, 1850, and in
+his letter to the House of Representatives. Dr. McLoughlin there said:
+"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> trade under the treaty of joint-occupation of the
+country&mdash;even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity.... But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the
+Hudson's Bay Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole
+country, and next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my
+head is very white with the frost of many winters, but I have never
+before been accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject&mdash;I have had
+for twenty years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+trade, in Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have
+been the representative of British interests in this country; but I have
+never descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and
+doing wrong to any one. I have on the other hand, afforded every
+assistance to all who required it, and which religion and humanity
+dictated; and this community can say if I did so or not.... But,
+moreover, it is well known that the fact of my having aided in the
+settlement of this country has been a subject of serious complaints, and
+grave charges made against me, by subjects of Her Britannic Majesty,
+during the pending of the boundary question&mdash;who seem to have been
+imbued with the same kind disposition toward their fellow men as Mr.
+Thurston.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents, touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston&mdash;'Keep this still till next mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed&mdash;my land bill; keep dark till next mail."</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"June 9, 1850.</span>
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;"><span class="smcap">Thurston.</span>'"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"... In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission&mdash;they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate.... Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'&mdash;That I have held my claim or any part of it [Dr. McLoughlin's
+land claim] by violence or threats, no man will assert, and far less
+will one be found to swear so, who will be believed on his oath, in a
+court of justice. I have probably no other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> enemy than Mr. Thurston, so
+lost to the <i>suggestions</i> of conscience as to make a statement so much
+at variance with my whole character. He says that I have realized, up to
+the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000 from the sale of lots; this is also
+wholly untrue. I have given away lots to the Methodists, Catholics,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to
+a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to the Clackamas Female Protestant
+Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon Legislature. The Trustees are all
+Protestants, although it is well known I am a Roman Catholic. In short,
+in one way and another I have donated to the county, to schools, to
+churches, and private individuals, more than three hundred town lots,
+and I never realized in cash $20,000 from all the original sales I have
+made. He continues, 'He is still an Englishman, still connected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses to file his intentions to become an
+American citizen.' If I was an Englishman, I know no reason why I should
+not acknowledge it; but I am a Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by
+descent. I am neither ashamed of my birth-place or lineage.... I
+declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact&mdash;he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme Judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full.... But Mr. Thurston makes another
+statement in which there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,'
+meaning myself, 'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out
+of the claim was to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+of which he and other stock-holders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> would share in proportion to their
+stock; in other words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the
+Hudson's Bay Company.'... I assert I never made such a statement to Mr.
+Thurston, and I assert that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that
+the Hudson's Bay Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have
+any interest in it with me.... Can the people of Oregon City and its
+vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months before he left
+this [territory], that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they
+were, to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate
+this Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact,
+proposing to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thurston attempted to reply to this letter of Dr. McLoughlin, published
+in the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, in a speech made in Congress December 26,
+1850.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> With all its false statements this speech utterly failed to
+justify the actions of Thurston against Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Neil M. Howison, of the United States Navy, came to Oregon in
+1846, in charge of the United States schooner "Shark." He made a report
+on Oregon to the Commander of the Pacific squadron. The report is dated
+at San Francisco, February 1, 1847. It was printed by order of the House
+of Representatives, at Washington, in 1848, more than two years prior to
+Thurston's speech. It is Miscellaneous Document No. 29 of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> the first
+session of the 30th Congress. In this report, after speaking in praise
+of Dr. McLoughlin, Howison said of him: "He resides now altogether at
+Oregon City ... and has, by his advice and assistance, done more than
+any other man towards the rapid development of the resources of this
+country." Lieutenant Howison also said, in this report, that Dr.
+McLoughlin "has settled himself on the south side of the river
+[Columbia] with full expectation of becoming a citizen of the United
+States, and I hope the government at home will duly appreciate him."</p>
+
+<p>In the report of Dr. Elijah White, dated Willamette Valley, Oregon,
+November 15, 1843, to J. M. Porter, Secretary of War, Dr. White said:
+"And here allow me to say, the seasonable service, in which hundreds of
+dollars were gratuitously expended in assisting such numbers of our poor
+emigrant citizens down the Columbia to the Willamette, entitles Gov.
+McLoughlin, saying nothing of his previous fatherly and fostering care
+of this colony, to the honorable consideration of the members of this
+government. And I hope, as he is desirous to settle with his family in
+this country, and has made a claim at the falls of the Willamette, his
+claim will be honored in such a manner as to make him conscious that we,
+as a nation, are not insensible to his numerous acts of benevolence and
+hospitality towards our countrymen. Sir, in the midst of slander, envy,
+jealousy, and, in too many instances, of the blackest ingratitude, his
+unceasing, never tiring hospitality affects me, and makes him appear in
+a widely different light than too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> many would have him and his worthy
+associates appear before the world."<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Protests against Thurston's Actions.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>As shown in Dr. McLoughlin's printed letter of September 12, 1850,
+Thurston had sent to a confidant in Oregon, with instructions for
+secrecy, a printed copy of his letter to the House of Representatives.
+He also sent a printed copy of the bill for the Donation Land Law. These
+arrived in Oregon late in August or early in September, 1850. The
+eleventh section of the latter began to be noised about, and Thurston's
+friends, who were not in the conspiracy, met the charge with scornful
+denials. They said such a thing was not possible. But it was.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> There
+were Oregon pioneers who protested. Before the law passed, when the
+intended action of Thurston became known, in relation to said section
+eleven, on September 19, 1850, a public meeting was held in Oregon City.
+Resolutions were passed declaring that the selection of the Oregon City
+claim for an university reservation was uncalled for by any considerable
+portion of the citizens of the Territory, and was invidious and unjust
+to Dr. McLoughlin; and that he "merits the gratitude of multitudes of
+persons in Oregon for the timely and long-continued assistance rendered
+by him in the settlement of this Territory." At the same time a memorial
+to Congress was signed by fifty-six persons, which set forth that Dr.
+McLoughlin had taken up the Oregon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> City claim like other claims in the
+Territory, and it had been held by him in accordance with the
+Provisional and Territorial governments of Oregon; that the memorialists
+have ever regarded it as entitled to protection as fully as other
+claims, without an intimation to the contrary from any official source
+until that time; that under this impression, both before and especially
+since March 4, 1849, large portions of it in blocks and lots had been
+purchased in good faith by many citizens of Oregon, who had erected
+valuable buildings thereon, in many instances, in the expectation of
+having a complete and sufficient title when Congress should grant a
+title to Dr. McLoughlin, as was confidently expected; that since March
+4, 1849, he had donated for county, educational, charitable, and
+religious purposes more than two hundred lots. They, therefore,
+remonstrated against the passage of the bill in its present form,
+believing that it would work a "severe, inequitable, unnecessary, and
+irremediable injustice."<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> There were no telegraph lines in Oregon or
+California in those days. And the bill was a law eight days thereafter.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy to say that among those who took part in these proceedings
+and signed this memorial were my father, James D. Holman, a pioneer of
+1846, and my uncle, Woodford C. Holman, a pioneer of 1845. October 26,
+1850, a public meeting was held at Salem, the stronghold of the Mission
+Party. At this meeting a committee on resolutions was appointed. The
+resolutions reported<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> by the committee were adopted. They "highly
+approved all the actions of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress," and said
+"that facts well known in Oregon will sustain him in all he has said
+about Dr. McLoughlin and the H. B. Company." Another of these
+resolutions heartily approved the course taken by Thurston, in Congress
+upon the Donation Land Bill "especially that part which relates to the
+Oregon City claim," and "that if that claim should be secured to Dr.
+McLoughlin it would, in effect, be donating land to the H. B. Company."
+Another of these resolutions was, "That in the opinion of this meeting,
+the children of Oregon have a better right to the balance of that claim
+[Oregon City claim] than Dr. McLoughlin." Another of these resolutions
+was, "That the H. B. Company, with Dr. McLoughlin as their fugleman,
+have used every means that could be invented by avarice, duplicity,
+cunning, and deception to retard American settlement, and cripple the
+growth of American interests in Oregon."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>There are certain qualities in some men which move them never to forgive
+a favor bestowed on them; to ruin those they have wronged or cheated; to
+endeavor to cover with obloquy those they have lied about; and to seek
+to hurt any one of better quality than they are. As a native son of
+Oregon I am ashamed of some of its pioneers and their actions. But in
+such a movement as the early settling of Oregon, there were, of
+necessity, some men of coarse fiber, and of doubtful integrity and
+honor. But such men were rare exceptions. To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> the honor of the
+overwhelming majority of the Oregon pioneers, be it said that they took
+no part in these actions against Dr. McLoughlin, nor did they endorse or
+sympathize with Thurston's actions and those of his co-conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind that many thousands of people, men, women, and
+children, came to Oregon in the immigrations after 1846. There were
+probably in the immigrations of 1847 to 1850, inclusive, an aggregate of
+more than ten thousand people, the number of men being in the ratio of
+about one to four. The immigration of 1847 was composed of over four
+thousand persons. These later immigrants did not experience the
+difficulties which beset the earlier immigrants along the Columbia River
+and from there to the Willamette Valley. They did not need the
+assistance of Dr. McLoughlin which the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and
+1845 did. They found Oregon City a small but thriving settlement. Some
+of them were easily led to believe that Dr. McLoughlin was not entitled
+to his land claim, which they thought was a valuable one, especially as
+he was technically a British subject. But most of them were friendly to
+him for his kindness to them, and for what he had done for the earlier
+immigrants. They appreciated that he was justly entitled to his land
+claim. The love of justice and fair play were predominant traits of most
+Oregon pioneers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Oregon Donation Land Law.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The Donation Land Law passed and was approved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> by the President
+September 27, 1850. Section 4 "granted to every white settler or
+occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included,
+above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States,
+or having made a declaration, according to law, of his intention to
+become a citizen, or who shall make such declaration on or before the
+first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, now residing in
+such territory, or who shall become a resident thereof on or before the
+first day of December, 1850, and who shall have resided upon and
+cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall otherwise
+conform to the provisions of this act," 320 acres of land, if a single
+man, or if a married man, 640 acres, 320 acres being for his wife. The
+last sentence of Section 4 is as follows: "Provided further, however,
+that this section shall not be so construed as to allow those claiming
+rights under the treaty with Great Britain, relative to the Oregon
+territory, to claim both under this grant and the treaty, but merely to
+secure them the election and confine them to a single grant of land."</p>
+
+<p>Section eleven of said Donation Law is as follows: "Sec. 11. And be it
+further enacted, That what is known as the 'Oregon City Claim,'
+excepting the Abernethy Island, which is hereby confirmed to the legal
+assigns of the Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, shall be set
+apart and be at the disposal, of the Legislative Assembly, the proceeds
+thereof to be applied, by said Legislative Assembly, to the
+establishment and endowment of a university, to be located at such place
+in the territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> as the Legislative Assembly may designate; Provided,
+however, That all lots and parts of lots in said claim, sold or granted
+by Doctor John McLoughlin, previous to the fourth of March, eighteen
+hundred and forty-nine, shall be confirmed to the purchaser or donee, or
+their assigns, to be certified to the commissioner of the general land
+office by the surveyor-general, and patents to issue on said
+certificates, as in other cases: Provided, further, That nothing in this
+act contained shall be so construed and executed as in any way to
+destroy or affect any rights to land in said territory, holden or
+claimed under the provisions of the treaty or treaties existing between
+this country and Great Britain." By the "Oregon City claim" is meant Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim.</p>
+
+<p>This section eleven is unjust in its treatment of Dr. McLoughlin. Not
+that Congress was to blame. It did not know the facts. Did not the first
+Delegate from Oregon advocate it? Did not the first Territorial Chief
+Justice of Oregon then in Washington, advise it? And did not the
+Delegate and the Chief Justice say that Dr. McLoughlin was so dangerous
+and unprincipled a man as not be entitled to his land claim? And that he
+refused to become an American citizen? There was not even a recognition
+of Dr. McLoughlin's right to the improvements which he had placed on his
+land claim. And there, in all its infamy, said section eleven stands on
+the statute books today. If the assigns of the Milling Company were
+entitled to Abernethy Island, why should not the courts have settled
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> matter according to law and justice, as other contested land claims
+were settled?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Conspiracy Effective.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The motives and scheme of the conspirators to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of
+his land claim were very simple but effective. They desired to obtain
+Abernethy Island, which was a part of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, for
+the assigns of the Oregon Milling Company. They desired to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of the rest of his land claim to wreak their malice against
+him, and at the same time, by statute passed by Congress, to have their
+actions against him apparently justified. Theirs was an uneasy
+conscience. It was, therefore, necessary to make it appear to Congress
+that Dr. McLoughlin was not only not entitled to his land claim nor any
+part of it, but that he should not have it under any circumstances; that
+Dr. McLoughlin was a man dangerous to Oregon, its people, and their
+interests, and had unfairly tried to prevent its settlement by citizens
+of the United States; that he refused to become an American citizen; and
+that he was not really trying to get the land claim for himself, but for
+the Hudson's Bay Company, although they knew his resignation had become
+effective in 1846. Having so wronged Dr. McLoughlin, they still did not
+dare to try to get the whole claim. To keep Dr. McLoughlin, or his
+heirs, from ever getting it, they tried to bribe the people of Oregon by
+providing that his land claim, less Abernethy Island, should be used for
+the establishment of an university, which would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> be for the benefit of
+all the people of Oregon. It was a cunning scheme. Thurston's reward was
+to be a re-election as Delegate to Congress. He died before he could be
+re-elected.</p>
+
+<p>There was great rejoicing in Oregon, at first, on the passage of the
+Donation Land Law. Every settler, except Dr. McLoughlin, could now have
+his land claim, for the title to which he had waited so long. A great
+university was to be built, without cost to anyone, except Dr.
+McLoughlin and his heirs. This was long before the discussion about
+using "tainted money." But the reaction against Thurston soon began. The
+newspapers printed letters against Thurston's actions in vilifying Dr.
+McLoughlin and in taking away his land claim. Thurston's party papers
+began to mention or to advocate other available men<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> for Thurston's
+position as delegate to Congress.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Career and Death of Thurston.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>Even had the Mission Party, at the next election, been strong enough to
+have elected Thurston, had he lived, his political career would probably
+not have continued long. April 9, 1851, at the age of thirty-five years
+he died at sea off Acapulco, Mexico, while returning to Oregon.
+Thurston's letter, speeches, and actions against Dr. McLoughlin are the
+one great blot on his career. Thurston was a man of ability, a fluent
+speaker, a profuse writer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> of letters, of untiring energy, but inclined
+to be vindictive, and was not careful about the truth of his statements
+concerning a person he opposed or disliked. He made quite a reputation
+during the short time he was in Congress. He was quite popular in Oregon
+until his actions against Dr. McLoughlin became known. But for his
+actions against Dr. McLoughlin his memory would even now be highly
+regarded in Oregon. The passage of the Donation Land Law was largely due
+to his efforts. In spite of said section eleven that law gave great
+satisfaction to many people in Oregon. Up to that time no settler had
+more than a squatter's right. Man is naturally selfish. Notwithstanding
+the treatment of Dr. McLoughlin by this law, many settlers were pleased
+that they could now secure titles to their lands, and to that extent
+were grateful to Thurston.</p>
+
+<p>Thurston secured appropriations for Oregon aggregating one hundred and
+ninety thousand dollars. Of this one hundred thousand dollars were for
+expenses of the Cayuse Indian War. He introduced and worked for many
+bills favorable to Oregon and busied himself in looking after the
+interests of Oregon and his constituents. He wrote a great number of
+letters, which were published in the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, calling
+attention to what he was doing in Congress and thus kept his name
+continuously before the people, for he was a skillful politician. But
+his alliance with leaders of the Mission Party was a political error.</p>
+
+<p>This address is about Dr. McLoughlin. I have not attempted to give the
+life of Thurston, nor a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> history of the Methodist Mission. To speak only
+of Thurston's actions against Dr. McLoughlin might be taken to mean that
+Thurston did nothing else while in Congress. In estimating Thurston's
+actions in Congress, those that are to his credit must be taken into
+account as well as those which are not. His actions in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim were an unfortunate bid for popularity, which
+reacted on him and his reputation. Thurston's untrue and unjust
+statements, his despicable actions, and his false and malicious charges
+against Dr. McLoughlin are indefensible. Thurston's untimely death
+probably prevented justice being done to Dr. McLoughlin and his devisees
+sooner than it was. Thurston was not a strong man physically and it was
+thought that he had shortened his life in working for Oregon and his
+constituents. To act justly to the living Dr. McLoughlin, in a certain
+sense, might be construed as reflecting on the dead Thurston.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Methodist Episcopal Church.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>All my ancestors and relatives for many generations have been
+Protestants. I was brought up under the auspices of the Old School
+Presbyterian Church, of which my parents were members from my early
+childhood until their deaths at advanced ages. I have never been a
+member of any church, but my feelings and sympathies have always been
+that of a Protestant. I respect all true sects and denominations of the
+great Christian Church. I respect the religion of the Jews, of Buddha,
+and of Confucius, for the good that is in them. I respect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> every man's
+religious faith, as long as it is truly a religious faith. I uphold the
+right of every man to worship God according to his liking. I respect, I
+admire, the man who against opposition and against his material and
+business interests follows the dictates of his conscience in religious
+and other matters of principle. While I may not agree with him, I defend
+his right. It is immaterial to me whether Dr. McLoughlin was a
+Protestant or a Roman Catholic. It is sufficient to me that he honestly
+acted according to his reason, his judgment, and what he considered was
+right. I condemn any persecution of him for being true to his
+conscience. I have great admiration for the Methodist missionaries who
+were true to their principles, who tried to lead blameless lives and to
+convert the Indians, and respected the rights of others. It is
+immaterial to me whether the missionaries were Methodists,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, or Roman Catholics, so long as they
+were really missionaries and true to their God, according to their
+lights, true to their professions, to themselves, and to their fellow
+men. I have no attack to make on religion, nor on the Methodist
+Episcopal Church, nor on its true missionaries, clerical or lay.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodist Episcopal Church has been one of the great civilizing
+agencies in the United States, particularly in the newer parts of the
+country. In its earlier days, and until the great growth of the country
+in the past forty or fifty years, it reached a class of people, which no
+other denomination could reach or influence, and made better<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> people of
+them. All churches and denominations are subject to conditions and to
+evolution. And the Methodist Episcopal Church is today one of the great
+and influential churches in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>There always have been and there always will be men who make use of
+religion for sinister purposes. These unworthy missionaries who were
+parties to the unjust treatment of Dr. McLoughlin are not entitled to
+escape criticism, nor to have their wrongful acts passed over because of
+their religious pretentions. They are subject all the more to severe
+condemnation. All good Methodists condemn those wrongful acts of the
+missionaries as all true, honest Oregon pioneers condemn the acts of the
+pioneers who abused or cheated Dr. McLoughlin. But these base actions
+were not sustained by, nor concurred in by all the Methodist
+missionaries. Some condemned these actions. Others of these
+missionaries, appreciating what Dr. McLoughlin had done for them, and
+his humanitarianism, spoke in his praise, but did not break with their
+fellows who were persecuting Dr. McLoughlin. Some of the signers of the
+Shortess petition afterwards regretted, or were ashamed of their actions
+in so doing. Some timid persons may say that it would be better, in this
+address, merely to speak of the kind acts and high character of Dr.
+McLoughlin and not of the wrongful and unjust ways in which he was
+treated by some of the early immigrants, by some of the Methodist
+missionaries, by Thurston, by Bryant, and others. But that would not
+show what he suffered for the upbuilding of Oregon, nor his martyrdom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
+on account of his humanity, of his principles, and of his integrity. It
+would not be a true, nor an accurate account of his life and time.</p>
+
+<p>Some persons in writing a life of Jesus would speak of his gentleness,
+his kindness, and his humanity, and say no more. They would not say
+anything against the Pharisees, nor of their condemnation by Jesus,
+because the Pharisees were people of some standing in their community,
+and did some kindly acts, and for fear of offending the descendants of
+the Pharisees. Such historians would not say anything against Caiaphas,
+the high priest, nor his actions against Jesus, because they might
+offend those religiously inclined. They would not say anything against
+those who cried "Crucify him," in their religious zeal. They would not
+say anything against Pontius Pilate, for fear of being thought to have
+attacked the Judiciary. They would either omit the crucifixion or merely
+say the last days of Jesus were passed somewhat in sorrow and in pain.
+But such a history would be trivial, and of no value. It would fail to
+show what Jesus did and suffered in his endeavors to help mankind. It
+would be a history in name only.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Dr. McLoughlin's Memorial to Congress.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>By the passage of the Donation Land Law, and also by reason of the
+letter and of the speeches of Thurston in Congress, Dr. McLoughlin was
+put in the humiliating position of having to issue a printed circular
+letter to get expressions of opinions of others, as to the falsity of
+the charges made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> against him by Thurston, and to support a memorial to
+Congress which Dr. McLoughlin afterwards sent to Congress with all the
+evidence. But his memorial accomplished nothing. There was, too, the
+question that Congress had given away his land claim, which was then
+technically the property of Oregon, for an university, and that Congress
+could not, with dignity to itself, revoke its gift. And who was Dr.
+McLoughlin to Congress? He was away out in Oregon nearly 4,000 miles
+from Washington. There were great and serious matters to be considered
+by Congress. The Oregon question was settled. What were the wrongs and
+misfortunes of one old man to Congress?</p>
+
+<p>In answer to the printed circular issued by Dr. McLoughlin, after the
+passage of the Donation Land Law, for the purposes of his memorial to
+Congress, he received many commendatory letters. I give merely excerpts
+from the letter of that noble old pioneer, Jesse Applegate, an immigrant
+of 1843. He wrote: "I have received your letter of inquiries, and take
+pleasure in replying to such of them as I personally know to be true. I
+came to this country in the fall of 1843, and, from that time forward, I
+can safely testify that your conduct has been the most generous and
+philanthropic, not only to immigrants from the United States, but to all
+requiring your assistance, whether natives or foreigners. I can also say
+that you have greatly encouraged and given much assistance in settling
+and developing the resources of the country, but I have by no means
+considered your motive for doing so political, or that your charitable
+acts were intended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> to advance the interests of any particular nation,
+but that you acted in the one case simply from a sense of Christian duty
+and humanity, and in the other from a natural desire to be useful in
+your day and generation.... But as the office of Chief Factor of the
+Hudson's Bay Company is in no way connected with politics, the discharge
+of its duties imposed no restrictions upon your private sentiments, and
+unless they led to a betrayal of your trust, which has never been
+charged against you, as an Irishman and a Catholic, you were free to
+feel and express your partiality for the free and tolerant institutions
+of the United States. That you did entertain such partiality, from my
+first acquaintance with you, need not depend upon my assertion, for it
+is a fact well known, and one you did not pretend to conceal."</p>
+
+<p>Jesse Applegate then says, in this letter, that he was present in 1845
+when Dr. McLoughlin applied to Judge Peter H. Burnett, the Chief Justice
+of the Provisional Government, to take the oath of allegiance to the
+United States and to obtain first naturalization papers, but Judge
+Burnett declined to grant the request for he believed he did not have
+any jurisdiction to do so. Jesse Applegate further said in his letter:
+"That 'you pulled down houses and turned women and children out of
+them,' is a charge not only false, but too absurd to require refutation
+or notice. I can myself state, from experience, which accords with that
+of every other destitute immigrant who applied to you for assistance,
+either before or since my arrival in the country, that your conduct was
+entirely the reverse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> My own company, of more than seventy persons,
+mostly women and children, who arrived at Vancouver in the storms of
+winter, in a condition the most destitute and miserable, were received
+by you, not as strangers, or foreigners, or as some would have it,
+enemies, but as brethren and fit subjects of hospitality and Christian
+charity, and our reception was not more kind and generous than was
+extended to every immigrant who sought your hospitality or
+assistance.... But however unjust the Oregon Land Law has been towards
+you, it may be said in excuse for the members of Congress who passed it,
+that with the concurring and uncontradicted evidence of the Delegate and
+Chief Justice of Oregon before them, you neither <i>had</i> nor <i>would</i>
+become an American citizen, they are not chargeable with injustice."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The Persecution Continued.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>The conspirators and their friends did not cease their persecution of
+Dr. McLoughlin. They were determined he should not have his land claim.
+To protect the reputation of Thurston and the other conspirators, it was
+necessary to defeat all actions of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in
+favor of Dr. McLoughlin. If that body made any petitions to Congress or
+passed any resolutions in favor of Dr. McLoughlin, it would show that he
+was entitled to his land claim, the injustice of section eleven of the
+Donation Land Law, and that Thurston was guilty of malicious untruths in
+his letter to, and his speeches before Congress relating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. Oregon could not, with propriety, pretend
+to act justly to Dr. McLoughlin and still retain his land claim. I
+regret to say that the House of Representatives of the Oregon
+Legislative Assembly, at its session in 1853-4, not only refused to help
+Dr. McLoughlin, but by its actions did him harm. January 6, 1854,
+several petitions were presented to the House asking that Congress be
+memorialized in favor of Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim,
+"excepting the Abernethy Island," but the petitions were immediately
+laid on the table. January 28, 1854, Orlando Humason presented to the
+House the following resolution: "Whereas, the acts of John McLoughlin in
+regard to his treatment of the early settlers of Oregon, have, as we
+believe, been misrepresented, therefore&mdash;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that the generous
+conduct of Dr. John McLoughlin in assisting the early settlers of
+Oregon, merits our warmest commendations, and that as evidence of the
+high estimation in which his services are held by his fellow citizens,
+the thanks of this Assembly be tendered to the said Dr. John
+McLoughlin."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> But by the vote of sixteen to seven, three being
+absent, the resolution was indefinitely postponed, which was the
+legislative way of defeating it. All honor to the seven who voted in
+favor of the resolution. Their names are F. C. Cason, L. F. Cartee,
+Orlando Humason, B. B. Jackson, J. W. Moffitt, Chauncey Nye, and L. S.
+Thompson.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>The End of Dr. McLoughlin's Life.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>All these troubles and tribulations naturally told on Dr. McLoughlin. He
+was a man of fortitude, who brooded, almost silently, over his sorrows,
+with an occasional outburst when his sufferings were too intense. He had
+made expensive improvements on his land claim, including a flour-mill
+and a saw-mill, and other buildings. No provisions were ever made by
+Congress to pay for these improvements. Even his dwelling house at
+Oregon City, which for several years had been the home of himself and
+his family, was taken from him, with his other improvements, by section
+eleven of the Oregon Donation Land Law. It is true he remained in
+possession of these improvements, including his home, but by sufferance
+only. Because the Territory of Oregon did not sell the land he was not
+actually ousted. There was no way to acquire land in Oregon City, taken
+from Dr. McLoughlin by said section eleven, except by a law passed by
+the Oregon Legislature. And the legislature did nothing.</p>
+
+<p>He could not move nor sell his improvements. They belonged to the land
+on which they were erected. Even if he could have sold them they would
+have brought but little as they would have to be moved. His mills were
+erected to be run by water power and they were conveniently situated on
+the bank of the river near the falls, for the economical handling of
+wheat and logs and the shipping of products of these mills. They could
+not, at that time, be successful financially if they were moved and
+operated by steam. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> hoped that Congress or the Legislature would
+restore his land claim to him. But he hoped and waited in vain. The lion
+was entangled in a net. He struggled but he could not escape. And so Dr.
+McLoughlin became straitened financially. Had Dr. McLoughlin been
+allowed to have his land, he could then have built up a large town at
+Oregon City. As it was, investors went to places where titles to land
+could be obtained and there built up enterprises. With the moneys from
+the sale of land Dr. McLoughlin could have paid the Hudson's Bay Company
+all the moneys due by settlers, who had failed or refused to pay. The
+payment of this heavy indebtedness Dr. McLoughlin had assumed. It was a
+matter of honor with him. He owed nothing else to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. The settlers who would not pay their indebtedness caused Dr.
+McLoughlin to feel keenly their ingratitude. If they had paid him, he
+would have paid the Company in full.</p>
+
+<p>And there, too, was the question of providing after his death for his
+loving and faithful wife, to whom he was devoted, and his children. He
+had always been generous to his family. He had provided for his mother
+until her death at the age of eighty-three years. He had educated four
+nieces. He had helped other of his relatives. Is it to be wondered at
+that he sometimes felt bitter?</p>
+
+<p>The McLoughlin Document was undoubtedly written at this period. It is a
+brief of his defense. He probably wrote it so that his descendants would
+understand. At the end of this Document, Dr. McLoughlin said: "By
+British demagogues I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> been represented as a traitor. For what?
+Because I acted as a Christian; saved American citizens, men, women and
+children from the Indian tomahawk and enabled them to make farms to
+support their families.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> American demagogues have been base enough to
+assert that I had caused American citizens to be massacred by hundreds
+by the savages. I, who saved all I could. I have been represented by the
+Delegate from Oregon, the late S. R. Thurston, as doing all I could to
+prevent the settling [of Oregon], while it was well known to every
+American settler who is acquainted with the history of the Territory if
+this is not a downright falsehood, and most certainly will say, that he
+most firmly believes that I did all I could to promote its settlement,
+and that I could not have done more for the settlers if they had been my
+brothers and sisters, and, after being the first person to take a claim
+in the country and assisting the immigrants as I have, my claim is
+reserved, after having expended all the means I had to improve it, while
+every other settler in the country gets his. But as I felt convinced
+that any disturbance between us here might lead to a war between Great
+Britain and the States, I felt it my bounden duty as a Christian, to act
+as I did, and which I think averted the evil, and which was so
+displeasing to some English demagogues that they represented me to the
+British government as a person so partial to American interests as
+selling the Hudson's Bay Company goods, in my charge, cheaper to
+American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> than I did to British subjects.... Yet, after acting as I
+have, spending my means and doing my utmost to settle the country, my
+claim is reserved, while every other settler in the country gets his;
+and how much this has injured me, is daily injuring me, it is needless
+to say, and certainly it is a treatment I do not deserve and which I did
+not expect. To be brief, I founded this settlement and prevented a war
+between the United States and Great Britain, and for doing this
+peaceably and quietly, I was treated by the British in such a manner
+that from self respect I resigned my situation in the Hudson's Bay
+Company's service, by which I sacrificed $12,000 per annum, and the
+'Oregon Land Bill' shows the treatment I received from the Americans."</p>
+
+<p>And so, worried and troubled without surcease, Dr. McLoughlin maintained
+his grand, but kindly, attitude to the last. But these matters affected
+his health. For several years before his death he was an invalid, but
+his pride assisted him to persevere and to transact such business as he
+could, although his heart was breaking. His flesh became greatly
+reduced, his eyes deeply sunken. He grew so emaciated that his great
+frame stood out, making him look gaunt and grim. For a few weeks, only,
+before his death he was confined to his bed.</p>
+
+<p>Thus encompassed and overcome, and crucified by robbery, mendacity, and
+ingratitude, Dr. John McLoughlin died at Oregon City, September 3, 1857,
+a broken-hearted man. He was buried in the churchyard of the Roman
+Catholic Church in Oregon City, where his body now lies. The stone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+which marks his grave bears the simple inscription:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"<span class="smcap">Dr. John McLoughlin</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;"><small>DIED</small></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Sept. 3, 1857.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;"><span class="smcap">Aged</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">73 Years.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pioneer and Friend of Oregon.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also the founder of this City."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John McLoughlin is not the only great character in history, whose
+memory shall live for all time, but whose death was under sad
+circumstances and whose heart, at the time of his death, was then filled
+with thoughts of the wrong-doings and the ingratitude of others.</p>
+
+<p>The frontispiece to this address is made from a photograph of a
+daguerreotype of Dr. McLoughlin taken in 1856, when his sorrows and
+tribulations were beginning to tell on him. This daguerreotype belongs
+to Mrs. Josiah Myrick, of Portland, Oregon, who is a granddaughter of
+Dr. McLoughlin. She kindly loaned this daguerreotype to have the
+photograph made of it.</p>
+
+<p>Governor L. F. Grover was elected Governor of Oregon for two consecutive
+terms. He resigned during his last term to be an United States Senator,
+to which latter office he was elected. He is now living in Portland, at
+an advanced age. On the fourteenth of September, 1905, he gave me a
+written statement of an incident which occurred in the last sickness of
+Dr. McLoughlin. In this statement Governor Grover said that he was
+riding on horseback through Oregon City on his way from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> Salem to
+Portland, and passed down the street directly in front of Dr.
+McLoughlin's home, a few days before his death. As Governor Grover was
+giving directions for the care of his horse, a messenger came to him
+from Dr. McLoughlin requesting Governor Grover to call at Dr.
+McLoughlin's house. Governor Grover says: "I found him extremely ill....
+He said that he was dying by inches. He said: 'I shall live but a little
+while longer and this is the reason I sent for you. I am an old man and
+just dying, and you are a young man and will live many years in this
+country, and will have something to do with affairs here. As for me, I
+might better have been shot'&mdash;and he brought it out harshly&mdash;'I might
+better have been shot forty years ago.' After a silence, for I did not
+say anything, he concluded: 'than to have lived here and tried to build
+up a family and an estate in this government. I became a citizen of the
+United States in good faith. I planted all I had here and the government
+has confiscated my property. Now what I want to ask of you is that you
+will give your influence after I am dead to have this property go to my
+children. I have earned it as other settlers have earned theirs, and it
+ought to be mine and my heirs.' I told him I would favor his request,
+and did."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Justice to Dr. McLoughlin's Memory.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>Although the Donation Land Law went into effect September 27, 1850, and
+its section eleven provided that the "Oregon City Claim" should be at
+the disposal of the Territory for the establishment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> and endowment of an
+university, nothing was done with this land claim until 1862, three
+years after Oregon became a state. In October, 1862, the Legislative
+Assembly of the State of Oregon passed an act, which was approved by the
+Governor October 17, 1862, conveying and confirming to the legatees
+under the will of Dr. McLoughlin, who were his son, David, his daughter,
+Eloisa, and her husband, Daniel Harvey, the McLoughlin or Oregon City
+land claim, excepting Abernethy Island, upon the condition that said
+legatees pay to the University Fund of Oregon, the nominal sum of one
+thousand dollars. This was forthwith paid by Daniel Harvey and wife in
+gold coin although they might have paid it in greenbacks, which were
+then at a large discount. As the eleventh section of the Donation Land
+Law provided that the proceeds of the sale of said Oregon City Claim
+should be applied to the establishment and endowment of an university,
+there had to be some consideration paid on its disposal by the State.
+All this occurred twelve years after the passage of the Donation Land
+Law and five years after the death of Dr. McLoughlin. During all those
+twelve years the title of this land claim was in the Territory, or State
+of Oregon. It stopped the growth of Oregon City. It impoverished Dr.
+McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>As appears by the Senate and House Journals of the Legislative Session
+of 1862 said act passed the Senate, with two negative votes only, and
+there were none in the House after the act was amended in the Senate in
+the form in which the act became a law. The injustice of the Donation
+Land Law<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> to Dr. McLoughlin had appealed to the people of Oregon in the
+twelve years which had elapsed since the passage of the latter law. What
+Dr. McLoughlin had done for Oregon and its pioneers could not be
+forgotten. Justice to him and his memory was, at last, triumphant. The
+enactment and approval of this law of October 17, 1862, was an official
+vindication of Dr. McLoughlin, by the Legislative and Executive
+Departments of the State of Oregon, of all the false statements about,
+and all charges against him made by Thurston and others, and of all
+their misrepresentations of Dr. McLoughlin and of his acts. It was a
+formal official acknowledgment of the injustice of the Oregon Donation
+Land Law to Dr. McLoughlin. It was an official recognition of his
+sterling qualities; of his humanity; of his great services in assisting
+the early immigrants; of what he had done for Oregon; and of what was
+due to him and to his memory as the Father of Oregon. It cleared his
+character and reputation from every imputation of unfairness, injustice,
+and chicanery. It was, in effect, an official condemnation of the acts
+of the conspirators against him.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846 the fame of Dr. John McLoughlin as a great and good man had
+extended to Rome. That year Gregory XVI, then the Pope, made Dr.
+McLoughlin a Knight of St. Gregory the Great, of civil grade. The
+original patent, written in Latin, is now in the possession of a
+descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. A copy in English is in the possession of
+the Oregon Historical Society. The Pope sent to Dr. McLoughlin the
+Insignia of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> Order, which was delivered to him by Archbishop Francis
+N. Blanchet on his return from Europe in August, 1847. It was a high and
+deserved honor. But without it Dr. John McLoughlin was one of Nature's
+knights in all qualities which the highest and best of knights should
+have. He was such a knight, <i>sans peur, sans reproche</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Opinions by Dr. McLoughlin's Contemporaries.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>In 1887 the people of Portland determined to raise six hundred dollars
+for a three-quarter life-size portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, to be painted
+by William Coggswell, the artist, to be owned by the Oregon Pioneer
+Association. The money was raised by popular subscription. The total
+amount subscribed was nearly double the sum required. This portrait was
+formally presented to the Association at its annual meeting, June 15,
+1887. Judge M. P. Deady made the presentation address. He was a judge
+for forty years continuously in Oregon. A part of the time, six years,
+he was on the Oregon Territorial Supreme Bench, and for thirty-four
+years he was United States District Judge for Oregon, after Oregon
+became a State. In his presentation address Judge Deady, speaking of Dr.
+McLoughlin,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> said: "The man, whose portrait now hangs before you,
+came to this country from the Atlantic commissioned as Chief Factor and
+Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains. He was
+clothed with absolute power.... He was the ruler of this country, and
+had the peace and security of the people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> in his hands. He was
+distinguished for his justice and fair dealing with the Indians. When
+the immigration came he was distinguished for kindness and hospitality.
+He always literally obeyed the scriptural injunction to feed the hungry,
+visit the sick and clothe the naked. The maintenance of law, order and
+justice rested on his shoulders and he was equal to the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"The people of Portland have thought to honor his memory by having his
+portrait painted and giving it to the Pioneer Association, to be taken
+to the fair city of Salem and hung in the State Capitol, where you may
+look at it and show it to your children, and they to their children, and
+say: 'This is the old doctor, the good doctor, Dr. John McLoughlin.'
+Thirty years ago he laid down his life at the Wallamet Falls, where he
+had builded and lived since 1845, somewhat in obscurity, somewhat in
+sorrow, somewhat in sadness and disappointment. But the political strife
+and religious bigotry which cast a cloud over his latter days have
+passed away, and his memory and figure have arisen from the mist and
+smoke of controversy, and he stands out today in bold relief, as the
+first man in the history of this country&mdash;the Pioneer of Pioneers."</p>
+
+<p>The Oregon Pioneer Association deemed it best to present this portrait
+to the State of Oregon. This was done February 6, 1889, at a joint
+session of the Senate and House of the Oregon Legislative Assembly held
+for the purpose. This portrait now hangs in the Senate chamber of the
+State Capitol at Salem in the place of honor, immediately back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> of the
+chair of the President of the Senate. John Minto, an honored pioneer of
+1844, was selected to make the presentation address. In this address Mr.
+Minto said:<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> "In this sad summary of such a life as Dr. McLoughlin's,
+there is a statement that merits our attention, which, if ever proven
+true&mdash;and no man that ever knew Dr. McLoughlin will doubt that he
+believed it true, namely, that he prevented war between Great Britain
+and the United States&mdash;will show that two of the greatest nations on
+this earth owe him a debt of gratitude, and that Oregon in particular is
+doubly bound to him as a public benefactor.... It is now twenty-six
+years since the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, so far as
+restoration of property to Dr. McLoughlin's family could undo the wrong
+of Oregon's land bill, gave gladness to the heart of every Oregon
+pioneer worthy of the name. All of them yet living now know that (good
+man as they believed him) he was better than they knew. They see him
+now, after the strife and jealousies of race, national, business, and
+sectarian interests are allayed, standing in the centre of all these
+causes of contention&mdash;a position in which to please all parties was
+simply impossible, to maintain which 'only a good man could bear with
+patience'&mdash;and they have adopted this means of conveying their
+appreciation of this great forbearance and patient endurance, combined
+with his generous conduct. Looking, then, at this line of action in the
+light of the merest glimpses of history known to be true by witnesses
+yet living, can any honest man wonder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> that the pioneers of Oregon, who
+have eaten the salt of this man's hospitality&mdash;who have been eye
+witnesses to his brave care for humanity and participators of his
+generous aid&mdash;are unwilling to go to their graves in silence, which
+would imply base ingratitude&mdash;a silence which would be eloquent with
+falsehood?"</p>
+
+<p>In accepting this portrait, on behalf of the State of Oregon, Gov.
+Sylvester Pennoyer, also an Oregon pioneer, who served two consecutive
+terms as Governor of the State of Oregon, said:<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> "This gift is alike
+creditable to the venerable men of your Association in its bestowment
+and to the State of Oregon in its acceptance. It does honor to the
+pioneers of Oregon, because it shows their full appreciation of the high
+qualities of a true and noble manhood; and the placing of this painting
+in the honorable position it now occupies in the senate-hall of the
+state capitol evinces a like appreciation on the part of the
+representatives and the people of this great State. Dr. McLoughlin was,
+indeed, a most extraordinary man. Entrusted with a most responsible
+position under the British flag at a time when there was a bitter
+contest for governmental supremacy in Oregon, it was the undoubted and
+honorable wish and prompting of his heart that the flag of his country
+might continue to wave over Oregon soil, and yet in instances repeated
+without number, he extended the hand of charity and unstinted aid to the
+poor immigrants of the contesting people, whose advent here threatened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+the supremacy of his government over the contested territory. While he
+was loyal to his country he was, as became his lofty character, more
+loyal to his conscience; and while never forgetting his full allegiance
+as a Briton, he never forgot his higher duty as a man.... Then let this
+picture of the grand old man, whose numerous deeds of charity are
+inseparably interwoven in the early history of our State, ever enjoy the
+place of honor it now holds; and when our children and our children's
+children shall visit these venerated halls, let them pause before the
+portrait of this venerable man and do homage to his memory, who, with
+his patriotic devotion to his country and his devout service to his God,
+crowned the full completeness of his high character with an unmeasured
+love for his fellow men."</p>
+
+<p>I have already spoken of the Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., a Methodist
+minister who came to Oregon in 1853, and of his memorable address
+delivered at Pendleton, December 10, 1897. In this address Dr. Hines
+said that "Dr. McLoughlin should escape the traduction of sectarian
+rancor and bigotry, ... was perhaps an impossibility. He certainly did
+not. Of course all could see at the outset, and none more clearly than
+the missionaries themselves, that the attitude he assumed towards the
+American missions and missionaries, must needs decide the success of
+their work, and even the very inauguration of it.... Dr. McLoughlin was
+a Christian, professedly, and it does not lie in me to say that he was
+not really and truly. At this time, and long before, and for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> years
+afterwards, he was a member of the Church of England. That subsequently,
+in 1841, I think, he became a devout member of the Roman Catholic
+church, does not, to my mind, take from or add to the estimate I make of
+him as a devout believer in that form of religion called Christianity."
+And speaking of Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of the missionaries of all
+denominations, Dr. Hines said: "All these missionaries came while Dr.
+McLoughlin was not connected with any of the churches they represented.
+His treatment of them was on a broader and higher plane than that of the
+sectary. It was that of the humanitarian and the Christian, and it
+continued thus even after he must have seen that, at least, the missions
+of Mr. Lee and Dr. Whitman were, in the order of events, gathering about
+themselves the elements of an American civilization that indicated what
+the future of Oregon would be&mdash;what it has long since become." And
+referring to the early immigrants and Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of
+them, Dr. Hines said: "What would Dr. McLoughlin do? Would he shut the
+gates of his fortress? Would he lock the doors of his granaries? Would
+he deny asylum to the weary, footsore, famishing immigrants? What would
+he do? We can answer by rehearsing what he did. He forgot, in large
+measure, that those who lay at his door, sick, weary, poor, and almost
+ready to die, were not his friends. He fed them and pointed them out the
+ways in which they could take living root in the soil of that very
+Oregon which was the covet of England, and had so long been the
+possession of his own Company,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> albeit they who came were American
+citizens, and each brought an American flag in his heart if not in his
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>"To me it seems evident that Dr. McLoughlin clearly saw the inevitable
+outcome of the struggle between dilatory and procrastinating diplomacy
+and the steady tramp of the growing army of ox teams that slowly swung
+down the slopes of the mountains, and, in his humanity, which was wider
+than his national prejudices, and stronger to control him than his love
+of gain, gave the final cast of his own act to humanity and peace,
+rather than to gain and war. I cannot here trace the individual acts
+that demonstrate this general conclusion, as my aim has been rather to
+indicate the results and show the conclusions of history than to relate
+its incidents and chronicle its dates.</p>
+
+<p>"A few years pass on. The great Company, erst and long the rulers of
+Oregon, disown the acts and reprove the conduct of this man of men.
+Rising to an even higher altitude of resplendent manhood, with a
+magnificent scorn he casts down his lofty office, with its salary of
+$12,000 a year, at the feet of these knights of the counting-house and
+ledger, cuts all the bonds that bind him to their service, comes back
+from the palaces of London to the green woods and soft plains of Oregon,
+takes his place as an American citizen under the stars and stripes, and
+thus wins the place of imperishable honor and fame as the true 'Father
+of Oregon.' There his ablest contemporaries place him. There the great
+State within whose bounds he died and whose foundations he laid, by the
+voice of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> legislature and her chief executive has crowned him. There
+history, whose verdict I record to-night, and with which my own heart
+agrees, enshrines him as the greatest of our really great pioneer era."</p>
+
+<p>I have given these opinions because they are those of men who personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. And years after his death, after careful
+consideration and reflection, they have properly estimated him and, thus
+remembering, have spoken truly and justly.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge"><i>Eulogy upon Dr. McLoughlin.</i></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>Like many others of the world's great men, Dr. John McLoughlin had many
+characteristics, apparently conflicting, but making in the aggregate a
+wonderful and harmonious whole. He was the autocrat of the early Oregon
+Country, yet all his feelings and political sympathies were for a
+republican form of government, and for rule by the people, and for
+personal liberty; he was a trader, with the training of a trader and of
+a business man, yet he gave credit, without security, to the early
+pioneers, because he was a humanitarian; he was quick tempered and
+impulsive, yet he was courteous and kind, for he was a gentleman; he was
+stern and severe and a strict disciplinarian, yet he had a sympathy like
+that of a woman, and a heart as tender and susceptible as that of a
+little child.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever Dr. John McLoughlin did to or for the Oregon settlers,
+missionaries and immigrants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> he did to every citizen of Oregon, man,
+woman, and child, for all time, then, now, and to come. In honoring him,
+we honor ourselves. To fail to honor him and his memory, we would
+dishonor ourselves. To every true, honest Oregon pioneer, and to the
+descendants of every Oregon pioneer, has come the pleasing and loving
+duty of letting the whole world know of Dr. McLoughlin's actions and
+character, so that memory of him and his humanity shall never perish.
+The time will come&mdash;and it should come soon&mdash;when a magnificent and
+stately monument will be erected in Oregon in honor of Dr. John
+McLoughlin. But it must be a monument of such size and beauty as, in
+that manner, to show the appreciation of the people of Oregon for him,
+and of the good and noble deeds of this grand old man.</p>
+
+<p>His name should be enrolled in the Temple of Fame of distinguished
+Americans. A county in each of the states of Oregon and Washington
+should be named for him. For prior to March 2, 1853, what is now the
+State of Washington, was a part of the Territory of Oregon, and Fort
+Vancouver, where his noblest deeds were performed, is in the State of
+Washington. That State would do itself great honor if it should change
+the name of Thurston County to that of McLoughlin. I am glad that the
+last Legislative Assembly of Oregon restored the name of Mt. McLoughlin
+to that sublime, snow-covered mountain in Southern Oregon, sometimes
+called Mt. Pitt, but, prior to 1838, named for Dr. John McLoughlin by
+the early residents of Oregon, and for years called and shown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> on the
+maps as Mt. McLoughlin. It will forever be known by his name. It would
+have been appropriate if the Legislative Assembly of Oregon had changed
+the name of Mount Hood to that of Mount McLoughlin, for, in the days
+when Dr. John McLoughlin was in charge at Fort Vancouver, it was the
+custom of the Indians, in what is now called Eastern Oregon and Eastern
+Washington, to point to Mt. Hood as showing near where was his
+residence.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McLoughlin died more than forty-nine years ago. Under the canons of
+the Roman Catholic Church no one can be canonized until he or she has
+been dead at least fifty years. If I may do so with propriety, I suggest
+that, when the fifty years have passed, those in proper authority in
+that Church cause Dr. John McLoughlin to be canonized, if it is possible
+to do so. But the people of Oregon, as a people, are not bound by this
+canon. Already the memory of this grand old man is enshrined in their
+hearts. To them he is now the patron saint of Oregon, without regard to
+canon or rules, religion or sect.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the names and titles given to, or bestowed upon Dr. John
+McLoughlin, the one I like best is "Father of Oregon;" for he was, and
+is truly, the Father of Oregon. And it enables every old, true Oregon
+pioneer, and every son and daughter of every Oregon pioneer, and his and
+her descendants, to the remotest generations, to speak of Dr. John
+McLoughlin with affection and love, with respect and veneration as "Our
+Father." In the past the fervent prayers of these grateful pioneers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+were made in his praise and that his tribulations might end and
+persecutions of him might cease. Their tears consecrated his martyrdom
+and his memory. Today the hearts of the survivors and of the descendants
+of these pioneers quicken at thoughts of what he was and what he did;
+and their eyes moisten in recalling what he suffered and what he endured
+in the making of Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the men whose lives and deeds are essential parts of the history
+of the Oregon Country, Dr. John McLoughlin stands supremely first&mdash;there
+is no second. In contemplating him all others sink into comparative
+insignificance. You may search the whole world, and all its histories
+from the beginning of civilization to today, and you will find no
+nobler, no grander man than Dr. John McLoughlin. His life and character
+illustrate the kinship of man to God. He was God-like in his great
+fatherhood, in his great strength, in his great power, and in the
+exercise of his strength and of his power; he was Christ-like in his
+gentleness, in his tenderness, in his loving-kindness, and in his
+humanity.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT A</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Article 3 of the Convention between the United States of America and
+Great Britain, signed at London, October 20, 1818.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"It is agreed that any country that may be claimed by either party on
+the north-west coast of America, westward of the Stony Mountains, shall,
+together with its harbors, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all
+rivers within the same, be free and open for the term of ten years from
+the date of the signature of the present convention, to the vessels,
+citizens, and subjects, of the two powers; it being well understood that
+this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim
+which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of
+the said country, nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any
+other power or state to any part of the said country; the only object of
+the high contracting parties, in that respect, being to prevent disputes
+and differences among themselves."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT B</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain,
+signed at London, August 6, 1827.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"Article 1. All the provisions of the third article<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> of the convention
+concluded between the United States of America and his majesty the king
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the 20th of
+October, 1818, shall be, and they are hereby, further indefinitely
+extended and continued in force, in the same manner as if all the
+provisions of the said article were herein specifically recited.</p>
+
+<p>"Art. 2. It shall be competent, however, to either of the contracting
+parties, in case either should think fit, at any time after the 20th of
+October, 1828, on giving due notice of twelve months to the other
+contracting party, to annul and abrogate this convention; and it shall,
+in such case, be accordingly entirely annulled and abrogated, after the
+expiration of the said term of notice.</p>
+
+<p>"Art. 3. Nothing contained in this convention, or in the third article
+of the convention of the 20th October, 1818, hereby continued in force,
+shall be construed to impair, or in any manner affect, the claims which
+either of the contracting parties may have to any part of the country
+westward of the Stony or Rocky Mountains."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT C</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay Company and North-West
+Company; and grant to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838 to trade in
+the Oregon Country.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A great enmity arose between the Hudson's Bay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> Company and the
+North-West Company. In 1815 a regular war broke out between the two
+companies, which was, for some time after, openly carried on. In 1821 a
+compromise was effected, by which the North-West Company became united
+with, or rather merged, in the Hudson's Bay Company. In connection with
+this merger the British Parliament July 2, 1821, passed an act entitled,
+"An act for regulating the fur trade and establishing a criminal and
+civil jurisdiction in certain parts of North America," containing every
+provision required to give stability to the Hudson's Bay Company, and
+efficiency to its operation. Under this act of Parliament, the King was
+authorized to make grants or give licenses for the exclusive privilege
+of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North America, not
+being parts of the territories previously granted to the Hudson's Bay
+Company, or of any of His Majesty's provinces in North America, or of
+any territories belonging to the United States of America; "provided,
+however, that no such grant or license shall be given for a longer
+period than twenty-one years; that no grant or license for exclusive
+trade, in the part of America west of the Rocky mountains, which, by the
+convention of 1818 with the United States, remained free and open to the
+subjects or citizens of both nations, shall be used to the prejudice or
+exclusion of citizens of the United States engaged in such trade; and
+that no British subject shall trade in those territories west of the
+Rocky mountains without such license or grant."</p>
+
+<p>December 21, 1821, the King of England<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> granted a license for twenty-one
+years, to the Hudson's Bay Company and to W. McGillivray, S.
+McGillivray, and E. Ellice (representing the North-West Company) "the
+exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians, in all such parts of
+North America, to the northward and westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power." Said grant also provided: "And we
+do hereby declare that nothing in this our grant contained shall be
+deemed or construed to authorize the said Governor and Company, or W.
+McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, or any person in their
+employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+north-west coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any citizen of the United States of
+America, who may be engaged in the said trade: Provided always, that no
+British subjects other than and except the said Governor and Company,
+and the said W. McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, and the
+persons authorized to carry on exclusive trade by them on grant, shall
+trade with the Indians within such limits, during the period of this our
+grant." Under this license, the parties to whom it was granted continued
+their operations until 1824, when the claims of the North-West Company
+were extinguished by mutual consent; the Hudson's Bay Company then
+became the sole possessor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> of the privileges conceded, which were
+enjoyed by that body until the expiration of the grant. Previous to that
+period, 1838, a new grant was made to the Company, entitled, "Crown
+Grant to the Hudson's Bay Company of the Exclusive Trade with the
+Indians in certain parts of North America, for a term of twenty-one
+Years, and upon Surrender of a former Grant."</p>
+
+<p>Said grant of 1838 provided: "We do hereby grant and give our license,
+under the hand and seal of one of our principal secretaries of state, to
+the said Governor and Company, and their successors, for the exclusive
+privilege of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North
+America, to the northward and to the westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power, but subject, nevertheless, as
+hereinafter mentioned: And we do, by these presents, give, grant, and
+secure, to the said Governor and Company, and their successors, the sole
+and exclusive privilege, for the full period of twenty-one years from
+the date of this our grant, of trading with the Indians in all such
+parts of North America as aforesaid (except as hereinafter mentioned)."
+Said grant of 1838 also provided: "But we do hereby declare that nothing
+in this our grant contained shall be deemed or construed to authorize
+the said Governor and Company, or their successors, or any persons in
+their employ, to claim or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+northwest coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any of the subjects of any foreign states,
+who, under or by force of any convention for the time being, between us
+and such foreign states, respectively, may be entitled to, and shall be
+engaged in, the said trade."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT D</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev. Jason Lee.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following excerpts are taken from the manuscript journal of Rev.
+Jason Lee, all of which is in his handwriting. This original journal is
+now in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society.</p>
+
+<p>"Vancouver, Teus[day], Sept. 16, 1834.&mdash;&mdash;Arrived at Fort Vancouver 3
+o'clock found the Governor and other Gentlemen connected with the Fort
+on shore waiting our arrival and conducted us to the Fort and gave us
+food which was very acceptable as we had eaten our last for breakfast.
+We received every attention from these Gentlemen. Our baggage was
+brought and put into a spacious room without consulting us and the room
+assigned for our use and we had the pleasure of sleeping again within
+the walls of a house after a long and fatiguing journey replete with
+menacies, deprivations, toil and prosperity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>"I have been much delighted today in viewing the improvements of the
+farm, &amp;c. The dinner was as good and served in as good stile as in any
+gentleman's house in the east. Fine mus[k] &amp; water melons and apples
+were set before us which were indeed a luxury after the dry living we
+have had for some time. After dinner took a turn in the Garden and was
+astonished to find it in such a high state of cultivation. The orchard
+is young but the quantity of the fruit is so great that many of the
+branches would break if they were not prevented by props.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. McLoughlin the Governor of the Fort seems pleased that Missionaries
+have come to the country and freely offers us any assistance that it is
+in his power to render. It is his decided opinion that we should
+commence somewhere in this vicinity. O Lord do thou direct us in the
+choice of a location. This evening received the joyful inteligence that
+Capt. Wyeth's Brig was in sight. It is a matter of joy because the last
+we heard it was on a sand-bar some 70 mi. below and we found we should
+be obliged to go down for our goods. Is not the hand of Providence in
+all this? Would to God that I could praise him as I ought for his
+gracious dealings with us. It is now past 11 o'clock and I must commend
+myself to divine care and retire.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday Sep. 19, 1834.&mdash;&mdash;Daniel and myself are now on the bank of the
+Willamette River a little distance from Mr. McKay's place. Wednesday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
+expected that the Brig would come up to Vancouver and we should receive
+our goods there but the want of wind prevented her coming up. Went on
+board just at night and ascertained that we could not get them until the
+cargo was taken out. Slept on board and walked to the Fort 3 mi. in the
+morning and commenced preparations for a trip up the Willamette. Dr. Mc.
+made all the necessary preparations of men, boat, food, &amp;c. and we were
+off about 4 o'clock. Camped upon the sand. Started early this morning
+and came to the mouth of the W. [Willamette] and found the Brig there.
+Took breakfast on board. Waited while Capt's Lambert, Wyeth &amp; Thing
+explored the vicinity in search of a place to suit their business but
+the[y] could find none to please them. Left them with the expectation
+that they will unload some of their goods and arms at or near the place
+where they now are. Arrived 1/2 past 1 o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>After an exploring trip up the Willamette River, which is described in
+his journal, Jason Lee sets forth: "Sat. 27 [Sept.]. Arrived at the Fort
+g. h. found our brethern well.</p>
+
+<p>"After mature deliberation on the subject of our location and earnest
+prayer for divine direction I have nearly concluded to go to the W.
+[Willamette]."</p>
+
+<p>"Sun. 28 Sep. 1834.&mdash;A. M. Assayed to preach to a mixed congregation
+English French scotch Irish Indians Americans Half Breeds Japanese &amp;c.
+some of whom did not understand 5 words of english. Found it extremely
+difficult to collect my thoughts or find language to express them but
+am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> thankful that I have been permited to plead the cause of God on this
+side the Ry. Mountains where the banners of Christ were never before
+unfurled. Great God grant that it may not be in vain but may some fruit
+appear even from this feeble attempt to labour for Thee.</p>
+
+<p>"Evening Preached again but with as little liberty as in the morning,
+but still I find it is good to worship God in the public congregation."</p>
+
+<p>"Mon. Sep. 29, 1834. This morning began to make preparations in good
+earnest for our departure to the W. [Willamette] and after dinner
+embarked in one of the Company's boats kindly maned for us by Dr.
+McLoughlin who has treated us with the utmost politeness, attention and
+liberality. The Gentlemen of the Fort accompanied us to the boat and
+most heartily wished us great success in our enterprise. Arrived at the
+lower mouth of the W. where Capt. Wyeth's Brig is late in the evening."...</p>
+
+<p>"Wednes[day] Sep. 31, 1834. This morning put Br's D. Lee &amp; Edwards on
+shore to go to Mr. MKay's place to get horses and we pursued our course
+up the river. Met Capt. Wyeth on his return from his farm and shall not
+see him again til summer. Camped on a small prairie about 9 mi. from the
+Falls and found here the men which the Dr. had sent with the cattle he
+has lent us 8 oxen 8 cows &amp; 8 calves."</p>
+
+<p>After November 9, 1834, there is no entry in this journal until August
+18, 1837, where there is an entry by Jason Lee, saying that he has not
+kept up his journal. There is no further entry until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> July 28, 1838,
+which was written at North Fork, Platte River, when he was on his first
+trip to the eastern states. He says in his journal that on February 16,
+1838: "The 16 Feb. [1838] I set out for Umpqua, and after 23 days, of
+toil and hard-ship reached home in safety, and after a few days rest
+found myself rather better for the trip. This was encouraging,
+considering the difficulties encountered such as being drenched in rain
+many times, fording creeks high enough to wet our feet, sleeping in wet
+clothes, and blankets, very bad roads and sometimes hard marching, &amp;c.
+The subject of the necessity of some one of the Mission Family visiting
+the U. S. had been agitated during the winter, and it was at length
+decided by a majority that it was expedient for <i>me</i> to go. Previous to
+leaving for Umpqua, I had written Dr. McLoughlin, requesting a passage,
+in the companies Boats, with himself by the Hudson Bay route. This I
+greatly preferred to the route I came, as less fatiguing, less
+dangerous, better calculated to restore my debilitated system, and much
+more likely to afford new, interesting and useful information. The
+answer was near when I left, and was to be brought me by a man, who was
+to overtake us the second day, but by mistake he sent it to my house,
+hence I did not get it till my return. The Dr. could not grant my
+request, and expressed himself 'doubly mortified;' because he could not
+do me the favour, and should also be deprived of my company." The
+remainder of the journal is taken up with the account by Jason Lee of
+his trip East. March 26, 1838, there is an entry that he left the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>
+Mission House on the Willamette for the United States. March 28 he
+arrived at Fort Vancouver. On April 4 he left Fort Vancouver in company
+with a Hudson's Bay Company's party bound for the Rocky Mountains. The
+rest of the journal is taken up with his trip Eastward. The last entry
+in his journal says that on July 17, 1838, he was at Sweet Water River.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT E</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Rev. Jason Lee's visit to the Eastern States in 1838; and his Report to
+the Missionary Board at New York in 1844.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On arriving in the Eastern States in 1838 Rev. Jason Lee seems to have
+become imbued with the zeal and fervor of an evangelist in regard to
+christianizing the Oregon Indians, and the necessity of more
+missionaries in Oregon. Rev. Dr. Hines in his <i>Missionary History of the
+Pacific Northwest</i>, p. 194, says: "Mr. Lee devoted the winter of 1838
+and the summer of 1839 to traveling and delivering missionary addresses
+in the cities and larger towns of the Atlantic states. He was
+accompanied in his journeys by the two Indian boys, Wm. Brooks and
+Thomas Adams, brought with him from his missionary school in Oregon,
+whose presence and intelligent speeches added greatly to the popular
+enthusiasm. Lee's appeals were irresistible. The fire of his zeal caught
+on the altars of the church everywhere. Oregon and the Oregon Mission
+fired the heart of the church as no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> mission ever did before. The age of
+apostolic fervor seemed to have returned, and Lee was in the eye of the
+church like the great Apostle to the Gentiles building on no other man's
+foundation. The thought of distant wilds, where uncounted red men waited
+and longed for deliverance from the darkness of heathenism that had
+wrapped all their race for all these ages became an ever present vision
+to the church of the United States." In this <i>History</i>, p. 195, Dr.
+Hines also says: "Poverty donated its little; wealth gave its 'gold,
+frankincense, and myrrh.'... The culture of Boston responded; the pride
+of New York cast its jewels into the treasury. The staid sobriety of
+Philadelphia wept and shouted and gave. Baltimore out-did the renown of
+her ancient missionary fame. Lee, erst the lumberman of Canada, later
+the pioneer missionary, who had dipped his banner in the spray of the
+Pacific was the hero of the hour." But in his oral report to the
+Missionary Board in July, 1844, after quoting the following from the
+letter of a complaining fellow missionary who went to Oregon on the
+Lausanne: "And indeed they [the Indians] have no life or energy and are
+a melancholy, doomed race," Jason Lee said: "I think this is in part
+true, the Indians on the Willamette will become, as a distinct race,
+extinct. But I think there will be more Indian blood through
+amalgamation, running in the veins of white men a hundred years hence,
+than would have been running in the veins of the Indians, if they had
+been left to themselves."</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee made an oral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> report to the Missionary
+Board in New York. This report was not reduced to writing in full but a
+brief statement of it was made. A copy of this report, as reduced to
+writing, corrected by, and in Jason Lee's handwriting, is in the
+possession of the Oregon Historical Society. The principal serious
+charges made against Jason Lee, and which caused his summary removal as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission, had been made secretly,
+and without notice to him, by members of the Oregon Mission. Lee
+answered these charges in detail, occasionally with some indignation.
+These charges against Jason Lee were: using the Mission's funds for
+speculation for his own use; misuse of Mission funds; and failure to
+report concerning the property of the Mission.</p>
+
+<p>In this report Jason Lee said of certain Methodist missionaries:</p>
+
+<p>"In one of Bro. Abernethy's letters, he tells you that the
+Superintendent [Jason Lee] refused to send the report of the state of
+the property home. There is some error in this. I cannot, I will not,
+believe that A. intended to charge me with opposing the sending of that
+report.</p>
+
+<p>"Before I had left Oregon I was aware that Bro. Hines had written to the
+Board. He had read part of his communication to some persons, who had
+hinted to me about it. He started from Oregon with me, and I was in
+hopes we should have met face to face before this Board. He returned,
+however, from the Sandwich Islands to Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>"Bro. Kone complains of my treatment of him, and professes to know my
+secret reasons for wishing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> to keep all in the field. I never had any
+<i>secret</i> reasons.... Bro. Kone by his injudicious remarks caused great
+excitement among the laymen, and made much difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>"He considered Dr. Richmond his enemy because he had so declared
+himself, and sent word to him [Mr. Lee] that he was his antagonist. And
+he hoped as they had heard his enemy they would hear him.</p>
+
+<p>"Of Bro. Frost I cannot say much. He has made no thorough effort to
+bring sinners to God. I mean such an effort as would render it probable
+that these Indians could not be benefited by the Gospel."</p>
+
+<p>In this report Jason Lee also spoke of some other Methodist missionaries
+who had made charges against him, without giving their names.</p>
+
+<p>As the Board seems to have exonerated Jason Lee from all charges, it
+must have found that these charges made in Oregon were untrue, or
+unfounded, or not justified. Exonerating Jason Lee was, in effect,
+condemning those persons who made the charges, and finding that their
+charges were false. In this report Rev. Jason Lee also said: "When the
+Board sent out its last large reinforcement, its object in my view and I
+believe in theirs was that Methodism should spread throughout Oregon;
+for what purpose else, I ask, did so large a number of laymen go out? If
+it was only to form one or two stations, it appears to me that both the
+Board and myself as their agent must have taken leave of our senses. If
+my associates had stood firm to their post, and persevered willingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> in
+the work consigned them, I have not a doubt but far more favorable
+accounts would have reached you from that distant country. The plans I
+assert were well formed and had I been sustained the object would have
+been accomplished. A great mistake was made in selecting some of those
+who were sent out. I allude not to the number but the qualifications of
+certain individuals. I forewarned the Oregon Committee that if the
+persons who applied for situations were not examined by a proper
+committee the plan would fail. Such proved to be the case. As proof I
+aver that we had not reached our first stopping place in South America,
+before some desired to return to the United States, and even after
+touching at the S. [Sandwich] Islands before we had reached Oregon one
+wanted to return and secure the Chaplaincy at the Islands. I have had
+much to contend with, and I regret that men of more steadfast minds had
+not been chosen. Such persons do more injury to a distant Mission than
+they do good, and no one knows the difficulties I have had to pass
+through."</p>
+
+<p>In this report Rev. Jason Lee said further: "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a
+Catholic. Previous to the Priests going there, I was his intimate
+friend,&mdash;his confidant. Such was my influence with the Canadian part of
+the settlement, that they would have been pleased to give me their
+church and have no Priest come. Since my return I have not time to
+instruct their children as we used to do, and the Priests have taken
+them."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT F</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.,
+published in Philadelphia in 1845.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Commander Charles Wilkes of the United States Navy, (afterwards
+Commodore) had charge of an exploring expedition during the years
+1838-1842, which came to the Oregon Country in 1841. His squadron
+consisted of six vessels, which arrived at Puget Sound in 1841. He left
+his ships at Puget Sound and came overland to Vancouver in May, 1841. In
+his narrative of his exploring expedition, published in 1845, Wilkes
+says, (vol. IV, p. 327): "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a tall fine-looking
+person, of a very robust frame, with a frank, manly, open countenance,
+and a florid complexion; his hair is perfectly white. He gave us that
+kind reception we had been led to expect from his well known
+hospitality. He is of Scotch parentage, but by birth, a Canadian,
+enthusiastic in disposition, possessing great energy of character, and
+extremely well suited for the situation he occupies, which requires
+great talent and industry. He at once ordered dinner for us, and we soon
+felt ourselves at home, having comfortable rooms assigned us, and being
+treated as part of the establishment." And on page 331 he says: "The
+liberality and freedom from sectarian principles of Dr. M'Loughlin may
+be estimated from his being thus hospitable to missionaries of so many
+Protestant denominations, although he is a professed Catholic,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> and has
+a priest of the same faith officiating daily at the chapel. Religious
+toleration is allowed in its fullest extent. The dining-hall is given up
+on Sunday to the use of the ritual of the Anglican Church, and Mr.
+Douglass or a missionary reads the service.... Messrs. Griffith and
+Clarke were entirely disappointed in finding self-support here, and had
+it not been for the kindness of Dr. M'Loughlin, who took them in, they
+would have suffered much. They were advised to settle themselves on the
+Faulitz Plains, where I have understood they have since taken land, and
+succeeded in acquiring quite respectable farms."</p>
+
+<p>June 3, 1841, Wilkes left Vancouver to make an exploring trip up the
+Willamette Valley. In his account of this trip he says in his narrative,
+(vol. <small>IV</small>, pp. 343-344): "We reached the falls about noon, where we found
+the missionary station under the charge of the Rev. Mr. Waller.... There
+was a petty dispute between Mr. Waller and the [Hudson's Bay] Company,
+and he complained of them. It seems that the Company refuse to buy any
+beaver-skins, except from the hunters and trappers; and he accuses them
+of monopoly in consequence. The Company, on the other hand, say that
+they have no idea of selling goods out of their own stores, for the
+purpose of enabling others to enter into competition with them; and that
+they will spare no expense to keep the trade, as long as they can, in
+their own hands. This is certainly not unfair. I cannot help feeling it
+is quite unsuited to the life of a missionary, to be entering into trade
+of any kind. To embark in traffic must, I think,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> tend to destroy the
+usefulness of a missionary, or divert his attention from the great cause
+in which he is engaged. I am very far from attaching any blame on this
+account to the missionaries, whose avowed object is to teach the arts of
+civilization, as well as the Word of God, and I have no doubt that they
+are doing all in their power to promote the latter object; but I am
+disposed to think, that any complaints against the Hudson Bay Company
+for endeavouring to keep the trade in their own hands, comes with an ill
+grace from the members of a Mission who are daily receiving the kindest
+attentions and hospitality from its officers." In vol. <small>IV</small>, p. 351, he
+says: "The lands of the Methodist Mission are situated on the banks of
+the Willamette river, on a rich plain adjacent to fine forests of oak
+and pine. They are about eight miles beyond the Catholic Mission,
+consequently eighteen miles from Champooing, in a southern direction....
+We had the expectation of getting a sight of the Indians on whom they
+were inculcating good habits and teaching the word of God; but with the
+exception of four Indian servants, we saw none since leaving the
+Catholic Mission. On inquiring, I was informed that they had a school of
+twenty pupils, some ten miles distant, at the mill; that there were but
+few adult Indians in the neighborhood; and that their intention and
+principal hope was to establish a colony, and by their example to induce
+the white settlers to locate near those over whom they trusted to
+exercise a moral and religious influence."</p>
+
+<p>In vol. <small>IV</small>, p. 352, he says: "The next day the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> gentlemen of the Mission
+proposed a ride to what they term 'the Mill,' distant about nine miles,
+in a southeast direction.... We reached 'the Mill' by noon, which
+consists of a small grist and saw mill on the borders of an extensive
+prairie. They are both under the same roof, and are worked by a
+horizontal wheel.... From the number of persons about the premises, this
+little spot had the air and stir of a new secular settlement; and I
+understood that it is intended to be the permanent location of the
+Mission, being considered more healthy than the bank of the Willamette.
+The missionaries, as they told me, have made individual selections of
+lands to the amount of one thousand acres each, in prospect of the whole
+country falling under our laws."</p>
+
+<p>On page 355 of the same volume he says: "I am aware that the
+missionaries come out to this country to colonize, and with the
+Christian religion as their guide and law, to give the necessary
+instruction, and hold out inducements to the Indians to quit their
+wandering habits, settle, and become cultivators of the soil. This
+object has not been yet attained in any degree, as was admitted by the
+missionaries themselves; and how it is to be effected without having
+constantly around them large numbers, and without exertions and
+strenuous efforts, I am at a loss to conceive. I cannot but believe,
+that the same labour and money which have been expended here, would have
+been much more appropriately and usefully spent among the tribes about
+the Straits of Juan de Fuca, who are numerous, and fit objects for
+instruction." And on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> page 356 Commander Wilkes says: "Three years
+since, O'Neill came to the valley with only a shirt to his back, as he
+expressed it; he began by working part of this farm, and obtained the
+loan of cattle and other articles from Dr. M'Loughlin, all of which he
+has, from the natural increase of his stock and out of his crops, since
+repaid. He has bought the farm, has two hundred head of stock, horses to
+ride on, and a good suit of clothes, all earned by his own industry; and
+he says it is only necessary for him to work one month in the year to
+make a living; the rest of the time he may amuse himself. He spoke in
+the highest terms of Dr. M'Loughlin, and the generous aid he had
+afforded him in the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The Peacock, one of the vessels of the squadron, was wrecked July 18,
+1841, on a spit near Cape Disappointment on the north side of the
+entrance to the Columbia River, ever since known as Peacock Spit. The
+vessel was a total loss. Commander Wilkes says that the crew of the
+Peacock were supplied with clothing through the kindness of Dr.
+McLoughlin and the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Wilkes further
+says that "every facility has been at all times extended [by Dr.
+McLoughlin] to newcomers and settlers; it is sufficient that they are of
+good character, and the use of cattle, horses, farming utensils, and
+supplies, is invariably extended to facilitate their operations, until
+such time as they are able to provide for themselves." At the time of
+the wreck of the Peacock, there was lying at Astoria the American brig
+Thomas H. Perkins. She was under charter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> to the Hudson's Bay Company.
+Dr. McLoughlin readily agreed to surrender the charter party for a small
+consideration, if the goods he had on board were delivered at Fort
+Vancouver. This Wilkes agreed to and purchased the brig. He changed her
+name to the "Oregon." In August, 1841, the Oregon was taken to Fort
+Vancouver to be repaired and outfitted. In the meantime Wilkes proceeded
+slowly up the Columbia River in the naval gun-brig Porpoise, of two
+hundred and thirty tons, making a survey of the river. The Porpoise
+arrived at Fort Vancouver August 28, and remained there until September
+14, 1841. The expedition was treated with kindness and courtesy while at
+Fort Vancouver.</p>
+
+<p>Fresh beef seems to have been scarce even in 1841. Wilkes in his
+narrative says that on September 27, 1841, the Porpoise was at Puget's
+Island, near Cathlamet. Here he was joined by Michel La Framboise, in
+the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, "who brought a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, which they were much in need of." On leaving the
+Columbia River, Wilkes addressed a letter from Baker's Bay, dated
+October 5, 1841, to Dr. McLoughlin and James Douglas as Chief Factors of
+the Hudson's Bay Company, giving thanks "for the important aid and
+facilities which you have afforded the Expedition on all occasions, for
+carrying out the object of our visit to this part of the world;" and
+saying, "be assured it will prove a very pleasing part of my duty to
+make a due representation of it to my government." And also saying:
+"Your personal kindness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> and friendly attention to myself and officers,
+from our first arrival, and also to Captain Hudson and his officers
+after the wreck of the Peacock, have laid me under many obligations
+which I trust it may be at some future day in our power to return."
+(Vol. <small>V</small>, p. 147).</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT G</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V. Holman of October 27, 1905.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Since I delivered my address on McLoughlin Day, I have received the
+following letter. The persons referred to are probably a small party,
+who came to Oregon prior to 1840. There were several small parties of
+immigrants to Oregon, who came prior to 1842. Robert Shortess came
+overland in 1839 and 1840 to Oregon with one of these parties.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"Seaside, Oct. 27, 1905."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Frederick V. Holman,<br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Portland, Oregon.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir: In the Sunday <i>Oregonian</i> of the 15th of this month
+I see an interesting account of Dr. McLoughlin, but one act of
+his that showed his human kindness, I have never seen in print.
+This a man by the name of Marechell told me. He was an old
+Hudson's Bay man who died here in his eighty-sixth year. He
+could not recollect the exact year, but it was a year or two
+after Wyeth came, the emigrants got lost in the head waters of
+Snake River, and would have all perished but the Indians
+brought word from one tribe to another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> about them being there,
+until it reached Fort Vancouver. When the Doctor heard it, he
+rushed around like one wild and called, 'Where is Marechell!
