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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Canada West 1914
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: March 1, 2011 [EBook #35439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA WEST 1914 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+WEST
+
+
+160 ACRE
+FARMS in
+WESTERN
+CANADA
+FREE
+
+ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF HON. W. J. ROCHE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR,
+OTTAWA, CANADA. 1914
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LAND REGULATIONS IN CANADA
+
+
+All public lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are controlled
+and administered by the Dominion Government through the Department of
+the Interior. The lands disposed of as free homesteads (Government
+grants) under certain conditions involving residence and improvements,
+are surveyed into square blocks, six miles long by six miles wide,
+called townships. When these improvements are completed and duties
+performed, a patent or crown deed is issued.
+
+
+THE FOLLOWING IS A PLAN OF A TOWNSHIP
+
+                          N
+                  SIX MILES SQUARE
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+  W |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | E
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+                          S
+
+[Illustration: Showing how the land is divided into square sections and
+square quarter-sections. Also showing how the sections in a township are
+numbered.]
+
+Each township is subdivided into 36 square blocks or sections one mile
+square and containing 640 acres and numbered from one to thirty-six.
+Each section is divided into four quarter-sections of 160 acres each.
+
+The four quarters of the section are described, as the northeast, the
+northwest, the southeast and the southwest quarter.
+
+=Who Is Eligible.= The sole head of a family or any male eighteen years of
+age or over, who is a British subject or who declares his intention to
+become a British subject; a widow having minor children of her own
+dependent upon her for support.
+
+=Acquiring Homestead.= To acquire a homestead applicant must make entry in
+person, either at the Dominion Lands Office for the district in which
+the land applied for is situate, or at a sub-agency authorized to
+transact business in such district. At the time of entry a fee of $10
+must be paid. The certificate of entry which is then granted the
+applicant gives him authority to enter upon the land and maintain full
+possession of it as long as he complies with the homestead requirements.
+
+=Cattle Provision to Secure Homestead.= With certain restriction, stock
+may be substituted in lieu of cultivation.
+
+=Residence.= To earn patent for homestead, a person must reside in a
+habitable house upon the land for six months during each of three years.
+Such residence however, need not be commenced before six months after
+the date on which entry for the land was secured.
+
+=Improvement Duties.= Before being eligible to apply for patent, a
+homesteader must break (plough up) thirty acres of the homestead, of
+which twenty acres must be cropped. It is also required that a
+reasonable proportion of this cultivation must be done during each
+homestead year.
+
+=Application for Patent.= When a homesteader has completed his residence
+and cultivation duties he makes application for patent before the Agent
+of Dominion Lands for the district in which the homestead is situate, or
+before a sub-agent authorized to deal with lands in such district. If
+the duties have been satisfactorily performed patent issues to the
+homesteader shortly after without any further action on his part, and
+the land thus becomes his absolute property.
+
+=Timber and Fuel.= An occupant of a homestead quarter-section, having no
+suitable timber of his own, may obtain on payment of a 25-cent fee a
+permit to cut 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, 400 roof poles, 500
+fence posts, 2,000 fence rails. Homesteaders and all bona fide settlers,
+without timber on their own farms, may also obtain permits to cut dry
+timber for their own use on their farms for fuel and fencing.
+
+
+CUSTOMS REGULATIONS
+
+A settler may bring into Canada, free of duty, live stock for the farm
+on the following basis, if he has actually owned such live stock abroad
+for at least six months before his removal to Canada, and has brought
+them into Canada within one year after his first arrival viz: If horses
+only are brought in, 16 allowed. If cattle are brought in, 16 allowed;
+if sheep are brought in 160 allowed; if swine are brought in, 160
+allowed. If horses, cattle, sheep and swine are brought in together, or
+part of each, the same proportions as above are to be observed.
+
+Duty is to be paid on live stock in excess of the number above provided
+for. For customs entry purposes a mare with a colt under six months old
+is to be reckoned as one animal; a cow with a calf under six months old
+is also to be reckoned as one animal. Cattle and other live stock
+imported into Canada are subject to Quarantine Regulations.
+
+The following articles have free entry:
+
+Settler' effects, free viz: Wearing apparel, household furniture, books,
+implements and tools of trade, occupation, or employment: guns, musical
+instruments, domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live stock,
+bicycles, carts, and other vehicles, and agricultural implements in use
+by the settler for at least six months before his removal to Canada, not
+to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing
+establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or
+furniture, personal effects, and heirlooms left by bequest; provided,
+that any dutiable articles entered as settlers' effects may not be so
+entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall
+not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until after
+twelve months' actual use in Canada.
