initial commit of ebook 3566HEADmain

5 files changed, 2194 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/3566.txt b/3566.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7188685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3566.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2178 @@
+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Napoleon--1821, v16
+#16 in our series by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+#16 in our Napoleon Bonaparte series
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check
+the laws for your country before redistributing these files!!!!!
+
+Please take a look at the important information in this header.
+We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an
+electronic path open for the next readers.
+
+Please do not remove this.
+
+This should be the first thing seen when anyone opens the book.
+Do not change or edit it without written permission. The words
+are carefully chosen to provide users with the information they
+need about what they can legally do with the texts.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These Etexts Are Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and
+further information is included below, including for donations.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a 501(c)(3)
+organization with EIN [Employee Identification Number] 64-6221541
+
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, v16
+
+Author: Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
+Release Date: December, 2002  [Etext #3566]
+[Yes, we are about one year ahead of schedule]
+[The actual date this file first posted = 04/20/01]
+[Last modified date = 01/03/2003]
+
+Edition: 11
+
+Language: English
+
+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Memoirs of Napoleon, by Bourrienne, v16
+*********This file should be named 3566.txt or 3566.zip*********
+
+This etext was produced by David Widger
+
+Project Gutenberg Etexts are usually created from multiple editions,
+all of which are in the Public Domain in the United States, unless a
+copyright notice is included. Therefore, we usually do NOT keep any
+of these books in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our books one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to send us error messages even years after
+the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final until
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our sites at:
+https://gutenberg.org
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any Etext before announcement
+can surf to them as follows, and just download by date; this is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03
+or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03
+
+Or /etext02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. This
+projected audience is one hundred million readers. If our value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour this year as we release fifty new Etext
+files per month, or 500 more Etexts in 2000 for a total of 3000+
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+should reach over 300 billion Etexts given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext
+Files by December 31, 2001. [10,000 x 100,000,000 = 1 Trillion]
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+At our revised rates of production, we will reach only one-third
+of that goal by the end of 2001, or about 4,000 Etexts unless we
+manage to get some real funding.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of 10/28/01 contributions are only being solicited from people in:
+Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho,
+Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan,
+Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,
+New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
+Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont,
+Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming
+
+We have filed in about 45 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met,
+additions to this list will be made and fund raising
+will begin in the additional states. Please feel
+free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork
+to legally request donations in all 50 states. If
+your state is not listed and you would like to know
+if we have added it since the list you have, just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in
+states where we are not yet registered, we know
+of no prohibition against accepting donations
+from donors in these states who approach us with
+an offer to donate.
+
+
+International donations are accepted,
+but we don't know ANYTHING about how
+to make them tax-deductible, or
+even if they CAN be made deductible,
+and don't have the staff to handle it
+even if there are ways.
+
+All donations should be made to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a 501(c)(3)
+organization with EIN [Employee Identification Number] 64-6221541,
+and has been approved as a 501(c)(3) organization by the US Internal
+Revenue Service (IRS). Donations are tax-deductible to the maximum
+extent permitted by law. As the requirements for other states are met,
+additions to this list will be made and fund raising will begin in the
+additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+hart@pobox.com forwards to hart@prairienet.org and archive.org
+if your mail bounces from archive.org, I will still see it, if
+it bounces from prairienet.org, better resend later on. . . .
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+***
+
+
+Example command-line FTP session:
+
+ftp ftp.ibiblio.org
+login: anonymous
+password: your@login
+cd pub/docs/books/gutenberg
+cd etext90 through etext99 or etext00 through etext02, etc.
+dir [to see files]
+get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files]
+GET GUTINDEX.?? [to get a year's listing of books, e.g., GUTINDEX.99]
+GET GUTINDEX.ALL [to get a listing of ALL books]
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this etext if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+etext, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this etext on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etexts,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this etext
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other etext medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this etext from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this etext,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the etext,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     etext or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this etext in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The etext may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the etext (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          etext in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this header are copyright (C) 2001 by Michael S. Hart
+and may be reprinted only when these Etexts are free of all fees.]
+[Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be used in any sales
+of Project Gutenberg Etexts or other materials be they hardware or
+software or any other related product without express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.10/04/01*END*
+
+
+
+
+
+This etext was produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, at the end of several of the
+files for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making
+an entire meal of them.  D.W.]
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, VOLUME 16.
+
+By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+His Private Secretary
+
+Edited by R. W. Phipps
+Colonel, Late Royal Artillery
+
+1891
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+CHAPTER XIII. 1815-1821
+(Chapter XIV. and the Appendix have not been included)
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+     --[ This chapter; by the editor of the 1836 edition, is based upon
+     the 'Memorial', and O'Meara's and Antommarchi's works.]--
+
+
+1815-1821.
+
+     Voyage to St. Helena--Personal traits of the Emperor--Arrival at
+     James Town--Napoleon's temporary residence at The Briars--Removal to
+     Longwood--The daily routine there-The Campaign of Italy--The arrival
+     of Sir Hudson Lowe--Unpleasant relations between the Emperor and the
+     new Governor--Visitors at St. Helena--Captain Basil Hall's interview
+     with Napoleon--Anecdotes of the Emperor--Departure of Las Cases and
+     O'Meara--Arrivals from Europe--Physical habits of the Emperor--Dr.
+     Antommarchi--The Emperor's toilet--Creation of a new bishopric--
+     The Emperor's energy with the spade--His increasing illness--
+     Last days of Napoleon--His Death--Lying in state--Military funeral--
+     Marchand's account of the Emperor's last moments--Napoleon's last
+     bequests--The Watch of Rivoli.
+
+The closing scenes in the life of the great Emperor only now remain to be
+briefly touched upon.  In a previous chapter we have narrated the
+surrender of Napoleon, his voyage to England, and his transference from
+the Bellerophon to the Northumberland.  The latter vessel was in great
+confusion from the short notice at which she had sailed, and for the two
+first days the crew was employed in restoring order.  The space abaft the
+mizenmast contained a dining-room about ten feet broad, and extending the
+whole width of the ship, a saloon, and two cabins.  The Emperor occupied
+the cabin on the left; in which his camp-bedstead had been put up; that
+on the right was appropriated to the Admiral.  It was peremptorily
+enjoined that the saloon should be in common.  The form of the dining-
+table resembled that of the dining-room.  Napoleon sat with his back to
+the saloon; on his left sat Madame Bertrand, and on his right the
+Admiral, who, with Madame de Montholon, filled up one side of the table.
+Next that lady, but at the end of the table, was Captain Ross, who
+commanded the ship, and at the opposite end M. de Montholon; Madame
+Bertrand, and the Admiral's secretary.  The side of the table facing the
+Emperor was occupied by the Grand-Marshal, the Colonel of the field
+Regiment, Las Cases, and Gourgaud.  The Admiral invited one or two of the
+officers to dinner every day, and the band of the 53d, newly-formed,
+played during dinner-time.
+
+On the 10th of August the Northumberland cleared the Channel, and lost
+sight of land.  The course of the ship was shaped to cross the Bay of
+Biscay and double Cape Finisterre.  The wind was fair, though light, and
+the heat excessive.  Napoleon breakfasted in his own cabin at irregular
+hours.  He sent for one of his attendants every morning to know the
+distance run, the state of the wind, and other particulars connected with
+their progress.  He read a great deal, dressed towards four o'clock, and
+then came into the public saloon; here he played at chess with one of the
+party; at five o'clock the Admiral announced that dinner was on the
+table.  It is well known that Napoleon was scarcely ever more than
+fifteen minutes at dinner; here the two courses alone took up nearly an
+hour and a half.  This was a serious annoyance to him, though his
+features and manner always evinced perfect equanimity.  Neither the new
+system of cookery nor the quality of the dishes ever met with his
+censure.  He was waited on by two valets, who stood behind his chair.
+At first the Admiral was in the habit of offering several dishes to the
+Emperor, but the acknowledgment of the latter was expressed so coldly
+that the practice was given up.  The Admiral thenceforth only pointed out
+to the servants what was preferable.  Napoleon was generally silent, as
+if unacquainted with the language, though it was French.  If he spoke, it
+was to ask some technical or scientific question, or to address a few
+words to those whom the Admiral occasionally asked to dinner.
+
+The Emperor rose immediately after coffee had been handed round, and went
+on deck, followed by the Grand-Marshal and Las Cases.  This disconcerted
+Admiral Cockburn, who expressed his surprise to his officers; but Madame
+Bertrand, whose maternal language was English, replied with spirit, "Do
+not forget, sir, that your guest is a man who has governed a large
+portion of the world, and that kings once contended for the honour of
+being admitted to his table."--" Very true," rejoined the Admiral; and
+from that time he did his utmost to comply with Napoleon's habits.  He
+shortened the time of sitting at table, ordering coffee for Napoleon and
+those who accompanied him even before the rest of the company had
+finished their dinner.  The Emperor remained walking on deck till dark.
+On returning to the after-cabin he sat down to play vingt et un with some
+of his suite, and generally retired in about half an hour.  On the
+morning of the 15th of August all his suite asked permission to be
+admitted to his presence.  He was not aware of the cause of this visit;
+it was his birthday, which seemed to have altogether escaped his
+recollection.
+
+On the following day they doubled Cape Finisterre, and up to the 21st,
+passing off the Straits of Gibraltar, continued their course along the
+coast of Africa towards Madeira.  Napoleon commonly remained in his cabin
+the whole morning, and from the extreme heat he wore a very slight dress.
+He could not sleep well, and frequently rose in the night.  Reading was
+his chief occupation.  He often sent for Count Las Cases to translate
+whatever related to St. Helena or the countries by which they were
+sailing.  Napoleon used to start a subject of conversation; or revive
+that of some preceding day, and when he had taken eight or nine turns the
+whole length of the deck he would seat himself on the second gun from the
+gangway on the larboard side.  The midshipmen soon observed this habitual
+predilection, so that the cannon was thenceforth called the Emperor's
+gun.  It was here that Napoleon often conversed for hours together.
+
+On the 22d of August they came within sight of Madeira, and at night
+arrived off the port.  They stopped for a day or two to take in
+provisions.  Napoleon was indisposed.  A sudden gale arose and the air
+was filled with small particles of sand and the suffocating exhalations
+from the deserts of Africa.  On the evening of the 24th they got under
+weigh again, and progressed smoothly and rapidly.  The Emperor added to
+his amusements a game at piquet.  He was but an, indifferent chess-
+player, and there was no very good one on board.  He asked, jestingly,
+"How it was that he frequently beat those who beat better players than
+himself?"  Vingt et un was given up, as they played too high at it; and
+Napoleon had a great aversion to gaming.  One night a negro threw himself
+overboard to avoid a flogging, which occasioned a great noise and bustle.
+A young midshipman meeting Las Cases descending into the cabin, and
+thinking he was going to inform Napoleon, caught hold of his coat and in
+a tone of great concern exclaimed, "Ah sir, do not alarm the Emperor!
+Tell him the noise is owing to an accident!" In general the midshipmen
+behaved with marked respect and attention to Bonaparte, and often by
+signs or words directed the sailors to avoid incommoding him: He
+sometimes noticed this conduct, and remarked that youthful hearts were
+always prone to generous instincts.
+
+On the 1st of September they found themselves in the latitude of the Cape
+de Verd Islands.  Everything now promised a prosperous passage, but the
+time hung heavily.  Las Cases had undertaken to teach his son English,
+and the Emperor also expressed a wish to learn.  He, however, soon grew
+tired and laid it aside, nor was it resumed until long afterwards.  His
+manners and habits were always the same; he invariably appeared
+contented, patient, and good-humoured.  The Admiral gradually laid aside
+his reserve, and took an interest in his great captive.  He pointed out
+the danger incurred by coming on deck after dinner, owing to the damp of
+the evening: the Emperor, would then sometimes take his arm and prolong
+the conversation, talking sometimes on naval affairs, on the French
+resources in the south, and on the improvements he had contemplated in
+the ports and harbours of the Mediterranean, to all which the Admiral
+listened with deep attention.
+
+Meanwhile Napoleon observed that Las Cases was busily employed, and
+obtained a sight of his journal, with which he was not displeased.  He,
+however, noticed that some of the military details and anecdotes gave but
+a meagre idea of the subject of war: This first led to the proposal of
+his writing his own Memoirs.  At length the Emperor came to a
+determination, and on Saturday, the 9th of September he called his
+secretary into his cabin and dictated to him some particulars of the
+siege of Toulon.  On approaching the line they fell in with the trade-
+winds, that blow here constantly from the east.  On the 16th there was a
+considerable fall of rain, to the great joy of the sailors, who were in
+want of water.  The rain began to fall heavily just as the Emperor had
+got upon deck to take his afternoon walk.  But this did not disappoint
+him of his usual exercise; he merely called for his famous gray
+greatcoat, which the crew regarded with much interest.
