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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Napoleon--1815, v15
+#15 in our series by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+#15 in our Napoleon Bonaparte series
+
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+Title: Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, v15
+
+Author: Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
+Release Date: December, 2002  [Etext #3565]
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+[The actual date this file first posted = 04/20/01]
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+Edition: 11
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Memoirs of Napoleon, by Bourrienne, v15
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+
+MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, VOLUME 15.
+
+By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+His Private Secretary
+
+Edited by R. W. Phipps
+Colonel, Late Royal Artillery
+
+1891
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+CHAPTER XI.  to  CHAPTER XII.  1815
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1815.
+
+     My departure from Hamburg-The King at St. Denis--Fouche appointed
+     Minister of the Police--Delay of the King's entrance into Paris--
+     Effect of that delay--Fouche's nomination due to the Duke of
+     Wellington--Impossibility of resuming my post--Fouche's language
+     with respect to the Bourbons--His famous postscript--Character of
+     Fouche--Discussion respecting the two cockades--Manifestations of
+     public joy repressed by Fouche--Composition of the new Ministry--
+     Kind attention of Blucher--The English at St. Cloud--Blucher in
+     Napoleon's cabinet--My prisoner become my protector--Blucher and the
+     innkeeper's dog--My daughter's marriage contract--Rigid etiquette--
+     My appointment to the Presidentship of the Electoral College of the
+     Yonne--My interview with Fouche--My audience of the King--His
+     Majesty made acquainted with my conversation with Fouche--The Duke
+     of Otranto's disgrace--Carnot deceived by Bonaparte--My election as
+     deputy--My colleague, M. Raudot--My return to Paris--Regret caused
+     by the sacrifice of Ney--Noble conduct of Macdonald--A drive with
+     Rapp in the Bois de Boulogne--Rapp's interview with Bonaparte in
+     1815--The Due de Berri and Rapp--My nomination to the office of
+     Minister of State--My name inscribed by the hand of Louis XVIII.--
+     Conclusion.
+
+The fulfilment of my prediction was now at hand, for the result of the
+Battle of Waterloo enabled Louis XVIII. to return to his dominions.  As
+soon as I heard of the King's departure from Ghent I quitted Hamburg, and
+travelled with all possible haste in the hope of reaching Paris in time
+to witness his Majesty's entrance.  I arrived at St. Denis on the 7th of
+July, and, notwithstanding the intrigues that were set on foot, I found
+an immense number of persons assembled to meet the King.  Indeed, the
+place was so crowded that it was with the greatest difficulty I could
+procure even a little garret for my lodging.
+
+Having resumed my uniform of a captain of the National Guard, I proceeded
+immediately to the King's palace.  The salon was filled with ladies and
+gentlemen who had come to congratulate the King on his return.  At St.
+Denis I found my family, who, not being aware that I had left Hamburg,
+were much surprised to see me.
+
+They informed me that the Parisians were all impatient for the return of
+the King--a fact of which I could judge by the opposition manifested to
+the free expression of public feeling.  Paris having been declared in a
+state of blockade, the gates were closed, and no one was permitted to
+leave the capital, particularly by the Barriere de la Chapelle.  It is
+true that special permission might be obtained, and with tolerable ease,
+by those who wished to leave the city; but the forms to be observed for
+obtaining the permission deterred the mass of the people from proceeding
+to St. Denis, which, indeed, was the sole object of the regulation.  As
+it had been resolved to force Fouche and the tri-coloured cockade upon
+the King, it was deemed necessary to keep away from his Majesty all who
+might persuade him to resist the proposed measures.  Madame de Bourrienne
+told me that on her arrival at St. Denis she called upon M. Hue and M.
+Lefebvre, the King's physician, who both acquainted her with those fatal
+resolutions.  Those gentlemen, however, assured her that the King would
+resolutely hold out against the tri-coloured cockade, but the nomination
+of the ill-omened man appeared inevitable.
+
+Fouche Minister of the Police!  If, like Don Juan, I had seen a statue
+move, I could not have been more confounded than when I heard this news.
+I could not credit it until it was repeated to me by different persons.
+How; indeed, could I think that at the moment of a reaction the King
+should have entrusted the most important ministerial department to a man
+to whose arrest he had a hundred days before attached so much
+consequence?  to a man, moreover, whom Bonaparte had appointed, at Lyons,
+to fill the same office!  This was inconceivable!  Thus, in less than
+twenty-four hours, the same man had been entrusted to execute measures
+the most opposite, and to serve interests the most contradictory.  He was
+one day the minister of usurpation, and the next the minister of
+legitimacy!  How can I express what I felt when Fouche took the oath of
+fidelity to Louis XVIII. when I saw the King clasp in his hands the hands
+of Fouche!  I was standing near M. de Chateaubriand, whose feelings must
+have been similar to mine, to judge from a passage in his admirable work,
+'La Monarchie selon la Charte'.  "About nine in the evening," he says, "I
+was in one of the royal antechambers.  All at once the door opened, and I
+saw the President of the Council enter leaning on the arm of the new
+minister.  Oh, Louis-le-Desire!  Oh, my unfortunate master!  you have
+proved that there is no sacrifice which your people may not expect from
+your paternal heart!"
+
+Fouche was resolved to have his restoration as well as M. de Talleyrand,
+who had had his the year before; he therefore contrived to retard the
+King's entry into Paris for four days.  The prudent members of the
+Chamber of Peers, who had taken no part in the King's Government in 1814,
+were the first to declare that it was for the interest of France to
+hasten his Majesty's entrance into Paris, in order to prevent foreigners
+from exercising a sort of right of conquest in a city which was a prey to
+civil dissension and party influence.  Blucher informed me that the way
+in which Fouche contrived to delay the King's return greatly contributed
+to the pretensions of the foreigners who, he confessed, were very well
+pleased to see the population of Paris divided in opinion, and to hear
+the alarming cries raised by the confederates of the Faubourgs when the
+King was already at St. Denis.
+
+I know for a fact that Louis XVIII.  wished to have nothing to do with
+Fouche, and indignantly refused to appoint him when he was first
+proposed.  But he had so nobly served Bonaparte during the Hundred Days
+that it was necessary he should be rewarded.  Fouche, besides, had gained
+the support of a powerful party among the emigrants of the Faubourg St.
+Germain, and he possessed the art of rendering himself indispensable.
+I have heard many honest men say very seriously that to him was due the
+tranquillity of Paris.  Moreover, Wellington was the person by whose
+influence in particular Fouche was made one of the counsellors of the
+King.  After all the benefits which foreigners had conferred upon us
+Fouche was indeed an acceptable present to France and to the King.
+
+I was not ignorant of the Duke of Wellington's influence upon the affairs
+of the second Restoration, but for a long time I refused to believe that
+his influence should have outweighed all the serious considerations
+opposed to such a perfect anomaly as appointing Fouche the Minister of a
+Bourbon.  But I was deceived.  France and the King owed to him Fouche's
+introduction into the Council, and I had to thank him for the
+impossibility of resuming a situation which I had relinquished for the
+purpose of following the King into Belgium.  Could I be Prefect of Police
+under a Minister whom a short time before I had received orders to
+arrest, but who eluded my agents?  That was impossible.  The King could
+not offer me the place of Prefect under Fouche, and if he had I could not
+have accepted it.  I was therefore right in not relying on the assurances
+which had been given me; but I confess that if I had been told to guess
+the cause why they could not be realised I never should have thought that
+cause would have been the appointment of Fouche as a Minister of the King
+of France.  At first, therefore, I was of course quite forgotten, as is
+the custom of courts when a faithful subject refrains from taking part in
+the intrigues of the moment.
+
+I have already frequently stated my opinion of the pretended talent of
+Fouche; but admitting his talent to have been as great as was supposed,
+that would have been an additional reason for not entrusting the general
+police of the kingdom to him.  His principles and conduct were already
+sufficiently known.  No one could be ignorant of the language he held
+respecting the Bourbons, and in which be indulged as freely after he
+became the Minister of Louis XVIII.  as when he was the Minister of
+Bonaparte.  It was universally known that in his conversation the
+Bourbons were the perpetual butt for his sarcasms, that he never
+mentioned them but in terms of disparagement, and that he represented
+them as unworthy of governing France.  Everybody must have been aware
+that Fouche, in his heart, favoured a Republic, where the part of
+President might have been assigned to him.  Could any one have forgotten
+the famous postscript he subjoined to a letter he wrote from Lyons to his
+worthy friend Robespierre: "To celebrate the fete of the Republic
+suitably, I have ordered 250 persons to be shot?"  And to this man, the
+most furious enemy of the restoration of the monarchy, was consigned the
+task of consolidating it for the second time!  But it would require
+another Claudian to describe this new Rufinus!
+
+Fouche never regarded a benefit in any other light than as the means of
+injuring his benefactor.  The King, deceived, like many other persons, by
+the reputation which Fouche's partisans had conjured up for him, was
+certainly not aware that Fouche had always discharged the functions of
+Minister in his own interest, and never for the interest of the
+Government which had the weakness to entrust him with a power always
+dangerous in his hands.  Fouche had opinions, but he belonged to no
+party, and his political success is explained by the readiness with which
+he always served the party he knew must triumph, and which he himself
+overthrew in its turn.  He maintained himself in favour from the days of
+blood and terror until the happy time of the second Restoration only by
+abandoning and sacrificing those who were attached to him; and it might
+be said that his ruling passion was the desire of continual change.  No
+man was ever characterised by greater levity or inconstancy of mind.  In
+all things he looked only to himself, and to this egotism he sacrificed
+both subjects and Governments.  Such were the secret causes of the sway
+exercised by Fouche during the Convention, the Directory, the Empire, the
+Usurpation, and after the second return of the Bourbons.  He helped to
+found and to destroy every one of those successive Governments.  Fouche's
+character is perfectly unique.  I know no other man who, loaded with
+honours, and almost escaping disgrace, has passed through so many
+eventful periods, and taken part in so many convulsions and revolutions.
+
+On the 7th of July the King was told that Fouche alone could smooth the
+way for his entrance into Paris, that he alone could unlock the gates of
+the capital, and that he alone had power to control public opinion.  The
+reception given to the King on the following day afforded an opportunity
+of judging of the truth of these assertions.  The King's presence was the
+signal for a feeling of concord, which was manifested in a very decided
+way.  I saw upon the boulevards, and often in company with each other,
+persons, some of whom had resumed the white cockade, while others still
+retained the national colours, and harmony was not in the least disturbed
+by these different badges.
+
+Having returned to private life solely on account of Fouche's presence in
+the Ministry, I yielded to that consolation which is always left to the
+discontented.  I watched the extravagance and inconsistency that were
+passing around me, and the new follies which were every day committed;
+and it must be confessed that a rich and varied picture presented itself
+to my observation.  The King did not bring back M. de Blacas.  His
+Majesty had yielded to prudent advice, and on arriving at Mons sent the
+unlucky Minister as his ambassador to Naples.  Vengeance was talked of,
+and there were some persons inconsiderate enough to wish that advantage
+should be taken of the presence of the foreigners in order to make what
+they termed "an end of the Revolution," as if there were any other means
+of effecting that object than frankly adopting whatever good the
+Revolution had produced.  The foreigners observed with satisfaction the
+disposition of these shallow persons, which they thought might be turned
+to their own advantage.  The truth is, that on the second Restoration our
+pretended allies proved themselves our enemies.
+
+But for them, but for their bad conduct, their insatiable exactions, but
+for the humiliation that was felt at seeing foreign cannon planted in the
+streets of Paris, and beneath the very windows of the Palace, the days
+which followed the 8th of July might have been considered by the Royal
+Family as the season of a festival.  Every day people thronged to the
+garden of the Tuileries, and expressed their joy by singing and dancing
+under the King's windows.
+
+This ebullition of feeling might perhaps be thought absurd, but it at
+least bore evidence of the pleasure caused by the return of the Bourbons.