+Where is La Framboise.' He started them with a lot of
+provisions in their canoes, with some others to help to the
+Cascades, there to pack them over, then get them in their
+canoes again, take them to The Dalles, and there they got
+ponies to pack them on their journey to the emigrants, a weary
+trip. And after some two weeks' trip, they found the emigrants
+encamped in a small valley, there still to live a short time
+and then starve to death. He said if ever it tried a man's
+soul, then it did his. The poor women came running to him, fell
+on their knees, hugging them and crying. Men crying and
+blessing them and the Doctor for sending them. I often think if
+there is an upper seat around the throne of God, that the
+Doctor and some of those men that were so kind to others, are
+there now.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"This man Marechell came with the Hudson's Bay Company, when he
+was 12 years of age, with his father. As near as he could tell
+he was about 22 years of age when he took the trip to find the
+emigrants.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I came to the Coast in early '52; to Oregon in '58; to Astoria
+in '63, and to Seaside soon after. So I knew Marechell well,
+and did see La Framboise a number of times. So what Marechell
+told me I believe is true.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Beg pardon if this intrudes on your time and patience.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 24em;">"Respectfully,</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 26em;">"<span class="smcap">Henry Brallier</span>,</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 28em;">"Seaside, Oregon."</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT H</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's "History of Oregon" relating
+to Shortess Petition; and excerpt from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+Congress, December 26, 1850, as to author of Shortess Petition.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled:</p>
+
+<p>"We, the undersigned, settlers south of the Columbia river, beg leave
+respectfully to represent to your honorable body:</p>
+
+<p>"As has been before represented to your honorable body, we consider
+ourselves citizens of the United States, and acknowledge the right of
+the United States to extend its jurisdiction over us; and the object of
+the present memorial is to ask that the protection of the United States
+Government may be extended to us as soon as possible. Hitherto, our
+numbers have been small, and the few difficulties that arose in the
+settlement were speedily and satisfactorily settled. But as our
+settlement increases in numbers, so our difficulties increase in number
+and importance; and unless we can have laws to govern us that will be
+respected and obeyed, our situation will be a deplorable one. Where the
+highest court of appeal is the rifle, safety in life and property cannot
+be depended on.</p>
+
+<p>"The state of the country, its climate, resources, soil, productions,
+&amp;c., has already been laid before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> your honorable body, in Captain
+Wyeth's memoir and in former memorials from the inhabitants of this
+place.</p>
+
+<p>"Laws are made to protect the weak against the mighty; and we feel the
+necessity of them in the steps that are constantly taken by the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company, in their opposition to the improvement and
+enterprise of American citizens. You have been apprized already of their
+opposition to Captains Wyeth, Bonneville, and others; and we find that
+the same spirit dwells with them at the present day. Some years ago,
+when the Hudson Bay Company owned all the cattle in Oregon, they would
+not sell on any conditions; but they would lend their cows to the
+settler&mdash;he returning to the company the cows loaned, with all the
+increase; and, in case of the death of a cow, he then had the privilege
+of paying for it. But, after the settlers, at great risk and expense,
+went to California, and purchased cattle for themselves, and there was a
+fair prospect of the settlement being supplied, then the Hudson Bay
+Company were willing to sell, and at lower rates than the settler could
+sell.</p>
+
+<p>"In the year 1841, feeling the necessity of having mills erected that
+could supply the settlement with flour and lumber, a number of the
+inhabitants formed themselves into a joint stock company, for the
+purpose of supplying the growing wants of the community. [Many of the
+farmers were obliged to leave their farms on the Willamette, and go six
+miles above Vancouver, on the Columbia River&mdash;making the whole distance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>
+about sixty miles&mdash;to get their wheat ground, at a great loss of time
+and expense.] The company was formed, and proceeded to select a site.
+They selected an island at the falls of the Willamette, and concluded to
+commence their operations. After commencing, they are informed by Dr.
+McLoughlin, who is at the head of the Hudson Bay Company's affairs west
+of the Rocky Mountains, that the island is his, and that he (although a
+chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company) claims all the lands at the east
+side of the Willamette, embracing the falls down to the Klakamus river,
+a distance of about two miles. He had no idea, we presume, that the
+company would succeed. However, he erected a shed on the island, after
+the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then gave them
+permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the paper he
+wrote them, containing his conditions; but did not obligate themselves
+to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his claim just or
+reasonable.</p>
+
+<p>"Many projects had been started by the inhabitants, but, for want of
+means and encouragement, failed. This fate was predicted for the Milling
+Company. But, after much labor and difficulty, they succeeded in getting
+a saw mill erected, and ready to run; and entered into a contract to
+have a grist mill erected forthwith. And now, as they have succeeded,
+where is the Hudson Bay Company? Dr. McLoughlin employs hands to get out
+a frame for a saw mill, and erect it at the Willamette falls; and we
+find, as soon as the frame is up, the gearing which has been made at
+Vancouver is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> brought up in boats; and that which caused a feeble
+company of American citizens months of toil and embarrassment is
+accomplished by the chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company in a few
+weeks; (he has men and means); and it is said by him, that in two weeks
+his mill will be sawing. And what will be the consequences? Why, if the
+Milling Company sell for $15 per thousand, he can sell for $12; if they
+reduce the price to $10, he can come to $8, or $5, or $2 per thousand.
+He says he will have a grist mill started as soon as he gets the saw
+mill in operation.</p>
+
+<p>"All the wheat raised in Oregon they are anxious to get, as they ship it
+to the Russians on the Northwest coast. In the first place, they
+measured the wheat in a half bushel, called by them imperial measure,
+much larger than the standard measure of the United States; this not
+answering, they next proceeded to kick the half bushel with the foot, to
+settle the wheat; then they brought up a measure larger than the former
+one; and now they fill this measure, then strike it three times with a
+stout club, and then fill it up, and call it fair measure. Against such
+proceedings we need law that will be respected and obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>"About twelve or fourteen years ago the Hudson Bay Company blasted a
+canal a few feet to conduct water to a mill they were going to build,
+the timber for which is now lying at the falls rotting. They, however,
+abandoned the thing altogether, and built their mills on the Columbia,
+about six miles above Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>"In the year 1838, agreeably to orders left by Mr. Slacum, a house was
+erected at the falls, to secure the claim for him.</p>
+
+<p>"In 1840, the Methodist mission erected buildings at the falls, and
+stationed two families there, and made a claim to sufficient land for
+their buildings, not interfering with any others who might wish to
+build. A short time previous to this, Dr. McLoughlin had a storehouse
+erected for the company, not occupied, however, further than to store
+wheat and other articles in, and as a trading house during the salmon
+season.</p>
+
+<p>"After this, in 1841, a shantee was erected, and a man kept at the
+falls, whose business it was to trade with the Indians for furs and
+salmon, and look out for the Doctor's claim, he said, and to forbid
+persons building at the falls, as some had built, and others were about
+building. This man was, and still is, a servant of the Hudson Bay
+Company.</p>
+
+<p>"During the years 1841 and 1842, several families settled at the falls,
+when Dr. McLoughlin, who still resides at Fort Vancouver, comes on the
+ground, and says the land is his, and any person building without his
+permission is held as a trespasser. Without reference to any person's
+right or claim, he employs a surveyor to lay out the plat; and as a bill
+was before the Senate of the United States to grant to every white male
+inhabitant a mile square, he has a mile run out to suit his views, and
+lays out a town plat at the falls, and calls it Oregon City. And
+although some, for peace sake, asked him for the lots they had already
+in possession,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> and which he appeared very willing to grant, the Doctor
+now felt himself secure, and posted up the annexed paper, (marked A)
+which is the original; and all who had lots were required to pay Mr.
+Hastings five dollars for a deed of land which they knew very well the
+grantor did not own, and which we hope he never will own, but that
+Congress will pass a special act granting to each man his lot and
+improvements. Those that applied received (if they had a house on the
+lot) a deed, a copy of which is annexed, (marked B); if they had no
+house, a bond was given for five dollars, a copy of which is annexed,
+(marked C). To those that applied and paid their five dollars, all was
+right with the Doctor; while those who considered his title to the land
+not good, and that therefore he had no right to direct who should build
+and who should not, had their lots sold to others. In one case the
+purchaser came to the original claimant, and ordered him to stop digging
+the ground which he was preparing for a garden, and commanded him to
+remove his fences, as he had Dr. McLoughlin's bond in his pocket for the
+lots; and if he did not move his fence he would, and take forcible
+possession. Those who desired to have no difficulty, and did not apply
+for a deed, have lost their lots, the Doctor's promise, and all. And Mr.
+Hastings (the Doctor's agent) is now offering for sale the lots on which
+part of the mission buildings stand; and if he succeeds in finding a
+purchaser, they must either contend or lose their buildings.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. McLoughlin had held claims in other places south of the Columbia
+river&mdash;at the Tualatin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> plains and Klakamus plains he had huts erected,
+to prevent others from building; and such is the power of Dr.
+McLoughlin, that many persons are actually afraid to make their
+situation known, thinking, if he hears of it, he will stop their
+supplies. Letters were received here from Messrs. Ladd &amp; Co., of the
+Sandwich Islands, in answer to a letter written by the late Mr. Ewing
+Young, for a few supplies, that orders were received, forbidding the
+company's vessels carrying any goods for the settlers of Oregon. Every
+means will be made use of by them to break down everything that will
+draw trade to this country, or enable persons to get goods at any other
+place than their store.</p>
+
+<p>"One other item, and we are done. When any United States Government
+officers of distinction arrive, Vancouver is thrown open, and every
+facility afforded them. They were even more condescending to the
+settlers during the time the exploring squadron was in the Columbia;
+nothing was left undone to give the officers a high opinion of the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company. Our Indian agent is entirely dependent on
+them for supplies and funds to carry on his operations.</p>
+
+<p>"And now your memorialists pray your honorable body, that immediate
+action of Congress be taken in regard to this country, and good and
+wholesome laws be enacted for our Territory, as may, in your wisdom, be
+thought best for the good of the American citizens residing here.</p>
+
+<p>"And your memorialists will ever pray.</p>
+
+<p>"Robert Shortess, A. E. Wilson, William C.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> Remick, Jeffrey Brown, E. N.
+Coombs, Reuben Lewis, George Davis, V. Bennet, J. Rekener, T. J.
+Hubbard, James A. O'Neil, Jer. Horregon, William McKarty, Charles Compo,
+John Howard, his + mark, R. Williams, G. Brown, John Turner, Theodore
+Pancott, A. F. Waller, John Hofstatter, G. W. Bellamy, William Brown, A.
+Beers, J. L. Parrish, William H. Gray, A. D. Smith, J. C. Bridges, Aaron
+Cook, A. Copeland, S. W. Moss, Gustavus Hines, George W. LeBreton, J. R.
+Robb, J. L. Morrison, M. Crawford, John Anderson, James M. Bates, L. H.
+Judson, Joel Turnham, Richard H. Ekin, H. Campbell, James Force, W. H.
+Willson, Felix Hathaway, J. Lawson, Thomas J. Shadden, Joseph Gibbs, his
++ mark, S. Lewis, Jr., Charles Roy, William Brum, S. Davis, Joseph
+Yatten, Daniel Girtman, C. T. Arrendrill, A. Tonner, David Carter, J. J.
+Campbell, W. Johnson, John Edmunds, W. Hauxhurst, W. A. Pfeiffer, J.
+Holman, H. B. Brewer, William C. Sutton.</p>
+
+<p>"Willamette, Oregon Territory, March 25, 1843."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">A.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NOTICE</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Notice is hereby given to all whom it may concern, that those
+who have obtained grants of lots in Oregon City will be
+expected to call upon L. W. Hastings, my authorized agent at
+Oregon City, and obtain a bond for a deed or deeds, as the case
+may be. Those who hold claims to any lot, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> who comply with
+the above requisite on or before the first day of February
+next, will be entitled to their lot or lots; otherwise, the
+lots upon which they hold a claim will thereafter be subject to
+any disposition which the undersigned may think proper to make
+of them.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">John McLoughlin.</span>"<br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"January 18, 1843."</span><br /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 6em;">"Oregon City, March 27, 1843."</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that the within [above]
+notice of John McLoughlin was posted up in the most public
+place in this town.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">R. Shortess.</span>"<br/>
+
+<span class="smcap">A. E. Wilson.</span>"</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">B.</p>
+
+<p class="center">DEED&mdash;JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO WALTER POMEROY</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, for and in
+consideration of the sum of one dollar, to me in hand paid by
+Walter Pomeroy, of Oregon City, of the Territory aforesaid, the
+receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have this day, and do
+by these presents, remit, release, and forever quit claim, unto
+the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, all and singular the
+following piece, parcel, and lot of land, bounded and described
+as follows, to wit: commencing at the northeast corner, running
+thence southerly sixty-six (66) feet to a stake; thence
+westerly one hundred (100) feet to a stake; thence northerly
+sixty-six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> (66) feet to a stake; thence easterly one hundred
+(100) feet to a stake at the place of beginning&mdash;being lot
+number four, (4,) in block number three, (3,) in the town of
+Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, which will more fully
+appear from a reference to the map and plan of said town:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular
+the privileges and appurtenances thereunto in any wise
+appertaining or belonging, unto the said Pomeroy, his heirs,
+executors, administrators, or assigns, forever.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"And I, the said McLoughlin, for myself, do avouch and declare,
+that I am the true and proper claimant of and to the said
+premises and lot of land, and that I have in myself full power,
+good right, and sufficient authority, to remit, release, and
+quit by claim, to all and singular my right, title, interest,
+and claim, in and to said lot and premises, in manner and form
+aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"And I, the said McLoughlin, do hereby covenant and agree to
+warrant and defend the said premises, together with the
+privileges and appurtenances thereunto appertaining or
+belonging, to the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, against
+all lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, the claims of the
+Government only excepted.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In testimony whereof, I, the said McLoughlin, have hereunto
+set my hand and affixed my seal, this the 2d day of March, A.
+D. 1843.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="smcap">"John McLoughlin</span>, (L. S.)"</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Per <span class="smcap">L. W. Hastings</span>, his Agent."</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> the above is
+a true and correct copy of the original.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">R. Shortess.</span>"<br />
+"<span class="smcap">A. E. Wilson.</span>"</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">C.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BOND&mdash;JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO ALBERT E. WILSON</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, am held and firmly
+bound unto Albert E. Wilson, of Oregon City, in the Territory
+aforesaid, in the full sum of five hundred, federal money; for
+the punctual payment of which, well and truly to be made, I
+bind myself, my heirs, executors, or administrators, firmly by
+these presents.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In testimony whereof, I have hereunto, below, set my hand and
+affixed my seal, this the 26th day of December, A. D. 1842.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Now, know ye, that the condition of the above obligation is
+such, that whereas the said Wilson hath this day, and doth by
+these presents, purchase of the said McLoughlin all and
+singular the following pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of
+land, namely: lots No. four (4) and five (5) in block No. two,
+(2), in the town of Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, as
+is more fully shown by the map and plan of the said town; and
+hath, and by these presents doth, agree to build upon and
+improve each of the said lots within the term of one year from
+the date of these presents. In consideration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> of which, the
+said McLoughlin hath and doth by these presents covenant and
+agree to make to the said Wilson a good and sufficient quit
+claim deed for and to all and singular the above-mentioned
+pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of land, whenever he, the
+said Wilson, shall have complied with the above conditions on
+his part. Now, if the said McLoughlin shall well and truly
+make, or cause to be made, the said deed to the said Wilson,
+upon the said Wilson's complying on his part with the above
+condition, then and in such case the within obligation shall
+become entirely void and of no effect; otherwise, to be and
+remain of full force and virtue.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">John McLoughlin</span>, (L. S.)"</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Per <span class="smcap">L. W. Hastings</span>, his Agent."</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge the above to be a
+true and correct copy of the original.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">R. Shortess."&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+"<span class="smcap">A. E. Wilson.</span>"<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>W. H. Gray was one of the signers of the Shortess petition. In his
+<i>History of Oregon</i>, pp. 296, 297, he says, in relation to certain
+persons who did not sign the Shortess petition:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. George Abernethy declined to sign this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> petition through fear of
+injuring the Methodist Mission in its secular or business relations with
+the Hudson's Bay Company.</p>
+
+<p>"Hugh Burns would not sign it because he did not wish Congress to be
+asked to confirm his title to lots and improvements.</p>
+
+<p>"Jason Lee, though he thought it right to petition Congress for
+protection, yet on account of his position as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, and the influence of the [Hudson's Bay] Company
+against them should he sign it, thought it best not to give his name.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. I. L. Babcock refused, because, by signing he would lose his
+influence with the [Hudson's Bay] company.</p>
+
+<p>"Walter Pomeroy, ditto.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. Bailey did not wish any protection from the Congress of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>"Rev. H. K. W. Perkins was <i>ashamed</i> of the petition. 'What does
+Congress care about measuring wheat? or a contest between two milling
+companies?'</p>
+
+<p>"George Gay did not care anything about it. Congress might do as it
+pleased; he did not want its protection.</p>
+
+<p>"The people in Tualatin Plains did not have an opportunity to sign or
+refuse for want of time to circulate it in that section. The bearer of
+it, William C. Sutton, was on his way to the States across the Rocky
+Mountains."</p>
+
+<p>Thurston in his speech in Congress December 26, 1850, said, as to the
+author of the Shortess petition: "I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> whom to know is to respect, to listen to to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years residence and who would be universally believed on any subject on
+which he would presume to speak."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Thurston certainly did not refer
+to Shortess. The latter, while a man of ability and some education, was
+of an ascetic disposition, intense in his dislikes and given to sarcasm.
+He was not a popular man.</p>
+
+<p>That the Shortess petition was written by George Abernethy is shown in a
+foot-note on page 207 of volume 1, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's
+Works, where it is said that "such is the statement of Shortess made to
+Elwood Evans by letter in 1867," quoting from a manuscript history of
+Oregon written by Evans for Bancroft. Subsequently Evans wrote an
+elaborate history of Oregon and Washington, entitled "History of the
+Pacific Northwest," which was published in 1889. On page 243 of volume 1
+of this history Evans says that September 1, 1867, Shortess wrote an
+autograph letter to Evans that Shortess originally drew up notes or a
+summary of the subjects he intended to embrace in the petition. That
+Shortess requested Abernethy "to write it in proper form, which he did,
+but refused to sign it or allow it to be circulated in his handwriting,
+fearing it might injure the mission. I had it copied by A. E. Wilson. It
+was circulated and, through his assistance, sent to Washington."</p>
+
+<p>Shortess arrived in the Willamette Valley in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> April, 1840. He afterwards
+took up a land claim near Upper Astoria. He sold his claim and became a
+recluse. He died in 1877. Some time after he signed the Shortess
+petition he appears to have changed his opinions of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, and especially of the Methodist missionaries. He wrote a
+document about his trip to Oregon which he gave to Mr. William Chance.
+The latter gave this document to the Oregon Pioneer Association. It is
+published in full in the <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer
+Association for 1896, pp. 92-107. It is a very interesting document. In
+it he refers to the Methodist missionaries in terms which, at least, are
+not complimentary.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT I</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence Lovejoy and Rev. A. F.
+Waller of March 20, 1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts from letters of Rev.
+Jason Lee to Rev. A. F. Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+1844.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following is a copy of a proclamation dated December 20, 1843, and
+issued by John Ricord, as attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller. The
+original of this document in the handwriting of Ricord, and signed by
+him, pasted on cloth, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. Said original was publicly posted at Oregon City by Waller
+after Ricord left for the Hawaiian Islands.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> It shows weather stains,
+but is perfectly legible.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"<span class="smcap">To The People of Oregon.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Fellow Citizens,</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Having been Retained professionally to establish the Claim of Mr. Alvin
+F. Waller to the Tract of Land on the East Bank of the Wallammette
+River, sometimes called the Wallammette Falls Settlement and sometimes
+Oregon City, I consider it a duty to my Client and the public, to state
+briefly and concisely the several circumstances of his case, as they
+really exist, in order that his motives may not be impugned and his
+intentions misunderstood and misrepresented.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The public are already aware that my client commenced the Occupancy of
+his Farm, in the spring of A. D. 1840, when no one resided at the falls;
+and that, in the course of that Summer, he built his Home, moved his
+family into it, and cleared and fenced a good portion of the Land, from
+which, in the ensuing years A. D. 1841 &amp; 1842 he raised successive crops
+of corn, Potatoes and other vegetables usually cultivated by Farmers.
+That he remained thus occupying undisturbed, until the month of December
+A. D. 1842, about two years and six months, when Doctor McLoughlin
+caused his Farm to be surveyed, for the purpose of selling it in
+subdivisions to American Citizens. It has since been currently reported
+and quite generally believed, that my client had renounced his right in
+favor of Doctor McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict, having
+perused the letter written by Mr. Waller, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> not only contains no
+renunciation, but on the contrary, is replete with modest and firm
+assertions of his rights in the premises: offering at the same time to
+relinquish his claim, if the Doctor would comply with certain very
+reasonable and just conditions. Upon this offer, the parties had come to
+no final conclusion, until my arrival in the Colony, when Doctor
+McLoughlin attempted to employ me to establish his claim, disregarding
+the rights of all other persons&mdash;which, I declined doing. Mr. Waller
+thereupon engaged me to submit the conditions a second time to the
+Doctor, for his acceptance or rejection; which I did in the following
+words:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"1st. That your preemptive line be so run as to exclude the Island upon
+which a private Company of Citizens have already erected a Grist
+Mill&mdash;conceding to them so much water as may be necessary for the use of
+said Mill.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"2d. That Mr. Waller be secured in the ultimate Title to the two city
+Lots now in his possession and other lots not exceeding in superficial
+area five Acres, to be chosen by him from among the unsold lots of your
+present Survey.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"3d. That the Rev. Mr. Lee on behalf of the Methodist Episcopal Mission,
+be in like manner secured in the lots claimed for the use of said
+Mission. They consist of Church and Parsonage lots and are well known to
+the public.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I received a letter from Dr. McLoughlin dated 10th Novr. 1843, in
+answer to mine, in which he declines complying with the above
+Conditions, and thus puts an end to the offer of my Client to relinquish
+his right of Preemption. Under these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> circumstances Mr. Waller has now
+applied to the Supreme Court of the United States, which, under the
+Constitution has original jurisdiction of 'all cases in Law &amp; Equity,
+arising under Treaties,' to grant him a Commission for perpetuating the
+testimony of the facts in his case, <i>de bene esse</i>, in order that,
+whenever Congress shall hereafter see fit to prescribe by law the
+conditions and Considerations, he may be enabled to demand of the United
+States, a Patent; also praying the Court to grant him such other relief
+in the premises as may be consonant with Equity and good conscience.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The Legality of Mr. Waller's claim rests upon the following Grounds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"1st. He was a citizen of the United States of full age and possessed of
+a family when he first came to reside on the premises. 2d. He built a
+House upon them and moved his family into it; thus becoming in Fact and
+in Law a Householder on the land. 3d. He cleared, fenced and cultivated
+a portion of it during two years and six months, before he was disturbed
+in his actual possession. And 4th. That he is not at this moment
+continuing the cultivation of his Farm, is not his fault since it was
+wrested from him.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The Illegality of Doctor McLoughlin's Claim rests upon the following
+Grounds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"1st. He is a British Subject, owing allegiance to a Foreign Power, and
+has so continued to be ever since the Spring of A. D. 1840. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"2d. He is the Chief Officer of a Foreign Corporate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> Monopoly. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"3d. He does not now and never did reside on the land in question, but
+on the contrary, he resides and has always continued to reside on the
+North side of the Columbia River, the Section of country actually in
+dispute between the two Governments, about Twenty miles from the land
+claimed by Mr. Waller, and there he is obliged to remain, so long as he
+continues to be Chief Factor.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"4th. He is not in fact the Claimant. The Hudson's Bay Company, a
+Foreign Corporation, is in fact the Claimant while Doctor McLoughlin
+only lends his name; well knowing, that a Corporation even though it be
+an American one, can not acquire a preemption. This is evinced by the
+employment of men to be his Agents and to sell lots for him, who are at
+the same time partners in and receiving dividends and Salaries from the
+Company.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"5th. The pretentions of Doctor McLoughlin arose, if at all, two years
+and six months after the actual Settlement of Mr. Waller; and therefore
+they are in direct violation of the Treaty of A. D. 1827: Converting the
+mutual and joint occupancy into an exclusive occupancy by British
+subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"6th. The Treaty of joint occupancy [1827] does not and was never
+intended on the part of the United States, to confer any rights of
+citizenship upon Foreigners. The Power to confer such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> rights is by the
+Constitution reserved to Congress. And the right to acquire title by
+preemption is peculiar to citizens.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Those fellow citizens are the Facts and some of the Points of Law in my
+client's case. Upon the same principle contended for by Dr. McLoughlin,
+any of you may incur the risk of being ousted from your Farms in this
+Colony, by the next rich foreigner who chooses to take a fancy so to do,
+unless in the first instance, you come unanimously forward and resist
+these usurpations. It is not my client's intention to wrong any who have
+purchased Lots of the Doctor, and to guard against the injury which
+might result to individuals in this respect, I have carefully drawn up
+the Form of a Bond for a Warantee Deed, which Mr. Waller is at all times
+ready, without any further consideration, to execute to any person who
+has, in good faith, bought of the Doctor, prior to the date of this
+notice, by being applied to at his residence. Mr. Waller does not
+require one cent of money to be paid to him as a Consideration for his
+Bonds&mdash;the trouble, expense and outlays they have already incurred, with
+the desire to save all such persons harmless from pecuniary loss, is a
+good and sufficient Consideration in Law to bind him in the proposed
+penalty of One Thousand Dollars. See Comyns. Digest, Assumpsit B.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am of opinion that Mr. Waller has rights in the premises, which
+neither Doctor McLoughlin nor even Congress by any retrospective
+legislation can take away from him;&mdash;and therefore, fellow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> citizens, in
+sincere friendship, I would counsel you to lose no time in applying to
+him for your new Bonds.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">"<span class="smcap">John Ricord</span>,"</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">"Counsellor in the Supreme Court of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">the United States and Attorney</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">for Alvin F. Waller."</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Dated 20th December, 1843."</span></p>
+
+<p>The following two letters from A. L. Lovejoy to A. F. Waller and from
+Waller to Lovejoy, each dated March 20, 1844, are in reference to the
+foregoing proclamation by Ricord as attorney for Waller. These letters
+are in the handwriting of Lovejoy and Waller, respectively. The letter
+of Waller is shown by the line below Waller's signature to be a copy
+which he made and kept to show what he had written. These letters are in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. They were among
+Waller's private papers at the time of his death.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"Wallamette Falls 20 Mar. 1844."<br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"To the<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Revd. A. F. Waller&mdash;</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class ="blockquot">"I have been directed by Dr. McLoughlin to make some enquiries
+of you in relation to a letter which appears to have been
+written by yourself to him relative to his claim. Dr.
+McLoughlin observes in your notice to the People of Oregon
+words like the following:</p>
+
+<p class ="blockquot">"'It has since been currently reported and quite generally
+believed that my client had renounced his right in favor of Dr.
+McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict having perused
+the letter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> written by Mr. Waller which not only contains no
+renunciation but on the contrary is replete with modest and
+firm assertions of his rights in the premises.'</p>
+
+<p class ="blockquot">"Please have the kindness to say whether you wrote such a
+letter as there referred to and if so. As Dr. McLoughlin has
+never received anything of the kind allow him through me to
+solicit a copy thereof and much oblige.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 20em;">"I am Revd. Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">"Your humble and obt. servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">"<span class="smcap">A. Lawrence Lovejoy</span>."</span><br /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="bqright">"Willamette Falls, 20 Mar. 1844."<br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Lovejoy.<br />
+<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Dear Sir:</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The letter referred to in the Notice was one written to Rev.
+J. Lee in answer to one he wrote me. I think I have never
+written a line to Dr. McLoughlin on any subject. Mr. Lee I
+presume has the letter with him.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"I am yours truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">"<span class="smcap">A. F. Waller</span>."</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Copy of a reply to the within."</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following copy and statement of John Ricord's caveat or notice as
+attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller to Dr. McLoughlin is taken from Mrs.
+Frances Fuller Victor's volume, <i>The River of the West</i>, page 358: "'You
+will please to take notice that my client, Mr. A. F. Waller, has taken
+formal measures at Washington to substantiate his claim as a preemptor
+and actual settler upon the tract of land, sometimes called the Wallamet
+Falls settlement and sometimes Oregon City, comprising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> six hundred and
+forty acres; and being aware that, although a foreigner, you claim to
+exercise acts of ownership over said land, this notice is given to
+apprise you that all sales you may make of lots or other subdivisions of
+said farm, after the receipt hereof, will be regarded by my client, and
+by the government, as absolutely fraudulent, and will be made at your
+peril.'"</p>
+
+<p>Then followed the grounds upon which the Doctor's claim was denied.
+"First, that he was an alien; Secondly, that he was the chief of a
+foreign corporate monopoly; Thirdly, that he had not resided upon the
+land in question for a year previous; Fourthly, that he did not hold the
+land for himself but the Company; Fifthly, that his claim, if he had
+any, arose two years subsequent to Mr. Waller's settlement thereon. This
+flattering document closed with Mr. Ricord's regrets that he had 'failed
+to make an amicable compromise' of the matter between the Doctor and his
+client, and also that his 'client had been driven to the vexatious
+proceedings of the law, in order to establish his rights as an American
+citizen.'" This caveat or notice was served on Dr. McLoughlin in 1844
+prior to April 4, after Ricord left Oregon for the Sandwich Islands.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt of Rev. A. F. Waller to assert any right to, or to procure
+the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, or any part of it, at Oregon City,
+under the law relating to pre-empting lands was absurd as well as
+invalid. Under the act of Congress of September 4, 1841, then in force,
+relating to the pre-emption of public lands of the United States, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
+was necessary that the lands should be a part of the public lands of the
+United States. The Conventions of joint-occupancy were then in force and
+neither Great Britain nor the United States exercised jurisdiction over
+the lands in the Oregon Country.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to other requisites of the pre-emption law, no person could
+pre-empt more than one hundred and sixty acres, and the law required the
+intending pre-emptor "to enter with the Register of the Land-Office for
+the district in which such land lies, by legal subdivisions, any number
+of acres not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter-section of
+land," etc.</p>
+
+<p>There was no United States land district in Oregon nor any Register of
+any United States land-office. There had been no public surveys of land
+in Oregon. No lands could be legally pre-empted which had not been
+officially surveyed by authority of the United States.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the case of Lytle v. State of Arkansas, 9 <i>Howard</i> (U. S. Supreme
+Court) 314, it was held, concerning a claim to pre-emption, that "until
+sanctioned by law, it has no existence as a substantive right." In the
+case of Brown v. Coursen, 16 <i>Oregon</i>, 388, it was held that a
+pre-emption is a right derived wholly from statute and a substantial
+compliance with the statute is necessary; and the condition must exist
+which would enable the pre-emptor to acquire the land under the statute.
+In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> the case of Stark v. Starrs, 6 <i>Wallace</i> (U. S. Supreme Court) 402,
+it was held that even the act of August 14, 1848, organizing the
+Territory of Oregon, did not extend over Oregon any portion of the
+preëmption act of September 4, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>Ricord and Rev. Jason Lee sailed on the same vessel from the Columbia
+River bound to the Hawaiian Islands. They left Oregon City January 4,
+but did not cross the Columbia River bar until February 3, 1844. Ricord
+did not intend to return to Oregon. He made his home at the Hawaiian
+Islands (then called Sandwich Islands) and died there. Rev. Jason Lee
+intended merely to make a trip to the Eastern States and return to
+Oregon. He wished to see the Missionary Board in New York. He also
+wished to go to Washington to see about land matters, particularly those
+which the Methodist Mission wished to obtain the title to. When he
+arrived at Honolulu he first learned that he had been removed as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Mission, and that Rev. George Gary was on
+his way to take charge. February 28, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee sailed on a
+small schooner called the "Hoaikaika" for Mazatlan, Mexico.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> After
+his arrival at Mazatlan, Jason Lee crossed Mexico. He arrived in New
+York May 27, 1844. In June he went to Washington. On his return to New
+York he appeared before the Missionary Board for several days, beginning
+with July 1, 1844, and submitted his oral report on the Oregon Mission.</p>
+
+<p>As relating to land claims in Oregon, I make the following excerpts from
+two letters written by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> Rev. Jason Lee after leaving Oregon. The
+originals of these letters are in the possession of the Oregon
+Historical Society. The first of these letters was written on board the
+schooner Hoaikaika, March 23, 1844, to Rev. A. F. Waller. In this letter
+Jason Lee says: "I paid Mr. Ricord Two hundred and Fifty dollars for you
+and shall inclose your order to Bro. Abernethy.... What the result of
+your land claim will be, of course, I can form no better opinion than
+when I left. But I have less hopes of effecting anything for the Mission
+more than to prepare the way for something to be done at the proper
+stage, that is, whenever the Government shall be prepared to grant
+title.... I long to hear how you are getting on with Dr. &mdash;&mdash; &amp;c., and
+how the good cause is prospering. May the Lord bless all who have
+embraced his cause and keep them unto 'that day.'"</p>
+
+<p>The second of these letters is to Rev. Gustavus Hines. It is dated at
+New York July 1, 1844, and written after the return of Rev. Jason Lee
+from Washington. He wrote: "Met a favorable reception there [Washington]
+and there is every reason to expect that the land claimed will be
+cheerfully accorded to us.... Please tell Bro. Waller that his claim is
+filed in the Office of the Commissioner General of the land office. This
+will probably secure his claim, though the Supreme Court will probably
+take no action till an Oregon Bill passes." Waller, however, had
+"surrendered" all his rights in "his" (the McLoughlin) "land claim"
+April 4, 1844.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT J</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev. A. F. Waller, and Rev.
+David Leslie, of April 4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of making
+said agreement.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following agreement is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. It was among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the
+time of his death. This instrument is certified to be a true copy of the
+original by W. W. Raymond, one of the lay Methodist missionaries.
+Apparently there was but one original of this instrument, although
+executed by Dr. McLoughlin, Rev. Alvan F. Waller and Rev. David Leslie,
+and therefore a copy was made of the same and certified by Raymond for
+Waller's use.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Article of Agreement</span> made and entered into this fourth day of
+April A. D. 1844 between John McLoughlin and Alvan F. Waller
+both of Oregon City in the Territory of Oregon:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Whereas certain conflicting claims to a tract of land situated
+at the Falls of the Wallamette River on the east side of said
+River containing six [hundred] and forty acres and surveyed by
+Jesse Applegate in the month of December A. D. 1843 have
+existed between the aforesaid parties and the said parties are
+now willing and desirous to arrange all differences existing
+between them in regard to the same;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It is therefore agreed as follows: The said Alvan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> F. Waller
+agrees to surrender make over and forever abandon unto the said
+John McLoughlin his heirs administrators and assigns and in his
+favor, all claims rights and pretensions whatsoever which he
+now has within or to the said above mentioned Tract or survey
+of land or any part thereof. The said Waller further agrees to
+withdraw any proceedings which he or his attorney may have
+commenced in any of the courts of the United States touching
+the said tract or survey of land and to abstain from at any
+future time instituting any proceedings to secure to himself
+the title of the said tract or survey of land in opposition to
+the said McLoughlin or to his detriment in any way whatsoever,
+or to sell or otherwise dispose of to any person whatsoever
+other than the said McLoughlin any claim or right which he the
+said Waller may have in the same.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"And the said John McLoughlin agrees in consideration of the
+above mentioned acts and agreements on the part of the said
+Alvan F. Waller to pay to the said Waller the sum of five
+hundred dollars and further to convey to the said Waller the
+premises now occupied by him being lots number two and seven in
+Blocks number one in Oregon City in said survey&mdash;also the
+entire Blocks numbers fifty four, forty one and eighteen and
+lots one, two, three, six, seven, and eight in Block number
+eleven all included in the plot Oregon City aforesaid; and the
+said John McLoughlin further agrees to give to said Alvan F.
+Waller his Bond conditioned for a good and sufficient Warrantee
+Deed to all the above specified premises.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"And the said John McLoughlin further agrees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> to convey to
+David Leslie now acting superintendent of the Oregon Methodist
+Episcopal Mission lots three, four, five and six in Block
+number one and also lots numbers four and five in Block twenty
+eight and also the entire Block number twenty nine on the plot
+of Oregon City aforesaid; and the said John McLoughlin further
+agrees to give to the said David Leslie his Bond conditioned
+for a good and sufficient warrantee deed accordingly to all the
+above specified premises.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Signed with our names and sealed with our seals this day and
+year first above mentioned.</p>
+
+<table class="braces" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">John McLaughlin</span>"</td><td class="symb">&#9127;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="symb">&#9131;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">Alvan F. Waller</span>"</td><td class="symb">&#9128;</td><td>L. S.</td><td class="symb">&#9132;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">David Leslie</span>"</td><td class="symb">&#9129;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="symb">&#9133;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span style="margin-right:12em;">"Witnesses"</span></p>
+
+<table class="braces" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">James Douglas</span>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">Elijah White</span>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">A. L. Lovejoy</span>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"<span class="smcap">W. Gilpin</span>."</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p class="center">"True Copy of the original.</p>
+
+<p class="center">"Attest:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">W. W. Raymond.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">"Wallamette Falls July 24, 1844."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the bond, dated April 4, 1844, given by Dr. John McLoughlin to
+Rev. A. F. Waller, as provided in said Articles of Agreement of the same
+date, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. It is also
+certified to be a true copy by said W. W. Raymond. This certified copy
+was, also, among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the time of
+his death.</p>
+
+<p>Frances Fuller Victor, who had access to original<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> documents, says that
+the reasons why the agreement set forth in this Document J, came to be
+entered into are as follows: In April, 1844, Dr. Elijah White suggested
+that the differences between Dr. McLoughlin and A. F. Waller about the
+Oregon City land claim might be settled by arbitration. Dr. McLoughlin
+finally consented to this plan. The arbitrators chosen were Dr. Elijah
+White, Major Gilpin, and James Douglas, on the side of Dr. McLoughlin,
+and Revs. David Leslie and A. F. Waller on the side of Waller and the
+Methodist Mission. All the arbitrators, except Douglas, were citizens of
+the United States. Major Gilpin had attended West Point and had been an
+officer in the regular army of the United States. He came to Oregon with
+Fremont's expedition. Rev. David Leslie was then the acting
+Superintendent of the Methodist Mission.</p>
+
+<p>Waller insisted that he should receive five hundred dollars and five
+acres for himself and the Methodist Mission should receive fourteen
+lots. White and Gilpin considered this exorbitant and opposed it. They
+were finally persuaded by Douglas to agree to Waller's terms. Douglas
+said to Dr. McLoughlin, "I thought it best to give you one fever and
+have done with it. I have acceded to the terms and signed the
+papers."<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>While Dr. McLoughlin signed these agreements and executed these bonds
+and carried them out as far as he was able to, he was not pleased with
+being compelled to accede to these demands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> which he considered unjust.
+If Waller, either for himself alone or for himself and the Methodist
+Mission, were entitled to the 640 acres of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim,
+Waller and it should have insisted on having the whole claim. The
+proposition of Waller to accept $500 and five acres of land and for Dr.
+McLoughlin to give the Mission fourteen lots shows that in the minds of
+Waller and the Mission his and its claims were, to say the least, very
+dubious ones. Dr. McLoughlin could but consider that he had been forced
+to comply with these demands, not as a question of right, but as a
+question of expediency and to get rid of these false claims.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT K</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Statement of the career in Oregon of Judge W. P. Bryant.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I have been unable to learn much about Judge W. P. Bryant, except his
+actions in connection with Abernethy Island and against Dr. McLoughlin.
+To his <i>Biennial Report</i> of 1899 (page 190) Hon. H. R. Kincaid, as
+Secretary of State for Oregon, added an Appendix giving short
+biographies of the Chief Justices of Oregon and of other Oregon
+officials. Of Judge Bryant the Secretary of State said only: "There are
+no official records in the Department of State to show when Mr. Bryant
+assumed the duties of his office nor for what period he served. The
+decisions of the Supreme Court at the time when he served were not
+reported. Mr. Bryant was appointed by the President<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> from some eastern
+state and only served here a short time when he again returned east."</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>History of Oregon</i> in Bancroft's Works, it is said: That Judge
+Bryant's home was in Indiana; that he was appointed Chief Justice of
+Oregon in August, 1848, and arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849; that he
+resigned as Chief Justice January 1, 1851, having spent but five months
+in Oregon; that upon his resignation he returned to Indiana, where he
+soon died.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT L</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+Thursday, September 12, 1850.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Editor:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In the Congressional Globe of May 30th, 1850, is the following language
+of Mr. Thurston, the Delegate from Oregon, to which I wish to invite the
+attention of the public.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"'And as to the humbug about the Hudson's Bay Company, mentioned by the
+gentleman from Missouri [Mr. Bowlin], I have to say that I know of no
+humbug about it; this Company has been warring against our Government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been the chief fugleman, first
+to cheat our Government, out of the whole country, and next to prevent
+its settlement. He has driven men from their claims, and from the
+country, to stifle its efforts at settlement. In 1845 he sent an express
+to Fort Hall, eight hundred miles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> to warn the emigrants, if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would all be cut off; they
+went and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living; he fought the battles of the country, yet, by one act of
+treason, forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this Bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country, because
+more Jesuitical.'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on trade under the treaty of joint occupation of the
+country&mdash;even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity. The government and policy of the Company were
+such as to render traveling safe, and the Indians were friendly to
+whites. When the Hudson's Bay Company first began to trade with these
+Indians they were so hostile to the whites that they had to mount guard
+day and night at the establishment, have sentinels at the gates to
+prevent any Indian entering, unless to trade, and when they entered, to
+take their arms from them. The Columbia could not be traveled in parties
+of less than sixty well armed men; but, by the management of the
+Company, they were brought to that friendly disposition that <i>two</i> men,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
+for several years back, can travel in <i>safety</i> between this and Fort
+Hall.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Thurston is pleased to describe me as 'chief fugleman to the
+Hudson's Bay Company.' This is a term which he probably gathered from
+the vocabulary in which he found the word 'gumption,' with which he
+recently garnished another dish, and which he seems to have prepared for
+appetites similar to his own. By the use of this, and such like epithets
+it will at once be seen that he has a field of literature which he is
+likely to occupy without a rival, and the exclusive possession of which
+no one will deny him. Neither my principles nor my tastes lead me in
+that direction. But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the Hudson's Bay
+Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole country, and
+next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my head is very
+white with the frost of many winters, but I have never before been
+accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject&mdash;I have had for twenty
+years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's trade, in
+Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have been the
+representative of British interests in this country; but I have never
+descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and doing
+wrong to anyone. I have, on the other hand, afforded every assistance to
+all who required it, and which religion and humanity dictated; and this
+community can say if I did so or not. My language to all who spoke to me
+on the subject of politics, was that situated as we were we ought to say
+nothing about the boundary question,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> as that was an affair of the
+Government; but to live as Christians in peace and concord, and in
+acting as I did I consider that I have rendered services to the British
+and American Governments. But if I had acted differently, the Government
+would have had difficulties, and this community would perhaps not have
+enjoyed the peace it has, nor be in so prosperous a condition as it is,
+and certainly there is not a man in it who will say that I have sought
+to prevent its settlement. There are, in this Valley, very many persons,
+and especially among the earliest immigrants, of the first years of the
+settlement of the country, who are sufficiently honest to admit that the
+country could never have been colonized as easily as it was, but for the
+timely, ample, and continuous assistance rendered by me, to them, with
+the means of the Hudson's Bay Company under my charge. Provisions were
+sent to meet the immigrants&mdash;boats were dispatched to convey them down
+the Columbia,&mdash;when arrived on their claims, cattle were loaned
+them&mdash;they were supplied with clothing, food, farming utensils, and
+wheat for seed. Very many of these men honorably paid, as soon as they
+could; others, though able to pay, and though their notes have been
+standing for many years, testify their sense of the number and magnitude
+of my favors by signing a <i>secret</i> Memorial to the Congress of the
+United States, to take from me my property, and to leave me in the
+decline of life, and in the decrepitude of old age, to the companionship
+of adders, who&mdash;when they were benumbed with frost, I gathered from the
+hedges and warmed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> into life, to feel, when alas! too late, the stings
+of their ingratitude.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"For additional proof, in repelling these calumnies, I could refer to
+many sources: Wilkes' Journal, Fremont's Narrative, to American
+travelers and writers, and to letters from many and many an immigrant to
+this country, and now residents in this valley, stating to their friends
+in the States the kindness I had shewn them, and who, I am sure, would
+acknowledge it, and are as much surprised at the charge brought against
+me as I am myself. But, moreover, it is well known that the fact of my
+having aided in the settlement of this country has been a subject of
+serious complaints, and grave charges made against me, by subjects of
+Her Britannic Majesty, during the pending of the boundary question&mdash;who
+seem to have been imbued with the same kind disposition toward their
+fellow men as Mr. Thurston.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston&mdash;'Keep this still till next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed&mdash;my land bill; keep dark till next mail.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"'<span class="smcap">Thurston.</span>'"</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"'June 9, 1850.'"</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In the paragraph already quoted from the Globe of June 30, Mr. Thurston
+affirms that I am a more dangerous man than Benedict Arnold was;
+because, as he states, I am more 'Jesuitical.' Webster, the celebrated
+American Lexicographer, defines Jesuitism thus: 'Cunning, deceit,
+prevarication, deceptive practices'&mdash;yet this same man, Mr. Thurston,
+who bestows epithets upon me without stint and beyond measure; who
+accuses me of being 'Jesuitical,' and who occupies the situation of a
+grave legislator, admits that his measures will not bear the light of
+truth, and he requires his friend to keep still, until he shall complete
+the perpetration of a deed of wickedness. Is this not the cunning of the
+fox? who prowls around in the darkness, that he may rob the hen-roost of
+the farmer while he is sleeping, without a suspicion of a meditated
+evil. Is not the sending of such a document, with the request written
+upon it to keep 'dark,' a deceptive practice, within the very letter and
+meaning of Webster's definition of Jesuitism? Mr. Thurston, it appears,
+was afraid of the light of facts, which he did not desire to have
+communicated to the Government at Washington, before he completed an act
+of contemplated wrong doing.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission&mdash;they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate. In 1829, I commenced making preparations at the falls of
+the Willamette, for building a sawmill. I had a party residing there
+during the winter of 1829 and 1830. This party, in my employment, and
+paid with my money, built three houses, and prepared the timber for the
+erection of a mill. Circumstances rendered the suspension of the mill
+for a while necessary. In the spring of 1830 I commenced cultivating the
+ground at the Falls. In the year 1832 I had a mill race blasted out of
+the rocks, from near the head of the island which Mr. Thurston calls
+Abernethy Island&mdash;but Mr. Thurston found it convenient to conceal from
+the United States Government that Mr. Abernethy and others purchased the
+island from F. Hathaway, who jumped the island in the first instance,
+and that Judge Bryant and Gov. Lane finally purchased whatever right Mr.
+Abernethy had acquired. The Indians having burnt in 1829 the timber
+which during that same year had been prepared for the erection of the
+mill, I had, in the summer of 1838, another house built at the Falls;
+during the same year I had squared timber prepared and hauled to the
+place at which I had originally proposed to erect a mill; the erection
+of the mill was again postponed. In 1840 the Rev. Jason Lee,
+superintendent of the Methodist Mission in Oregon, applied to me for the
+loan of some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> of the above mentioned timber, for the purpose of erecting
+a Mission building. To this request I assented, and at the same time
+sent Dr. F. W. Tolmie to point out to the Rev. Mr. Lee the spot upon
+which he might build. Up to this time, it should be observed that no
+effort had been made to interfere with my claim, and no one called in
+question my perfect right to make it. It should be borne in mind, too,
+that I commenced improving in 1829, and that the missionaries did not
+come here till 1834. To prevent, however, any future misunderstanding,
+growing out of any occupancy of sufferance, I handed Mr. Lee a letter,
+dated Vancouver, 21st July, 1840, in which I described the extent of my
+claim, as embracing 'the upper end of the Falls, across to the Clackamas
+Falls, in the Willamette, including the whole point of land <i>and the
+small Island in the falls, on which the portage is made and which I
+intend to claim when the boundary line is drawn</i>.' The words italicised
+are not so in the original. I now do this to call attention to them. Up
+to this time no one but myself claimed the island. Mr. Lee promised to
+return the timber he procured to erect the building, with the wood thus
+loaned Mr. Waller and family, who were placed in it by Mr. Lee. I gave
+Mr. Lee permission to occupy, as a mission store room, a house I had got
+erected for myself. Up to 1841 my claim to the island had never been
+interfered with; in this year Mr. Felix Hathaway put some logs on the
+island. I gave him notice of my claim, and erected a small house upon
+the island. Hathaway finally proceeded with his building. I did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> not
+forcibly eject him because I wished to preserve the peace of the
+country. In the autumn of 1842, I first heard that the Rev. Mr. Waller,
+as I was informed, set up a claim in conflict with mine, (not for the
+Mission, but in his own name.) I subsequently bought off Mr. Waller, in
+the same anxious desire to preserve the peace.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In conclusion of this part of the subject I will remark that when Mr.
+Waller requested Capt. W. K. Kilbourn, who resides in this place, to
+assist him in putting up the logs which I had loaned to Mr. Lee, Capt.
+Kilbourn said to him: 'I will not assist to build the house, if you
+intend to set up any claim here.' Mr. Waller disavowed any such
+intention.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"In 1842 I had the claim surveyed by Mr. Hudspath, and laid off some
+lots; in the fall of 1843, there being better instruments in the
+country, I had my claim surveyed by Jesse Applegate, Esq., who more
+accurately marked its streets, alleys, lots, etc., etc. When the Oregon
+Provisional Government was formed, I recorded my claim in accordance
+with the provisions of its organic laws; this record covers the island
+and the site of Oregon City. In making this record, I circumscribed the
+limits of my claim, so that instead of extending down to the Clackamas
+River, as I had made it previous to there being any government in the
+country, I made it so as to extend only about half way down. This I did
+because the Organic Law provided that no one should hold more than six
+hundred and forty acres. This I did also for the sake of peace,
+notwithstanding Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'&mdash;That I have held my claim or any part of it by violence or
+threats, no man will assert, and far less will one be found to swear so,
+who will be believed on his oath, in a court of justice. I have probably
+no other enemy than Mr. Thurston, so lost to the <i>suggestions</i> of
+conscience as to make a statement so much at variance with my whole
+character.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"He says that I have realized, up to the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000
+from the sale of lots; this is also wholly untrue. I have given away
+lots to the Methodists, Catholics, Presbyterians, Congregationalists,
+and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to
+the Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon
+Legislature. The Trustees are all Protestants, although it is well known
+I am a Roman Catholic. In short, in one way and another I have donated
+to the county, to schools, to churches, and private individuals, more
+than three hundred town lots, and I never realized in cash $20,000, from
+all the original sales I have made. He continues, 'He is still an
+Englishman, still connected with the Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses
+to file his intentions to become an American citizen.' If I was an
+Englishman, I know no reason why I should not acknowledge it; but I am a
+Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by descent. I am neither ashamed of
+my birth-place or lineage&mdash;but it has always appeared to me that a man
+who can only boast of his country has little to be proud of:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p>
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"'A wit's a feather, a chief, a rod&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">An honest man's the noblest work of God.'"</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I was a Chief Factor in the Hudson's Bay Company's service, and by the
+rules of the Company, enjoy a retired interest, as a matter of
+right.&mdash;Capt. McNeil, a native born citizen of the United States of
+America, holds the same rank as I held in the Hudson's Bay Company
+service. He never was required to become a British subject; he will be
+entitled, by the laws of the Company, to the same retired interest, no
+matter to what country he may owe allegiance.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact&mdash;he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full. In July or August, 1849, Gov. Lane
+told me Judge Bryant would speak to me in regard to my claim on the
+Island; the Judge did so and asked me to state the extent of my claim.
+To avoid mistakes and misunderstandings, to which verbal communications
+are subject, I told him I would write him, and accordingly addressed him
+the following letter:</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Oregon City</span>, 21st Aug. 1849."</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>To the Hon. W. P. Bryant</i>:<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Sir&mdash;</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I hasten to comply with your request, 'that I state the extent
+of my claim to the Island within ten days,' and I beg to refer
+you to the books of recorded land claims, kept by Theo.
+McGruder, Esq., for the extent of my claim; and I shall expect
+a transfer of the fee simple of the whole ground, with all and
+every privilege from the United States<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> of America, as soon as
+it shall meet the pleasure of my adopted government to act in
+the matter.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I have the honor to be</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"Your obedient humble servant,</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">[<i>Signed</i>]&nbsp;&nbsp; "<span class="smcap">John McLoughlin</span>."</span><br /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"This letter was handed to Judge Bryant by J. D. Holman, Esq., and it
+seems quite incomprehensible to me, how, after receiving and perusing
+this letter, Judge Bryant could corroborate (if he did so) Mr.
+Thurston's statement, that I had declined to file my intention to become
+an American citizen. I filed my intention on the 30th May. Mr. Thurston
+left this (Territory) in August, and Judge Bryant in October. Is it
+probable! nay, is it possible! in so small a place as Oregon City, where
+every little occurrence is so soon known&mdash;where the right of voting is
+so scrutinized&mdash;that I should have voted, and against Mr. Thurston, and
+that his partisans and supporters did not inform him of it, or that
+Judge Bryant did not know that I had filed my intention to become an
+American citizen? But Mr. Thurston makes another statement in which
+there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,' meaning myself,
+'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out of the claim was
+to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he and
+other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in other
+words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the Hudson's Bay
+Company.'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Thurston had just before said that I had made for myself $200,000
+from the sale of lots; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> now after having made my conservative purse
+vastly capacious finds it convenient to shrivel it up by transferring
+this cheering amount of coin to the coffers of the Hudson's Bay Company.
+I assert I never made such a statement to Mr. Thurston, and I assert
+that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that the Hudson's Bay
+Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have any interest in it
+with me.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Thurston says that on the 4th March, 1849, Governor Lane apprised
+Dr. McLoughlin and all others that no one had a right to sell or meddle
+with government lands. This is given as a reason why every man that has
+bought a lot since that time shall lose it. If by this statement
+anything more is meant than at that date the Territorial government was
+put in operation, then it is wholly untrue; but were it otherwise, what
+is the motive for the commission of such an act of injustice that
+necessarily involves in pecuniary loss half the inhabitants of this
+place, in addition to many who do not reside here? Mr. Thurston says,
+Abernethy's Island is in the middle of the river. Such a statement could
+only be made to persons unacquainted with this place, and conveys a
+wrong impression, as every one who knows the place will admit the island
+is not in the middle of the river, but separated from the main land only
+by a chasm over which there is a bridge about 100 feet long. In the dry
+season, the stream is not more than forty feet broad at the Falls, which
+separates it from the main land, and can the people of Oregon City and
+its vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> before he
+left this, that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they were,
+to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate this
+Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact, proposing
+to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Jno. McLoughlin.</span>"</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"[At the request of Dr. McLoughlin, we stepped into the Clerk's office
+and read upon a paper filed in the office that on the 30th day of May,
+1849, John McLoughlin filed his intention to become an American citizen,
+and that the said paper was duly certified to, by the then acting Clerk,
+Geo. L. Curry.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>]"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT M</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Letter by William J. Berry, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+December 26, 1850.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<span class="smcap">Forest Creek</span>, Polk Co., December 15, 1850."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"<i>Mr. Editor</i>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"Truth crush'd to earth, shall rise again:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The eternal years of God are hers;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">But error, wounded, withers with pain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And dies among his worshippers."</span><br /></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Believing that the characters of public men are public property, I
+desire, with your permission, to speak through the columns of the
+'Spectator' about some of the doings of our Delegate in Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am dissatisfied with his course in regard to the 'Oregon City Claim.'
+And now permit me to say, that I am not influenced in this matter by
+mercenary motives of any kind. I never owned any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> property in or about
+Oregon City, nor do I ever expect to; but I am influenced by motives of
+a certain kind, which are: the veneration I feel for the sacred
+principles of truth and justice,&mdash;and the mortification I feel at seeing
+these principles not only overlooked, but indignantly trampled under
+foot.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Up to the time of writing his celebrated 'letter to the members of the
+House of Representatives,' I, in common with a large portion of the
+people here, was led to admire the ability, the zeal, and industry, with
+which Mr. Thurston conducted the business of this Territory. But in that
+portion of said letter, where he speaks of the Oregon City claim, I
+think he has placed himself in the position of the old cow, who, after
+giving a fine pail of milk, kicked it all over. With the disposal of
+said claim as contemplated in the bill, I have no fault to find; but
+with the means employed by Mr. Thurston to effect that end, I do find
+most serious fault.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Some of these I will notice. Speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, he says: 'He
+still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen.'
+Now, I assert that Mr. Thurston <i>knew</i>, previous to the election, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions. I heard him say in a stump
+speech, at the City Hotel, that he expected his (the Doctor's) vote. At
+the election I happened to be one of the Judges; Dr. McLoughlin came up
+to vote; the question was asked by myself, if he had filed his
+intentions? The Clerk of the Court, George L. Curry, Esq., who was
+standing near the window,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> said that he had. He voted. Some time after
+the election, when I was holding the office of Justice of the Peace, in
+Oregon City, Mr. Thurston came to me, in company with a man whose name I
+have forgotten, having an affidavit already prepared which he wished
+sworn to, and subscribed by this man; which was done. Said affidavit
+went to state that Dr. McLoughlin had written a letter, or letters, to
+some French settlers north of the Columbia, directing them to oppose
+Thurston and vote for Lancaster, &amp;c., &amp;c. I merely mention this
+circumstance to show that Mr. Thurston knew exactly how Dr. McLoughlin
+stood. The assertion of Mr. Thurston that Dr. McLoughlin has 'worked
+diligently to break down the settlements,' is also without foundation.
+There are scores of persons in this valley of the early emigrants, who
+testify to the kindness received at the hands of Dr. McLoughlin. And
+many there are who would doubtless have perished had it not been for his
+humane attention. He helped them to descend the Columbia&mdash;fed them,
+clothed them; and now he is accused of 'working diligently to break down
+the settlements!'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I shall notice but one more of Mr. Thurston's assertions in regard to
+this claim. Mr. Thurston says: 'The Methodist Mission first took this
+claim.' Now this is an assertion which any one who knows anything about
+the history of Oregon City, knows to be utterly without foundation.&mdash;On
+the contrary the said Methodist Mission never had a right to any part of
+said claim, unless jumping constitutes right.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>"In what I have said about Dr. McLoughlin, I have not spoken from
+interested motives. I never received any favor at his hands, nor do I
+expect to. But I am ashamed of the course of our Delegate; I think it is
+unbecoming the Representative of a magnanimous people.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"What must be the feelings of Dr. McLoughlin? A man whose head is
+whitened by the frosts of perhaps eighty winters! Who, during that long
+period has been living subject to the nation under whose flag he was
+born. And who, at that advanced age declares his intention of becoming a
+citizen of our great Republic.&mdash;I say what must be his feelings? and
+what must be the feelings of all candid men&mdash;of all men of honor and
+magnanimity, who have read Mr. Thurston's letter. And yet this same
+Honorable (?) Delegate in his address to his constituents lectures us
+upon Religion and Morality.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 20em;">"Very respectfully, yours,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">Wm. J. Berry</span>."</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT N</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress, December 26,
+1850.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>December 26, 1850, Thurston attempted to answer, by a speech in
+Congress, Dr. McLoughlin's letter, published in the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>,
+September 12, 1850. It is a scurrilous speech. Most of its asserted
+statements of fact are untrue. It is too long to be set forth here in
+full. It will be found at pages 36 to 45 of the Appendix to volume 23
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> the <i>Congressional Globe</i>. The italics in this Document N are those
+appearing in the <i>Congressional Globe</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He first discussed the petition of the fifty-six persons who signed the
+petition at Oregon City, September 19, 1850, against the passage of the
+eleventh section of the Donation Land Bill, and attempted to show that
+the petition was against Dr. McLoughlin instead of being in his favor.
+This was pettifogging. Thurston set forth that he had not been in favor
+of recognizing in the bill transfers of land by Dr. McLoughlin after
+March 3, 1849, for the reason that "If such transfers were confirmed in
+general terms, up to the passage of the bill, the whole of what the
+Doctor claimed would be covered by fictitious transfers for his
+benefit." Thurston attacked J. Quinn Thornton and Aaron E. Wait, the
+attorneys of Dr. McLoughlin, and called them names too vile to be
+inserted in this address.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to Dr. McLoughlin's statement in his letter that the Hudson's
+Bay Company's business was so managed "in all respects subservient to
+the best interests of the country, and the duties of religion and
+humanity," Thurston said: "If to make the settler pay <i>with his life</i>
+the penalty of settling where they did not want him to, or to oppress
+him until he was compelled to yield; if tearing down houses over
+families' heads, and burning them up, and leaving a poor woman in the
+rain, houseless and homeless; if attempting to break down all American
+enterprises, and to prevent the settlement of the country&mdash;if, sir, to
+do all these things,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> and many more, which are hereafter proved, then is
+the quotation true. If this is their religion, then have they adorned,
+for the last ten years, the religion they profess." These charges are
+maliciously false.</p>
+
+<p>Thurston charged that Dr. McLoughlin was "for all practical purposes, as
+much in, of, and connected with the [Hudson's Bay] Company as he ever
+was ... yet he comes up here with a hypocritical face and pleads
+poverty! and says that he has picked up my people out of ditches,
+mud-puddles, from under the ice, and warmed them into life; which Wait
+and Thornton virtually testify to.... Who ever heard a Jew or a Gypsy
+making up a more pitiful face than this." Thurston further said that Dr.
+McLoughlin persuaded some of the immigrants of 1842 to go to California;
+that he provided outfits for them "and took notes, payable in
+California. And this was done for the purpose of ridding the country of
+these unwelcome visitors.... That the Doctor was determined to do all he
+could to prevent the country from finally settling up, and with this
+object in view, undertook to persuade our early settlers to leave." This
+is absolutely untrue, except the part that Dr. McLoughlin furnished said
+immigrants with outfits and took their notes payable in California. Most
+of these notes were never paid.</p>
+
+<p>Thurston then proceeds to pettifog about his injunction to keep his
+letter to Congress about the Donation Land Bill "dark till next mail."
+He had to pettifog or say it was a forgery. He said he wrote this as he
+feared the bill "never would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> pass, and I dreaded the effect the news of
+its failure, on the first day, would have on business of the
+territory.... It was to avoid the general panic that I adopted this
+course and this is why I requested to have nothing said till the time of
+trial might come."<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Thurston was compelled to admit that he knew that
+Dr. McLoughlin had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States
+prior to the election in June, 1849, but Thurston said he did not know
+that Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions to become a citizen.
+Thurston endeavored to justify himself by technicalities. He knew that
+the Circuit Courts of the Provisional Government had ceased to exist May
+13, 1849, or prior thereto. It was on that day that Governor Lane
+assigned the Territorial judges, appointed by the President, to their
+respective districts. Yet Thurston asserted that "The court, or the
+tribunal, in which Dr. McLoughlin took his oaths was not such a court as
+the law requires, but was a creature of the Provisional Government." He
+asserted that George L. Curry, the Clerk of the court, before whom Dr.
+McLoughlin took the oath of allegiance and filed his intentions to
+become an American citizen, did it in his capacity as a clerk of a court
+of the Provisional Government (which was no longer in existence),
+instead of in the capacity of a clerk of the new Territorial court, and
+said that Judge Bryant informed him that this was the case.</p>
+
+<p>May 30, 1849, George L. Curry, if not the <i>de jure</i> clerk, was the <i>de
+facto</i> and acting clerk of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> Territorial District Court, before whom
+it was lawful and proper to take the oath of allegiance under the United
+States naturalization law. If, for any reason, Dr. McLoughlin did not
+comply technically with the law, it was nevertheless his intention to do
+so. He subscribed and filed two oaths on May 30, 1849. In these he swore
+it was his intention to become an American citizen and that "I renounce
+all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State and
+Sovereignty, whatsoever and particularly to Victoria, Queen of the
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and that I will support the
+Constitution of the United States, and the provisions of 'An Act to
+establish the Territorial Government of Oregon.'" Under these oaths, or
+one of them, Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen of the United States
+September 5, 1851. In admitting him to citizenship the Judge must have
+found that Dr. McLoughlin's original declaration was sufficient and was
+filed in a court of competent jurisdiction. And yet Thurston had said in
+his letter to the House of Representatives and in his speech of May 28,
+1850, that Dr. McLoughlin "refuses to become an American citizen."</p>
+
+<p>In this speech of December 26, 1850, Thurston said that if any persons
+in Oregon owed money to Dr. McLoughlin, he could proceed in the Courts.
+This is true. The difficulty was to enforce judgments. Judgments could
+not then or prior to that time and until long afterwards be enforced
+against land. An execution could only reach personal property. If a
+debtor did not wish to pay a debt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> he could sell his crops privately in
+advance, or he could cover them and other personal property by chattel
+mortgages. Thurston as a lawyer knew the law. The law establishing the
+Territorial Government of Oregon provided that "all laws heretofore
+passed in said Territory [<i>i.e.</i>, by the Provisional Government] making
+grants of land, or otherwise affecting or incumbering the title to
+lands, shall be, and are hereby declared to be, null and void."</p>
+
+<p>Under the Donation Land Law a settler on public land had merely a
+possessory right which did not ripen into a title to the land until he
+had "resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years."
+It was an estate upon condition. It was not subject to execution sale.
+If such a sale could have been made, under a law of the Territory of
+Oregon, a purchaser would take nothing&mdash;not even the possessory right of
+a settler.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> The settler was the only one who could complete the four
+years' residence and cultivation. In fact, it was a long time after the
+passage of the law before a land claim could be lawfully taken up. The
+settlers really held a kind of squatter's title until the
+Surveyor-General was ready to proceed or to receive applications for
+surveys. The first notifications were not filed until 1852. Besides, the
+statute of limitations, for bringing suit on these debts, did not exceed
+six years.</p>
+
+<p>The case of McLoughlin v. Hoover, 1 <i>Oregon Reports</i>, 32, was decided at
+the December term, 1853, of the Supreme Court of the Territory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
+Oregon. This case shows that Dr. McLoughlin did bring a suit shortly
+after September 29, 1852, the exact date not being given in the
+decision, against John Hoover to recover from Hoover a promissory note
+for $560 dated October 2, 1845, and payable one year after date. Hoover
+pleaded the Statute of Limitations. It was held by the Supreme Court of
+Oregon Territory that at no time under the Provisional or Territorial
+governments of Oregon was the statute of limitations to recover on notes
+and accounts for a longer period than six years. But by reason of
+amendments of the law, that the statute of limitations did not run a
+longer period than three years succeeding the act of September 29, 1849.
+The full six years from the time said note became due would end October
+5, 1853, counting three days of grace, but under this decision the
+statute of limitations had run September 29, 1852, being less than five
+years from the time said note became due. The statute of limitations
+does not extinguish a debt. It merely stops the collection of it by law.</p>
+
+<p>In this speech Thurston was compelled to admit that he had no proper
+foundation for the statement in his letter to Congress that Dr.
+McLoughlin had sent word to Fort Hall to turn the immigration to
+California. He said in this speech that the immigrants to Oregon "at a
+very early period, perhaps as early as 1842 or 1843, were met with the
+tale that the Indians were hostile to the immigrants; that they would be
+cut off if they proceeded further on the Oregon trail; and that this
+story was told by the officer in charge of Fort Hall, as having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> been
+received from Vancouver, [the headquarters of Dr. McLoughlin] and that
+this same officer advised the emigrants to go to California." This
+statement is not borne out by the facts. That there was danger to the
+immigrants in coming to Oregon is shown by the intended massacre of the
+immigrants of 1843, as set forth in this address and in the McLoughlin
+Document.</p>
+
+<p>Thurston, in this speech, took up the Shortess petition and read
+numerous parts of it. He said in reference to the phrase that the
+petitioners hoped that Dr. McLoughlin never would own his land claim,
+that that is "just what the land bill provides for." Referring to the
+assertion in the Shortess petition that Dr. McLoughlin "says the land is
+his, and every person building without his permission is held as a
+trespasser," Thurston said: "What do you think of this, Mr. Speaker? An
+Englishman holding an <i>American citizen</i> a trespasser for settling on
+American soil, where the American Government had invited him! This, sir,
+was before the treaty [of 1846] and before the Provisional Government
+was formed, and when one American citizen had as good a right to settle
+there as another, and all a better right than Dr. McLoughlin. Yet this
+barefaced Jesuit has the effrontery to pretend he did not hold that
+claim by dint of threats." Thurston does not explain how the American
+Government invited the immigrants prior to 1847 to settle in Oregon. The
+truth is that the American settlers who left the East prior to 1849 went
+on their own initiative. They were neither invited nor helped nor
+protected by the Government, until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> after the establishment of the
+Territorial Government in 1849. Under the Conventions of joint-occupancy
+Dr. McLoughlin had the same rights, up to the Treaty of 1846, as a
+British subject, that any citizen of the United States had&mdash;no more, no
+less. This, Thurston as a lawyer, knew.</p>
+
+<p>After quoting further from the Shortess petition, Thurston said: "Now,
+Mr. Speaker, all this was before the Provisional Government was in
+operation&mdash;before the treaty, when no man had any right to meddle with
+the soil. Who can contemplate the helpless condition of these few and
+feeble American citizens, at that time and place, struggling for life,
+and for subsistence, thus kicked and buffeted round at the mercy of one
+of the most powerful corporations on earth, headed by a man whose
+intrigues must have furnished Eugene Sue with a clue to his 'Wandering
+Jew,'&mdash;who, I say, sir, can thus contemplate our flesh, and blood, and
+kindred, with their land, their houses, their all, thus posted up, and
+declared subject to <i>any</i> disposition this unfeeling man might make of
+them without shedding tears of pity for their distress.... Now, sir,
+just turn to my correspondence in letters one and two, where he tells
+you, if a man settled where the company did not allow him to, he paid
+the <i>forfeiture with his life</i>, or from <i>necessity</i> was compelled to
+yield. And here, again, the names of Wait and Thornton rise up before
+me, and while reading their laudations of McLoughlin, I can think of
+nothing but two Jews lauding Judas Iscariot....</p>
+
+<p>"This petition is signed by many persons, many of whom I know, who are
+now living in Oregon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> I can bear unqualified testimony to their
+character in society, to their honor and to their veracity. I undertake
+to say, that not a word is uttered in it but the truth, and it is
+susceptible of any reasonable proof. I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original, whom to know is to respect, to listen to, to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years' residence, and who would be universally believed on any subject
+on which he would presume to speak. That gentleman informs me that every
+word of it is true to the letter.... If in the mouth of two or three
+witnesses all things are established, then surely sixty-five men are
+good evidence of the facts stated in the petition to which their names
+were attached, and, then, you and the country can judge whether this man
+McLoughlin, by whom all the abuses here complained of were dictated, is
+entitled to receive gratuities of the American Government for such
+rascalities, or whether the people of Oregon owe him a debt of gratitude
+which they refuse to pay."</p>
+
+<p>Thurston set forth the letter of Dr. McLoughlin to Robert Shortess,
+dated at Vancouver, April 13, 1843, in which Dr. McLoughlin wrote: "I am
+informed that you have circulated a petition for signatures, complaining
+of me, and of the Hudson's Bay Company. I hope you will, in common
+fairness, give me a copy of the petition, with the names of those who
+signed it, that I may know what is said against us, and who those <i>are</i>
+who think they have cause of complaint against us." Thurston said: "The
+<i>names</i> must be given, and for what? I will not say whether as a sure
+guide to the tomahawk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> of the Indian, or as a precursor to death by
+combined and grinding oppression&mdash;I leave this to the witnesses who have
+already spoken. But could you read in the records of heaven the deeds of
+this power in Oregon, while you would admire the consummate skill with
+which they were conducted, your whole moral nature would be shocked by
+the baseness of the design, and the means for their accomplishment."</p>
+
+<p>Thurston in this speech, without giving names, gave excerpts from a
+number of letters he had received, sustaining his actions against Dr.
+McLoughlin in the Donation Land Bill. Shameful as Thurston's actions
+were against Dr. McLoughlin, Thurston had reason to believe that his
+actions were sustained and approved by leaders and members of the party
+which had elected him. Those who thus abetted Thurston in his
+misstatements and actions against Dr. McLoughlin were as culpable as
+Thurston was&mdash;they became his accessories. Some of these afterwards were
+ashamed of their actions against Dr. McLoughlin. Their repentances,
+although late, are commendable.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT O</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J. Wyeth, Robert C.
+Winthrop and Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+April 3, 1851.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"Chicopee, Mass., Nov. 16, 1850."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"My Dear Sir&mdash;You will excuse me, I am sure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span> when I assure you
+I am from Oregon, and her delegate to the Congress of the
+United States, for addressing you for a purpose of interest to
+the country to which I belong.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can at
+this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+and your enterprise in Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's Bay
+Company, and particularly by Doc. John McLoughlin, then its
+Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin has, since you left the
+country, rendered his name odious among the people of Oregon,
+by his endeavors to prevent the settlement of the country, and
+to cripple its growth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Now that he wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends
+that he has been the long tried friend of Americans and
+American enterprise west of the mountains. Your early reply
+will be highly appreciated, both for its information, and your
+relation to my country.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am, sir, yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">S. R. Thurston</span>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="bqright">"Cambridge, Nov. 21, 1850."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Hon. Sam'l R. Thurston:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir&mdash;Your favor of the 16th inst., was received on the
+19th. The first time I visited the Columbia, in the autumn of
+1832, I reached Vancouver with a disorganized party of ten
+persons, the remnant of twenty-four who left the States. Wholly
+worn out and disheartened, we were received cordially, and
+liberally supplied, and there the party broke up. I returned to
+the States in the Spring of 1833 with one man. One of the
+party, Mr. John Ball, remained and planted wheat on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> the
+Willamette, a little above Camp du Sable, having been supplied
+with seed and implements from Vancouver, then under the charge
+of John McLoughlin, Esq., and this gentleman I believe to have
+been the first American who planted wheat in Oregon. I returned
+to the country in the autumn of 1834, with a large party and
+more means, having on the way built Fort Hall, and there met a
+brig which I sent around the Horn. In the winter and spring of
+1835, I planted wheat on the Willamette and on Wappatoo Island.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The suffering and distressed of the early American visitors
+and settlers on the Columbia were always treated by Hudson's
+Bay Company's agents, and particularly so by John McLoughlin,
+Esq., with consideration and kindness, more particularly the
+Methodist Missionaries, whom I brought out in the autumn of
+1834. He supplied them with the means of transportation, seeds,
+implements of agriculture and building, cattle and food for a
+long time.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I sincerely regret that the gentleman, as you state, has
+become odious to his neighbors in his old age.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am your ob't serv't,</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Nath. J. Wyeth</span>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"Cambridge, Nov. 28, 1850."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Hon. Robert C. Winthrop:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir&mdash;I have received a letter from Sam'l R. Thurston, of
+which the following is a portion:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"'I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can
+at this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+and your enterprise in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's
+Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains, and particularly by
+Dr. John McLoughlin, then its Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin
+has since you left the country, rendered his name odious among
+the people of Oregon, by his endeavors to prevent the
+settlement of the country and cripple its growth. Now that he
+wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has
+been the long-tried friend of Americans and American enterprise
+west of the mountains.'</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I have written Mr. Thurston, in reply to the above extract,
+that myself and parties were kindly received, and were treated
+well in all respects by J. McLoughlin, Esq., and the officers
+of the Hudson's Bay Co.; but from the tenor of his letter, I
+have no confidence that my testimony will be presented before
+any committee to whom may be referred any subjects touching the
+interests of said John McLoughlin, Esq.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The very honorable treatment received by me from Mr.
+McLoughlin during the years inclusive from 1832 to 1836, during
+which time there were no other Americans on the Lower Columbia,
+except myself and parties, calls on me to state the facts.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The purpose of this letter is to ask the favor of you to
+inform me what matter is pending, in which Mr. McLoughlin's
+interests are involved, and before whom, and if you will
+present a memorial from me on the matters stated in Mr.
+Thurston's letter as above.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Respectfully and truly your ob't servant,</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Nath. J. Wyeth</span>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bqright"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>"Washington, Dec. 28, 1850."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir&mdash;I took the earliest opportunity to enquire of Mr.
+Thurston what there was pending before Congress or the
+Executive, in which Mr. McLoughlin's character or interest were
+concerned. He would tell me nothing, nor am I aware of
+anything.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Respectfully your ob't serv't,</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">R. C. Winthrop</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"To. N. J. Wyeth, Esq."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"John McLoughlin, Esq.:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir&mdash;On the 19th of December, 1850, I received a letter
+from Sam'l R. Thurston, delegate from Oregon, of which see copy
+No. 1, and by same mail an Oregon newspaper containing a
+communication over your signature, the letter [latter], I
+think, addressed in your handwriting.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"From the tenor of Mr. Thurston's letter, I presumed he wanted
+my testimony for some purpose not friendly to yourself. I
+answered his letter as per copy No. 2, but doubting if my
+testimony, except it suited his views, would be presented, and
+being ignorant of his intentions, I wrote the Hon. R. C.
+Winthrop, late Speaker of the House of Representatives, and at
+present a member of the Senate of the United States, as per
+copy, [No. 3] and received from him a reply as per copy [No.