+
+On the 23d of September they passed the line.  This was a day of great
+merriment and disorder among the crew: it was the ceremony which the
+English sailors call the "christening."  No one is spared; and the
+officers are generally more roughly handled than any one else.  The
+Admiral, who had previously amused himself by giving an alarming
+description of this ceremony, now very courteously exempted his guests
+from the inconvenience and ridicule attending it.  Napoleon was
+scrupulously respected through the whole of this Saturnalian festivity.
+On being informed of the decorum which had been observed with regard to
+him he ordered a hundred Napoleons to be presented to the grotesque-
+Neptune and his crew; which the Admiral opposed, perhaps from motives of
+prudence as well as politeness.
+
+Owing to the haste with which they had left England the painting of the
+ship had been only lately finished, and this circumstance confined
+Napoleon, whose sense of smell was very acute, to his room for two days.
+They were now, in the beginning of October, driven into the Gulf of
+Guinea, where they met a French vessel bound for the Isle of Bourbon.
+They spoke with the captain, who expressed his surprise and regret when
+he learnt that Napoleon was on board.  The wind was unfavourable, and the
+ship made little progress.  The sailors grumbled at the Admiral, who had
+gone out of the usual course.  At length they approached the termination
+of their voyage.  On the 14th of October the Admiral had informed them
+that he expected to come within sight of St. Helena that day.  They had
+scarcely risen from table when their ears were saluted with the cry of
+"land!"  This was within a quarter of an hour of the time that had been
+fixed on.  The Emperor went on the forecastle to see the island; but it
+was still hardly distinguishable.  At daybreak next morning they had a
+tolerably clear view of it
+
+At length, about seventy days after his departure from England, and a
+hundred and ten after quitting Paris, Napoleon reached St. Helena.  In
+the harbour were several vessels of the squadron which had separated from
+them, and which they thought they had left behind.  Napoleon, contrary to
+custom, dressed early and went upon deck: he went forward to the gangway
+to view the island.  He beheld a kind of village surrounded by numerous
+barren hills towering to the clouds.  Every platform, every aperture, the
+brow of every hill was planted with cannon.  The Emperor viewed the
+prospect through his glass.  His countenance underwent no change.  He
+soon left the deck; and sending for Las Cases, proceeded to his day's
+work.  The Admiral, who had gone ashore very early, returned about six
+much fatigued.  He had been walking over various parts of the island, and
+at length thought he had found a habitation that would suit his captives.
+The place stood in need of repairs, which might occupy two months.  His
+orders were not to let the French quit the vessel till a house should be
+prepared to receive them.  He, however, undertook, on his own
+responsibility, to set them on shore the next day.
+
+On the 16th, after dinner, Napoleon, accompanied by the Admiral and the
+Grand-Marshal, Bertrand, got into a boat to go ashore.  As he passed, the
+officers assembled on the quarter-deck, and the greater part of the crew
+on the gangways.  The Emperor, before he stepped into the boat, sent for
+the captain of the vessel, and took leave of him, desiring him at the
+same time to convey his thanks to the officers and crew.  These words
+appeared to produce the liveliest sensation in all by whom they were
+understood, or to whom they were interpreted.  The remainder of his suite
+landed about eight.  They found the Emperor in the apartments which had
+been assigned to him, a few minutes after he went upstairs to his
+chamber.  He was lodged in a sort of inn in James Town, which consists
+only, of one short street, or row of houses  built in a narrow valley
+between two rocky hills.
+
+The next day the Emperor, the Grand-Marshal, and the Admiral, riding out
+to visit Longwood, which had been chosen for the Emperor's residence, on
+their return saw a small villa, with a pavilion attached to it, about two
+miles from the town, the residence of Mr. Balcombe; a merchant of the
+island.  This spot pleased Napoleon, and the Admiral was of opinion that
+it would be better for him to remain here than to return to the town,
+where the sentinels at his door, with the crowds collected round it, in a
+manner confined him to his chamber.  The pavilion was a sort of summer-
+house on a pyramidal eminence, about thirty or forty paces from the
+house, where the family were accustomed to resort in fine weather: this
+was hired for the temporary abode of the Emperor, and he took possession
+of it immediately.  There was a carriage-road from the town, and the
+valley was in this part less rugged in its aspect.  Las Cases was soon
+sent for.  As be ascended the winding path leading to the pavilion he saw
+Napoleon standing at the threshold of the door.  His body was slightly
+bent, and his hands behind his back: he wore his usual plain and simple
+uniform and the well-known hat.  The Emperor was alone.  He took a fancy
+to walk a little; but there was no level ground on any side of the
+pavilion, which was surrounded by huge pieces of rock.  Taking the arm of
+his companion, however, he began to converse in a cheerful strain.  When
+Napoleon was about to retire to rest the servants found that one of the
+windows was open close to the bed: they barricaded it as well as they
+could, so as to exclude the air, to the effects of which the Emperor was
+very susceptible.  Las Cases ascended to an upper room.  The valets de
+chambres lay stretched in their cloaks across the threshold of the door.
+Such was the first night Napoleon passed at the Briars.
+
+An English officer was lodged with them in the house as their guard, and
+two non-commissioned officers were stationed near the house to watch
+their movements.  Napoleon the next day proceeded with his dictation,
+which occupied him for several hours, and then took a walk in the garden,
+where he was met by the two Misses Balcombe, lively girls about fourteen
+years of age, who presented him with flowers, and overwhelmed him with
+whimsical questions.  Napoleon was amused by their familiarity, to which
+he had been little accustomed.  "We have been to a masked ball," said he,
+when the young ladies had taken their leave.
+
+The next day a chicken was brought for breakfast, which the Emperor
+undertook to carve himself, and was surprised at his succeeding so well,
+it being a long time since he had done so much.  The coffee he considered
+so bad that on tasting it he thought himself poisoned, and sent it away.
+
+The mornings were passed in business; in the evening Napoleon sometimes
+strolled to the neighbouring villa, where the young ladies made him play
+at whist.  The Campaign of Italy was nearly finished, and Las Cases
+proposed that the other followers of Napoleon who were lodged in the town
+should come up every morning to assist in transcribing The Campaign of
+Egypt, the History of the Consulate, etc.  This suggestion pleased the
+ex-Emperor, so that from that time one or two of his suite came regularly
+every day to write to his dictation, and stayed to dinner.  A tent, sent
+by the Colonel of the 53d Regiment, was spread out so as to form a
+prolongation of the pavillion.  Their cook took up his abode at the
+Briars.  The table linen was taken from the trunks, the plate was set
+forth, and the first dinner after these new arrangements was a sort of
+fete.
+
+One day at dinner Napoleon, casting his eye on one of the dishes of his
+own campaign-service, on which the-arms of the King had been engraved,
+"How they have spoiled that!" he exclaimed; and he could not refrain from
+observing that the King was in great haste to take possession of the
+Imperial plate, which certainly did not belong to him.  Amongst the
+baggage was also a cabinet in which were a number of medallions, given
+him by the Pope and other potentates, some letters of Louis XVIII. which
+he had left behind him on his writing-table in the suddenness of his
+flight from the Tuileries on the 20th of March, and a number of other
+letters found in the portfolio of Dia Blacas intended to calumniate
+Napoleon.
+
+The Emperor never dressed until about four o'clock he then walked in the
+garden, which was particularly agreeable to him on account of its
+solitude--the English soldiers having been removed at Mr. Balcombe's
+request.  A little arbour was covered with canvas; and a chair and table
+placed in it, and here Napoleon dictated a great part of his Memoirs.
+In the evening, when he did not go out, he generally contrived to prolong
+the conversation till eleven or twelve o'clock.
+
+Thus time passed with little variety or interruption. The weather in the
+winter became delightful.  One day, his usual task being done; Napoleon
+strolled out towards the town, until he came within sight of the road and
+shipping.  On his return he met Mrs. Balcombe and a Mrs. Stuart, who was
+on her way back from Bombay to England. The Emperor conversed with her on
+the manners and customs of India, and on the inconveniences of a long
+voyage at sea, particularly to ladies.  He alluded to Scotland, Mrs.
+Stuart's native country, expatiated on the genius of Ossian, and
+congratulated his fair interlocutor on the preservation of her clear
+northern complexion.  While the parties were thus engaged some heavily
+burdened slaves passed near to them.  Mrs. Balcombe motioned them to make
+a detour; but Napoleon interposed, exclaiming, "Respect the burden,
+madam!"  As he said this the Scotch lady, who had been very eagerly
+scanning the features of Napoleon, whispered to her friend, "Heavens!
+what a character, and what an expression of countenance!  How different
+to the idea I had formed of him!"
+
+Napoleon shortly after repeated the same walk, and went into the house of
+Major Hudson.  This visit occasioned considerable alarm to the
+constituted authorities.
+
+The Governor gave a ball, to which the French were invited; and Las Cases
+about the same time rode over to Longwood to see what advance had been
+made in the preparations for their reception.  His report on his return
+was not very favourable.  They had now been six weeks at the Briars,
+during which Napoleon had been nearly as much confined as if on board the
+vessel.  His health began to be impaired by it.  Las Cases gave it as his
+opinion that the Emperor did not possess that constitution of iron which
+was usually ascribed to him; and that it was the strength of his mind,
+not of his body, that carried him through the labours of the field and of
+the cabinet.  In speaking on this subject Napoleon himself observed that.
+nature had endowed him with two peculiarities: one was the power of
+sleeping at any hour or in any place; the other, his being incapable of
+committing any excess either in eating or drinking: "If," said he, "I go
+the least beyond my mark my stomach instantly revolts."  He was subject
+to nausea from very slight causes, and to colds from any change of air.
+
+The prisoners removed to Longwood on the 10th of December 1815.  Napoleon
+invited Mr. Balcombe to breakfast with him that morning, and conversed
+with him in a very cheerful manner.  About two Admiral Cockburn was
+announced; he entered with an air of embarrassment.  In consequence of
+the restraints imposed upon him at the Briars, and the manner in which
+those of his suite residing in the town had been treated, Bonaparte had
+discontinued receiving the visits of the Admiral; yet on the present
+occasion he behaved towards him as though nothing had happened.  At
+length they left the Briars and set out for Longwood.  Napoleon rode the
+horse, a small, sprightly, and tolerably handsome animal, which had been
+brought for him from the Cape.  He wore his uniform of the Chasseurs of
+the Guard, and his graceful manner and handsome countenance were
+particularly remarked.  The Admiral was very attentive to him.  At the
+entrance of Longwood they found a guard under arms who rendered the
+prescribed honours to their illustrious captive.  His horse, unaccustomed
+to parades, and frightened by the roll of the dram, refused to pass the
+gate till spurred on by Napoleon, while a significant look passed among
+the escort.  The Admiral took great pains to point out the minutest
+details at Longwood.  He had himself superintended all the arrangements,
+among which was a bath-room.  Bonaparte was satisfied with everything,
+and the Admiral seemed highly pleased.  He had anticipated petulance and
+disdain, but Napoleon manifested perfect good-humour.
+
+The entrance to the house was through a room which had been just built to
+answer the double purpose of an ante-chamber and a dining-room.  This
+apartment led to the drawing-room; beyond this was a third room running
+in a cross direction and very dark.  This was intended to be the
+depository of the Emperor's maps and books, but it was afterwards
+converted into the dining-room.  The Emperor's chamber opened into this
+apartment on the right hand side, and was divided into two equal parts,
+forming a cabinet and sleeping-room; a little external gallery served for
+a bathing-room: Opposite the Emperor's chamber, at the other extremity of
+the building, were the apartments of Madame Montholon, her husband, and
+her son, afterward used as the Emperors library.  Detached from this part
+of the house was a little square room on the ground floor, contiguous to
+the kitchen, which was assigned to Las Cases. The windows and beds had no
+curtains.  The furniture was mean and scanty.  Bertrand and his family
+resided at a distance of two miles, at a place called Rut's Gate.
+General Gourgaud slept under a tent, as well as Mr. O'Meara, and the
+officer commanding the guard.  The house was surrounded by a garden.  In
+front, and separated by a tolerably deep ravine, was encamped the 53d
+Regiment, different parties of which were stationed on the neighbouring
+heights.
+
+The domestic establishment of the Emperor consisted of eleven persons.
+To the Grand-Marshal was confided the general superintendence; to M. de
+Montholon the domestic details; Las Cases was to take care of the
+furniture and property, and General Gourgaud to have the management of
+the stables.  These arrangements, however, produced discontent among
+Napoleon's attendants.  Las Cases admits that they were no longer the
+members of one family, each using his best efforts to promote the
+advantage of all.  They were far from practising that which necessity
+dictated.  He says also, "The Admiral has more than once, in the midst of
+our disputes with him, hastily exclaimed that the Emperor was decidedly
+the most good-natured, just, and reasonable of the whole set."