+
+This manifestation of joy by numbers of persons of both sexes, most of
+them belonging to the better classes of society, displeased Fouche, and
+he determined to put a stop to it.  Wretches were hired to mingle with
+the crowd and sprinkle corrosive liquids on the dresses of the females
+some of them were even instructed to commit acts of indecency, so that
+all respectable persons were driven from the gardens through the fear of
+being injured or insulted: As it was wished to create disturbance under
+the very eyes of the King, and to make him doubt the reality of the
+sentiments so openly expressed in his favour, the agents of the Police
+mingled the cry of "Vive l'Empereur!" with that of "Vive le Roi!" and it
+happened oftener than once that the most respectable persons were
+arrested and charged by Fouche's infamous agents with having uttered
+seditious cries.  A friend of mine, whose Royalist opinions were well
+known, and whose father had been massacred during the Revolution, told me
+that while walking with two ladies he heard some individuals near him
+crying out "Vive l'Empereur!"  This created a great disturbance.  The
+sentinel advanced to the spot, and those very individuals themselves had
+the audacity to charge my friend with being guilty of uttering the
+offensive cry.  In vain the bystanders asserted the falsehood of the
+accusation; he was seized and dragged to the guard-house, and after being
+detained for some hours he was liberated on the application of his
+friends.  By dint of such wretched manoeuvres Fouche triumphed.  He
+contrived to make it be believed that he was the only person capable of
+preventing the disorders of which he himself was the sole author: He got
+the Police of the Tuileries under his control.  The singing and dancing
+ceased, and the Palace was the abode of dulness.
+
+While the King was at St. Denis he restored to General Dessoles the
+command of the National Guard.  The General ordered the barriers to be
+immediately thrown open.  On the day of his arrival in Paris the King
+determined, as a principle, that the throne should be surrounded by a
+Privy Council, the members of which were to be the princes and persons
+whom his Majesty might appoint at a future period.  The King then named
+his new Ministry, which was thus composed:
+
+Prince Talleyrand, peer of France, President of the Council of Ministers,
+and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+
+Baron Louis, Minister of Finance.
+
+The Duke of Otranto, Minister of the Police.
+
+Baron Pasquier, Minister of Justice, and Keeper of the Seals.
+
+Marshal Gouvion St.  Cyr, War Minister.
+
+Comte de Jaucourt, peer of France, Minister of the Marine.
+
+The Duc de Richelieu, peer of France, Minister of the King's Household.
+
+The portfolio of the Minister of the Interior, which was not immediately
+disposed of, was provisionally entrusted to the Minister of Justice.  But
+what was most gratifying to the public in the composition of this new
+ministry was that M. de Blacas, who had made himself so odious to
+everybody, was superseded by M. de Richelieu, whose name revived the
+memory of a great Minister, and who, by his excellent conduct throughout
+the whole course of his career, deserves to be distinguished as a model
+of honour and wisdom.
+
+General satisfaction was expressed on the appointment of Marshal
+Macdonald to the post of Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour in lieu
+of M. de Pradt.  M. de Chabrol resumed the Prefecture of the Seine,
+which, during the Hundred Days, had been occupied by M. de Bondi,  M. de
+Mole was made Director-General of bridges and causeways.  I was
+superseded in the Prefecture of Police by M. Decazes, and M. Beugnot
+followed M. Ferrand as Director-General of the Post-office.
+
+I think it was on the 10th of July that I went to St. Cloud to pay a
+visit of thanks to Blucher.  I had been informed that as soon as he
+learned I had a house at St. Cloud he sent a guard to protect it.  This
+spontaneous mark of attention was well deserving of grateful
+acknowledgment, especially at a time when there was so much reason to
+complain of the plunder practised by the Prussians.  My visit to Blucher
+presented to observation a striking instance of the instability of human
+greatness.  I found Blucher residing like a sovereign in the Palace of
+St. Cloud, where I had lived so long in the intimacy of Napoleon, at a
+period when he dictated laws to the Kings of Europe before he was a
+monarch himself.
+
+     --[The English occupied St. Cloud after the Prussians.  My large
+     house, in which the children of the Comte d'Artois were inoculated,
+     was respected by them, but they occupied a small home forming part
+     of the estate.  The English officer who commanded the troops
+     stationed a guard at the large house.  One morning we were informed
+     that the door had been broken open and a valuable looking-glass
+     stolen.  We complained to the commanding officer, and on the affair
+     being inquired into it was discovered that the sentinel himself had
+     committed the theft.  The man was tried by a court-martial, and
+     condemned to death, a circumstance which, as may naturally be
+     supposed, was very distressing to us.  Madame de Bourrienne applied
+     to the commanding officer for the man's pardon, but could only
+     obtain his reprieve.  The regiment departed some weeks after, and we
+     could never learn what was the fate of the criminal.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+In that cabinet in which Napoleon and I had passed so many busy hours,
+and where so many great plans had their birth, I was received by the man
+who had been my prisoner at Hamburg.  The Prussian General immediately
+reminded me of the circumstance.  "Who could have foreseen," said he,
+"that after being your prisoner I should become the protector of your
+property?  You treated me well at Hamburg, and I have now an opportunity
+of repaying your kindness.  Heaven knows what will be the result of all
+this!  One thing, however, is certain, and that is, that the Allies will
+now make such conditions as will banish all possibility of danger for a
+long time to come.  The Emperor Alexander does not wish to make the
+French people expiate too dearly the misfortunes they have caused us.
+He attributes them to Napoleon, but Napoleon cannot pay the expenses of
+the war, and they must be paid by some one.  It was all very well for
+once, but we cannot pay the expense of coming back a second time.
+However," added he, "you will lose none of your territory; that is a
+point on which I can give you positive assurance.  The Emperor Alexander
+has several times repeated in my presence to the King my master,
+'I honour the French nation, and I am determined that it shall preserve
+its old limits.'"
+
+The above are the very words which Blucher addressed to me.  Profiting by
+the friendly sentiments he expressed towards me I took the opportunity of
+mentioning the complaints that were everywhere made of the bad discipline
+of the troops under his command.  "What can I do?"  said he.  "I cannot
+be present everywhere; but I assure you that in future and at your
+recommendation I will severely punish any misconduct that may come to my
+knowledge."
+
+Such was the result of my visit to Blucher; but, in spite of his
+promises, his troops continued to commit the most revolting excesses.
+Thus the Prussian troops have left in the neighbourhood of Paris
+recollections no less odious than those produced by the conduct of
+Davoust's corps in Prussia.--Of this an instance now occurs to my
+memory, which I will relate here.  In the spring of 1816, as I was going
+to Chevreuse, I stopped at the Petit Bicetre to water my horse.  I seated
+myself for a few minutes near the door of the inn, and a large dog
+belonging to the innkeeper began to bark and growl at me.  His master, a
+respectable-looking old man, exclaimed, "Be quiet, Blucher!"--"How came
+you to give your dog that name?" said I.--"Ah, sir!  it is the name of a
+villain who did a great deal of mischief here last year.  There is my
+house; they have left scarcely anything but the four walls.  They said
+they came for our good; but let them come back again .  .  .  .  we will
+watch them, and spear them like wild boars in the wood."  The poor man's
+house certainly exhibited traces of the most atrocious violence, and he
+shed tears as he related to me his disasters.
+
+Before the King departed for Ghent he had consented to sign the contract
+of marriage between one of my daughters and M. Massieu de Clerval, though
+the latter was at that time only a lieutenant in the navy.  The day
+appointed for the signature of the contract happened to be Sunday, the
+19th of March, and it may well be imagined that in the critical
+circumstances in which we then stood, a matter of so little importance
+could scarcely be thought about.  In July I renewed my request to his
+Majesty; which gave rise to serious discussions in the Council of
+Ceremonies.  Lest any deviation from the laws of rigid etiquette should
+commit the fate of the monarchy, it was determined that the marriage
+contract of a lieutenant in the navy could be signed only at the petty
+levee.  However, his Majesty, recollecting the promise he had given me,
+decided that the signature should be given at the grand levee.  Though
+all this may appear exceedingly ludicrous, yet I must confess that the
+triumph over etiquette was very gratifying to me.
+
+A short time after the King appointed me a Councillor of State; a title
+which I had held under Bonaparte ever since his installation at the
+Tuileries, though I had never fulfilled the functions of the office.
+In the month of August; the King having resolved to convoke a new Chamber
+of Deputies, I was appointed President of the Electoral College of the
+department of the Yonne.  As soon as I was informed of my nomination I
+waited on M. de Talleyrand for my instructions, but he told me that, in
+conformity with the King's intentions, I was to receive my orders from
+the Minister of Police.  I observed to M. de Talleyrand that I must
+decline seeing Fouche, on account of the situation in which we stood with
+reference to each other.  "Go to him, go to him," said M. de Talleyrand,
+"and be assured Fouche will say to you nothing on the subject."
+
+I felt great repugnance to see Fouche, and consequently I went to him
+quite against my inclination.  I naturally expected a very cold
+reception.  What had passed between us rendered our interview exceedingly
+delicate.  I called on Fouche at nine in the morning, and found him
+alone, and walking in his garden.  He received me as a man might be
+expected to receive an intimate friend whom he had not seen for a long
+time.  On reflection I was not very much surprised at this, for I was
+well aware that Fouche could make his hatred yield to calculation.  He
+said not a word about his arrest, and it may well be supposed that I did
+not seek to turn the conversation on that subject.  I asked him whether
+he had any information to give me respecting the elections of the Yonne.
+"None at all," said he; "get yourself nominated if you can, only use your
+endeavours to exclude General Desfouinaux.  Anything else is a matter of
+indifference to me."--"What is your objection to Desfournaux?"--"The
+Ministry will not have him."
+
+I was about to depart when Fouche; called me back saying, "Why are you in
+such haste?  Cannot you stay a few minutes longer?"  He then began to
+speak of the first return of the Bourbons, and asked me how I could so
+easily bring myself to act in their favour.  He then entered into details
+respecting the Royal Family which I conceive it to be my duty to pass
+over in silence: It may be added, however, that the conversation lasted a
+long time, and to say the least of it, was by no means in favour of
+"divine right."
+
+I conceived it to be my duty to make the King acquainted with this
+conversation, and as there was now no Comte de Blacas to keep truth and
+good advice from his Majesty's ear, I was; on my first solicitation,
+immediately admitted to, the Royal cabinet.  I cautiously suppressed the
+most startling details, for, had I literally reported what Fouche said,
+Louis XVIII. could not possibly have given credit to it.  The King
+thanked me for my communication, and I could perceive he was convinced
+that by longer retaining Fouche in office he would become the victim of
+the Minister who had been so scandalously forced upon him on the 7th of
+July.  The disgrace of the Duke of Otranto speedily followed, and I had
+the satisfaction of having contributed to repair one of the evils with
+which the Duke of Wellington visited France.
+
+Fouche was so evidently a traitor to the cause he feigned to serve, and
+Bonaparte was so convinced of this,--that during the Hundred Days, when
+the Ministers of the King at Ghent were enumerated in the presence of
+Napoleon, some one said, "But where is the Minister of the Police?"
+
+"E-h!  Parbleu," said Bonaparte, "that is Fouche?" It was not the same
+with Carnot, in spite of the indelible stain of his vote: if he had
+served the King, his Majesty could have depended on him, but nothing
+could shake the firmness of his principles in favour of liberty.  I
+learned, from a person who had the opportunity of being well informed,
+that he would not accept the post of Minister of the Interior which was
+offered to him at the commencement of the Hundred Days until he had a
+conversation with Bonaparte, to ascertain whether he had changed his
+principles.  Carnot placed faith in the fair promises of Napoleon, who
+deceived him, as he had deceived others.
+
+Soon after my audience with the King I set off to discharge my duties in
+the department of the Yonne, and I obtained the honour of being elected
+to represent my countrymen in the Chamber of Deputies.  My colleague was
+M. Raudot, a man who, in very trying circumstances, had given proofs of
+courage by boldly manifesting his attachment to the King's Government.
+The following are the facts which I learned in connection with this
+episode, and which I circulated as speedily as possible among the
+electors of whom I had the honour to be President.  Bonaparte, on his way
+from Lyons to Paris, after his landing at the gulf of Juan, stopped at
+Avalon, and immediately sent for the mayor, M. Raudot.  He instantly
+obeyed the summons.  On coming into Napoleon's presence he said, "What do
+you want, General?  "This appellation displeased Napoleon, who
+nevertheless put several questions to M. Raudot, who was willing to
+oblige him as a traveller, but not to serve him as an Emperor.  Napoleon
+having given him some orders, this worthy servant of the King replied,
+"General, I can receive no orders from you, for I acknowledge no
+sovereign but the King, to whom I have sworn allegiance."  Napoleon then
+directed M. Raudot, in a tone of severity, to withdraw, and I need not
+add that it was not long before he was dismissed from the mayoralty of
+Avalon.
+
+The elections of the Yonne being over, I returned to Paris, where I took
+part in public affairs only as an amateur, while waiting for the opening
+of the session.  I was deeply grieved to see the Government resort to
+measures of severity to punish faults which it would have been better
+policy to attribute only to the unfortunate circumstances of the times.