+4].</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Should you wish such services as I can render in this part of
+the United States, I shall be pleased to give them in return
+for the many good things you did years since, and if my
+testimony as regards your efficient and friendly actions
+towards me and the other earliest Americans who settled in
+Oregon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> will be of use in placing you before the Oregon people
+in the dignified position of a benefactor, it will be
+cheerfully rendered.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I am, with much respect, yours truly,</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Nath. J. Wyeth</span>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. Thurston writes to Mr. Wyeth, 'That Dr. McLoughlin has,
+since you left the country, rendered his name odious to the
+people of Oregon.' (That I have rendered my name odious to the
+people of Oregon, is what I do not know.) And 'By his endeavors
+to prevent the settlement of the country, and to cripple its
+growth.' I say I never endeavored to prevent the settlement of
+the country, or to cripple its growth, but the reverse. If the
+whole country had been my own private property, I could not
+have exerted myself more strenuously than I did to introduce
+civilization, and promote its settlement. 'Now that he wants a
+few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has been the
+long tried friend of Americans and American enterprise west of
+the mountains.' Mr. Wyeth states how I acted towards him and
+his companions, the first Americans that I saw on this side of
+the mountains. Those that came since, know if Mr. Thurston
+represents my conduct correctly or not. As to my wanting a few
+favors, I am not aware that I asked for any favors. I was
+invited by the promises held out in Linn's bill, to become an
+American citizen of this territory. I accepted the invitation
+and fulfilled the obligations in good faith, and after doing
+more, as I believe will be admitted, to settle the country and
+relieve the immigrants in their distresses, than any other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> man
+in it, part of my claim, which had been jumped, Mr. Thurston,
+the delegate from this territory, persuades Congress to donate
+Judge Bryant, and the remainder is reserved. I make no
+comment&mdash;the act speaks for itself, but merely observe, if I
+had no claim to Abernethy Island, why did Mr. Thurston get
+Congress to interfere, and what had Judge Bryant done for the
+territory to entitle him to the favor of our delegate? Mr.
+Thurston is exerting the influence of his official situation to
+get Congress to depart from its usual course, and to interfere
+on a point in dispute, and donate that island to Abernethy, his
+heirs and assigns, alias Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 20em;">"Yours respectfully,</span></p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"<span class="smcap">Jno. McLoughlin</span>."</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>With this correspondence was published the following letter from Doctor
+McLoughlin to the Editor of the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>: "I handed the
+following letters to the Editor of the <i>Statesman</i>, and he refused to
+publish them, unless as an advertisement." This last letter is quoted to
+show that the letters set forth in this Document O are authentic. The
+first number of the <i>Oregon Statesman</i> was published March 28, 1851.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT P</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John McLoughlin of March 9,
+1852.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The original of the following letter is now in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> possession of the
+Oregon Historical Society, from which this copy is made. Rev. Vincent
+Snelling was the first Baptist minister who came to Oregon.</p>
+
+<p class="bqright">"Oregon City, 9th March, 1852."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Mr. John McLoughlin, Esq.,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Dear Sir:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Having learned that you intend shortly to visit Washington
+City, and knowing that you have been misrepresented by our
+Delegate from this country,&mdash;and wishing as an honest man, and
+a friend to truth and justice, to contribute something toward
+the correction of those misrepresentations, I submit to your
+acceptance and disposal the following:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1844 and have been an
+observer of your treatment of and conduct to the American
+immigrants. I know that you have saved our people from
+suffering by hunger and I believe from savage cruelty also. I
+know you sent your boats to convey them down the Columbia
+river, free of charge, and that you also sent them provisions
+when they were in a state of starvation, and that you directed
+them to be distributed among the immigrants, to those that were
+destitute of money equally with those that had. Nor did your
+kindness stop there, as many of us lost nearly all we possessed
+by the time we arrived in the valley. You continued your favors
+by letting us have both food and raiment for the year, seed
+wheat, and charging no more than the same number of bushels the
+next harvest, plows and cattle to plow with. To conclude I do
+affirm that your conduct ever since I have known you has been
+such as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> to justify the opinion that you were friendly to the
+settlement of the country by Americans. I judge the tree [by]
+its fruit; you have done more for the American settlers than
+all the men that were in it, at that time.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"With sincere wishes that you may obtain your rights,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span style="margin-left: 18em;">"I subscribe myself yours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;">"<span class="smcap">Vincent Snelling</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">"Ord. Minister Gospel, Baptist."</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT Q</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by
+James Edward Fitzgerald, published in London in 1849; and excerpt from
+"Ten Years in Oregon" by Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+in New York in 1844.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In order to show some of the unjustifiable abuse of Dr. McLoughlin from
+British sources, I here insert an excerpt from pp. 13-18, inclusive, of
+"The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by J. E. Fitzgerald.
+He says: "Dr. M'Loughlin was formerly an Agent in the North West Fur
+Company of Montreal; he was one of the most enterprising and active in
+conducting the war between that Association and the Hudson's Bay
+Company. In the year 1821, when the rival companies united, Dr.
+M'Loughlin became a factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. But his
+allegiance does not appear to have been disposed of along<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> with his
+interests; and his sympathy with anything other than British, seems to
+have done justice to his birth and education, which were those of a
+French Canadian.</p>
+
+<p>"This gentleman was appointed Governor of all the country west of the
+Rocky Mountains; and is accused, by those who have been in that country,
+of having uniformly encouraged the emigration of settlers from the
+United States, and of having discouraged that of British subjects.</p>
+
+<p>"While the Company in this country were asserting that their settlements
+on the Columbia River were giving validity to the claim of Great Britain
+to the Oregon territory, it appears, that their chief officer on the
+spot was doing all in his power to facilitate the operations of those,
+whose whole object it was to annihilate that claim altogether.</p>
+
+<p>"There is one story told, about which it is right that the truth should
+be ascertained. It is said that a number of half-breeds from the Red
+River settlement were, in the year 1841, induced by the Company's
+officers to undertake a journey entirely across the continent, with the
+object of becoming settlers on the Columbia River.</p>
+
+<p>"It appears that a number went, but on arriving in the country, so far
+from finding any of the promised encouragement, the treatment they
+received from Dr. M'Loughlin was such, that, after having been nearly
+starved under the paternal care of that gentleman, they all went over to
+the American settlement on the Wallamette valley.</p>
+
+<p>"These emigrants became citizens of the United States, and it is further
+said, were the first to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> memorialize Congress to extend the power of the
+United States over the Oregon territory.</p>
+
+<p>"For the truth of these statements we do not of course vouch. But we do
+say they demand inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. M'Loughlin's policy was so manifestly American, that it is openly
+canvassed in a book written by Mr. Dunn, one of the servants of the
+Company, and written for the purpose of praising their system and
+policy.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir Edward Belcher also alludes to this policy. He says,&mdash;'Some few
+years since, the Company determined on forming settlements on the rich
+lands situated on the Wallamatte and other rivers, and for providing for
+their retired servants by allotting them farms, and further aiding them
+by supplies of cattle &amp;c. That on the Wallamatte was a field too
+inviting for missionary enthusiasm to overlook; but instead of selecting
+a British subject to afford them spiritual assistance, recourse was had
+to Americans&mdash;a course pregnant with evil consequences, and particularly
+in the political squabble pending, as will be seen by the result. No
+sooner had the American and his allies fairly squatted,&mdash;(which they
+deem taking possession of the country) than they invited their brethren
+to join them, and called on the American Government for laws and
+protection.'</p>
+
+<p>"A great deal of importance is attached to the account given by
+Commodore Wilkes, U. S. N., of the operations of the Hudson's Bay
+Company on the north-west coast; and it is inferred that testimony,
+coming from such a quarter, is doubly in favour of the Company.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>"Nothing, indeed, can be higher than the terms in which Captain Wilkes
+speaks of the Hudson's Bay Company's chief factor, Dr. M'Loughlin, and
+of the welcome he met, and the hospitality he experienced during his
+stay upon the coast.</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Wilkes was far too sensible and discriminating a man, not to
+see, plainly enough, whose game Dr. M'Loughlin was playing. But there is
+something strange, if we turn from the perusal of Captain Wilkes'
+narrative, and the description of the facilities which were ever
+afforded him, to the following passage from Sir Edward Belcher's voyage:</p>
+
+<p>"The difference of the reception which a frigate of the United States
+Navy met with, from that which one of Her Majesty's ships experienced,
+is a most suspicious fact, as suggesting the animus of the Company's
+agents upon the north-west coast. Sir Edward Belcher says: 'The
+attention of the Chief to myself, and those immediately about me,
+particularly in sending down fresh supplies, previous to my arrival, I
+feel fully grateful for; but I cannot conceal my disappointment at the
+want of accommodation exhibited towards the crews of the vessels under
+my command, in a British possession.'</p>
+
+<p>"We certainly were not distressed, nor was it imperatively necessary
+that fresh beef and vegetables should be supplied, or I should have made
+a formal demand. But as regarded those who might come after, and not
+improbably myself among the number, I inquired in direct terms what
+facilities Her Majesty's ships of war might expect, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> the event of
+touching at this port for bullocks, flour, vegetables, &amp;c. I certainly
+was extremely surprised at the reply, that 'they were not in a condition
+to supply.'... The American policy of the Hudson's Bay Company would
+seem from the above facts, to be more than a matter of suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>"It is very easy to say, these are idle tales; they are tales&mdash;but such
+tales, that Parliament ought to make a searching investigation into
+their truth.... It is certain that Dr. McLoughlin has now left the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and has become <i>nominally</i>, what he seems to have
+been for years, <i>really</i>&mdash;an <i>American citizen</i>, living in the midst of
+an American population, which he collected around him, upon soil, to
+which he knew that his own country had, all along, laid claim."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Belcher's exploring expedition was at Fort Vancouver in
+August, 1839. He insisted that the crews of his vessels should be
+supplied with fresh beef. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver.
+Probably he had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. Mr.
+Douglas, who was in charge, refused Belcher's request because the supply
+of cattle was not sufficient for that purpose. Fresh beef was supplied
+to Sir Edward Belcher and his officers.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Wilkes and his exploring expedition were on the Oregon Coast
+in 1841. He did not ask for his crews to be supplied with provisions. He
+was grateful for the kind treatment of himself, his officers and men, by
+Dr. McLoughlin and other officers of the Hudson's Bay Company.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> Sir
+Edward Belcher, it seems, was not grateful.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>In relation to the Red River immigrants, who arrived in 1841, the
+statement of Fitzgerald is mostly untrue. These settlers came to Oregon
+in 1841 under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company and settled on
+Nisqually Plains, near Puget Sound. These plains are almost sterile,
+being an enormous bed of very fine gravel mixed with some soil at the
+surface. It is easy to understand how these settlers were disappointed
+in living by themselves on the Nisqually Plains, when they could come to
+the Willamette Valley with its fertile soil and be near the settlers in
+the Willamette Valley. It must be borne in mind that when these Red
+River settlers went to the Willamette Valley, they were practically as
+much dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, as though
+they had stayed on the Nisqually Plains.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost wrote a book entitled "Ten Years in
+Oregon," which was printed in New York in 1844. On page 216 of that work
+they say of these settlers from Red River: "They went to Nesqually, on
+Pugit's Sound; but, after spending a year, it was found that the land
+was of a very inferior quality, and that they could not subsist upon it.
+Thus, after having subjected themselves to many hardships, and
+privations, and losses, for almost two years, they had yet to remove to
+the Walamet Valley, as promising to remunerate them for their future
+toil, and make them forget the past. Accordingly most of them removed
+and settled in the Walamet in 1841-2."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT R</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Note on authorship of "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's Works; and
+sources of information for this monograph.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Hubert Howe Bancroft obtained a fine collection of books and pamphlets
+relating to early Oregon and a great deal of other information before
+the "History of Oregon," in his Works, was written. A great many Oregon
+pioneers were personally interviewed and their statements reduced to
+writing. He also borrowed, on a promise to return, a great many private
+papers and other documents, including letters and copies of letters from
+the heirs of Dr. McLoughlin and from other Oregon pioneers and heirs of
+pioneers, which he has not yet returned, although he borrowed these
+papers and documents more than twenty years ago. Said "History of
+Oregon" is largely supplemented by foot-notes taken from this
+information obtained, or caused to be obtained by Bancroft. The defense
+of Dr. McLoughlin to the report of Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, was
+afterwards returned to Dr. McLoughlin by James Douglas, to whom it was
+sent by Sir George Simpson. It was among the papers loaned to Bancroft.</p>
+
+<p>While Bancroft was a handy man in collecting materials, he wisely
+employed Frances Fuller Victor, Oregon's best and greatest historian, to
+write the "History of Oregon" for his Works. It was largely, if not
+wholly, written by her. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> applies particularly to that part of the
+history up to and including the year 1850. For years she had been a
+careful student of Oregon history. She had access to all the data
+collected by Bancroft.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871 Mrs. Victor published "The River of the West" which sets forth
+many of the facts about Dr. McLoughlin, his land claim, and the actions
+of the missionaries and the conspirators against him, which are
+contained in this address and in the "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's
+Works. Volume one of the latter history was published in 1886, and
+volume two was published in 1888.</p>
+
+<p>In writing this monograph on Dr. McLoughlin I have found <i>The River of
+the West</i> and Bancroft's <i>History of Oregon</i> of some use, especially
+where the information was taken from the documents so borrowed by
+Bancroft. But I have obtained most of my facts from original sources.
+Wherever it was possible I have consulted Oregon newspapers and books
+and pamphlets written by persons who took part in the events described,
+or which were written contemporaneous therewith, and letters written by
+pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>The Oregon Historical Society has a number of original letters, files of
+early Oregon newspapers, and other documents relating to events in early
+Oregon. Many of these I have examined and taken copies of. In this I
+have been greatly aided by Mr. George H. Himes, for years the efficient
+Assistant Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, and Secretary of
+the Oregon Pioneer Association. I have also obtained copies from two
+issues of the <i>Oregon Spectator</i> in the possession of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> University of
+Oregon, through the courtesy of Prof. Frederic G. Young.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DOCUMENT S</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In addition to opinions of Dr. McLoughlin set forth in the address, I
+here set forth excerpts from other opinions, given by some of his
+contemporaries. I have selected these out of many high opinions and
+eulogies upon Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Matthew P. Deady, in an address before the Oregon Pioneer
+Association, in 1876, said:<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> "Dr. John McLoughlin was Chief Factor of
+the Company [Hudson's Bay Company] west of the Rocky mountains, from
+1824 to 1845, when he resigned the position and settled at Oregon City,
+where he died in 1857, full of years and honor.... Although, as an
+officer of the Company, his duty and interest required that he should
+prefer it to the American immigrant or missionary, yet at the call of
+humanity, he always forgot all special interests, and was ever ready to
+help and succor the needy and unfortunate of whatever creed or clime.</p>
+
+<p>"Had he but turned his back upon the early missionary or settler and
+left them to shift for themselves, the occupation of the country by
+Americans would have been seriously retarded, and attended with much
+greater hardship and suffering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> than it was. For at least a quarter of a
+century McLoughlin was a grand and potent figure in the affairs of the
+Pacific slope.... But he has long since gone to his rest. Peace to his
+ashes! Yet the good deeds done in the body are a lasting monument to his
+memory, and shall in due time cause his name to be written in letters of
+gold in Oregon history."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Peter H. Burnett, from whose "Recollections and Opinions of An
+Old Pioneer," I have already quoted, also said in that book (pp. 143,
+144): "Dr. John McLoughlin was one of the greatest and most noble
+philanthropists I ever knew. He was a man of superior ability, just in
+all his dealings, and a faithful Christian. I never knew a man of the
+world who was more admirable. I never heard him utter a vicious
+sentiment, or applaud a wrongful act. His views and acts were formed
+upon the model of the Christian gentleman. He was a superior business
+man, and a profound judge of human nature.... In his position of Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company he had grievous responsibilities
+imposed upon him. He stood between the absent directors and stockholders
+of the Company and the present suffering immigrants. He witnessed their
+sufferings; they did not. He was unjustly blamed by many of both
+parties. It was not the business of the Company to deal upon credit; and
+the manager of its affairs in Oregon was suddenly thrown into a new and
+very embarrassing position. How to act, so as to secure the approbation
+of the directors and stockholders in England, and at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> same time not
+to disregard the most urgent calls of humanity, was indeed the great
+difficulty. No possible line of conduct could have escaped censure.</p>
+
+<p>"To be placed in such a position was a misfortune which only a good man
+could bear in patience. I was assured by Mr. Frank Ermatinger, the
+manager of the Company's store at Oregon City, as well as by others,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had sustained a heavy individual loss by his charity
+to the immigrants. I knew enough myself to be certain that these
+statements were substantially true. Yet such was the humility of the
+Doctor that he never, to my knowledge, mentioned or alluded to any
+particular act of charity performed by him. I was intimate with him, and
+he never mentioned them to me."</p>
+
+<p>Col. J. W. Nesmith,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> from whose address in 1876 I have already
+quoted, in that address also said:<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> "Dr. John McLoughlin was a public
+benefactor, and the time will come when the people of Oregon will do
+themselves credit by erecting a statue to his memory.... Thus far
+detraction and abuse have been his principal rewards."</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Willard H. Rees, a pioneer of 1844, in his address before the
+Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1879, said:<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> "Dr. McLoughlin, as
+director of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> the affairs of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky
+mountains, had more power over the Indians of the whole Northwest Coast,
+which he judiciously exercised, than all other influences multiplied and
+combined. He was a great and just man, having in no instance deceived
+them, firm in maintaining the established rules regulating their
+intercourse, making their supplies, so far as the Company was concerned,
+strictly depend upon their own efforts and good conduct, always prompt
+to redress the slightest infraction of good faith. This sound
+undeviating policy made Dr. McLoughlin the most humane and successful
+manager of the native tribes this country has ever known, while the
+Indians both feared and respected him above all other men.... Dr.
+McLoughlin was no ordinary personage. Nature had written in her most
+legible hand preeminence in every lineament of his strong Scotch face,
+combining in a marked degree all the native dignity of an intellectual
+giant. He stood among his pioneer contemporaries like towering old
+[Mount] Hood amid the evergreen heights that surround his mountain
+home&mdash;a born leader of men. He would have achieved distinction in any of
+the higher pursuits of life.... His benevolent work was confined to no
+church, sect nor race of men, but was as broad as suffering humanity,
+never refusing to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and provide for the
+sick and toilworn immigrants and needy settlers who called for
+assistance at his old Vancouver home. Many were the pioneer mothers and
+their little ones, whose hearts were made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> glad through his timely
+assistance, while destitute strangers, whom chance or misfortune had
+thrown upon these, then, wild inhospitable shores, were not permitted to
+suffer while he had power to relieve. Yet he was persecuted by men
+claiming the knowledge of a Christian experience, defamed by designing
+politicians, knowingly misrepresented in Washington as a British
+intriguer, until he was unjustly deprived of the greater part of his
+land claim. Thus, after a sorrowful experience of man's ingratitude to
+man, he died an honored American citizen."</p>
+
+<p>J. Quinn Thornton was one of the early Oregon pioneers. He came to
+Oregon with the immigration of 1846. At the meeting of the Oregon
+Pioneer Association in 1875, he furnished to that Association a history
+of the Provisional Government of Oregon. In this history, speaking of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, Thornton said:<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> "The late Dr. John McLoughlin
+resided at Fort Vancouver, and he was Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay
+Company west of the Rocky Mountains. He was a great man, upon whom God
+had stamped a grandeur of character which few men possess and a nobility
+which the patent of no earthly sovereign can confer.... As a Christian,
+he was a devout Roman Catholic, yet, nevertheless, catholic in the
+largest sense of that word.... He was a man of great goodness of heart,
+too wise to do a really foolish thing, too noble and magnanimous to
+condescend to meanness, and too forgiving to cherish resentments. The
+writer, during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> the last years of Dr. McLoughlin's life, being his
+professional adviser, had an opportunity such as no other man had, save
+his confessor, of learning and studying him; and as a result of the
+impressions, which daily intercourse of either a social or business
+nature made upon the writer's mind, he hesitates not to say, that old,
+white-headed John McLoughlin, when compared with other persons who have
+figured in the early history of Oregon, is in sublimity of character, a
+Mount Hood towering above the foot hills into the regions of eternal
+snow and sunshine."</p>
+
+<p>Col. J. K. Kelly was Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon
+Mounted Volunteers in the Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was afterwards a
+United States Senator from Oregon, and Chief Justice of the Oregon State
+Supreme Court. In his address to the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1882,
+speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, Col. Kelly said:<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> "Just and generous as
+that law [Oregon Donation Land Law] was to the people of Oregon, yet
+there was one blot upon it. I refer to the provisions contained in the
+11th section of the act by which the donation claim of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, known as the Oregon City claim, was taken from him and
+placed at the disposal of the Legislative Assembly to be sold and the
+proceeds applied to the endowment of an university. It was an act of
+injustice to one of the best friends and greatest benefactors which the
+early immigrants ever had. I do not propose to speak of the many
+estimable and noble qualities of Dr. McLoughlin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> here. They have been
+dwelt upon by others who have heretofore addressed the Pioneer
+Association, and especially by Mr. Rees in 1879. I concur in everything
+he said in praise of Dr. McLoughlin.</p>
+
+<p>"It was my good fortune to know him well during the last six years of
+his life, years which were embittered by what he considered an act of
+ingratitude after he had done so many acts of personal kindness to the
+early immigrants in their time of need. That Dr. McLoughlin was unjustly
+treated in this matter, few, if any, will deny. And I am very sure that
+a large majority of the people, in Oregon, at that time, condemned the
+act which took away his property, and tended to becloud his fame. And
+yet no act was ever done by the Territorial Government to assert its
+right to the Oregon City claim during the life of Dr. McLoughlin; and in
+1862, five years after his death, the State of Oregon confirmed the
+title to his devisees upon the payment of the merely nominal
+consideration of $1,000 into the university fund. And so five years
+after he was laid in his grave an act of tardy justice was done at last
+to the memory of the grand old pioneer." It was largely through Col.
+Kelly's influence and actions that this act was passed in favor of Dr.
+McLoughlin's devisees.</p>
+
+<p>Horace S. Lyman was a son of Rev. Horace Lyman, a Congregational
+minister who came to Oregon in 1849, and who founded the First
+Congregational Church of Portland in June, 1851. Horace S. Lyman grew up
+in Oregon and from his own knowledge, from personal association<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> with
+pioneer missionaries and others, and from reading, he became well
+acquainted with the history of Oregon. He was the author of a "History
+of Oregon" published in 1903. His associate editors were Mr. Harvey W.
+Scott, Judge Charles B. Bellinger, and Prof. Frederic G. Young. In the
+fourth volume of this history, page 381, it is said: "Whether the
+justice of history, and the recognition of after times, when personal
+interests and partizan spites are dissipated, and a character like that
+of McLoughlin stands forth as one of the best ever produced under the
+British flag, and one of the best ever given to America, should be
+regarded as compensation for the injustice and sufferings of a life
+darkened in old age, may not be determined. Yet the historian must ever
+assert that a character worthy of perpetual commemoration and
+admiration, illuminating, by humanity and Christian doctrine, the dark
+chapters of wilderness life from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
+setting a star of hope over the barracks of a mercenary trading company,
+is worth all personal sacrifice. It is of such acts that great history
+consists. Even to the Doctor himself, going down in old age and poverty,
+and doubting whether his family would have a support, and believing that
+he had better have been shot as a beast than to have so suffered, we may
+hope that it was but 'a light affliction, compared with the perpetual
+consciousness of a life of peace and good will sustained in a period
+menaced by war."</p>
+
+<p>As I have said, my uncle, Daniel S. Holman, was one of the immigrants of
+1843. He was then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> about twenty-one years old. He will be eighty-five
+years old the fifteenth of November, 1907. He lives at McMinnville,
+Oregon, strong in mind and body. When I was honored by being selected to
+deliver the address, I wrote him asking for his opinion of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, for I knew his feelings. He wrote me August 7, 1905. In this
+letter he said: "I received yours requesting me to tell you of some of
+the kind acts of Doctor McLoughlin. It would take more time than I have
+to speak of all the very good things that he did, but I can say that he
+did all that was in his power to do to help the starving, wornout and
+poverty stricken [immigrants] that came to Oregon. For the first three
+or four years after I came if he had not helped us we could not have
+lived in Oregon. At the time we came he sent his boats to The Dalles,
+free of cost, to help all that could not help themselves to go down the
+river. He also sent food and clothing to the destitute and gave it to
+them. He also furnished seed grain to everyone who wanted, and waited
+for his pay until they raised wheat to pay. The fact is there never was
+a better man than he was. He did more than any other man did to settle
+Oregon. History says Doctor Whitman was the man who saved Oregon to the
+United States, but that is not true. It was Dr. John McLoughlin of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. So says every man that is a man, that came to
+Oregon up to 1849. He furnished the entire immigration with food and
+clothing for the first year after we came. The people did not have money
+to live on and so he fed and clothed us all.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> Some never paid him but
+some did pay the good old man."</p>
+
+<p>And he added a postscript to say that his wife thought he had not said
+enough about Dr. John McLoughlin. She has been my uncle's loving and
+faithful help-mate for more than fifty-nine years. She is a pioneer of
+1846. She, too, is still strong, mentally and physically. My uncle said
+in the postscript: "I can say that I am sure no man could have done
+better than he did to us all. In the fall of 1845 I went out to meet the
+immigrants and was gone from home six or eight weeks without a change of
+clothing. I got back to Vancouver where the Doctor then lived. I was as
+ragged as I could be. I went to his office and told him I wanted some
+clothing, but had no money. He gave me an order to his son to let me
+have whatever I wanted in the store. He treated others as he did me. In
+1848 he let every one who wanted to go to the mines have all they
+needed, on time, to go to California. Some never paid him. Have you
+anyone in Portland that would help any and all such men off to the mines
+on such chances of getting their pay? I don't think there is such a man
+in Oregon, or any other place. You can't say too much in his praise."</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Watt, a pioneer of 1844, from whose "Recollections of Dr. John
+McLoughlin" I have already quoted, also said, in said
+<i>Recollections</i>:<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> "The next I saw of the Doctor was in Oregon City,
+he having stayed at Fort Vancouver until all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> immigrants for that
+year [1844] had arrived. He was building a large flouring mill, at that
+time nearing its completion. He already had a saw mill in full blast,
+also was building a dwelling house, preparing to move to that place,
+which he did in the following spring. From that time to his death he was
+a prominent figure in Oregon City. Nothing pleased him better than to
+talk with the settlers, learn how they were getting along, their
+prospects, of their ability to live, and to help others. He was anxious
+that every one should be well and kept busy. He could not endure
+idleness or waste. Over-reaching, or, what we Americans call 'sharp
+practice,' he had no patience with whatever. As far as he was concerned
+all transactions were fair, straight-forward and honorable. Those who
+knew him best never thought of disputing his word or his declared
+intentions, although there were some high in authority who did this in
+after years, apparently for selfish motives; and through their
+representations, caused the U. S. Government to do an act of great
+injustice. But I am proud to be able to say that all, or nearly all of
+the first settlers, did not endorse the action, and never rested until
+the wrong was adjusted as nearly as it was possible to do so.... It
+appeared by common consent that he was practically the first governor of
+the great North Pacific Coast. No man ever fulfilled that trust better
+than Dr. John McLoughlin. He was always anxious over the Indian problem.
+No one understood the Indian character better than he did. All the
+Indians knew him as the great 'White<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> Chief,' and believed whatever he
+said could be depended on; that he was not their enemy, but was strictly
+just with them in every thing;&mdash;could punish or reward, as he thought
+best, and no trouble grew out of it. But with the settlers the case was
+different.... Dr. McLoughlin! Kind, large-hearted Dr. John McLoughlin!
+One of nature's noblemen, who never feared to do his duty to his God,
+his country, his fellow-men and himself, even in the wilderness. The
+pioneers of this great North-West feel that they owe Dr. John McLoughlin
+a debt of gratitude above all price, and that they and their posterity
+will cherish his memory by a suitable monument placed on the highest
+pinnacle of fame within the State of Oregon."</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop F. N. Blanchet came to Oregon in 1838 as Vicar-General of the
+Roman Catholic Church in Oregon. He was consecrated as Archbishop in
+Quebec in 1845. In his "Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in
+Oregon" (published in 1878), from which I have already quoted, he also
+said of Dr. McLoughlin (pp. 8 and 9): "He was one of 'nature's noblemen'
+in every sphere of life. Of commanding presence, strict integrity, sound
+judgment, and correct principles of justice, no man was better qualified
+for the position he occupied as the father and friend of both the
+Indians and the whites who then jointly occupied the Pacific northwest.
+Dr. McLoughlin was the arbiter to whom both whites and Indians looked
+for the settlement of their differences, and the friend from whom they
+sought relief in all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> their difficulties.... Under the impartial
+supervision of this good and great man the business of the Hudson Bay
+Company prospered amazingly; he perpetuated peace between the Indians
+and the employes of the Company.... He also extended assistance to every
+immigrant whose necessities required it, and his good deeds have
+enshrined his name amidst the most honored of the pioneers of the
+Pacific Coast." And on page 71 Archbishop Blanchet said: "Dr. John
+McLoughlin was the father of the orphans and servants of the H. B. Co.;
+the father of the French-Canadian colonies of Cowlitz and Wallamette
+Valley; of all the American immigrants; and a great benefactor of the
+Catholic Church."</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that Rev. Daniel Lee was a Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1834. He worked faithfully and earnestly for about
+ten years when he returned to the Eastern States. He continued in the
+ministry and died about 1895. His son, Rev. William H. Lee, is the
+Pastor of the People's Mission Church at Colorado Springs. He was in
+Portland in 1905. In answer to the inquiry of Mr. G. H. Himes, Assistant
+Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, Rev. William H. Lee wrote
+the following letter at his home, July 31, 1905, to Mr. Himes: "As the
+son of a pioneer Oregon Missionary I wish to add my tribute of respect
+to the memory of Dr. John McLoughlin. For 10 years my father Rev. Daniel
+Lee labored in missionary work in Oregon and during all these years John
+McLoughlin was his friend. When my Father and Mother were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> united in
+marriage it was within the hospitable walls of Ft. Vancouver and we
+treasure a marriage certificate signed by John McLoughlin as one of the
+witnesses. Many times have I heard my Father and Mother speak of the
+kindness of Dr. John McLoughlin. And one of the most pleasant memories
+of my recent visit to Portland was the privilege I had of stopping in
+Oregon City and placing some flowers on the grave of my Father and
+Mother's friend."</p>
+
+<p>The well known writer, S. A. Clarke, who was an Oregon immigrant of
+1850, published a two volume work in 1903, entitled: "Pioneer Days of
+Oregon History." In this work (vol. 1, pp. 214, 215) Mr. Clarke says of
+Dr. McLoughlin: "It was because of his loyalty to humanity and his
+kindness to Americans that he lost his high official station and was
+left almost heartbroken in his old age. We can afford to hold up in
+contrast those who profited by his bounty and left him to pay the bill;
+also those&mdash;be they Missionaries or who&mdash;that tried to rob him of his
+land claim, with the nobler minded man&mdash;John McLoughlin&mdash;who did so much
+and lost so much for humanity, and never expressed regret."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clarke in this work (vol. 1, p. 226) narrates the following
+incident, which was told to him by Dr. William C. McKay, who was a
+grandson of Mrs. Dr. John McLoughlin. It will be remembered that her
+first husband was Alexander McKay, who was killed in the capture of the
+Tonquin in 1811. "In 1843 William Beagle and family reached Vancouver
+destitute, and he had the typhus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> fever. McLoughlin heard of it and told
+Dr. Barclay there was a sick and destitute family at the landing; to fix
+up a house for them, make them comfortable and attend to the sick.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. W. C. McKay had just returned from the States where he pursued
+medical studies. So the doctor invited him to assist in taking care of
+his patients. There was the mother and several children, who had all
+they needed for two months, until Beagle got better, when he went to
+Governor McLoughlin and asked what his bill was. 'Tut, tut, tut! bill,
+bill, bill! Take care of yourself, sir! That is the bill!" Beagle
+pleaded that even the doctor couldn't afford to take care of his family
+and treat them so long without pay. 'Tut, tut, tut,' was the reply. 'You
+do the best you can for some other man who is in trouble, and that will
+pay me.'</p>
+
+<p>"He sent them up the Willamette, free of charge, sold them supplies that
+were necessary until Beagle could earn money, and was finally paid for
+them in full. This is but one instance in the many where the kindness
+and generosity of Dr. McLoughlin was manifested toward Americans who
+reached Vancouver sick and impoverished and received his generous and
+kindly care."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Document A at end of volume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See Document B.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Document C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Report of Naval Agent W. A. Slocum to the Secretary of
+State, March 26, 1837.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Dunn's <i>History of the Oregon Territory</i>, p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Wilkes's <i>Narrative</i>, iv, p. 327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> See Document C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> John Dunn was an employée of the Hudson's Bay Company. He
+came from England to Fort Vancouver, in 1830, by sea. He returned to
+England in 1839 or 1840. The first edition of his history was published
+in London in 1844.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Belcher's <i>Narrative of a Voyage Round the World</i>, vol. i,
+p. 296.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> As to the high regard which Wyeth retained through his
+life for Dr. McLoughlin, see Document O.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See Document D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Rev. Gustavus Hines, <i>History of Oregon</i>, p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Dr. H. K. Hines, <i>Missionary History</i>, p. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Rev. Gustavus Hines, <i>History of the Oregon Missions</i>, pp.
+31, 32; Dr. H. K. Hines, <i>Missionary History</i>, p. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Lee and Frost's <i>Ten Years in Oregon</i>, pp. 225, 226.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See Documents E and F.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i>, Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p.
+45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>History of Oregon</i> by Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., pp. 166,
+167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Gray's <i>History of Oregon</i>, pp. 268, 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> "Narrative of Dr. McLoughlin" published in the <i>Quarterly</i>
+of the Oregon Historical Society, June, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Address of Medorum Crawford, in 1881. See <i>Transactions</i>
+of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1881, p. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See <i>Quarterly</i> of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3,
+pp. 398-426.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Wilkes, <i>History of Oregon</i>, p. 95.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See Theodore Roosevelt's <i>Winning of the West</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, November 12, 1846.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> A full summary will be found in Vol. 1, pp. 501-505,
+<i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See Document R.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See Document C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Vol. 1, pp. 504, 505, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's
+Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Vol. 1, p. 31, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works, from
+manuscript of Jesse Applegate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> See Document L.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> White's <i>Ten Years in Oregon</i>, p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, <i>Missionary History</i>, p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See Document L.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Vol. 1, p. 204, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works. See
+also Document L.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> This proclamation is set forth in full in Document I.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This agreement is set forth in full in Document J.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Vol. 1, p. 253, <i>History of the Pacific Northwest</i>, by
+Elwood Evans; <i>The River of the West</i>, by Frances Fuller Victor, pp.
+360, 361; Vol. 1, pp. 224, 225, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Vol. 1, p. 207, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works;
+Vol. 1, p. 243, Elwood Evans's <i>History of the Pacific Northwest</i>. See
+also Document H.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> See Document H, which is a true copy of all the Shortess
+petition as printed in 1844 by order of the United States Senate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> See Document N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> See Document K.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Set forth in Document J.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Congressional Globe</i>, Vol. 21, Part Second, p. 1079,
+first Session of 31st Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> This letter of Dr. McLoughlin is set forth in full in
+Document L. See also letter of William J. Berry, Document M.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> See Document N, where excerpts from this speech are set
+forth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> White's <i>Ten Years in Oregon</i>, pp. 220, 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, August 22 and 29, 1850.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, September 26, 1850.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, November 7, 1850.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Western Star</i> (Milwaukee, Oregon) February 20, and March
+13, 1851.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Attention is called to the correspondence of S. R.
+Thurston, Nathaniel J. Wyeth, R. C. Winthrop and Dr. McLoughlin, which
+is set forth in Document O.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> See Document P.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>House Journal</i>, 1853-54, P. 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Document Q.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1887,
+p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888,
+p. 134.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888,
+pp. 135, 136.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> For further opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin,
+see Document S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Greenhow's <i>History of Oregon and California</i>, pp.
+323-325, 467-476 (second edition, 1845); Martin's <i>Hudson Bay
+Territories and Vancouver's Island</i>, pp. 151-165; Bryce's <i>The
+Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company</i>, Chapters XXIV to XXIX.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> This copy of the Shortess petition is made from the United
+States Senate Document as printed by its order of February 7, 1844. It
+is Senate Document 105, 28th Congress, 1st Session. One copy of this
+original Senate Document is in the possession of Milton W. Smith, Esq.,
+of Portland, Oregon. By his courtesy the foregoing copy was made from
+said Senate Document. The purported copy of the Shortess petition in
+Gray's <i>History of Oregon</i> and in Brown's <i>Political History of Oregon</i>
+are not true copies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> See Document N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Bernard's Heirs v. Ashley's Heirs, 18 <i>Howard</i> (U. S.
+Supreme Court) 43; Hot Spring Cases, 2 <i>Otto</i> (U. S. Supreme Court) 698,
+706.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Rev. Gustavus Hines, <i>History of Oregon</i>, Chapter x.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See Document J.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Mrs. Frances F. Victor, <i>The River of the West</i>, pp. 359,
+360; <i>History of Oregon</i>, Bancroft's Works, Vol. I, p. 223.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See Document L, where this injunction by Thurston, written
+on the copy of his letter, is set forth in full.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Hall v. Russell, 101 <i>U. S.</i>, 503.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This correspondence was also published in full in the
+<i>Western Star</i> (published at Milwaukee, Oregon), in its issue of April
+10, 1851.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See Document F.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876,
+p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Col. J. W. Nesmith was a Captain of Oregon volunteers in
+the Cayuse Indian War of 1847; and also in the Rogue River Indian War of
+1852, and was Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon Mounted Volunteers
+in the Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was a United States Senator and
+also a Representative to Congress from Oregon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876,
+p. 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1879,
+pp. 29, 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875,
+p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1882,
+p. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Transactions</i> of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1886,
+pp. 25-27.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">INDEX</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">ABERNETHY, General George, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Abernethy Island, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Academy, Wesleyan, <a href="#Page_112">112</a> (<i>see also</i> Schools).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Acapulco (Mex.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Act, Organic, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br/>
+of 1848, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br />
+trading, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Adams, Thomas (an Indian), <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Agriculture, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Alaska, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">America, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br />
+British, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a> (<i>see also</i> Canada);<br />
+North, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+South, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;<br />
+a ship, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Americans, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Anderson, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Applegate, Jesse, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Apples, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> (<i>see also</i> Fruit).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Army, British, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Arnold, Benedict, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Arkansas (state), <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Arrendrill, C. T., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Articles of Agreement, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Astoria, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Attorneys, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">BABCOCK, Dr. I. L., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bailey, Dr. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Baker's Bay, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ball, John, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Baltimore, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bancroft, Hubert Howe, <i>History of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>-<a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Baptists, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Barclay, Dr. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Barlow Road, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bates, James M., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Battles, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a> (<i>see also</i> Wars).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beagle, William, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beaumont (Canadian parish), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beaver, Rev. Herbert, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beaver-skins, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beef, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Beers, Alanson, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Belcher, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bellamy, G. W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bellinger, Judge Charles B., <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bennet, V., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Berry, William J., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Blanchet, Archbishop Francis Norbert, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;<br />
+<i>Historical Sketches</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Blue Mountains, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Boats, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, (<i>see also</i> Ships).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bonds, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bonneville, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Boston (Mass.), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bostons (name given to Americans), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Boundaries, of Oregon County, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bowlin, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brallier, Henry, letter by, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bread, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brewer, H. B., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bribery, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bridges, J. C., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">British, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brooks, Wm. (an Indian), <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Broughtan, Lieut. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brown, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brown, G., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brown, Jeffrey, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brown, J. Henry, <i>Political History of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brown, William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Brum, William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bryant, Judge W. P., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Bryce, &mdash;, <i>The remarkable history of the Hudson's Bay Company</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Buddha, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Burgoyne, General John, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Burnett, Peter H., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Burns, Hugh, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Butler, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">CALCUTTA (India), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">California, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">California Bill, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cambridge (Mass.), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Campbell, H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Campbell, J. J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Camp du Sable, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Canada, Dominion of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;<br />
+Upper, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Canadians, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br />
+French, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Canal, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cannon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Canoes, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cape Horn, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Carolinas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cartee, L. F., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Carter, David, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cascades, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br />
+Mountains, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cason, F. C., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Casualties, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cathlamet, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Catholics, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cattle, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cayuse (Indian tribe), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a> (<i>see also</i> Wars).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Champoeg (Ore.), <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a> (<i>see also</i> the following).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Champooing, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Chance, William, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Charles II (king of Great Britain), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Charters, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> (<i>see also</i> Grants).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Chemekete, (Ore.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Chicopee (Mass.), <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Churches, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br />
+Catholic, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;<br />
+English, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br />
+Methodist, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<i>See also</i> Missionaries and kindred topics.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clackamas County (Ore.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clackamas Falls, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clackamas River, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clark, George Rogers, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clarke, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clarke, S. A., <i>Pioneer days</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Clayoquot Sound, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Coggswell, William (artist), <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Colonies, American, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Colorado Springs (Col.), <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Columbia River, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Compo, Charles, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Comyns, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Confiscations, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Confucius, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Congregationalists, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Congress, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Congressional Globe</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Constitution, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Conventions, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a> (<i>see also</i> Treaties).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cook, Aaron, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Coombs, E. N., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Copeland, A., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Corn, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Coursen, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Courts, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cowenia, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Cowlitz, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Crawford, Medorum, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Creeks, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Curry, George L., <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">DALLES (Indians), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Dartmouth College, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Davis, George, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Davis, S., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Deady, Judge Matthew P., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Debt, collection of, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Deeds, land, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">De Haven, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Donation Land Law, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Douglas, James, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Dryad, (a ship), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Dunn, &mdash;, <i>History of the Oregon Territory</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">EDMUNDS, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Edwards, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Edwards, P. L. (teacher), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ekin, Richard H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Elections, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Elijah, an Indian, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ellice, E., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">England, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">English, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, (<i>see also</i> British, England, and Great Britain).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">English Church, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Epidemics, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Epitaph, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Epps, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ermatinger, Frank, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Evans, Elwood, <i>History of Pacific Northwest</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Executions, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Expeditions, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Exports, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">FAIRFIELD (Ore.), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Farmers, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Farms, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Farnham, Thomas J. (traveler), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Faulitz Plains, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Figueroa, &mdash;, (governor of California), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fillmore, Millard, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fitzgerald, James Edward, <i>The Hudson's Bay Company</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-<a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Flatheads (Indian tribe), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Flour, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> (<i>see also</i> Wheat).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Force, James, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Forest Creek (Ore.), <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Forts, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fowl, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fraser, Angelique, mother of McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fraser, Malcolm, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fraser, Samuel, M. D., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fraser, General &mdash;, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fraser Highlanders, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fremont, Col. John C., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">French, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a> (<i>see also</i> Canadians, French).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">French Prairie (Ore.), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Freshets, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Frost, Rev. J. H., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Fruit, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Funds, misappropriation of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Furs, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Furtrade, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Furtraders, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a> (<i>see also</i> Trade and commerce).<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">GALE, Joseph, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Garden, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gary, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gay, George, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">George (Fort), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Germany, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ghent, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gibbs, Joseph, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gifts, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gilpin, Major W., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Girtman, Daniel, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gladstone Park, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Goats, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gordon, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Governor's Island. <i>See</i> Abernethy Island.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Grain, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> (<i>see also</i> Wheat).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Grants, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (<i>see also</i> Charters).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gray, W. H., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;<br />
+<i>History of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Great Britain, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+(<i>See also</i> England).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Green River, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Greenhow, &mdash;, <i>History of Oregon and California</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Gregory XVI (pope), <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Griffin, J. S., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Griffith, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Grover, Gov. L. F., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">HALL, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hall (Fort), <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hannah, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Harvey, Daniel, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Harvey, James W. McLoughlin, (grandson of Dr. J. McLoughlin), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hastings, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hathaway, Felix, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hauxhurst, W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hawaiian Islands, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hess, Joseph, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hill, David, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hill, Tom (a Shawnee Indian), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Himes, George H., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hines, Rev. Gustavus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;<br />
+<i>History of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hines, Rev. H. K., D. D., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br />
+<i>Missionary history</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hoaikaika (ship), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hofstatter, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hogs, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, Daniel S., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, Frederick V., preface, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+Dr. John McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, James D. (the author's father), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, John (grandfather of the author), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, Joseph, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Holman, Woodford C., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Honolulu (Hawaii), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hoover, John, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Horregon, Jer., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Horses, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Howard, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Howard, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Howison, Lieut. Neil M., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hubbard, T. J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hudson Bay, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hudson's Bay Company, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hudspath, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Humason, Orlando, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Hunters, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">IDAHO, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Illinois (state), <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Immigrants, and immigration to Oregon, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Independence (Mo.), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Indians, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ireland, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Irish, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Iroquois (Indians), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ithaca (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ivory, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">JACKSON, &mdash; (furtrader), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Jackson, B. B., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Japanese, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Jesuitism, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Jesuits, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Jews, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Johnson, W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Judges, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Judson, L. H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">KAMOURASKA (parish in Canada), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kaministiquia River, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kelley, Hall J., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kelly, Col. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kentucky (state), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kilbourn, Captain W. K., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kincaid, H. R., <i>Biennial Report, of 1899</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Klakamus Plains, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Klakamus River, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> (<i>see also</i> Clackamas).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Kone, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">LADD &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">La Framboise, Michel, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lambert, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lancaster, Columbus, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Land Claims, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Land laws, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a> (<i>see also</i> Donation Land Law).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lane, Gen. Joseph, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lapwai (Idaho), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lausanne (a ship), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lawson, J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lawyer, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">LeBreton, George W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lee, Rev. Daniel (missionary), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lee, Rev. Jason (missionary), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lee, Rev. William H. (son of Daniel), opinion of McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Leslie, Rev. David, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lewis, Jr., S., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lewis, Reuben, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lewis and Clark Exposition, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lewiston (Idaho), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Linn Bill, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Linn, Senator &mdash;, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Linnton (Ore.), <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">London, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Los Angeles (Cal.), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lovejoy, A. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;<br />
+letter by, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lucier, Etienne, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lumber, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> (<i>see also</i> Timber).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lyman, Horace, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lyman, Rev. Horace S., <i>History of Oregon</i>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Lytle, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McCARVER, General &mdash;, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McDougal, Duncan, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McGillivray, S., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McGillivray, W., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McGruder, Theodore, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McKarty, William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McKay, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McKay, Alexander, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McKay, Dr. William C., <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, David (brother of Dr. McL.), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, David (son of Dr. McL.), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, Eliza (daughter of Dr. J. McL.), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, Eloisa (daughter of Dr. McL.), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, John (father of following), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, Dr. John:<br />
+revered in Oregon, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br />
+McLoughlin Day, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br />
+life, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>;<br />
+illustrative documents on, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br />
+genealogy and family, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br />
+and the Oregon Country, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br />
+treatment of Indians, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+letters, etc. by, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_243">243</a> (<i>see also</i> McLoughlin Document, and Deeds);<br />
+kindness and humanity of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>-<a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br />
+appellations, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;<br />
+persecuted, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<br />
+his land claims (<i>see</i> Land Claims);<br />
+naturalized, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>;<br />
+answer to Thurston, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, John (son of Dr. McL.), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin, Mrs. Dr. John, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin Day, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McLoughlin Document, cited, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McMinnville (Ore.), <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">McNeil, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Magruder, Theodore, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Marechell, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Marion County (Ore.), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Martin, &mdash;, <i>Hudson Bay Territories</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Massachusetts (state), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mazatlan (Mex.), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">May Dacre (a ship), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Meek, Joseph L., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Melons, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Memphremagog (Lake), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Methodists, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a> (<i>see also</i> Missionaries, and Missions).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mexican Government, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mexico, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mills, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Milner, Dr. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Milwaukee (Ore.), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mines, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Minto, John, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mirabel (Cal.), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Missionaries, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br />
+Catholic, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br />
+Congregational, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br />
+Methodist, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;<br />
+Presbyterian, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a> (<i>see also</i> Missions).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Missionary Board, Report to, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mission Church, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mission Party, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Missions (Catholic), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Missions (Methodist), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Missouri (state), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Modeste (ship), <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Moffitt, J. W., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Montana (state), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Monopolies, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Montreal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Morrison, J. L., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Moss, S. W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mount Hood, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mt. McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Mt. Pitt, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Murders, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Myrick, Mrs. Josiah, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">NESMITH, Col. J. W., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nesqually, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nevada (state), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">New England, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">New England conference, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">New York (city), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>New York Herald</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nisqually Plains, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">North Fork, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">North Pacific Coast, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Northwest Coast, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Northwest Fur Company, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nunnery, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nutall, &mdash; (botanist), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Nye, Chauncey, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">OAK, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ohio (state), <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">O'Neil, James A., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">O'Neill, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon (country, territory, and state), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon (ship), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Bill, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a> (<i>see also</i> Donation Land Law).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon City (Ore.), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon City Claim, <a href="#Page_124">124</a> (<i>see also</i> Land claims).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Donation Law, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (<i>see also</i> Donation Land Law).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Historical Society, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregon House Journal</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregonian</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Land Bill, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> (<i>see also</i> Donation Land Law).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Legislature, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Milling Company, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Pioneer Association, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Provisional Government, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregon Reports</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregon Senate Journal</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregon Spectator</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Oregon Statesman</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Supreme Court, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oregon Territorial Government, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Oxen, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a> (<i>see also</i> Cattle).<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">PACIFIC Coast and slope, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pacific Fur Company, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pacific Ocean, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pancott, Theodore, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Paris (France), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Park, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Parker, Rev. Samuel (Missionary), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Parliament, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Parrish, J. L., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Patents, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pawnee Mission, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Peacock (ship), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Peel, Lieut. Wm., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Peel, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Penalties, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pendleton (Ore.), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pennoyer, Governor Sylvester, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Peopeomoxmox (Indian Chief), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Perkins, Rev. H. K. W., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pfeiffer, W. A., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Philadelphia (Penn.), <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pillar Rock, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pine, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pineries, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pioneers, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pittman, Anna Maria, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Platte River, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Plows, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Polk (County), <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Polk, James K., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Pomeroy, Walter, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Porpoise (ship), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Portage, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Porter, J. M. (Secretary of War), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Portland (Ore.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Portland General Electric Company, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Potatoes, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Prairies, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Prices, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Priests, Catholic, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Protestants, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Puget's Island, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Puget Sound, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">QUEBEC (city), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">RACCOON (British sloop-of-war), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rae, William Glen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rafts, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> (<i>see also</i> Ships).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rapids, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Raymond, W. W., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Red River Settlement, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rees, Hon. Willard H., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br />
+opinion of McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>-<a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Regiments, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rekener, J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Remick, William C., <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Revolution, Cromwellian, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Richmond, Dr. &mdash;, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ricord, John (attorney), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rivière du Loup (a parish), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Robb, J. R., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Robertson, James, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rocky Mountains, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a> (<i>see also</i> Stony Mountains).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rogue River Indians, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Rome (Italy), <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Roosevelt, Theodore, <i>Winning of the West</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Roy, Charles, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Russell, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Russians, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">ST. GREGORY the Great, Knight of, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">St. Lawrence River, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Salem (Ore.), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Salmon, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sand Island, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sandwich Islands, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">San Francisco (Cal.), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Saratoga, battle of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Savages, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> (<i>see also</i> Indians).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sawyer, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Schoolhouses, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Schools, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a> (<i>see also</i> Seminary).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Scotch, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Scotland, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Scott, Harvey W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Seaside, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Seminary, <a href="#Page_238">238</a> (<i>see also</i> Schools).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Senate Document, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Senators, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sevier, John, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Seymour, Admiral &mdash;, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shadden, Thomas J., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shark (ship), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shawnees (Indian tribe), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sheep, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shepard, Cyrus (teacher), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Ships, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shortess petition, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Shortess, Robert, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Simpson, Sir George, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sitka (Alaska), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Skinner, A. A., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Slacum, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Slocum, W. A., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Smith, A. D., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Smith, Jedediah S. (furtrader), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Smith, Milton W., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Snake country, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Snake River, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Snelling, Vincent, letter to McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sonoma County (Cal.), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Spalding, Mrs. Henry H., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Spalding, Rev. Henry H., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Spies, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Staats, Stephen, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Stanstead (Canada), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Stark, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Starrs, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Statesman</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Stikeen (Fort), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Stony Mountains, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a> (<i>see</i> Rocky Mountains).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Straits of Juan de Fuca, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sublette, &mdash; (furtrader), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sue, Eugene, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sumatra (a ship), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Superior (lake), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Surveyors, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sutton, William C., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Sweet Water River, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">TAXES, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Teachers, missionaries as, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tennessee (state), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">The Dalles, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thing, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thomas H. Perkins (American ship), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thomas, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thompson, L. S., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thornton, J. Quinn, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;<br />
+<i>History of Provisional Government of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thurston (county), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Thurston, Samuel R., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;<br />
+his letter, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+protests against him, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+acts approved, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;<br />
+acts not endorsed, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+death, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br />
+career and death, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<br />
+illtreats McLoughlin, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br />
+false statements by, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;<br />
+excerpts from speech, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Timber, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a> (<i>see also</i> Lumber).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tolmie, Dr. F. W., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tongue Point (Ore.), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tonner, A., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tonquin (ship), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Town, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Townsend, John K., <i>Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trade and commerce, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trade licenses, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Traders, American, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trading act, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trading Companies, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a> (<i>see also</i> Hudson's Bay Company, and Northwest Fur Company).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trading posts, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Trappers, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Treaties, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a> (<i>see also</i> Conventions).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Tualatin Plains, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Turner, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Turnham, Joel, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Typhus fever, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">UMPQUA, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Umpqua River, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">United States, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">United States Senate, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">University of Oregon, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">VANCOUVER Barracks, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Vancouver (Fort), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Vancouver Island, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Vancouver, Point, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Varney, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Vavasour, Lieutenant and Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Venison, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Victor, Frances Fuller, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;<br />
+<i>The River of the West</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Victoria (Queen of England), <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Virginia (state), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">WAIILATPU (Wash.), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wait, Aaron E., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Walahmette Valley, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette Valley).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Walamet Valley, <a href="#Page_269">269</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette Valley).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Walker, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallace, &mdash;, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallamatte River, <a href="#Page_266">266</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette River).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallamet Falls, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette Falls).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallamette River, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette River).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallamette Valley, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> (<i>see</i> Willamette Valley).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wallammette Falls Settlement, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a> (<i>see</i> Oregon City).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Walla Walla (Wash.), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Waller, Rev. Alvin F., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wappatoo Island, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Warehouses, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Warre, Captain &mdash;, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wars: 67, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+American Revolution, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;<br />
+War of 1812, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br />
+Indian, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Washington, D. C. (city), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Washington (state), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Washougal (Wash.), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Watt, Joseph, <i>Recollections</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-<a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Webster, Noah, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wesleyan Church, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wesleyan Missionary Society, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, (<i>see also</i> Missionaries, and Missions).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent"><i>Western Star</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">West, Middle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">West Point (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Westport (Mo.), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wheat, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">White, Dr. Elijah (medical missionary), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Whitman, Dr. Marcus, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Whitman, Mrs. Marcus, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Whitman massacre, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilbraham (Mass.), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilkes, &mdash;, <i>Journal</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilkes, Commodore Charles, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;<br />
+excerpts from his <i>Narrative</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilkes, George, <i>History of Oregon</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willamette, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willamette Falls, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willamette River, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willamette Valley, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">William and Ann (ship), <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">William (Fort), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Williams, R., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Willson, W. H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilson, Albert E., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wilson, E. C., <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Winthrop, Robert C., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wrecks, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a> (<i>see also</i> Ships).<br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span>
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wyeth, Captain Nathaniel J., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;<br />
+<i>Journal</i> cited, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br />
+letters to, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br />
+letters by, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wygant, Mrs. Theodore, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Wyoming (state), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">YAKIMA (Indians), <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Yatten, Joseph, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Yerba Buena, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a> (<i>see</i> San Francisco).<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Young, Ewing, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="hangingindent">Young, Frederic G., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.
+</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">Early Western Travels</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">1748-1846</span></p>
+
+<p><i>A SERIES OF ANNOTATED REPRINTS</i> of some of the best and rarest
+contemporary volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social
+and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West during the Period of
+Early American Settlement.</p>
+
+<p class="center">COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES</p>
+
+
+<p class="hangingindent">1&mdash;<b>Weiser's</b> Journal of a Tour to the Ohio in 1748. <b>Croghan's</b>
+Tours into the Western Country, 1750-1765. <b>Post's</b> Western
+Tours, 1758-59. <b>Morris's</b> Journal relative to his Thrilling
+Experiences on the Maumee in 1764.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">2&mdash;<b>Long's</b> Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and
+Trader, 1768-1782.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">3&mdash;<b>Michaux</b> (André) Travels into Kentucky in 1795-96. <b>Michaux</b>
+(F. A.) Travels to the West of the Alleghanies, 1802. <b>Harris's</b>
+Tour into the Territory Northwest of the Alleghanies, 1803.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">4&mdash;<b>Cuming's</b> Tour to the Western Country, etc., 1807-1809.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">5&mdash;<b>Bradbury's</b> Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-1811.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">6&mdash;<b>Brackenridge's</b> Voyage up the Missouri, 1811. <b>Franchere's</b>
+Voyage to the N. W. Coast, 1811-1814.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">7&mdash;<b>Ross's</b> Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon,
+1810-13.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">8&mdash;<b>Buttrick's</b> Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries, 1812-19.
+<b>Evans's</b> Tour of 4000 miles through Western States and
+Territories, 1818.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">9&mdash;<b>Flint's</b> Letters from America, 1818-1820.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">10&mdash;<b>Hulme's</b> Tour in the West (Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois),
+1818. <b>Flower's</b> Letters from Lexington and Illinois, 1819.
+<b>Flower's</b> Letters from Illinois, 1820-1821. <b>Woods's</b> Residence in
+English Prairie, Illinois, 1820-1821.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">11, 12&mdash;<b>Faux's</b> Tour to the United States, 1819-1820. <b>Welby's</b>
+Visit to North America and Illinois, 1819-1820.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">13&mdash;<b>Nuttall's</b> Travels into Arkansas Territory, 1819.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">14, 15, 16, 17&mdash;<b>S. H. Long's</b> Expedition from Pittsburg to the
+Rocky Mountains, 1819-1820.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">18&mdash;<b>Pattie's</b> Personal Narrative of Expedition from St. Louis to
+the Pacific, 1824-1827.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">19, 20&mdash;<b>Ogden's</b> Tour through the Western Country, 1821-1823.
+<b>Bullock's</b> Journey through Western States, 1827. <b>Gregg's</b>
+Commerce of the Prairies, 1831-1839.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">21&mdash;<b>Wyeth's</b> Journey from Atlantic to Pacific, 1832. <b>Townsend's</b>
+Journey across the Rockies to Columbia River, 1834.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">22, 23, 24, 25&mdash;<b>Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied's</b> Travels in
+the Interior of North America with folio Atlas, 1843.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">26, 27&mdash;<b>Flagg's</b> Far West, 1836-1837. <b>De Smet's</b> Letters and
+Sketches. Residence among Indian Tribes, 1841-1842.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">28, 29&mdash;<b>Farnham's</b> Travels in the Great Western Prairies, etc.,
+1839. <b>De Smet's</b> Oregon Missions and Travels, 1845-1846.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">30&mdash;<b>Palmer's</b> Travels over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-1846.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">31&mdash;Index to the Series.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Edited with Historical, Geographical, Ethnological, and Bibliographical
+Notes, and Introductions and Index, by</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">Reuben Gold Thwaites, <span class="smcap">LL. D.</span></span></p>
+
+<p>With facsimiles of the original title-pages, maps, portraits, views,
+etc. 31 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price, $4 net per
+volume (except the Atlas, which is $15 net).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big"><i>An Elaborate Analytical Index to the Whole</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Almost all the rare originals are unindexed. In the present reprint
+series, this immense mass of historical data will be made accessible
+through one exhaustive analytical index.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXTRACTS FROM A FEW OF THE REVIEWS</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW</i>: "The books are handsomely bound
+and printed. The editing by Dr. Thwaites seems to have been
+done with his customary care and knowledge. There is no want of
+helpful annotations. <b>The books therefore are likely to be of
+more real value than the early prints from which they are
+taken.</b>"</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>THE OUTLOOK</i>: "Dr. Thwaites is the best possible editor who
+could have been chosen for such a task."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The student of society, as well as the historian, can profit
+by the perusal of these travels;... they present, as is nowhere
+else so well presented, the picture of society in the making in
+the American back country."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Frederick J. Turner</span> in the <i>Dial</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>THE NATION</i>: "Thoroughly interesting, as well as historically
+valuable."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big"><i>Full descriptive circulars giving the contents of each volume may he
+had on application.</i></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="big">DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF</span><br/>
+<span class="huge">RECONSTRUCTION</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational &amp; Industrial 1865 to
+the Present Time</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">SELECTED AND EDITED BY</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">WALTER L. FLEMING, Ph. D.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY</p>
+
+<p><i>Printed on a specially made paper, illustrated with facsimiles, two
+volumes, large 8vo, (about 900 pages), cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price
+per set, $10.00 net.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>This work has been prepared in response to a demand on the part of
+students and thoughtful readers for an adequate collection of historical
+material which shall</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1st. <i>Present the original sources, which alone give the true
+contemporary conditions, and allow the reader to make his own
+interpretation of the facts.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">2nd. <i>Comprehend all phases of the progress and results of
+Reconstruction, social and economic, as well as political.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">3rd. <i>Exhibit not only the national aspects but also the local
+conditions of Reconstruction, in all the States.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Professor Fleming</span> is recognized as one of the foremost authorities in
+the country on the Reconstruction Period. The excellence of his previous
+contributions on special topics in this field is sufficient guarantee of
+the value of the present comprehensive work.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"It is certainly a most interesting and important
+plan."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson.</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Every student ... will rejoice over this addition to his
+facilities for intelligent appreciation of the great interests
+involved in the sectional struggle of 1861-1865, and its
+aftermath."&mdash;<i>Chicago Evening Post.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"I feel sure that your work will be of great interest and
+benefit to the future historian."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thomas Nelson Page.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big"><i>Full descriptive circular and list of documents will be sent by the
+publishers on application.</i></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</span><br/>
+<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obvious typographical errors in the original have been corrected as follows:</span><br />
+<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page&nbsp;&nbsp; 10: <i>Britian</i> changed to <i>Britain</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page&nbsp;&nbsp; 25: <i>McLouglin</i> changed to <i>McLoughlin</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page&nbsp;&nbsp; 68: <i>therefor</i> changed to <i>therefore</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page 254: <i>is</i> changed to <i>his</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Page 295: <i>Memphregog</i> changed to <i>Memphremagog</i></span><br />
+<br/>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Punctuation has been corrected without note.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of
+Oregon, by Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon, by
+Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon
+
+Author: Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+Release Date: May 18, 2011 [EBook #36146]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+_Taken from a daguerreotype of Dr. John McLoughlin made in 1856, about a
+year before his death. The original daguerreotype belongs to Mrs. Josiah
+Myrick of Portland, Oregon, a granddaughter of Dr. McLoughlin._]
+
+
+
+
+  DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+  the Father of Oregon
+
+  BY
+
+  FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  Director of the Oregon Pioneer Association and of the
+  Oregon Historical Society
+
+  _With Portraits_
+
+
+  Cleveland, Ohio
+  The Arthur H. Clark Company
+  1907
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY
+
+  FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+_To the true, good, brave Oregon Pioneers of 1843, 1844, 1845, and 1846,
+whose coming in the time of joint-occupancy did so much to help save
+Oregon and assisted in making it what it is today; whose affections and
+regards for Dr. John McLoughlin and whose remembrances and heartfelt
+appreciations of his humanity and kindness to them and theirs can and
+could end only with their deaths, this volume is most respectfully
+dedicated._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  PREFACE                                              15
+
+  TEXT                                                 19
+
+  EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND JOINT-OCCUPANCY OF THE
+    OREGON COUNTRY                                     20
+
+  THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND THE NORTHWEST
+    COMPANY                                            21
+
+  GENEALOGY AND FAMILY OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN          22
+
+  McLOUGHLIN AND THE OREGON COUNTRY                    25
+
+  FORT VANCOUVER                                       27
+
+  PUNISHMENT OF INDIANS                                35
+
+  EARLY FRENCH CANADIAN SETTLERS                       41
+
+  EARLY AMERICAN TRADERS AND TRAVELLERS                45
+
+  PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONARIES                            52
+
+  METHODIST MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES                  54
+
+  PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT                               64
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1842                                  69
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1843                                  70
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1844                                  78
+
+  IMMIGRATION OF 1845                                  81
+
+  THE QUALITY OF THE EARLY IMMIGRANTS                  83
+
+  THE RESIGNATION OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN               90
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S RELIGION                            98
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S LAND CLAIM                         101
+
+  ABERNETHY ISLAND                                    114
+
+  THE SHORTESS PETITION                               116
+
+  LAND LAWS OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT             119
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S NATURALIZATION                     120
+
+  CONSPIRACY AGAINST DR. McLOUGHLIN                   122
+
+  THURSTON'S LETTER TO CONGRESS                       123
+
+  PROTESTS AGAINST THURSTON'S ACTIONS                 137
+
+  THE OREGON DONATION LAND LAW                        140
+
+  THE CONSPIRACY EFFECTIVE                            143
+
+  CAREER AND DEATH OF THURSTON                        144
+
+  THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH                      146
+
+  DR. McLOUGHLIN'S MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS               149
+
+  THE PERSECUTION CONTINUED                           152
+
+  THE END OF DR. McLOUGHLIN'S LIFE                    154
+
+  JUSTICE TO DR. McLOUGHLIN'S MEMORY                  159
+
+  OPINIONS BY DR. McLOUGHLIN'S CONTEMPORARIES         162
+
+  EULOGY UPON DR. McLOUGHLIN                          169
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT:
+
+    A: Article 3 of Convention of October 20, 1818,
+       between the United States and Great Britain    175
+
+    B: Convention of August 6, 1827, between the
+       United States and Great Britain                175
+
+    C: Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay
+       Company and Northwest Company; and grant
+       to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838
+       to trade in the Oregon Country                 176
+
+    D: Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev.
+       Jason Lee                                      180
+
+    E: Rev. Jason Lee's visit to Eastern States in
+       1838; and his report to the Missionary Board
+       at New York in 1844                            185
+
+    F: Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles
+       Wilkes, U.S.N., published in Philadelphia in
+       1845                                           190
+
+    G: Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V.
+       Holman of October 27, 1905                     196
+
+    H: Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's
+       "History of Oregon" relating to Shortess
+       Petition; and excerpt from speech of Samuel
+       R. Thurston in Congress, December 26, 1850,
+       as to author of Shortess Petition              198
+
+    I: Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence
+       Lovejoy and Rev. A. F. Waller of March 20,
+       1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+       claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts
+       from letters of Rev. Jason Lee to Rev. A. F.
+       Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+       1844                                           212
+
+    J: Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev.
+       A. F. Waller, and Rev. David Leslie, of April
+       4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of
+       making said agreement                          224
+
+    K: Statement of career in Oregon of Judge W. P.
+       Bryant                                         228
+
+    L: Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in
+       the "Oregon Spectator" Thursday, September
+       12, 1850                                       229
+
+    M: Letter by William J. Berry, published in the
+       "Oregon Spectator," December 26, 1850          243
+
+    N: Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+       Congress, December 26, 1850                    246
+
+    O: Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J.
+       Wyeth, Robert C. Winthrop and Dr. John
+       McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon
+       Spectator," April 3, 1851                      256
+
+    P: Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John
+       McLoughlin of March 9, 1852                    262
+
+    Q: Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and
+       Vancouver's Island" by James Edward
+       Fitzgerald, published in London in 1849; and
+       excerpt from "Ten Years in Oregon," by Rev.
+       Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+       in New York in 1844                            264
+
+    R: Note on Authorship of "History of Oregon" in
+       Bancroft's Works; and sources of information
+       for this monograph                             270
+
+    S: Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of
+       Dr. McLoughlin                                 272
+
+  INDEX                                               287
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  PORTRAIT OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN, taken from daguerreotype
+    of 1856; from original belonging to Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+    Portland, Oregon                         _Frontispiece_
+
+  PORTRAIT OF DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN, taken from miniature
+    painted on ivory, 1838 or 1839; from original belonging
+    to Mrs. James W. McL. Harvey, Mirabel, California.
+                                             _facing_ p. 62
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This is a plain and simple narrative of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin,
+and of his noble career in the early history of Oregon. The writing of
+it is a labor of love on my part, for I am Oregon-born. A number of my
+near relatives came to Oregon overland in the immigrations of 1843,
+1845, and 1846. My father and mother came overland in 1846. The one
+great theme of the Oregon pioneers was and still is Dr. McLoughlin and
+his humanity. I came so to know of him that I could almost believe I had
+known him personally.
+
+He, the father of Oregon, died September third, 1857, yet his memory is
+as much respected as though his death were of recent occurrence. In
+Oregon he will never be forgotten. He is known in Oregon by tradition as
+well as by history. His deeds are a part of the folk-lore of Oregon. His
+life is an essential part of the early, the heroic days of early Oregon.
+I know of him from the conversations of pioneers, who loved him, and
+from the numerous heart-felt expressions at the annual meetings of the
+Oregon pioneers, beginning with their first meeting. For years I have
+been collecting and reading books on early Oregon and the Pacific
+Northwest Coast. I am familiar with many letters and rare documents in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society relating to events in
+the time of the settlement of Oregon, and containing frequent references
+to Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+October sixth, 1905, was set apart as McLoughlin Day by the Lewis and
+Clark Exposition, at Portland, Oregon. I had the honor to be selected to
+deliver the address on that occasion. In writing that address I was
+obliged to familiarize myself with exact knowledge of dates and other
+important circumstances connected with the life and times of Dr.
+McLoughlin. In writing it, although I endeavored to be concise, the
+story grew until it went beyond the proper length for an address, and so
+I condensed it for oral delivery on McLoughlin Day.
+
+Since that time I have largely rewritten it, and, while not changing the
+style essentially, I have added to it so that it has become a short
+history. For the benefit of those interested in Dr. John McLoughlin and
+the history of early Oregon, I have added notes and many documents. The
+latter show some of the sources from which I have drawn, but only some
+of them. They are necessary to a thorough understanding, particularly,
+as to the causes of his tribulations, and of what is due to him as a
+great humanitarian, and of his great services in the upbuilding of
+Oregon.
+
+I have been kindly assisted by men and women still living who knew him
+personally, by those who gladly bear witness to what he was and what he
+did, and by those who have studied his life and times as a matter of
+historical interest.
+
+The full history of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin will be written in
+the future. Such a history will have all the interest of a great
+romance. It begins in happiness and ends in martyrdom. It is so
+remarkable that one unacquainted with the facts might doubt if some of
+these matters I have set forth could be true. Unfortunately they are
+true.
+
+                    FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
+
+  PORTLAND, OREGON, January, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+
+The story of the life of Dr. John McLoughlin comprises largely the
+history of Oregon beginning in the time of joint-occupancy of the Oregon
+Country, and continuing until after the boundary treaty dividing the
+Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain, the
+establishment of the Oregon Territorial Government, and the passage of
+the Oregon Donation Law. It relates directly to events in Oregon from
+1824 until the death of Dr. McLoughlin in 1857, and incidentally to what
+occurred in Oregon as far back as the founding of Astoria in 1811.
+
+Prior to the Treaty of 1846 between the United States and England fixing
+the present northern boundary line of the United States west of the
+Rocky Mountains, what was known as the "Oregon Country" was bounded on
+the south by north latitude forty-two degrees, the present northern
+boundary of the states of California and Nevada; on the north by
+latitude fifty-four degrees and forty minutes, the present southern
+boundary of Alaska; on the east by the Rocky Mountains; and on the west
+by the Pacific Ocean. It included all of the states of Oregon,
+Washington, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming,
+and all of the present Dominion of Canada between latitudes forty-nine
+degrees and fifty-four degrees forty minutes, and west of the Rocky
+Mountains. Its area was approximately four hundred thousand square
+miles, an area about twenty-five per cent. greater than that of the
+original thirteen colonies at the time of the American Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+_Early Settlements and Joint-occupancy of the Oregon Country._
+
+
+The first permanent settlement on the Columbia River was made by the
+Pacific Fur Company, which was organized and controlled by John Jacob
+Astor. It founded Astoria March 22, 1811. October 16, 1813, during the
+war of 1812, the establishments of the Pacific Fur Company in the Oregon
+Country, and all its furs and supplies, were sold, at less than
+one-third of their value, to the Northwest Company, of Montreal, by the
+treachery of Duncan McDougal, a partner of Astor in the Pacific Fur
+Company. December 1, 1813, the British sloop-of-war Raccoon arrived at
+Astoria and took formal possession of it in the name of the King of
+Great Britain. The captain of the Raccoon changed the name of Astoria to
+that of Fort George. Its name is now Astoria. The Northwest Company
+continued to carry on its business at Fort George and at other points in
+the Oregon Country until its coalition with the Hudson's Bay Company in
+1821.
+
+The treaty of peace between the United States and England at the
+conclusion of the war of 1812 was signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. It
+is known as the "Treaty of Ghent." Under this treaty Great Britain, on
+October 6, 1818, formally restored to the United States "the settlement
+of Fort George on the Columbia River." A Convention between the United
+States and Great Britain was signed October 20, 1818. That Convention
+provided that the Oregon Country should be free and open, for the period
+of ten years, to the citizens and subjects of the two countries, being
+what is called for convenience joint-occupancy by the two countries.[1]
+Another Convention between the two countries was made in 1827, by which
+this joint-occupancy was continued indefinitely, subject to termination
+after October 20, 1828, by either the United States or Great Britain
+giving to the other twelve months' notice.[2] In April, 1846, Congress
+passed a joint resolution giving the President authority, at his
+discretion, to give such notice to the British Government. Under the
+authority of this resolution President Polk signed a notice, dated April
+28, 1846, which by its terms was to go into effect from and after its
+delivery to the British Government at London. June 6, 1846, the British
+Government proposed the present boundary. This was accepted by the
+American Government. The treaty was signed at Washington, June 15, 1846.
+
+
+
+
+_The Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company._
+
+
+The Hudson's Bay Company was established in 1670 under a charter granted
+by King Charles II. The Northwest Company was formed in Montreal in
+1783-4. It became the great rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Warfare
+occurred between the two companies, beginning in 1815. A compromise was
+finally effected and in 1821 the Northwest Company coalesced with the
+Hudson's Bay Company[3]. Dr. McLoughlin was a partner of the Northwest
+Company and opposed the coalition in a most determined manner. He would
+not sign the final agreement, as he considered it unfair to himself and
+to his associates in the Northwest Company. But the Hudson's Bay Company
+knew of Dr. McLoughlin, his resolution, his power, and his capacity, and
+it employed him as Chief Factor to manage and to build up the Company's
+business in the Oregon Country. He was given plenary powers. He was the
+man for the place and the time.
+
+
+
+
+_Genealogy and Family of Dr. John McLoughlin._
+
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin was born October 19, 1784, in Parish La Riviere du
+Loup, Canada, about one hundred and twenty miles below Quebec, on the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River. He was baptized November 3, 1784,
+at the Parish of Kamouraska, Canada, there being no Roman Catholic
+priest at La Riviere du Loup. Both of his parents were Roman Catholics.
+His father was John McLoughlin, a native of Ireland. Of him little is
+now known, excepting that he was a man of high character. He was
+accidentally drowned in the St. Lawrence River. The date I have been
+unable to ascertain. It was probably while his son John was quite young.
+For convenience I shall hereinafter speak of John McLoughlin, the
+younger, as Dr. John McLoughlin, or Dr. McLoughlin. His mother's maiden
+name was Angelique Fraser. She was a very fine woman. She was born in
+the Parish of Beaumont, Canada, and died in Canada, July 3, 1842, aged
+83 years. Her father was Malcolm Fraser, a native of Scotland. At the
+time of his retirement from the army and settlement in Canada, in 1763,
+he was a captain in the 84th regiment of the British regular army. He
+was at one time a lieutenant in the 78th regiment, known as the Fraser
+Highlanders. He spelled his name with two "f's"--Ffraser. His daughter
+was also related to Gen. Fraser, one of Burgoyne's principal officers,
+who was killed at the battle of Saratoga, October 7, 1777.
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin's father and mother had seven children, of which
+five were daughters; the youngest daughter died while young. He was the
+second child, the eldest son, his only brother, David, being the third
+child. It is probable that Dr. John McLoughlin and his brother David
+were brought up in the home of their maternal grandfather. Their only
+maternal uncle was Samuel Fraser, M.D. He was a lieutenant in the Royal
+Highland Regiment (the famous "Black Watch" regiment). He took part in
+all the engagements fought by that regiment from 1795 to 1803, in the
+Napoleonic wars. Their maternal relatives seem to have exercised a
+strong influence on both young John and David McLoughlin. They both
+became physicians. David served in the British army, and, after the
+Battle of Waterloo, practiced medicine in Paris, France. Dr. John
+McLoughlin was educated in Canada and Scotland. He joined the Northwest
+Company, which was composed and controlled by very active, practical,
+and forceful men. In 1821 he was in charge of Fort William, the chief
+depot and factory of the Northwest Company, when that Company coalesced
+with the Hudson's Bay Company. Fort William is situated on the north
+shore of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. It was
+at Fort William, where he was stationed for a long time, that he became
+acquainted with the widow of Alexander McKay. Dr. McLoughlin married
+her, the exact date I have been unable to ascertain. Alexander McKay was
+a partner of John Jacob Astor in the Pacific Fur Company. He was killed
+in the capture, by Indians, of the ship Tonquin in June, 1811, at
+Clayoquot Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver's Island.