+
+The settler will be required to take oath that all of the articles have
+been owned by himself or herself for at least six months before removal
+to Canada; and that none have been imported as merchandise, for use in a
+manufacturing establishment or as a contractor's outfit, or for sale,
+and that he or she intend becoming a permanent settler within the
+Dominion of Canada, and that the "Live Stock" enumerated is intended for
+his or her own use on the farm which he or she is about to occupy (or
+cultivate), and not for sale or speculative purposes, nor for the use of
+any other person or persons.
+
+
+FREIGHT REGULATIONS
+
+1. Carloads of Settlers' Effects, the property of the settler, may be
+made up of the following described property for the benefit of actual
+settlers, viz: Live stock, any number up to but not exceeding ten (10)
+head, all told, viz: Cattle, calves, sheep, hogs, mules, or horses (the
+customs will admit free of duty in numbers referred to in Customs
+paragraph above, but railway regulations only permit ten head in each
+car); Household Goods and personal property (second-hand); Wagons or
+other vehicles for personal use (second-hand); Farm Machinery,
+Implements, and Tools (all second-hand); Soft-wood Lumber (Pine,
+Hemlock, or Spruce--only) and Shingles, which must not exceed 2,000 feet
+in all, or the equivalent thereof; or in lieu of, not in addition to the
+lumber and shingles, a Portable House may be shipped; Seed Grain, small
+quantity of trees or shrubbery; small lot live poultry or pet animals;
+and sufficient feed for the live stock while on the journey. Settlers'
+Effects rates, however, will not apply on shipments of second-hand
+Wagons, Buggies, Farm Machinery, Implements, or Tools, unless
+accompanied by Household Goods.
+
+2. Should the allotted number of live stock be exceeded, the additional
+animals will be charged for at proportionate rates over and above the
+carload rate for the Settlers' Effects, but the total charge for any one
+such car will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of Live
+Stock.
+
+3. Passes--One man will be passed free in charge of live stock when
+forming part of carloads, to feed, water, and care for them in transit.
+Agents will use the usual form of Live Stock Contract.
+
+4. Less than carloads will be understood to mean only Household Goods
+(second-hand), Wagons or other vehicles for personal use (second-hand),
+and (second-hand) Farm Machinery, Implements, and Tools. Less than
+carload lots must be plainly addressed. Minimum charge on any shipment
+will be 100 pounds at regular first-class rate.
+
+5. Merchandise, such as groceries, provisions, hardware, etc., also
+implements, machinery, vehicles, etc., if new, will not be regarded as
+Settlers' Effects, and, if shipped, will be charged at the regular
+classified tariff rates. Agents, both at loading and delivering
+stations, therefore, give attention to the prevention of the loading of
+the contraband articles and see that the actual weights are way-billed
+when carloads exceed 24,000 lbs. on lines north of St. Paul.
+
+6. Top Loads.--Agents do not permit, under any circumstances, any
+article to be loaded on the top of box or stock cars; such manner of
+loading is dangerous and absolutely forbidden.
+
+7. Settlers' Effects, to be entitled to the carload rates, cannot be
+stopped at any point short of destination for the purpose of unloading
+part. The entire carload must go through to the station to which
+originally consigned.
+
+8. The carload rates on Settlers' Effects apply on any shipment
+occupying a car weighing 24,000 pounds or less. If the carload weighs
+over 24,000 lbs. the additional weight will be charged for. North of St.
+Paul, Minn., 24,000 lbs. constitutes a carload, between Chicago and St.
+Paul and Kansas City or Omaha and St. Paul a carload is 20,000 lbs. From
+Chicago and Kansas City north to St. Paul any amount over this will be
+charged extra. From points South and East of Chicago, only five horses
+or heads of live stock are allowed in carloads, any over this will be
+charged extra; carload 12,000 lbs. minimum.
+
+9. Minimum charge on any shipment will be 100 lbs. at first-class rate.