+No consideration can ever make me cease to regret the memory of Ney, who
+was the victim of the influence of foreigners.  Their object, as Blucher
+intimated to me at St.  Cloud, was to disable France from engaging in war
+for a long time to come, and they hoped to effect that object by stirring
+up between the Royal Government and the army of the Loire that spirit of
+discord which the sacrifice of Ney could not fail to produce.  I have no
+positive proofs of the fact, but in my opinion Ney's life was a pledge of
+gratitude which Fouche thought he must offer to the foreign influence
+which had made him Minister.
+
+About this time I learned a fact which will create no surprise, as it
+affords another proof of the chivalrous disinterestedness of Macdonald's
+character.  When in 1815 several Marshals claimed from the Allied powers
+their endowments in foreign countries, Madame Moreau, to whom the King
+had given the honorary title of 'Madame la Marechale', and who was the
+friend of the Duke of Tarentum, wrote, without Macdonald's knowledge, to
+M. de Blacas; our ambassador at Naples, begging him to endeavour to
+preserve for the Marshal the endowment which had been given him in the
+Kingdom of Naples.  As soon as Macdonald was informed of this
+circumstance he waited upon Madame Moreau, thanked her for her kind
+intentions, but at the same time informed her that he should disavow all
+knowledge of her letter, as the request it contained was entirely averse
+to his principles.  The Marshal did, in fact, write the following letter
+to M. de Blacas:--"I hasten to inform you, sir, that it was not with my
+consent that Madame Moreau wrote to you, and I beg you will take no step
+that might expose me to a refusal.  The King of Naples owes me no
+recompense for having beaten his army, revolutionised his kingdom, and
+forced him to retire to Sicily."  Such conduct was well worthy of the man
+who was the last to forsake Napoleon in, 1814, and the first to rejoin
+him, and that without the desire of accepting any appointment in 1815.
+M. de Blacas, who was himself much surprised at Macdonald's letter,
+communicated it to the King of Naples, whose answer deserves to be
+recorded.  It was as follows:--"If I had not imposed a law upon myself to
+acknowledge none of the French endowments, the conduct of Marshal
+Macdonald would have induced me to make an exception in his favour."  It
+is gratifying to see princes such scrupulous observers of the laws they
+make for themselves!
+
+About the end of August 1815, as I was walking on the Boulevard des
+Capucines, I had the pleasure of meeting Rapp, whom I had not seen for a
+long time.  He had just come out of the house of Lagrenee, the artist,
+who was painting his portrait.  I was on foot, and Rapp's carriage was
+waiting, so we both stepped into it, and set off to take a drive in the
+Bois de Boulogne.  We had a great deal to say to each other, for we had
+not met since the great events of the two Restorations.  The reason of
+this was, that in 1814 I passed a part of the year at Sens, and since the
+occurrences of March 1815 Rapp himself had been absent from Paris.  I
+found him perfectly resigned to his change of condition, though indulging
+in a few oaths against the foreigners.  Rapp was not one of those,
+generals who betrayed the King on the 20th of March.  He told me that he
+remained at the head of the division which he commanded at Ecouen, under
+the orders of the Due de Berry, and that he did not resign it to the War
+Minister until after the King's departure.  "How did Napoleon receive
+you?"  I inquired.  "I waited till he sent for me.  You know what sort of
+fellow I am: I know nothing about politics; not I.  I had sworn fidelity
+to the King.  I know my duty, and I would have fought against the
+Emperor."--"Indeed!"--"Yes, certainly I would, and I told him so
+myself."--"How! did you venture so far?"--"To be sure.  I told him that
+my resolution was definite.  'Pshaw! .  .  .  replied he angrily.
+'I knew well that you were opposed to me.  If we had come to an action I
+should have sought you out on the field of battle.  I would have shown
+you the Medusa's head.  Would you have dared to fire on me?'--'Without
+doubt,' I replied.  `Ah! parbleu this is too much,' he said.  'But your
+troops would not have obeyed you.  They had preserved all their affection
+for me.'--'What could I do?' resumed I.  'You abdicated, you left France,
+you recommended us to serve the King--and then you return!  Besides; I
+tell you frankly, I do not augur well of what will happen.  We shall have
+war again.  France has had enough of that.'  Upon this," continued Rapp,
+"he assured me that he had other thoughts; that he had no further desire
+for war; that he wished to govern in peace, and devote himself solely to
+the happiness of his people.  When I hinted opposition on the part of the
+Foreign Powers, he said that he had made alliances.  He then spoke to me
+of the King, and I said I had been much pleased with him; indeed, the
+King gave me a very gratifying reception on my return from Kiow, and I
+see no reason why I should complain, when I am so well used.  During the
+conversation the Emperor much extolled the conduct of the Duke of
+Orleans.  He then gave me some description of his passage from the Isle
+of Elba and his journey to Paris.  He complained of being accused of
+ambition; and observing that I looked astonished and doubtful--`What?' he
+continued, 'am I ambitious then?' And patting his belly with both his
+hands, 'Can a man,' he asked, 'so fat as I am be ambitious?'  I could not
+for my soul help saying, 'Ah!  Sire, your Majesty is surely joking.'
+He pretended, however, to be serious, and after a few moments, noticing
+my decorations, he began to banter me about the Cross of St. Louis and
+the Cross of the Lily, which I still wore."
+
+I asked Rapp whether all was true that had been said about the enthusiasm
+which was manifested along the whole of Napoleon's route from the Gulf of
+Juan to Paris.  "Ma foe!" he replied, "I was not there any more than you,
+but all those who accompanied him have assured me of the truth of the
+details which have been published; but I recollect having heard Bertrand
+say that on one occasion he was fearful for the safety of the Emperor, in
+case any assassin should have presented himself.  At Fossard, where the
+Emperor stopped to breakfast on his way to Paris, his escort was so
+fatigued as to be unable to follow, so that he was for some time almost
+alone on the road, until a squadron which was in garrison at Melun met
+him and escorted him to Fontainebleau.  As to anything else, from all I
+have heard, the Emperor was exposed to no danger."
+
+We then began to talk of our situation, and the singular chances of our
+fortune.  Rapp told me how, within a few days only, he had ceased to be
+one of the discontented; for the condition of the generals who had
+commanded army corps in the campaign of Waterloo was very different in
+1815 from what it had been in 1814.  "I had determined," he said, "to
+live a quiet life, to meddle with nothing, and not even to wear my
+uniform.  I had, therefore, since the King's return never presented
+myself at Court; when, a week ago, while riding on horseback two or three
+hundred paces from this spot,  I saw a group of horsemen on the other
+side of the avenue, one of whom galloped towards me.  I immediately
+recognised the Duc de Berry, 'How, Monseigneur, is it you?' I exclaimed.
+'It is, my dear General; and since you will not come to us, I must come
+to you.  Will you breakfast with me tomorrow morning?'--'Ma foi!"
+continued Rapp, "what could I do?  The tone of kindness in which he gave
+this invitation quite charmed me.  I went, and I was treated so well that
+I shall go again.  But I will ask for nothing: I only want these
+Prussians and English rascals out of the way!  "I complimented Rapp on
+his conduct, and told him that it was impossible that so loyal and honest
+a man as he should not, at some time or other, attract the King's notice.
+I had the happiness to see this prediction accomplished.  Since that time
+I regularly saw Rapp whenever we both happened to be in Paris, which was
+pretty often.
+
+I have already mentioned that in the month of August the King named me
+Councillor of State.  On the 19th of the following month I was appointed
+Minister of State and member of the Privy Council.  I may close these
+volumes by relating a circumstance very flattering to me, and connected
+with the last-mentioned nomination.  The King had directed M. de
+Talleyrand to present to him, in his official character of President of
+the Council of Ministers, a list of the persons who might be deemed
+suitable as members of the Privy Council.  The King having read the list,
+said to his Minister, "But, M. de Talleyrand, I do not see here the names
+of two of our best friends, Bourrienne and Alexis de Noailles."--" Sire,
+I thought their nomination would seem more flattering in coming directly
+from your Majesty."  The King then added my name to the list, and
+afterwards that of the Comte Alexis de Noailles, so that both our names
+are written in Louis XVIII.'s own hand in the original Ordinance.
+
+I have now brought to a conclusion my narrative of the extraordinary
+events in which I have taken part, either as a spectator or an actor,
+during the course of a strangely diversified life, of which nothing now
+remains but recollections.
+
+     --[I discharged the functions of Councillor of State until 1818, at
+     which time an Ordinance appeared declaring those functions
+     Incompatible with the title of Minister of State--Bourrienne.]--
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE CENT JOURS.
+
+The extraordinary rapidity of events during the Cent fours, or Hundred
+Days of Napoleon's reign in 1815, and the startling changes in the parts
+previously filled by the chief personages, make it difficult to consider
+it as an historical period; it more resembles a series of sudden
+theatrical transformations, only broken by the great pause while the
+nation waited for news from the army.
+
+The first Restoration of the Bourbons had been so unexpected, and was so
+rapidly carried out, that the Bonapartists, or indeed all France, had
+hardly realized the situation before Napoleon was again in the Tuileries;
+and during the Cent Jours both Bonapartists and Royalists were alike
+rubbing their eyes, asking whether they were awake, and wondering which
+was the reality and which the dream, the Empire or the Restoration.
+
+It is both difficult and interesting to attempt to follow the history of
+the chief characters of the period; and the reader must pardon some
+abrupt transitions from person to person, and from group to group, while
+the details of some subsequent movements of the Bonaparte family must be
+thrown in to give a proper idea of the strange revolution in their
+fortunes.  We may divide the characters with which we have to deal into
+five groups,--the Bonaparte family, the Marshals, the Statesmen of the
+Empire, the Bourbons, and the Allied Monarchs.  One figure and one name
+will be missing, but if we omit all account of poor, bleeding, mutilated
+France, it is but leaving her in the oblivion in which she was left at
+the time by every one except by Napoleon.
+
+The disaster of 1814 had rather dispersed than crushed the Bonaparte
+family, and they rallied immediately on the return from Elba.  The final
+fall of the Empire was total ruin to them.  The provisions of the Treaty
+of Fontainebleau, which had been meant to ensure a maintenance to them,
+had not been carried out while Napoleon was still a latent power, and
+after 1815 the Bourbons were only too happy to find a reason for not
+paying a debt they had determined never to liquidate it was well for any
+of the Bourbons in their days of distress to receive the bounty of the
+usurper, but there was a peculiar pleasure in refusing to pay the price
+promised for his immediate abdication.
+
+The flight of the Bonapartes in 1815 was rapid.  Metternich writes to
+Maria Louisa in July 1815: "Madame Mere and Cardinal Fesch left yesterday
+for Tuscany.  We do not know exactly where.  Joseph is.  Lucien is in
+England under a false name, Jerome in Switzerland, Louis at Rome.  Queen
+Hortense has set out for Switzerland, whither General de Flahault and his
+mother will follow her.  Murat seems to be still at Toulon; this,
+however, is not certain."  Was ever such an account of a dynasty given?
+These had all been among the great ones of Europe: in a moment they were
+fugitives, several of them having for the rest of their lives a bitter
+struggle with poverty.  Fortunately for them the Pope, the King of
+Holland, and the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, were not under heavy obligations
+to Napoleon, and could thus afford to give to his family the protection
+denied them by those monarchs who believed themselves bound to redeem
+their former servility.
+
+When Napoleon landed Maria Louisa was in Austria, and she was eager to
+assist in taking every precaution to prevent her son, the young King of
+Rome, being spirited off to join his father, whose fortunes she had sworn
+to share: She herself was fast falling under the influence of the one-
+eyed Austrian General, Neipperg, just then left a widower, who was soon
+to be admitted to share her bed.  By 1823 she seemed to have entirely
+forgotten the different members of the Bonaparte family, speaking of her
+life in France as "a bad dream."  She obtained the Grand-Duchy of Parma,
+where she reigned till 1847, marrying a third time, it is said, the Count
+Bombellea, and dying, just too soon to be hunted from her Duchy by the
+Revolution of 1848.
+
+There is something very touching in most that we know of the poor young
+King of Rome, from his childish but strangely prescient resistance to his
+removal from Paris to Blois on the approach of the Allies in 1814, to the
+message of remembrance sent in after years to the column of the Place
+Vendome, "his only friend in Paris."