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin and wife had four children, whose names in order of
+birth were as follows: Eliza, John, Eloisa, and David. They are all
+dead. Eliza McLoughlin married Captain Epps, an officer in the English
+army. John McLoughlin, Jr., was murdered in April, 1842, at Fort
+Stikeen, where he was in charge. Eloisa McLoughlin was Dr. McLoughlin's
+favorite child. She was married to William Glen Rae at Fort Vancouver in
+1838. Rae was appointed, after his marriage, a Chief Trader of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In 1841 he was sent to California to take charge
+of the Company's business at Yerba Buena, now San Francisco. He
+continued in charge there until his death in 1844. All of their children
+are dead, excepting two--Mrs. Theodore Wygant and Mrs. Josiah Myrick,
+both now living in Portland. In October, 1850, Mrs. Rae was married to
+Daniel Harvey. There were three children by this second marriage, all of
+whom are now dead. Daniel Harvey died prior to his wife. She died at
+Portland in October, 1884. In Portland and its vicinity there are now
+living several children of Mrs. Wygant and Mrs. Myrick, and also several
+grandchildren of Mrs. Wygant. At Mirabel, Sonoma County, California,
+there are now living a son, a daughter, and also the widow of James W.
+McL. Harvey, a son of Daniel and Eloisa Harvey. A son of Mrs. Myrick is
+living at Los Angeles, California. David McLoughlin, the youngest child
+of Dr. McLoughlin, was educated in England. He returned to Oregon, and
+later made his home in Idaho, where he died at an advanced age.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin and the Oregon Country._
+
+
+Physically Dr. John McLoughlin was a superb specimen of man. His height
+was not less than six feet four inches. He carried himself as a master,
+which gave him an appearance of being more than six feet and a half
+high. He was almost perfectly proportioned. Mentally he was endowed to
+match his magnificent physical proportions. He was brave and fearless;
+he was true and just; he was truthful and scorned to lie. The Indians,
+as well as his subordinates, soon came to know that if he threatened
+punishment for an offense, it was as certain as that the offense
+occurred. He was absolute master of himself and of those under him. He
+allowed none of his subordinates to question or to disobey. This was
+necessary to conduct the business of his Company, and to preserve peace
+in the vast Oregon Country. He was _facile princeps_. And, yet, with all
+these dominant qualities, he had the greatest kindness, sympathy, and
+humanity. He needed all his stern and manlike characteristics to govern
+the officers, employees, servants, and dependents of his Company, and to
+conduct its business, in the Oregon Country. Here was a great empire in
+physical extent, intersected by great rivers and chains of mountains.
+There was no one on whom he could depend, except his under-officers and
+the Company's servants. To him were given no bands of trained soldiers
+to govern a country half again larger than the Empire of Germany, and
+occupied by treacherous, hostile, crafty, and cruel savages; and to so
+govern as not to be to the prejudice, nor to the exclusion, of citizens
+of the United States, nor to encourage them, nor to help them.
+
+When he first came to Oregon, it was not safe for the Company's parties
+to travel except in large numbers and heavily armed. In a few years
+there was practically no danger. A single boat loaded with goods or furs
+was as safe as a great flotilla had been when he arrived on the Columbia
+River in 1824. It was Dr. John McLoughlin who did this, by his
+personality, by his example, and by his influence. He had accomplished
+all this when the Indian population of the Oregon Country is estimated
+to have been in excess of 100,000, including about 30,000 on the
+Columbia River below its junction with Snake River, and on the
+tributaries of that part of the Columbia River. This was before the
+great epidemics of the years 1829 to 1832, inclusive, which caused the
+deaths of great numbers of the Indians, especially those living on and
+near the lower Columbia River. There were no Indian wars in the Oregon
+Country during all the time Dr. McLoughlin was in charge at Fort
+Vancouver, from 1824 to 1846. All the Indian wars in the Oregon Country
+occurred after he resigned from the Hudson's Bay Company. The first of
+these wars began with the Whitman massacre in 1847.
+
+When he came to Oregon, he was nearly forty years old. His hair was then
+almost white, and was worn long, falling almost to his shoulders. It did
+not take long for the Indians to know him and to give him a name. To
+some of the Indians he was the "White-Headed Eagle," and to others, the
+"Great White Chief."
+
+
+
+
+_Fort Vancouver._
+
+
+Dr. McLoughlin came overland to Fort George (Astoria), arriving there in
+1824. He soon saw that the place for a great trading and supply post
+should be further up the Columbia River. After careful surveys in small
+boats, he founded Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the Columbia
+River, about seven miles above the mouth of the Willamette River, and
+several miles below the point named Point Vancouver by Lieut. Broughtan,
+in 1792, the latter point being near the present town of Washougal,
+Washington. In 1825 Fort Vancouver was constructed, in part, and the
+goods and effects at Fort George were moved to Fort Vancouver. The final
+completion of the latter fort was not until a later period, although the
+work was carried on as rapidly as possible. A few years after, about
+1830, a new fort was erected about a mile westerly from the original
+fort. Here is now located the present United States' Military post,
+commonly known as Vancouver Barracks.
+
+With characteristic energy and foresight Dr. McLoughlin soon established
+at and near Fort Vancouver a large farm on which were grown quantities
+of grain and vegetables. It was afterwards stocked with cattle, horses,
+sheep, goats, and hogs. In 1836 this farm consisted of 3,000 acres,
+fenced into fields, with here and there dairy houses and herdsmen's and
+shepherd's cottages. In 1836 the products of this farm were, in bushels:
+8,000 of wheat; 5,500 of barley; 6,000 of oats; 9,000 of peas; 14,000 of
+potatoes; besides large quantities of turnips (rutabaga), pumpkins,
+etc.[4] There were about ten acres in apple, pear, and quince trees,
+which bore in profusion. He established two saw mills and two flour
+mills near the fort. For many years there were shipped, from Fort
+Vancouver, lumber to the Hawaiian Islands (then called the Sandwich
+Islands) and flour to Sitka. It was not many years after Dr. McLoughlin
+came to the Oregon Country until it was one of the most profitable parts
+of North America to the Hudson's Bay Company. For many years the London
+value of the yearly gathering of furs, in the Oregon Country, varied
+from $500,000 to $1,000,000, sums of money representing then a value
+several fold more than such sums represent today.
+
+Fort Vancouver was a parallelogram about seven hundred and fifty feet
+long and four hundred and fifty broad, enclosed by an upright picket
+wall of large and closely fitted beams, over twenty feet in height,
+secured by buttresses on the inside. Originally there was a bastion at
+each angle of the fort. In the earlier times there were two twelve
+pounders mounted in these bastions. In the center of the fort there were
+some eighteen pounders; all these cannon, from disuse, became merely
+ornamental early in the thirties.[5] In 1841, when Commodore Wilkes was
+at Fort Vancouver, there were between the steps of Dr. McLoughlin's
+residence, inside the fort, two old cannon on sea-carriages, with a few
+shot. There were no other warlike instruments.[6] It was a very peaceful
+fort.
+
+The interior of the fort was divided into two courts, having about forty
+buildings, all of wood except the powder magazine, which was constructed
+of brick and stone. In the center, facing the main entrance, stood the
+Hall in which were the dining-room, smoking-room, and public
+sitting-room, or bachelor's hall. Single men, clerks, strangers, and
+others made the bachelor's hall their place of resort. To these rooms
+artisans and servants were not admitted. The Hall was the only two-story
+house in the fort. The residence of Dr. McLoughlin was built after the
+model of a French Canadian dwelling-house. It was one story,
+weather-boarded, and painted white. It had a piazza with vines growing
+on it. There were flower-beds in front of the house. The other buildings
+consisted of dwellings for officers and their families, a school-house,
+a retail store, warehouses and shops.
+
+A short distance from the fort, on the bank of the river, was a village
+of more than fifty houses, for the mechanics and servants, and their
+families, built in rows so as to form streets. Here were also the
+hospital, boat-house, and salmon-house, and near by were barns,
+threshing-mills, granaries, and dairy buildings. The whole number of
+persons, having their homes at Fort Vancouver and its vicinity, men,
+women, and children, was about eight hundred. The Hall was an oasis in
+the vast social desert of Oregon. Fort Vancouver was a fairy-land to the
+early travellers, after their long, hard journeys across the continent.
+Thomas J. Farnham was a traveller who came to Oregon in 1839. He was
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver. In his account of his
+travels, which he subsequently published, he gives the following
+description of the usual dinner at Fort Vancouver:
+
+"The bell rings for dinner; we will now pay a visit to the 'Hall' and
+its convivialities.... At the end of a table twenty feet in length
+stands Governor McLoughlin, directing guests and gentlemen from
+neighboring posts to their places; and chief-traders, traders, the
+physician, clerks, and the farmer slide respectfully to their places, at
+distances from the Governor corresponding to the dignity of their rank
+in the service. Thanks are given to God, and all are seated. Roast beef
+and pork, boiled mutton, baked salmon, boiled ham; beets, carrots,
+turnips, cabbage, and potatoes, and wheaten bread, are tastefully
+distributed over the table among a dinner-set of elegant queen's ware,
+burnished with glittering glasses and decanters of various-coloured
+Italian wines. Course after course goes round, ... and each gentleman in
+turn vies with him in diffusing around the board a most generous
+allowance of viands, wines, and warm fellow-feeling. The cloth and wines
+are removed together, cigars are lighted, and a strolling smoke about
+the premises, enlivened by a courteous discussion of some mooted point
+of natural history or politics, closes the ceremonies of the dinner hour
+at Fort Vancouver."
+
+At Fort Vancouver Dr. John McLoughlin lived and ruled in a manner
+befitting that of an old English Baron in feudal times, but with a
+graciousness and courtesy, which, I fear, were not always the rule with
+the ancient Barons. Dr. McLoughlin was a very temperate man. He rarely
+drank any alcoholic beverages, not even wines. There was an exception
+one time, each year, when the festivities began at Fort Vancouver on the
+return of the brigade, with the year's furs. He then drank a glass of
+wine to open the festivities. Soon after he came to Oregon, from
+morality and policy he stopped the sale of liquor to Indians. To do this
+effectually he had to stop the sale of liquor to all whites. In 1834,
+when Wyeth began his competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, he began
+selling liquor to Indians, but at the request of Dr. McLoughlin, Wyeth
+stopped the sale of liquors to Indians as well as to the whites. In 1841
+the American trading vessel Thomas Perkins, commanded by Captain Varney,
+came to the Columbia River to trade, having a large quantity of liquors.
+To prevent the sale to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin bought all these
+liquors and stored them at Fort Vancouver. They were still there when
+Dr. McLoughlin left the Hudson's Bay Company in 1846.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin soon established numerous forts and posts in the Oregon
+Country, all of which were tributary to Fort Vancouver. In 1839 there
+were twenty of these forts besides Vancouver. The policy of the Hudson's
+Bay Company was to crush out all rivals in trade. It had an absolute
+monopoly of the fur trade of British America, except the British
+Provinces, under acts of Parliament, and under royal grants. But in the
+Oregon Territory its right to trade therein was limited by the
+Conventions of 1818 and 1827 and by the act of Parliament of July 2,
+1821, to the extent that the Oregon Country (until one year's notice was
+given) should remain free and open to the citizens of the United States
+and to the subjects of Great Britain, and the trade of the Hudson's Bay
+Company should not "be used to the prejudice or exclusion of citizens of
+the United States engaged in such trade."[7] Therefore, as there could
+be no legal exclusion of American citizens, it could be done only by
+occupying the country, building forts, establishing trade and friendly
+relations with the Indians, and preventing rivalry by the laws of trade,
+including ruinous competition. As the Hudson's Bay Company bought its
+goods in large quantities in England, shipped by sea, and paid no import
+duties, it could sell at a profit at comparatively low prices. In
+addition, its goods were of extra good quality, usually much better than
+those of the American traders. It also desired to prevent the settling
+of the Oregon Country. The latter purpose was for two reasons: to
+preserve the fur trade; and to prevent the Oregon Country from being
+settled by Americans to the prejudice of Great Britain's claim to the
+Oregon Country.
+
+For more than ten years after Dr. McLoughlin came to Oregon, there was
+no serious competition to the Hudson's Bay Company in the Oregon Country
+west of the Blue Mountains. An occasional ship would come into the
+Columbia River and depart. At times, American fur traders entered into
+serious competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, east of the Blue
+Mountains. Such traders were Bonneville, Sublette, Smith, Jackson, and
+others. They could be successful, only partially, against the
+competition of the Hudson's Bay Company. Goods were often sold by it at
+prices which could not be met by the American traders, except at a
+loss. Sometimes more was paid to the Indians for furs than they were
+worth.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was the autocrat of the Oregon Country. His allegiance
+was to his Country and to his Company. He knew the Americans had the
+legal right to occupy any part of the Oregon Country, and he knew from
+the directors of his Company, as early as 1825, that Great Britain did
+not intend to claim any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia
+River. The only fort he established south of the Columbia River was on
+the Umpqua River. I do not wish to place Dr. McLoughlin on a pedestal,
+nor to represent him as more than a grand and noble man, ever true, as
+far as possible, to his Company's interests and to himself. To be
+faithless to his Company was to be a weakling and contemptible. But he
+was not a servant, nor was he untrue to his manhood. As Chief Factor he
+was "Ay, every inch a King," but he was also ay, every inch a man. He
+was a very human, as well as a very humane man. He had a quick and
+violent temper. His position as Chief Factor and his continued use of
+power often made him dictatorial. And yet he was polite, courteous,
+gentle, and kind, and a gentleman. He was an autocrat, but not an
+aristocrat. In 1838 Rev. Herbert Beaver, who was chaplain at Fort
+Vancouver, was impertinent to Dr. McLoughlin in the fort-yard.
+Immediately Dr. McLoughlin struck Beaver with a cane. The next day Dr.
+McLoughlin publicly apologized for this indignity.
+
+
+
+
+_Punishment of Indians._
+
+
+The policy of the Company, as well as that of Dr. McLoughlin, was to
+keep Americans, especially traders, out of all the Oregon Country. The
+difference was that he believed that they should be kept out only so far
+as it could be done lawfully. But he did not allow them to be harmed by
+the Indians, and, if the Americans were so harmed, he punished the
+offending Indians, and he let all Indians know that he would punish for
+offenses against the Americans as he would for offenses against the
+British and the Hudson's Bay Company. Personally he treated these rival
+traders with hospitality. In his early years in Oregon on two occasions
+he caused an Indian to be hanged for murder of a white man. In 1829,
+when the Hudson's Bay Company's vessel, William and Ann, was wrecked on
+Sand Island, at the mouth of the Columbia River, and a part of her crew
+supposed to have been murdered and the wreck looted, he sent a well
+armed and manned schooner and a hundred voyageurs to punish the Indians.
+
+Jedediah S. Smith was a rival trader to the Hudson's Bay Company. In
+1828 all his party of eighteen men, excepting four, one of which was
+Smith, were murdered by the Indians, near the mouth of the Umpqua River.
+All their goods and furs were stolen. These four survivors arrived at
+Fort Vancouver, but not all together. They were all at the point of
+perishing from exhaustion and were nearly naked. All their wants were at
+once supplied, and they received the kindest treatment. When the first
+one arrived Dr. McLoughlin sent Indian runners to the Willamette chiefs
+to tell them to send their people in search of Smith and his two men,
+and if found to bring them to Fort Vancouver, and Dr. McLoughlin would
+pay the Indians; and also to tell these chiefs that if Smith, or his
+men, was hurt by the Indians, that Dr. McLoughlin would punish them. Dr.
+McLoughlin sent a strong party to the Umpqua River, which recovered
+these furs. They were of large value. Smith at his own instance sold
+these furs to the Hudson's Bay Company, receiving the fair value for the
+furs, without deduction. Dr. McLoughlin later said of this event that it
+"was done from a principle of Christian duty, and as a lesson to the
+Indians to show them they could not wrong the whites with impunity." The
+effect of this Smith matter was far-reaching and long-continued. The
+Indians understood, even if they did not appreciate, that the opposition
+of Dr. McLoughlin to Americans as traders did not apply to them
+personally.
+
+Dunn, in his _History of the Oregon Territory_, narrates the following
+incident:[8] "On one occasion an American vessel, Captain Thompson, was
+in the Columbia, trading furs and salmon. The vessel had got aground, in
+the upper part of the river, and the Indians, from various quarters,
+mustered with the intent of cutting the Americans off, thinking that
+they had an opportunity of revenge, and would thus escape the censure of
+the company. Dr. McLoughlin, the governor of Fort Vancouver, hearing of
+their intention, immediately despatched a party to their rendezvous; and
+informed them that if they injured one American, it would be just the
+same offence as if they had injured one of his servants, and they would
+be treated equally as enemies. This stunned them; and they relinquished
+their purpose; and all retired to their respective homes. Had not this
+come to the governor's ears the Americans must have perished."
+
+In 1842 the Indians in the Eastern Oregon Country became alarmed for the
+reason that they believed the Americans intended to take away their
+lands. The Indians knew that the Hudson's Bay Company and its employees
+were traders and did not care for lands, except as incidental to
+trading. At this time some of the Indians desired to raise a war party
+and surprise and massacre the American settlements in the Willamette
+Valley. This could have been done easily at that time. Through the
+influence of Dr. McLoughlin with Peopeomoxmox (Yellow Serpent), a chief
+of the Cayuses, this trouble was averted. In 1845 a party of Indians
+went to California to buy cattle. An American there killed Elijah, the
+son of Peopeomoxmox. The Indians of Eastern Oregon threatened to take
+two thousand warriors to California and exterminate the whites there.
+Largely through the actions of Dr. McLoughlin the Indians were persuaded
+to abandon their project.
+
+John Minto, a pioneer of 1844, in an address February 6, 1889, narrated
+the following incident. In 1843 two Indians, for the purpose of
+robbery, at Pillar Rock, in the lower Columbia, killed a servant of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. One of the Indians was killed in the pursuit. The
+other was taken, after great trouble. There was no doubt as to his
+guilt. In order to make the lesson of his execution salutary and
+impressive to the Indians, Dr. McLoughlin invited the leading Indians of
+the various tribes, as well as all classes of settlers and missionaries,
+to be present. He made the arrangements for the execution in a way best
+calculated to strike terror to the Indian mind. When all was ready, and
+immediately prior to the execution, with his white head bared, he made a
+short and earnest address to the Indians, showing them that the white
+men of all classes, Englishmen, Americans, and Frenchmen, were as one
+man to punish such crimes. In a technical sense Dr. McLoughlin had no
+authority to cause Indians to be executed or to compel them to restore
+stolen goods, as in the William and Ann matter and the Jedediah S. Smith
+case.
+
+Under the act of Parliament of July, 1821, the courts of judicature of
+Upper Canada were given jurisdiction of civil and criminal matters
+within the Indian territories and other parts of America not within the
+Provinces of Lower or Upper Canada, or of any civil government of the
+United States. Provisions were made for the appointment of justices of
+the peace in such territories, having jurisdiction of suits or actions
+not exceeding two hundred pounds, and having jurisdiction of ordinary
+criminal offenses. But it was expressly provided that such justices of
+the peace should not have the right to try offenders on any charge of
+felony made the subject of capital punishment, or to pass sentence
+affecting the life of any offender, or his transportation; and that in
+case of any offense, subjecting the person committing the same to
+capital punishment or to transportation, to cause such offender to be
+sent, in safe custody, for trial in the court of the Province of Upper
+Canada. As to how far this law applied to Indians or to others than
+British subjects or to residents of the Oregon Country under
+joint-occupancy, it is not necessary here to discuss. It certainly did
+not apply to citizens of the United States. So far as I can learn, Dr.
+McLoughlin was never appointed such a justice of the peace, but he
+caused his assistant James Douglas to be so appointed, at Fort
+Vancouver.
+
+As under joint-occupancy it was doubtful if either the laws of the
+United States or of Great Britain were in force in the Oregon Country,
+it was necessary for some one to assume supreme power and authority over
+the Indians, in the Willamette Valley, until the Oregon Provisional
+Government was established, and over the remainder of the Oregon
+Country, at least, until the boundary-line treaty was made. It was
+characteristic of Dr. McLoughlin that he assumed and exercised such
+power and authority, until he ceased to be an officer of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He did so without question. It is true that this might have
+been an odious tyranny under a different kind of a man. Under Dr.
+McLoughlin it was a kind of despotism, but a just and beneficent
+despotism, under the circumstances. It was a despotism tempered by his
+sense of justice, his mercy, his humanity, and his common-sense. No man
+in the Oregon Country ever knew the Indian character, or knew how to
+control and to manage Indians as well as Dr. McLoughlin did. The few
+severe and extreme measures he took with them as individuals and as
+tribes were always fully justified by the circumstances. To have been
+more lenient might have been fatal to his Company, its employees, and
+the early white settlers in the Oregon Country. They were of the few
+cases where the end justifies the means. The unusual conditions
+justified the unusual methods.
+
+The Oregon Provisional Government was not a government in the true
+meaning of the word, it was a local organization, for the benefit of
+those consenting. It had no true sovereignty. And yet it punished
+offenders. It waged the Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8, caused by the
+Whitman massacre. It would have executed the murderers if it had caught
+them, although the scenes of the massacre and of the war were several
+hundred miles beyond the asserted jurisdiction of the Oregon Provisional
+Government. And it would have been justified in case of such executions.
+The war was a necessity, law or no law. Every act of punitive or
+vindicatory justice to the Indians by Dr. McLoughlin is greatly to his
+credit. These acts caused peace in the Oregon Country and were
+beneficial to the Indians as well as to the whites, both British and
+American, and, in the end, probably saved numerous massacres and
+hundreds of lives. Dr. McLoughlin was a very just and far-seeing man. I
+shall presently tell how Dr. McLoughlin saved the immigrants of 1843
+from great trouble and probable massacre by the Indians.
+
+
+
+
+_Early French Canadian Settlers._
+
+
+After the death of Dr. McLoughlin there was found among his private
+papers a document in his own handwriting. This was probably written
+shortly prior to his death. It gives many interesting facts, some of
+which I shall presently set forth. This document was given to Col. J. W.
+Nesmith by a descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. It was presented to the
+Oregon Pioneer Association by Col. Nesmith in 1880. It was printed at
+length in the _Transactions_ of that Association for that year, pages
+46-55. I shall hereinafter refer to this document as "the McLoughlin
+Document." In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In 1825, from what I had
+seen of the country, I formed the conclusion, from the mildness and
+salubrity of the climate, that this was the finest portion of North
+America that I had seen for the residence of civilized man." The farm at
+Fort Vancouver showed that the wheat was of exceptionally fine quality.
+Dr. McLoughlin knew that where wheat grew well and there was a large
+enough area, that it would become a civilized country, especially where
+there was easy access to the ocean. Thus early he saw that what is now
+called Western Oregon was bound to be a populous country. It was merely
+a question of time. It was evidently with this view that he located his
+land claim at Oregon City in 1829. If settlers came he could endeavor to
+have them locate in the Willamette Valley, and thus preserve, to a great
+extent, the fur animals in other parts of the Oregon Country, and
+especially north of the Columbia River.
+
+The Hudson's Bay Company was bound, under heavy penalties, not to
+discharge any of its servants in the Indian country, and was bound to
+return them to the places where they were originally hired. As early as
+1828 several French Canadian servants, or employees, whose times of
+service were about ended, did not desire to return to Canada, but to
+settle in Oregon. They disliked to settle in the Willamette Valley,
+notwithstanding its fertility and advantages, because they thought that
+ultimately it would be American territory, but Dr. McLoughlin told them
+that he knew "that the American Government and people knew only two
+classes of persons, rogues and honest men. That they punished the first
+and protected the last, and it depended only upon themselves to what
+class they would belong." Dr. McLoughlin later found out, to his own
+sorrow and loss, that he was in error in this statement. These French
+Canadians followed his advice. To allow these French Canadians to become
+settlers, he kept them nominally on the books of the Hudson's Bay
+Company as its servants. He made it a rule to allow none of these
+servants to become settlers unless he possessed fifty pounds sterling to
+start with. He loaned each of them seed and wheat to plant, to be
+returned from the produce of his farm, and sold him implements and
+supplies at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost. The regular
+selling price at Fort Vancouver was eighty per cent. advance on prime
+London cost. Dr. McLoughlin also loaned each of these settlers two cows,
+the increase to belong to the Hudson's Bay Company, as it then had only
+a small herd, and he wished to increase the herd. If any of the cows
+died, he did not make the settler pay for the animal. If he had sold the
+cattle the Company could not supply other settlers, and the price would
+be prohibitive, if owned by settlers who could afford to buy, as some
+settlers offered him as high as two hundred dollars for a cow.
+Therefore, to protect the poor settlers against the rich, and to make a
+herd of cattle for the benefit of the whole country, he refused to sell
+to any one.
+
+In 1825 Dr. McLoughlin had at Fort Vancouver only twenty-seven head of
+cattle, large and small. He determined that no cattle should be killed,
+except one bull-calf every year for rennet to make cheese, until he had
+an ample stock to meet all demands of his Company, and to assist
+settlers, a resolution to which he strictly adhered. The first animal
+killed for beef was in 1838. Until that time the Company's officers and
+employees had lived on fresh and salt venison and salmon and wild fowl.
+
+In August 1839, the expedition of Sir Edward Belcher was at Fort
+Vancouver. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver. He probably
+had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. James Douglas was
+in charge. Although the latter supplied Sir Edward Belcher and his
+officers with fresh beef, Douglas declined to furnish a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, because he did not deem it prudent to kill so many
+cattle. Sir Edward Belcher complained of this to the British
+government.[9] Dr. McLoughlin gave the American settlers, prior to 1842,
+the same terms as he gave to the French Canadian settlers. But some of
+these early American settlers were much incensed at the refusal of Dr.
+McLoughlin to sell the cattle, although they accepted the loan of the
+cows. It has been asserted that Dr. McLoughlin intended to maintain a
+monopoly in cattle. But if that was his intention, as he refused to
+sell, where was to be the profit? The Hudson's Bay Company was a
+fur-trading Company. It was not a cattle-dealing Company. If Dr.
+McLoughlin intended to create a monopoly, he himself assisted to break
+it. That such was not his intention is shown by his helping the settlers
+to procure cattle from California in 1836.
+
+In 1836 a company was formed to go to California to buy cattle and drive
+them to Oregon overland. About twenty-five hundred dollars was raised
+for this purpose, of which amount Dr. McLoughlin, for the Hudson's Bay
+Company, subscribed about half. The number of cattle which were thus
+brought to Oregon was six hundred and thirty, at a cost of about eight
+dollars a head. In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In the Willamette
+the settlers kept the tame and broken-in oxen they had, belonging to the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and gave their California wild cattle in the
+place, so that they found themselves stocked with tame cattle which cost
+them only eight dollars a head, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to favor
+the settlers, took calves in place of grown up cattle, because the
+Hudson's Bay Company wanted them for beef. These calves would grow up
+before they were required."
+
+
+
+
+_Early American Traders and Travellers._
+
+
+In 1832 Nathaniel J. Wyeth of Cambridge, Massachusetts, came overland
+with a small party, expecting to meet in the Columbia River, a vessel
+with supplies, to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company. The vessel was
+wrecked in the South Pacific Ocean. She and the cargo were a total loss.
+This party arrived at Fort Vancouver in a destitute condition. Although
+Dr. McLoughlin knew they came as competing traders, he welcomed them
+cordially, supplied their necessities on their credit, and gave Wyeth a
+seat at his own table. In Wyeth's Journal of this expedition he says,
+under date of October 29, 1832: "Arrived at the fort of Vancouver....
+Here I was received with the utmost kindness and hospitality by Dr.
+McLoughlin, the acting Governor of the place.... Our people were
+supplied with food and shelter.... I find Dr. McLoughlin a fine old
+gentleman, truly philanthropic in his ideas.... The gentlemen of this
+Company do much credit to their country by their education, deportment,
+and talents.... The Company seem disposed to render me all the
+assistance they can." Wyeth was most hospitably entertained by Dr.
+McLoughlin until February 3, 1833, when Wyeth left Vancouver for his
+home overland. He was accompanied by three of his men, the others
+staying at Fort Vancouver. In his Journal under date February 3, 1833,
+he says: "I parted with feelings of sorrow from the gentlemen of Fort
+Vancouver. Their unremitting kindness to me while there much endeared
+them to me, more so than would seem possible during so short a time. Dr.
+McLoughlin, the Governor of the place, is a man distinguished as much
+for his kindness and humanity as his good sense and information; and to
+whom I am so much indebted as that he will never be forgotten by me."
+Dr. McLoughlin assisted the men of Wyeth's expedition who stayed, to
+join the Willamette settlement. He furnished them seed and supplies and
+agreed that they would be paid the same price for their wheat as was
+paid to the French Canadian settlers, _i.e._, three shillings, sterling,
+per bushel, and that they could purchase their supplies from the
+Hudson's Bay Company at fifty per cent. advance on prime London cost.
+This is said to have been equivalent to paying one dollar and
+twenty-five cents a bushel for wheat, with supplies at customary prices.
+
+In 1834 Wyeth again came overland to the Columbia River with a large
+party. On the way he established Fort Hall (now in Idaho) in direct
+opposition to the Hudson's Bay Company, as he had a perfect right to do.
+He and his party arrived at Fort Vancouver September 14, 1834, and were
+hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin and the other gentlemen of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In Wyeth's Journal of his second expedition he
+says, under date of September 14, 1834: "Arrived at Vancouver, where I
+found Dr. McLoughlin in charge, who received us in his usual manner. He
+has here power, and uses it as a man should, to make those about him,
+and those who come in contact with him, comfortable and happy." The brig
+May Dacre, with Wyeth's supplies, was then in the Columbia River.
+Immediately on his arrival, Wyeth started in active competition with the
+Hudson's Bay Company. He established a post, which he named Fort
+William, on Wappatoo Island (now Sauvie's Island). He forwarded supplies
+and men to Fort Hall. It was the beginning of a commercial war between
+the two companies, but it was a warfare on honorable lines. In the end
+Wyeth was beaten by Dr. McLoughlin, and sold out his entire
+establishment to the Hudson's Bay Company. While Dr. McLoughlin was
+personally courteous to Wyeth and his employees, he did not and would
+not be false or untrue to the business interests of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. For Dr. McLoughlin to have acted otherwise than he did, would
+have shown him to be unfit to hold his position as Chief Factor. Wyeth
+was too big, and too capable a man not to understand this. In his
+Journal, under date of September 31, 1834, (he evidently forgot that
+September has but thirty days) he says: "From this time until the 13th
+Oct. making preparations for a campaign into the Snake country and
+arrived on the 13th at Vancouver and was received with great attention
+by all there." And under date of February 12, 1835, he says: "In the
+morning made to Vancouver and found there a polite reception."[10] Wyeth
+was a man of great ability, enterprise, and courage. His expeditions
+deserved better fates. He was a high-minded gentleman. Although his two
+expeditions were failures, he showed his countrymen the way to Oregon,
+which many shortly followed.
+
+In the McLoughlin Document he says: "In justice to Mr. Wyeth I have
+great pleasure to be able to state that as a rival in trade, I found him
+open, manly, frank, and fair. And, in short, in all his contracts, a
+perfect gentleman and an honest man, doing all he could to support
+morality and encouraging industry in the settlement." It is pleasing to
+know that after all his hardships and misfortunes Wyeth established a
+business for the exportation of ice from Boston to Calcutta, which was a
+great financial success.
+
+Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., was a Methodist minister who came to Oregon in
+1853. He was a brother of Rev. Gustavus Hines, the Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1840, on the ship Lausanne. December 10, 1897, at
+Pendleton, Oregon, Rev. Dr. Hines delivered one of the finest tributes
+to Dr. McLoughlin that I know of. He was fully capable to do it, for he
+was a profound and scholarly student of Oregon history, and personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. His address should be read by everyone. In his
+address Rev. Dr. Hines said, speaking in regard to the failure of the
+enterprises of Wyeth, Bonneville, and other fur traders in opposition to
+the Hudson's Bay Company: "My own conclusion, after a lengthy and
+laborious investigation, the result I have given here in bare outlines,
+is that Dr. McLoughlin acted the part only of an honorable, high-minded,
+and loyal man in his relation with the American traders who ventured to
+dispute with him the commercial dominion of Oregon up to 1835 or 1837."
+When Wyeth left Oregon in 1835, he left on the Columbia River a number
+of men. These, too, were assisted by Dr. McLoughlin to join the
+Willamette River settlements. They were given the same terms as to
+prices of wheat and on supplies as he had given to the French Canadian,
+and to the other American settlers. In assisting these men whom Wyeth
+left on his two expeditions, Dr. McLoughlin was actuated by two motives.
+The first was humanitarian; the second was the desirability, if not
+necessity, of not having men, little accustomed to think or to plan for
+themselves, roaming the country, and possibly, some of them, becoming
+vagabonds. It was liable to be dangerous for white men to join Indian
+tribes and become leaders. With great wisdom and humanity he made them
+settlers, which gave them every inducement to be industrious and to be
+law abiding.
+
+John K. Townsend, the naturalist, accompanied by Nuttall, the botanist,
+crossed the plains in 1834 with Captain Wyeth. In 1839 Townsend
+published a book entitled, "Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
+Mountains," etc. On page 169 he says: "On the beach in front of the
+fort, we were met by Mr. Lee, the missionary, and Dr. John McLoughlin,
+the Chief Factor, and Governor of the Hudson's Bay posts in this
+vicinity. The Dr. is a large, dignified and very noble looking man, with
+a fine expressive countenance, and remarkably bland and pleasing
+manners. The Missionary introduced Mr. N. [Nuttall] and myself in due
+form, and we were greeted and received with a frank and unassuming
+politeness which was most peculiarly grateful to our feelings. He
+requested us to consider his house our home, provided a separate room
+for our use, a servant to wait upon us, and furnished us with every
+convenience which we could possibly wish for. I shall never cease to
+feel grateful to him for his disinterested kindness to the poor,
+houseless, and travel-worn strangers." And on page 263 he said: "I took
+leave of Doctor McLoughlin with feelings akin to those with which I
+should bid adieu to an affectionate parent; and to his fervent, 'God
+bless you, sir, and may you have a happy meeting with your friends,' I
+could only reply by a look of the sincerest gratitude. Words are
+inadequate to express my deep sense of the obligations which I feel
+under to this truly generous and excellent man, and I fear I can only
+repay them by the sincerity with which I shall always cherish the
+recollection of his kindness, and the ardent prayers I shall breathe for
+his prosperity and happiness."
+
+The only persons who were not cordially received by Dr. McLoughlin were
+Ewing Young and Hall J. Kelley, who came to Fort Vancouver in October,
+1834, from California. Gov. Figueroa, the Governor of California, had
+written Dr. McLoughlin that Young and Kelley had stolen horses from
+settlers in California. Dr. McLoughlin told them of the charges, and
+that he would have nothing to do with them until the information was
+shown to be false. This was not done until long afterwards, when it was
+shown that neither Young nor Kelley was guilty, but that some of their
+party, with which they started to Oregon, were guilty, and were
+disreputable characters, which Young and Kelley knew. The stand taken by
+Dr. McLoughlin was the only proper one. He had official information from
+California. Fort Vancouver was not an asylum for horse thieves.
+Nevertheless, as Kelley was sick, Dr. McLoughlin provided Kelley with a
+house, such as was occupied by the servants of the Company, outside the
+fort, furnished him with an attendant, and supplied him with medical aid
+and all necessary comforts until March, 1835, when Dr. McLoughlin gave
+Kelley free passage to the Hawaiian Islands on the Hudson's Bay
+Company's vessel, the Dryad, and also presented Kelley with a draft for
+seven pounds sterling, payable at the Hawaiian Islands. On his return
+home, Kelley, instead of being grateful, most vigorously attacked the
+Hudson's Bay Company for its alleged abuses of American citizens, and
+abused Dr. McLoughlin and falsely stated that Dr. McLoughlin had been so
+alarmed with the dread that Kelley would destroy the Hudson's Bay
+Company's trade that Dr. McLoughlin had kept a constant watch over
+Kelley.
+
+Kelley was a Boston school teacher who became an Oregon enthusiast. From
+the year 1815, when he was twenty-six years of age, for many years, he
+wrote and published pamphlets and also a few books on Oregon and its
+advantages as a country to live in. He originated a scheme to send a
+colony to Oregon; to build a city on the east side of the Willamette
+River, at its junction with the Columbia River; and to build another
+city on the north side of the Columbia River, nearly opposite Tongue
+Point. His efforts resulted in immediate failures. He died a
+disappointed man. Young was a type of a man who was often successful in
+the Far West. He was forceful and self-reliant, but often reckless, and
+sometimes careless of appearances. He was so accustomed to meet
+emergencies successfully that he did not always consider what others
+might think of him and of the methods he sometimes felt compelled to
+adopt. He had been robbed in California of a large amount of furs and
+had not been fairly treated by the representatives of the Mexican
+Government in California. While Young was an adventurer, he was a man of
+ability and became a leading resident of early Oregon. The relations of
+Dr. McLoughlin and Ewing Young finally became quite amicable, for Dr.
+McLoughlin learned of and respected Young's good and manly qualities.
+
+
+
+
+_Presbyterian Missionaries._
+
+
+For convenience I shall first mention the Presbyterian missionaries,
+although they came two years later than the first Methodist
+missionaries. Rev. Samuel Parker was the first Presbyterian minister to
+arrive in Oregon. He came in 1835. He started to Oregon with Doctor
+Marcus Whitman, but Whitman returned East from Green River to obtain
+more associates for the Mission. These came out with Dr. Whitman in
+1836. Parker returned home by sea, reaching his home in 1837. Parker
+published a book called, "Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky
+Mountains." The first edition was published in Ithaca, New York, in
+1838. On page 138 of his book he says: "At two in the afternoon, arrived
+at Fort Vancouver, and never did I feel more joyful to set my feet on
+shore, where I expected to find a hospitable people and the comforts of
+life. Doct. J. McLoughlin, a chief factor and superintendent of this
+fort and of the business of the Company west of the Rocky Mountains,
+received me with many expressions of kindness, and invited me to make
+his residence my home for the Winter, and as long as it would suit my
+convenience. Never could such an invitation be more thankfully
+received." On page 158 he says: "Here, [Fort Vancouver] by the kind
+invitation of Dr. McLoughlin, and welcomed by the other gentlemen of the
+Hudson Bay Company, I took up my residence for the winter." And on page
+263 he says: "Monday, 11th April [1836]. Having made arrangements to
+leave this place on the 14th, I called upon the chief clerk for my bill.
+He said the Company had made no bill against me, but felt a pleasure in
+gratuitously conferring all they have done for the benefit of the object
+in which I am engaged. In justice to my own feelings, and in gratitude
+to the Honorable Company, I would bear testimony to their consistent
+politeness and generosity; and while I do this, I would express my
+anxiety for their salvation, and that they may be rewarded in spiritual
+blessings. In addition to the civilities I had received as a guest, I
+had drawn upon their store for clothing, for goods to pay my Indians,
+whom I had employed to convey me in canoes, in my various journeyings,
+hundreds of miles; to pay my guides and interpreters; and have drawn
+upon their provision store for the support of these men while in my
+employ."
+
+In 1836 Dr. Marcus Whitman came to Oregon. With him came his wife, Rev.
+Henry H. Spalding and wife, and W. H. Gray, a layman. They arrived at
+Fort Vancouver September 1, 1836. Here they were most hospitably
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin and the other gentlemen of the Hudson's
+Bay Company, and all necessary and convenient assistance to these
+missionaries was freely given. When these missionaries arrived at
+Vancouver, they had hardly more than the clothes they had on. They
+concluded to locate one mission near Waiilatpu, near the present city of
+Walla Walla, Washington; and another at Lapwai, near the present city of
+Lewiston, Idaho. Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Spalding remained at Fort
+Vancouver for several months, while their husbands and Gray were
+erecting the necessary houses at the Missions.
+
+
+
+
+_Methodist Missions and Missionaries._
+
+
+With Wyeth's second expedition, in 1834, came the first Methodist
+missionaries: Rev. Jason Lee, Rev. Daniel Lee, his nephew, and the
+following laymen: Cyrus Shepard, a teacher; P. L. Edwards, a teacher;
+and a man named Walker. They arrived at Fort Vancouver September 17,
+1834. They were also hospitably received by Dr. McLoughlin, and treated
+with every consideration and kindness. On Dr. McLoughlin's invitation
+Jason Lee preached at Fort Vancouver. Boats and men were furnished by
+Dr. McLoughlin to the missionaries to explore the country and select a
+proper place for the establishment of their Mission. In the McLoughlin
+Document, he says: "In 1834, Messrs. Jason and Daniel Lee, and Messrs.
+Walker and P. L. Edwards came with Mr. Wyeth to establish a Mission in
+the Flat-head country. I observed to them that it was too dangerous for
+them to establish a Mission [there]; that to do good to the Indians,
+they must establish themselves where they could collect them around
+them; teach them first to cultivate the ground and live more comfortably
+than they do by hunting, and as they do this, teach them religion; that
+the Willamette afforded them a fine field, and that they ought to go
+there, and they would get the same assistance as the settlers. They
+followed my advice and went to the Willamette."
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines published a book in 1899 entitled, "Missionary
+History of the Pacific Northwest." While, as is to be expected, Dr.
+Hines' book is biased in favor of the Methodist missionaries, and Jason
+Lee is his hero, nevertheless, he has endeavored to be fair and just to
+all. In this "Missionary History," page 92, Dr. Hines says: "It was no
+accident, nor, yet, was it any influence that Dr. McLoughlin or any
+other man or men had over him [Jason Lee] that determined his choice [of
+a site for the Mission]. It was his own clear and comprehensive
+statesmanship. Mr. Lee was not a man of hasty impulse.... This nature
+did not play him false in the selection of the site of his Mission." And
+on pages 452, 453, he says: "Some writers have believed, or affected to
+believe, that the advice of Dr. McLoughlin both to Mr. Lee in 1834, and
+to the missionaries of the American Board in 1836, was for the purpose
+of pushing them to one side, and putting them out of the way of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, so that they could not interfere with its
+purposes, nor put any obstacle in the way of the ultimate British
+occupancy of Oregon. Such writers give little credit to the astuteness
+of Dr. McLoughlin, or to the intelligence and independence of the
+missionaries of the American Board. Had such been the purpose of Dr.
+McLoughlin, or had he been a man capable of devising a course of action
+so adverse to the purposes for which his guests were in the country, he
+certainly would not have advised them to establish their work in the
+very centers of the great region open to their choice. This he did, as
+we believe, honestly and honorably."
+
+Jason Lee selected, as the original site of the Methodist Mission, a
+place on French Prairie, about ten miles north of the present city of
+Salem. When he and his party were ready to leave for their new home, Dr.
+McLoughlin placed at their disposal a boat and crew to transport the
+mission goods from the May Dacre, Wyeth's vessel, on which their goods
+had come, to the new Mission. He loaned them seven oxen, one bull, and
+seven cows with their calves. The moving of these goods and cattle to
+the Mission required several days. He also provided and manned a boat to
+convey the missionaries, personally. In his diary, Jason Lee says:
+"After dinner embarked in one of the Company's boats, kindly manned for
+us by Dr. McLoughlin, who has treated us with the utmost attention,
+politeness and liberality."[11]
+
+March 1, 1836, Dr. McLoughlin and the other officers of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, all British subjects, sent to Jason Lee, for the benefit of the
+Methodist Mission, a voluntary gift of one hundred and thirty dollars,
+accompanied by the following letter:
+
+               "FORT VANCOUVER, 1st March, 1836.
+
+     "The Rev. JASON LEE,
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "I do myself the pleasure to hand you the enclosed
+     subscription, which the gentlemen who have signed it request
+     you will do them the favor to accept for the use of the
+     Mission; and they pray our Heavenly Father, without whose
+     assistance we can do nothing, that of his infinite mercy he
+     will vouchsafe to bless and prosper your pious endeavors, and
+     believe me to be, with esteem and regard, your sincere
+     well-wisher and humble servant.
+
+                "JOHN MCLOUGHLIN."[12]
+
+From its beginning, and for several years after, the successful
+maintenance of the Methodist Mission in Oregon was due to the friendly
+attitude and assistance of Dr. McLoughlin and of the other officers of
+the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. Without these the Mission must have
+ceased to exist. This applies also to the successful maintenance of all
+other missions in the Oregon Country in the same period of time.[13]
+
+In May, 1837, an addition to the Methodist Mission arrived at Vancouver.
+It consisted of eight adults and three children. Of these three were
+men, one of whom was Dr. Elijah White, the Mission physician; five were
+women, one of whom was Anna Maria Pittman, whom Jason Lee soon married.
+In September, 1837, the ship Sumatra arrived at Fort Vancouver loaded
+with goods for the Methodist Mission. The Sumatra also brought four more
+missionaries, two men, two women, and three children. Rev. David Leslie
+and wife were two of these missionaries. All these missionaries were
+entertained by Dr. McLoughlin, and provided with comfortable quarters at
+Fort Vancouver.
+
+In March, 1838, Rev. Jason Lee left for the Eastern States, overland, on
+business for the Mission. His wife died June 26, 1838, three weeks after
+the birth and death of their son. Immediately on her death Dr.
+McLoughlin sent an express to overtake and tell Jason Lee of these sad
+events. The express reached Jason Lee about September 1, 1838, at Pawnee
+Mission, near Westport, Missouri.[14] From this act alone could anyone
+doubt that Dr. McLoughlin was a sympathetic, kind, thoughtful, and
+considerate man? Or think that Jason Lee would ever forget? Later, in
+1838 Dr. McLoughlin made a trip to London, returning to Fort Vancouver
+in 1839.
+
+While Jason Lee was on this trip to the Eastern States, the Missionary
+Board was induced to raise $42,000 to provide for sending thirty-six
+adults, and sixteen children, and a cargo of goods and supplies, on the
+ship Lausanne, to Oregon for the Methodist Mission. Among these new
+missionaries were Rev. Alvan F. Waller, Rev. Gustavus Hines, and George
+Abernethy, a lay member, who was to be steward of the Mission and to
+have charge of all its secular affairs. This party of missionaries, who
+came on the Lausanne, are often referred to as "The great
+re-inforcement." The Lausanne, with its precious and valuable cargoes,
+arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840. As soon as Dr. McLoughlin knew
+of her arrival in the Columbia River, he sent fresh bread, butter, milk,
+and vegetables for the passengers and crew. At Fort Vancouver he
+supplied rooms and provisions for the whole missionary party, about
+fifty-three people. This party remained as his guests, accepting his
+hospitality, for about two weeks.[15] Shortly after some of this
+missionary party were endeavoring to take for themselves Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City. The Lausanne was the last
+missionary vessel to come to Oregon.
+
+Why this large addition to the Oregon Mission, and these quantities of
+supplies, were sent, and this great expense incurred, has never been
+satisfactorily explained. It seems to have been the result of unusual,
+but ill-directed, religious fervor and zeal. The Methodist Oregon
+Mission was then, so far as converting the Indians, a failure. It was
+not the fault of the early missionaries. Until 1840 they labored hard
+and zealously. The Indians would not be converted, or, if converted,
+stay converted. Their numbers had been greatly reduced by the epidemics
+of 1829-32, and the numbers were still being rapidly reduced. And why
+the necessity of such secular business as a part of a mission to convert
+Indians to Christianity?[16] The failure to convert the Indians was
+because they were Indians. Their language was simple and related almost
+wholly to material things. They had no ethical, no spiritual words. They
+had no need for such. They had no religion of their own, worthy of the
+name, to be substituted for a better or a higher one. They had no
+religious instincts, no religious tendencies, no religious traditions.
+The male Indians would not perform manual labor--that was for women and
+slaves. The religion of Christ and the religion of Work go hand in hand.
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, in his _Missionary History_, after setting forth
+certain traits of the Indians and the failures of the Methodist
+missionaries to convert them, says (p. 402): "So on the Northwest Coast.
+The course and growth of a history whose beginnings cannot be discovered
+had ended only in the production of the degraded tribes among whom the
+most consecrated and ablest missionary apostleship the Church of Christ
+had sent out for centuries made almost superhuman efforts to plant the
+seed of the 'eternal life.' As a people they gave no fruitful response."
+And, on page 476, he says: "Indeed, after Dr. Whitman rehabilitated his
+mission in the autumn of 1843, the work of that station lost much of its
+character as an Indian mission. It became rather a resting place and
+trading post, where the successive immigrations of 1844-'45-'46 and '47
+halted for a little recuperation after their long and weary journey,
+before they passed forward to the Willamette. This was inevitable." And
+on page 478 Dr. Hines says that Dr. McLoughlin "advised Dr. Whitman to
+remove from among the Cayuses, as he believed not only that he could no
+longer be useful to them, but that his life was in danger if he remained
+among them."
+
+J. Quinn Thornton in his "History of the Provisional Government of
+Oregon,"[17] says: "In the autumn of 1840 there were in Oregon
+thirty-six American male settlers, twenty-five of whom had taken native
+women for their wives. There were also thirty-three American women,
+thirty-two children, thirteen lay members of the Protestant Missions,
+thirteen Methodist ministers, six Congregational ministers, three Jesuit
+priests, and sixty Canadian-French, making an aggregate of one hundred
+and thirty-six Americans, and sixty-three Canadian-French [including the
+priests in the latter class] having no connection as employees of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. [This estimate includes the missionaries who
+arrived on the Lausanne.] I have said that the population outside of the
+Hudson's Bay Company increased slowly. How much so, will be seen by the
+fact that up to the beginning of the year 1842, there were in Oregon no
+more than twenty-one Protestant ministers, three Jesuit priests, fifteen
+lay members of Protestant churches, thirty-four white women, thirty-two
+white children, thirty-four American settlers, twenty-five of whom had
+native wives. The total American population will thus be seen to have
+been no more than one hundred and thirty-nine." (This was prior to the
+arrival of the immigration of 1842.)
+
+[Illustration: DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+
+_Taken from a miniature of Dr. John McLoughlin painted on ivory. This
+miniature was probably painted in 1838 or 1839, when he was in London.
+The original miniature belongs to the widow of James W. McL. Harvey, now
+living at Mirabel, California. Her husband was a grandson of Dr.
+McLoughlin._]
+
+In his _Missionary History_ Rev. Dr. Hines says (page 249) that in 1841
+and 1842, prior to the arrival of the immigration of 1842, the Oregon
+Methodist Mission "comprised nearly all the American citizens of the
+country." And on page 239 he says: "Up to 1840 it [the Methodist
+Mission] had been entirely an Indian Mission. After that date it began
+to take on the character of an American colony, though it did not lay
+aside its missionary character or purpose." He also says that in 1840
+there were only nine Methodist ministers in the Oregon mission. Some of
+the lay members, of which J. L. Parrish was one, became ministers, which
+probably accounts for the difference in the estimates of Thornton and of
+Dr. Hines. In the summer of 1843 Rev. Jason Lee was removed, summarily,
+as Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission by the Missionary
+Board in New York, and Rev. George Gary was appointed in his place, with
+plenary powers to close the Mission, if he should so elect. He closed
+the Mission in 1844.
+
+When the Lausanne arrived June 1, 1840, Dr. McLoughlin's power and
+fortunes were almost at their highest point. During his residence of
+sixteen years in the Oregon Country he had established the business of
+his Company beyond all question, and to the entire satisfaction of its
+board of directors. The Indians were peaceable and were friendly and
+obedient to him and to his Company. He was respected and liked by all
+its officers, servants, and employees. With them he was supreme in every
+way, without jealousy and without insubordination. He had become, for
+those days, a rich man, his salary was twelve thousand dollars a year,
+and his expenses were comparatively small. He was then fifty-six years
+old. He had prepared to end his days in Oregon on his land claim. His
+children had reached the age of manhood and womanhood. Few men at his
+age have a pleasanter, or more reasonable expectation of future
+happiness than he then had.
+
+The half-tone portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, shown facing page 62, was
+taken from a miniature, painted on ivory, in London, probably when he
+was in London in 1838-9. It portrays Dr. McLoughlin as he was in his
+happy days. This miniature now belongs to the widow of James W. McL.
+Harvey, who was a grandson of Dr. McLoughlin. It was kindly loaned by
+her so that the half-tone could be made for use in this address.
+
+
+
+
+_Provisional Government._
+
+
+For convenience I shall tell of the Provisional Government of Oregon
+before I speak concerning Dr. McLoughlin's land claim.
+
+About 1841, owing to the death of Ewing Young, intestate, leaving a
+valuable estate and no heirs, the residents of the Oregon Country in the
+Willamette Valley saw the necessity of some form of government until the
+Oregon Question should be finally settled. As under the Conventions of
+1818 and 1827 there was joint-occupancy between the United States and
+Great Britain, the Oregon Country was without any laws in force. It was
+commonly understood, at that time, that most of the Americans in Oregon
+favored a provisional organization--one which would exist until the laws
+of the United States should be extended over the Oregon Country. It was
+also commonly understood that the British residents in Oregon opposed a
+provisional government, as it might interfere with their allegiance to
+Great Britain. As there was a joint-occupancy, and the British were
+legally on an equality with the Americans, each had equal rights in the
+matter. February 17 and 18, 1841, a meeting of the inhabitants was held
+at the Methodist Mission. Although attempts were then made to form a
+government, several officers were appointed, and a committee appointed
+for framing a constitution and a code of laws, the movement failed. The
+matter lay dormant until the spring of 1843. The immigration of 1842,
+although small, and although about half of them went to California in
+the spring of 1843, materially increased the strength of the Americans
+in Oregon.
+
+After several preliminary meetings had been held, the momentous meeting
+of May 2, 1843, was held at Champoeg, when, by the vote of 52 in favor
+and 50 against, the Provisional Government of Oregon was created.
+Certain officers were elected and a legislative committee of six was
+appointed, the latter to report July 5, 1843. On the latter day most of
+the report was adopted, an executive committee of three persons, David
+Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale, was chosen in place of a governor,
+and Oregon had at least a _de facto_ government, which, with some
+changes, continued until Oregon had a Territorial Government, in 1849.
+George Abernethy, the steward of the Methodist Mission, was elected
+Governor in 1845, and by re-election continued to be Governor until the
+arrival of Gen. Joseph Lane, the first Territorial Governor, in March,
+1849. The Mission Party was one of the strongest and most influential
+political parties in Oregon until the election of Governor Joseph Lane
+as Delegate to Congress, June 2, 1851.[18] At the time of the formation
+of the Provisional Government, the residents of Oregon seem to have been
+divided into three classes, or parties: one favored a provisional
+government, favorable to the United States; another favored an
+independent government, which would be neutral as between the United
+States and Great Britain; the third believed that matters should remain
+_in statu quo_. For some reason Jason Lee and George Abernethy, and some
+others of the Methodist missionaries, seem originally to have belonged
+to or to have favored the third class.[19] In the "Political History of
+Oregon" by J. Henry Brown, he says (page 95) that at a meeting of the
+committee held at Oregon City, in March, 1843, "Rev. Jason Lee and Mr.
+Abernethy were disposed to ridicule the proposed organization [_i.e._,
+the Provisional Government] as foolish and unnecessary, and repeated
+some anecdotes to illustrate their meaning."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was not originally in favor of the Provisional
+Government. It was openly and avowedly advocated as being in favor of
+the United States, and against Great Britain. Once started, without a
+trial, no one could know where it would end. Already some of the
+Americans had denounced the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, and
+had made threats against the property of the Company. His loan of cattle
+had been misunderstood and denounced. Some of the Americans seemed not
+to be aware that the Hudson's Bay Company was lawfully in the Oregon
+Country, under the Conventions for joint-occupancy. To aid or to assist
+the establishment of a government, owing exclusive allegiance to the
+United States, would be, or might be disloyalty by Dr. McLoughlin to his
+Country and be injurious or fatal to his Company in Oregon. By the
+constitution or compact of the Provisional Government, as established in
+1843, each officer was required to take an oath or affirmation "to
+support the laws of the territory," without qualification. There was,
+too, his land claim at Oregon City, which the land laws of the
+Provisional Government, as established, sought to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of, and to give, at least a part of it, to the Methodist
+Mission. About the status of his land claim I shall presently explain.
+There was, also, the cry of "54-40 or fight" and the chance of war over
+the Oregon Country between the United States and Great Britain. Dr.
+McLoughlin appealed to the directors of his Company for protection to
+their property, but none came. In June, 1844, he received an answer from
+his Company that it could not obtain protection from the British
+Government, and that the Hudson's Bay Company must protect itself the
+best it could. The fortifications at Fort Vancouver were strengthened.
+There was threatened trouble in the air. It looked as though there might
+be war in Oregon.
+
+In 1845 the Provisional Government attempted to extend its jurisdiction
+north of the Columbia River. It became a question of acquiescence or
+actual opposition by the Hudson's Bay Company. Jesse Applegate, one of
+the best and noblest of Oregon's pioneers, who was a member of the
+Provisional Legislature and one of a committee, privately interviewed
+Dr. McLoughlin. After consulting with James Douglas, his chief
+assistant, a compromise was finally agreed to by which the Hudson's Bay
+Company would be taxed only on goods sold to the settlers. August 15,
+1845, the Hudson's Bay Company, with all the British residents, became
+parties to the Oregon Provisional Government. The oath of office as
+provided by the compact of 1843 had been changed by what is called the
+"Organic Act" of the Provisional Government, adopted by the people, by
+popular vote, July 26, 1845. As so amended the oath of office required
+each officer to swear that he would "support the organic laws of the
+Provisional Government of Oregon, so far as said organic laws are
+consistent with my duties as a citizen of the United States, or a
+subject of Great Britain." The land law of 1843 was also changed by said
+vote of the people, July 26, 1845, by which the objectionable features,
+so far as Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon City was concerned, were
+largely eliminated. Under the circumstances joining the Provisional
+Government was a good and wise move on the part of Dr. McLoughlin. But
+he was severely criticized therefore by his Company. Unknown to Dr.
+McLoughlin, there was then a large British fleet of war in the Pacific
+Ocean.
+
+A few days after Dr. McLoughlin, for himself and his Company, had thus
+joined the Provisional Government, he was surprised by the arrival from
+Puget Sound of Lieut. Wm. Peel, son of Sir Robert Peel, and Captain Park
+of the Royal Marines, with a letter from Captain Gordon, commanding the
+British 50-gun ship-of-war America, then in Puget Sound, and also a
+letter from Admiral Seymour, commanding the British fleet, that "firm
+protection" would be given British subjects in Oregon. Subsequently the
+British war sloop, Modeste, 18 guns, arrived at Fort Vancouver, where
+she remained until the boundary treaty of 1846 was entered into.[20]
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1842._
+
+
+In 1842 came the immigration of that year, which is now counted the
+first real immigration of American settlers to Oregon. I believe,
+however, that the immigration of 1843 should be called the first
+immigration of Oregon home-builders. But that question is not material
+in this address. The number of the immigrants of 1842 has been variously
+estimated, but, after a somewhat careful examination of the matter, I
+believe there were all told about one hundred and twenty-five. Of this
+number about fifty-five were men over eighteen years of age. These
+immigrants left their wagons at Fort Hall and used pack horses. They
+came from The Dalles to Oregon City, overland, by the Indian trail which
+passed near Mt. Hood.[21]
+
+Many of the immigrants of 1842 were disappointed in Oregon. The country
+was then very new, and they became discontented. Dr. McLoughlin engaged
+many to labor at fair wages, and furnished goods on credit to those who
+could not make immediate payment. Some of them were of a roving or
+adventurous class, ever seeking new places. In the spring of 1843 nearly
+half of them went to California, leaving on their journey May 30, from
+Champoeg. Dr. McLoughlin furnished these emigrants to California with
+supplies, upon their promise to pay for the same to W. G. Rae, the
+Hudson's Bay Company's agent at Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Most of
+them did not pay, and Dr. McLoughlin personally assumed the payment of
+this indebtedness.
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1843._
+
+
+In 1843 came the first great immigration to Oregon. As if by a common
+impulse, and without preconcert, the immigrants met at Independence,
+Missouri, leaving there for Oregon, May 20, 1843. Peter H. Burnett,
+afterwards a Chief Justice of the Oregon Provisional Government, and the
+first Governor of the State of California, was the first Captain. J. W.
+Nesmith, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon, was Orderly
+Sergeant. About eight hundred and seventy-five men, women, and children
+composed this immigration. Of these there were two hundred and
+ninety-five men, over the age of sixteen years. In this immigration were
+my grandfather, John Holman, and his son, Daniel S. Holman, then nearly
+twenty-one years old.
+
+After first arriving at the Columbia River, they straggled and struggled
+along the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver--a few driving cattle, going
+overland by the Indian trail from near The Dalles to Oregon City. There
+was not then any way to take wagons by land from The Dalles to the
+Willamette Valley. A few of the immigrants went down the Columbia River
+to The Dalles in boats. In one of these parties three persons were
+drowned by the capsizing of boats. The rest of the immigrants went to
+The Dalles overland with their wagons. From The Dalles to the Cascades
+some of them went by boats, others went on rafts, which they
+constructed. There was great difficulty in going from the Upper Cascades
+to the Lower Cascades. The rafts could not be taken over the rapids. It
+took about two weeks to cut a trail around the Cascades. The rains set
+in. The position of the immigrants was desperate. Some did not arrive at
+Fort Vancouver until about Christmas. They had not anticipated such
+hardships and privations as they were then suffering. Few had sufficient
+food or raiment, many were absolutely destitute. Dr. McLoughlin sent
+supplies to be sold to those who were able, and to those who could not
+buy, the supplies were furnished on credit, or given to them. He
+furnished boats to carry them from the Cascades to Fort Vancouver. He
+caused the sick to be attended to, and nursed at the Company's hospital
+at Fort Vancouver. He furnished them every assistance as long as they
+required it. Time will not permit me to go into the details.
+
+When the immigrants of 1843 were thus coming along the Columbia River,
+some helpless and almost hopeless, there was a plot by the Indians to
+massacre these Americans. It was prevented by Dr. McLoughlin. The effect
+of such a massacre would have been tremendous. It would have, probably,
+prevented the further settlement of Oregon for years. Had the United
+States sent troops to punish the Indians in the disputed Oregon Country,
+it would have almost certainly precipitated a war with Great Britain.
+
+In presenting the McLoughlin Document to the Oregon Pioneer Society, in
+1880, Col. J. W. Nesmith said: "I had intended reading it to you as a
+part of my address, but, having already trespassed too long upon your
+patience, I shall hand the document to the secretary of the Society,
+with my endorsement of the truth of all its statements that came within
+my own knowledge.... I desire to say, what I believe all old pioneers
+will agree to, that the statements of this paper furnished a ...
+complete vindication of Dr. McLoughlin's acts and conduct, and that the
+integrity of his narrative cannot be impeached by any honest testimony."
+In the McLoughlin Document Dr. McLoughlin says: "In 1843, about 800
+immigrants arrived from the States. I saw by the looks of the Indians
+that they were excited, and I watched them. As the first stragglers were
+arriving at Vancouver in canoes, and I was standing on the bank, nearer
+the water there was a group of ten or twelve Indians. One of them bawled
+out to his companions, 'It is good for us to kill these Bostons
+[Americans].' Struck with the excitement I had seen in the countenances
+of the Indians since they had heard the report of the immigration
+coming, I felt certain they were inclined to mischief, and that he spoke
+thus loud as a feeler to sound me, and take their measures accordingly.
+I immediately rushed on them with my cane, calling out at the same time,
+'Who is the dog that says it is a good thing to kill the Bostons?' The
+fellow, trembling, excused himself, 'I spoke without meaning harm, but
+The Dalles Indians say so.' 'Well,' said I, 'The Dalles Indians are dogs
+for saying so, and you also,' and left him, as, if I had remained longer
+it would have had a bad effect. I had done enough to convince them I
+would not allow them to do wrong to the immigrants with impunity. From
+this Indian saying, in the way he did, that The Dalles Indians said it
+was good to kill the Bostons, I felt it my duty to do all I could to
+avert so horrid a deed.
+
+"Mr. P. L. Edwards, whom I mentioned, came in 1834, with the Messrs.
+Lee, and left in 1838, and sent me a letter by Gen. McCarver, stating he
+had given a letter of introduction to me to P. H. Burnett, Esq. I
+immediately formed my plan and kept my knowledge of the horrid design of
+the Indians secret, as I felt certain that if the Americans knew it,
+these men acting independently of each other, would be at once for
+fighting, which would lead to their total destruction, and I sent two
+(2) boats with provisions to meet them; sent provisions to Mr. Burnett,
+and a large quantity of provisions for sale to those who would purchase,
+and to be given to those who had not the means, being confident that the
+fright I had given (as I already stated) the Indians who said it was a
+good thing to kill the Bostons was known at The Dalles before our boats
+were there, and that the presence of the Hudson's Bay Company people,
+and the assistance they afforded the immigrants, would deter the Indians
+from doing them any wrong, and I am happy to be able to say that I
+entirely succeeded."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin then says, in this Document, that about a month after
+this incident he told Dr. Marcus Whitman what had occurred. Dr.
+McLoughlin thought the trouble might have been started by some Iroquois
+Indian in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin was
+anxious "to find that rascal out to punish him as an example to deter
+others." Dr. Whitman then said that he had known of this trouble among
+the Indians for about two years, although he had said nothing to Dr.
+McLoughlin about it, and that the trouble was caused by a Shawnee Indian
+named Tom Hill, who is said to have been educated at Dartmouth College.
+He had urged the Indians to allow no Americans to settle on their lands,
+as the Americans had driven out the Shawnees, and that the Indians about
+Walla Walla said the Cayuses were inclined to follow the advice by
+killing the immigrants who first came. It will be remembered that the
+Cayuses were the Indians who caused the Whitman massacre in 1847. Dr.
+McLoughlin, in this Document, then says that he believes the Indians
+would have killed these immigrants of 1843 but for the decided and
+cautious manner in which he acted. Dr. McLoughlin continues: "And the
+reason the Indian made use of the expression he did was because I
+punished the murderers of the Smith party; and, before acting, they
+wanted to know how I would treat them. And most certainly if I had not
+been most anxious for the safety of the immigrants, and to discharge to
+them the duties of a Christian, my ear would not have caught so quickly
+the words, 'it is a good thing to kill these Bostons,' and acted as I
+did."
+
+Then there was the question how these immigrants of 1843 should be
+provided for during the winter and until the next harvest. They had no
+implements, no seed. There was a crisis impending. Without waiting to be
+asked, Dr. McLoughlin gave credit, furnishing these immigrants with
+food and clothing for the present, and also farm implements and
+seed-wheat to begin their farming. He exacted no collateral, he gave
+time without interest. All this was against the rules of the Hudson's
+Bay Company. He made himself personally liable for all these debts. He
+also loaned these immigrants cattle, including cows, and also hogs.
+
+Col. J. W. Nesmith, one of the immigrants of 1843, in his address before
+the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1876 said: "Dr. John McLoughlin, then
+at the head of the Hudson's Bay Company, from his own private resources,
+rendered the new settlers much valuable aid by furnishing the destitute
+with food, clothing, and seed, waiting for his pay until they had a
+surplus to dispose of." Peter H. Burnett, of whom I have already spoken,
+was one of the immigrants of 1843. He started a town and called it
+Linnton, which was situated where the present town of Linnton is
+situated--eight miles north of Portland on the Willamette River, and
+about half way between Portland and Vancouver by water. He kept a
+journal of his travels, which was published, in part, in the _New York
+Herald_ in 1844. Part II of the _History of Oregon_ by George Wilkes,
+published in 1845, is largely taken from this journal.[22] In this
+journal Burnett says:[23] "On my arrival I was received with great
+kindness by Doctor McLoughlin and Mr. James Douglass, the second in
+command. They both tendered me the hospitalities of the fort, which
+offer, it is scarcely necessary to say, I accepted willingly and with
+pleasure.... His hospitality is unbounded, and I will sum up all his
+qualities, by saying that he is beloved by all who know him.... The
+kindness of Dr. McLoughlin to this emigration has been very great. He
+furnished them with goods and provisions on credit, and such as were
+sick were sent to the Hospital free of expense, where they had the
+strict and careful attendance of Dr. Barclay, a skillful physician, and
+an excellent and humane man. The Chief Factor [Dr. McLoughlin] likewise
+lent the emigrants the Company's boats, to bring down such of the
+families and baggage as had been left at the Cascades by the advance
+guard of the expedition, which had preceded me; and he also furnished
+them with the facilities for crossing the river with their cattle, at
+Vancouver. Had it not been for the kindness of this excellent man, many
+of us would have suffered greatly.... It is certain that the Doctor
+himself has uniformly aided settlers, by supplying them with farming
+implements, and with seed-grain, as a loan, to be returned out of the
+succeeding crop. He even went so far as to lend them hogs, to be
+returned two or three years afterward, by their issue of the same age;
+to furnish oxen to break their ground, and cows to supply milk to their
+families. This certainly appears to me to be a very poor way to retard
+the settlement of the region, and to discourage adventurers who arrive
+in it."
+
+In 1880 Mr. Burnett, then ex-Governor of California, wrote a book called
+"Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer," so that we have his
+opinion of Dr. McLoughlin in 1843 contemporaneous with the events I
+speak of, and also his mature reflections thirty-seven years after that.
+On page 142 of this book Mr. Burnett says: "When we arrived in Oregon we
+were poor, and our teams were so much reduced as to be unfit for service
+until the next spring. Those of us who came by water from Walla Walla
+left our cattle there for the winter; and those who came by water from
+The Dalles left their cattle for the winter at that point. Even if our
+teams had been fit for use when we arrived, they would have been of no
+benefit to us, as we could not bring them to the Willamette Valley until
+the spring of 1844. Pork was ten, and flour four cents a pound, and
+other provisions in proportion. These were high prices considering our
+scanty means and extra appetites. Had it not been for the generous
+kindness of the gentlemen in charge of the business of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, we should have suffered much greater privations. The Company
+furnished many of our immigrants with provisions, clothing, seed, and
+other necessaries on credit. This was done, in many instances, where the
+purchasers were known to be of doubtful credit. Many of our immigrants
+were unworthy of the favors they received, and only returned abuse for
+generosity."
+
+Captain J. C. Fremont, afterwards Major-General, in the United States
+Army, was at Fort Vancouver when the immigrants of 1843 were arriving.
+On page 191 of the Report of his Second Exploring Expedition, he says:
+"I found many American emigrants at the fort; others had already
+crossed the river into their land of promise--the Walahmette Valley.
+Others were daily arriving; and all of them had been furnished with
+shelter, so far as it could be afforded by the buildings connected with
+the establishment. Necessary clothing and provisions [the latter to be
+afterwards returned in kind from the produce of their labor] were also
+furnished. This friendly assistance was of very great value to the
+emigrants, whose families were otherwise exposed to much suffering in
+the winter rains which had now commenced, at the same time that they
+were in want of all the common necessaries of life."
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1844._
+
+
+The immigration of 1844 was composed of about fourteen hundred persons.
+They suffered many hardships and many lost all, or a part of, their
+cattle, clothing, and goods. Most of these immigrants arrived late in
+the season. Snow began to fall before all arrived at their destinations.
+Boats were supplied free, and provisions, cattle, and seed-wheat were
+furnished them on credit by Dr. McLoughlin, as he had the immigrants of
+1843. The supplies in Oregon had been nearly exhausted by the
+immigration of 1843, although Dr. McLoughlin had urged the raising of
+grain and other supplies in anticipation of the coming of the
+immigration of 1844. The available supply of clothing at Fort Vancouver
+had been practically exhausted before the arrival of the immigration of
+1844.
+
+John Minto, who is still living in Oregon, was one of the immigrants of
+1844. In his address presenting to the State of Oregon the portrait of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, which now hangs in the Senate Chamber, he said: "To
+the assistance given to the Immigrants of 1843, as described by Col.
+Nesmith, I can add as an eyewitness, that those of 1844 received the
+loan of boats in which to descend the Columbia River from The Dalles
+(there being no road across the Cascades [mountains]); the hungry were
+fed, the sick cared for and nursed, and, not the least, was the fact
+that many of the employees of the Hudson's Bay Company followed the good
+Doctor in their treatment of the Americans. Especially was this the case
+in the settlement of retired Canadians who almost worshipped him."
+
+Joseph Watt, the well-known enterprising pioneer of 1844, who largely
+assisted in starting the first woolen mill in Oregon, in 1857, in his
+"Recollections of Dr. John McLoughlin," published in the _Transactions_
+of the Oregon Pioneer Association of 1886 said (pages 24 and 25): "On
+the 13th of November, 1844, a company of immigrants landed at Fort
+Vancouver, brought there on a bateau commanded by Joseph Hess, an
+immigrant of '43. The boat belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr.
+Hess was entrusted with the boat for the purpose of bringing immigrants
+down the river. We had eaten the last of our provisions at our last
+camp, and were told by Hess that we could get plenty at the fort, with
+or without money;--that the old Doctor never turned people away hungry.
+This made us feel quite comfortable, for there was not a dollar among
+us. As near as I can remember the company consisted of sixteen men, five
+women and four children.... We were the first to arrive.... We soon
+found the Doctor in a small room he called his office.... He spoke of
+our being so late, and feared there would be considerable suffering
+before they could all be taken down the river, but should do all in his
+power until they reached their destination.
+
+"We then made known to him our wants. We were all out of provisions.
+There was a small table in one corner of the room, at which he took a
+seat, and directed us to stand in a line--(there being so many of us the
+line reached nearly around the room)--and then told us the year before,
+and in fact previous years, he had furnished the people with all the
+provisions and clothing they wanted, but lately had established a
+trading house at Oregon City, where we could get supplies; but for
+immediate necessity he would supply provisions at the fort. Several of
+our party broke in, saying: 'Doctor, I have no money to pay you, and I
+don't know when or how I can pay you.' 'Tut, tut, never mind that; you
+can't suffer,' said the Doctor. He then commenced at the head man
+saying, 'Your name, if you please; how many in the family, and what do
+you desire?' Upon receiving an answer, the Doctor wrote an order,
+directing him where to go to have it filled; then called up the next
+man, and so on until we were all supplied. He told us the account of
+each man would be sent to Oregon City, and when we took a claim, and
+raised wheat, we could settle the account by delivering wheat at that
+place. Some few who came after us got clothing. Such was the case with
+every boat load, and all those who came by land down the trail. If he
+had said 'We have these supplies to sell for cash down,' I think we
+would have suffered.... When we started to Oregon, we were all
+prejudiced against the Hudson's Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin, being
+Chief Factor of the Company for Oregon, came in for a double share of
+that feeling. I think a great deal of this was caused by the reports of
+missionaries and adverse traders, imbuing us with a feeling that it was
+our mission to bring this country under the jurisdiction of the stars
+and stripes. But when we found him anxious to assist us, nervous at our
+situation in being so late, and doing so much without charge,--letting
+us have of his store, and waiting without interest, until we could make
+a farm and pay him from the surplus products of such farm, the prejudice
+heretofore existing began to be rapidly allayed. We did not know that
+every dollar's worth of provisions, etc., he gave us, all advice and
+assistance in every shape was against the positive orders of the
+Hudson's Bay Company.... In this connection I am sorry to say that
+thousands of dollars virtually loaned by him to settlers at different
+times in those early days, was never paid, as an examination of his
+books and papers will amply testify."
+
+
+
+
+_Immigration of 1845._
+
+
+The immigration of 1845 numbered about three thousand persons. Many of
+them suffered more than the preceding immigrations. They also were
+assisted by Dr. McLoughlin as he had the immigrants of 1843 and 1844.
+For this he was charged with disloyalty by one of the British spies then
+at Vancouver. Stephen Staats was one of the immigrants of 1845. In his
+address before the Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1877, he said: "We
+reached Oregon City in thirteen days (overland) from The Dalles (two of
+which we were without food), and on our arrival, those of us in advance
+were kindly and hospitably received by old Dr. McLoughlin. He
+immediately furnished us with provisions, without money and without
+price, and extended to us favors which we were ever ready to
+reciprocate. I am not one of those who wish to cast reflections on the
+character of Dr. McLoughlin, or wish to impute to him anything wanting
+in the kindest feeling towards the immigrants of 1845. For well do I
+know, that but for him, many would have been more embarrassed in making
+provision for the coming winter's necessities than they were. And I have
+yet to see the immigrant of 1845, who, when speaking of the 'Old Man
+Doctor,' does not speak in high commendation of his actions towards the
+immigrants of that year." The wise, humane, and paternal foresight of
+Dr. McLoughlin was of great assistance to the immigrants of 1845. In the
+McLoughlin Document he says: "When the immigration of 1842 came, we had
+enough of breadstuffs in the country for one year, but as the immigrants
+reported that next season there would be a great immigration, it was
+evident, if there was not a proportionate increase of seed sown in 1843
+and 1844, there would be a famine in the country in 1845, which would
+lead to trouble, as those that had families, to save them from
+starvation, would be obliged to have recourse to violence to get food
+for them. To avert this I freely supplied the immigrants of 1843 and
+1844 with the necessary articles to open farms, and by these means
+avoided the evils. In short I afforded every assistance to the
+immigrants so long as they required it, and by management I kept peace
+in the country, and in some cases had to put up with a great deal."