+
+
+QUARANTINE OF SETTLERS' CATTLE
+
+Settlers' cattle must be inspected at the boundary. Inspectors may
+subject any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin
+test before allowing them to enter. Any cattle found tuberculous to be
+returned to the United States or killed without indemnity. Settlers'
+horses are admitted on inspection if accompanied by certificate of
+mallein test signed by a United States Inspector of Bureau of Animal
+Industries, without which they will be inspected at the boundary free of
+charge by a Canadian Officer. Settler should apply to Canadian
+Government Office for name of Inspector nearest him. Certificate of any
+other Veterinarian will not be accepted. Horses found to be affected
+with glanders within six months of entry are slaughtered without
+compensation. Sheep may be admitted subject to inspection at port of
+entry. If disease is discovered to exist in them, they may be returned
+or slaughtered. Swine may be admitted, when forming part of Settlers'
+Effects, but only after a quarantine of thirty days, and when
+accompanied by a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not
+existed in the district whence they came for six months preceding the
+date of shipment; when not accompanied by such certificate, they must be
+subject to inspection at port of entry. If diseased to be slaughtered,
+without compensation.
+
+
+UNITED STATES AGENTS.
+
+     =M. V. MacINNES=, 176 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich.
+
+     =C. A. LAURIER=, Marquette, Mich.
+
+     =J. S. CRAWFORD=, 301 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y.
+
+     =W. S. NETHERY=, Room 82, Interurban Station Bldg., Columbus, Ohio.
+
+     =G. W. AIRD=, 215 Traction-Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind.
+
+     =C. J. BROUGHTON=, Room 412, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill.
+
+     =GEORGE A. HALL=, 123 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.
+
+     =R. A. GARRETT=, 311 Jackson St., St. Paul, Minn.
+
+     =FRANK H. HEWITT=, 5th St., Des Moines, Iowa.
+
+     =W. E. BLACK=, Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. D.
+
+     =J. M. MacLACHLAN=, Drawer 197, Watertown, S. D.
+
+     =W. V. BENNETT=, 220 17th St., Room 4, Bee Bldg., Omaha, Neb.
+
+     =GEO. A. COOK=, 125 W. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo.
+
+     =BENJ. DAVIES=, Boom 6, Dunn Block, Great Falls, Mont.
+
+     =J. N. GRIEVE=, Cor. 1st and Post Sts., Spokane, Wash.
+
+     =J. E. La FORCE=, 29 Weybrosset Street, Providence, R. I.
+
+     =J. B. CARBONNEAU=, Jr., Biddeford, Me.
+
+     =MAX A. BOWLBY=, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+
+     =J. A. LAFERRIERE=, 1139 Elm St., Manchester, N. H.
+
+     =F. A. HARRISON=, 210 North 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE LAST BEST WEST
+
+THE CANADA OF OPPORTUNITY]
+
+
+The present demand for food stuffs and the expense of their production
+on high-priced lands make it seem that Western Canada, with its
+opportunity for meeting this demand, came into notice at the crucial
+period. Its millions of acres of land, easily cultivable, highly
+productive, accessible to railways, and with unexcelled climatic
+conditions, offer something too great to be overlooked.
+
+The provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have the largest
+area of desirable lands in North America, with but 8 per cent under the
+plough. Their cultivation has practically just begun. A few years ago
+the wheat crop amounted to only 71 million bushels. To-day, with only 4
+per cent of the available area in wheat, the crop is over 209 million
+bushels. What, then, will 44 per cent produce?
+
+Then look at immigration. In 1901 it was 49,149, of which 17,000 were
+from the United States; in 1906 it was 189,064, of which 57,000 were
+Americans; in 1913 it was about 400,000, about 125,000 being Americans.
+Why did these Americans go to Canada? Because the American farmer, like
+his Canadian cousin, is a shrewd business man. When an American can sell
+his farm at from $100 to $200 per acre and homestead in Canada for
+himself and for each of his sons who are of age, 160 acres of fertile
+land, capable of producing several bushels more to the acre than he has
+ever known, he will be certain to make the change.
+
+And then, following the capital of brawn, muscle, and sinew, comes
+American capital, keeping in touch with the industrious farmer with whom
+it has had dealings for many years. These two, with farming experience,
+are no small factors in a country's upbuilding. Nothing is said of the
+great mineral and forest wealth, little of which has been touched.
+
+In so short a time, no country in the world's history has attracted to
+its borders so large a number of settlers prepared to go on the land, or
+so much wealth, as have the Canadian prairies. Never before has
+pioneering been accomplished under conditions so favourable as those in
+Western Canada to-day.