+
+At four years of age Meneval describes him as gentle, but quick in
+answering, strong, and with excellent health.  "Light curly hair in
+ringlets set off a fresh face, while fine blue eyes lit up his regular
+features: He was precociously intelligent, and knew more than most
+children older than himself."  When Meneval--the former secretary of his
+father, giving up his post in Austria with Maria Louisa, as he was about
+to rejoin Napoleon--took farewell of the Prince in May 1815, the poor
+little motherless child drew me towards the window, and, giving me a
+touching look, said in a low tone, "Monsieur Meva, tell him (Napoleon)
+that I always love him dearly."  We say "motherless," because Maria
+Louisa seems to have yielded up her child at the dictates of policy to be
+closely guarded as easily as she gave up her husband.  "If," wrote Madame
+de Montesquiou, his governess, "the child had a mother, I would leave him
+in her hands, and be happy, but she is nothing like a mother, she is more
+indifferent to his fate than the most utter stranger in her service."
+His grandfather, the Emperor Francis, to do him justice, seems to have
+been really kind to the lad, and while, in 1814, 1816, and in 1830,
+taking care to deprive him of all chance of, his glorious inheritance,
+still seems to have cared for him personally, and to have been always
+kind to him.  There is no truth in the story that the Austrians neglected
+his education and connived at the ruin of his faculties.  Both his tutor,
+the Count Maurice Dietrichstein, and Marshal Marmont, who conversed with
+him in 1831, agree in speaking highly of him as full of promise:
+Marmont's evidence being especially valuable as showing that the
+Austrians did not object to the Duke of Reichstadt (as he had been
+created by his grandfather in 1818), learning all be could of his
+father's life from one of the Marshals.  In 1831 Marment describes him:
+"I recognised his father's look in him, and in that he most resembled
+Napoleon.  His eyes, not so large as those of Napoleon, and sunk deeper
+in their sockets, had the same expression, the same fire, the same
+energy.  His forehead was like that of his father, and so was the lower
+part of his face and his chin.  Then his complexion was that of Napoleon
+in his youth, with the same pallor and the same colour of the skin, but
+all the rest of his face recalled his mother and the House of Austria.
+He was taller than Napoleon by about three inches."  `
+
+As long as the Duke lived his name was naturally the rallying-point of
+the Bonapartes, and was mentioned in some of the many conspiracies
+against the Bourbons.  In 1830 Joseph Bonaparte tried to get the sanction
+of the Austrians to his nephew being put forward as a claimant to the
+throne of France, vacant by the flight of Charles X., but they held their
+captive firmly.  A very interesting passage is given in the 'Memoirs of
+Charles Greville', who says that Prince Esterhazy told him a great deal
+about the Duke of Reichstadt, who, if he had lived, would have probably
+played a great part in the world.  He died of a premature decay, brought
+on, apparently, by over-exertion and over-excitement; his talents were
+very conspicuous, he was 'petri d'ambition', worshipped the memory of his
+father, and for that reason never liked his mother; his thoughts were
+incessantly turned towards France, and when he heard of the Days of July
+(overthrow of Charles X.) he said, "Why was I not there to take my
+chance?  He evinced great affection and gratitude to his grandfather,
+who, while he scrupulously observed all his obligations towards Louis
+Philippe, could not help feeling a secret pride in the aspiring genius of
+Napoleon's son.  He was well educated, and day and night pored over the
+history of his father's glorious career.  He delighted in military
+exercises, and not only shone at the head of his regiment, but had
+already acquired the hereditary art of ingratiating himself with the
+soldiers."  Esterhazy went on to describe how the Duke abandoned
+everything at a ball when he met there Marshals Marmont and Maison."
+He had no eyes or ears but for them; from nine in the evening to five the
+next morning he devoted himself to these Marshals."  There was the true
+Napoleonic ring in his answer to advice given by Marmont when the Duke
+said that he would not allow himself to be put forward by the Sovereigns
+of Europe.  "The son of Napoleon should be too great to serve as an
+instrument; and in events of that nature I wish not to be an advanced
+guard, but a reserve,--that is, to come as a succour, recalling great
+memories."
+
+His death in 1832, on the 22d of July, the anniversary of the battle of
+Salamanca, solved many questions.  Metternich visited the Duke on his
+deathbed: "It was a heartrending sight.  I never remember to have seen a
+more mournful picture of decay."  When Francis was told of the death of
+his grandson he answered, "I look upon the Duke's death as a blessing for
+him.  Whether it be detrimental or otherwise to the public good I do not
+know.  As for myself, I shall ever lament the loss of my grandson."
+
+Josephine was in her grave at Rueil when Napoleon returned.  She had died
+on the 29th of May 1814, at Malmaison, while the Allies were exhibiting
+themselves in Paris.  It seems hard that she should not have lived to
+enjoy a triumph, however brief, over her Austrian rival.  "She, at
+least," said Napoleon truly, "would never have abandoned me."
+
+Josephine's daughter, Hortense, separated from her husband, Louis
+Bonaparte, and created Duchess of St  Leu by Louis XVIII., was in Paris,
+much suspected by the Bourbons, but really engaged in a lawsuit with her
+husband about the custody of her sons.  She had to go into hiding when
+the news of the landing arrived, but her empty house, left unwatched,
+became very useful for receiving the Bonapartists, who wished for a place
+of concealment, amongst them, as we shall see, being, of all people,
+Fouche!  Hortense was met by Napoleon with some reproaches for accepting
+a title from the Bourbons, but she did the honours of the Elysee for him,
+and it is creditable to both of them that, braving the vile slanders
+about their intercourse, she was with him to the end; and that one of the
+last persons to embrace him at Malmaison before he started for the coast
+was his adopted daughter, the child of his discarded wife.  Hortense's
+presence in Paris was thought to be too dangerous by the Prussian
+Governor; and she was peremptorily ordered to leave.  An appeal to the
+Emperor Francis received a favourable answer, but Francis always gave way
+where any act against his son-in-law was in question, and she had to
+start at the shortest notice on a wandering life to Aix, Baden, and
+Constance, till the generosity of the small but brave canton of Thurgau
+enabled her to get a resting-place at the Chateau of Arenenberg.
+
+In 1831 she lost her second son, the eldest then surviving, who died from
+fever in a revolutionary attempt ill which he and his younger brother,
+the future Napoleon. III., were engaged.  She was able to visit France
+incognita, and even to see Louis Philippe and his Queen; but her presence
+in the country was soon thought dangerous, and she was urged to leave.
+In 1836 Hortense's last child, Louis Napoleon, made his attempt at an
+'emeule' at Strasburg, and was shipped off to America by the Government.
+She went to France to plead for him, and then, worn out by grief and
+anxiety, returned to Arenenberg, which her son, the future Emperor, only
+succeeded in reaching in time to see her die in October 1837.  She was
+laid with Josephine at Rueil.
+
+Hortense's brother, Prince Eugene, the Viceroy of Italy, was at Vienna
+when Napoleon returned, and fell under the suspicion of the Allies of
+having informed the Emperor of the intention of removing him from Elba.
+He was detained in Bavaria by his father-in-law the King, to whose Court
+he retired, and who in 1817 created him Duke of Leuchtenberg and Prince
+of Eichstadt.  With the protection of Bavaria he actually succeeded in
+wringing from the Bourbons some 700,000 francs of the property of his
+mother.  A first attack of apoplexy struck him in 1823, and he died from
+a second in February 1824 at Munich.  His descendants have intermarried
+into the Royal Families of Portugal, Sweden, Brazil, Russia, 'and
+Wartemberg; his grandson now (1884) holds the title of Leuchtenberg.
+
+Except Louis, an invalid, all the brothers of the Emperor were around him
+in the Cent Jours, the supreme effort of their family.  Joseph had left
+Spain after Vittoria, and had remained in an uncomfortable and
+unrecognised state near Paris until in 1814 he was again employed, and
+when, rightly or not, he urged the retreat of the Regency from Paris to
+Blois.  He then took refuge at his chateau of Prangins in the canton Vaud
+in Switzerland, closely watched by the Bourbonists, who dreaded danger
+from every side except the real point, and who preferred trying to hunt
+the Bonapartists from place to place, instead of making their life
+bearable by carrying out the engagements with them.
+
+In 1816, escaping from the arrest with which he was threatened, after
+having written to urge Murat to action with fatal effect, Joseph joined
+Napoleon in Paris, and appeared at the Champ de Mai, sitting also in the
+Chamber of Peers, but, as before, putting forward ridiculous pretensions
+as to his inherent right to the peerage, and claiming a special seat.  In
+fact, he never could realise how entirely he owed any position to the
+brother he wished to treat as an equal.
+
+He remained in Paris during the brief campaign, and after Waterloo was
+concealed in the house of the Swedish Ambassador, where his sister-in-
+law, the Crown Princess of Sweden, the wife of Bernadotte, was living.
+Muffling, the Prussian Governor of Paris, wished to arrest him, but as
+the Governor could not violate the domicile of an Ambassador, he had to
+apply to the Czar, who arranged for the escape of the ex-King before the
+Governor could seize him Joseph went to the coast, pretty much following
+the route of Napoleon.  He was arrested once at Saintes, but was allowed
+to proceed, and he met his brother on the 4th of July, at Rochefort.
+
+It is significant as to the possibility of the escape of Napoleon that
+Joseph succeeded in getting on the brig Commerce as "M. Bouchard," and,
+though the ship was thrice searched by the English, he got to New York on
+the 28th of August, where he was mistaken for Carnot.  He was well
+received, and, taking the title of Comte de Survilliers, he first lived
+at Lansdowne, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, where he afterwards always
+passed part of the year while he was in America.  He also bought the
+property of Point Breeze, at Bordentown, on the Delaware, where he built
+a house with a fine view of the river.  This first house was burnt down,
+but he erected another, where he lived in some state and in great
+comfort, displaying his jewels and pictures to his admiring neighbours,
+and showing kindness to impecunious nephews.
+
+The news of the Revolution of July in 1830, which drove Charles X.  from
+the throne, excited Joseph's hopes for the family of which he considered
+himself the Regent, and he applied to Metternich to get the Austrian
+Government to allow or assist in the placing his nephew, the Duke of
+Reichstadt, on the throne of France.  Austria would not even answer.
+
+In July 1832 Joseph crossed to England, where he met Lucien, just arrived
+from Italy, bringing the news of the death of his nephew.  Disappointed,
+he stayed in England for some time, but returned to America in 1836.  In
+he finally left America, and again came to England, where he had a
+paralytic stroke, and in 1843 he went to Florence, where he met his wife
+after a long separation.
+
+Joseph lived long enough to see the two attempts of another nephew, Louis
+Napoleon, at Strasburg in 1836, and at Boulogne in 1840, which seem to
+have been undertaken without his knowledge, and to have much surprised
+him.  He died in Florence in 1844; his body was buried first in Santa
+Croce, Florence, but was removed to the Invalides in 1864.  His wife the
+ex-Queen, had retired in 1815 to Frankfort and to Brussels, where she was
+well received by the King, William, and where she stayed till 1823, when
+she went to Florence, dying there in 1845.  Her monument is in the
+Cappella Riccardi, Santa Croce, Florence.
+
+Lucien had retired to Rome in 1804, on the creation of the Empire, and
+had continued embroiled with his brother, partly from his so-called
+Republican principles, but chiefly from his adhering to his marriage,
+his second one, with Madame Jouberthon,--a union which Napoleon steadily
+refused to acknowledge, offering Lucien anything, a kingdom or the hand
+of a queen (if we take Lucien's account), if he would only consent to the
+annulment of the contract.
+
+In August 1810, affecting uneasiness as Napoleon stretched his power over
+Rome, Lucien embarked for America, but he was captured by the English and
+taken, first to Malta and then to England, where he passed the years till
+1814 in a sort of honourable captivity, first at Ludlow and then at
+Thorngrove, not far from that town.
+
+In 1814 Lucien was released, when he went to Rome, where he was welcomed
+by the kindly old Pope, who remembered the benefits conferred by Napoleon
+on the Church, while he forgot the injuries personal to himself; and the
+stiff-necked Republican, the one-time "Brutus" Bonaparte, accepted the
+title of Duke of Musignano and Prince of Canino.