+
+
+
+
+_The Quality of the Early Immigrants._
+
+
+The early immigrants to Oregon were not mendicants nor tramps. It is
+true some of them were of a roving disposition; probably a few were of
+the improvident class. Most of them were forceful, strong men and women,
+physically and mentally; strong also in their Americanism, and filled
+with the racial instinct to follow the western course of Empire. They
+came to Oregon as home-builders. Many of them had their lineage from the
+pioneers who first settled the Atlantic Coast, particularly the southern
+part of it. Descendants of these pioneers had crossed the mountains and
+were the hardy and courageous pioneers of Kentucky and Tennessee in the
+early, perilous, and heroic days of Daniel Boone, John Sevier, George
+Rogers Clark, and James Robertson. The ancestors of some of these Oregon
+immigrants had taken part in the great war of the American Revolution on
+the Atlantic Coast, and had then assisted in upbuilding civilization in
+the Middle West. These forefathers had won the Middle West. These
+immigrants came to win Oregon. The grandfathers and fathers of some of
+them had taken part in the war of 1812, and in the later Indian wars. A
+few of these immigrants were veterans of the war of 1812 and of these
+Indian wars. There were immigrants who had taken active part in the
+troubles with the Mormons and had assisted in driving them out of
+Western Missouri. It was of this stock that parts of Missouri, and
+especially the western part of that state, had been then largely
+peopled, and many of these Oregon immigrants had settled there
+temporarily before coming to Oregon. A great majority of the immigrants
+to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, and of some of the later
+immigrants, were from the Southern States. They, and their ancestors for
+many generations, had been born and brought up in the South. Most of
+them had the good qualities and were of the high type of American
+citizenship characteristic of the white people of the South. They were
+mostly plain people, but they and their ancestry were of good class.
+Theirs was an inheritance of indomitable will, high courage, and noble
+purposes. Their ancestors had conquered, settled, and upbuilded the
+country from the seaboards of Virginia and the Carolinas to the
+Mississippi River.[24] Oregon was another land to conquer, to settle,
+and to upbuild. There were also in these early immigrations a number of
+men and women, descendants of the sturdy peoples who settled in New
+England, and in other Northern States. There were a few men who were
+attracted to Oregon by the love of adventure incident to the journey and
+to the settlement of a new country. There were also a few men, born
+outside of the United States, who allied themselves with the Americans,
+and became identified with the Americans in Oregon, and subsequently
+were admitted as citizens of the United States.
+
+The places these immigrants left to come to Oregon, although some of
+these places were comparatively new, were mostly over-supplied with
+unsold agricultural products--unsalable for want of markets. The early
+books and pamphlets on Oregon and the stirring speeches of Oregon
+enthusiasts, who had never been to Oregon, pictured Oregon as the
+traditional land of plenty and of "milk and honey." There was, too, an
+abiding faith in the future, a certain improvidence born of strong
+manhood and womanhood. They were filled with confidence in their ability
+to conquer all troubles and overcome all difficulties. They did not
+think of failure--they intended to succeed. Then, too, the journey was
+longer and more arduous than they had anticipated. Their greatest
+dangers and troubles were after they had entered the Oregon Country and
+reached the Columbia River. All east of that river, with its hardships,
+was comfortable compared with the troubles and dangers to come. They did
+not come seeking, nor did they seek charity or alms. The true, honest,
+brave-hearted immigrants wished to pay for what they obtained, and did
+as soon as they were able to do so. They were met by conditions which
+they could not, or did not, foresee. Dr. John McLoughlin, with his
+great, manly prescience, appreciated all this. He sold provisions and
+clothing to those who could pay; equally, he sold on credit, to those
+who could not, without references, without collaterals. He understood
+the quality of most of these pioneers--he was unfortunately in error as
+to some of them. It was not charity on the part of Dr. McLoughlin, it
+was the exercise of that great quality, which he possessed in an
+extraordinary degree--humanity.
+
+I regret to say that a few of these early immigrants, at times, without
+cause, were rude to Dr. McLoughlin and abusive of his Company, and of
+his Country. Some of these did not care--others had been prejudiced by
+false information, which they had read or heard before they left their
+homes, or on the way to Oregon. Some, I still more regret to say,
+accepted the credit extended to them by Dr. McLoughlin, and never paid.
+But the payment to the Hudson's Bay Company of these bad debts was
+assumed by Dr. McLoughlin. The aggregate amount is not definitely known,
+for Dr. McLoughlin suffered, in many ways, in silence. But it was a very
+large sum. Those who paid in full could not requite his kindness to
+them.
+
+The real Oregon pioneers are these overland immigrants who came to
+Oregon prior to 1847. The immigrants of 1846 were a long way on their
+journey to Oregon when the Boundary Treaty was made. They left on their
+journey early in May, 1846. This treaty was signed at Washington, June
+15, 1846. The proclamation by the President of the Treaty and of its
+ratification by the two countries is dated August 5, 1846. The
+immigrants of 1846 did not know that the Treaty had been made, signed,
+or confirmed until after their arrival in Oregon. The news that the
+Treaty had been signed came by a sailing vessel, and did not reach
+Oregon until November, 1846.[25] The distance traveled by the immigrants
+to Oregon, from the rendezvous at Independence, Missouri, to Oregon
+City, was about two thousand miles. The usual time in making this
+journey was between five and six months. Ox-teams were used almost
+exclusively. It was thought that the use of horses for teams was
+impracticable. It was feared there would be insufficient food for such
+horses, on the way, as the numbers would be large. It would be necessary
+to keep these horses shod for pulling the heavily loaded wagons. Many
+horses were brought which were used for riding, rounding-up cattle, and
+in hunting. There were practical difficulties in caring for, and feeding
+horses at night. Horses had to be "staked" at night, cattle would graze
+at large. Horses were liable to be stampeded and be lost or be stolen by
+the Indians. Oxen were much cheaper than horses. It would require at
+least four horses to a wagon. It was desirable to have cows to furnish
+milk on the way, especially for the children. Good cattle were scarce in
+Oregon and it was desirable to take cows and bulls for breeding
+purposes, and other cattle for beef. Many of these immigrants brought
+cattle with them in addition to their ox-teams. These cattle and
+ox-teams could not travel as fast as horses and the speed of the latter
+necessarily would be kept to that of the ox-teams. Should oxen be lost
+or die, their places could be taken by cattle or even by cows. This was
+not infrequently done.
+
+These early immigrants all came to, or started for Oregon, overland, in
+the time of joint-occupancy. They were not encouraged, helped, nor
+protected by the Government in coming to Oregon. There were no United
+States troops in the Oregon Country, or near the immigrant trail prior
+to 1849. The Cayuse Indian war of 1847-8 was carried on by the Oregon
+Provisional Government alone, without assistance from the United States
+Government. This war was fought wholly by volunteers from the Willamette
+Valley. The coming of these early immigrants assisted to hold Oregon for
+the United States, and greatly contributed to the settlement of the
+Oregon Question. They relied on themselves but they believed that their
+Country would protect its own in Oregon. Their rights and courage could
+not be ignored. There was no one man who saved Oregon. If any persons
+saved Oregon, they were these immigrants from 1843 to and including
+1846. There is not a true American who does not take pride in the daring
+of these pioneers and in what they accomplished in coming to Oregon.
+Whatever some of them may have lacked, in certain qualities, and in
+spite of the bad treatment, by some of them, of Dr. McLoughlin, the
+patriotism and courage of most of them were of the highest types. This
+great movement of immigrants to Oregon from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, may
+not, even now, be thoroughly understood nor explained but it is fully
+appreciated. With all its dangers and hardships, with all its mystery
+and simplicity, and its commonplaces, it stands today one of the most
+daring colonizing movements for, and the most remarkable, interesting,
+and romantic story of the settlement and upbuilding of any part of the
+continents of the two Americas.
+
+It must be borne in mind that all these aids by Dr. McLoughlin to the
+immigrants of 1843, and succeeding years, were after some of the
+Methodist missionaries had attempted to take his land claim, and
+succeeded in part. The history of these transactions I shall presently
+relate. And did the secular department of the Methodist Mission assist
+these early pioneers in any way similar to what was done by Dr.
+McLoughlin? If so, I have found no trace nor record of it. Undoubtedly
+Methodist missionaries, individually, did many kindly acts to destitute
+immigrants. Had Dr. McLoughlin acted with the supineness of the
+Methodist Mission toward the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and 1845, and
+especially that of 1843, the consequences would have been terrible.
+Leaving out the probability of massacres by the Indians, many immigrants
+would have died from starvation, exposure and lack of clothing along the
+Columbia River, or after their arrival in the Willamette Valley. It is
+true Fort Vancouver might have been captured and destroyed. That would
+have given no permanent relief. That would probably have been the
+beginning of a war between the United States and Great Britain. Even
+without a war the settlement of Oregon would have been delayed for many
+years. And all of the Oregon Country north of the Columbia River might
+have been lost to the United States.
+
+Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+severely criticized Dr. McLoughlin for his assistance to the immigrants.
+There was an acrimonious correspondence between them on the subject. As
+I am informed, it was in this correspondence, which I have not seen,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had written the Hudson's Bay Company that he had
+furnished these supplies to the immigrants, saying that, as a man of
+common humanity, it was not possible for him to do otherwise than as he
+did; that he had only done what anyone truly a man would have done. That
+it was then insisted by Governor Simpson that Dr. McLoughlin should no
+longer assist any needy immigrants, or help any other immigrants. To
+this Dr. McLoughlin made the noble reply, "Gentlemen, if such is your
+order, I will serve you no longer." This reply was made by Dr.
+McLoughlin--the only question is as to the exact time and place it was
+made.
+
+
+
+
+_The Resignation of Dr. John McLoughlin._
+
+
+In 1845 Dr. McLoughlin sent in his resignation to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. Its rules required one year's notice before an officer could
+resign. His resignation took effect before the immigration of 1846
+arrived. As this address relates to Dr. McLoughlin, and only
+incidentally to the Oregon Pioneers, I shall not go into details about
+the immigrations succeeding that of 1845. Dr. McLoughlin kept a store
+and lived at Oregon City after his resignation. To the immigrants of
+1846 and after, and to others, as long as he was in business there, he
+continued, as far as he was able, the same hospitality and the same good
+and humane treatment he had exercised when Chief Factor at Fort
+Vancouver. The Barlow road was built in 1846 and the immigrants of that
+year and succeeding years could bring their wagons by that road from The
+Dalles, over the Cascade Mountains, to Oregon City. By common consent of
+all good, honest pioneers, he had been named "The Good Doctor," and "The
+Good Old Doctor," and he was known by these names to the time of his
+death. They also came to call him the "Father of Oregon." Dr.
+McLoughlin's resignation from the Hudson's Bay Company became necessary
+to maintain his self-respect.
+
+I have spoken of Capt. Park and Lieut. Peel, British officers, who
+brought the letters of Admiral Seymour and Captain Gordon to Dr.
+McLoughlin in 1845. They were also sent as spies. They were succeeded by
+two more spies, Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, both of the British
+army. The two latter stayed at Fort Vancouver and elsewhere in Oregon
+for some time. In their report Warre and Vavasour charged, mainly, that
+the policy pursued by Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company, at
+the different forts in the Oregon Country, had tended to the
+introduction of American settlers into the country until they
+outnumbered the British. To prove this position, they instanced the
+assistance rendered the different immigrations, one of which (1845) was
+arriving while they were at Vancouver. They charged that goods had been
+sold to the American settlers at cheaper rates than to British subjects;
+that Dr. McLoughlin and the Company had suffered themselves to join the
+Provisional Government "without any reserve except the mere form of the
+oath;" that their lands had been invaded, and themselves insulted, until
+they required the protection of the British government "against the very
+people to the introduction of whom they had been more than accessory."
+There was more in this report of like import.
+
+As was to be expected Dr. McLoughlin's answer was dignified, forceful,
+and sufficient. I give only a few of his points.[26] In his answer Dr.
+McLoughlin said, concerning his treatment of the missionaries: "What
+would you have? Would you have me turn the cold shoulder to the men of
+God, who came to do that for the Indians which this Company has
+neglected to do?" He said he had tried to prevent the American settlers
+remaining idle, becoming destitute, and dangerous to the Company's
+servants. Drive them away he could not, having neither the right nor the
+power. That these settlers had not come expecting a cordial reception
+from him, but quite the contrary; that while he had done some things for
+humanity's sake, he had intended to, and had averted evil to the
+Company by using kindness and courtesy towards the American immigrants.
+As to joining the Provisional Government he showed the necessity and
+wisdom of his actions under the circumstances. To the accusation that
+the Company had submitted to insult, he said: "They were not to consider
+themselves insulted because an ignorant man thought he had a better
+right than they had." As to the British government, it had not afforded
+protection in time, and that it was not the duty of the Hudson's Bay
+Company to defend Great Britain's right to territory. The obligation of
+the Company's officers, whatever their feelings might be, was to do
+their duty to the Company. He admitted helping the immigrants of 1843,
+1844, and 1845, and saving the lives and property of the destitute and
+sick. He also admitted to assisting the immigrants of 1843 to raise a
+crop for their own support and of saving the Company from the necessity
+of feeding the next immigration. And he said: "If we had not done this,
+Vancouver would have been destroyed and the world would have judged us
+treated as our inhuman conduct deserved; every officer of the Company,
+from the Governor down, would have been covered with obloquy, the
+Company's business in this department would have been ruined, and the
+trouble which would have arisen in consequence would have probably
+involved the British and American nations in war. If I have been the
+means, by my measures, of arresting any of these evils, I shall be amply
+repaid by the approbation of my conscience. It is true that I have
+heard some say they would have done differently; and, if my memory does
+not deceive me, I think I heard Mr. Vavasour say this; but as
+explanation might give publicity to my apprehension and object, and
+destroy my measures, I was silent, in the full reliance that some day
+justice would be done me."[27]
+
+The Governor and the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company apparently
+neither understood nor appreciated the conditions in Oregon in 1843, and
+in the immediate succeeding years, or Dr. McLoughlin's motives and
+humanity in assisting the immigrants. While the Governor in Chief and
+these directors were probably men of high character, and, individually,
+men of humanity, as representatives of this great trading company, they
+seemed to have considered Dr. McLoughlin's actions in assisting the
+American immigrants to settle in parts of the disputed Oregon Country by
+relieving their distresses, and saving them from suffering and
+starvation, as amounting almost to treason to his Country and as being
+untrue and false to the Hudson's Bay Company and its interests. They
+believed that he had failed to carry out its policies, if not its
+express instructions, which they felt he should have followed, as the
+chief of its enterprises west of the Rocky Mountains, no matter what the
+circumstances were or what the consequences might be. They did not seem
+to understand that, if the early immigrants had not been assisted,
+helped, and rescued, as they were, by Dr. McLoughlin, it might have been
+fatal to Fort Vancouver and precipitated a war between the United
+States and Great Britain. As has been already said the Hudson's Bay
+Company, under royal grant, had an absolute monopoly in trading with the
+Indians in what was called British America, that is, northward and
+westward of the United States, excepting the British Provinces and also
+excepting the Oregon Country. In the latter the Company had the
+exclusive right, under said grant, to trade with the Indians, but on the
+condition that it should not be to the prejudice nor exclusion of
+citizens of the United States, who had the right to be in the Oregon
+Country under the convention of joint-occupancy.[28] Undoubtedly the
+Governor in Chief and directors of the Hudson's Bay Company had a
+feeling that the Company and its trade should not be interfered with in
+the Oregon Country. For more than thirty years it and the Northwest
+Company, with which it had coalesced in 1821, had had almost absolute
+control of trade with the Indians in nearly all of the Oregon Country.
+Its practical monopoly there had been almost as complete as its actual
+monopoly in British America. The exercise of absolute power usually
+begets a feeling of a right to continue the exercise of such power. The
+head-officers of the Company resented the actions of Dr. McLoughlin
+which tended to weaken the power of the Hudson's Bay Company and to
+interfere with its control of the fur trade in the Oregon Country.
+
+An Indian trading company is much more likely to be mercenary than
+humane. The headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company were at London.
+Oregon was a long distance from London. Under the conditions it may not
+be surprising that greed of gain and selfish interests outweighed
+humanity in the minds of these officers in charge of the Hudson's Bay
+Company. It is true none of them were in Oregon when these immigrants
+came. None of these officers had ever been in the Oregon Country,
+excepting Sir George Simpson, the Governor in Chief. These officers did
+not see the distresses, the sufferings, or the perils of these
+immigrants. Their information came largely from others, who were not
+friends of Dr. McLoughlin, and who did not approve his actions. Dr.
+McLoughlin had been for so long a time a Chief Factor of the Company; he
+had been, up to the arrival of the immigration of 1843, so faithful to
+its policies and interests; he had so increased its trade, and added so
+largely to its revenues, that he could not be summarily dismissed. But
+he was a man of pride and of high quality, and he could be forced to
+resign. This the Governor in Chief and the directors of the Hudson's Bay
+Company accomplished. In thus acting unjustly to Dr. McLoughlin, they
+were unconsciously assisting to make him the eternal hero of Oregon. In
+resigning Dr. McLoughlin gave up a salary of twelve thousand dollars a
+year. He made his home at Oregon City, where he expected to pass the
+rest of his life, with the intention of becoming an American citizen as
+soon as possible. He invested his wealth at Oregon City in various
+enterprises in an attempt to assist in upbuilding Oregon. His
+resignation marks the beginning of his tribulations which ended only
+with his death. The details I shall presently set forth. In assisting
+the immigrants Dr. McLoughlin did not count the cost nor fear the
+consequences. His humanity was greater than his liking for wealth or
+position. He had no greed for gain, no selfishness. Had he anticipated
+the consequences I believe that he would not have hesitated nor acted
+otherwise than he did. Frances Fuller Victor wrote of Dr. McLoughlin and
+his tribulations:[29] "Aristocrat, as he was considered by the colonists
+[American settlers] and autocrat as he really was, for twenty years
+throughout the country west of the Rocky Mountains, he still bravely
+returned the assaults of his enemies in the language of a republican. He
+defended the American character from the slurs of government spies,
+saying, 'they have the same right to come that I have to be here,'
+touching lightly upon the ingratitude of those who forgot to pay him
+their just debts, and the rudeness of those, whom White mentions as
+making him blush for American honor. But whether he favored the
+Company's interests against the British, or British interests against
+the Company's, or maintained both against the American interests, or
+favored the American interests against either, or labored to preserve
+harmony between all, the suspicions of both conflicting parties fell
+upon him, and being forced to maintain silence he had the bad fortune to
+be pulled to pieces between them."
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Religion._
+
+
+When an infant, Dr. McLoughlin was baptized in the Roman Catholic
+Church. His father and mother were of that church. While living with the
+family of his maternal grandfather, he probably was brought up in the
+English Established Church, of which he became a member. Prior to 1841
+or 1842, it was his custom, at Fort Vancouver, to read the service of
+that church on Sundays to the congregation of officers and employees who
+attended. Dr. McLoughlin was a broad man in every way. He recognized the
+good in all Christian sects and denominations. He assisted the
+Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational missionaries. Had he been a
+member of those churches, he could hardly have done more for them than
+he did. While still a Protestant, he also assisted the Roman Catholic
+missionaries, from their first coming to Oregon, in 1838, as he had the
+Protestant. He never tried to change the forms of religion of his
+employees and servants of the Company. He encouraged them in their
+devotion to the religions of their choice.
+
+Archbishop Francis Norbert Blanchet in his "Historical Sketches of the
+Catholic Church in Oregon," says (page 68): "It is but just to make
+special mention of the important services which Dr. John
+McLoughlin--though not a Catholic--has rendered to the French Canadians
+and their families, during the fourteen years he was governor of Fort
+Vancouver. He it was who read to them the prayers on Sunday. Besides the
+English school kept for the children of the Bourgeois, he had a
+separate one maintained at his own expense, in which prayers and the
+catechism were taught in French to the Catholic women and children on
+Sundays and week days, by his orders. He also encouraged the chant of
+the canticles, in which he was assisted by his wife and daughter, who
+took much pleasure in this exercise. He visited and examined his school
+once a week.... He it was who saved the Catholics of the Fort and their
+children from the dangers of perversion, and who, finding the log church
+the Canadians had built, a few miles below Fairfield, in 1836, not
+properly located, ordered it to be removed, and rebuilt on a large
+prairie, its present beautiful site."
+
+Dr. McLoughlin was given charge of a girl by her dying father, who was a
+Protestant. Dr. McLoughlin would not send her to a Roman Catholic
+school. He respected the religious faith of the girl's father.[30] There
+is some question as to whether Dr. McLoughlin became a Roman Catholic in
+the year 1841 or 1842. In one of those years, Dr. McLoughlin read "The
+End of Controversy," written by Dr. Milner, and was converted by this
+book to the Roman Catholic faith and joined that church. He made his
+abjuration and profession of faith and took his first communion at Fort
+Vancouver in 1841 or 1842. Joining the Roman Catholic Church by Dr.
+McLoughlin was most impolitic, at this time, particularly on account of
+his land claim. But he was not a man to consider policy when there was
+something to be done, which he thought right, just, or proper.
+Otherwise, he would not have assisted the missionaries nor helped the
+immigrants. Joining the Roman Catholic Church only added to the
+opposition to Dr. McLoughlin. He was then a British subject. At that
+time there was great prejudice by many Americans against Great Britain
+as the supposed hereditary enemy of the United States. The long
+discussion of the Oregon Question; the election of Polk as President in
+1844, largely on the popular cry of "54-40 or fight," greatly
+intensified this feeling. There was also great popular prejudice among
+many of the Protestants of the United States against the Roman Catholic
+Church, which had been handed down from the time of the settlement of
+New England and the Cromwellian revolution in England. Locally, in
+Oregon, a partial success of the Roman Catholic missionaries with the
+Indians, where the Protestants had failed, probably intensified this
+feeling.
+
+In these early immigrations were many women, most of whom were wives and
+mothers. There were also numerous children of all ages. There were a few
+births on the way. When these mothers saw their children, along the
+Columbia River, in peril, many sick and almost famishing; when they
+heard their children cry for food and clothing, which these mothers
+could not supply; and when these perils were removed, and these
+necessaries were furnished by Dr. McLoughlin, and their sick children
+were restored to health under his orders and directions; do you think
+these Protestant American mothers considered it important that Dr. John
+McLoughlin was a Roman Catholic and a British subject? Or that they were
+not grateful?
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Land Claim._
+
+
+I shall now take up the matter of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim at Oregon
+City. Many writers and speakers have spoken of his land claim being
+taken from him, in a loose way, as "unjust treatment," or as "robbery."
+I shall briefly state the facts, as I have found them. The early
+pioneers know these facts. They should be known by everyone in justice
+to Dr. McLoughlin and to his memory.
+
+Prior to the Donation Land Law, there were no lawful titles to lands in
+Oregon, except lands given to Missions by the law establishing the
+Territory of Oregon. The Donation Land Law was passed by Congress, and
+was approved by the President September 27, 1850. Prior to the
+organization, in 1843, of the Oregon Provisional Government, the only
+law, or rule of law, in Oregon was the Golden Rule, or rather a
+consensus of public opinion among the few settlers in Oregon. When a
+person settled on a piece of land and improved it, or declared his
+intention to claim it, all other settlers respected his possessory
+rights. Each settler thought that on the settlement of the boundary line
+between the United States and Great Britain, his land claim would be
+recognized and protected, which he had thus claimed while there was
+joint-occupancy under the Conventions of 1818 and 1827.
+
+It was in 1829 that Etienne Lucier, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+servants, of whom I have spoken, settled in the Willamette Valley at
+French Prairie, now in Marion County. Other servants of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, as their terms of service expired, and a few Americans, had
+settled at or near French Prairie prior to 1834, so that when the first
+missionaries came, there was a thriving, although small, settlement near
+where Jason and Daniel Lee established their first mission in 1834. This
+mission had no title to the land where the Mission was established, yet
+its rights were recognized and respected.
+
+In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin for himself took possession of the land and water
+power at the falls of the Willamette River on the east side of the river
+at and near what is now Oregon City. In his land claim was the valuable,
+but small, island containing about four or five acres of available area
+in low water, and two or three acres in ordinary high water. It was
+separated from the east bank by a part of the river, in summer not more
+than forty feet wide; it was situated near the crest of the falls. Its
+location made it valuable for convenient use of water power. This island
+was afterwards known as "Governor's Island," but was called "Abernethy
+Island" in the Donation Land Law, and is now known by the latter name.
+This island is now owned by the Portland General Electric Company. It
+lies partly in the "Basin" at Oregon City. On it is now erected a large
+wooden building called, by that Company, "Station A." As I have said, in
+1825 the Hudson's Bay Company knew that England did not intend to claim
+any part of the Oregon Country south of the Columbia River, so it did
+not want for itself any permanent or valuable improvements in the
+Willamette Valley.
+
+In 1829 Dr. McLoughlin began the erection of a sawmill at the falls. He
+caused three houses to be erected and some timbers to be squared for a
+mill. This work continued until May, 1830. In 1829 the Indians there
+burned these squared timbers. In 1832 he had a mill-race blasted out of
+the rocks from the head of the island. It has been asserted that these
+improvements were made for the Hudson's Bay Company, but were
+discontinued by it because it did not wish to erect valuable
+improvements there. But in the McLoughlin Document he says: "I had
+selected for a claim, Oregon City, in 1829, made improvements on it, and
+had a large quantity of timber squared." Who ever knew or heard of Dr.
+McLoughlin telling a lie? That he was a man of the highest honor and
+truthfulness is established beyond all doubt. This claim was taken by
+him in the same year that Lucier settled in the Willamette Valley. It is
+evident that Dr. McLoughlin took this claim, for his old age and for the
+benefit of himself and children.[31] From about 1838 until the passage
+of the Donation Land Law in 1850, he openly and continuously asserted
+his right to his land claim, including Abernethy Island. No adverse
+claim was made until about July, 1840, less than sixty days after the
+arrival of the ship Lausanne, when certain members of the Methodist
+Mission began to plan to take these lands and rights from Dr.
+McLoughlin, and in the end succeeded, but only partially for themselves.
+Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim was as good as that of any
+other person in Oregon to his own land claim. April 1, 1843, Dr. Elijah
+White, who came to Oregon in 1837, as a Methodist missionary, but was
+then United States Sub-Agent of Indian Affairs, in an official report to
+the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, at Washington, D. C., said of the
+Shortess petition, to which I shall presently refer: "A petition started
+from this country today, making bitter complaints against the Hudson's
+Bay Company and Governor McLoughlin. On reference to it (a copy was
+denied) I shall only say, had any gentleman disconnected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company been at half the pains and expense to establish a
+claim on the Wallamet Falls, very few would have raised any
+opposition."[32] Under the joint-occupancy every British subject had the
+same or equal rights in the Oregon Country that a citizen of the United
+States had.
+
+December 18, 1839, Senator Linn introduced a series of resolutions in
+the United States Senate, which were referred to a select Committee.
+March 31, 1840, this Committee reported a substitute. The chief feature
+was a provision for granting _to each male inhabitant_ of Oregon, over
+eighteen years of age, one thousand acres of land. December 16, 1841,
+Senator Linn introduced his famous bill thereafter known as the "Linn
+Bill," which granted six hundred and forty acres of land to every _white
+male inhabitant_ of Oregon, of eighteen years or over, who should
+cultivate the same for five years. This bill was favorably reported back
+to the Senate and subsequently passed the Senate, but failed in the
+House. The Oregon Donation Land Law was largely based on this bill. In
+neither the Linn resolution nor in the Linn bill was any difference made
+between American citizens and British subjects, or other aliens as to
+the right to take land. The Oregon Donation Land Law of September 27,
+1850, applied to every white settler (including aliens) over eighteen
+years of age then a resident of Oregon, or who should become such a
+resident prior to December 1, 1850, except Dr. McLoughlin. In case of an
+alien he must either have made his declaration, according to law, to
+become a citizen of the United States prior to the passage of the
+Donation Land Law or do so prior to December 1, 1851. The Linn bill was
+largely instrumental in causing the early immigrations to Oregon. It was
+felt by these immigrants that it, or a similar law, was bound to pass
+Congress. The Oregon Donation Land Law was such a law. Dr. McLoughlin
+believed that such a bill was bound to become a law.
+
+The Methodist Mission, as a mission, did not, officially, attempt to
+deprive Dr. McLoughlin of any of his land. There were some of the
+missionaries who opposed any such action. But others of them saw that if
+the Mission obtained any of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, it would belong
+to the Mission or to the Church, so they readily proceeded, as
+individuals, for their own private gain. In 1840, shortly after the
+arrival of the Lausanne, Rev. Jason Lee, as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, appointed Rev. A. F. Waller to labor for the Indians
+at Willamette Falls and vicinity. The Mission took up a claim of six
+hundred and forty acres north of Dr. McLoughlin's claim. The Mission's
+religious work was done by Waller on this claim, where Gladstone Park is
+now situated, and also at a point on the west bank of the Willamette
+River opposite Oregon City. At both of these places there were a number
+of Indians.[33] In the summer of 1840 Waller was sent to establish this
+Mission. Dr. McLoughlin generously assisted the undertaking. He gave the
+Mission a piece of land in his claim on which to erect a mission-house;
+and, at the request of Rev. Jason Lee, the Superintendent of the
+Mission, Dr. McLoughlin loaned it some of the timbers, which he had
+caused to be squared, to build the mission-house. Timbers to take the
+place of those so loaned were never furnished to Dr. McLoughlin, nor
+were the timbers ever paid for.[34] It was soon reported to Dr.
+McLoughlin that the Methodist Mission would try to take or to jump his
+claim. He at once (July 21, 1840) notified Jason Lee, Superintendent of
+the Mission, of the facts: That Dr. McLoughlin had taken possession of
+this land claim in 1829, and also of his intention to hold this land as
+a private claim. He gave Lee the general description of the land so
+claimed by Dr. McLoughlin, viz: "From the upper end of the falls across
+to the Clackamas river, and down where the Clackamas falls into the
+Willamette, including the whole point of land, and the small island in
+the falls on which the portage was made." This is the island later known
+as "Governor's" or "Abernethy" Island. After giving the notice
+mentioned, Dr. McLoughlin concluded his letter with these words: "This
+is not to prevent your building the store, as my object is merely to
+establish my claim." A satisfactory answer was returned and Waller
+proceeded in the erection of the mission-house, which was divided into
+two apartments, one of which served as a dwelling, and the other as a
+storeroom for the goods of the Mission.[35]
+
+In 1841 Felix Hathaway, in the employment of the Mission, began to build
+a house on the island, at which Dr. McLoughlin remonstrated with Waller,
+but the latter assured Dr. McLoughlin that no wrong was intended and
+Hathaway stopped his building operations. Matters ran smoothly until the
+autumn of 1842. By this time Dr. McLoughlin had again made improvements
+on his claim, having it surveyed and part of it laid off in town lots
+and blocks, which he named Oregon City. Some of these lots and blocks he
+gave away, some he sold. I cannot go into all the evasive actions of
+Waller and the false statements and claims made by him, and by John
+Ricord, his attorney, in relation to Waller's supposed rights to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim. Waller employed Ricord as an attorney and
+asserted his ownership of all the McLoughlin land claim, except
+Abernethy Island, to which the Oregon Milling Company laid claim. A
+public proclamation signed by Ricord as attorney for Waller, although
+dated December 20, 1843, was publicly posted at Oregon City early in
+1844. It set forth the alleged illegality of Dr. McLoughlin's claim and
+the imaginary rights of Waller.[36] Whatever possession Waller had of
+any part of this land was due to the kind permission of Dr. McLoughlin.
+Waller attempted to turn this kindness into a question of right to the
+whole land claim, excepting Abernethy Island. An agreement or
+settlement, dated April 4, 1844, was executed by Rev. A. F. Waller, Rev.
+David Leslie, acting Superintendent of the Methodist Mission, and by Dr.
+McLoughlin. Under this agreement Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to pay
+Waller five hundred dollars and to convey to Waller eight lots and three
+blocks in Oregon City, and also to convey to the Methodist Mission six
+lots and one block in Oregon City. What right the Mission had to insist
+on the conveyance to it of this land has never been explained--Waller,
+in said agreement or settlement, surrendering and forever abandoning to
+Dr. McLoughlin "all claims, rights, and pretensions whatsoever" which
+Waller had to the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, which is described in
+said agreement as "a tract of land situated at the falls of the
+Wallamette River on the east side of said River, containing six hundred
+and forty acres, and surveyed by Jesse Applegate in the month of
+December, A. D. 1843." This survey included Abernethy Island. There were
+not then any courts in Oregon to which Dr. McLoughlin could apply for
+relief, as he had not then joined the Provisional Government. It was
+probably better and cheaper for him to submit to this unfair agreement,
+otherwise he would have been compelled to allow Waller to take the land
+or to have ousted him by force.[37]
+
+July 15, 1844, about three months after this settlement, Rev. George
+Gary, who was then closing the Methodist Mission in Oregon and disposing
+of its property, in a letter to Dr. McLoughlin offered to sell back
+these lots and block given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin, with the
+improvements thereon, excluding the two lots given by Dr. McLoughlin in
+1840 on which the Methodist Church was built. Gary valued the lots to be
+sold at two thousand, two hundred dollars, and the improvements thereon
+at three thousand, eight hundred dollars. Gary made the conditions that
+the possession of a warehouse should be reserved until June, 1845, and
+the house occupied by George Abernethy until August, 1845. Gary made
+some other reservations and wrote that there must be an answer in a day
+or two. Dr. McLoughlin considered this offer extortionate. He wrote an
+answer to Gary calling attention to the fact that he had so recently
+given the lots to the Mission, that it would be the fairest way for Gary
+to give Dr. McLoughlin back the lots, since the Mission had no longer
+any use for them, and let him pay for the improvements; that one of the
+houses was built with lumber borrowed from him and had not been paid
+for. He suggested that the matter be referred to the Missionary Board.
+But Gary rejected every proposal. Dr. McLoughlin was compelled to yield
+and agreed to pay the six thousand dollars demanded by Gary.[38]
+Notwithstanding the fact that this agreement executed by Waller and
+Leslie, dated April 4, 1844, was made as a final settlement of the
+matter, the conspirators determined to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his
+land claim, even if they did not profit by it. They succeeded by means
+of the Oregon Donation Law, as I shall presently show. These
+conspirators had previously arranged to take or "jump" Abernethy Island.
+
+Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines was too honorable a man to justify these
+proceedings. As he came to Oregon in 1853, it appears that he did not
+know all the facts, but such as he knew, even from Methodist missionary
+sources, did not commend Waller's actions to Hines in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. In his _Missionary History_, pages
+353-355, Dr. Hines says: "At Oregon City the Mission as such deemed it
+wisest not to file any claim as against that of Dr. McLoughlin, Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Vancouver, who had made some
+movements toward the occupation of that valuable property before the
+Mission was established. Perhaps all in the country at that time, Mr.
+Lee included, did not consider the claim of Dr. McLoughlin as a British
+subject and the head of a great British corporation, such a claim as
+would be recognized in law when the government of the United States
+should extend its jurisdiction over the country, which they believed it
+was sure to do in a short time.... The mission work at this general
+point was mostly done on the _west side_ of the river at The Falls, and
+at the villages on the Clackamas where 'Gladstone Park' is now situated,
+and where the Mission had a farm, and a claim of a square mile of land.
+This stood in exactly the same relation to the Board as did the claim at
+The Dalles and at Salem.
+
+"It is proper that we say here that much controversy arose at Oregon
+City through the fact that Rev. A. F. Waller filed a claim in his own
+behalf on the land to which Dr. McLoughlin was also laying claim, on the
+ground that the latter, being a British subject, could not obtain title
+under the land laws of the United States. With this the Mission, as
+such, had no connection whatever, and hence this history does not deal
+with the question." Nevertheless, joint-occupancy, Senator Linn's
+resolution and bill, the Donation Land Law, subsequently passed, natural
+justice and right, and common decency should have been recognized as
+giving Dr. McLoughlin full right to his land claim from the beginning.
+
+At least three of the Methodist missionaries and those connected with
+the Methodist Mission were not citizens of the United States at any time
+prior to the passage of the Donation Land Law in 1850. Rev. Jason Lee
+was a native of Canada and died in Canada. He did not become a citizen
+of the United States. His allegiance was always that of a British
+subject. Jason Lee was of English descent. His parents were born in the
+United States but settled at Stanstead, Canada, and made it their home
+several years prior to his birth. He was born at Stanstead in 1803 and
+that was his home until 1834, when he came to Oregon. For a number of
+years he worked in the pineries in the north of Canada. In 1826 he was
+"converted" and joined the Wesleyan Church of Canada. In 1827 he entered
+the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Massachusetts. After attending that
+Academy for a time, he returned to his home at Stanstead, where he
+stayed for several years, first teaching school and afterwards becoming
+a preacher of the Wesleyan Church of Canada. For several years he had
+desired to be a missionary among the Indians and in 1832 or 1833 offered
+his services as a missionary to the Indians of Canada to the Wesleyan
+Missionary Society of London. In 1833, while waiting a reply to his
+application, he was offered the appointment by the New England
+Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of "Missionary to the
+Flathead Indians," and was admitted as a member of the latter
+Conference. In the spring of 1834 he started for Oregon, which, during
+the rest of his life, was jointly occupied by citizens of the United
+States and subjects of Great Britain under the Conventions between these
+countries. The political status of a resident of Oregon then remained as
+it was when he arrived in Oregon. It could not be changed there during
+joint-occupancy. He died at Lake Memphremagog in Canada, March 2, 1845.
+His body was buried at Stanstead. These facts I have obtained mostly
+from Dr. Hines' _Missionary History of the Pacific Northwest_, and I
+have verified them from other reliable sources.
+
+Rev. Daniel Lee was also born in Canada. Up to the time of his return to
+the Eastern States in 1843, he had not become a citizen of the United
+States. As the rest of his life was spent as a Methodist minister in the
+United States, he probably became a citizen of the latter country. Rev.
+Daniel Lee, I believe, took no part in, nor did he encourage, or
+sympathize with any action against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Joseph Holman (not a relative of mine) was born in England, August 20,
+1815. In 1833 he went to Canada where he lived for several years. About
+1836 or 1837 he went to Ohio and later went to Illinois. In 1839 he
+started for Oregon. He arrived at Fort Vancouver June 1, 1840, the same
+day the Lausanne arrived there. In 1840 or 1841 he became connected with
+the Methodist Mission. Shortly after his arrival he took up a land claim
+a mile square near the present city of Salem. A person could not become
+a citizen of the United States until he had resided therein for at least
+five years. So he could not become such a citizen in the East for he had
+not resided in the United States more than three years when he started
+for Oregon in 1839. It was in Oregon, after the United States Courts
+were established in 1849, that Joseph Holman first made application to
+become a citizen of the United States and became one. As Jason Lee and
+Daniel Lee took up the land on which the Methodist Mission was situated
+and they were British subjects, their rights as land claimants were the
+same as those of Dr. McLoughlin. The Mission, as such, had no legal
+status to acquire land prior to the Act of 1848 organizing Oregon
+Territory. The land claim of Joseph Holman had the same status as that
+of Dr. McLoughlin--just as good, but no better.
+
+
+
+
+_Abernethy Island._
+
+
+I have spoken of this settlement with Waller, in 1844, in order to treat
+separately of the taking of Abernethy Island from Dr. McLoughlin. The
+land controlling the water-power on the west side of the falls of the
+Willamette River was not taken nor claimed by any one until after the
+year 1841. It is on the west side where the water-power of the falls is
+now mostly used. It could have been had for the taking at the time
+Abernethy Island was "jumped." Dr. McLoughlin's land claim was on the
+east side of the river. As I have said, Felix Hathaway, in the
+employment of the Mission, in 1841 began to build a house on Abernethy
+Island, but after Dr. McLoughlin's remonstrance to Waller, the building
+operations on the island ceased at that time. Dr. McLoughlin erected a
+small house on the island. In 1841 the Oregon Milling Company was
+formed. Almost all of its members belonged to the Methodist Mission.
+Hathaway conveyed all his right and title to the island to the Oregon
+Milling Company, a part of the consideration to be paid by a Committee
+of the Oregon Milling Company in behalf of that Company. Rev. A. F.
+Waller is the one first named, of the Committee, in the deed. This deed
+is recorded at page 52 of Book 2, Record of Deeds of Clackamas County.
+This record shows the date of the deed as November 23, 1852. This is
+evidently an error of the copyist, as to the year. It doubtless was
+1842, for Hathaway, by the deed, conveyed all his "right and title to
+the island on which said Company _are now constructing mills_," etc.
+This is a very religious deed. Hathaway in this conveyance covenanted to
+warrant and defend the island against all persons "(the Lord excepted)."
+
+Among the cargo of the Lausanne, which all belonged to the Methodist
+Mission, was machinery for flour-mills and for saw-mills. The Methodist
+Mission established both a saw-mill and a grist-mill, run by
+water-power, near Chemekete (now Salem). These were in operation in
+1841. These mills were much nearer the Willamette settlements than
+Oregon City was. In the Fall of 1842 the Oregon Milling Company had
+erected a saw-mill on the island, intending to follow it with the
+erection of a flour-mill. It will be noted that there were then no
+courts in Oregon, for the Provisional Government was not organized until
+1843. Dr. McLoughlin and the Hudson's Bay Company were not under the
+jurisdiction of the Provisional Government until 1845. In the fall of
+1842 Dr. McLoughlin became satisfied that it was the intention of some
+of the Methodist missionaries to take his land and to deprive him of his
+water rights. To save his interests he forthwith built a saw-mill on
+the river bank near the island, and gave notice that he would erect a
+flour-mill in a short time.
+
+
+
+
+_The Shortess Petition._
+
+
+The enemies of Dr. McLoughlin then determined to send a petition to
+Congress. It is said that this petition was drawn by George Abernethy,
+who then, as steward of the Mission, kept its store at Oregon City, and
+had charge of all its secular affairs, but that Abernethy was unwilling
+to have it known that he was connected with the petition, so it was
+copied by a clerk, named Albert E. Wilson. Abernethy wished to appear
+friendly to Dr. McLoughlin; to act otherwise might hurt the Mission and
+Abernethy in his business.[39] The first signature to this petition was
+that of Robert Shortess, who arrived in the Willamette Valley in April,
+1840. He joined the Methodist Church about 1841. He was then intense in
+his dislike of the Hudson's Bay Company and its officers. From the fact
+that he was the first signer, this petition is known as the "Shortess
+petition." It was signed by sixty-five persons. Of these about one-third
+were immigrants of 1842, who had been in the country less than six
+months. This petition is addressed to Congress. It is dated March 25,
+1843. It begins with a short statement that the petitioners have no laws
+to govern them. That "where the highest court of appeal is the rifle,
+safety in life and property cannot be depended on." Until these people
+attempted unfairly to take Dr. McLoughlin's land, the Golden Rule had
+prevailed and the appeal to the rifle was always "conspicuous by its
+absence." This petition then calls attention to the domination of the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and its successful opposition to Bonneville and
+Wyeth, and that that Company formerly would not sell cattle, and its
+opposition to the loan of cows and the return of the increase, which is
+true; and that in case of the death of a cow, the settler had to
+pay--which is false.
+
+This petition further sets forth that in 1842 the settlers formed a
+company for supplying lumber and flour. That they selected an island at
+the falls of the Willamette. That after commencing they were informed by
+Dr. McLoughlin that the land was his. This is true, as to the company
+and the information by Dr. McLoughlin, but false, by indirection, in
+this, that they knew the island for years had been claimed by him as his
+property. The petition proceeds, "However, he erected a shed on the
+island, after the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then
+gave them permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the
+paper he wrote them containing his conditions, but did not obligate
+themselves to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his
+claim just or reasonable." In the latter statement the members of the
+Oregon Milling Company, who signed the petition, stated an estoppel to
+themselves. They could not enter into possession under conditions and
+then refuse to abide by them. This was pleading themselves out of Court,
+not to mention their admitted breach of faith.
+
+This petition then mentions the erection of the saw-mill by the Oregon
+Milling Company and complains of the erection of a mill by Dr.
+McLoughlin, and says that he can manufacture lumber cheaper than the
+Milling Company can. Nevertheless, the Oregon Milling Company succeeded.
+This petition then goes into puerility about the measurement of wheat by
+the Hudson's Bay Company, which Dr. White in his report, dated April 1,
+1843, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and hereinbefore referred
+to, says is untrue, for he knows the measure to be exact. This petition
+does not state (which is true) that when Dr. McLoughlin found that wheat
+weighed more than sixty pounds to the bushel, he raised the price paid
+to settlers, correspondingly. This petition sets forth, however, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had surveyed his claim, platted it, and called it Oregon
+City; and that he had given a notice dated January 18, 1843, requiring
+all persons claiming lots on his land, before February 1, 1843, to apply
+for a deed, or a bond for a deed, as the case might be, which he would
+give. Dr. McLoughlin required a payment of five dollars to his attorney
+for making the deed or bond. As these people were all trespassers, it
+would seem that this action of Dr. McLoughlin was a very generous one.
+
+There is a very significant phrase in the Shortess petition, which
+indicates that the conspiracy to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of his land
+claim had its inception before that time. In this petition, after saying
+that Dr. McLoughlin did not own his Oregon City land claim, it is said
+"and which we hope he never will own." This phrase is omitted in the
+copy of the Shortess petition in Gray's _History of Oregon_ and in
+Brown's _Political History of Oregon_.[40] This phrase is referred to in
+Thurston's speech of December 26, 1850, as justifying his actions in
+giving Dr. McLoughlin's land claim to Oregon for an university.[41] I
+shall not discuss some of the allegations of this petition, as they are
+trivial and unimportant. This petition was given to W. C. Sutton to be
+taken to Washington. Dr. McLoughlin applied to Shortess for a copy of
+this petition, but the request was refused.
+
+
+
+
+_Land Laws of the Provisional Government._
+
+
+As I have stated, in July, 1843, the Provisional Government went into
+effect. Its land laws were purposely framed against Dr. McLoughlin's
+claim, and in favor of the Methodist Mission. These land laws allowed
+any person, without regard to citizenship, who was then holding or
+wished to establish a land claim in Oregon, not exceeding 640 acres, "in
+a square or oblong form, according to the natural situation of the
+premises," to have such land claim. Those in possession were allowed one
+year in which to file a description of the claim in the Recorder's
+office. Dr. McLoughlin filed his description in 1843. The survey was
+made by Jesse Applegate in 1843. The record is now in the office of the
+Secretary of State at Salem, Oregon. In having this survey made Dr.
+McLoughlin had it extend only about half way from the falls to the
+Clackamas River and so as to include not more than six hundred and forty
+acres. He abandoned that part of his original claim extending between
+his new north line and the Clackamas River.
+
+Article 4 of these land laws of 1843 was the one intended to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of his claim. It was as follows: "Art. 4. No person shall be
+entitled to hold such a claim upon city or town sites, extensive water
+privileges, or other situations necessary for the transaction of
+mercantile or manufacturing operations, to the detriment of the
+community: _Provided_, that nothing in these laws shall be so construed
+as to effect _any claim of any mission_ of a religious character, made
+previous to this time, of an extent of not more than _six miles
+square_." This land law was amended in July, 1845. The only material
+change, so far as is necessary for the purposes of this monograph, was
+that said Section 4 of the land laws of 1843 was repealed. It was after
+the repeal of the objectionable and unfair Section 4 of the land laws of
+1843 that Dr. McLoughlin for himself and the Hudson's Bay Company joined
+the Provisional Government.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Naturalization._
+
+
+After Dr. McLoughlin sent his resignation to the Hudson's Bay Company,
+in 1845, he determined to become a citizen of the United States. In 1845
+he consulted with Peter H. Burnett, then Chief-Justice of the
+Provisional Government, and with Jesse Applegate, about taking the oath
+of allegiance to the United States, and taking out his first
+naturalization papers, but Burnett had no authority from the United
+States, or other jurisdiction, to administer such an oath (or to issue
+such papers) and so advised Dr. McLoughlin. Although this matter was
+well known in Oregon, it gave Dr. McLoughlin's enemies a chance to say
+that he was a British subject, and had not taken the oath of allegiance
+to the United States, nor applied to become a citizen of the United
+States. August 14, 1848, the bill establishing the Territory of Oregon
+became a law. March 2, 1849, General Joseph Lane, the first Territorial
+Governor of Oregon, arrived at Oregon City. March 3, 1849, he issued his
+proclamation assuming charge as governor. Soon after the Territory of
+Oregon was organized and courts of the United States established. The
+assignment of Judges to their respective districts was made May 13,
+1849. May 30, 1849, Dr. McLoughlin took the oath and made his
+declaration to become a citizen of the United States, as required by the
+naturalization law. So he acted with promptness. This was well known in
+Oregon at the time. Dr. McLoughlin voted at Oregon City at the first
+general election held in June, 1849, but he did not vote for Thurston as
+delegate to Congress, which Thurston knew. Under the act of Congress,
+organizing Oregon as a territory, all aliens who had declared, on oath,
+their intentions to become citizens of the United States, and taken an
+oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the provisions
+of the act establishing the Territorial Government of Oregon, were
+entitled to vote at the first election. Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen
+of the United States, at Oregon City, September 5, 1851. The
+naturalization law then allowed an alien to become a citizen of the
+United States two years after taking the oath and making his
+declaration, if he had lived in the United States for five years. His
+witnesses were A. L. Lovejoy, A. A. Skinner, and Theodore Magruder. His
+admission to citizenship was based on his said oath and declaration of
+May 30, 1849.
+
+
+
+
+_Conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+It was in 1849 that the conspiracy against Dr. McLoughlin and his land
+claim began to become effective. In 1846 Governor Abernethy became the
+sole owner of the Oregon Milling Company and its property on Abernethy
+Island, Abernethy and his son claiming to own the island, which was then
+known as "Governor's Island," in supposed compliment to Governor
+Abernethy. W. P. Bryant, the first Territorial Chief-Justice of Oregon,
+arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849. May 29, 1849, fifty days after his
+arrival he purchased all said interests of Gov. Abernethy and son.
+Bryant gave his promissory notes to Gov. Abernethy, aggregating $30,000
+in principal, as part consideration for the purchase. Bryant also bought
+from Gov. Abernethy, on time, wheat, flour, and staves for about $2500
+and a quantity of lumber and logs, the value of which I am unable to
+give. Bryant's judicial district included Oregon City.[42]
+
+In June, 1849, Samuel R. Thurston was elected Territorial Delegate to
+Congress from Oregon. He arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1847. He was
+shrewd enough to obtain the support of the Mission Party. He skillfully
+made his canvass largely against the Hudson's Bay Company. Having the
+support of the Mission Party, and many of the voters being then in the
+California mines, Thurston was elected. The vote was as follows:
+Thurston, 470; Columbus Lancaster, 321; J. W. Nesmith, 106; Joseph L.
+Meek, 40; and J. S. Griffin, 8. The most important measure for Oregon
+was the passage of a land law, for no person had or could then obtain a
+legal title to land. It was all owned by the United States except the
+small portions granted to the Missions. Thurston used his best endeavors
+to obtain the passage of such a bill. But he was anxious for re-election
+and to ingratiate himself with the Mission Party and the conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+
+
+
+_Thurston's Letter to Congress._
+
+
+Thurston prepared the way, by a letter addressed to the members of the
+House of Representatives, for introducing into the land bill a section
+depriving Dr. McLoughlin of his Oregon City claim. This letter contains
+many false statements. This section is section eleven of the Donation
+Land Law, which was passed without opposition. To this section I shall
+presently refer.
+
+This letter to the members of the House of Representatives was issued by
+Thurston at Washington, D. C., in the month of May or the early part of
+June, 1850. Said letter was published in full in the _Oregon Spectator_
+of September 12, 1850. Nothing was known in Oregon or California of this
+letter until late in August or early in September, 1850. As this letter
+is quite long and relates mostly to the general features of the Oregon
+Donation Land Bill and the necessity of its passage, I have omitted all
+that part of the letter excepting Thurston's discussion of the eleventh
+section of that bill, which contains all that part of the letter
+referring to Dr. McLoughlin and his land claim. In that part of his
+letter Thurston said:
+
+"I will next call your attention to the eleventh section of the bill,
+reserving the town site of Oregon City, known as the 'Oregon City
+Claim.' The capital of our Territory is located here (Oregon City) and
+here is the county seat of Clackamas County. It is unquestionably the
+finest water power in the known world; and as it is now, so will remain,
+the great inland business point for the Territory. This claim has been
+wrongfully wrested by Dr. McLoughlin from American citizens. The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim, with the view of establishing
+here their mills and Mission. They were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them; and,
+successively, a number of citizens of our Country have been driven from
+it, while Dr. McLoughlin was yet at the head of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Having at his command the Indians
+of the country, he has held it by violence and dint of threats up to
+this time. He had sold lots up to the 4th of March, 1849, worth
+$200,000. He also has upon it a flouring mill, graineries, two double
+sawmills, a large number of houses, stores, and other buildings, to
+which he may be entitled by virtue of his possessory rights, under the
+treaty of 1846. For only a part of these improvements which he may thus
+hold, he has been urged during the past year to take $250,000. He will
+already have made a half million out of that claim. He is still an
+Englishman, still connected in interest with the Hudson's Bay Company,
+and still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen,
+and assigns as a reason to the Supreme Judge of the Territory, that he
+cannot do it without prejudicing his standing in England. Last summer,
+he informed the writer of this, that whatever was made out of this claim
+was to go into the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he
+and other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in
+other words, that he was holding the claim for the benefit of the
+Company. Now, the bill proposes to reserve this claim; subject to
+whatever right he may have to it, or any part of it, by virtue of the
+treaty; and confirms the title of all lots sold or donated by him
+previous to March 4th, 1849. This is designed to prevent litigation.
+That day is fixed on, because, on that day, in Oregon City, Governor
+Lane took possession of the Territory, declaring the laws of the United
+States in force, and apprising Dr. McLoughlin and all others, that no
+one had a right to sell or meddle with the Government lands. Dr.
+McLoughlin ought to have been made to pay back the $200,000, but not
+wishing to create any litigation, the committee concluded to quiet the
+whole matter by confirming the lots. Having in this way made $200,000,
+and his possessory rights, if it shall turn out that he lawfully
+acquired any, being worth $200,000 more, the people of Oregon think our
+bounty is sufficient to this man, who has worked diligently to break
+down the settlements ever since they commenced; and they ask you to save
+their capital, their county seat, and the balance of that noble water
+power from the grasp of this British propagandist, and bestow it on the
+young American generation in Oregon, in the shape of education, upon
+which you and the whole Country are to rely and to defend and protect
+the western outposts of this glorious Union. The children of my Country
+are looking up to you with countenances flashing eloquence, clamoring to
+be educated, and asking you, in simple but feeling language, where your
+charity begins. They call you 'fathers,' and ask you whether you will
+put the moral weapons of defence in your children's hands in the shape
+of education, or whether you will deny it to them, and put means into
+the hands of him who will turn and rend both you and them. They do not
+doubt your decision, nor do I.
+
+"When the Methodist Missionaries were driven from this claim, they went
+on the island in the middle of the river, and constructed mills and made
+other improvements. This island is known as the Abernethy Island, and is
+of no value, except for the improvements upon it. It consists of about
+two acres of barren rock. This island was subsequently sold to George
+Abernethy, and the bill ought to confirm the same to Abernethy or his
+assigns.--This is a simple act of justice to American citizens, who now
+have their mills and property staked on those rocks, and which, for a
+long time, stood the only mills in the valley, where an American could
+get any grain ground for toll. They are now, with the exception of Dr.
+McLoughlin's mills, nearly the only mills in the whole country left
+standing by the late freshet, and they have been very materially
+injured. They must be repaired at vast expense, and if they are not, Dr.
+McLoughlin will hold, as he has heretofore held, the bread of the people
+of the Territory in his own fist. Your brethren ask you to confirm their
+title to those rocks, that their property may stand there in safety.
+They doubt not your decision. Hence there should be an amendment in the
+bill to this effect."
+
+It is not true, as asserted by Thurston, that the Methodist Mission
+first took the "Oregon City claim." It was first taken by Dr.
+McLoughlin, as I have shown. If the Methodist Mission ever took, or had
+any interest in this land claim, it was through a secret agreement or
+understanding with Waller, or with the Oregon Milling Company, excepting
+only the lots given to the Mission by Dr. McLoughlin in 1840 and those
+secured by the Mission under the Articles of Agreement, dated April 4,
+1844.[43] Most of the statements, in the parts of this letter just
+quoted, Thurston knew were false.
+
+Thurston also succeeded in having a proviso added to the fourth section
+of the bill, skillfully worded, which forbade anyone claiming under the
+Donation Land Law to claim both under that law and under the treaty of
+1846, that treaty providing that possessory rights of British subjects
+should be respected. As Dr. McLoughlin had declared, in 1849, his
+intentions to become a citizen and renounced his allegiance to Great
+Britain, he probably was no longer qualified to claim under the treaty.
+But even if he could have claimed under the treaty of 1846, as a British
+subject, that would not have given him a right to obtain title to his
+land claim under that treaty. It was afterwards held by the Supreme
+Court of Oregon, in the case of Cowenia v. Hannah, 3 Oregon, 465, and by
+Judge M. P. Deady, sitting as United States Circuit Judge, in the case
+of Town v. De Haven, 5 Sawyer, 146, that the stipulation in the treaty
+of 1846 that the United States would respect the possessory rights of
+British subjects, was merely a recognition of such possessory rights and
+conferred no right to, or in the land, and that no means were provided
+by the Donation Land Law, or otherwise, to obtain title or a patent, but
+a British subject might have a claim against the United States for
+compensation; that a claim to land, under the treaty, was to be excluded
+from any rights under the Donation Land Law, and a claim to land, under
+that law, was a surrender of possessory rights under the treaty.
+Unquestionably the Supreme Court of Oregon and Judge Deady were right in
+their construction of the law, as they found it, as applicable to the
+points involved in those cases.
+
+Article III of the Boundary Treaty of 1846 is as follows: "In the future
+appropriation of the territory south of the forty-ninth parallel of
+north latitude, as provided in the first article of this treaty, the
+possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay Company, and of all British
+subjects who may be already in the occupation of land or other property
+lawfully acquired within the said territory, shall be respected." Good
+faith, and to carry out the letter and the spirit of this Article III,
+should have caused Congress to respect these possessory rights of
+British subjects, so as to make them effective, and especially as they
+had acquired these rights under the Conventions for joint-occupancy of
+the Oregon Country. Means should have been provided in the Donation Land
+Law by which such British subjects "already in the occupation of land"
+in Oregon could have acquired the title thereto.
+
+In the debate in the House of Representatives, May 28, 1850, on the bill
+which became the Oregon Donation Land Law, Thurston said:[44] "This
+company [Hudson's Bay Company] has been warring against our government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been their chief fugleman,
+first to cheat our government out of the whole country, and next to
+prevent its settlement. He has driven men from claims and from the
+country, to stifle the efforts at settlement. In 1845, he sent an
+express to Fort Hall, 800 miles, to warn the American emigrants that if
+they attempted to come to Willamette they would all be cut off; they
+went, and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living? He fought the battles of the country, yet by one act of
+treason forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country--more
+dangerous, because more hidden, more jesuitical. I can refer you to the
+Supreme Judge of our territory, for proof that this Dr. McLoughlin
+refuses to file his intention to become an American citizen." Judge
+Bryant was then in Washington, lobbying for the passage of the eleventh
+section of the Donation Land Law, particularly the part giving
+Abernethy's Island to the assigns of the Milling Company. I have already
+shown the falsity of these statements of Thurston in his letter and in
+this speech, by setting forth the truth in this monograph. The mention
+by Thurston, in his speech, of Benedict Arnold in comparison with Dr.
+McLoughlin, was contemptible. It was an insinuation which Thurston
+should have been ashamed to make.
+
+On September 12, 1850, Dr. McLoughlin published in the _Oregon
+Spectator_ his answer to some of the statements, or rather
+misstatements, in Thurston's speech in Congress, May 28, 1850, and in
+his letter to the House of Representatives. Dr. McLoughlin there said:
+"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on trade under the treaty of joint-occupation of the
+country--even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity.... But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the
+Hudson's Bay Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole
+country, and next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my
+head is very white with the frost of many winters, but I have never
+before been accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject--I have had
+for twenty years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's
+trade, in Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have
+been the representative of British interests in this country; but I have
+never descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and
+doing wrong to any one. I have on the other hand, afforded every
+assistance to all who required it, and which religion and humanity
+dictated; and this community can say if I did so or not.... But,
+moreover, it is well known that the fact of my having aided in the
+settlement of this country has been a subject of serious complaints, and
+grave charges made against me, by subjects of Her Britannic Majesty,
+during the pending of the boundary question--who seem to have been
+imbued with the same kind disposition toward their fellow men as Mr.
+Thurston.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents, touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston--'Keep this still till next mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed--my land bill; keep dark till next mail."
+
+  "June 9, 1850.      THURSTON.'"
+
+"... In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission--they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate.... Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'--That I have held my claim or any part of it [Dr. McLoughlin's
+land claim] by violence or threats, no man will assert, and far less
+will one be found to swear so, who will be believed on his oath, in a
+court of justice. I have probably no other enemy than Mr. Thurston, so
+lost to the _suggestions_ of conscience as to make a statement so much
+at variance with my whole character. He says that I have realized, up to
+the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000 from the sale of lots; this is also
+wholly untrue. I have given away lots to the Methodists, Catholics,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to
+a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to the Clackamas Female Protestant
+Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon Legislature. The Trustees are all
+Protestants, although it is well known I am a Roman Catholic. In short,
+in one way and another I have donated to the county, to schools, to
+churches, and private individuals, more than three hundred town lots,
+and I never realized in cash $20,000 from all the original sales I have
+made. He continues, 'He is still an Englishman, still connected with the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses to file his intentions to become an
+American citizen.' If I was an Englishman, I know no reason why I should
+not acknowledge it; but I am a Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by
+descent. I am neither ashamed of my birth-place or lineage.... I
+declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact--he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme Judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full.... But Mr. Thurston makes another
+statement in which there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,'
+meaning myself, 'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out
+of the claim was to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company,
+of which he and other stock-holders would share in proportion to their
+stock; in other words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the
+Hudson's Bay Company.'... I assert I never made such a statement to Mr.
+Thurston, and I assert that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that
+the Hudson's Bay Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have
+any interest in it with me.... Can the people of Oregon City and its
+vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months before he left
+this [territory], that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they
+were, to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate
+this Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact,
+proposing to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns."[45]
+
+Thurston attempted to reply to this letter of Dr. McLoughlin, published
+in the _Oregon Spectator_, in a speech made in Congress December 26,
+1850.[46] With all its false statements this speech utterly failed to
+justify the actions of Thurston against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Lieutenant Neil M. Howison, of the United States Navy, came to Oregon in
+1846, in charge of the United States schooner "Shark." He made a report
+on Oregon to the Commander of the Pacific squadron. The report is dated
+at San Francisco, February 1, 1847. It was printed by order of the House
+of Representatives, at Washington, in 1848, more than two years prior to
+Thurston's speech. It is Miscellaneous Document No. 29 of the first
+session of the 30th Congress. In this report, after speaking in praise
+of Dr. McLoughlin, Howison said of him: "He resides now altogether at
+Oregon City ... and has, by his advice and assistance, done more than
+any other man towards the rapid development of the resources of this
+country." Lieutenant Howison also said, in this report, that Dr.
+McLoughlin "has settled himself on the south side of the river
+[Columbia] with full expectation of becoming a citizen of the United
+States, and I hope the government at home will duly appreciate him."
+
+In the report of Dr. Elijah White, dated Willamette Valley, Oregon,
+November 15, 1843, to J. M. Porter, Secretary of War, Dr. White said:
+"And here allow me to say, the seasonable service, in which hundreds of
+dollars were gratuitously expended in assisting such numbers of our poor
+emigrant citizens down the Columbia to the Willamette, entitles Gov.
+McLoughlin, saying nothing of his previous fatherly and fostering care
+of this colony, to the honorable consideration of the members of this
+government. And I hope, as he is desirous to settle with his family in
+this country, and has made a claim at the falls of the Willamette, his
+claim will be honored in such a manner as to make him conscious that we,
+as a nation, are not insensible to his numerous acts of benevolence and
+hospitality towards our countrymen. Sir, in the midst of slander, envy,
+jealousy, and, in too many instances, of the blackest ingratitude, his
+unceasing, never tiring hospitality affects me, and makes him appear in
+a widely different light than too many would have him and his worthy
+associates appear before the world."[47]
+
+
+
+
+_Protests against Thurston's Actions._
+
+
+As shown in Dr. McLoughlin's printed letter of September 12, 1850,
+Thurston had sent to a confidant in Oregon, with instructions for
+secrecy, a printed copy of his letter to the House of Representatives.
+He also sent a printed copy of the bill for the Donation Land Law. These
+arrived in Oregon late in August or early in September, 1850. The
+eleventh section of the latter began to be noised about, and Thurston's
+friends, who were not in the conspiracy, met the charge with scornful
+denials. They said such a thing was not possible. But it was.[48] There
+were Oregon pioneers who protested. Before the law passed, when the
+intended action of Thurston became known, in relation to said section
+eleven, on September 19, 1850, a public meeting was held in Oregon City.
+Resolutions were passed declaring that the selection of the Oregon City
+claim for an university reservation was uncalled for by any considerable
+portion of the citizens of the Territory, and was invidious and unjust
+to Dr. McLoughlin; and that he "merits the gratitude of multitudes of
+persons in Oregon for the timely and long-continued assistance rendered
+by him in the settlement of this Territory." At the same time a memorial
+to Congress was signed by fifty-six persons, which set forth that Dr.
+McLoughlin had taken up the Oregon City claim like other claims in the
+Territory, and it had been held by him in accordance with the
+Provisional and Territorial governments of Oregon; that the memorialists
+have ever regarded it as entitled to protection as fully as other
+claims, without an intimation to the contrary from any official source
+until that time; that under this impression, both before and especially
+since March 4, 1849, large portions of it in blocks and lots had been
+purchased in good faith by many citizens of Oregon, who had erected
+valuable buildings thereon, in many instances, in the expectation of
+having a complete and sufficient title when Congress should grant a
+title to Dr. McLoughlin, as was confidently expected; that since March
+4, 1849, he had donated for county, educational, charitable, and
+religious purposes more than two hundred lots. They, therefore,
+remonstrated against the passage of the bill in its present form,
+believing that it would work a "severe, inequitable, unnecessary, and
+irremediable injustice."[49] There were no telegraph lines in Oregon or
+California in those days. And the bill was a law eight days thereafter.
+
+I am happy to say that among those who took part in these proceedings
+and signed this memorial were my father, James D. Holman, a pioneer of
+1846, and my uncle, Woodford C. Holman, a pioneer of 1845. October 26,
+1850, a public meeting was held at Salem, the stronghold of the Mission
+Party. At this meeting a committee on resolutions was appointed. The
+resolutions reported by the committee were adopted. They "highly
+approved all the actions of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress," and said
+"that facts well known in Oregon will sustain him in all he has said
+about Dr. McLoughlin and the H. B. Company." Another of these
+resolutions heartily approved the course taken by Thurston, in Congress
+upon the Donation Land Bill "especially that part which relates to the
+Oregon City claim," and "that if that claim should be secured to Dr.
+McLoughlin it would, in effect, be donating land to the H. B. Company."
+Another of these resolutions was, "That in the opinion of this meeting,
+the children of Oregon have a better right to the balance of that claim
+[Oregon City claim] than Dr. McLoughlin." Another of these resolutions
+was, "That the H. B. Company, with Dr. McLoughlin as their fugleman,
+have used every means that could be invented by avarice, duplicity,
+cunning, and deception to retard American settlement, and cripple the
+growth of American interests in Oregon."[50]
+
+There are certain qualities in some men which move them never to forgive
+a favor bestowed on them; to ruin those they have wronged or cheated; to
+endeavor to cover with obloquy those they have lied about; and to seek
+to hurt any one of better quality than they are. As a native son of
+Oregon I am ashamed of some of its pioneers and their actions. But in
+such a movement as the early settling of Oregon, there were, of
+necessity, some men of coarse fiber, and of doubtful integrity and
+honor. But such men were rare exceptions. To the honor of the
+overwhelming majority of the Oregon pioneers, be it said that they took
+no part in these actions against Dr. McLoughlin, nor did they endorse or
+sympathize with Thurston's actions and those of his co-conspirators
+against Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+It must be borne in mind that many thousands of people, men, women, and
+children, came to Oregon in the immigrations after 1846. There were
+probably in the immigrations of 1847 to 1850, inclusive, an aggregate of
+more than ten thousand people, the number of men being in the ratio of
+about one to four. The immigration of 1847 was composed of over four
+thousand persons. These later immigrants did not experience the
+difficulties which beset the earlier immigrants along the Columbia River
+and from there to the Willamette Valley. They did not need the
+assistance of Dr. McLoughlin which the immigrants of 1843, 1844, and
+1845 did. They found Oregon City a small but thriving settlement. Some
+of them were easily led to believe that Dr. McLoughlin was not entitled
+to his land claim, which they thought was a valuable one, especially as
+he was technically a British subject. But most of them were friendly to
+him for his kindness to them, and for what he had done for the earlier
+immigrants. They appreciated that he was justly entitled to his land
+claim. The love of justice and fair play were predominant traits of most
+Oregon pioneers.
+
+
+
+
+_The Oregon Donation Land Law._
+
+
+The Donation Land Law passed and was approved by the President
+September 27, 1850. Section 4 "granted to every white settler or
+occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included,
+above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States,
+or having made a declaration, according to law, of his intention to
+become a citizen, or who shall make such declaration on or before the
+first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, now residing in
+such territory, or who shall become a resident thereof on or before the
+first day of December, 1850, and who shall have resided upon and
+cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall otherwise
+conform to the provisions of this act," 320 acres of land, if a single
+man, or if a married man, 640 acres, 320 acres being for his wife. The
+last sentence of Section 4 is as follows: "Provided further, however,
+that this section shall not be so construed as to allow those claiming
+rights under the treaty with Great Britain, relative to the Oregon
+territory, to claim both under this grant and the treaty, but merely to
+secure them the election and confine them to a single grant of land."
+
+Section eleven of said Donation Law is as follows: "Sec. 11. And be it
+further enacted, That what is known as the 'Oregon City Claim,'
+excepting the Abernethy Island, which is hereby confirmed to the legal
+assigns of the Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, shall be set
+apart and be at the disposal, of the Legislative Assembly, the proceeds
+thereof to be applied, by said Legislative Assembly, to the
+establishment and endowment of a university, to be located at such place
+in the territory as the Legislative Assembly may designate; Provided,
+however, That all lots and parts of lots in said claim, sold or granted
+by Doctor John McLoughlin, previous to the fourth of March, eighteen
+hundred and forty-nine, shall be confirmed to the purchaser or donee, or
+their assigns, to be certified to the commissioner of the general land
+office by the surveyor-general, and patents to issue on said
+certificates, as in other cases: Provided, further, That nothing in this
+act contained shall be so construed and executed as in any way to
+destroy or affect any rights to land in said territory, holden or
+claimed under the provisions of the treaty or treaties existing between
+this country and Great Britain." By the "Oregon City claim" is meant Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim.
+
+This section eleven is unjust in its treatment of Dr. McLoughlin. Not
+that Congress was to blame. It did not know the facts. Did not the first
+Delegate from Oregon advocate it? Did not the first Territorial Chief
+Justice of Oregon then in Washington, advise it? And did not the
+Delegate and the Chief Justice say that Dr. McLoughlin was so dangerous
+and unprincipled a man as not be entitled to his land claim? And that he
+refused to become an American citizen? There was not even a recognition
+of Dr. McLoughlin's right to the improvements which he had placed on his
+land claim. And there, in all its infamy, said section eleven stands on
+the statute books today. If the assigns of the Milling Company were
+entitled to Abernethy Island, why should not the courts have settled
+the matter according to law and justice, as other contested land claims
+were settled?
+
+
+
+
+_The Conspiracy Effective._
+
+
+The motives and scheme of the conspirators to deprive Dr. McLoughlin of
+his land claim were very simple but effective. They desired to obtain
+Abernethy Island, which was a part of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim, for
+the assigns of the Oregon Milling Company. They desired to deprive Dr.
+McLoughlin of the rest of his land claim to wreak their malice against
+him, and at the same time, by statute passed by Congress, to have their
+actions against him apparently justified. Theirs was an uneasy
+conscience. It was, therefore, necessary to make it appear to Congress
+that Dr. McLoughlin was not only not entitled to his land claim nor any
+part of it, but that he should not have it under any circumstances; that
+Dr. McLoughlin was a man dangerous to Oregon, its people, and their
+interests, and had unfairly tried to prevent its settlement by citizens
+of the United States; that he refused to become an American citizen; and
+that he was not really trying to get the land claim for himself, but for
+the Hudson's Bay Company, although they knew his resignation had become
+effective in 1846. Having so wronged Dr. McLoughlin, they still did not
+dare to try to get the whole claim. To keep Dr. McLoughlin, or his
+heirs, from ever getting it, they tried to bribe the people of Oregon by
+providing that his land claim, less Abernethy Island, should be used for
+the establishment of an university, which would be for the benefit of
+all the people of Oregon. It was a cunning scheme. Thurston's reward was
+to be a re-election as Delegate to Congress. He died before he could be
+re-elected.
+
+There was great rejoicing in Oregon, at first, on the passage of the
+Donation Land Law. Every settler, except Dr. McLoughlin, could now have
+his land claim, for the title to which he had waited so long. A great
+university was to be built, without cost to anyone, except Dr.
+McLoughlin and his heirs. This was long before the discussion about
+using "tainted money." But the reaction against Thurston soon began. The
+newspapers printed letters against Thurston's actions in vilifying Dr.
+McLoughlin and in taking away his land claim. Thurston's party papers
+began to mention or to advocate other available men[51] for Thurston's
+position as delegate to Congress.[52]
+
+
+
+
+_Career and Death of Thurston._
+
+
+Even had the Mission Party, at the next election, been strong enough to
+have elected Thurston, had he lived, his political career would probably
+not have continued long. April 9, 1851, at the age of thirty-five years
+he died at sea off Acapulco, Mexico, while returning to Oregon.
+Thurston's letter, speeches, and actions against Dr. McLoughlin are the
+one great blot on his career. Thurston was a man of ability, a fluent
+speaker, a profuse writer of letters, of untiring energy, but inclined
+to be vindictive, and was not careful about the truth of his statements
+concerning a person he opposed or disliked. He made quite a reputation
+during the short time he was in Congress. He was quite popular in Oregon
+until his actions against Dr. McLoughlin became known. But for his
+actions against Dr. McLoughlin his memory would even now be highly
+regarded in Oregon. The passage of the Donation Land Law was largely due
+to his efforts. In spite of said section eleven that law gave great
+satisfaction to many people in Oregon. Up to that time no settler had
+more than a squatter's right. Man is naturally selfish. Notwithstanding
+the treatment of Dr. McLoughlin by this law, many settlers were pleased
+that they could now secure titles to their lands, and to that extent
+were grateful to Thurston.
+
+Thurston secured appropriations for Oregon aggregating one hundred and
+ninety thousand dollars. Of this one hundred thousand dollars were for
+expenses of the Cayuse Indian War. He introduced and worked for many
+bills favorable to Oregon and busied himself in looking after the
+interests of Oregon and his constituents. He wrote a great number of
+letters, which were published in the _Oregon Spectator_, calling
+attention to what he was doing in Congress and thus kept his name
+continuously before the people, for he was a skillful politician. But
+his alliance with leaders of the Mission Party was a political error.
+
+This address is about Dr. McLoughlin. I have not attempted to give the
+life of Thurston, nor a history of the Methodist Mission. To speak only
+of Thurston's actions against Dr. McLoughlin might be taken to mean that
+Thurston did nothing else while in Congress. In estimating Thurston's
+actions in Congress, those that are to his credit must be taken into
+account as well as those which are not. His actions in regard to Dr.
+McLoughlin's land claim were an unfortunate bid for popularity, which
+reacted on him and his reputation. Thurston's untrue and unjust
+statements, his despicable actions, and his false and malicious charges
+against Dr. McLoughlin are indefensible. Thurston's untimely death
+probably prevented justice being done to Dr. McLoughlin and his devisees
+sooner than it was. Thurston was not a strong man physically and it was
+thought that he had shortened his life in working for Oregon and his
+constituents. To act justly to the living Dr. McLoughlin, in a certain
+sense, might be construed as reflecting on the dead Thurston.