+
+On his first arrival he went to visit the barracks occupied by some
+Chinese living on the island, and a place called Longwood Farm.  He
+complained to Las Cases that they had been idle of late; but by degrees
+their hours and the employment of them became fixed and regular.  The
+Campaign of Italy being now finished, Napoleon corrected it, and dictated
+on other subjects.  This was their morning's work.  They dined between
+eight and nine, Madame Montholon being seated on Napoleon's right; Las
+Cases on his left, and Gourgaud, Montholon, and Las Cases' son sitting
+opposite.  The smell of the paint not being yet gone off, they remained
+not more than ten minutes at table, and the dessert was prepared in the
+adjoining apartment, where coffee was served up and conversation
+commenced.  Scenes were read from Moliere, Racine, and Voltaire; and
+regret was always expressed at their not having a copy of Corneille.
+They then played at 'reversis', which had been Bonaparte's favourite game
+in his youth.  The recollection was agreeable to him, and he thought he
+could amuse himself at it for any length of time, but was soon
+undeceived.  His aim was always to make the 'reversis', that is, to win
+every trick.  Character is displayed in the smallest incidents.
+
+Napoleon read a libel on himself, and contrasted the compliments which
+had passed between him and the Queen of Prussia with the brutal-
+behaviour ascribed to him in the English newspapers.  On the other hand,
+two common sailors had at different times, while he was at Longwood and
+at the Briars, in spite of orders and at all risks, made their way
+through the sentinels to gain a sight of Napoleon.  On seeing the
+interest they took in him he exclaimed, "This is fanaticism!  Yes,
+imagination rules the world!"
+
+The instructions of the English Ministers with regard to the treatment of
+Napoleon at St. Helena had been prepared with the view completely to
+secure his person.  An English officer was to be constantly at his table.
+This order, however, was not carried into effect.  An officer was also to
+accompany Napoleon in all his rides; this order was dispensed with within
+certain prescribed limits, because Napoleon had refused to ride at all on
+such conditions.  Almost everyday brought with it some new cause of
+uneasiness and complaint.  Sentinels were posted beneath Napoleon's
+windows and before his doors.  This order was, however, doubtless given
+to prevent his being annoyed by impertinent curiosity.  The French were
+certainly precluded from all free communication with the inhabitants of
+the island; but this precaution was of unquestionable necessity for the
+security of the Emperor's person.  Las Cases complains that the passwords
+were perpetually changed, so that they lived in constant perplexity and
+apprehension of being subjected to some unforeseen insult.  "Napoleon,"
+he continues, "addressed a complaint to the Admiral, which obtained for
+him no redress.  In the midst of these complaints the Admiral wished to
+introduce some ladies (who had arrived in the Doric) to Napoleon; but he
+declined, not approving this alternation of affronts and civilities."
+He, however, consented, at the request of their Colonel, to receive the
+officers of the 53d Regiment.  After this officer took his leave.
+Napoleon prolonged his walk in the garden.  He stopped awhile to look at
+a flower in one of the beds, and asked his companion if it was not a
+lily.  It was indeed a magnificent one.  The thought that he had in his
+mind was obvious.  He then spoke of the number of times he had been
+wounded; and said it had been thought he had never met with these
+accidents from his having kept them secret as much as possible.'
+
+It was near the end of December.  One day, after a walk and a tumble in
+the mud, Bonaparte returned and found a packet of English newspapers,
+which the Grand-Marshal translated to him.  This occupied him till late,
+and he forgot his dinner in discussing their contents.  After dinner had
+been served Las Cases wished to continue the translation, but Napoleon
+would not suffer him to proceed, from consideration for the weak state of
+his eyes.  "We must wait till to-morrow," said he.  A few days afterwards
+the Admiral came in person to visit him, and the interview was an
+agreeable one.  After some animated discussion it was arranged that
+Napoleon should henceforth ride freely about the island; that the officer
+should follow him only at a distance; and that visitors should be
+admitted to him, not with the permission of the Admiral as the Inspector
+of Longwood, but with that of the Grand-Marshal, who was to do the
+honours of the establishment.  These concessions were, however, soon
+recalled.  On the 30th of this month Piontkowsky, a Pole; who had been
+left behind, but whose entreaties prevailed upon the English Government,
+joined Bonaparte.  On New-Year's Day all their little party was collected
+together, and Napoleon, entering into the feelings of the occasion,
+begged that they might breakfast and pass it together.  Every day
+furnished some new trait of this kind.
+
+On the 14th of April 1816 Sir Hudson Lowe, the new Governor, arrived at
+St. Helena.  This epoch is important, as making the beginning of a
+continued series of accusations, and counter-accusations, by which the
+last five years of Napoleon's life were constantly occupied, to the great
+annoyance of himself and all connected with him, and possibly to the
+shortening of his own existence.
+
+It would be tedious to detail the progress of this petty war, but, as a
+subject which has formed so great a portion of the life of Napoleon, it
+must not be omitted.  To avoid anything which may appear like a bias
+against Napoleon, the details, unless when otherwise mentioned, will be
+derived from Las Cases, his devoted admirer.
+
+On the first visit of the new Governor; which was the 16th of April,
+Napoleon refused to admit him, because he himself was ill, and also
+because the Governor had not asked beforehand for an audience.  On the
+second visit the Governor, was admitted to an audience, and Napoleon
+seems to have taken a prejudice at first sight, as he remarked to his
+suite that the Governor was "hideous, and had a most ugly countenance,"
+though he allowed he ought not to judge too hastily.  The spirit of the
+party was shown by a remark made, that the first two days had been days
+of battle.
+
+The Governor saw Napoleon again on the 30th April, and the interview was
+stormy.  Napoleon argued with the Governor on the conduct of the Allies
+towards him, said they had no right to dispose of him, who was their
+equal and sometimes their master.  He then declaimed on the eternal
+disgrace the English had inflicted on themselves by sending him to St.
+Helena; they wished to kill him by a lingering death: their conduct was
+worse than that of the Calabrians in shooting Murat.  He talked of the
+cowardliness of suicide, complained of the small extent and horrid
+climate of St. Helena, and said it would be an act of kindness to deprive
+him of life at once.  Sir H. Lowe said that a house of wood, fitted up
+with every possible accommodation, was then on its way from England for
+his use.  Napoleon refused it at once, and exclaimed that it was not a
+house but an executioner and a coffin that he wanted; the house was a
+mockery, death would be a favour.  A few minutes after Napoleon took up
+some reports of the campaigns of 1814, which lay on the table, and asked
+Sir H. Lowe if he had written them.  Las Cases, after saying that the
+Governor replied in the affirmative, finishes his account of the
+interview, but according to O'Meara, Napoleon said they were full of
+folly and falsehood.  The Governor, with a much milder reply than most
+men would have given, retired, and Napoleon harangued upon the sinister
+expression of his countenance, abused him in the coarsest manner, and
+made his servant throw a cup of coffee out of the window because it had
+stood a moment on a table near the Governor.
+
+It was required that all persons who visited at Longwood or at Hut's Gate
+should make a report to the Governor, or to Sir Thomas Reade, of the
+conversations they had held with the French.  Several additional
+sentinels were posted around Longwood House and grounds.
+
+During some extremely wet and foggy weather Napoleon did not go out for
+several days.  Messengers and letters continually succeeded one another
+from Plantation House.  The Governor appeared anxious to see Napoleon,
+and was evidently distrustful, although the residents at Longwood were
+assured of his actual presence by the sound of his voice.  He had some
+communications with Count Bertrand on the necessity that one of his
+officers should see Napoleon daily.  He also went to Longwood frequently
+himself, and finally, after some difficulty, succeeded in obtaining an
+interview with Napoleon in his bedchamber, which lasted about a quarter
+of an hour.  Some days before he sent for Mr. O'Meara, asked a variety of
+questions concerning the captive, walked round the house several times
+and before the windows, measuring and laying down the plan of a new
+ditch, which he said he would have dug in order to prevent the cattle
+from trespassing.
+
+On the morning of the 5th of May Napoleon sent for his surgeon O'Meara to
+come to him.  He was introduced into Napoleon's bed-chamber, a
+description of which is thus given: "It was about fourteen feet by
+twelve, and ten or eleven feet in height.  The walls were lined with
+brown nankeen, bordered and edged with common green bordering paper, and
+destitute of skirting.  Two small windows without pulleys, one of which
+was thrown up and fastened by a piece of notched wood, looked towards the
+camp of the 53d Regiment.  There were window-curtains of white long-
+cloth, a small fire-place, a shabby grate and fire-irons to match, with a
+paltry mantelpiece of wood, painted white, upon which stood a small
+marble bust of his son.  Above the mantelpiece hung the portrait of Maria
+Louisa, and four or five of young Napoleon, one of which was embroidered
+by the hands of his mother.  A little more to the right hung also the
+portrait of the Empress Josephine; and to the left was suspended the
+alarm chamber-watch of Frederick the Great, obtained by Napoleon at
+Potsdam; while on the right the Consular watch, engraved with the cipher
+B, hung, by a chain of the plaited hair of Maria Louisa, from a pin stuck
+in the nankeen lining.  In the right-hand corner was placed the little
+plain iron camp-bedstead, with green silk curtains, on which its master
+had reposed on the fields of Marengo and Austerlitz.  Between the windows
+there was a chest of drawers, and a bookcase with green blinds stood on
+the left of the door leading to the next apartment.  Four or five cane-
+bottomed chairs painted green were standing here and there about the.
+room.  Before the back door there was a screen covered with nankeen, and
+between that and the fireplace an old-fashioned sofa covered with white
+long-cloth, on which Napoleon reclined, dressed in his white morning-
+gown, white loose trousers and stockings all in one, a chequered red
+handkerchief upon his head, and his shirt-collar open without a cravat.
+His sir was melancholy and troubled.  Before him stood a little round
+table, with some books, at the foot of which lay in confusion upon the
+carpet a heap of those which he had already perused, and at the opposite
+side of the sofa was suspended Isabey's portrait of the Empress Maria
+Louisa, holding her son in her arms.  In front of the fireplace stood Las
+Cases with his arms folded over his breast and some papers in one of his
+hands.  Of all the former magnificence of the once mighty Emperor of
+France nothing remained but a superb wash-hand-stand containing a silver
+basin and water-jug of the same metal, in the lefthand corner."  The
+object of Napoleon in sending for O'Meara on this occasion was to
+question him whether in their future intercourse he was to consider him
+in the light of a spy and a tool of the Governor or as his physician?
+The doctor gave a decided and satisfactory answer on this point.
+
+"During the short interview that this Governor had with me in my
+bedchamber, one of the first things he proposed was to send you away,"
+said Napoleon to O'Meara, "and that I should take his own surgeon in your
+place.  This he repeated, and so earnest was he to gain his object that,
+though I gave him a flat refusal, when he was going out he turned about
+and again proposed it."
+
+On the 11th a proclamation was issued by the Governor, "forbidding any
+persons on the island from sending letters to or receiving them from
+General Bonaparte or his suite, on pain of being immediately arrested and
+dealt with accordingly."  Nothing escaped the vigilance of Sir Hudson
+Lowe.  "The Governor," said Napoleon, "has just sent an invitation to
+Bertrand for General Bonaparte to come to Plantation House to meet Lady
+Moira.  I told Bertrand to return no answer to it.  If he really wanted
+me to see her he would have put Plantation House within the limits, but
+to send such an invitation, knowing I must go in charge of a guard if I
+wished to avail myself of it, was an insult."
+
+Soon after came the Declaration of the Allies and the Acts of Parliament
+authorising the detention of Napoleon Bonaparte as a prisoner of war and
+disturber of the peace of Europe.   Against the Bill, when brought into
+the House of Lords, there were two protests, those of Lord Holland and of
+the Duke of Sussex.  These official documents did not tend to soothe the
+temper or raise the spirits of the French to endure their captivity.
+
+In addition to the misery of his own captivity, Napoleon had to contend
+with the unmanageable humours of his own followers.  As often happens
+with men in such circumstances, they sometimes disagreed among
+themselves, and part of their petulance and ill-temper fell upon their
+Chief.  He took these little incidents deeply to heart.  On one occasion
+he said in bitterness, "I know that I am fallen; but to feel this among
+you!  I am aware that man is frequently unreasonable and susceptible of
+offence.  Thus, when I am mistrustful of myself I ask, should I have been
+treated so at the Tuileries?  This is my test."
+
+A great deal of pains has been taken by Napoleon's adherents and others
+to blacken the character of Sir Hudson Lowe, and to make it appear that
+his sole object was to harass Napoleon and to make his life miserable.