+
+In 1815 Lucien joined his brother, whom he wished to abdicate at the
+Champ de Mai in favour of the King of Rome, placing his sword only at the
+disposal of France.  This step was seriously debated, but, though it
+might have placed the Allies in a more difficult position, it would
+certainly have been disregarded by them, at least unless some great
+victory had given the dynasty firmer footing.  After Waterloo he was in
+favour of a dissolution of the Chambers, but Napoleon had become hopeless
+and almost apathetic, while Lucien himself, from his former connection
+with the 18th and 19th Brumaire, was looked on with great distrust by the
+Chambers, as indeed he was by his brother.  Advantage was taken of his
+Roman title to taunt him with not being a Frenchman; and all his efforts
+failed.  At the end he fled, and failing to cross to England or to get to
+Rochefort, he reached Turin on the 12th of July only to find himself
+arrested.  He remained there till the 15th of September, when he was
+allowed to go to Rome.  There he was interned and carefully watched;
+indeed in 1817 the Pope had to intervene to prevent his removal to the
+north of Germany, so anxious were the Allies as to the safety of the
+puppet they had put on the throne of France.
+
+The death of Napoleon in 1821 released Lucien and the Bonaparte family
+from the constant surveillance exercised over them till then.  In 1830 he
+bought a property, the Croce del Biacco, near Bologna.  The flight of the
+elder branch of the Bourbons from France in 1830 raised his hopes, and,
+as already said, he went to England in 1832 to meet Joseph and to plan
+some step for raising Napoleon II.  to the throne.  The news of the death
+of his nephew dashed all the hopes of the family, and after staying in
+England for some time he returned to Italy, dying at Viterbo in 1840, and
+being buried at Canino, where also his second wife lies.  Lucien had a
+taste for literature, and was the author of several works, which a kindly
+posterity will allow to die.
+
+Louis Bonaparte had fled from his Kingdom of Holland in 1810, after a
+short reign of four years, disgusted with being expected to study the
+interests of the brother to whom he owed his throne, and with being
+required to treat his wife Hortense with ordinary consideration.  He had
+taken refuge in Austria, putting that Court in great anxiety how to pay
+him the amount of attention to be expected by the brother of the Emperor,
+and at the same time the proper coldness Napoleon might wish shown to a
+royal deserter.  Thanks to the suggestions of Metternich, they seem to
+have been successful in this task.  Taking the title of Comte de, St.
+Len from an estate in France; Louis went first to Toplitz, then to Gratz,
+and in 1813 he took refuge in Switzerland.  In 1814 he went to Rome; and
+then to Florence, where the Grand-Duke Ferdinand received any of the
+family who came there with great kindness.
+
+Louis was the least interesting of the family, and it is difficult to
+excuse his absence from France in 1815.  After all, the present of a
+kingdom is not such an unpardonable offence as to separate brothers for
+ever, and Napoleon seems to have felt deeply the way in which he was
+treated by a brother to whom he had acted as a father; still ill-health
+and the natural selfishness of invalids may account for much.  While his
+son Louis Napoleon was flying about making his attempts on France, Louis
+remained in the Roman Palace of the French Academy, sunk in anxiety about
+his religious state.  He disclaimed his son's proceedings, but this may
+have been due to the Pope, who sheltered him.  Anyhow, it is strange to
+mark the difference between the father and his two sons who came of age,
+and who took to revolution so kindly.
+
+In 1846 Louis was ill at Leghorn when his son escaped from Ham, where he
+had been imprisoned after his Boulogne attempt.  Passports were refused
+to the son to go from Italy to his father, and Louis died alone on the
+25th of July 1846.  He was buried at Santa Croce, Florence, but the body
+was afterwards removed to the village church of St. Leu Taverny, rebuilt
+by his son Napoleon III.
+
+Jerome, the youngest of the whole family, the "middy," as Napoleon liked
+to call him, had been placed in the navy, in which profession he passed
+as having distinguished himself, after leaving his admiral in rather a
+peculiar manner, by attacking an English convoy, and eventually escaping
+the English by running into the port of Concarneau, believed to be
+inaccessible.  At that time it was an event for a French man-of-war to
+reach home.
+
+Jerome had incurred the anger of Napoleon by marrying a beautiful young
+lady of Baltimore, a Mica Paterson, but, more obedient than Lucien, he
+submitted to have this marriage annulled by his all-powerful brother, and
+in reward he received the brand-new Kingdom of Westphalia, and the hand
+of a daughter of the King of Wartemberg, "the cleverest King in Europe,"
+according to Napoleon.  Jerome is said to have ruled rather more as a
+Heliogabalus than a Solomon, but the new Kingdom had the advantage of
+starting with good administrators, and with the example of "the Code."
+
+In 1812 Jerome was given the command of the right wing of the Grand Army
+in its advance against Russia, but he did not fulfil the expectations of
+his brother, and Davoust took the command instead.  Every king feels
+himself a born general: whatever else they cannot do, war is an art which
+comes with the crown, and Jerome, unwilling to serve under a mere
+Marshal, withdrew in disgust.  In 1813 he had the good feeling and the
+good sense to refuse the treacherous offer of the Allies to allow him to
+retain his kingdom if he joined them against his brother, a snare his
+sister Caroline fell into at Naples.
+
+On the downfall of Napoleon, Jerome, as the Count of Gratz, went to
+Switzerland, and then to Gratz and Trieste.
+
+His wife, the ex-Queen Catherine, fell into the hands of Maubreuil, the
+officer sent on a mysterious mission, believed to be intended for the
+murder of Napoleon, but which only resulted in the robbery of the Queen's
+jewels and of some 80,000 francs.  The jewels were for the most part
+recovered, being fished up from the bed of the Seine, but not the cash.
+
+In 1815 Jerome joined his brother, and appeared at the Champ de Mai.  A
+true Bonaparte, his vanity was much hurt, however, by having--he, a real
+king--to sit on the back seat of the carriage, while his elder brother
+Lucien; a mere Roman-prince, occupied a seat of honour by the side of
+Napoleon.  In the Waterloo campaign he was given the 6th division,
+forming part of Reille's corps, General Guilleminot being sent with him
+to prevent any of the awkwardnesses of 1812.  His division was engaged
+with the Prussians on the 15th of June, and at Quatre Bras he was
+severely wounded.  At Waterloo his division formed the extreme left of
+the French infantry, opposite Hougomont, and was engaged in the struggle
+for that post.  Whatever his failings may have been, he is acknowledged
+to have fought gallantly.  After the battle he was given the command of
+the army by his brother, and was told to cover the retreat to Laon, which
+he reached on the 21st of June, with 18,000 infantry, 3000 cavalry and
+two batteries which he had rallied.  This, be it observed, is a larger
+force than Ney told the Chambers even Grouchy (none of whose men are
+included) could have, and Jerome's strength had swollen to 25,000
+infantry and 6000 cavalry when he handed over the army to Soult at Laon.
+Napoleon had intended to leave Jerome with the command of the army, but
+he eventually took him to Paris.
+
+When Napoleon left the country Jerome was assured by the ambassador of
+Wurtemberg that he would find a refuge in the dominions of his father-in-
+law; but when he arrived there he was informed that if he did not wish to
+be, according to the original intentions of the Allies, handed over to
+the Prussians, and separated from his wife, he must sign an engagement to
+remain in Wurtemberg under strict surveillance.  He was then imprisoned
+at Guppingen, and afterwards at Ellwangen, where he was not even allowed
+to write or receive letters except through the captain of the chateau.
+
+Part of Jerome's troubles came from the conduct of his wife Catherine,
+who had the idea that, as she had been given in marriage by her father to
+Jerome, as she had lived for seven years as his wife, and as she had
+borne a child to him, she was really his wife, and bound to remain with
+him in his misfortunes!  The royal family of Wurtemberg, however,
+following the illustrious example of that of Austria, looked on her past
+life as a mere state of concubinage, useful to the family, and to be
+respected while her husband could retain his kingdom, but which should
+end the moment there was nothing more to be gained from Napoleon or his
+brother.  It was all proper and decorous to retain the title of King of
+Wurtemberg, which the former Duke and then Elector had owed to the exile
+of St. Helena, but King Frederick, and still less his son William, who
+succeeded him in 1816, could not comprehend Catherine's clinging to her
+husband when he had lost his kingdom.  "I was a Queen; I am still a wife
+and mother," wrote the Princess to her disgusted father.  Another
+complaint against this extraordinary Princess was that she actually saw
+Las Cases on his return from St. Helena, and thus obtained news of the
+exile.
+
+After constant ill treatment Jerome and his wife, as the Count and
+Countess of Montfort, a rank the King of Wurtemberg afterwards raised to
+Prince, were allowed to proceed to Hainburg near Vienna, then to
+Florence, and, later to Trieste, where Jerome was when his sister Elisa
+died.  In 1823 they were permitted to go to Rome, and in 1835 they went
+to Lausanne, where his true-hearted wife died the same year.  Jerome went
+to Florence, and lived to see the revival of the Empire, and to once mare
+enjoy the rank of a French Prince.  He died in 1860 at the chateau of
+Villegenis in France, and was buried in the Invalides.
+
+The mother of the Emperor, Letitia, in 1814, had retained her title of
+Imperatrice Mere, and had retired to Rome.  She then went to Elba in
+June, and stayed there with her daughter Pauline until Napoleon had
+sailed for France.  On 2d March 1814 she went from Elba to San Vicenzo
+near Leghorn, and then to Rome.  Her son sent a frigate for her, the
+'Melpomene', which was captured by the English 'Rivoli'; another vessel,
+the 'Dryade', brought her to France, and she joined Napoleon in Paris.
+We must have a regard for this simple old lady, who was always careful
+and saving, only half believing in the stability of the Empire; and,
+like a true mother, always most attentive to the most unfortunate of her
+children.  Her life had been full of startling changes; and it must have
+been strange for the woman who had been hunted out of Corsica, flying
+from her house just in time to save her life from the adherents of Paoli,
+to find herself in grandeur in Paris.  She saw her son just before he
+left, as she thought, for America, and then retired to the Rinuccini--now
+the Bonaparte-Palace at Rome, where she died in 1836.  She had been
+anxious to join Napoleon at St. Helena, and had refused, as long as
+Napoleon was alive, to forgive her daughter Caroline, the wife of Murat,
+for her abandonment of her brother.  She was buried at Albano.
+
+Letitia's youngest daughter, the beautiful but frail Pauline, Duchess of
+Guastalla, married first to General Leclerc, and then to Prince Camille
+Borglle, was at Nice when her brother abdicated in 1814.  She retired
+with her mother to Rome, and in October 1814 went to Elba, staying there
+till Napoleon left, except when she was sent to Naples with a message of
+forgiveness for Murat There was a characteristic scene between her and
+Colonel Campbell when the English Commissioner arrived to find Napoleon
+gone.  Pauline professed ignorance till the last of her brother's
+intentions, and pressed the Colonel's hand to her heart that lie might
+feel how agitated she was.  "She did not appear to be so," says the
+battered old Colonel, who seems to have been proof against her charms.
+She then went to Rome, and later to Pisa.  Her health was failing, and,
+unable to join her brother in France, she sent him her only means of
+assistance, her jewels, which were captured at Waterloo.  Her offer to go
+to St. Helena, repeated several times, was never accepted by Napoleon.
+She died in 1825 at Florence, from consumption, reconciled to her
+husband, from whom she had been separated since 1807.  She was buried at
+Sta Maria Maggiore, Rome.
+
+Elisa, the eldest sister of Napoleon, the former Grand Duchess of
+Tuscany, which Duchy she had ruled well, being a woman of considerable
+talent, was the first of all to die.  In 1814 she had been forced to fly
+from her Government, and, accompanied by her husband, she had attempted
+to reach France.  Finding herself cut off by the Austrians; she took
+shelter with Augereau's army, and then returned to Italy.  She took the
+title of Comtesse de Campignana, and retired to Trieste, near which town,
+at the Chateau of Sant Andrea, under a wearisome surveillance, she
+expired in 1820, watched by her husband, Felix Baeciocchi, and her sister
+Caroline.  Her monument is in the Bacciocchi Chapel in San Petronio,
+Bologna.
+
+Caroline, the wife of Murat, was the only one of the family untrue to
+Napoleon.  Very ambitious, and forgetting how completely she owed her
+Kingdom of Naples to her brother, she had urged Murat in 1814 to separate
+from Napoleon, and, still worse, to attack Eugene, who held the north of
+Italy against the Austrians.  She relied on the formal treaty with
+Austria that Murat should retain his Kingdom of Naples, and she may also
+have trusted to the good offices of her former admirer Metternich.  When
+the Congress of Vienna met, the French Minister, Talleyrand, at once
+began to press for the removal of Murat.  A trifling treaty was not
+considered an obstacle to the Heaven-sent deliverers of Europe, and
+Murat, believing his fate sealed, hearing of Napoleon's landing, and
+urged on by a misleading letter from Joseph Bonaparte, at once marched to
+attack the Austrians.  He was easily routed by the Austrians under
+Neipperg, the future husband of Maria Louisa.  Murat fled to France, and
+Caroline first took refuge in an English man-of-war, the 'Tremendous',
+being, promised a free passage to England.  She was, however, handed over
+to the Austrians; who kept her in confinement at Hainburg near Vienna.