+
+
+
+
+_The Methodist Episcopal Church._
+
+
+All my ancestors and relatives for many generations have been
+Protestants. I was brought up under the auspices of the Old School
+Presbyterian Church, of which my parents were members from my early
+childhood until their deaths at advanced ages. I have never been a
+member of any church, but my feelings and sympathies have always been
+that of a Protestant. I respect all true sects and denominations of the
+great Christian Church. I respect the religion of the Jews, of Buddha,
+and of Confucius, for the good that is in them. I respect every man's
+religious faith, as long as it is truly a religious faith. I uphold the
+right of every man to worship God according to his liking. I respect, I
+admire, the man who against opposition and against his material and
+business interests follows the dictates of his conscience in religious
+and other matters of principle. While I may not agree with him, I defend
+his right. It is immaterial to me whether Dr. McLoughlin was a
+Protestant or a Roman Catholic. It is sufficient to me that he honestly
+acted according to his reason, his judgment, and what he considered was
+right. I condemn any persecution of him for being true to his
+conscience. I have great admiration for the Methodist missionaries who
+were true to their principles, who tried to lead blameless lives and to
+convert the Indians, and respected the rights of others. It is
+immaterial to me whether the missionaries were Methodists,
+Presbyterians, Congregationalists, or Roman Catholics, so long as they
+were really missionaries and true to their God, according to their
+lights, true to their professions, to themselves, and to their fellow
+men. I have no attack to make on religion, nor on the Methodist
+Episcopal Church, nor on its true missionaries, clerical or lay.
+
+The Methodist Episcopal Church has been one of the great civilizing
+agencies in the United States, particularly in the newer parts of the
+country. In its earlier days, and until the great growth of the country
+in the past forty or fifty years, it reached a class of people, which no
+other denomination could reach or influence, and made better people of
+them. All churches and denominations are subject to conditions and to
+evolution. And the Methodist Episcopal Church is today one of the great
+and influential churches in the United States.
+
+There always have been and there always will be men who make use of
+religion for sinister purposes. These unworthy missionaries who were
+parties to the unjust treatment of Dr. McLoughlin are not entitled to
+escape criticism, nor to have their wrongful acts passed over because of
+their religious pretentions. They are subject all the more to severe
+condemnation. All good Methodists condemn those wrongful acts of the
+missionaries as all true, honest Oregon pioneers condemn the acts of the
+pioneers who abused or cheated Dr. McLoughlin. But these base actions
+were not sustained by, nor concurred in by all the Methodist
+missionaries. Some condemned these actions. Others of these
+missionaries, appreciating what Dr. McLoughlin had done for them, and
+his humanitarianism, spoke in his praise, but did not break with their
+fellows who were persecuting Dr. McLoughlin. Some of the signers of the
+Shortess petition afterwards regretted, or were ashamed of their actions
+in so doing. Some timid persons may say that it would be better, in this
+address, merely to speak of the kind acts and high character of Dr.
+McLoughlin and not of the wrongful and unjust ways in which he was
+treated by some of the early immigrants, by some of the Methodist
+missionaries, by Thurston, by Bryant, and others. But that would not
+show what he suffered for the upbuilding of Oregon, nor his martyrdom
+on account of his humanity, of his principles, and of his integrity. It
+would not be a true, nor an accurate account of his life and time.
+
+Some persons in writing a life of Jesus would speak of his gentleness,
+his kindness, and his humanity, and say no more. They would not say
+anything against the Pharisees, nor of their condemnation by Jesus,
+because the Pharisees were people of some standing in their community,
+and did some kindly acts, and for fear of offending the descendants of
+the Pharisees. Such historians would not say anything against Caiaphas,
+the high priest, nor his actions against Jesus, because they might
+offend those religiously inclined. They would not say anything against
+those who cried "Crucify him," in their religious zeal. They would not
+say anything against Pontius Pilate, for fear of being thought to have
+attacked the Judiciary. They would either omit the crucifixion or merely
+say the last days of Jesus were passed somewhat in sorrow and in pain.
+But such a history would be trivial, and of no value. It would fail to
+show what Jesus did and suffered in his endeavors to help mankind. It
+would be a history in name only.
+
+
+
+
+_Dr. McLoughlin's Memorial to Congress._
+
+
+By the passage of the Donation Land Law, and also by reason of the
+letter and of the speeches of Thurston in Congress, Dr. McLoughlin was
+put in the humiliating position of having to issue a printed circular
+letter to get expressions of opinions of others, as to the falsity of
+the charges made against him by Thurston, and to support a memorial to
+Congress which Dr. McLoughlin afterwards sent to Congress with all the
+evidence. But his memorial accomplished nothing. There was, too, the
+question that Congress had given away his land claim, which was then
+technically the property of Oregon, for an university, and that Congress
+could not, with dignity to itself, revoke its gift. And who was Dr.
+McLoughlin to Congress? He was away out in Oregon nearly 4,000 miles
+from Washington. There were great and serious matters to be considered
+by Congress. The Oregon question was settled. What were the wrongs and
+misfortunes of one old man to Congress?
+
+In answer to the printed circular issued by Dr. McLoughlin, after the
+passage of the Donation Land Law, for the purposes of his memorial to
+Congress, he received many commendatory letters. I give merely excerpts
+from the letter of that noble old pioneer, Jesse Applegate, an immigrant
+of 1843. He wrote: "I have received your letter of inquiries, and take
+pleasure in replying to such of them as I personally know to be true. I
+came to this country in the fall of 1843, and, from that time forward, I
+can safely testify that your conduct has been the most generous and
+philanthropic, not only to immigrants from the United States, but to all
+requiring your assistance, whether natives or foreigners. I can also say
+that you have greatly encouraged and given much assistance in settling
+and developing the resources of the country, but I have by no means
+considered your motive for doing so political, or that your charitable
+acts were intended to advance the interests of any particular nation,
+but that you acted in the one case simply from a sense of Christian duty
+and humanity, and in the other from a natural desire to be useful in
+your day and generation.... But as the office of Chief Factor of the
+Hudson's Bay Company is in no way connected with politics, the discharge
+of its duties imposed no restrictions upon your private sentiments, and
+unless they led to a betrayal of your trust, which has never been
+charged against you, as an Irishman and a Catholic, you were free to
+feel and express your partiality for the free and tolerant institutions
+of the United States. That you did entertain such partiality, from my
+first acquaintance with you, need not depend upon my assertion, for it
+is a fact well known, and one you did not pretend to conceal."
+
+Jesse Applegate then says, in this letter, that he was present in 1845
+when Dr. McLoughlin applied to Judge Peter H. Burnett, the Chief Justice
+of the Provisional Government, to take the oath of allegiance to the
+United States and to obtain first naturalization papers, but Judge
+Burnett declined to grant the request for he believed he did not have
+any jurisdiction to do so. Jesse Applegate further said in his letter:
+"That 'you pulled down houses and turned women and children out of
+them,' is a charge not only false, but too absurd to require refutation
+or notice. I can myself state, from experience, which accords with that
+of every other destitute immigrant who applied to you for assistance,
+either before or since my arrival in the country, that your conduct was
+entirely the reverse. My own company, of more than seventy persons,
+mostly women and children, who arrived at Vancouver in the storms of
+winter, in a condition the most destitute and miserable, were received
+by you, not as strangers, or foreigners, or as some would have it,
+enemies, but as brethren and fit subjects of hospitality and Christian
+charity, and our reception was not more kind and generous than was
+extended to every immigrant who sought your hospitality or
+assistance.... But however unjust the Oregon Land Law has been towards
+you, it may be said in excuse for the members of Congress who passed it,
+that with the concurring and uncontradicted evidence of the Delegate and
+Chief Justice of Oregon before them, you neither _had_ nor _would_
+become an American citizen, they are not chargeable with injustice."[53]
+
+
+
+
+_The Persecution Continued._
+
+
+The conspirators and their friends did not cease their persecution of
+Dr. McLoughlin. They were determined he should not have his land claim.
+To protect the reputation of Thurston and the other conspirators, it was
+necessary to defeat all actions of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in
+favor of Dr. McLoughlin. If that body made any petitions to Congress or
+passed any resolutions in favor of Dr. McLoughlin, it would show that he
+was entitled to his land claim, the injustice of section eleven of the
+Donation Land Law, and that Thurston was guilty of malicious untruths in
+his letter to, and his speeches before Congress relating to Dr.
+McLoughlin and his land claim. Oregon could not, with propriety, pretend
+to act justly to Dr. McLoughlin and still retain his land claim. I
+regret to say that the House of Representatives of the Oregon
+Legislative Assembly, at its session in 1853-4, not only refused to help
+Dr. McLoughlin, but by its actions did him harm. January 6, 1854,
+several petitions were presented to the House asking that Congress be
+memorialized in favor of Dr. McLoughlin's right to his land claim,
+"excepting the Abernethy Island," but the petitions were immediately
+laid on the table. January 28, 1854, Orlando Humason presented to the
+House the following resolution: "Whereas, the acts of John McLoughlin in
+regard to his treatment of the early settlers of Oregon, have, as we
+believe, been misrepresented, therefore--RESOLVED, that the generous
+conduct of Dr. John McLoughlin in assisting the early settlers of
+Oregon, merits our warmest commendations, and that as evidence of the
+high estimation in which his services are held by his fellow citizens,
+the thanks of this Assembly be tendered to the said Dr. John
+McLoughlin."[54] But by the vote of sixteen to seven, three being
+absent, the resolution was indefinitely postponed, which was the
+legislative way of defeating it. All honor to the seven who voted in
+favor of the resolution. Their names are F. C. Cason, L. F. Cartee,
+Orlando Humason, B. B. Jackson, J. W. Moffitt, Chauncey Nye, and L. S.
+Thompson.
+
+
+
+
+_The End of Dr. McLoughlin's Life._
+
+
+All these troubles and tribulations naturally told on Dr. McLoughlin. He
+was a man of fortitude, who brooded, almost silently, over his sorrows,
+with an occasional outburst when his sufferings were too intense. He had
+made expensive improvements on his land claim, including a flour-mill
+and a saw-mill, and other buildings. No provisions were ever made by
+Congress to pay for these improvements. Even his dwelling house at
+Oregon City, which for several years had been the home of himself and
+his family, was taken from him, with his other improvements, by section
+eleven of the Oregon Donation Land Law. It is true he remained in
+possession of these improvements, including his home, but by sufferance
+only. Because the Territory of Oregon did not sell the land he was not
+actually ousted. There was no way to acquire land in Oregon City, taken
+from Dr. McLoughlin by said section eleven, except by a law passed by
+the Oregon Legislature. And the legislature did nothing.
+
+He could not move nor sell his improvements. They belonged to the land
+on which they were erected. Even if he could have sold them they would
+have brought but little as they would have to be moved. His mills were
+erected to be run by water power and they were conveniently situated on
+the bank of the river near the falls, for the economical handling of
+wheat and logs and the shipping of products of these mills. They could
+not, at that time, be successful financially if they were moved and
+operated by steam. He hoped that Congress or the Legislature would
+restore his land claim to him. But he hoped and waited in vain. The lion
+was entangled in a net. He struggled but he could not escape. And so Dr.
+McLoughlin became straitened financially. Had Dr. McLoughlin been
+allowed to have his land, he could then have built up a large town at
+Oregon City. As it was, investors went to places where titles to land
+could be obtained and there built up enterprises. With the moneys from
+the sale of land Dr. McLoughlin could have paid the Hudson's Bay Company
+all the moneys due by settlers, who had failed or refused to pay. The
+payment of this heavy indebtedness Dr. McLoughlin had assumed. It was a
+matter of honor with him. He owed nothing else to the Hudson's Bay
+Company. The settlers who would not pay their indebtedness caused Dr.
+McLoughlin to feel keenly their ingratitude. If they had paid him, he
+would have paid the Company in full.
+
+And there, too, was the question of providing after his death for his
+loving and faithful wife, to whom he was devoted, and his children. He
+had always been generous to his family. He had provided for his mother
+until her death at the age of eighty-three years. He had educated four
+nieces. He had helped other of his relatives. Is it to be wondered at
+that he sometimes felt bitter?
+
+The McLoughlin Document was undoubtedly written at this period. It is a
+brief of his defense. He probably wrote it so that his descendants would
+understand. At the end of this Document, Dr. McLoughlin said: "By
+British demagogues I have been represented as a traitor. For what?
+Because I acted as a Christian; saved American citizens, men, women and
+children from the Indian tomahawk and enabled them to make farms to
+support their families.[55] American demagogues have been base enough to
+assert that I had caused American citizens to be massacred by hundreds
+by the savages. I, who saved all I could. I have been represented by the
+Delegate from Oregon, the late S. R. Thurston, as doing all I could to
+prevent the settling [of Oregon], while it was well known to every
+American settler who is acquainted with the history of the Territory if
+this is not a downright falsehood, and most certainly will say, that he
+most firmly believes that I did all I could to promote its settlement,
+and that I could not have done more for the settlers if they had been my
+brothers and sisters, and, after being the first person to take a claim
+in the country and assisting the immigrants as I have, my claim is
+reserved, after having expended all the means I had to improve it, while
+every other settler in the country gets his. But as I felt convinced
+that any disturbance between us here might lead to a war between Great
+Britain and the States, I felt it my bounden duty as a Christian, to act
+as I did, and which I think averted the evil, and which was so
+displeasing to some English demagogues that they represented me to the
+British government as a person so partial to American interests as
+selling the Hudson's Bay Company goods, in my charge, cheaper to
+American than I did to British subjects.... Yet, after acting as I
+have, spending my means and doing my utmost to settle the country, my
+claim is reserved, while every other settler in the country gets his;
+and how much this has injured me, is daily injuring me, it is needless
+to say, and certainly it is a treatment I do not deserve and which I did
+not expect. To be brief, I founded this settlement and prevented a war
+between the United States and Great Britain, and for doing this
+peaceably and quietly, I was treated by the British in such a manner
+that from self respect I resigned my situation in the Hudson's Bay
+Company's service, by which I sacrificed $12,000 per annum, and the
+'Oregon Land Bill' shows the treatment I received from the Americans."
+
+And so, worried and troubled without surcease, Dr. McLoughlin maintained
+his grand, but kindly, attitude to the last. But these matters affected
+his health. For several years before his death he was an invalid, but
+his pride assisted him to persevere and to transact such business as he
+could, although his heart was breaking. His flesh became greatly
+reduced, his eyes deeply sunken. He grew so emaciated that his great
+frame stood out, making him look gaunt and grim. For a few weeks, only,
+before his death he was confined to his bed.
+
+Thus encompassed and overcome, and crucified by robbery, mendacity, and
+ingratitude, Dr. John McLoughlin died at Oregon City, September 3, 1857,
+a broken-hearted man. He was buried in the churchyard of the Roman
+Catholic Church in Oregon City, where his body now lies. The stone
+which marks his grave bears the simple inscription:
+
+      "DR. JOHN McLOUGHLIN
+              DIED
+         Sept. 3, 1857.
+              AGED
+            73 Years.
+  The pioneer and Friend of Oregon.
+   Also the founder of this City."
+
+Dr. John McLoughlin is not the only great character in history, whose
+memory shall live for all time, but whose death was under sad
+circumstances and whose heart, at the time of his death, was then filled
+with thoughts of the wrong-doings and the ingratitude of others.
+
+The frontispiece to this address is made from a photograph of a
+daguerreotype of Dr. McLoughlin taken in 1856, when his sorrows and
+tribulations were beginning to tell on him. This daguerreotype belongs
+to Mrs. Josiah Myrick, of Portland, Oregon, who is a granddaughter of
+Dr. McLoughlin. She kindly loaned this daguerreotype to have the
+photograph made of it.
+
+Governor L. F. Grover was elected Governor of Oregon for two consecutive
+terms. He resigned during his last term to be an United States Senator,
+to which latter office he was elected. He is now living in Portland, at
+an advanced age. On the fourteenth of September, 1905, he gave me a
+written statement of an incident which occurred in the last sickness of
+Dr. McLoughlin. In this statement Governor Grover said that he was
+riding on horseback through Oregon City on his way from Salem to
+Portland, and passed down the street directly in front of Dr.
+McLoughlin's home, a few days before his death. As Governor Grover was
+giving directions for the care of his horse, a messenger came to him
+from Dr. McLoughlin requesting Governor Grover to call at Dr.
+McLoughlin's house. Governor Grover says: "I found him extremely ill....
+He said that he was dying by inches. He said: 'I shall live but a little
+while longer and this is the reason I sent for you. I am an old man and
+just dying, and you are a young man and will live many years in this
+country, and will have something to do with affairs here. As for me, I
+might better have been shot'--and he brought it out harshly--'I might
+better have been shot forty years ago.' After a silence, for I did not
+say anything, he concluded: 'than to have lived here and tried to build
+up a family and an estate in this government. I became a citizen of the
+United States in good faith. I planted all I had here and the government
+has confiscated my property. Now what I want to ask of you is that you
+will give your influence after I am dead to have this property go to my
+children. I have earned it as other settlers have earned theirs, and it
+ought to be mine and my heirs.' I told him I would favor his request,
+and did."
+
+
+
+
+_Justice to Dr. McLoughlin's Memory._
+
+
+Although the Donation Land Law went into effect September 27, 1850, and
+its section eleven provided that the "Oregon City Claim" should be at
+the disposal of the Territory for the establishment and endowment of an
+university, nothing was done with this land claim until 1862, three
+years after Oregon became a state. In October, 1862, the Legislative
+Assembly of the State of Oregon passed an act, which was approved by the
+Governor October 17, 1862, conveying and confirming to the legatees
+under the will of Dr. McLoughlin, who were his son, David, his daughter,
+Eloisa, and her husband, Daniel Harvey, the McLoughlin or Oregon City
+land claim, excepting Abernethy Island, upon the condition that said
+legatees pay to the University Fund of Oregon, the nominal sum of one
+thousand dollars. This was forthwith paid by Daniel Harvey and wife in
+gold coin although they might have paid it in greenbacks, which were
+then at a large discount. As the eleventh section of the Donation Land
+Law provided that the proceeds of the sale of said Oregon City Claim
+should be applied to the establishment and endowment of an university,
+there had to be some consideration paid on its disposal by the State.
+All this occurred twelve years after the passage of the Donation Land
+Law and five years after the death of Dr. McLoughlin. During all those
+twelve years the title of this land claim was in the Territory, or State
+of Oregon. It stopped the growth of Oregon City. It impoverished Dr.
+McLoughlin.
+
+As appears by the Senate and House Journals of the Legislative Session
+of 1862 said act passed the Senate, with two negative votes only, and
+there were none in the House after the act was amended in the Senate in
+the form in which the act became a law. The injustice of the Donation
+Land Law to Dr. McLoughlin had appealed to the people of Oregon in the
+twelve years which had elapsed since the passage of the latter law. What
+Dr. McLoughlin had done for Oregon and its pioneers could not be
+forgotten. Justice to him and his memory was, at last, triumphant. The
+enactment and approval of this law of October 17, 1862, was an official
+vindication of Dr. McLoughlin, by the Legislative and Executive
+Departments of the State of Oregon, of all the false statements about,
+and all charges against him made by Thurston and others, and of all
+their misrepresentations of Dr. McLoughlin and of his acts. It was a
+formal official acknowledgment of the injustice of the Oregon Donation
+Land Law to Dr. McLoughlin. It was an official recognition of his
+sterling qualities; of his humanity; of his great services in assisting
+the early immigrants; of what he had done for Oregon; and of what was
+due to him and to his memory as the Father of Oregon. It cleared his
+character and reputation from every imputation of unfairness, injustice,
+and chicanery. It was, in effect, an official condemnation of the acts
+of the conspirators against him.
+
+In 1846 the fame of Dr. John McLoughlin as a great and good man had
+extended to Rome. That year Gregory XVI, then the Pope, made Dr.
+McLoughlin a Knight of St. Gregory the Great, of civil grade. The
+original patent, written in Latin, is now in the possession of a
+descendant of Dr. McLoughlin. A copy in English is in the possession of
+the Oregon Historical Society. The Pope sent to Dr. McLoughlin the
+Insignia of the Order, which was delivered to him by Archbishop Francis
+N. Blanchet on his return from Europe in August, 1847. It was a high and
+deserved honor. But without it Dr. John McLoughlin was one of Nature's
+knights in all qualities which the highest and best of knights should
+have. He was such a knight, _sans peur, sans reproche_.
+
+
+
+
+_Opinions by Dr. McLoughlin's Contemporaries._
+
+
+In 1887 the people of Portland determined to raise six hundred dollars
+for a three-quarter life-size portrait of Dr. McLoughlin, to be painted
+by William Coggswell, the artist, to be owned by the Oregon Pioneer
+Association. The money was raised by popular subscription. The total
+amount subscribed was nearly double the sum required. This portrait was
+formally presented to the Association at its annual meeting, June 15,
+1887. Judge M. P. Deady made the presentation address. He was a judge
+for forty years continuously in Oregon. A part of the time, six years,
+he was on the Oregon Territorial Supreme Bench, and for thirty-four
+years he was United States District Judge for Oregon, after Oregon
+became a State. In his presentation address Judge Deady, speaking of Dr.
+McLoughlin,[56] said: "The man, whose portrait now hangs before you,
+came to this country from the Atlantic commissioned as Chief Factor and
+Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains. He was
+clothed with absolute power.... He was the ruler of this country, and
+had the peace and security of the people in his hands. He was
+distinguished for his justice and fair dealing with the Indians. When
+the immigration came he was distinguished for kindness and hospitality.
+He always literally obeyed the scriptural injunction to feed the hungry,
+visit the sick and clothe the naked. The maintenance of law, order and
+justice rested on his shoulders and he was equal to the occasion.
+
+"The people of Portland have thought to honor his memory by having his
+portrait painted and giving it to the Pioneer Association, to be taken
+to the fair city of Salem and hung in the State Capitol, where you may
+look at it and show it to your children, and they to their children, and
+say: 'This is the old doctor, the good doctor, Dr. John McLoughlin.'
+Thirty years ago he laid down his life at the Wallamet Falls, where he
+had builded and lived since 1845, somewhat in obscurity, somewhat in
+sorrow, somewhat in sadness and disappointment. But the political strife
+and religious bigotry which cast a cloud over his latter days have
+passed away, and his memory and figure have arisen from the mist and
+smoke of controversy, and he stands out today in bold relief, as the
+first man in the history of this country--the Pioneer of Pioneers."
+
+The Oregon Pioneer Association deemed it best to present this portrait
+to the State of Oregon. This was done February 6, 1889, at a joint
+session of the Senate and House of the Oregon Legislative Assembly held
+for the purpose. This portrait now hangs in the Senate chamber of the
+State Capitol at Salem in the place of honor, immediately back of the
+chair of the President of the Senate. John Minto, an honored pioneer of
+1844, was selected to make the presentation address. In this address Mr.
+Minto said:[57] "In this sad summary of such a life as Dr. McLoughlin's,
+there is a statement that merits our attention, which, if ever proven
+true--and no man that ever knew Dr. McLoughlin will doubt that he
+believed it true, namely, that he prevented war between Great Britain
+and the United States--will show that two of the greatest nations on
+this earth owe him a debt of gratitude, and that Oregon in particular is
+doubly bound to him as a public benefactor.... It is now twenty-six
+years since the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, so far as
+restoration of property to Dr. McLoughlin's family could undo the wrong
+of Oregon's land bill, gave gladness to the heart of every Oregon
+pioneer worthy of the name. All of them yet living now know that (good
+man as they believed him) he was better than they knew. They see him
+now, after the strife and jealousies of race, national, business, and
+sectarian interests are allayed, standing in the centre of all these
+causes of contention--a position in which to please all parties was
+simply impossible, to maintain which 'only a good man could bear with
+patience'--and they have adopted this means of conveying their
+appreciation of this great forbearance and patient endurance, combined
+with his generous conduct. Looking, then, at this line of action in the
+light of the merest glimpses of history known to be true by witnesses
+yet living, can any honest man wonder that the pioneers of Oregon, who
+have eaten the salt of this man's hospitality--who have been eye
+witnesses to his brave care for humanity and participators of his
+generous aid--are unwilling to go to their graves in silence, which
+would imply base ingratitude--a silence which would be eloquent with
+falsehood?"
+
+In accepting this portrait, on behalf of the State of Oregon, Gov.
+Sylvester Pennoyer, also an Oregon pioneer, who served two consecutive
+terms as Governor of the State of Oregon, said:[58] "This gift is alike
+creditable to the venerable men of your Association in its bestowment
+and to the State of Oregon in its acceptance. It does honor to the
+pioneers of Oregon, because it shows their full appreciation of the high
+qualities of a true and noble manhood; and the placing of this painting
+in the honorable position it now occupies in the senate-hall of the
+state capitol evinces a like appreciation on the part of the
+representatives and the people of this great State. Dr. McLoughlin was,
+indeed, a most extraordinary man. Entrusted with a most responsible
+position under the British flag at a time when there was a bitter
+contest for governmental supremacy in Oregon, it was the undoubted and
+honorable wish and prompting of his heart that the flag of his country
+might continue to wave over Oregon soil, and yet in instances repeated
+without number, he extended the hand of charity and unstinted aid to the
+poor immigrants of the contesting people, whose advent here threatened
+the supremacy of his government over the contested territory. While he
+was loyal to his country he was, as became his lofty character, more
+loyal to his conscience; and while never forgetting his full allegiance
+as a Briton, he never forgot his higher duty as a man.... Then let this
+picture of the grand old man, whose numerous deeds of charity are
+inseparably interwoven in the early history of our State, ever enjoy the
+place of honor it now holds; and when our children and our children's
+children shall visit these venerated halls, let them pause before the
+portrait of this venerable man and do homage to his memory, who, with
+his patriotic devotion to his country and his devout service to his God,
+crowned the full completeness of his high character with an unmeasured
+love for his fellow men."
+
+I have already spoken of the Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., a Methodist
+minister who came to Oregon in 1853, and of his memorable address
+delivered at Pendleton, December 10, 1897. In this address Dr. Hines
+said that "Dr. McLoughlin should escape the traduction of sectarian
+rancor and bigotry, ... was perhaps an impossibility. He certainly did
+not. Of course all could see at the outset, and none more clearly than
+the missionaries themselves, that the attitude he assumed towards the
+American missions and missionaries, must needs decide the success of
+their work, and even the very inauguration of it.... Dr. McLoughlin was
+a Christian, professedly, and it does not lie in me to say that he was
+not really and truly. At this time, and long before, and for years
+afterwards, he was a member of the Church of England. That subsequently,
+in 1841, I think, he became a devout member of the Roman Catholic
+church, does not, to my mind, take from or add to the estimate I make of
+him as a devout believer in that form of religion called Christianity."
+And speaking of Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of the missionaries of all
+denominations, Dr. Hines said: "All these missionaries came while Dr.
+McLoughlin was not connected with any of the churches they represented.
+His treatment of them was on a broader and higher plane than that of the
+sectary. It was that of the humanitarian and the Christian, and it
+continued thus even after he must have seen that, at least, the missions
+of Mr. Lee and Dr. Whitman were, in the order of events, gathering about
+themselves the elements of an American civilization that indicated what
+the future of Oregon would be--what it has long since become." And
+referring to the early immigrants and Dr. McLoughlin's treatment of
+them, Dr. Hines said: "What would Dr. McLoughlin do? Would he shut the
+gates of his fortress? Would he lock the doors of his granaries? Would
+he deny asylum to the weary, footsore, famishing immigrants? What would
+he do? We can answer by rehearsing what he did. He forgot, in large
+measure, that those who lay at his door, sick, weary, poor, and almost
+ready to die, were not his friends. He fed them and pointed them out the
+ways in which they could take living root in the soil of that very
+Oregon which was the covet of England, and had so long been the
+possession of his own Company, albeit they who came were American
+citizens, and each brought an American flag in his heart if not in his
+hand.
+
+"To me it seems evident that Dr. McLoughlin clearly saw the inevitable
+outcome of the struggle between dilatory and procrastinating diplomacy
+and the steady tramp of the growing army of ox teams that slowly swung
+down the slopes of the mountains, and, in his humanity, which was wider
+than his national prejudices, and stronger to control him than his love
+of gain, gave the final cast of his own act to humanity and peace,
+rather than to gain and war. I cannot here trace the individual acts
+that demonstrate this general conclusion, as my aim has been rather to
+indicate the results and show the conclusions of history than to relate
+its incidents and chronicle its dates.
+
+"A few years pass on. The great Company, erst and long the rulers of
+Oregon, disown the acts and reprove the conduct of this man of men.
+Rising to an even higher altitude of resplendent manhood, with a
+magnificent scorn he casts down his lofty office, with its salary of
+$12,000 a year, at the feet of these knights of the counting-house and
+ledger, cuts all the bonds that bind him to their service, comes back
+from the palaces of London to the green woods and soft plains of Oregon,
+takes his place as an American citizen under the stars and stripes, and
+thus wins the place of imperishable honor and fame as the true 'Father
+of Oregon.' There his ablest contemporaries place him. There the great
+State within whose bounds he died and whose foundations he laid, by the
+voice of her legislature and her chief executive has crowned him. There
+history, whose verdict I record to-night, and with which my own heart
+agrees, enshrines him as the greatest of our really great pioneer era."
+
+I have given these opinions because they are those of men who personally
+knew Dr. McLoughlin. And years after his death, after careful
+consideration and reflection, they have properly estimated him and, thus
+remembering, have spoken truly and justly.[59]
+
+
+
+
+_Eulogy upon Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+Like many others of the world's great men, Dr. John McLoughlin had many
+characteristics, apparently conflicting, but making in the aggregate a
+wonderful and harmonious whole. He was the autocrat of the early Oregon
+Country, yet all his feelings and political sympathies were for a
+republican form of government, and for rule by the people, and for
+personal liberty; he was a trader, with the training of a trader and of
+a business man, yet he gave credit, without security, to the early
+pioneers, because he was a humanitarian; he was quick tempered and
+impulsive, yet he was courteous and kind, for he was a gentleman; he was
+stern and severe and a strict disciplinarian, yet he had a sympathy like
+that of a woman, and a heart as tender and susceptible as that of a
+little child.
+
+Whatever Dr. John McLoughlin did to or for the Oregon settlers,
+missionaries and immigrants, he did to every citizen of Oregon, man,
+woman, and child, for all time, then, now, and to come. In honoring him,
+we honor ourselves. To fail to honor him and his memory, we would
+dishonor ourselves. To every true, honest Oregon pioneer, and to the
+descendants of every Oregon pioneer, has come the pleasing and loving
+duty of letting the whole world know of Dr. McLoughlin's actions and
+character, so that memory of him and his humanity shall never perish.
+The time will come--and it should come soon--when a magnificent and
+stately monument will be erected in Oregon in honor of Dr. John
+McLoughlin. But it must be a monument of such size and beauty as, in
+that manner, to show the appreciation of the people of Oregon for him,
+and of the good and noble deeds of this grand old man.
+
+His name should be enrolled in the Temple of Fame of distinguished
+Americans. A county in each of the states of Oregon and Washington
+should be named for him. For prior to March 2, 1853, what is now the
+State of Washington, was a part of the Territory of Oregon, and Fort
+Vancouver, where his noblest deeds were performed, is in the State of
+Washington. That State would do itself great honor if it should change
+the name of Thurston County to that of McLoughlin. I am glad that the
+last Legislative Assembly of Oregon restored the name of Mt. McLoughlin
+to that sublime, snow-covered mountain in Southern Oregon, sometimes
+called Mt. Pitt, but, prior to 1838, named for Dr. John McLoughlin by
+the early residents of Oregon, and for years called and shown on the
+maps as Mt. McLoughlin. It will forever be known by his name. It would
+have been appropriate if the Legislative Assembly of Oregon had changed
+the name of Mount Hood to that of Mount McLoughlin, for, in the days
+when Dr. John McLoughlin was in charge at Fort Vancouver, it was the
+custom of the Indians, in what is now called Eastern Oregon and Eastern
+Washington, to point to Mt. Hood as showing near where was his
+residence.
+
+Dr. McLoughlin died more than forty-nine years ago. Under the canons of
+the Roman Catholic Church no one can be canonized until he or she has
+been dead at least fifty years. If I may do so with propriety, I suggest
+that, when the fifty years have passed, those in proper authority in
+that Church cause Dr. John McLoughlin to be canonized, if it is possible
+to do so. But the people of Oregon, as a people, are not bound by this
+canon. Already the memory of this grand old man is enshrined in their
+hearts. To them he is now the patron saint of Oregon, without regard to
+canon or rules, religion or sect.
+
+Of all the names and titles given to, or bestowed upon Dr. John
+McLoughlin, the one I like best is "Father of Oregon;" for he was, and
+is truly, the Father of Oregon. And it enables every old, true Oregon
+pioneer, and every son and daughter of every Oregon pioneer, and his and
+her descendants, to the remotest generations, to speak of Dr. John
+McLoughlin with affection and love, with respect and veneration as "Our
+Father." In the past the fervent prayers of these grateful pioneers
+were made in his praise and that his tribulations might end and
+persecutions of him might cease. Their tears consecrated his martyrdom
+and his memory. Today the hearts of the survivors and of the descendants
+of these pioneers quicken at thoughts of what he was and what he did;
+and their eyes moisten in recalling what he suffered and what he endured
+in the making of Oregon.
+
+Of all the men whose lives and deeds are essential parts of the history
+of the Oregon Country, Dr. John McLoughlin stands supremely first--there
+is no second. In contemplating him all others sink into comparative
+insignificance. You may search the whole world, and all its histories
+from the beginning of civilization to today, and you will find no
+nobler, no grander man than Dr. John McLoughlin. His life and character
+illustrate the kinship of man to God. He was God-like in his great
+fatherhood, in his great strength, in his great power, and in the
+exercise of his strength and of his power; he was Christ-like in his
+gentleness, in his tenderness, in his loving-kindness, and in his
+humanity.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT A
+
+  _Article 3 of the Convention between the United States of America and
+  Great Britain, signed at London, October 20, 1818._
+
+
+"It is agreed that any country that may be claimed by either party on
+the north-west coast of America, westward of the Stony Mountains, shall,
+together with its harbors, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all
+rivers within the same, be free and open for the term of ten years from
+the date of the signature of the present convention, to the vessels,
+citizens, and subjects, of the two powers; it being well understood that
+this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim
+which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of
+the said country, nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any
+other power or state to any part of the said country; the only object of
+the high contracting parties, in that respect, being to prevent disputes
+and differences among themselves."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT B
+
+  _Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain,
+  signed at London, August 6, 1827._
+
+
+"Article 1. All the provisions of the third article of the convention
+concluded between the United States of America and his majesty the king
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the 20th of
+October, 1818, shall be, and they are hereby, further indefinitely
+extended and continued in force, in the same manner as if all the
+provisions of the said article were herein specifically recited.
+
+"Art. 2. It shall be competent, however, to either of the contracting
+parties, in case either should think fit, at any time after the 20th of
+October, 1828, on giving due notice of twelve months to the other
+contracting party, to annul and abrogate this convention; and it shall,
+in such case, be accordingly entirely annulled and abrogated, after the
+expiration of the said term of notice.
+
+"Art. 3. Nothing contained in this convention, or in the third article
+of the convention of the 20th October, 1818, hereby continued in force,
+shall be construed to impair, or in any manner affect, the claims which
+either of the contracting parties may have to any part of the country
+westward of the Stony or Rocky Mountains."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT C
+
+  _Statement concerning merger of Hudson's Bay Company and North-West
+  Company; and grant to Hudson's Bay Company of 1821 and 1838 to trade in
+  the Oregon Country._
+
+
+A great enmity arose between the Hudson's Bay Company and the
+North-West Company. In 1815 a regular war broke out between the two
+companies, which was, for some time after, openly carried on. In 1821 a
+compromise was effected, by which the North-West Company became united
+with, or rather merged, in the Hudson's Bay Company. In connection with
+this merger the British Parliament July 2, 1821, passed an act entitled,
+"An act for regulating the fur trade and establishing a criminal and
+civil jurisdiction in certain parts of North America," containing every
+provision required to give stability to the Hudson's Bay Company, and
+efficiency to its operation. Under this act of Parliament, the King was
+authorized to make grants or give licenses for the exclusive privilege
+of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North America, not
+being parts of the territories previously granted to the Hudson's Bay
+Company, or of any of His Majesty's provinces in North America, or of
+any territories belonging to the United States of America; "provided,
+however, that no such grant or license shall be given for a longer
+period than twenty-one years; that no grant or license for exclusive
+trade, in the part of America west of the Rocky mountains, which, by the
+convention of 1818 with the United States, remained free and open to the
+subjects or citizens of both nations, shall be used to the prejudice or
+exclusion of citizens of the United States engaged in such trade; and
+that no British subject shall trade in those territories west of the
+Rocky mountains without such license or grant."
+
+December 21, 1821, the King of England granted a license for twenty-one
+years, to the Hudson's Bay Company and to W. McGillivray, S.
+McGillivray, and E. Ellice (representing the North-West Company) "the
+exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians, in all such parts of
+North America, to the northward and westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power." Said grant also provided: "And we
+do hereby declare that nothing in this our grant contained shall be
+deemed or construed to authorize the said Governor and Company, or W.
+McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, or any person in their
+employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+north-west coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any citizen of the United States of
+America, who may be engaged in the said trade: Provided always, that no
+British subjects other than and except the said Governor and Company,
+and the said W. McGillivray, S. McGillivray, and E. Ellice, and the
+persons authorized to carry on exclusive trade by them on grant, shall
+trade with the Indians within such limits, during the period of this our
+grant." Under this license, the parties to whom it was granted continued
+their operations until 1824, when the claims of the North-West Company
+were extinguished by mutual consent; the Hudson's Bay Company then
+became the sole possessor of the privileges conceded, which were
+enjoyed by that body until the expiration of the grant. Previous to that
+period, 1838, a new grant was made to the Company, entitled, "Crown
+Grant to the Hudson's Bay Company of the Exclusive Trade with the
+Indians in certain parts of North America, for a term of twenty-one
+Years, and upon Surrender of a former Grant."
+
+Said grant of 1838 provided: "We do hereby grant and give our license,
+under the hand and seal of one of our principal secretaries of state, to
+the said Governor and Company, and their successors, for the exclusive
+privilege of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North
+America, to the northward and to the westward of the lands and
+territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form
+part of any of our provinces in North America, or of any lands or
+territories belonging to the said United States of America, or to any
+European government, state, or power, but subject, nevertheless, as
+hereinafter mentioned: And we do, by these presents, give, grant, and
+secure, to the said Governor and Company, and their successors, the sole
+and exclusive privilege, for the full period of twenty-one years from
+the date of this our grant, of trading with the Indians in all such
+parts of North America as aforesaid (except as hereinafter mentioned)."
+Said grant of 1838 also provided: "But we do hereby declare that nothing
+in this our grant contained shall be deemed or construed to authorize
+the said Governor and Company, or their successors, or any persons in
+their employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians on the
+northwest coast of America, to the westward of the Stony Mountains, to
+the prejudice or exclusion of any of the subjects of any foreign states,
+who, under or by force of any convention for the time being, between us
+and such foreign states, respectively, may be entitled to, and shall be
+engaged in, the said trade."[60]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT D
+
+  _Excerpts from Manuscript Journal of Rev. Jason Lee._
+
+
+The following excerpts are taken from the manuscript journal of Rev.
+Jason Lee, all of which is in his handwriting. This original journal is
+now in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society.
+
+"Vancouver, Teus[day], Sept. 16, 1834.----Arrived at Fort Vancouver 3
+o'clock found the Governor and other Gentlemen connected with the Fort
+on shore waiting our arrival and conducted us to the Fort and gave us
+food which was very acceptable as we had eaten our last for breakfast.
+We received every attention from these Gentlemen. Our baggage was
+brought and put into a spacious room without consulting us and the room
+assigned for our use and we had the pleasure of sleeping again within
+the walls of a house after a long and fatiguing journey replete with
+menacies, deprivations, toil and prosperity.
+
+"I have been much delighted today in viewing the improvements of the
+farm, &c. The dinner was as good and served in as good stile as in any
+gentleman's house in the east. Fine mus[k] & water melons and apples
+were set before us which were indeed a luxury after the dry living we
+have had for some time. After dinner took a turn in the Garden and was
+astonished to find it in such a high state of cultivation. The orchard
+is young but the quantity of the fruit is so great that many of the
+branches would break if they were not prevented by props.
+
+"Dr. McLoughlin the Governor of the Fort seems pleased that Missionaries
+have come to the country and freely offers us any assistance that it is
+in his power to render. It is his decided opinion that we should
+commence somewhere in this vicinity. O Lord do thou direct us in the
+choice of a location. This evening received the joyful inteligence that
+Capt. Wyeth's Brig was in sight. It is a matter of joy because the last
+we heard it was on a sand-bar some 70 mi. below and we found we should
+be obliged to go down for our goods. Is not the hand of Providence in
+all this? Would to God that I could praise him as I ought for his
+gracious dealings with us. It is now past 11 o'clock and I must commend
+myself to divine care and retire.
+
+"Friday Sep. 19, 1834.----Daniel and myself are now on the bank of the
+Willamette River a little distance from Mr. McKay's place. Wednesday
+expected that the Brig would come up to Vancouver and we should receive
+our goods there but the want of wind prevented her coming up. Went on
+board just at night and ascertained that we could not get them until the
+cargo was taken out. Slept on board and walked to the Fort 3 mi. in the
+morning and commenced preparations for a trip up the Willamette. Dr. Mc.
+made all the necessary preparations of men, boat, food, &c. and we were
+off about 4 o'clock. Camped upon the sand. Started early this morning
+and came to the mouth of the W. [Willamette] and found the Brig there.
+Took breakfast on board. Waited while Capt's Lambert, Wyeth & Thing
+explored the vicinity in search of a place to suit their business but
+the[y] could find none to please them. Left them with the expectation
+that they will unload some of their goods and arms at or near the place
+where they now are. Arrived 1/2 past 1 o'clock."
+
+After an exploring trip up the Willamette River, which is described in
+his journal, Jason Lee sets forth: "Sat. 27 [Sept.]. Arrived at the Fort
+g. h. found our brethern well.
+
+"After mature deliberation on the subject of our location and earnest
+prayer for divine direction I have nearly concluded to go to the W.
+[Willamette]."
+
+"Sun. 28 Sep. 1834.--A. M. Assayed to preach to a mixed congregation
+English French scotch Irish Indians Americans Half Breeds Japanese &c.
+some of whom did not understand 5 words of english. Found it extremely
+difficult to collect my thoughts or find language to express them but
+am thankful that I have been permited to plead the cause of God on this
+side the Ry. Mountains where the banners of Christ were never before
+unfurled. Great God grant that it may not be in vain but may some fruit
+appear even from this feeble attempt to labour for Thee.
+
+"Evening Preached again but with as little liberty as in the morning,
+but still I find it is good to worship God in the public congregation."
+
+"Mon. Sep. 29, 1834. This morning began to make preparations in good
+earnest for our departure to the W. [Willamette] and after dinner
+embarked in one of the Company's boats kindly maned for us by Dr.
+McLoughlin who has treated us with the utmost politeness, attention and
+liberality. The Gentlemen of the Fort accompanied us to the boat and
+most heartily wished us great success in our enterprise. Arrived at the
+lower mouth of the W. where Capt. Wyeth's Brig is late in the evening."...
+
+"Wednes[day] Sep. 31, 1834. This morning put Br's D. Lee & Edwards on
+shore to go to Mr. MKay's place to get horses and we pursued our course
+up the river. Met Capt. Wyeth on his return from his farm and shall not
+see him again til summer. Camped on a small prairie about 9 mi. from the
+Falls and found here the men which the Dr. had sent with the cattle he
+has lent us 8 oxen 8 cows & 8 calves."
+
+After November 9, 1834, there is no entry in this journal until August
+18, 1837, where there is an entry by Jason Lee, saying that he has not
+kept up his journal. There is no further entry until July 28, 1838,
+which was written at North Fork, Platte River, when he was on his first
+trip to the eastern states. He says in his journal that on February 16,
+1838: "The 16 Feb. [1838] I set out for Umpqua, and after 23 days, of
+toil and hard-ship reached home in safety, and after a few days rest
+found myself rather better for the trip. This was encouraging,
+considering the difficulties encountered such as being drenched in rain
+many times, fording creeks high enough to wet our feet, sleeping in wet
+clothes, and blankets, very bad roads and sometimes hard marching, &c.
+The subject of the necessity of some one of the Mission Family visiting
+the U. S. had been agitated during the winter, and it was at length
+decided by a majority that it was expedient for _me_ to go. Previous to
+leaving for Umpqua, I had written Dr. McLoughlin, requesting a passage,
+in the companies Boats, with himself by the Hudson Bay route. This I
+greatly preferred to the route I came, as less fatiguing, less
+dangerous, better calculated to restore my debilitated system, and much
+more likely to afford new, interesting and useful information. The
+answer was near when I left, and was to be brought me by a man, who was
+to overtake us the second day, but by mistake he sent it to my house,
+hence I did not get it till my return. The Dr. could not grant my
+request, and expressed himself 'doubly mortified;' because he could not
+do me the favour, and should also be deprived of my company." The
+remainder of the journal is taken up with the account by Jason Lee of
+his trip East. March 26, 1838, there is an entry that he left the
+Mission House on the Willamette for the United States. March 28 he
+arrived at Fort Vancouver. On April 4 he left Fort Vancouver in company
+with a Hudson's Bay Company's party bound for the Rocky Mountains. The
+rest of the journal is taken up with his trip Eastward. The last entry
+in his journal says that on July 17, 1838, he was at Sweet Water River.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT E
+
+  _Rev. Jason Lee's visit to the Eastern States in 1838; and his Report
+  to the Missionary Board at New York in 1844._
+
+
+On arriving in the Eastern States in 1838 Rev. Jason Lee seems to have
+become imbued with the zeal and fervor of an evangelist in regard to
+christianizing the Oregon Indians, and the necessity of more
+missionaries in Oregon. Rev. Dr. Hines in his _Missionary History of the
+Pacific Northwest_, p. 194, says: "Mr. Lee devoted the winter of 1838
+and the summer of 1839 to traveling and delivering missionary addresses
+in the cities and larger towns of the Atlantic states. He was
+accompanied in his journeys by the two Indian boys, Wm. Brooks and
+Thomas Adams, brought with him from his missionary school in Oregon,
+whose presence and intelligent speeches added greatly to the popular
+enthusiasm. Lee's appeals were irresistible. The fire of his zeal caught
+on the altars of the church everywhere. Oregon and the Oregon Mission
+fired the heart of the church as no mission ever did before. The age of
+apostolic fervor seemed to have returned, and Lee was in the eye of the
+church like the great Apostle to the Gentiles building on no other man's
+foundation. The thought of distant wilds, where uncounted red men waited
+and longed for deliverance from the darkness of heathenism that had
+wrapped all their race for all these ages became an ever present vision
+to the church of the United States." In this _History_, p. 195, Dr.
+Hines also says: "Poverty donated its little; wealth gave its 'gold,
+frankincense, and myrrh.'... The culture of Boston responded; the pride
+of New York cast its jewels into the treasury. The staid sobriety of
+Philadelphia wept and shouted and gave. Baltimore out-did the renown of
+her ancient missionary fame. Lee, erst the lumberman of Canada, later
+the pioneer missionary, who had dipped his banner in the spray of the
+Pacific was the hero of the hour." But in his oral report to the
+Missionary Board in July, 1844, after quoting the following from the
+letter of a complaining fellow missionary who went to Oregon on the
+Lausanne: "And indeed they [the Indians] have no life or energy and are
+a melancholy, doomed race," Jason Lee said: "I think this is in part
+true, the Indians on the Willamette will become, as a distinct race,
+extinct. But I think there will be more Indian blood through
+amalgamation, running in the veins of white men a hundred years hence,
+than would have been running in the veins of the Indians, if they had
+been left to themselves."
+
+In July, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee made an oral report to the Missionary
+Board in New York. This report was not reduced to writing in full but a
+brief statement of it was made. A copy of this report, as reduced to
+writing, corrected by, and in Jason Lee's handwriting, is in the
+possession of the Oregon Historical Society. The principal serious
+charges made against Jason Lee, and which caused his summary removal as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission, had been made secretly,
+and without notice to him, by members of the Oregon Mission. Lee
+answered these charges in detail, occasionally with some indignation.
+These charges against Jason Lee were: using the Mission's funds for
+speculation for his own use; misuse of Mission funds; and failure to
+report concerning the property of the Mission.
+
+In this report Jason Lee said of certain Methodist missionaries:
+
+"In one of Bro. Abernethy's letters, he tells you that the
+Superintendent [Jason Lee] refused to send the report of the state of
+the property home. There is some error in this. I cannot, I will not,
+believe that A. intended to charge me with opposing the sending of that
+report.
+
+"Before I had left Oregon I was aware that Bro. Hines had written to the
+Board. He had read part of his communication to some persons, who had
+hinted to me about it. He started from Oregon with me, and I was in
+hopes we should have met face to face before this Board. He returned,
+however, from the Sandwich Islands to Oregon.
+
+"Bro. Kone complains of my treatment of him, and professes to know my
+secret reasons for wishing to keep all in the field. I never had any
+_secret_ reasons.... Bro. Kone by his injudicious remarks caused great
+excitement among the laymen, and made much difficulty.
+
+"He considered Dr. Richmond his enemy because he had so declared
+himself, and sent word to him [Mr. Lee] that he was his antagonist. And
+he hoped as they had heard his enemy they would hear him.
+
+"Of Bro. Frost I cannot say much. He has made no thorough effort to
+bring sinners to God. I mean such an effort as would render it probable
+that these Indians could not be benefited by the Gospel."
+
+In this report Jason Lee also spoke of some other Methodist missionaries
+who had made charges against him, without giving their names.
+
+As the Board seems to have exonerated Jason Lee from all charges, it
+must have found that these charges made in Oregon were untrue, or
+unfounded, or not justified. Exonerating Jason Lee was, in effect,
+condemning those persons who made the charges, and finding that their
+charges were false. In this report Rev. Jason Lee also said: "When the
+Board sent out its last large reinforcement, its object in my view and I
+believe in theirs was that Methodism should spread throughout Oregon;
+for what purpose else, I ask, did so large a number of laymen go out? If
+it was only to form one or two stations, it appears to me that both the
+Board and myself as their agent must have taken leave of our senses. If
+my associates had stood firm to their post, and persevered willingly in
+the work consigned them, I have not a doubt but far more favorable
+accounts would have reached you from that distant country. The plans I
+assert were well formed and had I been sustained the object would have
+been accomplished. A great mistake was made in selecting some of those
+who were sent out. I allude not to the number but the qualifications of
+certain individuals. I forewarned the Oregon Committee that if the
+persons who applied for situations were not examined by a proper
+committee the plan would fail. Such proved to be the case. As proof I
+aver that we had not reached our first stopping place in South America,
+before some desired to return to the United States, and even after
+touching at the S. [Sandwich] Islands before we had reached Oregon one
+wanted to return and secure the Chaplaincy at the Islands. I have had
+much to contend with, and I regret that men of more steadfast minds had
+not been chosen. Such persons do more injury to a distant Mission than
+they do good, and no one knows the difficulties I have had to pass
+through."
+
+In this report Rev. Jason Lee said further: "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a
+Catholic. Previous to the Priests going there, I was his intimate
+friend,--his confidant. Such was my influence with the Canadian part of
+the settlement, that they would have been pleased to give me their
+church and have no Priest come. Since my return I have not time to
+instruct their children as we used to do, and the Priests have taken
+them."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT F
+
+  _Excerpts from Narrative of Commodore Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.,
+  published in Philadelphia in 1845._
+
+
+Commander Charles Wilkes of the United States Navy, (afterwards
+Commodore) had charge of an exploring expedition during the years
+1838-1842, which came to the Oregon Country in 1841. His squadron
+consisted of six vessels, which arrived at Puget Sound in 1841. He left
+his ships at Puget Sound and came overland to Vancouver in May, 1841. In
+his narrative of his exploring expedition, published in 1845, Wilkes
+says, (vol. IV, p. 327): "He [Dr. McLoughlin] is a tall fine-looking
+person, of a very robust frame, with a frank, manly, open countenance,
+and a florid complexion; his hair is perfectly white. He gave us that
+kind reception we had been led to expect from his well known
+hospitality. He is of Scotch parentage, but by birth, a Canadian,
+enthusiastic in disposition, possessing great energy of character, and
+extremely well suited for the situation he occupies, which requires
+great talent and industry. He at once ordered dinner for us, and we soon
+felt ourselves at home, having comfortable rooms assigned us, and being
+treated as part of the establishment." And on page 331 he says: "The
+liberality and freedom from sectarian principles of Dr. M'Loughlin may
+be estimated from his being thus hospitable to missionaries of so many
+Protestant denominations, although he is a professed Catholic, and has
+a priest of the same faith officiating daily at the chapel. Religious
+toleration is allowed in its fullest extent. The dining-hall is given up
+on Sunday to the use of the ritual of the Anglican Church, and Mr.
+Douglass or a missionary reads the service.... Messrs. Griffith and
+Clarke were entirely disappointed in finding self-support here, and had
+it not been for the kindness of Dr. M'Loughlin, who took them in, they
+would have suffered much. They were advised to settle themselves on the
+Faulitz Plains, where I have understood they have since taken land, and
+succeeded in acquiring quite respectable farms."
+
+June 3, 1841, Wilkes left Vancouver to make an exploring trip up the
+Willamette Valley. In his account of this trip he says in his narrative,
+(vol. IV, pp. 343-344): "We reached the falls about noon, where we found
+the missionary station under the charge of the Rev. Mr. Waller.... There
+was a petty dispute between Mr. Waller and the [Hudson's Bay] Company,
+and he complained of them. It seems that the Company refuse to buy any
+beaver-skins, except from the hunters and trappers; and he accuses them
+of monopoly in consequence. The Company, on the other hand, say that
+they have no idea of selling goods out of their own stores, for the
+purpose of enabling others to enter into competition with them; and that
+they will spare no expense to keep the trade, as long as they can, in
+their own hands. This is certainly not unfair. I cannot help feeling it
+is quite unsuited to the life of a missionary, to be entering into trade
+of any kind. To embark in traffic must, I think, tend to destroy the
+usefulness of a missionary, or divert his attention from the great cause
+in which he is engaged. I am very far from attaching any blame on this
+account to the missionaries, whose avowed object is to teach the arts of
+civilization, as well as the Word of God, and I have no doubt that they
+are doing all in their power to promote the latter object; but I am
+disposed to think, that any complaints against the Hudson Bay Company
+for endeavouring to keep the trade in their own hands, comes with an ill
+grace from the members of a Mission who are daily receiving the kindest
+attentions and hospitality from its officers." In vol. IV, p. 351, he
+says: "The lands of the Methodist Mission are situated on the banks of
+the Willamette river, on a rich plain adjacent to fine forests of oak
+and pine. They are about eight miles beyond the Catholic Mission,
+consequently eighteen miles from Champooing, in a southern direction....
+We had the expectation of getting a sight of the Indians on whom they
+were inculcating good habits and teaching the word of God; but with the
+exception of four Indian servants, we saw none since leaving the
+Catholic Mission. On inquiring, I was informed that they had a school of
+twenty pupils, some ten miles distant, at the mill; that there were but
+few adult Indians in the neighborhood; and that their intention and
+principal hope was to establish a colony, and by their example to induce
+the white settlers to locate near those over whom they trusted to
+exercise a moral and religious influence."
+
+In vol. IV, p. 352, he says: "The next day the gentlemen of the Mission
+proposed a ride to what they term 'the Mill,' distant about nine miles,
+in a southeast direction.... We reached 'the Mill' by noon, which
+consists of a small grist and saw mill on the borders of an extensive
+prairie. They are both under the same roof, and are worked by a
+horizontal wheel.... From the number of persons about the premises, this
+little spot had the air and stir of a new secular settlement; and I
+understood that it is intended to be the permanent location of the
+Mission, being considered more healthy than the bank of the Willamette.
+The missionaries, as they told me, have made individual selections of
+lands to the amount of one thousand acres each, in prospect of the whole
+country falling under our laws."
+
+On page 355 of the same volume he says: "I am aware that the
+missionaries come out to this country to colonize, and with the
+Christian religion as their guide and law, to give the necessary
+instruction, and hold out inducements to the Indians to quit their
+wandering habits, settle, and become cultivators of the soil. This
+object has not been yet attained in any degree, as was admitted by the
+missionaries themselves; and how it is to be effected without having
+constantly around them large numbers, and without exertions and
+strenuous efforts, I am at a loss to conceive. I cannot but believe,
+that the same labour and money which have been expended here, would have
+been much more appropriately and usefully spent among the tribes about
+the Straits of Juan de Fuca, who are numerous, and fit objects for
+instruction." And on page 356 Commander Wilkes says: "Three years
+since, O'Neill came to the valley with only a shirt to his back, as he
+expressed it; he began by working part of this farm, and obtained the
+loan of cattle and other articles from Dr. M'Loughlin, all of which he
+has, from the natural increase of his stock and out of his crops, since
+repaid. He has bought the farm, has two hundred head of stock, horses to
+ride on, and a good suit of clothes, all earned by his own industry; and
+he says it is only necessary for him to work one month in the year to
+make a living; the rest of the time he may amuse himself. He spoke in
+the highest terms of Dr. M'Loughlin, and the generous aid he had
+afforded him in the beginning."
+
+The Peacock, one of the vessels of the squadron, was wrecked July 18,
+1841, on a spit near Cape Disappointment on the north side of the
+entrance to the Columbia River, ever since known as Peacock Spit. The
+vessel was a total loss. Commander Wilkes says that the crew of the
+Peacock were supplied with clothing through the kindness of Dr.
+McLoughlin and the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Wilkes further
+says that "every facility has been at all times extended [by Dr.
+McLoughlin] to newcomers and settlers; it is sufficient that they are of
+good character, and the use of cattle, horses, farming utensils, and
+supplies, is invariably extended to facilitate their operations, until
+such time as they are able to provide for themselves." At the time of
+the wreck of the Peacock, there was lying at Astoria the American brig
+Thomas H. Perkins. She was under charter to the Hudson's Bay Company.
+Dr. McLoughlin readily agreed to surrender the charter party for a small
+consideration, if the goods he had on board were delivered at Fort
+Vancouver. This Wilkes agreed to and purchased the brig. He changed her
+name to the "Oregon." In August, 1841, the Oregon was taken to Fort
+Vancouver to be repaired and outfitted. In the meantime Wilkes proceeded
+slowly up the Columbia River in the naval gun-brig Porpoise, of two
+hundred and thirty tons, making a survey of the river. The Porpoise
+arrived at Fort Vancouver August 28, and remained there until September
+14, 1841. The expedition was treated with kindness and courtesy while at
+Fort Vancouver.
+
+Fresh beef seems to have been scarce even in 1841. Wilkes in his
+narrative says that on September 27, 1841, the Porpoise was at Puget's
+Island, near Cathlamet. Here he was joined by Michel La Framboise, in
+the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, "who brought a supply of fresh
+beef for the crew, which they were much in need of." On leaving the
+Columbia River, Wilkes addressed a letter from Baker's Bay, dated
+October 5, 1841, to Dr. McLoughlin and James Douglas as Chief Factors of
+the Hudson's Bay Company, giving thanks "for the important aid and
+facilities which you have afforded the Expedition on all occasions, for
+carrying out the object of our visit to this part of the world;" and
+saying, "be assured it will prove a very pleasing part of my duty to
+make a due representation of it to my government." And also saying:
+"Your personal kindness and friendly attention to myself and officers,
+from our first arrival, and also to Captain Hudson and his officers
+after the wreck of the Peacock, have laid me under many obligations
+which I trust it may be at some future day in our power to return."
+(Vol. V, p. 147).
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT G
+
+  _Letter from Henry Brallier to Frederick V. Holman of October 27, 1905._
+
+
+Since I delivered my address on McLoughlin Day, I have received the
+following letter. The persons referred to are probably a small party,
+who came to Oregon prior to 1840. There were several small parties of
+immigrants to Oregon, who came prior to 1842. Robert Shortess came
+overland in 1839 and 1840 to Oregon with one of these parties.
+
+                                        "Seaside, Oct. 27, 1905."
+
+     "Mr. Frederick V. Holman,
+       "Portland, Oregon.
+
+     "Dear Sir: In the Sunday _Oregonian_ of the 15th of this month
+     I see an interesting account of Dr. McLoughlin, but one act of
+     his that showed his human kindness, I have never seen in print.
+     This a man by the name of Marechell told me. He was an old
+     Hudson's Bay man who died here in his eighty-sixth year. He
+     could not recollect the exact year, but it was a year or two
+     after Wyeth came, the emigrants got lost in the head waters of
+     Snake River, and would have all perished but the Indians
+     brought word from one tribe to another about them being there,
+     until it reached Fort Vancouver. When the Doctor heard it, he
+     rushed around like one wild and called, 'Where is Marechell!
+     Where is La Framboise.' He started them with a lot of
+     provisions in their canoes, with some others to help to the
+     Cascades, there to pack them over, then get them in their
+     canoes again, take them to The Dalles, and there they got
+     ponies to pack them on their journey to the emigrants, a weary
+     trip. And after some two weeks' trip, they found the emigrants
+     encamped in a small valley, there still to live a short time
+     and then starve to death. He said if ever it tried a man's
+     soul, then it did his. The poor women came running to him, fell
+     on their knees, hugging them and crying. Men crying and
+     blessing them and the Doctor for sending them. I often think if
+     there is an upper seat around the throne of God, that the
+     Doctor and some of those men that were so kind to others, are
+     there now.
+
+     "This man Marechell came with the Hudson's Bay Company, when he
+     was 12 years of age, with his father. As near as he could tell
+     he was about 22 years of age when he took the trip to find the
+     emigrants.
+
+     "I came to the Coast in early '52; to Oregon in '58; to Astoria
+     in '63, and to Seaside soon after. So I knew Marechell well,
+     and did see La Framboise a number of times. So what Marechell
+     told me I believe is true.
+
+     "Beg pardon if this intrudes on your time and patience.
+
+                               "Respectfully,
+                                   "HENRY BRALLIER,
+                                       "Seaside, Oregon."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT H
+
+  _Shortess Petition; excerpts from Gray's "History of Oregon" relating
+  to Shortess Petition; and excerpt from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in
+  Congress, December 26, 1850, as to author of Shortess Petition._
+
+
+"To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled:
+
+"We, the undersigned, settlers south of the Columbia river, beg leave
+respectfully to represent to your honorable body:
+
+"As has been before represented to your honorable body, we consider
+ourselves citizens of the United States, and acknowledge the right of
+the United States to extend its jurisdiction over us; and the object of
+the present memorial is to ask that the protection of the United States
+Government may be extended to us as soon as possible. Hitherto, our
+numbers have been small, and the few difficulties that arose in the
+settlement were speedily and satisfactorily settled. But as our
+settlement increases in numbers, so our difficulties increase in number
+and importance; and unless we can have laws to govern us that will be
+respected and obeyed, our situation will be a deplorable one. Where the
+highest court of appeal is the rifle, safety in life and property cannot
+be depended on.
+
+"The state of the country, its climate, resources, soil, productions,
+&c., has already been laid before your honorable body, in Captain
+Wyeth's memoir and in former memorials from the inhabitants of this
+place.
+
+"Laws are made to protect the weak against the mighty; and we feel the
+necessity of them in the steps that are constantly taken by the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company, in their opposition to the improvement and
+enterprise of American citizens. You have been apprized already of their
+opposition to Captains Wyeth, Bonneville, and others; and we find that
+the same spirit dwells with them at the present day. Some years ago,
+when the Hudson Bay Company owned all the cattle in Oregon, they would
+not sell on any conditions; but they would lend their cows to the
+settler--he returning to the company the cows loaned, with all the
+increase; and, in case of the death of a cow, he then had the privilege
+of paying for it. But, after the settlers, at great risk and expense,
+went to California, and purchased cattle for themselves, and there was a
+fair prospect of the settlement being supplied, then the Hudson Bay
+Company were willing to sell, and at lower rates than the settler could
+sell.
+
+"In the year 1841, feeling the necessity of having mills erected that
+could supply the settlement with flour and lumber, a number of the
+inhabitants formed themselves into a joint stock company, for the
+purpose of supplying the growing wants of the community. [Many of the
+farmers were obliged to leave their farms on the Willamette, and go six
+miles above Vancouver, on the Columbia River--making the whole distance
+about sixty miles--to get their wheat ground, at a great loss of time
+and expense.] The company was formed, and proceeded to select a site.
+They selected an island at the falls of the Willamette, and concluded to
+commence their operations. After commencing, they are informed by Dr.
+McLoughlin, who is at the head of the Hudson Bay Company's affairs west
+of the Rocky Mountains, that the island is his, and that he (although a
+chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company) claims all the lands at the east
+side of the Willamette, embracing the falls down to the Klakamus river,
+a distance of about two miles. He had no idea, we presume, that the
+company would succeed. However, he erected a shed on the island, after
+the stuff was on the island to build a house, and then gave them
+permission to build under certain restrictions. They took the paper he
+wrote them, containing his conditions; but did not obligate themselves
+to comply with the conditions, as they did not think his claim just or
+reasonable.
+
+"Many projects had been started by the inhabitants, but, for want of
+means and encouragement, failed. This fate was predicted for the Milling
+Company. But, after much labor and difficulty, they succeeded in getting
+a saw mill erected, and ready to run; and entered into a contract to
+have a grist mill erected forthwith. And now, as they have succeeded,
+where is the Hudson Bay Company? Dr. McLoughlin employs hands to get out
+a frame for a saw mill, and erect it at the Willamette falls; and we
+find, as soon as the frame is up, the gearing which has been made at
+Vancouver is brought up in boats; and that which caused a feeble
+company of American citizens months of toil and embarrassment is
+accomplished by the chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company in a few
+weeks; (he has men and means); and it is said by him, that in two weeks
+his mill will be sawing. And what will be the consequences? Why, if the
+Milling Company sell for $15 per thousand, he can sell for $12; if they
+reduce the price to $10, he can come to $8, or $5, or $2 per thousand.
+He says he will have a grist mill started as soon as he gets the saw
+mill in operation.
+
+"All the wheat raised in Oregon they are anxious to get, as they ship it
+to the Russians on the Northwest coast. In the first place, they
+measured the wheat in a half bushel, called by them imperial measure,
+much larger than the standard measure of the United States; this not
+answering, they next proceeded to kick the half bushel with the foot, to
+settle the wheat; then they brought up a measure larger than the former
+one; and now they fill this measure, then strike it three times with a
+stout club, and then fill it up, and call it fair measure. Against such
+proceedings we need law that will be respected and obeyed.
+
+"About twelve or fourteen years ago the Hudson Bay Company blasted a
+canal a few feet to conduct water to a mill they were going to build,
+the timber for which is now lying at the falls rotting. They, however,
+abandoned the thing altogether, and built their mills on the Columbia,
+about six miles above Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the river.
+
+"In the year 1838, agreeably to orders left by Mr. Slacum, a house was
+erected at the falls, to secure the claim for him.
+
+"In 1840, the Methodist mission erected buildings at the falls, and
+stationed two families there, and made a claim to sufficient land for
+their buildings, not interfering with any others who might wish to
+build. A short time previous to this, Dr. McLoughlin had a storehouse
+erected for the company, not occupied, however, further than to store
+wheat and other articles in, and as a trading house during the salmon
+season.
+
+"After this, in 1841, a shantee was erected, and a man kept at the
+falls, whose business it was to trade with the Indians for furs and
+salmon, and look out for the Doctor's claim, he said, and to forbid
+persons building at the falls, as some had built, and others were about
+building. This man was, and still is, a servant of the Hudson Bay
+Company.
+
+"During the years 1841 and 1842, several families settled at the falls,
+when Dr. McLoughlin, who still resides at Fort Vancouver, comes on the
+ground, and says the land is his, and any person building without his
+permission is held as a trespasser. Without reference to any person's
+right or claim, he employs a surveyor to lay out the plat; and as a bill
+was before the Senate of the United States to grant to every white male
+inhabitant a mile square, he has a mile run out to suit his views, and
+lays out a town plat at the falls, and calls it Oregon City. And
+although some, for peace sake, asked him for the lots they had already
+in possession, and which he appeared very willing to grant, the Doctor
+now felt himself secure, and posted up the annexed paper, (marked A)
+which is the original; and all who had lots were required to pay Mr.
+Hastings five dollars for a deed of land which they knew very well the
+grantor did not own, and which we hope he never will own, but that
+Congress will pass a special act granting to each man his lot and
+improvements. Those that applied received (if they had a house on the
+lot) a deed, a copy of which is annexed, (marked B); if they had no
+house, a bond was given for five dollars, a copy of which is annexed,
+(marked C). To those that applied and paid their five dollars, all was
+right with the Doctor; while those who considered his title to the land
+not good, and that therefore he had no right to direct who should build
+and who should not, had their lots sold to others. In one case the
+purchaser came to the original claimant, and ordered him to stop digging
+the ground which he was preparing for a garden, and commanded him to
+remove his fences, as he had Dr. McLoughlin's bond in his pocket for the
+lots; and if he did not move his fence he would, and take forcible
+possession. Those who desired to have no difficulty, and did not apply
+for a deed, have lost their lots, the Doctor's promise, and all. And Mr.
+Hastings (the Doctor's agent) is now offering for sale the lots on which
+part of the mission buildings stand; and if he succeeds in finding a
+purchaser, they must either contend or lose their buildings.
+
+"Dr. McLoughlin had held claims in other places south of the Columbia
+river--at the Tualatin plains and Klakamus plains he had huts erected,
+to prevent others from building; and such is the power of Dr.
+McLoughlin, that many persons are actually afraid to make their
+situation known, thinking, if he hears of it, he will stop their
+supplies. Letters were received here from Messrs. Ladd & Co., of the
+Sandwich Islands, in answer to a letter written by the late Mr. Ewing
+Young, for a few supplies, that orders were received, forbidding the
+company's vessels carrying any goods for the settlers of Oregon. Every
+means will be made use of by them to break down everything that will
+draw trade to this country, or enable persons to get goods at any other
+place than their store.
+
+"One other item, and we are done. When any United States Government
+officers of distinction arrive, Vancouver is thrown open, and every
+facility afforded them. They were even more condescending to the
+settlers during the time the exploring squadron was in the Columbia;
+nothing was left undone to give the officers a high opinion of the
+honorable Hudson Bay Company. Our Indian agent is entirely dependent on
+them for supplies and funds to carry on his operations.
+
+"And now your memorialists pray your honorable body, that immediate
+action of Congress be taken in regard to this country, and good and
+wholesome laws be enacted for our Territory, as may, in your wisdom, be
+thought best for the good of the American citizens residing here.
+
+"And your memorialists will ever pray.
+
+"Robert Shortess, A. E. Wilson, William C. Remick, Jeffrey Brown, E. N.
+Coombs, Reuben Lewis, George Davis, V. Bennet, J. Rekener, T. J.
+Hubbard, James A. O'Neil, Jer. Horregon, William McKarty, Charles Compo,
+John Howard, his + mark, R. Williams, G. Brown, John Turner, Theodore
+Pancott, A. F. Waller, John Hofstatter, G. W. Bellamy, William Brown, A.
+Beers, J. L. Parrish, William H. Gray, A. D. Smith, J. C. Bridges, Aaron
+Cook, A. Copeland, S. W. Moss, Gustavus Hines, George W. LeBreton, J. R.
+Robb, J. L. Morrison, M. Crawford, John Anderson, James M. Bates, L. H.
+Judson, Joel Turnham, Richard H. Ekin, H. Campbell, James Force, W. H.
+Willson, Felix Hathaway, J. Lawson, Thomas J. Shadden, Joseph Gibbs, his
++ mark, S. Lewis, Jr., Charles Roy, William Brum, S. Davis, Joseph
+Yatten, Daniel Girtman, C. T. Arrendrill, A. Tonner, David Carter, J. J.
+Campbell, W. Johnson, John Edmunds, W. Hauxhurst, W. A. Pfeiffer, J.
+Holman, H. B. Brewer, William C. Sutton.
+
+"Willamette, Oregon Territory, March 25, 1843."
+
+
+     A.
+
+     NOTICE
+
+     "Notice is hereby given to all whom it may concern, that those
+     who have obtained grants of lots in Oregon City will be
+     expected to call upon L. W. Hastings, my authorized agent at
+     Oregon City, and obtain a bond for a deed or deeds, as the case
+     may be. Those who hold claims to any lot, and who comply with
+     the above requisite on or before the first day of February
+     next, will be entitled to their lot or lots; otherwise, the
+     lots upon which they hold a claim will thereafter be subject to
+     any disposition which the undersigned may think proper to make
+     of them.
+
+                         "JOHN McLOUGHLIN."
+       "January 18, 1843."
+
+
+                "Oregon City, March 27, 1843."
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that the within [above]
+     notice of John McLoughlin was posted up in the most public
+     place in this town.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."
+
+
+     B.
+
+     DEED--JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO WALTER POMEROY
+
+     "Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+     Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, for and in
+     consideration of the sum of one dollar, to me in hand paid by
+     Walter Pomeroy, of Oregon City, of the Territory aforesaid, the
+     receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have this day, and do
+     by these presents, remit, release, and forever quit claim, unto
+     the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, all and singular the
+     following piece, parcel, and lot of land, bounded and described
+     as follows, to wit: commencing at the northeast corner, running
+     thence southerly sixty-six (66) feet to a stake; thence
+     westerly one hundred (100) feet to a stake; thence northerly
+     sixtysix (66) feet to a stake; thence easterly one hundred
+     (100) feet to a stake at the place of beginning--being lot
+     number four, (4,) in block number three, (3,) in the town of
+     Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, which will more fully
+     appear from a reference to the map and plan of said town:
+
+     "To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular
+     the privileges and appurtenances thereunto in any wise
+     appertaining or belonging, unto the said Pomeroy, his heirs,
+     executors, administrators, or assigns, forever.
+
+     "And I, the said McLoughlin, for myself, do avouch and declare,
+     that I am the true and proper claimant of and to the said
+     premises and lot of land, and that I have in myself full power,
+     good right, and sufficient authority, to remit, release, and
+     quit by claim, to all and singular my right, title, interest,
+     and claim, in and to said lot and premises, in manner and form
+     aforesaid.
+
+     "And I, the said McLoughlin, do hereby covenant and agree to
+     warrant and defend the said premises, together with the
+     privileges and appurtenances thereunto appertaining or
+     belonging, to the said Pomeroy, his heirs and assigns, against
+     all lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, the claims of the
+     Government only excepted.
+
+     "In testimony whereof, I, the said McLoughlin, have hereunto
+     set my hand and affixed my seal, this the 2d day of March, A.
+     D. 1843.
+
+                     "JOHN McLOUGHLIN, (L. S.)"
+       "Per L. W. HASTINGS, his Agent."
+
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge that the above is
+     a true and correct copy of the original.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."
+
+
+     C.
+
+     BOND--JOHN McLOUGHLIN TO ALBERT E. WILSON
+
+     "Know all men by these presents, that I, John McLoughlin, of
+     Fort Vancouver, in the Territory of Oregon, am held and firmly
+     bound unto Albert E. Wilson, of Oregon City, in the Territory
+     aforesaid, in the full sum of five hundred, federal money; for
+     the punctual payment of which, well and truly to be made, I
+     bind myself, my heirs, executors, or administrators, firmly by
+     these presents.
+
+     "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto, below, set my hand and
+     affixed my seal, this the 26th day of December, A. D. 1842.
+
+     "Now, know ye, that the condition of the above obligation is
+     such, that whereas the said Wilson hath this day, and doth by
+     these presents, purchase of the said McLoughlin all and
+     singular the following pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of
+     land, namely: lots No. four (4) and five (5) in block No. two,
+     (2), in the town of Oregon City, in the Territory of Oregon, as
+     is more fully shown by the map and plan of the said town; and
+     hath, and by these presents doth, agree to build upon and
+     improve each of the said lots within the term of one year from
+     the date of these presents. In consideration of which, the
+     said McLoughlin hath and doth by these presents covenant and
+     agree to make to the said Wilson a good and sufficient quit
+     claim deed for and to all and singular the above-mentioned
+     pieces, parcels, tracts, and lots of land, whenever he, the
+     said Wilson, shall have complied with the above conditions on
+     his part. Now, if the said McLoughlin shall well and truly
+     make, or cause to be made, the said deed to the said Wilson,
+     upon the said Wilson's complying on his part with the above
+     condition, then and in such case the within obligation shall
+     become entirely void and of no effect; otherwise, to be and
+     remain of full force and virtue.
+
+                     "JOHN McLOUGHLIN, (L. S.)"
+       "Per L. W. HASTINGS, his Agent."
+
+
+     "We, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge the above to be a
+     true and correct copy of the original.
+
+                                 "R. SHORTESS."
+                                "A. E. WILSON."[61]
+
+
+W. H. Gray was one of the signers of the Shortess petition. In his
+_History of Oregon_, pp. 296, 297, he says, in relation to certain
+persons who did not sign the Shortess petition:
+
+"Mr. George Abernethy declined to sign this petition through fear of
+injuring the Methodist Mission in its secular or business relations with
+the Hudson's Bay Company.
+
+"Hugh Burns would not sign it because he did not wish Congress to be
+asked to confirm his title to lots and improvements.
+
+"Jason Lee, though he thought it right to petition Congress for
+protection, yet on account of his position as Superintendent of the
+Methodist Mission, and the influence of the [Hudson's Bay] Company
+against them should he sign it, thought it best not to give his name.