+Now, although it may be questioned whether Sir Hudson Lowe was the proper
+person to be placed in the delicate situation of guard over the fallen
+Emperor, there is no doubt that quarrels and complaints began long before
+that officer reached the island; and the character of those complaints
+will show that at best the prisoners were persons very difficult to
+satisfy.  Their detention at the Briars was one of the first causes of
+complaint.  It was stated that the Emperor was very ill there, that he
+was confined "in a cage" with no attendance, that his suite was kept from
+him, and that he was deprived of exercise.  A few pages farther in the
+journal of Las Cases we find the Emperor in good health, and as soon as
+it was announced that Longwood was ready to receive him, then it was
+urged that the gaolers wished to compel him to go against his will, that
+they desired to push their authority to the utmost, that the smell of the
+paint at Longwood was very disagreeable, etc.  Napoleon himself was quite
+ready to go, and seemed much vexed when Count Bertrand and General
+Gourgaud arrived from Longwood with the intelligence that the place was
+as yet uninhabitable.  His displeasure, however, was much more seriously
+excited by the appearance of Count Montholon with the information that
+all was ready at Longwood within a few minutes after receiving the
+contrary accounts from Bertrand and Gourgaud.  He probably perceived that
+he was trifled with by his attendants, who endeavoured to make him
+believe that which suited their own convenience.  We may also remark that
+the systematic opposition which was carried to such a great length
+against Sir Hudson Lowe had begun during the stay of Admiral Cockburn.
+His visits were refused; he was accused of caprice, arrogance, and
+impertinence, and he was nicknamed "the Shark" by Napoleon himself; his
+own calmness alone probably prevented more violent ebullitions.
+
+The wooden house arrived at last, and the Governor waited on Napoleon to
+consult with him how and where it should be erected.  Las Cases, who
+heard the dispute in an adjoining room, says that it was long and
+clamorous.
+
+He gives the details in Napoleon's own words, and we have here the
+advantage of comparing his statement with the account transmitted by Sir
+Hudson Lowe to the British Government, dated 17th May 1816.  The two
+accounts vary but little.  Napoleon admits that he was thrown quite out
+of temper, that he received the Governor with his stormy countenance,
+looked furiously at him, and made no reply to his information of the
+arrival of the house but by a significant look.  He told him that he
+wanted nothing, nor would receive anything at his hands; that he supposed
+he was to be put to death by poison or the sword; the poison would be
+difficult to administer, but he had the means of doing it with the sword.
+The sanctuary of his abode should not be violated, and the troops should
+not enter his house but by trampling on his corpse.  He then alluded to
+an invitation sent to him by Sir Hudson Lows to meet Lady Loudon at his
+house, and said there could not be an act of more refined cruelty than
+inviting him to his table by the title of "General," to make him an
+object of ridicule or amusement to his guests.  What right had he to call
+him "General" Bonaparte?  He would not be deprived of his dignity by him,
+nor by any one in the world.  He certainly should have condescended to
+visit Lady Loudon had she been within his limits, as he did not stand
+upon strict etiquette with a woman, but he should have deemed that he was
+conferring an honour upon her.  He would not consider himself a prisoner
+of war, but was placed in his present position by the most horrible
+breach of trust.  After a few more words he dismissed the Governor
+without once more alluding to the house which was the object of the
+visit.  The fate of this unfortunate house may be mentioned here.  It was
+erected after a great many disputes, but was unfortunately surrounded by
+a sunk fence and ornamental railing.  This was immediately connected in
+Napoleon's mind with the idea of a fortification; it was impossible to
+remove the impression that the ditch and palisade were intended to secure
+his person.  As soon as the objection was made known, Sir Hudson Lowe
+ordered the ground to be levelled and the rails taken away.  But before
+this was quite completed Napoleon's health was too much destroyed to
+permit his removal, and the house was never occupied.
+
+Napoleon seems to have felt that he had been too violent in his conduct.
+He admitted, when at table with his suite a few days after, that he had
+behaved very ill, and that in any other situation he should blush for
+what he had done.  "I could have wished, for his sake," he said, "to see
+him evince a little anger, or pull the door violently after him when he
+went away."  These few words let us into a good deal of Napoleon's
+character: he liked to intimidate, but his vehement language was received
+with a calmness and resolute forbearance to which he was quite
+unaccustomed, and he consequently grew more angry as his anger was less
+regarded.
+
+The specimens here given of the disputes with Sir Hudson Lowe may
+probably suffice: a great many more are furnished by Las Cases, O'Meara,
+and other partisans of Napoleon, and even they always make him the
+aggressor.  Napoleon himself in his cooler moments seemed to admit this;
+after the most violent quarrel with the Governor, that of the 18th of
+August 1816, which utterly put an end to anything like decent civility
+between the parties; he allowed that he had used the Governor very ill,
+that he repeatedly and purposely offended him, and that Sir Hudson Lowe
+had not in a single instance shown a want of respect, except perhaps that
+he retired too abruptly.
+
+Great complaints were made of the scanty way in which the table of the
+exiles was supplied; and it was again and again alleged by them that they
+had scarcely anything to eat.  The wine, too, was said to be execrable,
+so bad that in fact it could not be drunk; and, of such stuff as it was,
+only one bottle a day was allowed to each person--an allowance which Las
+Cases calls ridiculously small.  Thus pressed, but partly for effect,
+Napoleon resolved to dispose of his plate in monthly proportions; and as
+he knew that some East India captains had offered as much as a hundred
+guineas for a single plate, in order to preserve a memorial of him, he
+determined that what was sold should be broken up, the arms erased, and
+no trace left which could show that they had ever been his.  The only
+portions left uninjured were the little eagles with which some of the
+dish-covers were mounted.  These last fragments were objects of
+veneration for the attendants of Napoleon they were looked upon as
+relics, with a feeling at once melancholy and religious.  When the moment
+came for breaking up the plate Las Cases bears testimony to the painful
+emotions and real grief produced among the servants.  They could not,
+without the utmost reluctance, bring themselves to apply the hammer to
+those objects of their veneration.
+
+The island of St. Helena was regularly visited by East India ships on the
+return voyage, which touched there to take in water, and to leave
+gunpowder for the use of the garrison.  On such occasions there were
+always persons anxious to pay a visit to the renowned captive.  The
+regulation of those visits was calculated to protect Napoleon from being
+annoyed by the idle curiosity of strangers, to which he professed a great
+aversion.  Such persons as wished to wait upon him were, in the first
+place, obliged to apply to the Governor, by whom their names were
+forwarded to Count Bertrand.  This gentleman, as Grand-Marshal of the
+household, communicated the wishes of those persons to Napoleon, and in
+case of a favourable reply fixed the hour for an interview.
+
+Those visitors whom Napoleon admitted were chiefly persons of rank and
+distinction, travellers from distant countries, or men who had
+distinguished themselves in the scientific world, and who could
+communicate interesting information in exchange for the gratification
+they received.  Some of those persons who were admitted to interviews
+with him have published narratives of their conversation, and all agree
+in extolling the extreme grace, propriety, and appearance of benevolence
+manifested by Bonaparte while holding these levees.  His questions were
+always put with great tact, and on some subject with which the person
+interrogated was well acquainted, so as to induce him to bring forth any
+new or curious information of which he might be possessed.
+
+Captain Basil Hall, in August 1817, when in command of the Lyra, had an
+interview with the Emperor, of whom he says: "Bonaparte struck me as
+differing considerably from the pictures and busts' I had seen of him.
+His face and figure looked much broader and more square--larger, indeed,
+in every way than any representation I had met with.  His corpulency, at
+this time universally reported to be excessive, was by no means
+remarkable.  His flesh looked, on the contrary, firm and muscular.  There
+was not the least trace of colour in his cheeks; in fact his skin was
+more like marble than ordinary flesh.  Not the smallest trace of a
+wrinkle was discernible on his brow, nor an approach to a furrow on any
+part of his countenance.  His health and spirits, judging from
+appearances, were excellent, though at this period it was generally
+believed in England that he was fast sinking under a complication of
+diseases, and that his spirits were entirely gone.  His manner of
+speaking was rather slow than otherwise, and perfectly distinct; he
+waited with great patience and kindness for my answers to his questions,
+and a reference to Count Bertrand was necessary only once during the
+whole conversation.  The brilliant and sometimes dazzling expression of
+his eye could not be overlooked.  It was not, however, a permanent
+lustre, for it was only remarkable when he was excited by some point of
+particular interest.  It is impossible to imagine an expression of more
+entire mildness, I may almost call it of benignity and kindness, than
+that which played over his features during the whole interview.  If,
+therefore he were at this time out of health and in low spirits, his
+power of self-command must have been even more extraordinary than is
+generally supposed, for his whole deportment, his conversation, and the
+expression of his countenance indicated a frame in perfect health and a
+mind at ease."
+
+The manner assumed by Napoleon in the occasional interviews he had with
+such visitors was so very opposite to that which he constantly maintained
+towards the authorities in whose custody he was placed, that we can
+scarcely doubt he was acting a part in one of those situations.  It was
+suggested by Mr. Ellis that he either wished, by means of his continual
+complaints, to keep alive his interest in England, where he flattered
+himself there was a party favourable to him, or that his troubled mind
+found an occupation in the annoyance which he caused to the Governor.
+Every attempt at conciliation on the part of Sir Hudson Lowe furnished
+fresh causes for irritation.  He sent fowling-pieces to Longwood, and the
+thanks returned were a reply from Napoleon that it was an insult to send
+fowling-pieces where there was no game.  An invitation to a ball was
+resented vehemently, and descanted upon by the French party as a great
+offence.  Sir Hudson Lowe at one time sent a variety of clothes and other
+articles received from England which he imagined might be useful at
+Longwood.  Great offence was taken at this; they were treated, they said,
+like paupers; the articles, ought to have been left at the Governor's
+house, and a list sent respectfully to the household, stating that such
+things were at their command if they wanted them.
+
+An opinion has already been expressed that much of this annoyance was due
+to the offended pride of Napoleon's attendants, who were at first
+certainly far more captious than himself.  He admitted as much himself on
+one occasion in a conversation with O'Meara.  He said, "Las Cases
+certainly was greatly irritated against Sir Hudson, and contributed
+materially towards forming the impressions existing in my mind."  He
+attributed this to the sensitive mind of Las Cases, which he said was
+peculiarly alive to the ill-treatment Napoleon and himself had been
+subjected to.  Sir Hudson Lowe also felt this, and remarked, like Sir
+George Cockburn, on more than one occasion, that he always found Napoleon
+himself more reasonable than the persons about him.
+
+A fertile source of annoyance was the resolution of Napoleon not upon any
+terms to acknowledge himself a prisoner, and his refusal to submit to
+such regulations as would render his captivity less burdensome.  More
+than once the attendance of an officer was offered to be discontinued if
+he would allow himself to be seen once every day, and promise to take no
+means of escaping.  "If he were to give me the whole of the island," said
+Napoleon, "on condition that I would pledge my word not to attempt an
+escape, I would not accept it; because it would be equivalent to
+acknowledging myself a prisoner, although at the same time I would not
+make the attempt.  I am here by force, and not by right.  If I had been
+taken at Waterloo perhaps I might have had no hesitation in accepting it,
+although even in that case it would be contrary to the law of nations,
+as now there is no war.  If they were to offer me permission to reside in
+England on similar conditions I would refuse it."  The very idea of
+exhibiting himself to an officer every day, though but for a moment, was
+repelled with indignation.  He even kept loaded pistols to shoot any
+person who should attempt an intrusion on his privacy.  It is stated in a
+note in O'Meara's journal that "the Emperor was so firmly impressed with
+the idea that an attempt would be made forcibly to intrude on his
+privacy, that from a short time after the departure of Sir George
+Cockburn he always kept four or five pairs of loaded pistols and some
+swords in his apartment, with which he was determined to despatch the
+first who entered against his will."  It seems this practice was
+continued to his death.
+
+Napoleon continued to pass the mornings in dictating his Memoirs and the
+evenings in reading or conversation.  He grew fonder of Racine, but his
+favourite was Corneille.  He repeated that, had he lived in his time, he
+would have made him a prince.  He had a distaste to Voltaire, and found
+considerable fault with his dramas, perhaps justly, as conveying opinions
+rather than sentiments.  He criticised his Mahomet, and said he had made
+him merely an impostor and a tyrant, without representing him as a great
+man.  This was owing to Voltaire's religious and political antipathies;
+for those who are free from common prejudices acquire others of their own
+in their stead, to which they are equally bigoted, and which they bring
+forward on all occasions.  When the evening passed off in conversation
+without having recourse to books he considered it a point gained.
+
+Some one having asked the Emperor which was the greatest battle that he
+had fought, he replied it was difficult to answer that question without
+inquiring what was implied by the greatest battle.  "Mine," continued he,
+"cannot be judged of separately: they formed a portion of extensive
+plans.  They must therefore be estimated by their consequences.  The
+battle of Marengo, which was so long undecided, procured for us the
+command of all Italy.  Ulm annihilated a whole army; Jena laid the whole
+Prussian monarchy at our feet; Friedland opened the Russian empire to us;
+and Eckmuhl decided the fate of a war.  The battle of the Moskwa was that
+in which the greatest talent was displayed, and by which we obtained the
+fewest advantages.  Waterloo, where everything failed, would, had victory
+crowned our efforts, have saved France and given peace to Europe."