+In October 1815 Murat landed in Calabria in a last wild attempt to
+recover his throne.  He was arrested and immediately shot.  After his
+murder Caroline, taking the title of Countess of Lipona (an anagram of
+Napoli), was permitted to retire to Trieste with Elisa, Jerome, and his
+wife.  Caroline was almost without means of existence, the Neapolitan
+Bourbons refusing even to give up the property she had brought there.
+She married a General Macdonald.  When Hortense was buried at Rueil
+Caroline obtained permission to attend the sad ceremony.  In 1838 she
+went to France to try to obtain a pension, and succeeded in getting one
+of 100,000 francs.  She died from cancer in the stomach in 1839, and was
+buried in the Campo Santo, Bologna.
+
+Cardinal Fesch, the half-uncle of Napoleon, the Archbishop of Lyons, who
+had fallen into disgrace with Napoleon for taking the side of the Pope
+and refusing to accept the see of Paris, to which he was nominated by
+Napoleon, had retired to Rome in 1814, where he remained till the return
+of Napoleon, when he went to Paris, and accepted a peerage.  After
+Waterloo he again sought the protection of the Pope, and he remained at
+Rome till his death in 1839, a few days before Caroline Bonaparte's.  He
+was buried in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome.  He had for years been a great
+collector of pictures, of which he left a large number (1200) to the town
+of Ajaccio.  The Cardinal, buying at the right time when few men had
+either enough leisure or money to think of pictures, got together a most
+valuable collection.  This was sold in 1843-44 at Rome.  Its contents now
+form some of the greatest treasures in the galleries of Dudley House and
+of the Marquis of Hertford, now Sir Richard Wallace's.  In a large
+collection there are generally some daubs, but it is an amusing instance
+of party spirit to find the value of his pictures run down by men who are
+unwilling to allow any one connected with Napoleon to have even taste in
+art.  He always refused the demands of the Restoration that he should
+resign his see of Lyons, though under Louis Philippe he offered to do so,
+and leave his pictures to France, if the Bonaparte family were allowed to
+enter France: this was refused.
+
+It can hardly be denied that the fate of the Bonapartes was a hard one.
+Napoleon had been undisputed sovereign of France for fourteen years,
+Louis had been King of Holland for four years, Jerome was King of
+Westphalia for six years, Caroline was Queen of Naples for seven years.
+If Napoleon had forfeited all his rights by leaving Elba after the
+conditions of his abdication had been broken by the Allies, still there
+was no reason why the terms stipulated for the other members of the
+family should not have been carried out, or at least an ordinary income
+insured to them.  With all Napoleon's faults he was always ready to
+shower wealth on the victims of his policy:--The sovereigns of the
+Continent had courted and intermarried with the Bonapartes in the tame of
+that family's grandeur: there was neither generosity nor wisdom in
+treating them as so many criminals the moment fortune had declared
+against them.  The conduct of the Allies was not influenced simply by the
+principle of legitimacy, for the King of Saxony only kept his throne by
+the monarchs falling out over the spoil.  If sovereigns were to be
+respected as of divine appointment, it was not well to make their
+existence only depend on the fate of war.
+
+Nothing in the history of the Cent Jours is more strange than the small
+part played in it by the Marshals, the very men who are so identified in
+our minds with the Emperor, that we might have expected to find that
+brilliant band playing a most prominent part in his last great struggle,
+no longer for mere victory, but for very existence.  In recording how the
+Guard came up the fatal hill at Waterloo for their last combat, it would
+seem but natural to have to give a long roll of the old historic names as
+leading or at least accompanying them; and the reader is apt to ask,
+where were the men whose very titles recalled such glorious battle-
+fields, such achievements, and such rewards showered down by the man who,
+almost alone at the end of the day, rode forward to invite that death
+from which it was such cruel kindness to save him?
+
+Only three Marshals were in Belgium in 1815, and even of them one did but
+count his promotion from that very year, so it is but natural for French
+writers to dream of what might have been the course of the battle if
+Murat's plume had waved with the cavalry, if Mortier had been with the
+Guard, and if Davoust or one of his tried brethren had taken the place of
+Grouchy.  There is, however, little real ground for surprise at this
+absence of the Marshals.  Death, time, and hardships had all done their
+work amongst that grand array of commanders.  Some were old men, veterans
+of the Revolutionary wars, when first created Marshals in 1804; others,
+such as Massena, were now but the wreck of themselves; and even before
+1812 Napoleon had been struck with the failing energy of some of his
+original companions: indeed, it might have been better for him if he had
+in 1813, as he half resolved, cast away his dislike to new faces, and
+fought his last desperate campaigns with younger men who still had
+fortunes to win, leaving "Berthier to hunt at Grosbois," and the other
+Marshals to enjoy their well-deserved rest in their splendid hotels at
+Paris.
+
+Davoust, Duke of Auerstadt, Prince of Eckmuhl, whose name should be
+properly spelt Davout, was one of the principal personages at the end of
+the Cent Jours.  Strict and severe, having his corps always in good
+order, and displaying more character than most of the military men under
+Napoleon, one is apt to believe that the conqueror at Auerstadt bade fair
+to be the most prominent of all the Marshals.  In 1814 he had returned
+from defending Hamburg to find himself under a cloud of accusations, and
+the Bourbons ungenerously and unwisely left him undefended for acts which
+they must have known were part of his duty as governor of a besieged
+place.  At the time he was attacked as if his first duty was not to hold
+the place for France, but to organise a system of outdoor relief for the
+neighbouring population, and to surrender as soon as he had exhausted the
+money in the Government chest and the provisions in the Government
+stores.  Sore and discontented, practically proscribed, still Davoust
+would not join in the too hasty enterprise of the brothers Lallemand, who
+wished him to lead the military rising on the approach of Napoleon; but
+he was with the Emperor on the day after his arrival in Paris.
+
+Davoust might have expected high command in the army, but, to his
+annoyance, Napoleon fixed on him as War Minister.  For several years the
+War Minister had been little more than a clerk, and neither had nor was
+expected to have much influence with the army.  Napoleon now wanted a man
+of tried devotion, and of stern enough character to overawe the capital
+and the restless spirits in the army.  Much against his will Davoust was
+therefore forced to content himself with the organisation of the forces
+being hastily raised, but he chafed in his position; and it is
+characteristic of him that Napoleon was eventually forced to send him the
+most formal orders before the surly Minister would carry out the
+Emperor's unlucky intention of giving a command to Bourmont, whom Davoust
+strongly and rightly suspected of treachery.  When Napoleon left the
+capital Davoust became its governor, and held his post unmoved by the
+intrigues of the Republicans and the Royalists.  When Napoleon returned
+from the great disaster Davoust gave his voice for the only wise policy,
+--resistance and the prorogation of the factious Chambers.  On the
+abdication of Napoleon the Provisional Government necessarily gave
+Davoust the command of the army which was concentrated round Paris.
+
+If Davoust had restricted himself less closely to his duty as a soldier,
+if he had taken more on himself, with the 100,000 men he soon had under
+him, he might have saved France from much of her subsequent humiliation,
+or at least he might have preserved the lives of Ney and of the brave men
+whom the Bourbons afterwards butchered.  Outwitted by Fouche, and
+unwilling to face the hostility of the Chambers, Davoust at last
+consented to the capitulation of Paris, though he first gave the Prussian
+cavalry a sharp lesson.  While many of his comrades were engaged in the
+great struggle for favour or safety, the stern Marshal gave up his
+Ministry, and, doing the last service in his power to France, stopped all
+further useless bloodshed by withdrawing the army, no easy task in their
+then humour, behind the Loire, where he kept what the Royalists called
+the "Brigands of the Loire" in subjection till relieved by Macdonald.
+He was the only one of the younger Marshals who had not been tried in
+Spain, and so far he was fortunate; but, though he was not popular with
+the army, his character and services seem to point him out as the most
+fit of all the Marshals for an independent command.  Had Napoleon been
+successful in 1812, Davoust was to have received the Viceroyalty of
+Poland; and he would probably have left a higher name in history than the
+other men placed by Napoleon to rule over his outlying kingdoms.  In any
+case it was fortunate for France and for the Allies that a man of his
+character ruled the army after Napoleon abdicated; there would otherwise
+have been wild work round Paris, as it was only with the greatest
+difficulty and by the force of his authority and example that Davoust
+succeeded in getting the army to withdraw from the capital, and to
+gradually adopt the white cockade.  When superseded by Macdonald he had
+done a work no other man could have accomplished.  He protested against
+the proscription, but it was too late; his power had departed.  In 1819
+he was forgiven for his services to France, and was made a peer, but he
+died in 1823, only fifty-three years old.
+
+Among the Marshals who gave an active support to Napoleon Ney takes the
+leading part in most eyes; if it were only for his fate, which is too
+well known for much to be said here concerning it.  In 1815 Ney was
+commanding in Franche-Comte, and was called up to Paris and ordered to go
+to Besancon to march so as to take Napoleon in flank.  He started off,
+not improbably using the rough brags afterwards attributed to him as most
+grievous sins, such as that "he would bring back Napoleon in an iron
+cage."  It had been intended to have sent the Due de Berry, the second
+son of the Comte d'Artois, with Ney; and it was most unfortunate for the
+Marshal that this was not done.  There can be no possible doubt that Ney
+spoke and acted in good faith when he left Paris.  One point alone seems
+decisive of this.  Ney found under him in command, as General of
+Division, Bourmont, an officer of well-known Royalist opinions, who had
+at one time served with the Vendean insurgents, and who afterwards
+deserted Napoleon just before Waterloo, although he had entreated to be
+employed in the campaign.  Not only did Ney leave Bourmont in command,
+but, requiring another Divisional General, instead of selecting a
+Bonapartist, he urged Lecourbe to leave his retirement and join him.
+Now, though Lecourbe was a distinguished General, specially famed for
+mountain warfare--witness his services in 1799 among the Alps above
+Lucerne--he had been long left unemployed by Napoleon on account of his
+strong Republican opinions and his sympathy with Moreau.  These two
+Generals, Bourmont and Lecourbe, the two arms of Ney as commander,
+through whom alone he could communicate with the troops, he not only kept
+with him, but consulted to the last, before he declared for Napoleon.
+This would have been too dangerous a thing for a tricky politician to
+have attempted as a blind, but Ney was well known to be only too frank
+and impulsive.  Had the Due de Berry gone with him, had Ney carried with
+him such a gage of the intention of the Bourbons to defend their throne,
+it is probable that he would have behaved like Macdonald; and it is
+certain that he would have had no better success.  The Bonapartists
+themselves dreaded what they called the wrong-headedness of Ney.  It was,
+however, thought better to keep the Due de Berry in safety.
+
+Ney found himself put forward singly, as it were, to oppose the man whom
+all France was joining; he found, as did every officer sent on a similar
+mission, that the soldiers were simply waiting to meet Napoleon; and
+while the Princes sought security, while the soldiers plotted against
+their leaders, came the calls of the Emperor in the old trumpet tone.
+The eagle was to fly--nay, it was flying from tower to tower, and victory
+was advancing with a rush.  Was Ney to be the one man to shoot down his
+old leader? could he, as he asked, stop the sea with his hands?  On his
+trial his subordinate, Bourmont, who had by that time shown his devotion
+to the Bourbons by sacrificing his military honour, and deserting to the
+Allies, was asked whether Ney could have got the soldiers to act against
+the Emperor.  He could only suggest that if Ney had taken a musket and
+himself charged, the men would have followed his example.  "Still," said
+Bourmont, "I would not dare to affirm that he (the Marshal) would have
+won."  And who was Ney to charge?  We know how Napoleon approached the
+forces sent to oppose him: he showed himself alone in the front of his
+own troops.  Was Ney to deliberately kill his old commander?  was any
+general ever expected to undergo such a test?  and can it be believed
+that the soldiers who carried off the reluctant Oudinot and chased the
+flying Macdonald, had such a reverence for the "Rougeot," as they called
+him, that they would have stood by while he committed this murder?  The
+whole idea is absurd: as Ney himself said at his trial, they would have
+"pulverized" him.  Undoubtedly the honourable course for Ney would have
+been to have left his corps when he lost control over them; but to urge,
+as was done afterwards, that he had acted on a preconceived scheme, and
+that his example had such weight, was only malicious falsehood.  The
+Emperor himself knew well how little he owed to the free will of his
+Marshal, and he soon had to send him from Paris, as Ney, sore at heart,
+and discontented with himself and with both sides, uttered his mind with
+his usual freedom.  Ney was first ordered to inspect the frontier from
+Dunkirk to Bale, and was then allowed to go to his home.  He kept so
+aloof from Napoleon that when he appeared on the Champ de Mai the Emperor
+affected surprise, saying that he thought Ney had emigrated.  At the last
+moment Marshal Mortier fell ill.  Ney had already been sent for.  He
+hurried up, buying Mortier's horses (presumably the ill-fated animals who
+died under him at Waterloo), and reached the army just in time to be
+given the command of the left wing.