+
+"Dr. I. L. Babcock refused, because, by signing he would lose his
+influence with the [Hudson's Bay] company.
+
+"Walter Pomeroy, ditto.
+
+"Dr. Bailey did not wish any protection from the Congress of the United
+States.
+
+"Rev. H. K. W. Perkins was _ashamed_ of the petition. 'What does
+Congress care about measuring wheat? or a contest between two milling
+companies?'
+
+"George Gay did not care anything about it. Congress might do as it
+pleased; he did not want its protection.
+
+"The people in Tualatin Plains did not have an opportunity to sign or
+refuse for want of time to circulate it in that section. The bearer of
+it, William C. Sutton, was on his way to the States across the Rocky
+Mountains."
+
+Thurston in his speech in Congress December 26, 1850, said, as to the
+author of the Shortess petition: "I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original, whom to know is to respect, to listen to to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years residence and who would be universally believed on any subject on
+which he would presume to speak."[62] Thurston certainly did not refer
+to Shortess. The latter, while a man of ability and some education, was
+of an ascetic disposition, intense in his dislikes and given to sarcasm.
+He was not a popular man.
+
+That the Shortess petition was written by George Abernethy is shown in a
+foot-note on page 207 of volume 1, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's
+Works, where it is said that "such is the statement of Shortess made to
+Elwood Evans by letter in 1867," quoting from a manuscript history of
+Oregon written by Evans for Bancroft. Subsequently Evans wrote an
+elaborate history of Oregon and Washington, entitled "History of the
+Pacific Northwest," which was published in 1889. On page 243 of volume 1
+of this history Evans says that September 1, 1867, Shortess wrote an
+autograph letter to Evans that Shortess originally drew up notes or a
+summary of the subjects he intended to embrace in the petition. That
+Shortess requested Abernethy "to write it in proper form, which he did,
+but refused to sign it or allow it to be circulated in his handwriting,
+fearing it might injure the mission. I had it copied by A. E. Wilson. It
+was circulated and, through his assistance, sent to Washington."
+
+Shortess arrived in the Willamette Valley in April, 1840. He afterwards
+took up a land claim near Upper Astoria. He sold his claim and became a
+recluse. He died in 1877. Some time after he signed the Shortess
+petition he appears to have changed his opinions of the Hudson's Bay
+Company, and especially of the Methodist missionaries. He wrote a
+document about his trip to Oregon which he gave to Mr. William Chance.
+The latter gave this document to the Oregon Pioneer Association. It is
+published in full in the _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer
+Association for 1896, pp. 92-107. It is a very interesting document. In
+it he refers to the Methodist missionaries in terms which, at least, are
+not complimentary.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT I
+
+  _Ricord's Proclamation; letters of A. Lawrence Lovejoy and Rev. A. F.
+  Waller of March 20, 1844; Ricord's Caveat; invalidity of Waller's
+  claim to Dr. McLoughlin's land; and excerpts from letters of Rev.
+  Jason Lee to Rev. A. F. Waller and Rev. Gustavus Hines, written in
+  1844._
+
+
+The following is a copy of a proclamation dated December 20, 1843, and
+issued by John Ricord, as attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller. The
+original of this document in the handwriting of Ricord, and signed by
+him, pasted on cloth, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. Said original was publicly posted at Oregon City by Waller
+after Ricord left for the Hawaiian Islands. It shows weather stains,
+but is perfectly legible.
+
+     "TO THE PEOPLE OF OREGON.
+
+  "Fellow Citizens,
+
+"Having been Retained professionally to establish the Claim of Mr. Alvin
+F. Waller to the Tract of Land on the East Bank of the Wallammette
+River, sometimes called the Wallammette Falls Settlement and sometimes
+Oregon City, I consider it a duty to my Client and the public, to state
+briefly and concisely the several circumstances of his case, as they
+really exist, in order that his motives may not be impugned and his
+intentions misunderstood and misrepresented.
+
+"The public are already aware that my client commenced the Occupancy of
+his Farm, in the spring of A. D. 1840, when no one resided at the falls;
+and that, in the course of that Summer, he built his Home, moved his
+family into it, and cleared and fenced a good portion of the Land, from
+which, in the ensuing years A. D. 1841 & 1842 he raised successive crops
+of corn, Potatoes and other vegetables usually cultivated by Farmers.
+That he remained thus occupying undisturbed, until the month of December
+A. D. 1842, about two years and six months, when Doctor McLoughlin
+caused his Farm to be surveyed, for the purpose of selling it in
+subdivisions to American Citizens. It has since been currently reported
+and quite generally believed, that my client had renounced his right in
+favor of Doctor McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict, having
+perused the letter written by Mr. Waller, which not only contains no
+renunciation, but on the contrary, is replete with modest and firm
+assertions of his rights in the premises: offering at the same time to
+relinquish his claim, if the Doctor would comply with certain very
+reasonable and just conditions. Upon this offer, the parties had come to
+no final conclusion, until my arrival in the Colony, when Doctor
+McLoughlin attempted to employ me to establish his claim, disregarding
+the rights of all other persons--which, I declined doing. Mr. Waller
+thereupon engaged me to submit the conditions a second time to the
+Doctor, for his acceptance or rejection; which I did in the following
+words:
+
+"1st. That your preemptive line be so run as to exclude the Island upon
+which a private Company of Citizens have already erected a Grist
+Mill--conceding to them so much water as may be necessary for the use of
+said Mill.
+
+"2d. That Mr. Waller be secured in the ultimate Title to the two city
+Lots now in his possession and other lots not exceeding in superficial
+area five Acres, to be chosen by him from among the unsold lots of your
+present Survey.
+
+"3d. That the Rev. Mr. Lee on behalf of the Methodist Episcopal Mission,
+be in like manner secured in the lots claimed for the use of said
+Mission. They consist of Church and Parsonage lots and are well known to
+the public.
+
+"I received a letter from Dr. McLoughlin dated 10th Novr. 1843, in
+answer to mine, in which he declines complying with the above
+Conditions, and thus puts an end to the offer of my Client to relinquish
+his right of Preemption. Under these circumstances Mr. Waller has now
+applied to the Supreme Court of the United States, which, under the
+Constitution has original jurisdiction of 'all cases in Law & Equity,
+arising under Treaties,' to grant him a Commission for perpetuating the
+testimony of the facts in his case, _de bene esse_, in order that,
+whenever Congress shall hereafter see fit to prescribe by law the
+conditions and Considerations, he may be enabled to demand of the United
+States, a Patent; also praying the Court to grant him such other relief
+in the premises as may be consonant with Equity and good conscience.
+
+"The Legality of Mr. Waller's claim rests upon the following Grounds:--
+
+"1st. He was a citizen of the United States of full age and possessed of
+a family when he first came to reside on the premises. 2d. He built a
+House upon them and moved his family into it; thus becoming in Fact and
+in Law a Householder on the land. 3d. He cleared, fenced and cultivated
+a portion of it during two years and six months, before he was disturbed
+in his actual possession. And 4th. That he is not at this moment
+continuing the cultivation of his Farm, is not his fault since it was
+wrested from him.
+
+"The Illegality of Doctor McLoughlin's Claim rests upon the following
+Grounds:--
+
+"1st. He is a British Subject, owing allegiance to a Foreign Power, and
+has so continued to be ever since the Spring of A. D. 1840. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.
+
+"2d. He is the Chief Officer of a Foreign Corporate Monopoly. For this
+reason alone he could not acquire preemption to lands in the United
+States.
+
+"3d. He does not now and never did reside on the land in question, but
+on the contrary, he resides and has always continued to reside on the
+North side of the Columbia River, the Section of country actually in
+dispute between the two Governments, about Twenty miles from the land
+claimed by Mr. Waller, and there he is obliged to remain, so long as he
+continues to be Chief Factor.
+
+"4th. He is not in fact the Claimant. The Hudson's Bay Company, a
+Foreign Corporation, is in fact the Claimant while Doctor McLoughlin
+only lends his name; well knowing, that a Corporation even though it be
+an American one, can not acquire a preemption. This is evinced by the
+employment of men to be his Agents and to sell lots for him, who are at
+the same time partners in and receiving dividends and Salaries from the
+Company.
+
+"5th. The pretentions of Doctor McLoughlin arose, if at all, two years
+and six months after the actual Settlement of Mr. Waller; and therefore
+they are in direct violation of the Treaty of A. D. 1827: Converting the
+mutual and joint occupancy into an exclusive occupancy by British
+subjects.
+
+"6th. The Treaty of joint occupancy [1827] does not and was never
+intended on the part of the United States, to confer any rights of
+citizenship upon Foreigners. The Power to confer such rights is by the
+Constitution reserved to Congress. And the right to acquire title by
+preemption is peculiar to citizens.
+
+"Those fellow citizens are the Facts and some of the Points of Law in my
+client's case. Upon the same principle contended for by Dr. McLoughlin,
+any of you may incur the risk of being ousted from your Farms in this
+Colony, by the next rich foreigner who chooses to take a fancy so to do,
+unless in the first instance, you come unanimously forward and resist
+these usurpations. It is not my client's intention to wrong any who have
+purchased Lots of the Doctor, and to guard against the injury which
+might result to individuals in this respect, I have carefully drawn up
+the Form of a Bond for a Warantee Deed, which Mr. Waller is at all times
+ready, without any further consideration, to execute to any person who
+has, in good faith, bought of the Doctor, prior to the date of this
+notice, by being applied to at his residence. Mr. Waller does not
+require one cent of money to be paid to him as a Consideration for his
+Bonds--the trouble, expense and outlays they have already incurred, with
+the desire to save all such persons harmless from pecuniary loss, is a
+good and sufficient Consideration in Law to bind him in the proposed
+penalty of One Thousand Dollars. See Comyns. Digest, Assumpsit B.
+
+"I am of opinion that Mr. Waller has rights in the premises, which
+neither Doctor McLoughlin nor even Congress by any retrospective
+legislation can take away from him;--and therefore, fellow citizens, in
+sincere friendship, I would counsel you to lose no time in applying to
+him for your new Bonds.
+
+    "JOHN RICORD,"
+      "Counsellor in the Supreme Court of
+        the United States and Attorney
+        for Alvin F. Waller."
+  "Dated 20th December, 1843."
+
+The following two letters from A. L. Lovejoy to A. F. Waller and from
+Waller to Lovejoy, each dated March 20, 1844, are in reference to the
+foregoing proclamation by Ricord as attorney for Waller. These letters
+are in the handwriting of Lovejoy and Waller, respectively. The letter
+of Waller is shown by the line below Waller's signature to be a copy
+which he made and kept to show what he had written. These letters are in
+the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. They were among
+Waller's private papers at the time of his death.
+
+                           "Wallamette Falls 20 Mar. 1844."
+
+     "To the
+       "Revd. A. F. Waller--
+
+     "I have been directed by Dr. McLoughlin to make some enquiries
+     of you in relation to a letter which appears to have been
+     written by yourself to him relative to his claim. Dr.
+     McLoughlin observes in your notice to the People of Oregon
+     words like the following:
+
+     "'It has since been currently reported and quite generally
+     believed that my client had renounced his right in favor of Dr.
+     McLoughlin. This I am authorized to contradict having perused
+     the letter written by Mr. Waller which not only contains no
+     renunciation but on the contrary is replete with modest and
+     firm assertions of his rights in the premises.'
+
+     "Please have the kindness to say whether you wrote such a
+     letter as there referred to and if so. As Dr. McLoughlin has
+     never received anything of the kind allow him through me to
+     solicit a copy thereof and much oblige.
+
+             "I am Revd. Sir,
+        "Your humble and obt. servant,
+             "A. LAWRENCE LOVEJOY."
+
+
+                           "Willamette Falls, 20 Mar. 1844."
+
+     "Mr. Lovejoy.
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "The letter referred to in the Notice was one written to Rev.
+     J. Lee in answer to one he wrote me. I think I have never
+     written a line to Dr. McLoughlin on any subject. Mr. Lee I
+     presume has the letter with him.
+
+       "I am yours truly,
+                            "A. F. WALLER."
+     "Copy of a reply to the within."
+
+The following copy and statement of John Ricord's caveat or notice as
+attorney for Rev. Alvin F. Waller to Dr. McLoughlin is taken from Mrs.
+Frances Fuller Victor's volume, _The River of the West_, page 358: "'You
+will please to take notice that my client, Mr. A. F. Waller, has taken
+formal measures at Washington to substantiate his claim as a preemptor
+and actual settler upon the tract of land, sometimes called the Wallamet
+Falls settlement and sometimes Oregon City, comprising six hundred and
+forty acres; and being aware that, although a foreigner, you claim to
+exercise acts of ownership over said land, this notice is given to
+apprise you that all sales you may make of lots or other subdivisions of
+said farm, after the receipt hereof, will be regarded by my client, and
+by the government, as absolutely fraudulent, and will be made at your
+peril.'"
+
+Then followed the grounds upon which the Doctor's claim was denied.
+"First, that he was an alien; Secondly, that he was the chief of a
+foreign corporate monopoly; Thirdly, that he had not resided upon the
+land in question for a year previous; Fourthly, that he did not hold the
+land for himself but the Company; Fifthly, that his claim, if he had
+any, arose two years subsequent to Mr. Waller's settlement thereon. This
+flattering document closed with Mr. Ricord's regrets that he had 'failed
+to make an amicable compromise' of the matter between the Doctor and his
+client, and also that his 'client had been driven to the vexatious
+proceedings of the law, in order to establish his rights as an American
+citizen.'" This caveat or notice was served on Dr. McLoughlin in 1844
+prior to April 4, after Ricord left Oregon for the Sandwich Islands.
+
+The attempt of Rev. A. F. Waller to assert any right to, or to procure
+the land claim of Dr. McLoughlin, or any part of it, at Oregon City,
+under the law relating to pre-empting lands was absurd as well as
+invalid. Under the act of Congress of September 4, 1841, then in force,
+relating to the pre-emption of public lands of the United States, it
+was necessary that the lands should be a part of the public lands of the
+United States. The Conventions of joint-occupancy were then in force and
+neither Great Britain nor the United States exercised jurisdiction over
+the lands in the Oregon Country.
+
+In addition to other requisites of the pre-emption law, no person could
+pre-empt more than one hundred and sixty acres, and the law required the
+intending pre-emptor "to enter with the Register of the Land-Office for
+the district in which such land lies, by legal subdivisions, any number
+of acres not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter-section of
+land," etc.
+
+There was no United States land district in Oregon nor any Register of
+any United States land-office. There had been no public surveys of land
+in Oregon. No lands could be legally pre-empted which had not been
+officially surveyed by authority of the United States.[63]
+
+In the case of Lytle v. State of Arkansas, 9 _Howard_ (U. S. Supreme
+Court) 314, it was held, concerning a claim to pre-emption, that "until
+sanctioned by law, it has no existence as a substantive right." In the
+case of Brown v. Coursen, 16 _Oregon_, 388, it was held that a
+pre-emption is a right derived wholly from statute and a substantial
+compliance with the statute is necessary; and the condition must exist
+which would enable the pre-emptor to acquire the land under the statute.
+In the case of Stark v. Starrs, 6 _Wallace_ (U. S. Supreme Court) 402,
+it was held that even the act of August 14, 1848, organizing the
+Territory of Oregon, did not extend over Oregon any portion of the
+preemption act of September 4, 1841.
+
+Ricord and Rev. Jason Lee sailed on the same vessel from the Columbia
+River bound to the Hawaiian Islands. They left Oregon City January 4,
+but did not cross the Columbia River bar until February 3, 1844. Ricord
+did not intend to return to Oregon. He made his home at the Hawaiian
+Islands (then called Sandwich Islands) and died there. Rev. Jason Lee
+intended merely to make a trip to the Eastern States and return to
+Oregon. He wished to see the Missionary Board in New York. He also
+wished to go to Washington to see about land matters, particularly those
+which the Methodist Mission wished to obtain the title to. When he
+arrived at Honolulu he first learned that he had been removed as
+Superintendent of the Oregon Mission, and that Rev. George Gary was on
+his way to take charge. February 28, 1844, Rev. Jason Lee sailed on a
+small schooner called the "Hoaikaika" for Mazatlan, Mexico.[64] After
+his arrival at Mazatlan, Jason Lee crossed Mexico. He arrived in New
+York May 27, 1844. In June he went to Washington. On his return to New
+York he appeared before the Missionary Board for several days, beginning
+with July 1, 1844, and submitted his oral report on the Oregon Mission.
+
+As relating to land claims in Oregon, I make the following excerpts from
+two letters written by Rev. Jason Lee after leaving Oregon. The
+originals of these letters are in the possession of the Oregon
+Historical Society. The first of these letters was written on board the
+schooner Hoaikaika, March 23, 1844, to Rev. A. F. Waller. In this letter
+Jason Lee says: "I paid Mr. Ricord Two hundred and Fifty dollars for you
+and shall inclose your order to Bro. Abernethy.... What the result of
+your land claim will be, of course, I can form no better opinion than
+when I left. But I have less hopes of effecting anything for the Mission
+more than to prepare the way for something to be done at the proper
+stage, that is, whenever the Government shall be prepared to grant
+title.... I long to hear how you are getting on with Dr. ---- &c., and
+how the good cause is prospering. May the Lord bless all who have
+embraced his cause and keep them unto 'that day.'"
+
+The second of these letters is to Rev. Gustavus Hines. It is dated at
+New York July 1, 1844, and written after the return of Rev. Jason Lee
+from Washington. He wrote: "Met a favorable reception there [Washington]
+and there is every reason to expect that the land claimed will be
+cheerfully accorded to us.... Please tell Bro. Waller that his claim is
+filed in the Office of the Commissioner General of the land office. This
+will probably secure his claim, though the Supreme Court will probably
+take no action till an Oregon Bill passes." Waller, however, had
+"surrendered" all his rights in "his" (the McLoughlin) "land claim"
+April 4, 1844.[65]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT J
+
+  _Agreement between Dr. John McLoughlin, Rev. A. F. Waller, and Rev.
+  David Leslie, of April 4, 1844; statement of cause and manner of making
+  said agreement._
+
+
+The following agreement is in the possession of the Oregon Historical
+Society. It was among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the
+time of his death. This instrument is certified to be a true copy of the
+original by W. W. Raymond, one of the lay Methodist missionaries.
+Apparently there was but one original of this instrument, although
+executed by Dr. McLoughlin, Rev. Alvan F. Waller and Rev. David Leslie,
+and therefore a copy was made of the same and certified by Raymond for
+Waller's use.
+
+     ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT
+
+     "ARTICLE OF AGREEMENT made and entered into this fourth day of
+     April A. D. 1844 between John McLoughlin and Alvan F. Waller
+     both of Oregon City in the Territory of Oregon:
+
+     "Whereas certain conflicting claims to a tract of land situated
+     at the Falls of the Wallamette River on the east side of said
+     River containing six [hundred] and forty acres and surveyed by
+     Jesse Applegate in the month of December A. D. 1843 have
+     existed between the aforesaid parties and the said parties are
+     now willing and desirous to arrange all differences existing
+     between them in regard to the same;
+
+     "It is therefore agreed as follows: The said Alvan F. Waller
+     agrees to surrender make over and forever abandon unto the said
+     John McLoughlin his heirs administrators and assigns and in his
+     favor, all claims rights and pretensions whatsoever which he
+     now has within or to the said above mentioned Tract or survey
+     of land or any part thereof. The said Waller further agrees to
+     withdraw any proceedings which he or his attorney may have
+     commenced in any of the courts of the United States touching
+     the said tract or survey of land and to abstain from at any
+     future time instituting any proceedings to secure to himself
+     the title of the said tract or survey of land in opposition to
+     the said McLoughlin or to his detriment in any way whatsoever,
+     or to sell or otherwise dispose of to any person whatsoever
+     other than the said McLoughlin any claim or right which he the
+     said Waller may have in the same.
+
+     "And the said John McLoughlin agrees in consideration of the
+     above mentioned acts and agreements on the part of the said
+     Alvan F. Waller to pay to the said Waller the sum of five
+     hundred dollars and further to convey to the said Waller the
+     premises now occupied by him being lots number two and seven in
+     Blocks number one in Oregon City in said survey--also the
+     entire Blocks numbers fifty four, forty one and eighteen and
+     lots one, two, three, six, seven, and eight in Block number
+     eleven all included in the plot Oregon City aforesaid; and the
+     said John McLoughlin further agrees to give to said Alvan F.
+     Waller his Bond conditioned for a good and sufficient Warrantee
+     Deed to all the above specified premises.
+
+     "And the said John McLoughlin further agrees to convey to
+     David Leslie now acting superintendent of the Oregon Methodist
+     Episcopal Mission lots three, four, five and six in Block
+     number one and also lots numbers four and five in Block twenty
+     eight and also the entire Block number twenty nine on the plot
+     of Oregon City aforesaid; and the said John McLoughlin further
+     agrees to give to the said David Leslie his Bond conditioned
+     for a good and sufficient warrantee deed accordingly to all the
+     above specified premises.
+
+     "Signed with our names and sealed with our seals this day and
+     year first above mentioned.
+
+                                "JOHN MCLOUGHLIN" {     }
+                                "ALVAN F. WALLER" {L. S.}
+                                "DAVID LESLIE"    {     }
+
+                            "Witnesses"
+                                "JAMES DOUGLAS"
+                                "ELIJAH WHITE"
+                                "A. L. LOVEJOY"
+                                "W. GILPIN."
+
+                   "True Copy of the original.
+               "Attest:       W. W. RAYMOND.
+               "Wallamette Falls July 24, 1844."
+
+
+A copy of the bond, dated April 4, 1844, given by Dr. John McLoughlin to
+Rev. A. F. Waller, as provided in said Articles of Agreement of the same
+date, is in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society. It is also
+certified to be a true copy by said W. W. Raymond. This certified copy
+was, also, among the private papers of Rev. A. F. Waller at the time of
+his death.
+
+Frances Fuller Victor, who had access to original documents, says that
+the reasons why the agreement set forth in this Document J, came to be
+entered into are as follows: In April, 1844, Dr. Elijah White suggested
+that the differences between Dr. McLoughlin and A. F. Waller about the
+Oregon City land claim might be settled by arbitration. Dr. McLoughlin
+finally consented to this plan. The arbitrators chosen were Dr. Elijah
+White, Major Gilpin, and James Douglas, on the side of Dr. McLoughlin,
+and Revs. David Leslie and A. F. Waller on the side of Waller and the
+Methodist Mission. All the arbitrators, except Douglas, were citizens of
+the United States. Major Gilpin had attended West Point and had been an
+officer in the regular army of the United States. He came to Oregon with
+Fremont's expedition. Rev. David Leslie was then the acting
+Superintendent of the Methodist Mission.
+
+Waller insisted that he should receive five hundred dollars and five
+acres for himself and the Methodist Mission should receive fourteen
+lots. White and Gilpin considered this exorbitant and opposed it. They
+were finally persuaded by Douglas to agree to Waller's terms. Douglas
+said to Dr. McLoughlin, "I thought it best to give you one fever and
+have done with it. I have acceded to the terms and signed the
+papers."[66]
+
+While Dr. McLoughlin signed these agreements and executed these bonds
+and carried them out as far as he was able to, he was not pleased with
+being compelled to accede to these demands, which he considered unjust.
+If Waller, either for himself alone or for himself and the Methodist
+Mission, were entitled to the 640 acres of Dr. McLoughlin's land claim,
+Waller and it should have insisted on having the whole claim. The
+proposition of Waller to accept $500 and five acres of land and for Dr.
+McLoughlin to give the Mission fourteen lots shows that in the minds of
+Waller and the Mission his and its claims were, to say the least, very
+dubious ones. Dr. McLoughlin could but consider that he had been forced
+to comply with these demands, not as a question of right, but as a
+question of expediency and to get rid of these false claims.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT K
+
+  _Statement of the career in Oregon of Judge W. P. Bryant._
+
+
+I have been unable to learn much about Judge W. P. Bryant, except his
+actions in connection with Abernethy Island and against Dr. McLoughlin.
+To his _Biennial Report_ of 1899 (page 190) Hon. H. R. Kincaid, as
+Secretary of State for Oregon, added an Appendix giving short
+biographies of the Chief Justices of Oregon and of other Oregon
+officials. Of Judge Bryant the Secretary of State said only: "There are
+no official records in the Department of State to show when Mr. Bryant
+assumed the duties of his office nor for what period he served. The
+decisions of the Supreme Court at the time when he served were not
+reported. Mr. Bryant was appointed by the President from some eastern
+state and only served here a short time when he again returned east."
+
+In the _History of Oregon_ in Bancroft's Works, it is said: That Judge
+Bryant's home was in Indiana; that he was appointed Chief Justice of
+Oregon in August, 1848, and arrived in Oregon April 9, 1849; that he
+resigned as Chief Justice January 1, 1851, having spent but five months
+in Oregon; that upon his resignation he returned to Indiana, where he
+soon died.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT L
+
+  _Letter of Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  Thursday, September 12, 1850._
+
+
+"Mr. Editor:
+
+"In the Congressional Globe of May 30th, 1850, is the following language
+of Mr. Thurston, the Delegate from Oregon, to which I wish to invite the
+attention of the public.
+
+"'And as to the humbug about the Hudson's Bay Company, mentioned by the
+gentleman from Missouri [Mr. Bowlin], I have to say that I know of no
+humbug about it; this Company has been warring against our Government
+for these forty years. Dr. McLoughlin has been the chief fugleman, first
+to cheat our Government, out of the whole country, and next to prevent
+its settlement. He has driven men from their claims, and from the
+country, to stifle its efforts at settlement. In 1845 he sent an express
+to Fort Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the emigrants, if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would all be cut off; they
+went and none were cut off. How, sir, would you reward Benedict Arnold,
+were he living; he fought the battles of the country, yet, by one act of
+treason, forfeited the respect of that country. A bill for his relief
+would fail, I am sure; yet this Bill proposes to reward those who are
+now, have been, and ever will be, more hostile to our country, because
+more Jesuitical.'
+
+"What Mr. Thurston means by 'warring against our government for these
+forty years,' I know not. I am certain, however, that the H. B. Co. had
+a right to carry on trade under the treaty of joint occupation of the
+country--even were we to look no farther for another foundation of the
+right. I am sure, moreover, that the business of the Company was so
+managed as to bear the strictest scrutiny, and to be in all respects
+subservient to the best interests of the country, and the duties of
+religion and humanity. The government and policy of the Company were
+such as to render traveling safe, and the Indians were friendly to
+whites. When the Hudson's Bay Company first began to trade with these
+Indians they were so hostile to the whites that they had to mount guard
+day and night at the establishment, have sentinels at the gates to
+prevent any Indian entering, unless to trade, and when they entered, to
+take their arms from them. The Columbia could not be traveled in parties
+of less than sixty well armed men; but, by the management of the
+Company, they were brought to that friendly disposition that _two_ men,
+for several years back, can travel in _safety_ between this and Fort
+Hall.
+
+"Mr. Thurston is pleased to describe me as 'chief fugleman to the
+Hudson's Bay Company.' This is a term which he probably gathered from
+the vocabulary in which he found the word 'gumption,' with which he
+recently garnished another dish, and which he seems to have prepared for
+appetites similar to his own. By the use of this, and such like epithets
+it will at once be seen that he has a field of literature which he is
+likely to occupy without a rival, and the exclusive possession of which
+no one will deny him. Neither my principles nor my tastes lead me in
+that direction. But I am described as a 'fugleman' of the Hudson's Bay
+Company; first to cheat our Government out of the whole country, and
+next to prevent its settlement. I am an old man, and my head is very
+white with the frost of many winters, but I have never before been
+accused as a cheat. I was born a British subject--I have had for twenty
+years the superintendence of the Hudson's Bay Company's trade, in
+Oregon, and on the North West Coast; and may be said to have been the
+representative of British interests in this country; but I have never
+descended to court popularity, by pandering to prejudice, and doing
+wrong to anyone. I have, on the other hand, afforded every assistance to
+all who required it, and which religion and humanity dictated; and this
+community can say if I did so or not. My language to all who spoke to me
+on the subject of politics, was that situated as we were we ought to say
+nothing about the boundary question, as that was an affair of the
+Government; but to live as Christians in peace and concord, and in
+acting as I did I consider that I have rendered services to the British
+and American Governments. But if I had acted differently, the Government
+would have had difficulties, and this community would perhaps not have
+enjoyed the peace it has, nor be in so prosperous a condition as it is,
+and certainly there is not a man in it who will say that I have sought
+to prevent its settlement. There are, in this Valley, very many persons,
+and especially among the earliest immigrants, of the first years of the
+settlement of the country, who are sufficiently honest to admit that the
+country could never have been colonized as easily as it was, but for the
+timely, ample, and continuous assistance rendered by me, to them, with
+the means of the Hudson's Bay Company under my charge. Provisions were
+sent to meet the immigrants--boats were dispatched to convey them down
+the Columbia,--when arrived on their claims, cattle were loaned
+them--they were supplied with clothing, food, farming utensils, and
+wheat for seed. Very many of these men honorably paid, as soon as they
+could; others, though able to pay, and though their notes have been
+standing for many years, testify their sense of the number and magnitude
+of my favors by signing a _secret_ Memorial to the Congress of the
+United States, to take from me my property, and to leave me in the
+decline of life, and in the decrepitude of old age, to the companionship
+of adders, who--when they were benumbed with frost, I gathered from the
+hedges and warmed into life, to feel, when alas! too late, the stings
+of their ingratitude.
+
+"For additional proof, in repelling these calumnies, I could refer to
+many sources: Wilkes' Journal, Fremont's Narrative, to American
+travelers and writers, and to letters from many and many an immigrant to
+this country, and now residents in this valley, stating to their friends
+in the States the kindness I had shewn them, and who, I am sure, would
+acknowledge it, and are as much surprised at the charge brought against
+me as I am myself. But, moreover, it is well known that the fact of my
+having aided in the settlement of this country has been a subject of
+serious complaints, and grave charges made against me, by subjects of
+Her Britannic Majesty, during the pending of the boundary question--who
+seem to have been imbued with the same kind disposition toward their
+fellow men as Mr. Thurston.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says, 'In 1845 he [Dr. McLoughlin] sent an express to Fort
+Hall, eight hundred miles, to warn the immigration that if they
+attempted to come to the Willamette, they would be all cut off.' This is
+a calumny as gratuitous as it is unprovoked; but it is with mingled
+emotions of astonishment and indignation that I have accidentally become
+acquainted with the contents of another document, entitled a 'Letter of
+the Delegate from Oregon to the members of the House of Representatives,
+in behalf of his constituents touching the Oregon Land Bill.' On the
+back of the only copy sent, is written in the handwriting of Mr.
+Thurston--'Keep this still till next mail, when I shall send them
+generally. The debate on the California Bill closes next Tuesday, when I
+hope to get it and passed--my land bill; keep dark till next mail.
+
+                                           "'THURSTON.'"
+
+  "'June 9, 1850.'"
+
+"In the paragraph already quoted from the Globe of June 30, Mr. Thurston
+affirms that I am a more dangerous man than Benedict Arnold was;
+because, as he states, I am more 'Jesuitical.' Webster, the celebrated
+American Lexicographer, defines Jesuitism thus: 'Cunning, deceit,
+prevarication, deceptive practices'--yet this same man, Mr. Thurston,
+who bestows epithets upon me without stint and beyond measure; who
+accuses me of being 'Jesuitical,' and who occupies the situation of a
+grave legislator, admits that his measures will not bear the light of
+truth, and he requires his friend to keep still, until he shall complete
+the perpetration of a deed of wickedness. Is this not the cunning of the
+fox? who prowls around in the darkness, that he may rob the hen-roost of
+the farmer while he is sleeping, without a suspicion of a meditated
+evil. Is not the sending of such a document, with the request written
+upon it to keep 'dark,' a deceptive practice, within the very letter and
+meaning of Webster's definition of Jesuitism? Mr. Thurston, it appears,
+was afraid of the light of facts, which he did not desire to have
+communicated to the Government at Washington, before he completed an act
+of contemplated wrong doing.
+
+"In the letter referred to, speaking of Oregon City, he says, 'The
+Methodist Mission first took the claim with the view of establishing
+here their Mills and Mission--they were forced to leave it under the
+fear of having the savages of Oregon let loose upon them.' This charge
+is likewise without a fraction of truth, as a few facts will
+demonstrate. In 1829, I commenced making preparations at the falls of
+the Willamette, for building a sawmill. I had a party residing there
+during the winter of 1829 and 1830. This party, in my employment, and
+paid with my money, built three houses, and prepared the timber for the
+erection of a mill. Circumstances rendered the suspension of the mill
+for a while necessary. In the spring of 1830 I commenced cultivating the
+ground at the Falls. In the year 1832 I had a mill race blasted out of
+the rocks, from near the head of the island which Mr. Thurston calls
+Abernethy Island--but Mr. Thurston found it convenient to conceal from
+the United States Government that Mr. Abernethy and others purchased the
+island from F. Hathaway, who jumped the island in the first instance,
+and that Judge Bryant and Gov. Lane finally purchased whatever right Mr.
+Abernethy had acquired. The Indians having burnt in 1829 the timber
+which during that same year had been prepared for the erection of the
+mill, I had, in the summer of 1838, another house built at the Falls;
+during the same year I had squared timber prepared and hauled to the
+place at which I had originally proposed to erect a mill; the erection
+of the mill was again postponed. In 1840 the Rev. Jason Lee,
+superintendent of the Methodist Mission in Oregon, applied to me for the
+loan of some of the above mentioned timber, for the purpose of erecting
+a Mission building. To this request I assented, and at the same time
+sent Dr. F. W. Tolmie to point out to the Rev. Mr. Lee the spot upon
+which he might build. Up to this time, it should be observed that no
+effort had been made to interfere with my claim, and no one called in
+question my perfect right to make it. It should be borne in mind, too,
+that I commenced improving in 1829, and that the missionaries did not
+come here till 1834. To prevent, however, any future misunderstanding,
+growing out of any occupancy of sufferance, I handed Mr. Lee a letter,
+dated Vancouver, 21st July, 1840, in which I described the extent of my
+claim, as embracing 'the upper end of the Falls, across to the Clackamas
+Falls, in the Willamette, including the whole point of land _and the
+small Island in the falls, on which the portage is made and which I
+intend to claim when the boundary line is drawn_.' The words italicised
+are not so in the original. I now do this to call attention to them. Up
+to this time no one but myself claimed the island. Mr. Lee promised to
+return the timber he procured to erect the building, with the wood thus
+loaned Mr. Waller and family, who were placed in it by Mr. Lee. I gave
+Mr. Lee permission to occupy, as a mission store room, a house I had got
+erected for myself. Up to 1841 my claim to the island had never been
+interfered with; in this year Mr. Felix Hathaway put some logs on the
+island. I gave him notice of my claim, and erected a small house upon
+the island. Hathaway finally proceeded with his building. I did not
+forcibly eject him because I wished to preserve the peace of the
+country. In the autumn of 1842, I first heard that the Rev. Mr. Waller,
+as I was informed, set up a claim in conflict with mine, (not for the
+Mission, but in his own name.) I subsequently bought off Mr. Waller, in
+the same anxious desire to preserve the peace.
+
+"In conclusion of this part of the subject I will remark that when Mr.
+Waller requested Capt. W. K. Kilbourn, who resides in this place, to
+assist him in putting up the logs which I had loaned to Mr. Lee, Capt.
+Kilbourn said to him: 'I will not assist to build the house, if you
+intend to set up any claim here.' Mr. Waller disavowed any such
+intention.
+
+"In 1842 I had the claim surveyed by Mr. Hudspath, and laid off some
+lots; in the fall of 1843, there being better instruments in the
+country, I had my claim surveyed by Jesse Applegate, Esq., who more
+accurately marked its streets, alleys, lots, etc., etc. When the Oregon
+Provisional Government was formed, I recorded my claim in accordance
+with the provisions of its organic laws; this record covers the island
+and the site of Oregon City. In making this record, I circumscribed the
+limits of my claim, so that instead of extending down to the Clackamas
+River, as I had made it previous to there being any government in the
+country, I made it so as to extend only about half way down. This I did
+because the Organic Law provided that no one should hold more than six
+hundred and forty acres. This I did also for the sake of peace,
+notwithstanding Mr. Thurston is not ashamed to more than intimate a
+disposition to 'let loose upon them savages of Oregon.' Mr. Thurston
+says, 'He has held it by violence and dint of threats up to this
+time.'--That I have held my claim or any part of it by violence or
+threats, no man will assert, and far less will one be found to swear so,
+who will be believed on his oath, in a court of justice. I have probably
+no other enemy than Mr. Thurston, so lost to the _suggestions_ of
+conscience as to make a statement so much at variance with my whole
+character.
+
+"He says that I have realized, up to the 4th of March, 1849, $200,000
+from the sale of lots; this is also wholly untrue. I have given away
+lots to the Methodists, Catholics, Presbyterians, Congregationalists,
+and Baptists. I have given 8 lots to a Roman Catholic Nunnery, 8 lots to
+the Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, incorporated by the Oregon
+Legislature. The Trustees are all Protestants, although it is well known
+I am a Roman Catholic. In short, in one way and another I have donated
+to the county, to schools, to churches, and private individuals, more
+than three hundred town lots, and I never realized in cash $20,000, from
+all the original sales I have made. He continues, 'He is still an
+Englishman, still connected with the Hudson's Bay Company, and refuses
+to file his intentions to become an American citizen.' If I was an
+Englishman, I know no reason why I should not acknowledge it; but I am a
+Canadian by birth, and an Irishman by descent. I am neither ashamed of
+my birth-place or lineage--but it has always appeared to me that a man
+who can only boast of his country has little to be proud of:
+
+  "'A wit's a feather, a chief, a rod--
+  An honest man's the noblest work of God.'"
+
+"I was a Chief Factor in the Hudson's Bay Company's service, and by the
+rules of the Company, enjoy a retired interest, as a matter of
+right.--Capt. McNeil, a native born citizen of the United States of
+America, holds the same rank as I held in the Hudson's Bay Company
+service. He never was required to become a British subject; he will be
+entitled, by the laws of the Company, to the same retired interest, no
+matter to what country he may owe allegiance.
+
+"I declared my intention to become an American citizen on the 30th May,
+1849, as any one may see who will examine the records of the court, in
+this place. Mr. Thurston knew this fact--he asked me for my vote and
+influence. Why did he ask me for my vote if I had not one to give? I
+voted and voted against him, as he well knew, and as he seems well to
+remember. But he proceeds to refer to Judge Bryant for the truth of his
+statement, in which he affirms that I assigned to Judge Bryant, as a
+reason why I still refuse to declare my intention to become an American
+citizen, that I cannot do it without prejudicing my standing in England.
+I am astonished how the Supreme judge could have made such a statement!
+as he had a letter from me pointing out my intention of becoming an
+American citizen. The cause, which led to my writing this letter, is
+that the island, called Abernethy's Island by Mr. Thurston, and which he
+proposes to donate to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, is the same
+island which Mr. Hathaway and others jumped in 1841, and formed
+themselves into a joint stock company, and erected a saw and grist mill
+on it, as already stated. From a desire to preserve peace in the
+country, I deferred bringing the case to trial, till the government
+extended its jurisdiction over the country; but when it had done so, a
+few days after the arrival of Judge Bryant and before the courts were
+organized, Judge Bryant bought the island of George Abernethy, Esq., who
+had bought the stock of the other associates, and as the Island was in
+Judge Bryant's district, and as there was only two judges in the
+Territory, I thought I could not at the time bring the case to a
+satisfactory decision. I therefore deferred bringing the case forward to
+a time when the bench would be full. In July or August, 1849, Gov. Lane
+told me Judge Bryant would speak to me in regard to my claim on the
+Island; the Judge did so and asked me to state the extent of my claim.
+To avoid mistakes and misunderstandings, to which verbal communications
+are subject, I told him I would write him, and accordingly addressed him
+the following letter:
+
+                                 "OREGON CITY, 21st Aug. 1849."
+
+     "_To the Hon. W. P. Bryant_:
+
+       "Sir--
+
+     "I hasten to comply with your request, 'that I state the extent
+     of my claim to the Island within ten days,' and I beg to refer
+     you to the books of recorded land claims, kept by Theo.
+     McGruder, Esq., for the extent of my claim; and I shall expect
+     a transfer of the fee simple of the whole ground, with all and
+     every privilege from the United States of America, as soon as
+     it shall meet the pleasure of my adopted government to act in
+     the matter.
+
+     "I have the honor to be
+         "Your obedient humble servant,
+           [_Signed_] "JOHN McLOUGHLIN."
+
+"This letter was handed to Judge Bryant by J. D. Holman, Esq., and it
+seems quite incomprehensible to me, how, after receiving and perusing
+this letter, Judge Bryant could corroborate (if he did so) Mr.
+Thurston's statement, that I had declined to file my intention to become
+an American citizen. I filed my intention on the 30th May. Mr. Thurston
+left this (Territory) in August, and Judge Bryant in October. Is it
+probable! nay, is it possible! in so small a place as Oregon City, where
+every little occurrence is so soon known--where the right of voting is
+so scrutinized--that I should have voted, and against Mr. Thurston, and
+that his partisans and supporters did not inform him of it, or that
+Judge Bryant did not know that I had filed my intention to become an
+American citizen? But Mr. Thurston makes another statement in which
+there is not more truth. He says, 'Last summer he,' meaning myself,
+'informed the writer of this that whatever was made out of the claim was
+to go to the common fund of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he and
+other stockholders would share in proportion to their stock; in other
+words, that he was holding this claim in trust for the Hudson's Bay
+Company.'
+
+"Mr. Thurston had just before said that I had made for myself $200,000
+from the sale of lots; but now after having made my conservative purse
+vastly capacious finds it convenient to shrivel it up by transferring
+this cheering amount of coin to the coffers of the Hudson's Bay Company.
+I assert I never made such a statement to Mr. Thurston, and I assert
+that I hold my claim for myself alone, and that the Hudson's Bay
+Company, nor no other person or persons, hold or have any interest in it
+with me.
+
+"Mr. Thurston says that on the 4th March, 1849, Governor Lane apprised
+Dr. McLoughlin and all others that no one had a right to sell or meddle
+with government lands. This is given as a reason why every man that has
+bought a lot since that time shall lose it. If by this statement
+anything more is meant than at that date the Territorial government was
+put in operation, then it is wholly untrue; but were it otherwise, what
+is the motive for the commission of such an act of injustice that
+necessarily involves in pecuniary loss half the inhabitants of this
+place, in addition to many who do not reside here? Mr. Thurston says,
+Abernethy's Island is in the middle of the river. Such a statement could
+only be made to persons unacquainted with this place, and conveys a
+wrong impression, as every one who knows the place will admit the island
+is not in the middle of the river, but separated from the main land only
+by a chasm over which there is a bridge about 100 feet long. In the dry
+season, the stream is not more than forty feet broad at the Falls, which
+separates it from the main land, and can the people of Oregon City and
+its vicinity believe Mr. Thurston did not know, some months before he
+left this, that Mr. Abernethy had sold his rights, whatever they were,
+to Judge Bryant, and therefore proposing to Congress to donate this
+Island to Mr. Abernethy, his heirs and assigns, was, in fact, proposing
+to donate it to Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.
+
+                                 "JNO. McLOUGHLIN."
+
+"[At the request of Dr. McLoughlin, we stepped into the Clerk's office
+and read upon a paper filed in the office that on the 30th day of May,
+1849, John McLoughlin filed his intention to become an American citizen,
+and that the said paper was duly certified to, by the then acting Clerk,
+Geo. L. Curry.--ED.]"
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT M
+
+  _Letter by William J. Berry, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  December 26, 1850._
+
+
+"FOREST CREEK, Polk Co., December 15, 1850."
+
+"_Mr. Editor_:
+
+  "Truth crush'd to earth, shall rise again:
+  The eternal years of God are hers;
+  But error, wounded, withers with pain,
+  And dies among his worshippers."
+
+"Believing that the characters of public men are public property, I
+desire, with your permission, to speak through the columns of the
+'Spectator' about some of the doings of our Delegate in Congress.
+
+"I am dissatisfied with his course in regard to the 'Oregon City Claim.'
+And now permit me to say, that I am not influenced in this matter by
+mercenary motives of any kind. I never owned any property in or about
+Oregon City, nor do I ever expect to; but I am influenced by motives of
+a certain kind, which are: the veneration I feel for the sacred
+principles of truth and justice,--and the mortification I feel at seeing
+these principles not only overlooked, but indignantly trampled under
+foot.
+
+"Up to the time of writing his celebrated 'letter to the members of the
+House of Representatives,' I, in common with a large portion of the
+people here, was led to admire the ability, the zeal, and industry, with
+which Mr. Thurston conducted the business of this Territory. But in that
+portion of said letter, where he speaks of the Oregon City claim, I
+think he has placed himself in the position of the old cow, who, after
+giving a fine pail of milk, kicked it all over. With the disposal of
+said claim as contemplated in the bill, I have no fault to find; but
+with the means employed by Mr. Thurston to effect that end, I do find
+most serious fault.
+
+"Some of these I will notice. Speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, he says: 'He
+still refuses to file his intentions to become an American citizen.'
+Now, I assert that Mr. Thurston _knew_, previous to the election, that
+Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions. I heard him say in a stump
+speech, at the City Hotel, that he expected his (the Doctor's) vote. At
+the election I happened to be one of the Judges; Dr. McLoughlin came up
+to vote; the question was asked by myself, if he had filed his
+intentions? The Clerk of the Court, George L. Curry, Esq., who was
+standing near the window, said that he had. He voted. Some time after
+the election, when I was holding the office of Justice of the Peace, in
+Oregon City, Mr. Thurston came to me, in company with a man whose name I
+have forgotten, having an affidavit already prepared which he wished
+sworn to, and subscribed by this man; which was done. Said affidavit
+went to state that Dr. McLoughlin had written a letter, or letters, to
+some French settlers north of the Columbia, directing them to oppose
+Thurston and vote for Lancaster, &c., &c. I merely mention this
+circumstance to show that Mr. Thurston knew exactly how Dr. McLoughlin
+stood. The assertion of Mr. Thurston that Dr. McLoughlin has 'worked
+diligently to break down the settlements,' is also without foundation.
+There are scores of persons in this valley of the early emigrants, who
+testify to the kindness received at the hands of Dr. McLoughlin. And
+many there are who would doubtless have perished had it not been for his
+humane attention. He helped them to descend the Columbia--fed them,
+clothed them; and now he is accused of 'working diligently to break down
+the settlements!'
+
+"I shall notice but one more of Mr. Thurston's assertions in regard to
+this claim. Mr. Thurston says: 'The Methodist Mission first took this
+claim.' Now this is an assertion which any one who knows anything about
+the history of Oregon City, knows to be utterly without foundation.--On
+the contrary the said Methodist Mission never had a right to any part of
+said claim, unless jumping constitutes right.
+
+"In what I have said about Dr. McLoughlin, I have not spoken from
+interested motives. I never received any favor at his hands, nor do I
+expect to. But I am ashamed of the course of our Delegate; I think it is
+unbecoming the Representative of a magnanimous people.
+
+"What must be the feelings of Dr. McLoughlin? A man whose head is
+whitened by the frosts of perhaps eighty winters! Who, during that long
+period has been living subject to the nation under whose flag he was
+born. And who, at that advanced age declares his intention of becoming a
+citizen of our great Republic.--I say what must be his feelings? and
+what must be the feelings of all candid men--of all men of honor and
+magnanimity, who have read Mr. Thurston's letter. And yet this same
+Honorable (?) Delegate in his address to his constituents lectures us
+upon Religion and Morality.
+
+                             "Very respectfully, yours,
+                                              "WM. J. BERRY."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT N
+
+  _Excerpts from speech of Samuel R. Thurston in Congress, December 26,
+  1850._
+
+
+December 26, 1850, Thurston attempted to answer, by a speech in
+Congress, Dr. McLoughlin's letter, published in the _Oregon Spectator_,
+September 12, 1850. It is a scurrilous speech. Most of its asserted
+statements of fact are untrue. It is too long to be set forth here in
+full. It will be found at pages 36 to 45 of the Appendix to volume 23
+of the _Congressional Globe_. The italics in this Document N are those
+appearing in the _Congressional Globe_.
+
+He first discussed the petition of the fifty-six persons who signed the
+petition at Oregon City, September 19, 1850, against the passage of the
+eleventh section of the Donation Land Bill, and attempted to show that
+the petition was against Dr. McLoughlin instead of being in his favor.
+This was pettifogging. Thurston set forth that he had not been in favor
+of recognizing in the bill transfers of land by Dr. McLoughlin after
+March 3, 1849, for the reason that "If such transfers were confirmed in
+general terms, up to the passage of the bill, the whole of what the
+Doctor claimed would be covered by fictitious transfers for his
+benefit." Thurston attacked J. Quinn Thornton and Aaron E. Wait, the
+attorneys of Dr. McLoughlin, and called them names too vile to be
+inserted in this address.
+
+Referring to Dr. McLoughlin's statement in his letter that the Hudson's
+Bay Company's business was so managed "in all respects subservient to
+the best interests of the country, and the duties of religion and
+humanity," Thurston said: "If to make the settler pay _with his life_
+the penalty of settling where they did not want him to, or to oppress
+him until he was compelled to yield; if tearing down houses over
+families' heads, and burning them up, and leaving a poor woman in the
+rain, houseless and homeless; if attempting to break down all American
+enterprises, and to prevent the settlement of the country--if, sir, to
+do all these things, and many more, which are hereafter proved, then is
+the quotation true. If this is their religion, then have they adorned,
+for the last ten years, the religion they profess." These charges are
+maliciously false.
+
+Thurston charged that Dr. McLoughlin was "for all practical purposes, as
+much in, of, and connected with the [Hudson's Bay] Company as he ever
+was ... yet he comes up here with a hypocritical face and pleads
+poverty! and says that he has picked up my people out of ditches,
+mud-puddles, from under the ice, and warmed them into life; which Wait
+and Thornton virtually testify to.... Who ever heard a Jew or a Gypsy
+making up a more pitiful face than this." Thurston further said that Dr.
+McLoughlin persuaded some of the immigrants of 1842 to go to California;
+that he provided outfits for them "and took notes, payable in
+California. And this was done for the purpose of ridding the country of
+these unwelcome visitors.... That the Doctor was determined to do all he
+could to prevent the country from finally settling up, and with this
+object in view, undertook to persuade our early settlers to leave." This
+is absolutely untrue, except the part that Dr. McLoughlin furnished said
+immigrants with outfits and took their notes payable in California. Most
+of these notes were never paid.
+
+Thurston then proceeds to pettifog about his injunction to keep his
+letter to Congress about the Donation Land Bill "dark till next mail."
+He had to pettifog or say it was a forgery. He said he wrote this as he
+feared the bill "never would pass, and I dreaded the effect the news of
+its failure, on the first day, would have on business of the
+territory.... It was to avoid the general panic that I adopted this
+course and this is why I requested to have nothing said till the time of
+trial might come."[67] Thurston was compelled to admit that he knew that
+Dr. McLoughlin had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States
+prior to the election in June, 1849, but Thurston said he did not know
+that Dr. McLoughlin had filed his intentions to become a citizen.
+Thurston endeavored to justify himself by technicalities. He knew that
+the Circuit Courts of the Provisional Government had ceased to exist May
+13, 1849, or prior thereto. It was on that day that Governor Lane
+assigned the Territorial judges, appointed by the President, to their
+respective districts. Yet Thurston asserted that "The court, or the
+tribunal, in which Dr. McLoughlin took his oaths was not such a court as
+the law requires, but was a creature of the Provisional Government." He
+asserted that George L. Curry, the Clerk of the court, before whom Dr.
+McLoughlin took the oath of allegiance and filed his intentions to
+become an American citizen, did it in his capacity as a clerk of a court
+of the Provisional Government (which was no longer in existence),
+instead of in the capacity of a clerk of the new Territorial court, and
+said that Judge Bryant informed him that this was the case.
+
+May 30, 1849, George L. Curry, if not the _de jure_ clerk, was the _de
+facto_ and acting clerk of the Territorial District Court, before whom
+it was lawful and proper to take the oath of allegiance under the United
+States naturalization law. If, for any reason, Dr. McLoughlin did not
+comply technically with the law, it was nevertheless his intention to do
+so. He subscribed and filed two oaths on May 30, 1849. In these he swore
+it was his intention to become an American citizen and that "I renounce
+all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State and
+Sovereignty, whatsoever and particularly to Victoria, Queen of the
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and that I will support the
+Constitution of the United States, and the provisions of 'An Act to
+establish the Territorial Government of Oregon.'" Under these oaths, or
+one of them, Dr. McLoughlin became a citizen of the United States
+September 5, 1851. In admitting him to citizenship the Judge must have
+found that Dr. McLoughlin's original declaration was sufficient and was
+filed in a court of competent jurisdiction. And yet Thurston had said in
+his letter to the House of Representatives and in his speech of May 28,
+1850, that Dr. McLoughlin "refuses to become an American citizen."
+
+In this speech of December 26, 1850, Thurston said that if any persons
+in Oregon owed money to Dr. McLoughlin, he could proceed in the Courts.
+This is true. The difficulty was to enforce judgments. Judgments could
+not then or prior to that time and until long afterwards be enforced
+against land. An execution could only reach personal property. If a
+debtor did not wish to pay a debt, he could sell his crops privately in
+advance, or he could cover them and other personal property by chattel
+mortgages. Thurston as a lawyer knew the law. The law establishing the
+Territorial Government of Oregon provided that "all laws heretofore
+passed in said Territory [_i.e._, by the Provisional Government] making
+grants of land, or otherwise affecting or incumbering the title to
+lands, shall be, and are hereby declared to be, null and void."
+
+Under the Donation Land Law a settler on public land had merely a
+possessory right which did not ripen into a title to the land until he
+had "resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years."
+It was an estate upon condition. It was not subject to execution sale.
+If such a sale could have been made, under a law of the Territory of
+Oregon, a purchaser would take nothing--not even the possessory right of
+a settler.[68] The settler was the only one who could complete the four
+years' residence and cultivation. In fact, it was a long time after the
+passage of the law before a land claim could be lawfully taken up. The
+settlers really held a kind of squatter's title until the
+Surveyor-General was ready to proceed or to receive applications for
+surveys. The first notifications were not filed until 1852. Besides, the
+statute of limitations, for bringing suit on these debts, did not exceed
+six years.
+
+The case of McLoughlin v. Hoover, 1 _Oregon Reports_, 32, was decided at
+the December term, 1853, of the Supreme Court of the Territory of
+Oregon. This case shows that Dr. McLoughlin did bring a suit shortly
+after September 29, 1852, the exact date not being given in the
+decision, against John Hoover to recover from Hoover a promissory note
+for $560 dated October 2, 1845, and payable one year after date. Hoover
+pleaded the Statute of Limitations. It was held by the Supreme Court of
+Oregon Territory that at no time under the Provisional or Territorial
+governments of Oregon was the statute of limitations to recover on notes
+and accounts for a longer period than six years. But by reason of
+amendments of the law, that the statute of limitations did not run a
+longer period than three years succeeding the act of September 29, 1849.
+The full six years from the time said note became due would end October
+5, 1853, counting three days of grace, but under this decision the
+statute of limitations had run September 29, 1852, being less than five
+years from the time said note became due. The statute of limitations
+does not extinguish a debt. It merely stops the collection of it by law.
+
+In this speech Thurston was compelled to admit that he had no proper
+foundation for the statement in his letter to Congress that Dr.
+McLoughlin had sent word to Fort Hall to turn the immigration to
+California. He said in this speech that the immigrants to Oregon "at a
+very early period, perhaps as early as 1842 or 1843, were met with the
+tale that the Indians were hostile to the immigrants; that they would be
+cut off if they proceeded further on the Oregon trail; and that this
+story was told by the officer in charge of Fort Hall, as having been
+received from Vancouver, [the headquarters of Dr. McLoughlin] and that
+this same officer advised the emigrants to go to California." This
+statement is not borne out by the facts. That there was danger to the
+immigrants in coming to Oregon is shown by the intended massacre of the
+immigrants of 1843, as set forth in this address and in the McLoughlin
+Document.
+
+Thurston, in this speech, took up the Shortess petition and read
+numerous parts of it. He said in reference to the phrase that the
+petitioners hoped that Dr. McLoughlin never would own his land claim,
+that that is "just what the land bill provides for." Referring to the
+assertion in the Shortess petition that Dr. McLoughlin "says the land is
+his, and every person building without his permission is held as a
+trespasser," Thurston said: "What do you think of this, Mr. Speaker? An
+Englishman holding an _American citizen_ a trespasser for settling on
+American soil, where the American Government had invited him! This, sir,
+was before the treaty [of 1846] and before the Provisional Government
+was formed, and when one American citizen had as good a right to settle
+there as another, and all a better right than Dr. McLoughlin. Yet this
+barefaced Jesuit has the effrontery to pretend he did not hold that
+claim by dint of threats." Thurston does not explain how the American
+Government invited the immigrants prior to 1847 to settle in Oregon. The
+truth is that the American settlers who left the East prior to 1849 went
+on their own initiative. They were neither invited nor helped nor
+protected by the Government, until after the establishment of the
+Territorial Government in 1849. Under the Conventions of joint-occupancy
+Dr. McLoughlin had the same rights, up to the Treaty of 1846, as a
+British subject, that any citizen of the United States had--no more, no
+less. This, Thurston as a lawyer, knew.
+
+After quoting further from the Shortess petition, Thurston said: "Now,
+Mr. Speaker, all this was before the Provisional Government was in
+operation--before the treaty, when no man had any right to meddle with
+the soil. Who can contemplate the helpless condition of these few and
+feeble American citizens, at that time and place, struggling for life,
+and for subsistence, thus kicked and buffeted round at the mercy of one
+of the most powerful corporations on earth, headed by a man whose
+intrigues must have furnished Eugene Sue with a clue to his 'Wandering
+Jew,'--who, I say, sir, can thus contemplate our flesh, and blood, and
+kindred, with their land, their houses, their all, thus posted up, and
+declared subject to _any_ disposition this unfeeling man might make of
+them without shedding tears of pity for their distress.... Now, sir,
+just turn to my correspondence in letters one and two, where he tells
+you, if a man settled where the company did not allow him to, he paid
+the _forfeiture with his life_, or from _necessity_ was compelled to
+yield. And here, again, the names of Wait and Thornton rise up before
+me, and while reading their laudations of McLoughlin, I can think of
+nothing but two Jews lauding Judas Iscariot....
+
+"This petition is signed by many persons, many of whom I know, who are
+now living in Oregon. I can bear unqualified testimony to their
+character in society, to their honor and to their veracity. I undertake
+to say, that not a word is uttered in it but the truth, and it is
+susceptible of any reasonable proof. I know the gentleman who wrote the
+original, whom to know is to respect, to listen to, to believe. He is a
+gentleman of the highest standing in Oregon, of some twelve or fourteen
+years' residence, and who would be universally believed on any subject
+on which he would presume to speak. That gentleman informs me that every
+word of it is true to the letter.... If in the mouth of two or three
+witnesses all things are established, then surely sixty-five men are
+good evidence of the facts stated in the petition to which their names
+were attached, and, then, you and the country can judge whether this man
+McLoughlin, by whom all the abuses here complained of were dictated, is
+entitled to receive gratuities of the American Government for such
+rascalities, or whether the people of Oregon owe him a debt of gratitude
+which they refuse to pay."
+
+Thurston set forth the letter of Dr. McLoughlin to Robert Shortess,
+dated at Vancouver, April 13, 1843, in which Dr. McLoughlin wrote: "I am
+informed that you have circulated a petition for signatures, complaining
+of me, and of the Hudson's Bay Company. I hope you will, in common
+fairness, give me a copy of the petition, with the names of those who
+signed it, that I may know what is said against us, and who those _are_
+who think they have cause of complaint against us." Thurston said: "The
+_names_ must be given, and for what? I will not say whether as a sure
+guide to the tomahawk of the Indian, or as a precursor to death by
+combined and grinding oppression--I leave this to the witnesses who have
+already spoken. But could you read in the records of heaven the deeds of
+this power in Oregon, while you would admire the consummate skill with
+which they were conducted, your whole moral nature would be shocked by
+the baseness of the design, and the means for their accomplishment."
+
+Thurston in this speech, without giving names, gave excerpts from a
+number of letters he had received, sustaining his actions against Dr.
+McLoughlin in the Donation Land Bill. Shameful as Thurston's actions
+were against Dr. McLoughlin, Thurston had reason to believe that his
+actions were sustained and approved by leaders and members of the party
+which had elected him. Those who thus abetted Thurston in his
+misstatements and actions against Dr. McLoughlin were as culpable as
+Thurston was--they became his accessories. Some of these afterwards were
+ashamed of their actions against Dr. McLoughlin. Their repentances,
+although late, are commendable.
+
+
+
+
+DOCUMENT O
+
+  _Correspondence of S. R. Thurston, Nathaniel J. Wyeth, Robert C.
+  Winthrop and Dr. John McLoughlin, published in the "Oregon Spectator,"
+  April 3, 1851._
+
+                               "Chicopee, Mass., Nov. 16, 1850."
+
+     "Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth:
+
+     "My Dear Sir--You will excuse me, I am sure, when I assure you
+     I am from Oregon, and her delegate to the Congress of the
+     United States, for addressing you for a purpose of interest to
+     the country to which I belong.
+
+     "I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can at
+     this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+     and your enterprise in Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's Bay
+     Company, and particularly by Doc. John McLoughlin, then its
+     Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin has, since you left the
+     country, rendered his name odious among the people of Oregon,
+     by his endeavors to prevent the settlement of the country, and
+     to cripple its growth.
+
+     "Now that he wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends
+     that he has been the long tried friend of Americans and
+     American enterprise west of the mountains. Your early reply
+     will be highly appreciated, both for its information, and your
+     relation to my country.
+
+     "I am, sir, yours very truly,
+                             "S. R. THURSTON."
+
+
+                   "Cambridge, Nov. 21, 1850."
+
+     "Hon. Sam'l R. Thurston:
+
+     "Dear Sir--Your favor of the 16th inst., was received on the
+     19th. The first time I visited the Columbia, in the autumn of
+     1832, I reached Vancouver with a disorganized party of ten
+     persons, the remnant of twenty-four who left the States. Wholly
+     worn out and disheartened, we were received cordially, and
+     liberally supplied, and there the party broke up. I returned to
+     the States in the Spring of 1833 with one man. One of the
+     party, Mr. John Ball, remained and planted wheat on the
+     Willamette, a little above Camp du Sable, having been supplied
+     with seed and implements from Vancouver, then under the charge
+     of John McLoughlin, Esq., and this gentleman I believe to have
+     been the first American who planted wheat in Oregon. I returned
+     to the country in the autumn of 1834, with a large party and
+     more means, having on the way built Fort Hall, and there met a
+     brig which I sent around the Horn. In the winter and spring of
+     1835, I planted wheat on the Willamette and on Wappatoo Island.
+
+     "The suffering and distressed of the early American visitors
+     and settlers on the Columbia were always treated by Hudson's
+     Bay Company's agents, and particularly so by John McLoughlin,
+     Esq., with consideration and kindness, more particularly the
+     Methodist Missionaries, whom I brought out in the autumn of
+     1834. He supplied them with the means of transportation, seeds,
+     implements of agriculture and building, cattle and food for a
+     long time.
+
+     "I sincerely regret that the gentleman, as you state, has
+     become odious to his neighbors in his old age.
+
+     "I am your ob't serv't,
+                             "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+                     "Cambridge, Nov. 28, 1850."
+
+     "Hon. Robert C. Winthrop:
+
+     "Dear Sir--I have received a letter from Sam'l R. Thurston, of
+     which the following is a portion:
+
+     "'I desire you to give me as correct a description as you can
+     at this late period, of the manner in which you and your party,
+     and your enterprise in Oregon, were treated by the Hudson's
+     Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains, and particularly by
+     Dr. John McLoughlin, then its Chief Factor. This Dr. McLoughlin
+     has since you left the country, rendered his name odious among
+     the people of Oregon, by his endeavors to prevent the
+     settlement of the country and cripple its growth. Now that he
+     wants a few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has
+     been the long-tried friend of Americans and American enterprise
+     west of the mountains.'
+
+     "I have written Mr. Thurston, in reply to the above extract,
+     that myself and parties were kindly received, and were treated
+     well in all respects by J. McLoughlin, Esq., and the officers
+     of the Hudson's Bay Co.; but from the tenor of his letter, I
+     have no confidence that my testimony will be presented before
+     any committee to whom may be referred any subjects touching the
+     interests of said John McLoughlin, Esq.
+
+     "The very honorable treatment received by me from Mr.
+     McLoughlin during the years inclusive from 1832 to 1836, during
+     which time there were no other Americans on the Lower Columbia,
+     except myself and parties, calls on me to state the facts.
+
+     "The purpose of this letter is to ask the favor of you to
+     inform me what matter is pending, in which Mr. McLoughlin's
+     interests are involved, and before whom, and if you will
+     present a memorial from me on the matters stated in Mr.
+     Thurston's letter as above.
+
+     "Respectfully and truly your ob't servant,
+                             "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+                     "Washington, Dec. 28, 1850."
+
+     "Dear Sir--I took the earliest opportunity to enquire of Mr.
+     Thurston what there was pending before Congress or the
+     Executive, in which Mr. McLoughlin's character or interest were
+     concerned. He would tell me nothing, nor am I aware of
+     anything.
+
+     "Respectfully your ob't serv't,
+                             "R. C. WINTHROP."
+     "To. N. J. Wyeth, Esq."
+
+
+     "John McLoughlin, Esq.:
+
+     "Dear Sir--On the 19th of December, 1850, I received a letter
+     from Sam'l R. Thurston, delegate from Oregon, of which see copy
+     No. 1, and by same mail an Oregon newspaper containing a
+     communication over your signature, the letter [latter], I
+     think, addressed in your handwriting.
+
+     "From the tenor of Mr. Thurston's letter, I presumed he wanted
+     my testimony for some purpose not friendly to yourself. I
+     answered his letter as per copy No. 2, but doubting if my
+     testimony, except it suited his views, would be presented, and
+     being ignorant of his intentions, I wrote the Hon. R. C.
+     Winthrop, late Speaker of the House of Representatives, and at
+     present a member of the Senate of the United States, as per
+     copy, [No. 3] and received from him a reply as per copy [No.
+     4].
+
+     "Should you wish such services as I can render in this part of
+     the United States, I shall be pleased to give them in return
+     for the many good things you did years since, and if my
+     testimony as regards your efficient and friendly actions
+     towards me and the other earliest Americans who settled in
+     Oregon, will be of use in placing you before the Oregon people
+     in the dignified position of a benefactor, it will be
+     cheerfully rendered.
+
+     "I am, with much respect, yours truly,
+                          "NATH. J. WYETH."
+
+
+     "Mr. Thurston writes to Mr. Wyeth, 'That Dr. McLoughlin has,
+     since you left the country, rendered his name odious to the
+     people of Oregon.' (That I have rendered my name odious to the
+     people of Oregon, is what I do not know.) And 'By his endeavors
+     to prevent the settlement of the country, and to cripple its
+     growth.' I say I never endeavored to prevent the settlement of
+     the country, or to cripple its growth, but the reverse. If the
+     whole country had been my own private property, I could not
+     have exerted myself more strenuously than I did to introduce
+     civilization, and promote its settlement. 'Now that he wants a
+     few favors of our Government, he pretends that he has been the
+     long tried friend of Americans and American enterprise west of
+     the mountains.' Mr. Wyeth states how I acted towards him and
+     his companions, the first Americans that I saw on this side of
+     the mountains. Those that came since, know if Mr. Thurston
+     represents my conduct correctly or not. As to my wanting a few
+     favors, I am not aware that I asked for any favors. I was
+     invited by the promises held out in Linn's bill, to become an
+     American citizen of this territory. I accepted the invitation
+     and fulfilled the obligations in good faith, and after doing
+     more, as I believe will be admitted, to settle the country and
+     relieve the immigrants in their distresses, than any other man
+     in it, part of my claim, which had been jumped, Mr. Thurston,
+     the delegate from this territory, persuades Congress to donate
+     Judge Bryant, and the remainder is reserved. I make no
+     comment--the act speaks for itself, but merely observe, if I
+     had no claim to Abernethy Island, why did Mr. Thurston get
+     Congress to interfere, and what had Judge Bryant done for the
+     territory to entitle him to the favor of our delegate? Mr.
+     Thurston is exerting the influence of his official situation to
+     get Congress to depart from its usual course, and to interfere
+     on a point in dispute, and donate that island to Abernethy, his
+     heirs and assigns, alias Judge Bryant, his heirs and assigns.
+
+                                 "Yours respectfully,
+                                           "JNO. MCLOUGHLIN."
+
+With this correspondence was published the following letter from Doctor
+McLoughlin to the Editor of the _Oregon Spectator_: "I handed the
+following letters to the Editor of the _Statesman_, and he refused to
+publish them, unless as an advertisement." This last letter is quoted to
+show that the letters set forth in this Document O are authentic. The
+first number of the _Oregon Statesman_ was published March 28, 1851.[69]
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT P
+
+  _Letter from Rev. Vincent Snelling to Dr. John McLoughlin of March 9,
+  1852._
+
+
+The original of the following letter is now in the possession of the
+Oregon Historical Society, from which this copy is made. Rev. Vincent
+Snelling was the first Baptist minister who came to Oregon.
+
+                         "Oregon City, 9th March, 1852."
+
+     "Mr. John McLoughlin, Esq.,
+
+       "Dear Sir:
+
+     "Having learned that you intend shortly to visit Washington
+     City, and knowing that you have been misrepresented by our
+     Delegate from this country,--and wishing as an honest man, and
+     a friend to truth and justice, to contribute something toward
+     the correction of those misrepresentations, I submit to your
+     acceptance and disposal the following:
+
+     "I arrived in Oregon in the fall of 1844 and have been an
+     observer of your treatment of and conduct to the American
+     immigrants. I know that you have saved our people from
+     suffering by hunger and I believe from savage cruelty also. I
+     know you sent your boats to convey them down the Columbia
+     river, free of charge, and that you also sent them provisions
+     when they were in a state of starvation, and that you directed
+     them to be distributed among the immigrants, to those that were
+     destitute of money equally with those that had. Nor did your
+     kindness stop there, as many of us lost nearly all we possessed
+     by the time we arrived in the valley. You continued your favors
+     by letting us have both food and raiment for the year, seed
+     wheat, and charging no more than the same number of bushels the
+     next harvest, plows and cattle to plow with. To conclude I do
+     affirm that your conduct ever since I have known you has been
+     such as to justify the opinion that you were friendly to the
+     settlement of the country by Americans. I judge the tree [by]
+     its fruit; you have done more for the American settlers than
+     all the men that were in it, at that time.
+
+     "With sincere wishes that you may obtain your rights,
+
+              "I subscribe myself yours,
+                         "VINCENT SNELLING,
+                  "Ord. Minister Gospel, Baptist."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT Q
+
+  _Excerpts from "The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by
+  James Edward Fitzgerald, published in London in 1849; and excerpt from
+  "Ten Years in Oregon" by Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost, published
+  in New York in 1844._
+
+
+In order to show some of the unjustifiable abuse of Dr. McLoughlin from
+British sources, I here insert an excerpt from pp. 13-18, inclusive, of
+"The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver's Island" by J. E. Fitzgerald.
+He says: "Dr. M'Loughlin was formerly an Agent in the North West Fur
+Company of Montreal; he was one of the most enterprising and active in
+conducting the war between that Association and the Hudson's Bay
+Company. In the year 1821, when the rival companies united, Dr.
+M'Loughlin became a factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. But his
+allegiance does not appear to have been disposed of along with his
+interests; and his sympathy with anything other than British, seems to
+have done justice to his birth and education, which were those of a
+French Canadian.
+
+"This gentleman was appointed Governor of all the country west of the
+Rocky Mountains; and is accused, by those who have been in that country,
+of having uniformly encouraged the emigration of settlers from the
+United States, and of having discouraged that of British subjects.
+
+"While the Company in this country were asserting that their settlements
+on the Columbia River were giving validity to the claim of Great Britain
+to the Oregon territory, it appears, that their chief officer on the
+spot was doing all in his power to facilitate the operations of those,
+whose whole object it was to annihilate that claim altogether.
+
+"There is one story told, about which it is right that the truth should
+be ascertained. It is said that a number of half-breeds from the Red
+River settlement were, in the year 1841, induced by the Company's
+officers to undertake a journey entirely across the continent, with the
+object of becoming settlers on the Columbia River.
+
+"It appears that a number went, but on arriving in the country, so far
+from finding any of the promised encouragement, the treatment they
+received from Dr. M'Loughlin was such, that, after having been nearly
+starved under the paternal care of that gentleman, they all went over to
+the American settlement on the Wallamette valley.
+
+"These emigrants became citizens of the United States, and it is further
+said, were the first to memorialize Congress to extend the power of the
+United States over the Oregon territory.
+
+"For the truth of these statements we do not of course vouch. But we do
+say they demand inquiry.
+
+"Dr. M'Loughlin's policy was so manifestly American, that it is openly
+canvassed in a book written by Mr. Dunn, one of the servants of the
+Company, and written for the purpose of praising their system and
+policy.
+
+"Sir Edward Belcher also alludes to this policy. He says,--'Some few
+years since, the Company determined on forming settlements on the rich
+lands situated on the Wallamatte and other rivers, and for providing for
+their retired servants by allotting them farms, and further aiding them
+by supplies of cattle &c. That on the Wallamatte was a field too
+inviting for missionary enthusiasm to overlook; but instead of selecting
+a British subject to afford them spiritual assistance, recourse was had
+to Americans--a course pregnant with evil consequences, and particularly
+in the political squabble pending, as will be seen by the result. No
+sooner had the American and his allies fairly squatted,--(which they
+deem taking possession of the country) than they invited their brethren
+to join them, and called on the American Government for laws and
+protection.'
+
+"A great deal of importance is attached to the account given by
+Commodore Wilkes, U. S. N., of the operations of the Hudson's Bay
+Company on the north-west coast; and it is inferred that testimony,
+coming from such a quarter, is doubly in favour of the Company.
+
+"Nothing, indeed, can be higher than the terms in which Captain Wilkes
+speaks of the Hudson's Bay Company's chief factor, Dr. M'Loughlin, and
+of the welcome he met, and the hospitality he experienced during his
+stay upon the coast.
+
+"Captain Wilkes was far too sensible and discriminating a man, not to
+see, plainly enough, whose game Dr. M'Loughlin was playing. But there is
+something strange, if we turn from the perusal of Captain Wilkes'
+narrative, and the description of the facilities which were ever
+afforded him, to the following passage from Sir Edward Belcher's voyage:
+
+"The difference of the reception which a frigate of the United States
+Navy met with, from that which one of Her Majesty's ships experienced,
+is a most suspicious fact, as suggesting the animus of the Company's
+agents upon the north-west coast. Sir Edward Belcher says: 'The
+attention of the Chief to myself, and those immediately about me,
+particularly in sending down fresh supplies, previous to my arrival, I
+feel fully grateful for; but I cannot conceal my disappointment at the
+want of accommodation exhibited towards the crews of the vessels under
+my command, in a British possession.'
+
+"We certainly were not distressed, nor was it imperatively necessary
+that fresh beef and vegetables should be supplied, or I should have made
+a formal demand. But as regarded those who might come after, and not
+improbably myself among the number, I inquired in direct terms what
+facilities Her Majesty's ships of war might expect, in the event of
+touching at this port for bullocks, flour, vegetables, &c. I certainly
+was extremely surprised at the reply, that 'they were not in a condition
+to supply.'... The American policy of the Hudson's Bay Company would
+seem from the above facts, to be more than a matter of suspicion.
+
+"It is very easy to say, these are idle tales; they are tales--but such
+tales, that Parliament ought to make a searching investigation into
+their truth.... It is certain that Dr. McLoughlin has now left the
+Hudson's Bay Company, and has become _nominally_, what he seems to have
+been for years, _really_--an _American citizen_, living in the midst of
+an American population, which he collected around him, upon soil, to
+which he knew that his own country had, all along, laid claim."
+
+Sir Edward Belcher's exploring expedition was at Fort Vancouver in
+August, 1839. He insisted that the crews of his vessels should be
+supplied with fresh beef. Dr. McLoughlin was not then at Fort Vancouver.
+Probably he had not returned from his trip to England in 1838-9. Mr.
+Douglas, who was in charge, refused Belcher's request because the supply
+of cattle was not sufficient for that purpose. Fresh beef was supplied
+to Sir Edward Belcher and his officers.
+
+Commodore Wilkes and his exploring expedition were on the Oregon Coast
+in 1841. He did not ask for his crews to be supplied with provisions. He
+was grateful for the kind treatment of himself, his officers and men, by
+Dr. McLoughlin and other officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Sir
+Edward Belcher, it seems, was not grateful.[70]
+
+In relation to the Red River immigrants, who arrived in 1841, the
+statement of Fitzgerald is mostly untrue. These settlers came to Oregon
+in 1841 under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company and settled on
+Nisqually Plains, near Puget Sound. These plains are almost sterile,
+being an enormous bed of very fine gravel mixed with some soil at the
+surface. It is easy to understand how these settlers were disappointed
+in living by themselves on the Nisqually Plains, when they could come to
+the Willamette Valley with its fertile soil and be near the settlers in
+the Willamette Valley. It must be borne in mind that when these Red
+River settlers went to the Willamette Valley, they were practically as
+much dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company and Dr. McLoughlin, as though
+they had stayed on the Nisqually Plains.