+
+Madame Montholon having inquired what troops he considered the best,
+"Those which are victorious, madam," replied the Emperor.  "But," added
+he, soldiers are capricious and inconstant, like you ladies.  The best
+troops were the Carthaginians under Hannibal, the Romans under the
+Scipios, the Macedonians under Alexander, and the Prussians under
+Frederick."  He thought, however, that the French soldiers were of all
+others those which could most easily be rendered the best, and preserved
+so.  With my complete guard of 40,000 or 50,000 men I would have
+undertaken to march through Europe.  It is perhaps possible to produce
+troops as good as those that composed my army of Italy and Austerlitz,
+but certainly none can ever surpass them."
+
+The anniversary of the battle of Waterloo produced a visible impression
+on the Emperor.  "Incomprehensible day!" said he, dejectedly;
+"concurrence of unheard-of fatalities!  Grouchy, Ney, D'Erlon--was there
+treachery or was it merely misfortune?  Alas!  poor France!"  Here he
+covered his eyes with his hands.  "And yet," said he, "all that human
+skill could do was accomplished!  All was not lost until the moment when
+all had succeeded."  A short time afterwards, resuming the subject, he
+exclaimed, "In that extraordinary campaign, thrice, in less than a week,
+I saw the certain triumph of France slip through my fingers.  Had it not
+been for a traitor I should have annihilated the enemy at the outset of
+the campaign.  I should have destroyed him at Ligny if my left wing had
+only done its duty.  I should have destroyed him again at Waterloo if my
+right had seconded me.  Singular defeat, by which, notwithstanding the
+most fatal catastrophe, the glory of the conquered has not suffered."
+
+We shall here give Napoleon's own opinion of the battle of Waterloo.
+"The plan of the battle," said he, "will not in the eyes of the
+historian reflect any credit on Lord Wellington as a general.  In the
+first place, he ought not to have given battle with the armies divided.
+They ought to have been united and encamped before the 15th.  In the
+next, the choice of ground was bad; because if he had been beaten he
+could not have retreated, as there was only one road leading through the
+forest in his rear.  He also committed a fault which might have proved
+the destruction of all his army, without its ever having commenced the
+campaign, or being drawn out in battle; he allowed himself to be
+surprised.  On the 15th I was at Charleroi, and had beaten the Prussians
+without his knowing anything about it.  I had gained forty-eight hours of
+manoeuvres upon him, which was a great object; and if some of my generals
+had shown that vigour and genius which they had displayed on other
+occasions, I should have taken his army in cantonments without ever
+fighting a battle.  But they were discouraged, and fancied that they saw
+an army of 100,000 men everywhere opposed to them.  I had not time enough
+myself to attend to the minutiae of the army.  I counted upon surprising
+and cutting Wellington up in detail.  I knew of Bulow's arrival at eleven
+o'clock, but I did not regard it.  I had still eighty chances out of a
+hundred in my favour.  Notwithstanding the great superiority of force
+against me I was convinced that I should obtain the victory, I had about
+70,000 men, of whom 15,000 were cavalry.  I had also 260 pieces of
+cannon; but my troops were so good that I esteemed them sufficient to
+beat 120,000.  Of all those troops, however, I only reckoned the English
+as being able to cope with my own.  The others I thought little of.
+I believe that of English there were from 35,000 to 40,000.  These I
+esteemed to be as brave and as good as my own troops; the English army
+was well known latterly on the Continent, and besides, your nation
+possesses courage and energy.  As to the Prussians, Belgians, and others,
+half the number of my troops, were sufficient to beat them.  I only left
+34,000 men to take care of the Prussians.  The chief causes of the loss
+of that battle were, first of all, Grouchy's great tardiness and neglect
+in executing his orders; next, the 'grenadiers a cheval' and the cavalry
+under General Guyot, which I had in reserve, and which were never to
+leave me, engaged without orders and without my knowledge; so that after
+the last charge, when the troops were beaten and the English cavalry
+advanced, I had not a single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them,
+instead of one which I esteemed to be equal to double their own number.
+In consequence of this the English attacked, succeeded, and all was lost.
+There was no means of rallying.  The youngest general would not have
+committed the fault of leaving an army entirely without reserve, which,
+however, occurred here, whether in consequence of treason or not I cannot
+say.  These were the two principal causes of the loss of the battle of
+Waterloo."
+
+"If Lord Wellington had intrenched himself," continued Napoleon, "I would
+not have attacked him.  As a general, his plan did not show talent.
+He certainly displayed great courage and obstinacy; but a little must
+be taken away even from that when you consider that he had no means of
+retreat, and that had he made the attempt not a man of his army would
+have escaped.  First, to the firmness and bravery of his troops, for the
+English fought with the greatest courage and obstinacy, he is principally
+indebted for the victory, and not to his own conduct as a general; and
+next, to the arrival of Blucher, to whom the victory is more to be
+attributed than to Wellington, and more credit is due as a general;
+because he, although beaten the day before, assembled his troops, and
+brought them into action in the evening.  I believe, however," continued
+Napoleon, "that Wellington is a man of great firmness.  The glory of such
+a victory is a great thing; but in the eye of the historian his military
+reputation will gain nothing by it."
+
+"I always had a high opinion of your seamen," said Napoleon one day to
+O'Meara, in a conversation arising out of the expedition to Algiers.
+"When I was returning from Holland along with the Empress Maria Louisa we
+stopped to rest at Givet.  During the night a violent storm of wind and
+rain came on, which swelled the Meuse so much that the bridge of boats
+over it was carried away.  I was very anxious to depart, and ordered all
+the boatmen in the place to be assembled that I might be enabled to cross
+the river.  They said that the waters were so high that it would be
+impossible to pass before two or three days.  I questioned some of them,
+and soon discovered that they were fresh-water seamen.  I then
+recollected that there were English prisoners in the barracks, and
+ordered that some of the oldest and best seamen among them should be
+brought before me to the banks of the river.  The waters were very high,
+and the current rapid and dangerous.  I asked them if they could join a
+number of boats together so that I might pass over.  They answered that
+it was possible, but hazardous.  I desired them to set about it
+instantly.  In the course of a few hours they succeeded in effecting what
+the others had pronounced to be impossible, and I crossed before the
+evening was over.  I ordered those who had worked at it to receive a sum
+of money each, a suit of clothes, and their liberty.  Marchand was with
+me at the time."
+
+In December 1816 Las Cases was compelled to leave St. Helena.  He had
+written a letter to Lucien Bonaparte, and entrusted it to a mulatto
+servant to be forwarded to Europe.  He was detected; and as he was thus
+endeavouring to carry on (contrary to the regulations of the island) a
+clandestine correspondence with Europe, Las Cases and his son were sent
+off, first to the Cape and then to England, where they were only allowed
+to land to be sent to Dover and shipped off to Ostend.
+
+Not long after their arrival at St. Helena, Madame Bertrand gave birth to
+a son, and when Napoleon went to visit her she said, "I have the honour
+of presenting to your Majesty the first French subject who has entered
+Longwood without the permission of Lord Bathurst."
+
+It has been generally supposed that Napoleon was a believer in the
+doctrine of predestination.  The following conversation with Las Cases
+clearly decides that point.  "Pray," said he, "am I not thought to be
+given to a belief in predestination?"--"Yes, Sire; at least by many
+people."--"Well, well! let them say what they please, one may sometimes
+be tempted to set a part, and it may occasionally be useful.  But what
+are men?  How much easier is it to occupy their attention and to strike
+their imaginations by absurdities than by rational ideas!  But can a man
+of sound sense listen for one moment to such a doctrine?  Either
+predestination admits the existence of free-will, or it rejects it.
+If it admits it, what kind of predetermined result can that be which a
+simple resolution, a step, a word, may alter or modify ad infinitum?
+If predestination, on the contrary, rejects the existence of free-will it
+is quite another question; in that case a child need only be thrown into
+its cradle as soon as it is born, there is no necessity for bestowing the
+least care upon it, for if it be irrevocably decreed that it is to live,
+it will grow though no food should be given to it.  You see that such a
+doctrine cannot be maintained; predestination is but a word without
+meaning.  The Turks themselves, the professors of predestination, are not
+convinced of the doctrine, for in that case medicine would not exist in
+Turkey, and a man residing in a third floor would not take the trouble of
+going down stairs, but would immediately throw himself out of the window.
+You see to what a string of absurdities that will lead?"
+
+The following traits are characteristic of the man.  In the common
+intercourse of life, and his familiar conversation, Napoleon mutilated
+the names most familiar to him, even French names; yet this would not
+have occurred on any public occasion.  He has been heard many times
+during his walks to repeat the celebrated speech of Augustus in
+Corneille's tragedy, and he has never missed saying, "Take a seat,
+Sylla," instead of Cinna.  He would frequently create names according to
+his fancy, and when he had once adopted them they remained fixed in his
+mind, although they were pronounced properly a hundred times a day in his
+hearing; but he would have been struck if others had used them as he had
+altered them.  It was the same thing with respect to orthography; in
+general he did not attend to it, yet if the copies which were made
+contained any faults of spelling he would have complained of it.  One day
+Napoleon said to Las Cases, "Your orthography is not correct, is it?"
+This question gave occasion to a sarcastic smile from a person who stood
+near, who thought it was meant to convey a reproach.  The Emperor, who
+saw this, continued, "At least I suppose it is not, for a man occupied
+with important public business, a minister, for instance, cannot and need
+not attend to orthography.  His ideas must flow faster than his hand can
+trace them, he has only time to dwell upon essentials; he must put words
+in letters, and phrases in words, and let the scribes make it out
+afterwards."  Napoleon indeed left a great deal for the copyists to do;
+he was their torment; his handwriting actually resembled hieroglyphics--
+he often could not decipher it himself.  Las Cases' son was one day
+reading to him a chapter of The Campaign of Italy; on a sudden he stopped
+short, unable to make out the writing.  "The little blockhead," said
+Napoleon, "cannot read his own handwriting."--" It is not mine, Sire."--
+"And whose, then?"--"Your Majesty's."--"How so, you little rogue; do you
+mean to insult me?"  The Emperor took the manuscript, tried a long while
+to read it, and at last threw it down, saying, "He is right; I cannot
+tell myself what is written."  He has often sent the copyists to Las
+Cases to read what he had himself been unable to decipher.
+
+We are now approaching the last melancholy epoch of Napoleon's life, when
+he first felt the ravages of that malady which finally put a period to
+his existence.  Occasional manifestations of its presence had been
+exhibited for some years, but his usual health always returned after
+every attack, and its fatal nature was not suspected, although Napoleon
+himself had several times said that he should die of a scirrhus in the
+pylorus, the disease which killed his father, and which the physicians of
+Montpelier declared would be hereditary in his family.  About the middle
+of the year 1818 it was observed that his health grew gradually worse,
+and it was thought proper by O'Meara to report to the Governor the state
+in which he was.  Even on these occasions Napoleon seized the opportunity
+for renewing his claim to the title of Emperor.  He insisted that the
+physician should not send any bulletin whatever unless he named him in it
+by his Imperial designation.  O'Meara explained that the instructions of
+his Government and the orders of Sir Hudson Lowe prohibited him from
+using the term; but it was in vain.  After some difficulty it was agreed
+upon that the word "patient" should be used instead of the title of
+General, which caused so much offence, and this substitution got rid of
+the difficulty.
+
+O'Meara afterwards proposed to call in the assistance of Dr. Baxter, the
+principal medical officer of the island, but this offer Napoleon refused
+at once, alleging that, although "it was true he looked like an honest
+man, he was too much attached to that hangman" (Lows), he also persisted
+in rejecting the aid of medicine, and determined to take no exercise out-
+of-doors as long as he should be subjected to the challenge of sentinels.
+To a representation that his determination might convert a curable to a
+fatal malady, he replied, "I shall at least have the consolation that my
+death will be an eternal dishonour to the English nation who sent me to
+this climate to die under the hands of .  .  ."
+
+An important incident in Napoleon's monotonous life was the removal of
+O'Meara, who had attended him as his physician from the time of his
+arrival on the island.  The removal of this gentleman, was occasioned by
+the suspicion of similar conduct to that which brought about the
+dismissal of Las Cases twenty months previously, namely, the carrying on
+secret correspondence with persons out of the island.  Napoleon
+complained bitterly of the loss of his medical attendant, though he had
+most assuredly very seldom attended to his advice, and repelled as an
+insult the proffered assistance of Dr. Baxter, insinuating that the
+Governor wished to have his life in his power.  Some time after Dr.
+Stokes, a naval surgeon, was called in, but withdrawn and eventually
+tried by court-martial for furnishing information to the French at
+Longwood.  After this Napoleon expressed his determination to admit no
+more visits from any English physician whatever, and Cardinal Fesch was
+requested by the British Ministry to select some physician of reputation
+in Italy who should be sent to St. Helena to attend on Napoleon.  The
+choice fell on Dr. Antommarchi, a young surgeon, who was accordingly sent
+to St. Helena in company with two Catholic priests, the Abbes Buonavita
+and Vignale, and two domestics, in compliance with the wish of Napoleon
+to that effect.  The party reached the island on 10th September 1819.