+
+It has been well remarked that the very qualities which made Ney
+invaluable for defence or for the service of a rear-guard weighed against
+him in such a combat as Quatre Bras.  Splendid as a corps leader, he had
+not the commander's eye to embrace the field and surmise the strength of
+the enemy at a glance.  At Bautzen in 1818 his staff had been unable to
+prevent him from leaving the route which would have brought him on the
+very rear of the enemy, because seeing the foe, and unable to resist the
+desire of returning their fire, he turned off to engage immediately.  At
+Quatre Bras, not seeing the force he was engaged with, believing he had
+the whole English army on his hands from the first, he let himself at the
+beginning of the day be imposed upon by a mere screen of troops.
+
+We cannot here go into Ney's behaviour at Waterloo except to point out
+that too little importance is generally given to the fact of the English
+cavalry having, in a happy moment, fallen on and destroyed the artillery
+which was being brought up to sweep the English squares at close
+quarters.  At Waterloo, as in so many other combats, the account of Ney's
+behaviour more resembles that of a Homeric hero than of a modern general.
+To the ideal commander of to-day, watching the fight at a distance,
+calmly weighing its course, undisturbed except by distant random shots,
+it is strange to compare Ney staggering through the gate of Konigsberg
+all covered with blood; smoke and snow, musket in hand, announcing
+himself as the rear-guard of France, or appearing, a second Achilles, on
+the ramparts of Smolensko to encourage the yielding troops on the glacis,
+or amidst the flying troops at Waterloo, with uncovered head and broken
+sword, black with powder, on foot, his fifth horse killed under him,
+knowing that life, honour, and country were lost, still hoping against
+hope and attempting one more last desperate rally.  If he had died--ah!
+if he had died there--what a glorious tomb might have risen, glorious for
+France as well as for him, with the simple inscription, "The Bravest of
+the Brave."
+
+Early on the 19th June a small band of officers retreating from the field
+found Ney asleep at Marchiennes, "the first repose he had had for four
+days," and they did not disturb him for orders.  "And indeed what order
+could Marshal Ney have given?  "The disaster of the day, the overwhelming
+horror of the flight of the beaten army, simply crushed Ney morally as
+well as physically.  Rising in the Chambers he denounced all attempt at
+further resistance.  He did not know, he would not believe, that Grouchy
+was safe, and that the army was fast rallying.  Fresh from the field,
+with all its traces on him, the authority of Ney was too great for the
+Government.  Frightened friends, plotting Royalists, echoed the wild
+words of Ney brave only against physical dangers.  Instead of dying on
+the battle-field, he had lived to ensure the return of the Bourbons, the
+fall of Bonaparte, his own death, and the ruin of France.
+
+Before his exception from the amnesty was known Ney left Paris on the 6th
+of July, and went into the country with but little attempt at
+concealment, and with formal passports from Fouche.  The capitulation of
+Paris seemed to cover him, and he was so little aware of the thirst of
+the Royalists for his blood that he let his presence be known by leaving
+about a splendid sabre presented to him by the Emperor on his marriage,
+and recognised by mere report by an old soldier as belonging to Ney or
+Murat; and Ney himself let into the house the party sent to arrest him on
+the 5th of August, and actually refused the offer of Excelmans, through
+whose troops he passed, to set him free.  No one at the time, except the
+wretched refugees of Ghent, could have suspected, after the capitulation,
+that there was any special danger for Ney, and it is very difficult to
+see on what principle the Bourbons chose their victims or intended
+victims.  Drouot, for example, had never served Louis XVIII., he had
+never worn the white cockade, he had left France with Napoleon for Elba,
+and had served the Emperor there.  In 1815 he had fought under his own
+sovereign.  After Waterloo he had exerted all his great influence, the
+greater from his position, to induce the Guard to retire behind the
+Loire, and to submit to the Bourbons.  It was because Davoust so needed
+him that Drouot remained with the army.  Stilt Drouot was selected for
+death, but the evidence of his position was too strong to enable the
+Court to condemn him.  Cambronne, another selection, had also gone with
+Napoleon to Elba.  Savory, another selection, had, as was eventually
+acknowledged, only joined Napoleon when he was in full possession of the
+reins of Government.  Bertrend, who was condemned while at St. Helena,
+was in the same position as Drouot.  In fact, if any one were to draw up
+a list of probable proscriptions and compare it with those of the 24th of
+July 1815, there would probably be few names common to both except
+Labedoyere, Mouton Duvernet, etc.  The truth is that the Bourbons, and,
+to do them justice, still more the rancorous band of mediocrities who
+surrounded them, thirsted for blood.  Even they could feel the full
+ignominy of the flight to Ghent.
+
+While they had been chanting the glories of the Restoration, the devotion
+of the people, the valour of the Princes, Napoleon had landed, the
+Restoration had vanished like a bad dream, and the Princes were the first
+to lead the way to the frontier.  To protest that there had been a
+conspiracy, and that the conspirators must suffer, was the only possible
+cloak for the shame of the Royalists, who could not see that the only
+conspiracy was the universal one of the nation against the miserable men
+who knew not how to govern a high-spirited people.
+
+Ney, arrested on the 5th of August, was first brought before a Military
+Court on the 9th of November composed of Marshal Jourdan (President),
+Marshals Massena, Augereau, and Mortier, Lieutenants-General Gazan,
+Claparede, and Vilatte (members).  Moncey had refused to sit, and Massena
+urged to the Court his own quarrels with Ney in Spain to get rid of the
+task, but was forced to remain.  Defended by both the Berryers, Ney
+unfortunately denied the jurisdiction of the court-martial over him as a
+peer.  In all probability the Military Court would have acquitted him.
+Too glad at the moment to be free from the trial of their old comrade,
+not understanding the danger of the proceeding, the Court, by a majority
+of five against two, declared themselves non-competent, and on the 21st
+of November Ney was sent before the Chamber of Peers, which condemned him
+on the 6th of December.
+
+To beg the life of his brave adversary would have been such an obvious
+act of generosity on the part of the Duke of Wellington that we maybe
+pardoned for examining his reasons for not interfering.  First, the Duke
+seems to have laid weight on the fact that if Ney had believed the
+capitulation had covered him he would not have hidden.  Now, even before
+Ney knew of his exception from the amnesty, to appear in Paris would have
+been a foolish piece of bravado.  Further, the Royalist reaction was in
+full vigour, and when the Royalist mobs, with the connivance of the
+authorities, were murdering Marshal Brune and attacking any prominent
+adherents of Napoleon, it was hardly the time for Ney to travel in full
+pomp.  It cannot be said that, apart from the capitulation, the Duke had
+no responsibility.  Generally a Government executing a prisoner, may,
+with some force, if rather brutally, urge that the fact of their being
+able to try and execute him in itself shows their authority to do so.
+The Bourbons could not even use this argument.  If the Allies had
+evacuated France Louis le Desiree would have ordered his carriage and
+have been at the frontier before they had reached it.  If Frenchmen
+actually fired the shots which killed Ney, the Allies at least shared the
+responsibility with the French Government.  Lastly, it would seem that
+the Duke would have asked for the life of Ney if the King, clever at such
+small artifices, had not purposely affected a temporary coldness to him.
+Few men would have been so deterred from asking for the life of a dog.
+The fact is, the Duke of Wellington was a great general, he was a single-
+hearted and patriotic statesman, he had a thousand virtues, but he was
+never generous.  It cannot be said that he simply shared the feelings of
+his army, for there was preparation among some of his officers to enable
+Ney to escape, and Ney had to be guarded by men of good position
+disguised in the uniform of privates.  Ney had written to his wife when
+he joined Napoleon, thinking of the little vexations the Royalists loved
+to inflict on the men who had conquered the Continent.  "You will no
+longer weep when you leave the Tuileries."  The unfortunate lady wept now
+as she vainly sought some mercy for her husband.  Arrested on the 5th of
+August, sentenced on the 6th of December, Ney was shot on the 7th of
+December, and the very manner of his execution shows that, in taking his
+life there was much more of revenge than of justice.
+
+If Ney were to be shot, it is obvious that it should have been as a high
+act of justice.  If neither the rank nor the services of the criminal
+were to save him, his death could not be too formal, too solemn, too
+public.  Even an ordinary military execution is always carried out with
+grave and striking forms: there is a grand parade of the troops, that all
+may see with their own eyes the last act of the law.  After the execution
+the troops defile past the body, that all may see the criminal actually
+dead: There was nothing of all this in the execution of Ney.   A few
+chance passers, in the early morning of the 7th of December 1815, saw a
+small body of troops waiting by the wall of the garden of the Luxemburg.
+A fiacre drove up, out of which got Marshal Ney in plain clothes, himself
+surprised by the everyday aspect of the place.  Then, when the officer of
+the firing party (for such the spectators now knew it to be) saw whom it
+was he was to fire on, he became, it is said, perfectly petrified; and a
+peer, one of the judges of Ney, the Duke de la Force, took his place.
+Ney fell at the first volley with six balls in his breast, three in the
+head and neck, and one in the arm, and in a quarter of an hour the body
+was removed; "plain Michel Ney" as he had said to the secretary
+enunciating his title in reading his sentence, "plain Michel Ney, soon to
+be a little dust."
+
+The Communists caught red-handed in the streets of Paris in 1870 died
+with hardly less formality than was observed at the death-scene of the
+Prince of the Moskowa and Duke of Elchingen, and the truth then became
+plain.  The Bourbons could not, dared not, attempt to carry out the
+sentence of the law with the forms of the law.  The Government did not
+venture to let the troops or the people face the Marshal.  The forms of
+the law could not be carried out, the demands of revenge could be.  And
+if this be thought any exaggeration, the proof of the ill effects of this
+murder, for its form makes it difficult to call it anything else, is
+ready to our hands.  It was impossible to get the public to believe that
+Ney had really been killed in this manner, and nearly to this day we have
+had fresh stories recurring of the real Ney being discovered in America.
+The deed, however, had really been done.  The Marshals now knew that when
+the Princes fled they themselves must remain to die for the Royal cause;
+and Louis had at last succeeded in preventing his return to his kingdom
+amongst the baggage waggons of the Allies from being considered as a mere
+subject for jeers.  One detail of the execution of Ney, however, we are
+told nothing of: we do not know if his widow, like Madame Labedoyere, had
+to pay three francs a head to the soldiers of the firing party which shot
+her husband.  Whatever were the faults of the Bourbons, they at least
+carried out their executions economically.
+
+The statesmen of France, distinguished as they were, certainly did not
+rise to a level with the situation either in 1814 or in 1815.  In 1814,
+it is true, they were almost stunned by the crash of the Empire, and
+little as they foresaw the restoration of the Bourbons, still less could
+they have anticipated the extraordinary follies which were to be
+perpetrated.  In 1815 there was less excuse for their helplessness, and,
+overawed as they were by the mass of foes which was pouring on them to
+complete the disaster of Waterloo, still it is disappointing to find that
+there was no one to seize the helm of power, and, confronting the Allies,
+to stipulate proper terms for France, and for the brave men who had
+fought for her.  The Steady Davoust was there with his 100,000 men to add
+weight to their language, and the total helplessness of the older line of
+the Bourbons had been too evidently displayed to make their return a
+certainty, so that there is no reason to doubt that a firm-hearted
+patriot might have saved France from much of the degradation and loss
+inflicted on her when once the Allies had again got her at their mercy.
+At-the least the Bourbons might have been deprived of the revenge they
+sought for in taking some of the best blood of France.  Better for Ney
+and his comrades to have fallen in a last struggle before Paris than to
+be shot by Frenchmen emboldened by the presence of foreign troops.