+
+Rev. Daniel Lee and Rev. J. H. Frost wrote a book entitled "Ten Years in
+Oregon," which was printed in New York in 1844. On page 216 of that work
+they say of these settlers from Red River: "They went to Nesqually, on
+Pugit's Sound; but, after spending a year, it was found that the land
+was of a very inferior quality, and that they could not subsist upon it.
+Thus, after having subjected themselves to many hardships, and
+privations, and losses, for almost two years, they had yet to remove to
+the Walamet Valley, as promising to remunerate them for their future
+toil, and make them forget the past. Accordingly most of them removed
+and settled in the Walamet in 1841-2."
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT R
+
+  _Note on authorship of "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's Works; and
+  sources of information for this monograph._
+
+
+Hubert Howe Bancroft obtained a fine collection of books and pamphlets
+relating to early Oregon and a great deal of other information before
+the "History of Oregon," in his Works, was written. A great many Oregon
+pioneers were personally interviewed and their statements reduced to
+writing. He also borrowed, on a promise to return, a great many private
+papers and other documents, including letters and copies of letters from
+the heirs of Dr. McLoughlin and from other Oregon pioneers and heirs of
+pioneers, which he has not yet returned, although he borrowed these
+papers and documents more than twenty years ago. Said "History of
+Oregon" is largely supplemented by foot-notes taken from this
+information obtained, or caused to be obtained by Bancroft. The defense
+of Dr. McLoughlin to the report of Capt. Warre and Lieut. Vavasour, was
+afterwards returned to Dr. McLoughlin by James Douglas, to whom it was
+sent by Sir George Simpson. It was among the papers loaned to Bancroft.
+
+While Bancroft was a handy man in collecting materials, he wisely
+employed Frances Fuller Victor, Oregon's best and greatest historian, to
+write the "History of Oregon" for his Works. It was largely, if not
+wholly, written by her. This applies particularly to that part of the
+history up to and including the year 1850. For years she had been a
+careful student of Oregon history. She had access to all the data
+collected by Bancroft.
+
+In 1871 Mrs. Victor published "The River of the West" which sets forth
+many of the facts about Dr. McLoughlin, his land claim, and the actions
+of the missionaries and the conspirators against him, which are
+contained in this address and in the "History of Oregon" in Bancroft's
+Works. Volume one of the latter history was published in 1886, and
+volume two was published in 1888.
+
+In writing this monograph on Dr. McLoughlin I have found _The River of
+the West_ and Bancroft's _History of Oregon_ of some use, especially
+where the information was taken from the documents so borrowed by
+Bancroft. But I have obtained most of my facts from original sources.
+Wherever it was possible I have consulted Oregon newspapers and books
+and pamphlets written by persons who took part in the events described,
+or which were written contemporaneous therewith, and letters written by
+pioneers.
+
+The Oregon Historical Society has a number of original letters, files of
+early Oregon newspapers, and other documents relating to events in early
+Oregon. Many of these I have examined and taken copies of. In this I
+have been greatly aided by Mr. George H. Himes, for years the efficient
+Assistant Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, and Secretary of
+the Oregon Pioneer Association. I have also obtained copies from two
+issues of the _Oregon Spectator_ in the possession of the University of
+Oregon, through the courtesy of Prof. Frederic G. Young.
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENT S
+
+  _Excerpts from opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin._
+
+
+In addition to opinions of Dr. McLoughlin set forth in the address, I
+here set forth excerpts from other opinions, given by some of his
+contemporaries. I have selected these out of many high opinions and
+eulogies upon Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+Judge Matthew P. Deady, in an address before the Oregon Pioneer
+Association, in 1876, said:[71] "Dr. John McLoughlin was Chief Factor of
+the Company [Hudson's Bay Company] west of the Rocky mountains, from
+1824 to 1845, when he resigned the position and settled at Oregon City,
+where he died in 1857, full of years and honor.... Although, as an
+officer of the Company, his duty and interest required that he should
+prefer it to the American immigrant or missionary, yet at the call of
+humanity, he always forgot all special interests, and was ever ready to
+help and succor the needy and unfortunate of whatever creed or clime.
+
+"Had he but turned his back upon the early missionary or settler and
+left them to shift for themselves, the occupation of the country by
+Americans would have been seriously retarded, and attended with much
+greater hardship and suffering than it was. For at least a quarter of a
+century McLoughlin was a grand and potent figure in the affairs of the
+Pacific slope.... But he has long since gone to his rest. Peace to his
+ashes! Yet the good deeds done in the body are a lasting monument to his
+memory, and shall in due time cause his name to be written in letters of
+gold in Oregon history."
+
+Governor Peter H. Burnett, from whose "Recollections and Opinions of An
+Old Pioneer," I have already quoted, also said in that book (pp. 143,
+144): "Dr. John McLoughlin was one of the greatest and most noble
+philanthropists I ever knew. He was a man of superior ability, just in
+all his dealings, and a faithful Christian. I never knew a man of the
+world who was more admirable. I never heard him utter a vicious
+sentiment, or applaud a wrongful act. His views and acts were formed
+upon the model of the Christian gentleman. He was a superior business
+man, and a profound judge of human nature.... In his position of Chief
+Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company he had grievous responsibilities
+imposed upon him. He stood between the absent directors and stockholders
+of the Company and the present suffering immigrants. He witnessed their
+sufferings; they did not. He was unjustly blamed by many of both
+parties. It was not the business of the Company to deal upon credit; and
+the manager of its affairs in Oregon was suddenly thrown into a new and
+very embarrassing position. How to act, so as to secure the approbation
+of the directors and stockholders in England, and at the same time not
+to disregard the most urgent calls of humanity, was indeed the great
+difficulty. No possible line of conduct could have escaped censure.
+
+"To be placed in such a position was a misfortune which only a good man
+could bear in patience. I was assured by Mr. Frank Ermatinger, the
+manager of the Company's store at Oregon City, as well as by others,
+that Dr. McLoughlin had sustained a heavy individual loss by his charity
+to the immigrants. I knew enough myself to be certain that these
+statements were substantially true. Yet such was the humility of the
+Doctor that he never, to my knowledge, mentioned or alluded to any
+particular act of charity performed by him. I was intimate with him, and
+he never mentioned them to me."
+
+Col. J. W. Nesmith,[72] from whose address in 1876 I have already
+quoted, in that address also said:[73] "Dr. John McLoughlin was a public
+benefactor, and the time will come when the people of Oregon will do
+themselves credit by erecting a statue to his memory.... Thus far
+detraction and abuse have been his principal rewards."
+
+Hon. Willard H. Rees, a pioneer of 1844, in his address before the
+Oregon Pioneer Association, in 1879, said:[74] "Dr. McLoughlin, as
+director of the affairs of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky
+mountains, had more power over the Indians of the whole Northwest Coast,
+which he judiciously exercised, than all other influences multiplied and
+combined. He was a great and just man, having in no instance deceived
+them, firm in maintaining the established rules regulating their
+intercourse, making their supplies, so far as the Company was concerned,
+strictly depend upon their own efforts and good conduct, always prompt
+to redress the slightest infraction of good faith. This sound
+undeviating policy made Dr. McLoughlin the most humane and successful
+manager of the native tribes this country has ever known, while the
+Indians both feared and respected him above all other men.... Dr.
+McLoughlin was no ordinary personage. Nature had written in her most
+legible hand preeminence in every lineament of his strong Scotch face,
+combining in a marked degree all the native dignity of an intellectual
+giant. He stood among his pioneer contemporaries like towering old
+[Mount] Hood amid the evergreen heights that surround his mountain
+home--a born leader of men. He would have achieved distinction in any of
+the higher pursuits of life.... His benevolent work was confined to no
+church, sect nor race of men, but was as broad as suffering humanity,
+never refusing to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and provide for the
+sick and toilworn immigrants and needy settlers who called for
+assistance at his old Vancouver home. Many were the pioneer mothers and
+their little ones, whose hearts were made glad through his timely
+assistance, while destitute strangers, whom chance or misfortune had
+thrown upon these, then, wild inhospitable shores, were not permitted to
+suffer while he had power to relieve. Yet he was persecuted by men
+claiming the knowledge of a Christian experience, defamed by designing
+politicians, knowingly misrepresented in Washington as a British
+intriguer, until he was unjustly deprived of the greater part of his
+land claim. Thus, after a sorrowful experience of man's ingratitude to
+man, he died an honored American citizen."
+
+J. Quinn Thornton was one of the early Oregon pioneers. He came to
+Oregon with the immigration of 1846. At the meeting of the Oregon
+Pioneer Association in 1875, he furnished to that Association a history
+of the Provisional Government of Oregon. In this history, speaking of
+Dr. John McLoughlin, Thornton said:[75] "The late Dr. John McLoughlin
+resided at Fort Vancouver, and he was Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay
+Company west of the Rocky Mountains. He was a great man, upon whom God
+had stamped a grandeur of character which few men possess and a nobility
+which the patent of no earthly sovereign can confer.... As a Christian,
+he was a devout Roman Catholic, yet, nevertheless, catholic in the
+largest sense of that word.... He was a man of great goodness of heart,
+too wise to do a really foolish thing, too noble and magnanimous to
+condescend to meanness, and too forgiving to cherish resentments. The
+writer, during the last years of Dr. McLoughlin's life, being his
+professional adviser, had an opportunity such as no other man had, save
+his confessor, of learning and studying him; and as a result of the
+impressions, which daily intercourse of either a social or business
+nature made upon the writer's mind, he hesitates not to say, that old,
+white-headed John McLoughlin, when compared with other persons who have
+figured in the early history of Oregon, is in sublimity of character, a
+Mount Hood towering above the foot hills into the regions of eternal
+snow and sunshine."
+
+Col. J. K. Kelly was Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon
+Mounted Volunteers in the Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was afterwards a
+United States Senator from Oregon, and Chief Justice of the Oregon State
+Supreme Court. In his address to the Oregon Pioneer Association in 1882,
+speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, Col. Kelly said:[76] "Just and generous as
+that law [Oregon Donation Land Law] was to the people of Oregon, yet
+there was one blot upon it. I refer to the provisions contained in the
+11th section of the act by which the donation claim of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, known as the Oregon City claim, was taken from him and
+placed at the disposal of the Legislative Assembly to be sold and the
+proceeds applied to the endowment of an university. It was an act of
+injustice to one of the best friends and greatest benefactors which the
+early immigrants ever had. I do not propose to speak of the many
+estimable and noble qualities of Dr. McLoughlin here. They have been
+dwelt upon by others who have heretofore addressed the Pioneer
+Association, and especially by Mr. Rees in 1879. I concur in everything
+he said in praise of Dr. McLoughlin.
+
+"It was my good fortune to know him well during the last six years of
+his life, years which were embittered by what he considered an act of
+ingratitude after he had done so many acts of personal kindness to the
+early immigrants in their time of need. That Dr. McLoughlin was unjustly
+treated in this matter, few, if any, will deny. And I am very sure that
+a large majority of the people, in Oregon, at that time, condemned the
+act which took away his property, and tended to becloud his fame. And
+yet no act was ever done by the Territorial Government to assert its
+right to the Oregon City claim during the life of Dr. McLoughlin; and in
+1862, five years after his death, the State of Oregon confirmed the
+title to his devisees upon the payment of the merely nominal
+consideration of $1,000 into the university fund. And so five years
+after he was laid in his grave an act of tardy justice was done at last
+to the memory of the grand old pioneer." It was largely through Col.
+Kelly's influence and actions that this act was passed in favor of Dr.
+McLoughlin's devisees.
+
+Horace S. Lyman was a son of Rev. Horace Lyman, a Congregational
+minister who came to Oregon in 1849, and who founded the First
+Congregational Church of Portland in June, 1851. Horace S. Lyman grew up
+in Oregon and from his own knowledge, from personal association with
+pioneer missionaries and others, and from reading, he became well
+acquainted with the history of Oregon. He was the author of a "History
+of Oregon" published in 1903. His associate editors were Mr. Harvey W.
+Scott, Judge Charles B. Bellinger, and Prof. Frederic G. Young. In the
+fourth volume of this history, page 381, it is said: "Whether the
+justice of history, and the recognition of after times, when personal
+interests and partizan spites are dissipated, and a character like that
+of McLoughlin stands forth as one of the best ever produced under the
+British flag, and one of the best ever given to America, should be
+regarded as compensation for the injustice and sufferings of a life
+darkened in old age, may not be determined. Yet the historian must ever
+assert that a character worthy of perpetual commemoration and
+admiration, illuminating, by humanity and Christian doctrine, the dark
+chapters of wilderness life from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
+setting a star of hope over the barracks of a mercenary trading company,
+is worth all personal sacrifice. It is of such acts that great history
+consists. Even to the Doctor himself, going down in old age and poverty,
+and doubting whether his family would have a support, and believing that
+he had better have been shot as a beast than to have so suffered, we may
+hope that it was but 'a light affliction, compared with the perpetual
+consciousness of a life of peace and good will sustained in a period
+menaced by war."
+
+As I have said, my uncle, Daniel S. Holman, was one of the immigrants of
+1843. He was then about twenty-one years old. He will be eighty-five
+years old the fifteenth of November, 1907. He lives at McMinnville,
+Oregon, strong in mind and body. When I was honored by being selected to
+deliver the address, I wrote him asking for his opinion of Dr. John
+McLoughlin, for I knew his feelings. He wrote me August 7, 1905. In this
+letter he said: "I received yours requesting me to tell you of some of
+the kind acts of Doctor McLoughlin. It would take more time than I have
+to speak of all the very good things that he did, but I can say that he
+did all that was in his power to do to help the starving, wornout and
+poverty stricken [immigrants] that came to Oregon. For the first three
+or four years after I came if he had not helped us we could not have
+lived in Oregon. At the time we came he sent his boats to The Dalles,
+free of cost, to help all that could not help themselves to go down the
+river. He also sent food and clothing to the destitute and gave it to
+them. He also furnished seed grain to everyone who wanted, and waited
+for his pay until they raised wheat to pay. The fact is there never was
+a better man than he was. He did more than any other man did to settle
+Oregon. History says Doctor Whitman was the man who saved Oregon to the
+United States, but that is not true. It was Dr. John McLoughlin of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. So says every man that is a man, that came to
+Oregon up to 1849. He furnished the entire immigration with food and
+clothing for the first year after we came. The people did not have money
+to live on and so he fed and clothed us all. Some never paid him but
+some did pay the good old man."
+
+And he added a postscript to say that his wife thought he had not said
+enough about Dr. John McLoughlin. She has been my uncle's loving and
+faithful help-mate for more than fifty-nine years. She is a pioneer of
+1846. She, too, is still strong, mentally and physically. My uncle said
+in the postscript: "I can say that I am sure no man could have done
+better than he did to us all. In the fall of 1845 I went out to meet the
+immigrants and was gone from home six or eight weeks without a change of
+clothing. I got back to Vancouver where the Doctor then lived. I was as
+ragged as I could be. I went to his office and told him I wanted some
+clothing, but had no money. He gave me an order to his son to let me
+have whatever I wanted in the store. He treated others as he did me. In
+1848 he let every one who wanted to go to the mines have all they
+needed, on time, to go to California. Some never paid him. Have you
+anyone in Portland that would help any and all such men off to the mines
+on such chances of getting their pay? I don't think there is such a man
+in Oregon, or any other place. You can't say too much in his praise."
+
+Joseph Watt, a pioneer of 1844, from whose "Recollections of Dr. John
+McLoughlin" I have already quoted, also said, in said
+_Recollections_:[77] "The next I saw of the Doctor was in Oregon City,
+he having stayed at Fort Vancouver until all the immigrants for that
+year [1844] had arrived. He was building a large flouring mill, at that
+time nearing its completion. He already had a saw mill in full blast,
+also was building a dwelling house, preparing to move to that place,
+which he did in the following spring. From that time to his death he was
+a prominent figure in Oregon City. Nothing pleased him better than to
+talk with the settlers, learn how they were getting along, their
+prospects, of their ability to live, and to help others. He was anxious
+that every one should be well and kept busy. He could not endure
+idleness or waste. Over-reaching, or, what we Americans call 'sharp
+practice,' he had no patience with whatever. As far as he was concerned
+all transactions were fair, straight-forward and honorable. Those who
+knew him best never thought of disputing his word or his declared
+intentions, although there were some high in authority who did this in
+after years, apparently for selfish motives; and through their
+representations, caused the U. S. Government to do an act of great
+injustice. But I am proud to be able to say that all, or nearly all of
+the first settlers, did not endorse the action, and never rested until
+the wrong was adjusted as nearly as it was possible to do so.... It
+appeared by common consent that he was practically the first governor of
+the great North Pacific Coast. No man ever fulfilled that trust better
+than Dr. John McLoughlin. He was always anxious over the Indian problem.
+No one understood the Indian character better than he did. All the
+Indians knew him as the great 'White Chief,' and believed whatever he
+said could be depended on; that he was not their enemy, but was strictly
+just with them in every thing;--could punish or reward, as he thought
+best, and no trouble grew out of it. But with the settlers the case was
+different.... Dr. McLoughlin! Kind, large-hearted Dr. John McLoughlin!
+One of nature's noblemen, who never feared to do his duty to his God,
+his country, his fellow-men and himself, even in the wilderness. The
+pioneers of this great North-West feel that they owe Dr. John McLoughlin
+a debt of gratitude above all price, and that they and their posterity
+will cherish his memory by a suitable monument placed on the highest
+pinnacle of fame within the State of Oregon."
+
+Archbishop F. N. Blanchet came to Oregon in 1838 as Vicar-General of the
+Roman Catholic Church in Oregon. He was consecrated as Archbishop in
+Quebec in 1845. In his "Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in
+Oregon" (published in 1878), from which I have already quoted, he also
+said of Dr. McLoughlin (pp. 8 and 9): "He was one of 'nature's noblemen'
+in every sphere of life. Of commanding presence, strict integrity, sound
+judgment, and correct principles of justice, no man was better qualified
+for the position he occupied as the father and friend of both the
+Indians and the whites who then jointly occupied the Pacific northwest.
+Dr. McLoughlin was the arbiter to whom both whites and Indians looked
+for the settlement of their differences, and the friend from whom they
+sought relief in all their difficulties.... Under the impartial
+supervision of this good and great man the business of the Hudson Bay
+Company prospered amazingly; he perpetuated peace between the Indians
+and the employes of the Company.... He also extended assistance to every
+immigrant whose necessities required it, and his good deeds have
+enshrined his name amidst the most honored of the pioneers of the
+Pacific Coast." And on page 71 Archbishop Blanchet said: "Dr. John
+McLoughlin was the father of the orphans and servants of the H. B. Co.;
+the father of the French-Canadian colonies of Cowlitz and Wallamette
+Valley; of all the American immigrants; and a great benefactor of the
+Catholic Church."
+
+It will be remembered that Rev. Daniel Lee was a Methodist missionary,
+who came to Oregon in 1834. He worked faithfully and earnestly for about
+ten years when he returned to the Eastern States. He continued in the
+ministry and died about 1895. His son, Rev. William H. Lee, is the
+Pastor of the People's Mission Church at Colorado Springs. He was in
+Portland in 1905. In answer to the inquiry of Mr. G. H. Himes, Assistant
+Secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, Rev. William H. Lee wrote
+the following letter at his home, July 31, 1905, to Mr. Himes: "As the
+son of a pioneer Oregon Missionary I wish to add my tribute of respect
+to the memory of Dr. John McLoughlin. For 10 years my father Rev. Daniel
+Lee labored in missionary work in Oregon and during all these years John
+McLoughlin was his friend. When my Father and Mother were united in
+marriage it was within the hospitable walls of Ft. Vancouver and we
+treasure a marriage certificate signed by John McLoughlin as one of the
+witnesses. Many times have I heard my Father and Mother speak of the
+kindness of Dr. John McLoughlin. And one of the most pleasant memories
+of my recent visit to Portland was the privilege I had of stopping in
+Oregon City and placing some flowers on the grave of my Father and
+Mother's friend."
+
+The well known writer, S. A. Clarke, who was an Oregon immigrant of
+1850, published a two volume work in 1903, entitled: "Pioneer Days of
+Oregon History." In this work (vol. 1, pp. 214, 215) Mr. Clarke says of
+Dr. McLoughlin: "It was because of his loyalty to humanity and his
+kindness to Americans that he lost his high official station and was
+left almost heartbroken in his old age. We can afford to hold up in
+contrast those who profited by his bounty and left him to pay the bill;
+also those--be they Missionaries or who--that tried to rob him of his
+land claim, with the nobler minded man--John McLoughlin--who did so much
+and lost so much for humanity, and never expressed regret."
+
+Mr. Clarke in this work (vol. 1, p. 226) narrates the following
+incident, which was told to him by Dr. William C. McKay, who was a
+grandson of Mrs. Dr. John McLoughlin. It will be remembered that her
+first husband was Alexander McKay, who was killed in the capture of the
+Tonquin in 1811. "In 1843 William Beagle and family reached Vancouver
+destitute, and he had the typhus fever. McLoughlin heard of it and told
+Dr. Barclay there was a sick and destitute family at the landing; to fix
+up a house for them, make them comfortable and attend to the sick.
+
+"Dr. W. C. McKay had just returned from the States where he pursued
+medical studies. So the doctor invited him to assist in taking care of
+his patients. There was the mother and several children, who had all
+they needed for two months, until Beagle got better, when he went to
+Governor McLoughlin and asked what his bill was. 'Tut, tut, tut! bill,
+bill, bill! Take care of yourself, sir! That is the bill!" Beagle
+pleaded that even the doctor couldn't afford to take care of his family
+and treat them so long without pay. 'Tut, tut, tut,' was the reply. 'You
+do the best you can for some other man who is in trouble, and that will
+pay me.'
+
+"He sent them up the Willamette, free of charge, sold them supplies that
+were necessary until Beagle could earn money, and was finally paid for
+them in full. This is but one instance in the many where the kindness
+and generosity of Dr. McLoughlin was manifested toward Americans who
+reached Vancouver sick and impoverished and received his generous and
+kindly care."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See Document A at end of volume.
+
+[2] See Document B.
+
+[3] See Document C.
+
+[4] Report of Naval Agent W. A. Slocum to the Secretary of State, March
+26, 1837.
+
+[5] Dunn's _History of the Oregon Territory_, p. 143.
+
+[6] Wilkes's _Narrative_, iv, p. 327.
+
+[7] See Document C.
+
+[8] John Dunn was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company. He came from
+England to Fort Vancouver, in 1830, by sea. He returned to England in
+1839 or 1840. The first edition of his history was published in London
+in 1844.
+
+[9] Belcher's _Narrative of a Voyage Round the World_, vol. i, p. 296.
+
+[10] As to the high regard which Wyeth retained through his life for Dr.
+McLoughlin, see Document O.
+
+[11] See Document D.
+
+[12] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of Oregon_, p. 16.
+
+[13] Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 90.
+
+[14] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of the Oregon Missions_, pp. 31, 32;
+Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 156.
+
+[15] Lee and Frost's _Ten Years in Oregon_, pp. 225, 226.
+
+[16] See Documents E and F.
+
+[17] _Transactions_, Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p. 45.
+
+[18] _History of Oregon_ by Rev. H. K. Hines, D.D., pp. 166, 167.
+
+[19] Gray's _History of Oregon_, pp. 268, 269.
+
+[20] "Narrative of Dr. McLoughlin" published in the _Quarterly_ of the
+Oregon Historical Society, June, 1900.
+
+[21] Address of Medorum Crawford, in 1881. See _Transactions_ of the
+Oregon Pioneer Association for 1881, p. 14.
+
+[22] See _Quarterly_ of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3, pp.
+398-426.
+
+[23] Wilkes, _History of Oregon_, p. 95.
+
+[24] See Theodore Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_.
+
+[25] _Oregon Spectator_, November 12, 1846.
+
+[26] A full summary will be found in Vol. 1, pp. 501-505, _History of
+Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[27] See Document R.
+
+[28] See Document C.
+
+[29] Vol. 1, pp. 504, 505, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[30] Vol. 1, p. 31, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works, from
+manuscript of Jesse Applegate.
+
+[31] See Document L.
+
+[32] White's _Ten Years in Oregon_, p. 200.
+
+[33] Rev. Dr. H. K. Hines, _Missionary History_, p. 354.
+
+[34] See Document L.
+
+[35] Vol. 1, p. 204, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works. See also
+Document L.
+
+[36] This proclamation is set forth in full in Document I.
+
+[37] This agreement is set forth in full in Document J.
+
+[38] Vol. 1, p. 253, _History of the Pacific Northwest_, by Elwood
+Evans; _The River of the West_, by Frances Fuller Victor, pp. 360, 361;
+Vol. 1, pp. 224, 225, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works.
+
+[39] Vol. 1, p. 207, _History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works; Vol. 1, p.
+243, Elwood Evans's _History of the Pacific Northwest_. See also
+Document H.
+
+[40] See Document H, which is a true copy of all the Shortess petition
+as printed in 1844 by order of the United States Senate.
+
+[41] See Document N.
+
+[42] See Document K.
+
+[43] Set forth in Document J.
+
+[44] _Congressional Globe_, Vol. 21, Part Second, p. 1079, first Session
+of 31st Congress.
+
+[45] This letter of Dr. McLoughlin is set forth in full in Document L.
+See also letter of William J. Berry, Document M.
+
+[46] See Document N, where excerpts from this speech are set forth.
+
+[47] White's _Ten Years in Oregon_, pp. 220, 221.
+
+[48] _Oregon Spectator_, August 22 and 29, 1850.
+
+[49] _Oregon Spectator_, September 26, 1850.
+
+[50] _Oregon Spectator_, November 7, 1850.
+
+[51] _Western Star_ (Milwaukee, Oregon) February 20, and March 13, 1851.
+
+[52] Attention is called to the correspondence of S. R. Thurston,
+Nathaniel J. Wyeth, R. C. Winthrop and Dr. McLoughlin, which is set
+forth in Document O.
+
+[53] See Document P.
+
+[54] _House Journal_, 1853-54, P. 165.
+
+[55] See Document Q.
+
+[56] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1887, p. 16.
+
+[57] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888, p. 134.
+
+[58] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1888, pp. 135,
+136.
+
+[59] For further opinions of contemporaries of Dr. McLoughlin, see
+Document S.
+
+[60] Greenhow's _History of Oregon and California_, pp. 323-325, 467-476
+(second edition, 1845); Martin's _Hudson Bay Territories and Vancouver's
+Island_, pp. 151-165; Bryce's _The Remarkable History of the Hudson's
+Bay Company_, Chapters XXIV to XXIX.
+
+[61] This copy of the Shortess petition is made from the United States
+Senate Document as printed by its order of February 7, 1844. It is
+Senate Document 105, 28th Congress, 1st Session. One copy of this
+original Senate Document is in the possession of Milton W. Smith, Esq.,
+of Portland, Oregon. By his courtesy the foregoing copy was made from
+said Senate Document. The purported copy of the Shortess petition in
+Gray's _History of Oregon_ and in Brown's _Political History of Oregon_
+are not true copies.
+
+[62] See Document N.
+
+[63] Bernard's Heirs v. Ashley's Heirs, 18 _Howard_ (U. S. Supreme
+Court) 43; Hot Spring Cases, 2 _Otto_ (U. S. Supreme Court) 698, 706.
+
+[64] Rev. Gustavus Hines, _History of Oregon_, Chapter x.
+
+[65] See Document J.
+
+[66] Mrs. Frances F. Victor, _The River of the West_, pp. 359, 360;
+_History of Oregon_, Bancroft's Works, Vol. I, p. 223.
+
+[67] See Document L, where this injunction by Thurston, written on the
+copy of his letter, is set forth in full.
+
+[68] Hall v. Russell, 101 _U. S._, 503.
+
+[69] This correspondence was also published in full in the _Western
+Star_ (published at Milwaukee, Oregon), in its issue of April 10, 1851.
+
+[70] See Document F.
+
+[71] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876, p. 18.
+
+[72] Col. J. W. Nesmith was a Captain of Oregon volunteers in the Cayuse
+Indian War of 1847; and also in the Rogue River Indian War of 1852, and
+was Colonel of the First Regiment of Oregon Mounted Volunteers in the
+Yakima Indian War of 1855. He was a United States Senator and also a
+Representative to Congress from Oregon.
+
+[73] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1876, p. 58.
+
+[74] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1879, pp. 29,
+30.
+
+[75] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p. 51.
+
+[76] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1882, p. 26.
+
+[77] _Transactions_ of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1886, pp.
+25-27.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abernethy, General George, 65, 66, 109, 116, 122, 126, 134, 135, 187,
+      209, 211, 223, 235, 240, 243.
+
+  Abernethy Island, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 114, 116, 117, 122, 126,
+      130, 134, 135, 141, 142, 143, 153, 200, 214, 228, 235, 236, 237,
+      239, 242, 262.
+
+  Academy, Wesleyan, 112 (_see also_ Schools).
+
+  Acapulco (Mex.), 144.
+
+  Act, Organic, 67;
+    of 1848, 114;
+    trading, 177.
+
+  Adams, Thomas (an Indian), 185.
+
+  Agriculture, 85, 258.
+
+  Alaska, 19.
+
+  America, 38, 175, 180, 279;
+    British, 32, 95 (_see also_ Canada);
+    North, 41, 177, 178, 179;
+    South, 189;
+    a ship, 68.
+
+  Americans, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45-52, 61, 62, 64, 66,
+      69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97,
+      100, 102, 124, 127, 129, 133, 156, 157, 167, 168, 170, 182, 199,
+      213, 220, 238, 239, 244, 249, 250, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260,
+      261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 272, 276, 282, 284, 285, 286.
+
+  Anderson, John, 205.
+
+  Applegate, Jesse, 67, 99, 108, 119, 120, 150, 151, 224, 237.
+
+  Apples, 181 (_see also_ Fruit).
+
+  Army, British, 23, 24, 91, 227.
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 130, 230, 234.
+
+  Arkansas (state), 221.
+
+  Arrendrill, C. T., 205.
+
+  Articles of Agreement, 224-226.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob, 20, 24.
+
+  Astoria, 19, 20, 27, 194, 197, 212.
+
+  Atlantic Ocean, 279.
+
+  Attorneys, 107, 118, 212, 218, 219, 225, 247.
+
+
+  Babcock, Dr. I. L., 210.
+
+  Bailey, Dr. --, 210.
+
+  Baker's Bay, 195.
+
+  Ball, John, 257.
+
+  Baltimore, 186.
+
+  Bancroft, Hubert Howe, _History of Oregon_, cited, 92, 97, 99, 107,
+      110, 116, 211, 227, 229, 270-272.
+
+  Baptists, 133, 238, 263.
+
+  Barclay, Dr. --, 76, 286.
+
+  Barlow Road, 91.
+
+  Bates, James M., 205.
+
+  Battles, 23, 24 (_see also_ Wars).
+
+  Beagle, William, 285.
+
+  Beaumont (Canadian parish), 23.
+
+  Beaver, Rev. Herbert, 34.
+
+  Beaver-skins, 191.
+
+  Beef, 43, 44, 45, 195, 267.
+
+  Beers, Alanson, 65, 205.
+
+  Belcher, Sir Edward, 43, 44, 266, 267, 268, 269.
+
+  Bellamy, G. W., 205.
+
+  Bellinger, Judge Charles B., 279.
+
+  Bennet, V., 205.
+
+  Berry, William J., 135.
+
+  Blanchet, Archbishop Francis Norbert, 162;
+    _Historical Sketches_, cited, 98, 99, 283, 284.
+
+  Blue Mountains, 33.
+
+  Boats, 78, 184, 201, 232, 263, 280, (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Bonds, 208, 209, 217, 218, 225, 227.
+
+  Bonneville, Captain --, 33, 49, 117, 199.
+
+  Boone, Daniel, 83.
+
+  Boston (Mass.), 48, 52, 186.
+
+  Bostons (name given to Americans), 72, 73, 74.
+
+  Boundaries, of Oregon County, 19, 20, 21, 39, 68, 86, 101, 129, 131,
+      231, 232, 233, 236.
+
+  Bowlin, --, 229.
+
+  Brallier, Henry, letter by, 196, 197.
+
+  Bread, 59.
+
+  Brewer, H. B., 205.
+
+  Bribery, 143.
+
+  Bridges, J. C., 205.
+
+  British, 35, 39, 40, 64, 67, 68, 92, 97, 157, 165, 166, 215, 216, 231,
+      232, 239.
+
+  Brooks, Wm. (an Indian), 185.
+
+  Broughtan, Lieut. --, 28.
+
+  Brown, --, 221.
+
+  Brown, G., 205.
+
+  Brown, Jeffrey, 205.
+
+  Brown, J. Henry, _Political History of Oregon_, cited, 66, 119, 209.
+
+  Brown, William, 205.
+
+  Brum, William, 205.
+
+  Bryant, Judge W. P., 122, 130, 133, 134, 135, 142, 148, 152, 228, 229,
+      235, 239, 240, 241, 243, 249, 262.
+
+  Bryce, --, _The remarkable history of the Hudson's Bay Company_,
+    cited, 181.
+
+  Buddha, 146.
+
+  Burgoyne, General John, 23.
+
+  Burnett, Peter H., 70, 73, 75, 76, 77, 120, 121, 151, 273, 274.
+
+  Burns, Hugh, 210.
+
+  Butler, 59.
+
+
+  Calcutta (India), 48.
+
+  California, 19, 25, 37, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 64, 69, 76, 123, 124, 138,
+      199, 248, 252, 253, 281.
+
+  California Bill, 132, 234.
+
+  Cambridge (Mass.), 45, 258.
+
+  Campbell, H., 205.
+
+  Campbell, J. J., 205.
+
+  Camp du Sable, 258.
+
+  Canada, Dominion of, 20, 22, 23, 24, 111, 113, 186;
+    Upper, 38, 39.
+
+  Canadians, 79, 133, 189, 190, 238;
+    French, 41-45, 46, 61, 98, 99, 265, 284.
+
+  Canal, 201.
+
+  Cannon, 29.
+
+  Canoes, 54, 72, 197.
+
+  Cape Horn, 258.
+
+  Carolinas, 84.
+
+  Cartee, L. F., 153.
+
+  Carter, David, 205.
+
+  Cascades, 70, 71, 76, 197;
+    Mountains, 79, 91.
+    _See also_ Rapids.
+
+  Cason, F. C., 153.
+
+  Casualties, 70.
+
+  Cathlamet, 195.
+
+  Catholics, 22, 98, 99, 100, 133, 147, 151, 157, 167, 171, 189, 190,
+    191, 192, 238, 276.
+
+  Cattle, 28, 37, 43, 44, 45, 57, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78, 87, 117, 183, 194,
+    199, 232, 258, 263, 266, 268.
+
+  Cayuse (Indian tribe), 37, 40, 61, 74, 88, 145, 274 (_see also_ Wars).
+
+  Champoeg (Ore.), 65, 69 (_see also_ the following).
+
+  Champooing, 192.
+
+  Chance, William, 212.
+
+  Charles II (king of Great Britain), 21.
+
+  Charters, 21, 95, 194 (_see also_ Grants).
+
+  Chemekete, (Ore.), 115.
+
+  Chicopee (Mass.), 256.
+
+  Churches, 99, 238;
+    Catholic, 157, 167, 171, 283;
+    English, 167;
+    Methodist, 109.
+    _See also_ Missionaries and kindred topics.
+
+  Clackamas County (Ore.), 115. 124.
+
+  Clackamas Falls, 236.
+
+  Clackamas Female Protestant Seminary, 133, 238.
+
+  Clackamas River, 106, 107, 111, 120, 237.
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, 83.
+
+  Clarke, --, 191.
+
+  Clarke, S. A., _Pioneer days_, cited, 285, 286.
+
+  Clayoquot Sound, 24.
+
+  Coggswell, William (artist), 162.
+
+  Colonies, American, 20.
+
+  Colorado Springs (Col.), 284.
+
+  Columbia River, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42,
+      45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 59, 67, 70, 71, 79, 80, 85, 89, 90, 100, 103,
+      136, 140, 154, 195, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 216, 222, 230, 232,
+      245, 257, 258, 259, 263, 265.
+
+  Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 118.
+
+  Compo, Charles, 205.
+
+  Comyns, --, 217.
+
+  Confiscations, 159.
+
+  Confucius, 146.
+
+  Congregationalists, 133, 147, 238, 278.
+
+  Congress, 21, 65, 104, 105, 116, 121, 123, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136,
+      137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154,
+      155, 203, 204, 210, 215, 217, 220, 232, 243, 244, 246, 248, 252,
+      257, 260, 262, 266, 274.
+
+  _Congressional Globe_, cited, 129, 229, 234, 247.
+
+  Constitution, 64, 121, 215, 217, 250.
+
+  Conventions, 21, 32, 101, 113, 129, 175, 176, 177, 221, 254 (_see also_
+      Treaties).
+
+  Cook, Aaron, 205.
+
+  Coombs, E. N., 205.
+
+  Copeland, A., 205.
+
+  Corn, 213.
+
+  Coursen, --, 221.
+
+  Courts, 38, 39, 109, 113, 115, 116, 121, 128, 142, 198, 215, 221, 222,
+      223, 225, 228, 229, 240, 249, 250, 251, 252.
+
+  Cowenia, --, 128.
+
+  Cowlitz, 284.
+
+  Crawford, Medorum, 69, 205.
+
+  Creeks, 184.
+
+  Curry, George L., 243, 244, 249.
+
+
+  Dalles (Indians), 72, 73.
+
+  Dartmouth College, 74.
+
+  Davis, George, 205.
+
+  Davis, S., 205.
+
+  Deady, Judge Matthew P., 128, 162, 272, 273.
+
+  Debt, collection of, 252.
+
+  Deeds, land, 115, 118, 203, 205, 206-208, 217, 225.
+
+  De Haven, --, 128.
+
+  Donation Land Law, 101, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 123, 124, 128, 129,
+      137, 140-143, 145, 149, 150, 152, 154, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164,
+      247, 248, 251, 256.
+
+  Douglas, James, 39, 43, 44, 67, 75, 191, 195, 226, 227, 268, 270.
+
+  Dryad, (a ship), 51.
+
+  Dunn, --, _History of the Oregon Territory_, cited, 29, 36, 37, 266.
+
+
+  Edmunds, John, 205.
+
+  Edwards, --, 183.
+
+  Edwards, P. L. (teacher), 55, 73.
+
+  Ekin, Richard H., 205.
+
+  Elections, 244.
+
+  Elijah, an Indian, 37.
+
+  Ellice, E., 178.
+
+  England, 20, 25, 32, 36, 43, 103, 113, 125, 134, 167, 177, 239, 273.
+
+  English, 38, 125, 133, 182, 238, 253, (_see also_ British, England,
+      and Great Britain).
+
+  English Church, 98, 191.
+
+  Epidemics, 27, 60.
+
+  Epitaph, 158.
+
+  Epps, Captain --, 24.
+
+  Ermatinger, Frank, 274.
+
+  Evans, Elwood, _History of Pacific Northwest_, cited, 110, 116, 211.
+
+  Executions, 38, 40.
+
+  Expeditions, 43, 45-52, 54, 76, 77, 195, 227, 268.
+
+  Exports, 28, 29.
+
+
+  Fairfield (Ore.), 99.
+
+  Farmers, 199, 234.
+
+  Farms, 28, 41, 42, 81, 181, 194, 199, 213, 215, 217, 266.
+
+  Farnham, Thomas J. (traveler), 30.
+
+  Faulitz Plains, 191.
+
+  Figueroa, --, (governor of California), 51.
+
+  Fillmore, Millard, 141, 249.
+
+  Fitzgerald, James Edward, _The Hudson's Bay Company_, cited, 264-268,
+      269.
+
+  Flatheads (Indian tribe), 55, 112.
+
+  Flour, 117, 122 (_see also_ Wheat).
+
+  Force, James, 205.
+
+  Forest Creek (Ore.), 243.
+
+  Forts, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35.
+
+  Fowl, 43.
+
+  Fraser, Angelique, mother of McLoughlin, 23.
+
+  Fraser, Malcolm, 23.
+
+  Fraser, Samuel, M. D., 23.
+
+  Fraser, General --, 23.
+
+  Fraser Highlanders, 23.
+
+  Fremont, Col. John C., 77, 78, 227, 233.
+
+  French, 38, 182, 245 (_see also_ Canadians, French).
+
+  French Prairie (Ore.), 56, 102.
+
+  Freshets, 184.
+
+  Frost, Rev. J. H., 188, 269.
+
+  Fruit, 28.
+
+  Funds, misappropriation of, 187.
+
+  Furs, 20, 26, 29, 32, 35, 36, 42, 52.
+
+  Furtrade, 32, 33, 177, 178, 202.
+
+  Furtraders, 24, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 49 (_see also_ Trade and
+      commerce).
+
+
+  Gale, Joseph, 65.
+
+  Garden, 203.
+
+  Gary, Rev. George, 63, 109, 110, 222.
+
+  Gay, George, 210.
+
+  George (Fort), 20, 21, 27, 28.
+
+  Germany, 26.
+
+  Ghent, 20, 21.
+
+  Gibbs, Joseph, 205.
+
+  Gifts, 57, 59, 71, 73, 82, 138, 139, 141, 165.
+
+  Gilpin, Major W., 226, 227.
+
+  Girtman, Daniel, 205.
+
+  Gladstone Park, 106, 111.
+
+  Goats, 28.
+
+  Gordon, Captain --, 68, 91.
+
+  Governor's Island. _See_ Abernethy Island.
+
+  Grain, 28 (_see also_ Wheat).
+
+  Grants, 178, 179, 180, 205 (_see also_ Charters).
+
+  Gray, W. H., 54;
+    _History of Oregon_, cited, 66, 119, 205, 209, 210.
+
+  Great Britain, 19, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 39, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 90,
+      93, 95, 100, 101, 104, 112, 128, 141, 142, 156, 157, 164, 175,
+      176, 221, 250, 265. (_See also_ England).
+
+  Green River, 53.
+
+  Greenhow, --, _History of Oregon and California_, cited, 180.
+
+  Gregory XVI (pope), 161.
+
+  Griffin, J. S., 123.
+
+  Griffith, --, 191.
+
+  Grover, Gov. L. F., 158, 159.
+
+
+  Hall, --, 251.
+
+  Hall (Fort), 46, 47, 69, 129, 131, 229, 231, 233, 252, 258.
+
+  Hannah, --, 128.
+
+  Harvey, Daniel, 25, 160.
+
+  Harvey, James W. McLoughlin, (grandson of Dr. J. McLoughlin), 25, 63.
+
+  Hastings, --, 203, 205, 207, 209.
+
+  Hathaway, Felix, 114, 115, 134, 205, 235, 236, 239.
+
+  Hauxhurst, W., 205.
+
+  Hawaiian Islands, 28, 51, 212, 213, 222.
+
+  Hess, Joseph, 79.
+
+  Hill, David, 65.
+
+  Hill, Tom (a Shawnee Indian), 74.
+
+  Himes, George H., 272, 284.
+
+  Hines, Rev. Gustavus, 48, 205, 223;
+    _History of Oregon_, cited, 57, 59, 222.
+
+  Hines, Rev. H. K., D. D., 48, 55, 166-169, 187;
+    _Missionary history_, cited, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 106,
+      110, 111, 112, 113, 185, 186.
+
+  Hoaikaika (ship), 222, 223.
+
+  Hofstatter, John, 205.
+
+  Hogs, 28, 75, 76.
+
+  Holman, Daniel S., 70, 279-281.
+
+  Holman, Frederick V., preface, 15-17;
+    Dr. John McLoughlin, 19-172.
+
+  Holman, J., 205.
+
+  Holman, James D. (the author's father), 138, 241.
+
+  Holman, John (grandfather of the author), 70.
+
+  Holman, Joseph, 113, 114.
+
+  Holman, Woodford C., 138.
+
+  Honolulu (Hawaii), 222.
+
+  Hoover, John, 251, 252.
+
+  Horregon, Jer., 205.
+
+  Horses, 28, 51, 69, 77, 87, 159, 183, 194.
+
+  Howard, --, 221.
+
+  Howard, John, 205.
+
+  Howison, Lieut. Neil M., 135, 136.
+
+  Hubbard, T. J., 205.
+
+  Hudson Bay, 184.
+
+  Hudson's Bay Company, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35,
+      36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56,
+      57, 58, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 86, 90,
+      91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 104, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123,
+      124, 125, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 150, 155, 156, 157,
+      162, 167, 168, 176, 177, 178, 179, 185, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196,
+      197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 210, 212, 216, 220, 229, 230, 231,
+      232, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 248, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 266,
+      267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 284.
+
+  Hudspath, --, 237.
+
+  Humason, Orlando, 153.
+
+  Hunters, 191.
+
+
+  Idaho, 19, 46, 54.
+
+  Illinois (state), 113.
+
+  Immigrants, and immigration to Oregon, 15, 41, 61, 62, 64, 69-90, 91,
+      92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 105, 116, 129, 132, 136, 140, 148, 150, 151,
+      165, 169, 196, 197, 230, 232, 233, 248, 252, 253, 261, 263, 265,
+      269, 272, 273, 279, 280, 281, 284.
+
+  Independence (Mo.), 70, 87.
+
+  Indians, 24, 26, 27, 32, 35-41, 49, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72,
+      73, 74, 87, 88, 92, 95, 100, 103, 107, 112, 124, 132, 141, 156,
+      163, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 188, 192, 193, 196,
+      202, 230, 235, 238, 252, 256, 274, 275, 282, 283, 284.
+
+  Ireland, 22, 176, 250.
+
+  Irish, 133, 151, 182, 238.
+
+  Iroquois (Indians), 73.
+
+  Ithaca (N. Y.), 53.
+
+  Ivory, 63.
+
+
+  Jackson, -- (furtrader), 33.
+
+  Jackson, B. B., 153.
+
+  Japanese, 182.
+
+  Jesuitism, 234.
+
+  Jesuits, 61.
+
+  Jews, 146.
+
+  Johnson, W., 205.
+
+  Judges, 134, 162, 239, 244, 245, 250.
+
+  Judson, L. H., 205.
+
+
+  Kamouraska (parish in Canada), 22.
+
+  Kaministiquia River, 24.
+
+  Kelley, Hall J., 50, 51, 52.
+
+  Kelly, Col. --, 278.
+
+  Kentucky (state), 83.
+
+  Kilbourn, Captain W. K., 237.
+
+  Kincaid, H. R., _Biennial Report, of 1899_, cited, 228.
+
+  Klakamus Plains, 204.
+
+  Klakamus River, 200 (_see also_ Clackamas).
+
+  Kone, --, 187, 188.
+
+
+  Ladd & Co., 204.
+
+  La Framboise, Michel, 195, 197.
+
+  Lambert, Captain --, 182.
+
+  Lancaster, Columbus, 123, 245.
+
+  Land Claims, 68, 80, 88, 99, 101-114, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125,
+      127, 129, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146,
+      152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 200, 202, 205, 214, 218, 220, 222,
+      223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241,
+      242, 243, 245, 251, 253, 262, 272, 277, 278, 285.
+
+  Land laws, 119, 120, 123 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Lane, Gen. Joseph, 65, 235, 240, 242, 248.
+
+  Lapwai (Idaho), 54.
+
+  Lausanne (a ship), 48, 59, 61, 63, 103, 105, 113, 115, 186.
+
+  Lawson, J., 205.
+
+  Lawyer, 254.
+
+  LeBreton, George W., 205.
+
+  Lee, Rev. Daniel (missionary), 55, 59, 73, 102, 113, 114, 181, 183,
+      264, 269, 284.
+
+  Lee, Rev. Jason (missionary), 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66,
+      73, 102, 106, 110, 111, 112, 167, 180-185, 186, 187, 188, 189,
+      210, 212, 214, 219, 222, 223, 235, 236, 237.
+
+  Lee, Rev. William H. (son of Daniel), opinion of McLoughlin, 284, 285.
+
+  Leslie, Rev. David, 58, 108, 110, 224, 226, 227.
+
+  Lewis, Jr., S., 205.
+
+  Lewis, Reuben, 205.
+
+  Lewis and Clark Exposition, 16.
+
+  Lewiston (Idaho), 54.
+
+  Linn Bill, 104, 111, 261.
+
+  Linn, Senator --, 104, 111.
+
+  Linnton (Ore.), 75.
+
+  London, 21, 29, 36, 43, 46, 59, 63, 96, 112, 168, 175.
+
+  Los Angeles (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Lovejoy, A. Lawrence, 122, 226;
+    letter by, 218, 219.
+
+  Lucier, Etienne, 102, 103.
+
+  Lumber, 28, 117, 122 (_see also_ Timber).
+
+  Lyman, Horace, 278.
+
+  Lyman, Rev. Horace S., _History of Oregon_, 278, 279.
+
+  Lytle, --, 221.
+
+
+  McCarver, General --, 73.
+
+  McDougal, Duncan, 20.
+
+  McGillivray, S., 178.
+
+  McGillivray, W., 178.
+
+  McGruder, Theodore, 240.
+
+  McKarty, William, 205.
+
+  McKay, --, 181.
+
+  McKay, Alexander, 24, 285.
+
+  McKay, Dr. William C., 285.
+
+  McLoughlin, David (brother of Dr. McL.), 23, 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, David (son of Dr. McL.), 24, 25, 160.
+
+  McLoughlin, Eliza (daughter of Dr. J. McL.), 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, Eloisa (daughter of Dr. McL.), 24, 25, 160.
+
+  McLoughlin, John (father of following), 22.
+
+  McLoughlin, Dr. John: revered in Oregon, 15;
+    McLoughlin Day, 16;
+    life, 19-172;
+    illustrative documents on, 175-286;
+    genealogy and family, 22-25;
+    and the Oregon Country, 25-27;
+    treatment of Indians, 35-41;
+    letters, etc. by, 57, 149-152, 205, 206, 229-243 (_see also_
+      McLoughlin Document, and Deeds);
+    kindness and humanity of, 34, 36, 37, 45-48, 56, 57, 59, 72, 73,
+      75-83, 89, 100, 101, 106, 163, 164, 167-172, 181, 182, 184, 190,
+      197, 257-259, 272-286;
+    appellations, 91, 161, 168, 171, 282, 283;
+    persecuted, 122, 123, 152-158;
+    his land claims (_see_ Land Claims);
+    naturalized, 120-122;
+    answer to Thurston, 130-135.
+
+  McLoughlin, John (son of Dr. McL.), 24.
+
+  McLoughlin, Mrs. Dr. John, 285.
+
+  McLoughlin Day, 16, 196.
+
+  McLoughlin Document, cited, 41, 44, 48, 55, 71, 72, 82, 83, 103, 155,
+      156, 253.
+
+  McMinnville (Ore.), 280.
+
+  McNeil, Captain --, 239.
+
+  Magruder, Theodore, 122.
+
+  Marechell, --, 196, 197.
+
+  Marion County (Ore.), 102.
+
+  Martin, --, _Hudson Bay Territories_, cited, 180, 181.
+
+  Massachusetts (state), 45, 112.
+
+  Mazatlan (Mex.), 222.
+
+  May Dacre (a ship), 47, 57.
+
+  Meek, Joseph L., 123.
+
+  Melons, 181.
+
+  Memphremagog (Lake), 112, 113.
+
+  Methodists, 113, 116, 119, 133, 147, 238 (_see also_ Missionaries, and
+      Missions).
+
+  Mexican Government, 52.
+
+  Mexico, 222.
+
+  Mills, 28, 79, 103, 115, 116, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 134, 154,
+     193, 199, 200, 201, 214, 234, 240, 282.
+
+  Milner, Dr. --, 99.
+
+  Milwaukee (Ore.), 144, 262.
+
+  Mines, 123, 281.
+
+  Minto, John, 37, 79, 164.
+
+  Mirabel (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Missionaries, 38, 50, 56, 81, 100, 102, 112, 147, 148, 166, 167, 169,
+      180-185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 236, 272, 279, 285;
+    Catholic, 98, 100;
+    Congregational, 98;
+    Methodist, 52, 54-63, 65, 88, 98, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 115,
+      126, 147, 148, 187, 188, 212, 224, 258, 284;
+    Presbyterian, 52-54, 98 (_see also_ Missions).
+
+  Missionary Board, Report to, 185-189, 222.
+
+  Mission Church, 284.
+
+  Mission Party, 123, 138, 144, 145.
+
+  Missions (Catholic), 192.
+
+  Missions (Methodist), 64, 67, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114,
+      115, 116, 120, 123, 124, 127, 132, 146, 185, 187, 192, 193, 202,
+      210, 214, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 234, 235, 245.
+
+  Mississippi River, 84.
+
+  Missouri (state), 58, 70, 84, 87, 229.
+
+  Modeste (ship), 68.
+
+  Moffitt, J. W., 153.
+
+  Montana (state), 19, 20.
+
+  Monopolies, 44, 191, 216, 220.
+
+  Montreal, 20, 22, 264.
+
+  Morrison, J. L., 205.
+
+  Moss, S. W., 205.
+
+  Mount Hood, 171, 275, 277.
+
+  Mt. McLoughlin, 170, 171.
+
+  Mt. Pitt, 170.
+
+  Murders, 35, 40, 74.
+
+  Myrick, Mrs. Josiah, 25, 158.
+
+
+  Nesmith, Col. J. W., 41, 70, 71, 75, 123, 274.
+
+  Nesqually, 269.
+
+  Nevada (state), 19.
+
+  New England, 85, 100.
+
+  New England conference, 112.
+
+  New York (city), 63, 185, 186, 222.
+
+  _New York Herald_, cited, 75.
+
+  Nisqually Plains, 269.
+
+  North Fork, 184.
+
+  North Pacific Coast, 282.
+
+  Northwest Coast, 131, 201, 231, 275.
+
+  Northwest Fur Company, 20, 21, 22, 24, 95, 176, 177, 178, 264.
+
+  Nunnery, 238.
+
+  Nutall, -- (botanist), 49, 50.
+
+  Nye, Chauncey, 153.
+
+
+  Oak, 192.
+
+  Ohio (state), 113.
+
+  O'Neil, James A., 205.
+
+  O'Neill, --, 194.
+
+  Oregon (country, territory, and state), 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
+      25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48,
+      49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64-68, 69, 70,
+      71, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101,
+      103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124,
+      126, 129, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145,
+      148, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
+      169, 170, 171, 172, 176, 185, 187, 188, 190, 196, 197, 198, 199,
+      201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218, 221,
+      222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 238, 240, 250, 251,
+      252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266,
+      268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283, 284.
+
+  Oregon (ship), 195.
+
+  Oregon Bill, 223, 233 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon City (Ore.), 42, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 80, 82, 87, 91, 96, 101,
+      102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 123,
+      124, 125, 127, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 154,
+      155, 157, 159, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 219, 220,
+      222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 234, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245,
+      247, 272, 274, 278, 281, 282, 285.
+
+  Oregon City Claim, 124 (_see also_ Land claims).
+
+  Oregon Donation Law, 19 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon Historical Society, 16, 68, 75, 161, 180, 187, 212, 218, 223,
+      224, 226, 263, 284.
+
+  _Oregon House Journal_, cited, 153, 160.
+
+  _Oregonian_, cited, 196.
+
+  Oregon Land Bill, 132 (_see also_ Donation Land Law).
+
+  Oregon Legislature, 67, 133, 152, 153, 154, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170,
+      171, 277.
+
+  Oregon Milling Company, 108, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 127, 130, 200,
+      201.
+
+  Oregon Pioneer Association, 41, 61, 69, 71, 75, 79, 82, 162, 163, 164,
+      165, 212, 272, 274, 276, 277, 281.
+
+  Oregon Provisional Government, 39, 40, 64-68, 70, 88, 92, 93, 101,
+      109, 115, 119, 120, 138, 151, 237, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 276.
+
+  _Oregon Reports_, cited, 251.
+
+  _Oregon Senate Journal_, cited, 160.
+
+  _Oregon Spectator_, cited, 87, 124, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139, 145, 229,
+      243, 246, 256, 262, 272.
+
+  _Oregon Statesman_, cited, 262.
+
+  Oregon Supreme Court, 128.
+
+  Oregon Territorial Government, 19, 65, 138.
+
+  Oxen, 44, 57, 76, 87, 88, 168, 183 (_see also_ Cattle).
+
+
+  Pacific Coast and slope, 15, 273, 284.
+
+  Pacific Fur Company, 20, 24.
+
+  Pacific Ocean, 19, 45, 186, 279.
+
+  Pancott, Theodore, 205.
+
+  Paris (France), 24.
+
+  Park, Captain --, 68, 91.
+
+  Parker, Rev. Samuel (Missionary), 53.
+
+  Parliament, 32, 38, 177, 268.
+
+  Parrish, J. L., 62, 205.
+
+  Patents, 215.
+
+  Pawnee Mission, 58.
+
+  Peacock (ship), 194, 196.
+
+  Peel, Lieut. Wm., 68, 91.
+
+  Peel, Sir Robert, 68.
+
+  Penalties, 35-41, 42.
+
+  Pendleton (Ore.), 48, 166.
+
+  Pennoyer, Governor Sylvester, 165.
+
+  Peopeomoxmox (Indian Chief), 37.
+
+  Perkins, Rev. H. K. W., 210.
+
+  Pfeiffer, W. A., 205.
+
+  Philadelphia (Penn.), 186, 190.
+
+  Pillar Rock, 38.
+
+  Pine, 192.
+
+  Pineries, 112.
+
+  Pioneers, 15, 37, 67, 71, 77, 86, 91, 101, 137, 138, 139, 140, 148,
+      150, 158, 163, 164, 165, 170, 171, 172, 186, 270, 275, 281, 283,
+      284.
+
+  Pittman, Anna Maria, 58.
+
+  Platte River, 184.
+
+  Plows, 263.
+
+  Polk (County), 243.
+
+  Polk, James K., 21, 87, 100.
+
+  Pomeroy, Walter, 206, 210.
+
+  Porpoise (ship), 195.
+
+  Portage, 236.
+
+  Porter, J. M. (Secretary of War), 136.
+
+  Portland (Ore.), 16, 17, 25, 75, 158, 159, 162, 196, 209, 278, 281,
+      284, 285.
+
+  Portland General Electric Company, 102.
+
+  Potatoes, 28, 213.
+
+  Prairies, 193.
+
+  Presbyterians, 133, 146, 238.
+
+  Prices, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 77, 118, 201.
+
+  Priests, Catholic, 22, 61, 189, 191.
+
+  Protestants, 100, 133, 146, 147, 190, 238.
+
+  Puget's Island, 195.
+
+  Puget Sound, 68, 190, 269.
+
+
+  Quebec (city), 22, 283.
+
+
+  Raccoon (British sloop-of-war), 20.
+
+  Rae, William Glen, 24, 25, 69.
+
+  Rafts, 70 (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Rapids, 70, 102, 103, 114, 119, 136, 191, 200, 201, 202, 213, 224,
+      235, 236, 242.
+
+  Raymond, W. W., 224, 226.
+
+  Red River Settlement, 265, 269.
+
+  Rees, Hon. Willard H., 274, 278;
+    opinion of McLoughlin, 274-276.
+
+  Regiments, 23, 274.
+
+  Rekener, J., 205.
+
+  Remick, William C., 204, 205.
+
+  Revolution, Cromwellian, 100.
+
+  Richmond, Dr. --, 188.
+
+  Ricord, John (attorney), 107, 212-218, 220, 222, 223.
+
+  Riviere du Loup (a parish), 22.
+
+  Robb, J. R., 205.
+
+  Robertson, James, 83.
+
+  Rocky Mountains, 19, 20, 49, 53, 94, 97, 124, 162, 176, 177, 183, 185,
+      200, 210, 259, 261, 265, 272, 275, 276 (_see also_ Stony
+      Mountains).
+
+  Rogue River Indians, 274.
+
+  Rome (Italy), 161.
+
+  Roosevelt, Theodore, _Winning of the West_, cited, 84.
+
+  Roy, Charles, 205.
+
+  Russell, --, 251.
+
+  Russians, 201.
+
+
+  St. Gregory the Great, Knight of, 161.
+
+  St. Lawrence River, 22.
+
+  Salem (Ore.), 56, 111, 113, 115, 119, 138, 159, 163.
+
+  Salmon, 36, 43, 202.
+
+  Sand Island, 35.
+
+  Sandwich Islands, 29, 187, 189, 204, 220.
+
+  San Francisco (Cal.), 25, 69, 135.
+
+  Saratoga, battle of, 23.
+
+  Savages, 26 (_see also_ Indians).
+
+  Sawyer, --, 128.
+
+  Schoolhouses, 30.
+
+  Schools, 98, 99, 133, 192, 238 (_see also_ Seminary).
+
+  Scotch, 182, 190.
+
+  Scotland, 23, 24.
+
+  Scott, Harvey W., 279.
+
+  Seaside, 196, 197.
+
+  Seminary, 238 (_see also_ Schools).
+
+  Senate Document, 209.
+
+  Senators, 70, 158, 274.
+
+  Sevier, John, 83.
+
+  Seymour, Admiral --, 68, 91.
+
+  Shadden, Thomas J., 205.
+
+  Shark (ship), 135.
+
+  Shawnees (Indian tribe), 74.
+
+  Sheep, 28.
+
+  Shepard, Cyrus (teacher), 55.
+
+  Ships, 33, 35, 36, 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59, 61, 63, 68, 103, 105,
+      113, 115, 135, 181, 182, 183, 186, 194, 195, 196, 222, 223, 258,
+      267.
+
+  Shortess petition, 104, 116-119, 148, 175-209, 210, 212, 253, 254.
+
+  Shortess, Robert, 116, 119, 196, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 255.
+
+  Simpson, Sir George, 90, 96, 270.
+
+  Sitka (Alaska), 29.
+
+  Skinner, A. A., 122.
+
+  Slacum, --, 202.
+
+  Slocum, W. A., 28.
+
+  Smith, A. D., 205.
+
+  Smith, Jedediah S. (furtrader), 33, 35, 36, 38, 74.
+
+  Smith, Milton W., 209.
+
+  Snake country, 47.
+
+  Snake River, 27, 196.
+
+  Snelling, Vincent, letter to McLoughlin, 262-264.
+
+  Sonoma County (Cal.), 25.
+
+  Spalding, Mrs. Henry H., 54.
+
+  Spalding, Rev. Henry H., 54.
+
+  Spies, 91, 97.
+
+  Staats, Stephen, 82.
+
+  Stanstead (Canada), 112.
+
+  Stark, --, 222.
+
+  Starrs, --, 222.
+
+  _Statesman_, cited, 262.
+
+  Stikeen (Fort), 24.
+
+  Stony Mountains, 175, 176, 178, 180 (_see_ Rocky Mountains).
+
+  Straits of Juan de Fuca, 193.
+
+  Sublette, -- (furtrader), 33.
+
+  Sue, Eugene, 254.
+
+  Sumatra (a ship), 58.
+
+  Superior (lake), 24.
+
+  Surveyors, 224, 237, 251.
+
+  Sutton, William C., 119, 205, 210.
+
+  Sweet Water River, 185.
+
+
+  Taxes, 67.
+
+  Teachers, missionaries as, 193.
+
+  Tennessee (state), 83.
+
+  The Dalles, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 82, 91, 111, 197.
+
+  Thing, Captain --, 182
+
+  Thomas H. Perkins (American ship), 32, 194.
+
+  Thomas, Captain --, 36.
+
+  Thompson, L. S., 153.
+
+  Thornton, J. Quinn, 247, 248, 254;
+    _History of Provisional Government of Oregon_, cited, 61, 62, 276,
+      277.
+
+  Thurston (county), 170.
+
+  Thurston, Samuel R., 119, 121, 122, 123, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237,
+      238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 256, 261, 262, 263;
+    his letter, 123-140;
+    protests against him, 137-140;
+    acts approved, 139;
+    acts not endorsed, 140;
+    death, 144;
+    career and death, 144-146;
+    illtreats McLoughlin, 148, 149;
+    false statements by, 152, 161;
+    excerpts from speech, 210, 211, 246-256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262.
+
+  Timber, 201, 235, 236 (_see also_ Lumber).
+
+  Tolmie, Dr. F. W., 236.
+
+  Tongue Point (Ore.), 52.
+
+  Tonner, A., 205.
+
+  Tonquin (ship), 24, 285.
+
+  Town, --, 128.
+
+  Townsend, John K., _Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky
+      Mountains_, cited, 49, 50.
+
+  Trade and commerce, 95, 191, 192.
+
+  Trade licenses, 177, 178, 179, 180.
+
+  Traders, American, 33, 45-52, 81.
+
+  Trading act, 177.
+
+  Trading Companies, 95, 96, 176-179 (_see also_ Hudson's Bay Company,
+      and Northwest Fur Company).
+
+  Trading posts, 27, 28.
+
+  Trappers, 191.
+
+  Treaties, 19, 20, 21, 39, 68, 86, 87, 128, 129, 131, 141, 142, 216,
+      253, 254 (_see also_ Conventions).
+
+  Tualatin Plains, 203, 204, 210.
+
+  Turner, John, 205.
+
+  Turnham, Joel, 205.
+
+  Typhus fever, 285, 286.
+
+
+  Umpqua, 184.
+
+  Umpqua River, 34, 35, 36.
+
+  United States, 19, 20, 26, 28, 32, 33, 38, 39, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71,
+      72, 85, 88, 90, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113, 120, 121,
+      122, 123, 125, 128, 136, 143, 147, 148, 150, 151, 156, 157, 159,
+      164, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 189, 198, 201, 210,
+      215, 216, 220, 221, 225, 227, 232, 233, 235, 239, 240, 248, 250,
+      257, 260, 265, 266, 267, 274, 280, 282, 286.
+
+  United States Senate, 104, 105, 119, 120, 202, 260.
+
+  University of Oregon, 119, 141, 142, 143, 150, 160, 272, 278.
+
+
+  Vancouver Barracks, 28.
+
+  Vancouver (Fort), 24, 27-34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
+      50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77,
+      78, 79, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 110, 113, 152, 170, 171,
+      180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 190, 191, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202,
+      204, 206, 208, 236, 253, 255, 257, 258, 268, 275, 276, 281, 285.
+
+  Vancouver Island, 24.
+
+  Vancouver, Point, 28.
+
+  Varney, Captain --, 32.
+
+  Vavasour, Lieutenant and Captain --, 91, 94, 270.
+
+  Venison, 43.
+
+  Victor, Frances Fuller, 226, 270;
+    _The River of the West_, cited, 97, 110, 219, 227, 271.
+
+  Victoria (Queen of England), 131, 233, 250, 267.
+
+  Virginia (state), 84.
+
+
+  Waiilatpu (Wash.), 54.
+
+  Wait, Aaron E., 247, 248, 254.
+
+  Walahmette Valley, 78 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Walamet Valley, 269 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Walker, --, 55.
+
+  Wallace, --, 222.
+
+  Wallamatte River, 266 (_see_ Willamette River).
+
+  Wallamet Falls, 104, 163, 219 (_see_ Willamette Falls).
+
+  Wallamette River, 108, 115, 224 (_see_ Willamette River).
+
+  Wallamette Valley, 265, 284 (_see_ Willamette Valley).
+
+  Wallammette Falls Settlement, 213, 218 (_see_ Oregon City).
+
+  Walla Walla (Wash.), 54, 77.
+
+  Waller, Rev. Alvin F., 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 127,
+      191, 205, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,
+      225, 226, 227, 236, 237.
+
+  Wappatoo Island, 258.
+
+  Warehouses, 109, 202.
+
+  Warre, Captain --, 91, 270.
+
+  Wars: 67, 157, 164.
+    American Revolution, 20, 83;
+    War of 1812, 20, 84;
+    Indian, 27, 40, 84, 88, 145, 274, 277.
+
+  Washington, D. C. (city), 21, 86, 104, 119, 123, 130, 150, 211, 219,
+      222, 223, 234, 263, 276.
+
+  Washington (state), 19, 54, 170, 211.
+
+  Washougal (Wash.), 28.
+
+  Watt, Joseph, _Recollections_, cited, 79, 281-283.
+
+  Webster, Noah, 234.
+
+  Wesleyan Church, 112.
+
+  Wesleyan Missionary Society, 112, (_see also_ Missionaries, and
+      Missions).
+
+  _Western Star_, cited, 144, 262.
+
+  West, Middle, 84.
+
+  West Point (N. Y.), 227.
+
+  Westport (Mo.), 58.
+
+  Wheat, 28, 41, 42, 46, 49, 80, 118, 122, 200, 201, 202, 210, 232, 257,
+      258, 263, 268, 280.
+
+  White, Dr. Elijah (medical missionary), 58, 97, 104, 118, 136, 137,
+      226, 227.
+
+  Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 53, 54, 60, 73, 74, 167, 280.
+
+  Whitman, Mrs. Marcus, 54.
+
+  Whitman massacre, 27, 40, 74.
+
+  Wilbraham (Mass.), 112.
+
+  Wilkes, --, _Journal_, cited, 233.
+
+  Wilkes, Commodore Charles, 29, 266, 267, 268;
+      excerpts from his _Narrative_, 190-196.
+
+  Wilkes, George, _History of Oregon_, cited, 75.
+
+  Willamette, 130, 131, 205.
+
+  Willamette Falls, 106, 111, 114, 117, 119, 136, 200, 202, 219, 235.
+
+  Willamette Milling and Trading Companies, 141, 142.
+
+  Willamette River, 28, 49, 52, 75, 102, 107, 114, 136, 181, 182, 183,
+      185, 186, 192, 193, 199, 200, 230, 233, 236, 258, 286.
+
+  Willamette Valley, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 55, 64, 70, 77, 88, 89, 102,
+      103, 116, 136, 140, 191, 211, 232, 269.
+
+  William and Ann (ship), 35, 38.
+
+  William (Fort), 24, 47.
+
+  Williams, R., 205.
+
+  Willson, W. H., 205.
+
+  Wilson, Albert E., 116, 206, 208, 209, 211.
+
+  Wilson, E. C., 204.
+
+  Winthrop, Robert C., 144, 256, 258, 260.
+
+  Wrecks, 35, 45, 194, 196 (_see also_ Ships).
+
+  Wyeth, Captain Nathaniel J., 32, 45, 46, 47, 49, 54, 57, 117, 144,
+      181, 182, 183, 196, 199;
+    _Journal_ cited, 45, 46, 47, 48;
+    letters to, 256, 257, 260;
+    letters by, 257-259, 260, 261.
+
+  Wygant, Mrs. Theodore, 25.
+
+  Wyoming (state), 20.
+
+
+  Yakima (Indians), 274.
+
+  Yatten, Joseph, 205.
+
+  Yerba Buena, 25, 69 (_see_ San Francisco).
+
+  Young, Ewing, 50, 51, 52, 64, 204.
+
+  Young, Frederic G., 272, 279.
+
+
+
+
+  Early Western Travels
+
+  1748-1846
+
+  _A SERIES OF ANNOTATED REPRINTS_ of some of the best and rarest
+  contemporary volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and
+  Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West during the
+  Period of Early American Settlement.
+
+  COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES
+
+     1--=Weiser's= Journal of a Tour to the Ohio in 1748. =Croghan's=
+     Tours into the Western Country, 1750-1765. =Post's= Western
+     Tours, 1758-59. =Morris's= Journal relative to his Thrilling
+     Experiences on the Maumee in 1764.
+
+     2--=Long's= Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and
+     Trader, 1768-1782.
+
+     3--=Michaux= (Andre) Travels into Kentucky in 1795-96. =Michaux=
+     (F. A.) Travels to the West of the Alleghanies, 1802. =Harris's=
+     Tour into the Territory Northwest of the Alleghanies, 1803.
+
+     4--=Cuming's= Tour to the Western Country, etc., 1807-1809.
+
+     5--=Bradbury's= Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-1811.
+
+     6--=Brackenridge's= Voyage up the Missouri, 1811. =Franchere's=
+     Voyage to the N. W. Coast, 1811-1814.
+
+     7--=Ross's= Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon,
+     1810-13.
+
+     8--=Buttrick's= Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries, 1812-19.
+     =Evans's= Tour of 4000 miles through Western States and
+     Territories, 1818.
+
+     9--=Flint's= Letters from America, 1818-1820.
+
+     10--=Hulme's= Tour in the West (Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois),
+     1818. =Flower's= Letters from Lexington and Illinois, 1819.
+     =Flower's= Letters from Illinois, 1820-1821. =Woods's= Residence in
+     English Prairie, Illinois, 1820-1821.
+
+     11, 12--=Faux's= Tour to the United States, 1819-1820. =Welby's=
+     Visit to North America and Illinois, 1819-1820.
+
+     13--=Nuttall's= Travels into Arkansas Territory, 1819.
+
+     14, 15, 16, 17--=S. H. Long's= Expedition from Pittsburg to the
+     Rocky Mountains, 1819-1820.
+
+     18--=Pattie's= Personal Narrative of Expedition from St. Louis to
+     the Pacific, 1824-1827.
+
+     19, 20--=Ogden's= Tour through the Western Country, 1821-1823.
+     =Bullock's= Journey through Western States, 1827. =Gregg's=
+     Commerce of the Prairies, 1831-1839.
+
+     21--=Wyeth's= Journey from Atlantic to Pacific, 1832. =Townsend's=
+     Journey across the Rockies to Columbia River, 1834.
+
+     22, 23, 24, 25--=Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied's= Travels in
+     the Interior of North America with folio Atlas, 1843.
+
+     26, 27--=Flagg's= Far West, 1836-1837. =De Smet's= Letters and
+     Sketches. Residence among Indian Tribes, 1841-1842.
+
+     28, 29--=Farnham's= Travels in the Great Western Prairies, etc.,
+     1839. =De Smet's= Oregon Missions and Travels, 1845-1846.
+
+     30--=Palmer's= Travels over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-1846.
+
+     31--Index to the Series.
+
+  _Edited with Historical, Geographical, Ethnological, and
+  Bibliographical Notes, and Introductions and Index, by_
+
+  Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D.
+
+  With facsimiles of the original title-pages, maps, portraits, views,
+  etc. 31 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price, $4 net per
+  volume (except the Atlas, which is $15 net).
+
+  _An Elaborate Analytical Index to the Whole_
+
+  Almost all the rare originals are unindexed. In the present reprint
+  series, this immense mass of historical data will be made accessible
+  through one exhaustive analytical index.
+
+  EXTRACTS FROM A FEW OF THE REVIEWS
+
+     _AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW_: "The books are handsomely bound
+     and printed. The editing by Dr. Thwaites seems to have been
+     done with his customary care and knowledge. There is no want of
+     helpful annotations. =The books therefore are likely to be of
+     more real value than the early prints from which they are
+     taken.="
+
+     _THE OUTLOOK_: "Dr. Thwaites is the best possible editor who
+     could have been chosen for such a task."
+
+     "The student of society, as well as the historian, can profit
+     by the perusal of these travels;... they present, as is nowhere
+     else so well presented, the picture of society in the making in
+     the American back country."--FREDERICK J. TURNER in the _Dial_.
+
+     _THE NATION_: "Thoroughly interesting, as well as historically
+     valuable."
+
+  _Full descriptive circulars giving the contents of each volume may he
+  had on application._
+
+
+
+
+  DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF RECONSTRUCTION
+
+  Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial 1865
+  to the Present Time
+
+  SELECTED AND EDITED BY
+  WALTER L. FLEMING, Ph. D.
+  PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
+
+  _Printed on a specially made paper, illustrated with facsimiles, two
+  volumes, large 8vo, (about 900 pages), cloth, uncut, gilt tops. Price
+  per set, $10.00 net._
+
+  This work has been prepared in response to a demand on the part of
+  students and thoughtful readers for an adequate collection of
+  historical material which shall
+
+     1st. _Present the original sources, which alone give the true
+     contemporary conditions, and allow the reader to make his own
+     interpretation of the facts._
+
+     2nd. _Comprehend all phases of the progress and results of
+     Reconstruction, social and economic, as well as political._
+
+     3rd. _Exhibit not only the national aspects but also the local
+     conditions of Reconstruction, in all the States._
+
+  PROFESSOR FLEMING is recognized as one of the foremost authorities in
+  the country on the Reconstruction Period. The excellence of his
+  previous contributions on special topics in this field is sufficient
+  guarantee of the value of the present comprehensive work.
+
+     "It is certainly a most interesting and important
+     plan."--WOODROW WILSON.
+
+     "Every student ... will rejoice over this addition to his
+     facilities for intelligent appreciation of the great interests
+     involved in the sectional struggle of 1861-1865, and its
+     aftermath."--_Chicago Evening Post._
+
+     "I feel sure that your work will be of great interest and
+     benefit to the future historian."--THOMAS NELSON PAGE.
+
+  _Full descriptive circular and list of documents will be sent by the
+  publishers on application._
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+  Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+  Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.
+
+  Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
+  the original.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors in the original have been corrected as
+  follows:
+
+    Page  10: "Britian" changed to "Britain"
+    Page  25: "McLouglin" changed to "McLoughlin"
+    Page  68: "therefor" changed to "therefore"
+    Page 254: "is" changed to "his"
+    Page 295: "Memphregog" changed to "Memphremagog"
+
+  Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of
+Oregon, by Frederick Van Voorhies Holman
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN ***
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