+
+On his first visit the Emperor overwhelmed Antommarchi with questions
+concerning his mother and family, the Princess Julie (wife of Joseph),
+and Las Cases, whom Antommarchi had seen in passing through Frankfort,
+expatiated with satisfaction on the retreat which he had at one time
+meditated in Corsica, entered into some discussions with the doctor on
+his profession, and then directed his attention to the details of his
+disorder.  While he examined the symptoms the Emperor continued his
+remarks.  They were sometimes serious, sometimes lively; kindness,
+indignation, gaiety, were expressed by turns in his words and in his
+countenance.  "Well, doctor!"  he exclaimed, "what is your opinion?  Am I
+to trouble much longer the digestion of Kings?"--"You will survive them,
+Sire."--" Aye, I believe you; they will not be able to subject to the ban
+of Europe the fame of our victories, it will traverse ages, it will.
+proclaim the conquerors and the conquered, those who were generous and
+those who were not so; posterity will judge, I do not dread its
+decision."--"This after-life belongs to you of right.  Your name will
+never be repeated with admiration without recalling those inglorious
+warriors so basely leagued against a single man.  But you are not near
+your end, you have yet a long career to run."--"No, Doctor!  I cannot
+hold out long under this frightful climate."--"Your excellent
+constitution is proof against its pernicious effects."--"It once did not
+yield to the strength of mind with which nature has endowed me, but the
+transition from a life of action to a complete seclusion has ruined all.
+I have grown fat, my energy is gone, the bow is unstrung."  Antommarchi
+did not try to combat an opinion but too well-founded, but diverted the
+conversation to another subject.  "I resign myself," said Napoleon, "to
+your direction.  Let medicine give the order, I submit to its decisions.
+I entrust my health to your care.  I owe you the detail of the habits I
+have acquired, of the affections to which I am subject.
+
+"The hours at which I obey the injunctions of nature are in general
+extremely irregular.  I sleep, I eat according to circumstances or the
+situation in which I am placed; my sleep is ordinarily sound and
+tranquil.  If pain or any accident interrupt it I jump out of bed, call
+for a light, walk, set to work, and fix my attention on some subject;
+sometimes I remain in the dark, change my apartment, lie down in another
+bed, or stretch myself on the sofa.  I rise at two, three, or four in the
+morning; I call for some one to keep me company, amuse myself with
+recollections or business, and wait for the return of day.  I go out as
+soon as dawn appears, take a stroll, and when the sun shows itself I
+reenter and go to bed again, where I remain a longer or shorter time,
+according as the day promises to turn out.  If it is bad, and I feel
+irritation and uneasiness, I have recourse to the method I have just
+mentioned.  I change my posture, pass from my bed to the sofa, from the
+sofa to the bed, seek and find a degree of freshness.  I do not describe
+to you my morning costume; it has nothing to do with the sufferings I
+endure, and besides, I do not wish to deprive you of the pleasure of your
+surprise when you see it.  These ingenious contrivances carry me on to
+nine or ten o'clock, sometimes later.  I then order the breakfast to be
+brought, which I take from time to time in my bath, but most frequently
+in the garden.  Either Bertrand or Montholon keep me company, often both
+of them.  Physicians have the right of regulating the table; it is proper
+that I should give you an account of mine.  Well, then, a basin of soup,
+two plates of meat, one of vegetables, a salad when I can take it,
+compose the whole service; half a bottle of claret; which I dilute with a
+good deal of water, serves me for drink; I drink a little of it pure
+towards the end of the repast.  Sometimes, when I feel fatigued, I
+substitute champagne for claret, it is a certain means of giving a fillip
+to the stomach."
+
+The doctor having expressed his surprise at Napoleon's temperance, he
+replied, "In my marches with the army of Italy I never failed to put into
+the bow of my saddle a bottle of wine, some bread, and a cold fowl.  This
+provision sufficed for the wants of the day,--I may even say that I often
+shared it with others.  I thus gained time.  I eat fast, masticate
+little, my meals do not consume my hours.  This is not what you will
+approve the  most, but in my present situation what signifies it?  I am
+attacked with a liver complaint,  a malady which is general in this
+horrible climate."
+
+Antommarchi, having gained his confidence, now became companion as well
+as physician to the Emperor, and sometimes read with him.  He eagerly
+turned over the newspapers when they arrived, and commented freely on
+their contents.  "It is amusing," he would say, "to see the sage measures
+resorted to by the Allies to make people forget my tyranny!"  On one
+occasion he felt more languid than ordinary, and lighting on the
+'Andromache' of Racine; he took up the book, began to read, but soon let
+it drop from his hands.  He had come to the famous passage where the
+mother describes her being allowed to see her son once a day.
+
+He was moved, covered his face with his hands, and, saying that he was
+too much affected, desired to be left alone.  He grew calmer, fell
+asleep, and when he awoke, desired Antommarchi to be called again.  He
+was getting ready to shave, and the doctor was curious to witness the
+operation.  He was in his shirt, his head uncovered, with two valets at
+his side, one holding the glass and a towel, the other the rest of the
+apparatus.  The Emperor spread the soap over one side of his face, put
+down the brush, wiped his hands and mouth, took a razor dipped in hot
+water and shaved the right side with singular dexterity.  "Is it done,
+Noverraz?"--"Yes, Sire."--"Well, then, face about.  Come, villain, quick,
+stand still."  The light fell on the left side, which, after applying the
+lather, he shaved in the same manner and with the same dexterity.  He
+drew his hand over his chin.  "Raise the glass.  Am I quite right?"--
+"Quite so."--"Not a hair has escaped me: what say you?"--"No, Sire,"
+replied the valet de chambre.  "No!  I think I perceive one.  Lift up the
+glass, place it in a better light.  How, rascal!  Flattery?  You deceive
+me at St. Helena?  On this rock?  You, too, are an accomplice."  With
+this he gave them both a box on the ear, laughed, and joked in the most
+pleasant manner possible.
+
+An almost incredible instance of the determination of the exiles to make
+as many enemies as they possibly could was exhibited to Antommarchi on
+his arrival at Longwood.  He states that before he was permitted to enter
+on his functions as surgeon he was required to take an oath that he would
+not communicate with the English, and that he would more especially avoid
+giving them the least information respecting the progress of Napoleon's
+disorder.  He was not allowed to see his illustrious patient until the
+oath was taken.  After exacting such an oath from his physician the
+attendants of Bonaparte had little right to complain, as they did, that
+the real state of his disorder was purposely concealed from the world by
+the English Government.  It is more than probable that the constant
+attempts observed to throw mystery and secrecy around them must have
+tended to create the suspicion of escape, and to increase the consequent
+rigour of the regulations maintained by the Governor.
+
+Soon after the arrival of the priests Napoleon determined, we may suppose
+partly in jest, to elevate one of them to the dignity of bishop, and he
+chose for a diocese the Jumna.  "The last box brought from Europe had
+been broken open," says Antommarchi; "it contained the vases and church
+ornaments.  "Stop," said Napoleon, "this is the property of St. Peter;
+have a care who touches it; send for the abbes--but talking of the abbes,
+do you know that the Cardinal [Fesch] is a poor creature?  He sends me
+missionaries and propagandists, as if I were a penitent, and as if a
+whole string of their Eminences had not always attended at my chapel.
+I will do what he ought to have done; I possess the right of investiture,
+and I shall use it."  Abbe Buonavita was just entering the room, "'I give
+you the episcopal mitre.'--'Sire!'--'I restore it to you; you shall wear
+it in spite of the heretics; they will not again take it from you.'--
+'But, Sire!'--'I cannot add to it so rich a benefice as that of Valencia,
+which Suchet had given you, but at any rate your see shall be secure from
+the chances of battles.  I appoint you Bishop of--let me see--of the
+Jumna.  The vast countries through which that river flows were on the
+point of entering into alliance with me--all was in readiness, all were
+going to march.  We were about to give the finishing blow to England."
+The speech concluded with an order to Count Montholon to procure the
+necessary dress for the abbe in order to strike with awe all the
+heretics.  The upshot of the whole was, that the scarlet and violet
+coloured clothes necessary to furnish the new bishop with the only
+valuable portion of his temporalities, his dress, could not be procured
+in the island, and the abbe remained an abbe in spite of the investiture,
+and the whole farce was forgotten.
+
+We occasionally see the Exile in better moods, when he listened to the
+voice of reason, and thought less of the annoyances inseparable from the
+state to which his ambition, or as he himself always averred, his
+destiny, had reduced him.  He had for a long time debarred himself from
+all exercise, having, as he expressed it, determined not to expose
+himself to the insult of being accompanied on his ride by a British
+officer; or the possibility of being challenged by a sentinel.  One day
+when he complained of his inactive life his medical attendant recommended
+the exercise of digging the ground; the idea was instantly seized upon by
+Napoleon with his characteristic ardour.  Noverraz, his chasseur, who had
+been formerly accustomed to rural occupations, was honoured with the
+title of head gardener, and under his directions Napoleon proceeded to
+work with great vigour.  He sent for Antommarchi to witness his newly
+acquired dexterity in the use of the spade.  "Well, Doctor," said he to
+him, "are you satisfied with your patient--is he obedient enough?  This
+is better than your pills, Dottoraccio; you shall not physic me any
+more."  At first he soon got fatigued, and complained much of the
+weakness of his body and delicacy of his hands; but "never mind," said
+he, "I have always accustomed my body to bend to my will, and I shall
+bring it to do so now, and inure it to the exercise."  He soon grew fond
+of his new employment, and pressed all the inhabitants of Longwood into
+the service.  Even the ladies had great difficulty to avoid being set to
+work.  He laughed at them, urged them, entreated them, and used all his
+arts of persuasion, particularly with Madame Bertrand.  He assured her
+that the exercise of gardening was much better than all the doctor's
+prescriptions--that it was in fact one of his prescriptions.  But in this
+instance his eloquence failed in its effect, and he was obliged, though
+with much reluctance, to desist from his attempts to make lady gardeners.
+
+But in recompense he had willing labourers on the part of the gentlemen.
+Antommarchi says, "The Emperor urged us, excited us, and everything
+around us soon assumed a different aspect.  Here was an excavation, there
+a basin or a road.  We made alleys, grottoes, cascades; the appearance of
+the ground had now some life and diversity.  We planted willows, oaks,
+peach-trees, to give a little shade round the house.  Having completed
+the ornamental part of our labours we turned to the useful.  We divided
+the ground, we manured it, and sowed it with abundance of beans, peas,
+and every vegetable that grows in the island."  In the course of their
+labours they found that a tank would be of great use to hold water, which
+might be brought by pipes from a spring at a distance of 3000 feet.
+
+For this laborious attempt it was absolutely necessary to procure
+additional forces, and a party of Chinese, of whom there are many on the
+island, was engaged to help them.  These people were much amused at
+Napoleon's working-dress, which was a jacket and large trousers, with an
+enormous straw hat to shield him from the sun, and sandals.  He pitied
+those poor fellows who suffered from the heat of the sun, and made each
+of them a present of a large hat like his own.  After much exertion the
+basin was finished, the pipes laid, and the water began to flow into it.
+Napoleon stocked his pond with gold-fish, which he placed in it with his
+own hands.  He would remain by the pond for hours together, at a time
+when he was so weak that he could hardly support himself.  He would amuse
+himself by following the motion of the fishes, throwing bread to them,
+studying their ways, taking an interest in their loves and their
+quarrels, and endeavouring with anxiety to find out points of resemblance
+between their motives and those of mankind.  He often sent for his
+attendants to communicate his remarks to them, and directed their
+observations to any peculiarities he had observed.  His favourites at
+last sickened, they struggled, floated on the water, and died one after
+another.  He was deeply affected by this, and remarked to Antommarchi,
+"You see very well that there is a fatality attached to me.  Everything I
+love, everything that belongs to me, is immediately struck: heaven and
+mankind unite to persecute me."  From this time he visited them daily in
+spite of sickness or bad weather, nor did his anxiety diminish until it
+was discovered that a coppery cement, with which the bottom of the basin
+was plastered, had poisoned the water.  The fish which were not yet dead
+were then taken out and put into a tub.
+
+Napoleon appears to have taken peculiar interest in observing the
+instincts of animals, and comparing their practices and propensities with
+those of men.  A rainy day, during which the digging of the tank could
+not be proceeded with, gave occasion for some observations on the actions
+of a number of ants, which had made a way into his bedroom, climbed upon
+a table on which some sugar usually stood, and taken possession of the
+sugar-basin.  He would not allow the industrious little insects to be
+disturbed in their plans; but he now and then moved the sugar, followed
+their manoeuvres, and admired the activity and industry they displayed
+until they found it again; this they had been sometimes even two or three
+days in effecting, though they always succeeded at last.  He then
+surrounded the basin with water, but the ants still reached it; he
+finally employed vinegar, and the insects were unable to get through the
+new obstacle.