+
+Talleyrand, the most prominent figure among the statesmen, was away.  His
+absence at Vienna during the first Restoration was undoubtedly the cause
+of many of the errors then committed.  His ability as displayed under
+Napoleon has been much exaggerated, for, as the Duke of Wellington said,
+it was easy enough to be Foreign Minister to a Government in military
+possession of Europe, but at least he was above the petty trivialities
+and absurdities of the Bourbon' Court.  On the receipt of the news of the
+landing of Napoleon he really seems to have believed that the enterprise
+would immediately end in disaster, and he pressed on the outlawing of the
+man who had overwhelmed him with riches, and who had, at the worst, left
+him when in disgrace in quiet possession of all his ill-gotten wealth.
+But, as the power of Napoleon became more and more displayed, as perhaps
+Talleyrand found that the Austrians were not quite so firm as they wished
+to be considered, and as he foresaw the possible chances of the Orleans
+family, he became rather lukewarm in his attention to the King, to whom
+he had recently been bewailing the hardships of his separation from his
+loved monarch.  He suddenly found that, after a Congress, the first duty
+of a diplomatist was to look after his liver, and Carlsbad offered an
+agreeable retreat where he could wait till he might congratulate the
+winner in the struggle.
+
+Louis deeply resented this conduct of his Foreign Minister, and when
+Talleyrand at last joined him with all his doubts resolved, the King took
+the first opportunity of dismissing him, leaving the calm Talleyrand for
+once stuttering with rage.  Louis soon, however, found that he was not
+the free agent he believed.  The Allies did not want to have to again
+replace their puppet on the throne, and they looked on Talleyrand and
+Fouche as the two necessary men.  Talleyrand was reinstated immediately,
+and remained for some time at the head of the Ministry.  He was, however,
+not the man for Parliamentary Government, being too careless in business,
+and trying to gain his ends more by clever tricks than straightforward
+measures.  As for the state into which he let the Government fall, it was
+happily characterised by  M. Beugnot.  "Until now," said he, "we have
+only known three sorts of governments--the Monarchical, the Aristocratic,
+and the Republican.  Now we have invented a new one, which has never been
+heard of before,--Paternal Anarchy."
+
+In September 1815 the elections to the Chamber were bringing in deputies
+more Royalist than the King, and Talleyrand sought to gain popularity by
+throwing over Fouche.  To his horror it appeared that, well contented
+with this step, the deputies next asked when the former Bishop was to be
+dismissed.  Taking advantage of what Talleyrand conceived to be a happy
+way of eliciting a strong expression of royal support by threatening to
+resign, the King replaced him by the Duc de Richelieu.  It was well to
+cut jokes at the Duke and say that he was the man in France who knew most
+of the Crimea (the Duke had been long in the Russian service, with the
+approval of Napoleon), but Talleyrand was overwhelmed.  He received the
+same office at Court which he had held under Napoleon, Grand Chamberlain,
+and afterwards remained a sardonic spectator of events, a not unimposing
+figure attending at the Court ceremonials and at the heavy dinners of the
+King, and probably lending a helping hand in 1830 to oust Charles X.
+from the throne.  The Monarchy of July sent him as Ambassador to England,
+where he mixed in local politics, for example, plotting against Lord
+Palmerston, whose brusque manners he disliked; and in 1838 he ended his
+strange life with some dignity, having, as one of his eulogists puts it,
+been faithful to every Government he had served as long as it was
+possible to save them.
+
+With the darker side of Talleyrand's character we have nothing to do
+here; it is sufficient for our purposes to say that the part the leading
+statesman of France took during the Cent Tours was simply nil.  In 1814,
+he had let the reins slip through his hands; 1815 he could only follow
+the King, who even refused to adopt his advice as to the proper way in
+which to return to France, and though he once more became Chief Minister,
+Talleyrand, like Louis XVIII., owed his restoration in 1815 solely to the
+Allies.
+
+The Comte d'Artois, the brother of the King, and later King himself as
+Charles X., was sent to Lyons, to which place the Duc d'Orleans followed
+him, and where the two Princes met Marshal Macdonald.  The Marshal did
+all that man could do to keep the soldiers true to the Bourbons, but he
+had to advise the Princes to return to Paris, and he himself had to fly
+for his life when he attempted to stop Napoleon in person.  The Duc
+d'Orleans was then sent to the north to hold Lille, where the King
+intended to take refuge, and the Comte d'Artois remained with the Court.
+
+The Court was very badly off for money, the King, and Clarke, Duke of
+Feltre, the War Minister, were the only happy possessors of carriages.
+They passed their time, as the Abbe Louis once bitterly remarked, in
+saying foolish things till they had a chance of doing them.
+
+The Comte d'Artois, who, probably wisely, certainly cautiously, had
+refused to go with De Vitrolles to stir up the south until he had placed
+the King in safety, had ended by going to Ghent too, while the Duc de
+Berry was at Alost, close by, with a tiny army composed of the remains of
+the Maison du Roi, of which the most was made in reports.  The Duc
+d'Orleans, always an object of suspicion to the King, had left France
+with the Royal party, but had refused to stay in Belgium, as he alleged
+that it was an enemy's country.  He crossed to England where he remained,
+greatly adding to the anxiety of Louis by refusing to join him.
+
+The end of these Princes is well known.  Louis died in 1824, leaving his
+throne to his brother; but Charles only held it till 1830, when after the
+rising called "the three glorious days of July," he was civilly escorted
+from France, and took shelter in England.  The Due Angouleme died without
+issue.  The Duc de Berry was assassinated in 1820, but his widow gave
+birth to a posthumous son the Duc de Bordeaux, or, to fervid Royalists,
+Henri V., though better known to us as the Comte de Chambord, who died in
+1883 without issue, thus ending the then eldest line of Bourbons, and
+transmitting his claims to the Orleans family.  On the fall of Charles X.
+the Duc d'Orleans became King of the French, but he was unseated by the
+Revolution of 1848, and died a refugee in England.  As the three Princes
+of the House of Conde, the Prince de Conde, his son, the Duc de Bourbon,
+and his: grandson, the Due d'Enghien, all died without further male
+issue, that noble line is extinct.
+
+When the news of the escape of Napoleon from Elba reached Vienna on the
+7th of March 1815, the three heads of the Allies, the Emperors of Austria
+and Russia, and the King of Prussia, were still there.  Though it was
+said that the Congress danced but did not advance, still a great deal of
+work had really been done, and the news of Napoleon's landing created a
+fresh bond of union between the Allies which stopped all further chances
+of disunion, and enabled them to practically complete their work by the
+9th of June 1815, though the treaties required cobbling for some years
+afterwards.
+
+France, Austria, and England had snatched the greater part of Saxony from
+the jaws of Prussia, and Alexander had been forced to leave the King of
+Saxony to reign over half of his former subjects, without, as he wished,
+sparing him the pain of such a degradation by taking all from him.
+Russia had to be contented with a large increase of her Polish dominions,
+getting most of the Grand-Duchy of Westphalia.  Austria had, probably
+unwisely, withdrawn from her former outlying provinces in Swabia and the
+Netherlands, which had before the Revolution made her necessarily the
+guardian of Europe against France, preferring to take her gains in Italy,
+gains which she has gradually lost in our days; while Prussia, by
+accepting the Rhine provinces, completely stepped into the former post of
+Austria.  Indeed, from the way in which Prussia was, after 1815, as it
+were, scattered across Germany, it was evident that her fate must be.
+either to be crushed by France, or else, by annexing the states enclosed
+in her dominions, to become the predominating power in Germany. It was
+impossible for her to remain as she was left.
+
+The Allies tightly bound France.  They had no desire to have again to
+march on Paris to restore Louis to the subjects who had such unfortunate
+objections to being subjected to that desirable monarch.  By the second
+Treaty of Paris, on the 20th of November 1815, France was to be occupied
+by an Allied force, in military positions on the frontier, not to exceed
+150,000 men, to be taken from all the Allied armies, under a commander
+who was eventually the Duke of Wellington.  Originally the occupation.
+was not to exceed five years, but in February 1817 the army was reduced
+by 30,000 men, one-fifth of each contingent; and by the Treaty of Aix-la-
+Chapelle of 9th October 1818, France was to-be evacuated by the 30th of
+November 1818.
+
+The three monarchs were probably not sorry to get the Congress over on
+any terms.  Alexander had had his fill of displaying himself in the
+salons in his favourite part of an Agamemnon generous towards Troy, and
+he had worn out his first popularity.  He was stung by finding some of
+his favourite plans boldly opposed by Talleyrand and by Metternich, and,
+indeed, was anxious to meet the last in open combat.  Francis had
+required all the firmness of what he called his Bohemian head to resist
+the threats, entreaties, and cajoleries employed to get him to acquiesce
+in the dethronement of the King of Saxony, and the wiping out of the
+Saxon nationality by the very alliance which professed to fight only for
+the rights of nations and of their lawful sovereigns.
+
+All three monarchs had again the satisfaction of entering Paris, but
+without enjoying the full glories of 1814.  "Our friends, the enemies"
+were not so popular then in France, and the spoliation of the Louvre was
+not pleasant even to the Royalists.  The foreign monarchs soon returned
+to their own drained and impoverished States.
+
+The Emperor Francis had afterwards a quiet reign to his death in 1835,
+having only to assist his Minister in snuffing out the occasional flashes
+of a love of freedom in Germany.
+
+The King of Prussia returned in a triumph well won by his sturdy
+subjects, and, in the light of his new honours, the Countess Von Voss
+tells us he was really handsome.  He was now at leisure to resume the
+discussions on uniform, and the work of fastening and unfastening the
+numerous buttons of his pantaloons, in which he had been so roughly
+interrupted by Jena.  The first institution of the Zollverein, or
+commercial union with several States, gradually extended, was a measure
+which did much for the unification of Germany.  With his brother
+sovereigns he revisited Paris at the end of the military occupation in
+1818, remaining there longer than the others, "because," said the
+Parisians, "he had discovered an actor at a small theatre who achieved
+the feat of making him laugh."  He died in 1840.  His Queen--heartbroken,
+it was said--had died in 1810.
+
+Alexander was still brimming over with the best and most benevolent
+intentions towards every one.  The world was to be free, happy, and
+religious; but he had rather vague ideas as to how his plans were to be
+carried out.  Thus it is characteristic that when his successor desired
+to have a solemn coronation as King of Poland it was found that Alexander
+had not foreseen the difficulties which were met with in trying to
+arrange for the coronation of a Sovereign of the Greek Church as King of
+a Roman Catholic State.  The much-dreaded but very misty Holy Alliance
+was one of the few fruits of Alexander's visions.  His mind is described
+as passing through a regular series of stages with each influence under
+which he acted.  He ended his life, tired out, disillusioned, "deceived
+in everything, weighed down with regret;" obliged to crush the very hopes
+of his people he had encouraged, dying in 1825 at Taganrog, leaving his
+new Polish Kingdom to be wiped out by-his successors.
+
+The minor sovereigns require little mention.  They retained any titles
+they had received from Napoleon, while they exulted, at being free from
+his heavy hand and sharp superintendence.  Each got a share, small or
+great, of the spoil except the poor King of Denmark, who, being assured
+by Alexander on his departure that he carried away all hearts, answered,
+"Yes, but not any souls."
+
+The reintroduction of much that was bad in the old system (one country
+even going so far as to re-establish torture), the steady attack on
+liberty and on all liberal ideas, Wurtemberg being practically the only
+State which grumbled at the tightening of the reins so dear to
+Metternich,--all formed a fitting commentary on the proclamations by
+which the Sovereigns had hounded on their people against the man they
+represented as the one obstacle to the freedom and peace of Europe.
+In gloom and disenchantment the nations sat down to lick their wounds:
+The contempt shown by the monarchs for everything but the right of
+conquest, the manner in which they treated the lands won from Napoleon as
+a gigantic "pool" which was to be shared amongst them, so many souls to
+each; their total failure to fulfil their promises to their subjects of
+granting liberty,--all these slowly bore their fruits in after years, and
+their effects are not even yet exhausted.  The right of a sovereign to
+hold his lands was now, by the public law of Europe, to be decided by his
+strength, The rights of the people were treated as not existing.  Truly,
+as our most gifted poetess has sung--
+
+              "The Kings crept out--the peoples sat at home,
+               And finding the long invocated peace
+               (A pall embroidered with worn images
+               Of rights divine) too scant to cover doom
+               Such as they suffered, nursed the corn that grew
+               Rankly to bitter bread, on Waterloo."
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Kings feel they are born general: whatever else they cannot do
+That consolation which is always left to the discontented
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Napoleon, v15, 1815
+by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
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