+
+But the slight activity of mind that now remained to him was soon to be
+exchanged for the languor and gloom of sickness, with but few intervals
+between positive suffering and the most distressing lowness of spirits.
+Towards the end of the year 1820 he walked with difficulty, and required
+assistance even to reach a chair in his garden.  He became nearly
+incapable of the slightest action; his legs swelled; the pains in his
+side and back were increased; he was troubled with nausea, profuse
+sweats, loss of appetite, and was subject to frequent faintings.  "Here
+I am, Doctor," said he one day, "at my last cast.  No more energy and
+strength left: I bend under the load .  .  .  .  I am going.  I feel that
+my hour is come."
+
+Some days after, as he lay on his couch, he feelingly expressed to
+Antommarchi the vast change which had taken place within him.  He
+recalled for a few moments the vivid recollection of past times, and
+compared his former energy with the weakness which he was then sinking
+under.
+
+The news of the death of his sister Elisa also affected him deeply.
+After a struggle with his feelings, which had nearly overpowered him, he
+rose, supported himself on Antommarchi's arm; and regarding him
+steadfastly, said, "Well, Doctor!  you see Elisa has just shown me the
+way.  Death, which seemed to have forgotten my family, has begun to
+strike it; my turn cannot be far off.  What think you?"--"Your Majesty is
+in no danger: you are still reserved for some glorious enterprise."--
+"Ah, Doctor!  I have neither strength nor activity nor energy; I am no
+longer Napoleon.  You strive in vain to give me hopes, to recall life
+ready to expire.  Your care can do nothing in spite of fate: it is
+immovable: there is no appeal from its decisions.  The next person of our
+family who will follow Elisa to the tomb is that great Napoleon who
+hardly exists, who bends under the yoke, and who still, nevertheless
+keeps Europe in alarm.  Behold, my good friend, how I look on my
+situation!  As for me, all is over: I repeat it to you, my days will soon
+close on this miserable rock."--"We returned," says Antommarchi, "into
+his chamber.  Napoleon lay down' in bed.  'Close my windows,' he said;
+leave me to myself; I will send for you by-and-by.  What a delightful
+thing rest is!  I would not exchange it for all the thrones in the world!
+What an alteration!  How I am fallen!  I, whose activity was boundless,
+whose mind never slumbered, am now plunged into a lethargic stupor, so
+that it requires an effort even to raise my eyelids.  I sometimes
+dictated to four or five secretaries, who wrote as fast as words could be
+uttered, but then I was NAPOLEON--now I am no longer anything.  My
+strength--my faculties forsake me.  I do not live--I merely exist.'"
+
+From this period the existence of Napoleon was evidently drawing to a
+close his days were counted.  Whole hours, and even days, were either
+passed in gloomy silence or spent in pain, accompanied by distressing
+coughs, and all the melancholy signs of the approach of death.  He made a
+last effort to ride a few miles round Longwood on the 22d of January
+1821, but it exhausted his strength, and from that time his only exercise
+was in the calash.  Even that slight motion soon became too fatiguing.
+
+He now kept his room, and no longer stirred out.  His disorder and his
+weakness increased upon him.  He still was able to eat something, but
+very little, and with a worse appetite than ever.  "Ah!  doctor," he
+exclaimed, "how I suffer!  Why did the cannon-balls spare me only to die
+in this deplorable manner?  I that was so active, so alert, can now
+scarcely raise my eyelids!"
+
+His last airing was on the 17th of March.  The disease increased, and
+Antommarchi, who was much alarmed, obtained with some difficulty
+permission to see an English physician.  He held a consultation, on the
+26th of March, with Dr. Arnott of the 20th Regiment; but Napoleon still
+refused to take medicine, and often repeated his favourite saying:
+"Everything that must happen is written down our hour is marked, and it
+is not in our power to take from time a portion which nature refuses us."
+He continued to grow worse, and at last consented to see Dr. Arnott,
+whose first visit was on the 1st of April He was introduced into the
+chamber of the patient, which was darkened, and into which Napoleon did
+not suffer any light to be brought, examined his pulse and the other
+symptoms, and was requested to repeat his visit the next day.  Napoleon
+was now within a month of his death, and although he occasionally spoke
+with the eloquence and vehemence he had so often exhibited, his mind was
+evidently giving way.  The reported appearance of a comet was taken as a
+token of his death.  He was excited, and exclaimed with emotion,
+"A comet! that was the precursor of the death of Caesar."
+
+On the 3d of April the symptoms of the disorder had become so alarming
+that Antommarchi informed Bertrand and Montholon he thought Napoleon's
+danger imminent, and that Napoleon ought to take steps to put his affairs
+in order.  He was now attacked by fever and by violent thirst, which
+often interrupted his sleep in the night.  On the 14th Napoleon found
+himself in better spirits, and talked with Dr. Arnott on the merits of
+Marlborough, whose Campaigns he desired him to present to the 20th
+Regiment,  learning that they did not, possess a copy in their library.
+
+On the 15th of April Napoleon's doors were closed to all but Montholon
+and Marchand, and it appeared that he had been making his Will.  On the
+19th he was better, was free from pain, sat up, and ate a little.  He was
+in good spirits, and wished them to read to him.  As General Montholon
+with the others expressed his satisfaction at this improvement he smiled
+gently, and said, "You deceive yourselves, my friends: I am, it is true,
+somewhat better, but I feel no less that my end draws near.  When I am
+dead you will have the agreeable consolation of returning to Europe.  One
+will meet his relations, another his friends; and as for me, I shall
+behold my brave companions-in-arms in the Elysian Fields.  Yes," he went
+on, raising his voice, "Kleber, Desaix, Bessieres, Duroc, Ney, Murat,
+Massena, Berthier, all will come to greet me: they will talk to me of
+what we have done together.  I will recount to them the latest events of
+my life.  On seeing me they will become once more intoxicated with
+enthusiasm and glory.  We will discourse of our wars with the Scipios,
+Hannibal, Caesar, and Frederick--there will be a satisfaction in that:
+unless," he added, laughing bitterly, "they should be alarmed below to
+see so many warriors assembled together!"
+
+He addressed Dr. Arnott, who came in while he was speaking, on the
+treatment he had received from England said that she had violated every
+sacred right in making him prisoner, that he should have been much better
+treated in Russia, Austria, or even Prussia; that he was sent to the
+horrible rock of St. Helena on purpose to die; that he had been purposely
+placed on the most uninhabitable spot of that inhospitable island, and
+kept six years a close prisoner, and that Sir Hudson Lowe was his
+executioner.  He concluded with these words: "You will end like the proud
+republic of Venice; and I, dying upon this dreary rock, away from those I
+hold dear, and deprived of everything, bequeath the opprobrium and horror
+of my death to the reigning family of England."
+
+On the 21st Napoleon gave directions to the priest who was in attendance
+as to the manner in which he would be placed to lie in state after his
+death; and finding his religious attendant had never officiated in such a
+solemnity he gave the most minute instructions for the mode of conducting
+it.  He afterwards declared that he would die, as he was born a Catholic,
+and desired that mass should be said by his body, and the customary
+ceremonies should be performed every day until his burial.  The
+expression of his face was earnest and convulsive; he saw Antommarchi
+watching the contractions which he underwent, when his eye caught some
+indication that displeased him.  "You are above these weaknesses; but
+what would you have?  I am neither philosopher nor physician.  I believe
+in God; I am of the religion of my fathers; every one cannot be an
+atheist who pleases."  Then turning to the priest--"I was born in the
+Catholic religion.  I wish to fulfil the duties which it imposes, and to
+receive the succour which it administers.  You will say mass every day in
+the adjoining chapel, and you will expose the Holy Sacrament for forty
+hours.  After I am dead you will place your altar at my head in the
+funeral chamber; you will continue to celebrate mass, and perform all the
+customary ceremonies; you will not cease till I am laid in the ground."
+The Abbe (Vignale) withdrew; Napoleon reproved his fellow-countryman for
+his supposed incredulity.  "Can you carry it to this point?  Can you
+disbelieve in God?  Everything proclaims His existence; and, besides, the
+greatest minds have thought so."--"But, Sire, I have never called it in
+question.  I was attending to the progress of the fever: your Majesty
+fancied you saw in my features an expression which they had not."--
+"You are a physician, Doctor," he replied laughingly; "these folks," he
+added, half to himself, "are conversant only with matter; they will
+believe in nothing beyond."
+
+In the afternoon of the 25th he was better; but being left alone, a
+sudden fancy possessed him to eat.  He called for fruits, wine, tried a
+biscuit, then swallowed some champagne, seized a bunch of grapes, and
+burst into a fit of laughter as soon as he saw Antommarchi return.  The
+physician ordered away the dessert, and found fault with the maitre
+d'hotel; but the mischief was done, the fever returned and became
+violent.  The Emperor was now on his death-bed, but he testified concern
+for every one.  He asked Antommarchi if 500 guineas would satisfy the
+English physician, and if he himself would like to serve Maria Louisa in
+quality of a physician?  "She is my wife, the first Princess in Europe,
+and after me you should serve no one else."  Antommarchi expressed his
+acknowledgments.  The fever continued unabated, with violent thirst and
+cold in the feet.  On the 27th he determined to remove from the small
+chamber into the salon.  They were preparing to carry him.  "No," he
+said, "not until I am dead; for the present it will be sufficient if you
+support me."
+
+Between the 27th and 28th the Emperor passed a very bad night; the fever
+increased, coldness spread over his limbs, his strength was quite gone.
+He spoke a few words of encouragement to Antommarchi; then in a tone of
+perfect calmness and composure he delivered to him the following
+instructions: "After my death, which cannot be far off, I wish you to
+open my body: I wish also, nay, I require, that you will not suffer any
+English physician to touch me.  If, however, you find it indispensable to
+have some one to assist you, Dr. Arnott is the only one I am willing you
+should employ.  I am desirous, further, that you should take out my
+heart, that you put it in spirits of wine, and that you carry it to Parma
+to my dear Maria Louisa: you will tell her how tenderly I have loved her,
+that I have never ceased to love her; and you will report to her all that
+you have witnessed, all that relates to my situation and my death.  I
+recommend you, above all, carefully to examine my stomach, to make an.
+exact detailed report of it, which you will convey to my son.  The
+vomitings which succeed each other without intermission lead me to
+suppose that the stomach is the one of my organs which is the most
+deranged, and I am inclined to believe that it is affected with the
+disease which conducted my father to the grave,--I mean a cancer in the
+lower stomach.  What think you?  "His physician hesitating, he continued
+--"I have not doubted this since I found the sickness become frequent and
+obstinate.  It is nevertheless well worthy of remark that I have always
+had a stomach of iron, that I have felt no inconvenience from this organ
+till latterly, and that whereas my father was fond of high-seasoned
+dishes and spirituous liquors, I have never been able to make use of
+them.  Be it as it may, I entreat, I charge you to neglect nothing in
+such an examination, in order that when you see my son you may
+communicate the result of your observations to him, and point out the
+most suitable remedies.  When I am no more you will repair to Rome; you
+will find out my mother and my family.  You will give them an account of
+all you have observed relative to my situation, my disorder, and my death
+on this remote and miserable rock; you will tell them that the great
+Napoleon expired in the most deplorable state, wanting everything,
+abandoned to himself and his glory."  It was ten in the forenoon; after
+this the fever abated, and he fell into a sort of doze.
+
+The Emperor passed a very bad night, and could not sleep.  He grew light-
+headed and talked incoherently; still the fever had abated in its
+violence.  Towards morning the hiccough began to torment him, the fever
+increased, and he became quite delirious.  He spoke of his complaint, and
+called upon Baxter (the Governor's physician) to appear, to come and see
+the truth of his reports.  Then all at once fancying O'Meara present, he
+imagined a dialogue between them, throwing a weight of odium on the
+English policy.  The fever having subsided, his hearing became distinct;
+he grew calm, and entered into some further conversation on what was to
+be done after his death.  He felt thirsty, and drank a large quantity of
+cold water.  "If fate should determine that I shall recover, I would
+raise a monument on the spot where this water gushes out: I would crown
+the fountain in memory of the comfort which it has afforded me.  If I
+die, and they should not proscribe my remains as they have proscribed my
+person, I should desire to be buried with my ancestors in the cathedral
+of Ajaccio, in Corsica.  But if I am not allowed to repose where I was
+born, why, then, let them bury me at the spot where this fine and
+refreshing water flows."  This request was afterwards complied with.
+
+He remained nearly in the same state for some days.  On the 1st of May he
+was delirious nearly all day, and suffered dreadful vomitings.  He took
+two small biscuits and a few drops of red wine.  On the 2d he was rather
+quieter, and the alarming symptoms diminished a little.  At 2 P.M.,
+however, he had a paroxysm of fever, and became again delirious.  He
+talked to himself of France, of his dear son, of some of his old
+companions-in-arms.  At times he was evidently in imagination on the
+field of battle.  "Stengel!" he cried; "Desaix!  Massena!  Ah!  victory
+is declaring itself! run--rush forward--press the charge!--they are
+ours!"
+
+"I was listening," says Dr. Antommarchi, "and following the progress of
+that painful agony in the deepest distress, when Napoleon, suddenly
+collecting his strength, jumped on the floor, and would absolutely go
+down into the garden to take a walk.  I ran to receive him in my arms,
+but his legs bent under the weight of his body; he fell backwards, and I
+had the mortification of being unable to prevent his falling.  We raised
+him up and entreated him to get into bed again; but he did not recognise
+anybody, and began to storm and fall into a violent passion.  He was
+unconscious, and anxiously desired to walk in the garden.  In the course
+of the day, however, he became more collected, and again spoke of his
+disease, and the precise anatomical examination he wished to be made of
+his body after death.  He had a fancy that this might be useful to his
+son."  "The physicians of Montpelier," he said to Antommarchi, "announced
+that the scirrhosis in the pylorus would be hereditary in my family;
+their report is, I believe, in the hands of my brother Louis; ask for it
+and compare it with your own observations on my case, in order that my
+son may be saved from this cruel disease.  You will see him, Doctor, and
+you will point out to him what is best to do, and will save him from the
+cruel sufferings I now experience.  This is the last service I ask of
+you."  Later in the day he said, "Doctor, I am very ill--I feel that I am
+going to die."
+
+The last time Napoleon spoke, except to utter a few short unconnected
+words, was on the 3d of May.  It was in the afternoon, and he had
+requested his attendants, in case of his losing consciousness, not to
+allow any English physician to approach him except Dr. Arnott.  "I am
+going to die," said he, "and you to return to Europe; I must give you
+some advice as to the line of conduct you are to pursue.  You have shared
+my exile, you will be faithful to my memory, and will not do anything
+that may injure it.  I have sanctioned all proper principles, and infused
+them into my laws and acts; I have not omitted a single one.
+Unfortunately, however, the circumstances in which I was placed were
+arduous, and I was obliged to act with severity, and to postpone the
+execution of my plans.  Our reverses occurred; I could not unbend the
+bow; and France has been deprived of the liberal institutions I intended
+to give her.  She judges me with indulgence; she feels grateful for my
+intentions; she cherishes my name and my victories.  Imitate her example,
+be faithful to the opinions we have defended, and to the glory we have
+acquired: any other course can only lead to shame and confusion."
+
+From this moment it does not appear that Napoleon showed any signs of
+understanding what was going forward around him.  His weakness increased
+every moment, and a harassing hiccough continued until death took place.
+The day before that event a fearful tempest threatened to destroy
+everything about Longwood.  The plantations were torn up by the roots,
+and it was particularly remarked that a willow, under which Napoleon
+usually sat to enjoy the fresh air, had fallen.  "It seemed," says
+Antommarchi, "as if none of the things the Emperor valued were to survive
+him."  On the day of his death Madame Bertrand, who had not left his
+bedside, sent for her children to take a last farewell of Napoleon.  The
+scene which ensued was affecting: the children ran to the bed, kissed the
+hands of Napoleon, and covered them with tears.  One of the children
+fainted, and all had to be carried from the spot.  "We all," says
+Antommarchi, "mixed our lamentations with theirs: we all felt the same
+anguish, the same cruel foreboding of the approach of the fatal instant,
+which every minute accelerated."  The favourite valet, Noverraz, who had
+been for some time very ill, when he heard of the state in which Napoleon
+was, caused himself to be carried downstairs, and entered the apartment
+in tears.  He was with great difficulty prevailed upon to leave the room:
+he was in a delirious state, and he fancied his master was threatened
+with danger, and was calling upon him for assistance: he said he would
+not leave him but would fight and die for him.  But Napoleon was now
+insensible to the tears of his servants; he had scarcely spoken for two
+days; early in the morning he articulated a few broken sentences, among
+which the only words distinguishable were, "tete d'armee," the last that
+ever left his lips, and which indicated the tenor of his fancies.  The
+day passed in convulsive movements and low moanings, with occasionally a
+loud shriek, and the dismal scene closed just before six in the evening.
+A slight froth covered his lips, and he was no more.
+
+After he had been dead about six hours Antommarchi had the body carefully
+washed and laid out on another bed.  The executors then proceeded to
+examine two codicils which were directed to be opened immediately after
+the Emperor's decease.  The one related to the gratuities which be
+intended out of his private purse for the different individuals of his
+household, and to the alms which he wished to be distributed among the
+poor of St. Helena; the other contained his last wish that "his ashes
+should repose on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French
+people whom he had loved so well."  The executors notified this request
+to the Governor, who stated that his orders were that the body was to,
+remain on the island.  On the next day, after taking a plaster cast of
+the face of Napoleon, Antommarchi proceeded to open the body in the
+presence of Sir Thomas Reade, some staff officers, and eight medical men.
+
+The Emperor had intended his hair (which was of a chestnut colour) for
+presents to the different members of his family, and it was cut off and
+kept for this purpose.
+
+He had grown considerably thinner in person during the last few months.
+After his death his face and body were pale, but without alteration or
+anything of a cadaverous appearance.  His physiognomy was fine, the eyes
+fast closed, and you would have said that the Emperor was not dead, but
+in a profound sleep.  His mouth retained its expression of sweetness,
+though one side was contracted into a bitter smile.  Several scars were
+seen on his body.  On opening it it was found that the liver was not
+affected, but that there was that cancer of the stomach which he had
+himself suspected, and of which his father and two of his sisters died.
+This painful examination having been completed, Antommarchi took out the
+heart and placed it in a silver vase filled with spirits of wine; he then
+directed the valet de chambre to dress the body as he had been accustomed
+in the Emperor's lifetime, with the grand cordon of the Legion of Honour
+across the breast, in the green uniform of a colonel of the Chasseurs of
+the Guard, decorated with the orders of the Legion of Honour and of the
+Iron Crown, long boots with little spurs, finally, his three cornered
+hat.  Thus habited, Napoleon was removed in the afternoon of the 6th out
+of the hall, into which the, crowd rushed immediately.  The linen which
+had been employed in the dissection of the body, though stained with
+blood, was eagerly seized, torn in pieces, and distributed among the
+bystanders.
+
+Napoleon lay in state in his little bedroom which had been converted into
+a funeral chamber.  It was hung with black cloth brought from the town.
+This circumstance first apprised the inhabitants of his death.  The
+corpse, which had not been embalmed, and which was of an extraordinary
+whiteness, was placed on one of the campbeds, surrounded with little
+white curtains, which served for a sarcophagus.  The blue cloak which
+Napoleon had worn at the battle of Marengo covered it.  The feet and the
+hands were free; the sword on the left side, and a crucifix on the
+breast.  At some distance was the silver vase containing the heart and
+stomach, which were not allowed to be removed.  At the back of the head
+was an altar, where the priest in his stole and surplice recited the
+customary prayers.  All the individuals of Napoleon's suite, officers and
+domestics, dressed in mourning, remained standing on the left.  Dr.
+Arnott had been charged to see that no attempt was made to convey away
+the body.
+
+For some-hours the crowd had besieged the doors; they were admitted, and
+beheld the inanimate remains of Napoleon in respectful silence.  The
+officers of the 20th and 66th' Regiments were admitted first, then the
+others.  The following day (the 7th) the throng was greater.  Antommarchi
+was not allowed to take the heart of Napoleon to Europe with him; he
+deposited that and the stomach in two vases, filled with alcohol and
+hermetically sealed, in the corners of the coffin in which the corpse was
+laid.  This was a shell of zinc lined with white satin, in which was a
+mattress furnished with a pillow.  There not being room for the hat to
+remain on his head, it was placed at his feet, with some eagles, pieces
+of French money coined during his reign, a plate engraved with his arms,
+etc.  The coffin was closed, carefully soldered up, and then fixed in
+another case of mahogany, which was enclosed in a third made of lead,
+which last was fastened in a fourth of mahogany, which was sealed up and
+fastened with screws.  The coffin was exhibited in the same place as the
+body had been, and was also covered with the cloak that Napoleon had worn
+at the battle of Marengo.  The funeral was ordered for the morrow, 8th
+May, and the troops were to attend in the morning by break of day.
+
+This took place accordingly: the Governor arrived first, the Rear-Admiral
+soon after, and shortly all the authorities, civil and military, were
+assembled at Longwood.  The day was fine, the people crowded the roads,
+music resounded from the heights; never had spectacle so sad and solemn
+been witnessed in these remote regions.  At half-past twelve the
+grenadiers took hold of the coffin, lifted it with difficulty, and
+succeeded in removing it into the great walk in the garden, where the
+hearse awaited them.  It was placed in the carriage, covered with a pall
+of violet-coloured velvet, and with the cloak which the hero wore at
+Marengo.  The Emperor's household were in mourning.  The cavalcade was
+arranged by order of the Governor in the following manner: The Abbe
+Vignale in his sacerdotal robes, with young Henry Bertrand at his side,
+bearing an aspersorium; Doctors Arnott and Antommarchi, the persons
+entrusted with the superintendence of the hearse, drawn by four horses,
+led by grooms, and escorted by twelve grenadiers without arms, on each
+side; these last were to carry the coffin on their shoulders as soon as
+the ruggedness of the road prevented the hearse from advancing; young
+Napoleon Bertrand, and Marchand, both on foot, and by the side of the
+hearse; Counts Bertrand and Montholon on horseback close behind the
+hearse; a part of the household of the Emperor; Countess Bertrand with
+her daughter Hortense, in a calash drawn by two horses led by hand by her
+domestics, who walked by the side of the precipice; the Emperor's horse
+led by his piqueur Archambaud; the officers of marine on horseback and on
+foot; the officers of the staff on horse-back; the members of the council
+of the island in like manner; General Coffin and the Marquis Montchenu on
+horseback; the Rear-Admiral and the Governor on horseback; the
+inhabitants of the island.
+
+The train set out in this order from Longwood, passed by the barracks,
+and was met by the garrison, about 2500 in number, drawn up on the left
+of the road as far as Hut's Gate.  Military bands placed at different
+distances added still more, by the mournful airs which they played, to
+the striking solemnity of the occasion.  When the train had passed the
+troops followed and accompanied it to the burying-place.  The dragoons
+marched first.  Then came the 20th Regiment of infantry, the marines, the
+66th, the volunteers of St.  Helena, and lastly, the company of Royal
+Artillery, with fifteen pieces of cannon.  Lady Lowe and her daughter
+were at the roadside at Hut's Gate, in an open carriage drawn by two
+horses.  They were attended by some domestics in mourning, and followed
+the procession at a distance.  The fifteen pieces of artillery were
+ranged along the road, and the gunners were at their posts ready to fire.
+Having advanced about a quarter of a mile beyond Hut's Gate the hearse
+stopped, the troops halted and drew up in line of battle by the roadside.
+The grenadiers then raised the coffin on their shoulders and bore it thus
+to the place of interment, by the new route which had been made on
+purpose on the declivity of the mountain.  All the attendants alighted,
+the ladies descended from their carriages, and the procession followed
+the corpse without observing any regular order.
+
+Counts Bertrand and Montholon, Marchand and young Napoleon Bertrand,
+carried the four corners of the pall.  The coffin was laid down at the
+side of the tomb, which was hung with black.  Near were seen the cords
+and pulleys which were to lower it into the earth.  The coffin was then
+uncovered, the Abbe Vignale repeated the usual prayers, and the body was
+let down into the grave with the feet to the east.  The artillery then
+fired three salutes in succession of fifteen discharges each.  The
+Admiral's vessel had fired during the procession twenty-five minute guns
+from time to time.  A huge stone, which was to have been employed in the
+building of the new house of the Emperor, was now used to close his
+grave, and was lowered till it rested on a strong stone wall so as not to
+touch the coffin.  While the grave was closed the crowd seized upon the
+willows, which the former presence of Napoleon had already rendered
+objects of veneration.  Every one was ambitious to possess a branch or
+some leaves of these trees which were henceforth to shadow the tomb of
+this great man, and to preserve them as a precious relic of so memorable
+a scene.  The Governor and Admiral endeavoured to prevent this outrage,
+but in vain.  The Governor, however, surrounded the spot afterwards with
+a barricade, where he placed a guard to keep off all intruders.  The tomb
+of the Emperor was about a league from Longwood.  It was of a
+quadrangular shape, wider at top than at bottom; the depth about twelve
+feet.  The coffin was placed on two strong pieces of wood, and was
+detached in its whole circumference.
+
+The companions of Napoleon returned to France, and the island gradually
+resumed its former quiet state, while the willows weeping over the grave
+guarded the ashes of the man for whom Europe had been all too small.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Every one cannot be an atheist who pleases
+Grew more angry as his anger was less regarded
+I do not live--I merely exist
+Strike their imaginations by absurdities than by rational ideas
+Those who are free from common prejudices acquire others
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Napoleon, v16, 1821
+by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
diff --git a/3566.zip b/3566.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d92fbcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3566.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b4db8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #3566 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3566)