+
+It is not only into the prairie provinces that these people go, but many
+continue westward to the great trees and mountains, and fertile valleys,
+the glory of British Columbia, where can be grown agricultural products
+of almost every kind, and where fruit is of great importance. The vast
+expanse of the plains attracts hundreds of thousands who at once set to
+work to cultivate their large holdings. But man's work, even in the
+cities with their record-breaking building rush, is the smallest part of
+the great panorama that unfolds on a journey through the country. Nature
+is still supreme, and man is still the divine pigmy audaciously seeking
+to impose his will and stamp his mark upon an unconquered half
+continent.
+
+=THE HOMEMAKING SPIRIT.=--The most commendable feature in Western
+development to-day is the "homemaking spirit." The people are finding
+happiness in planting trees, making gardens, building schools, colleges,
+and universities, and producing an environment so homelike that the
+country cannot be regarded as a temporary abode in which to make a
+"pile" preparatory to returning East.
+
+[Illustration: Confiding to his better half what they will do with the
+proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41-1/2 bushels per acre.]
+
+=THOUSANDS OF AVAILABLE HOMESTEADS.=--The desire of the American people to
+procure land is strong. Agricultural lands of proved value have so
+advanced in price that for the man with moderate means, who wishes to
+farm, finding a suitable location has become a serious question.
+Fortunately, in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, there are yet
+thousands of free homesteads of 160 acres each, which may be had by
+the simple means of filing, paying a ten-dollar entrance fee, and living
+on the land for six months each year for three years. No long,
+preliminary journey, tedious, expensive, and hazardous, is necessary.
+This homesteading has been going on in Canada for several years, and
+hundreds of thousands of claims have been taken up, but much good land
+still is unoccupied. Many consider the remaining claims among the best.
+They comprise lands in the park districts of each of the three
+provinces, where natural groves give a beauty to the landscape. Here
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax can be grown successfully, and the
+districts are admirably adapted to mixed farming. Cattle fatten on the
+nutritious grasses; dairying can be carried on successfully; timber for
+building is within reach, and water easy to procure.
+
+In addition to the free grant lands, there are lands which may be
+purchased from railways and private companies and individuals. These
+lands have not increased in price as their productivity and location
+might warrant, and may still be had for reasonably low sums and on easy
+terms.
+
+Nowhere else in the world are there such splendid opportunities for
+indulgence in the land-passion as in Western Canada. Millions of rich
+acres beckon for occupation and cultivation. Varying soil and climate
+are suited to contrary requirements--grazing lands for the stock
+breeder; deep-tilling soils for the market gardener; rolling, partly
+wooded districts for the mixed-farming advocate; level prairie for the
+grain farmer; bench lands and hillsides for the cultivator of fruits.
+
+
+
+
+ANOTHER GOOD YEAR IN WESTERN CANADA
+
+Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta Have Splendid Crops.
+
+
+The grain crop of 1913 was harvested and threshed in perfect condition.
+Excepting flax, the average yield was excellent; wheat almost
+universally graded near the top. Wheat from many fields averaged forty
+bushels per acre, weighing sixty-five pounds to the measured bushel.
+Oats ran from fifty to one hundred and fifteen bushels to the acre, and
+barley kept up the reputation of Western Canada as a producer of that
+cereal. In many sections the yield of flax exceeded earlier
+expectations, although in places, winds which blew off the boll caused
+some loss. Hundreds of farmers of small means who have been in the
+country only three or four years, paid up all their indebtedness out of
+the crop of 1913 and put aside something for farm and home improvements.
+Not only for the farmer with limited means and small acreage has the
+year been prosperous; the man able to conduct farming on a large scale
+has been equally successful--and for such, Western Canada offers many
+opportunities.
+
+A farmer in southern Alberta raised 350,000 bushels of grain last year,
+and made a fortune out of it. In Saskatchewan and in Manitoba is heard
+the same story of the successful working of large areas.
+
+As was to be expected with its unprecedented development, the financial
+stress during 1913 was felt as keenly throughout Western Canada as
+anywhere in the country. The fact is that money could not keep pace with
+the natural demands of 400,000 new people a year. Towns and cities had
+to be built, farming operations were extensive, and capitalists had not
+made sufficient preparation. But last year's crop has restored
+conditions to a normal state, and natural and reasonable development
+will continue.
+
+Owing to a wet fall in 1912 and a heavy snowfall the succeeding winter,
+seeding in some districts was later than usual. But with the favourable
+weather of May, June, and July, wheat sown in May ripened early in
+August. Rains came at the right time, and throughout the season the best
+of weather prevailed.
+
+[Illustration: These cattle winter out in Western Canada and do well.
+Shelter and water are abundant.]
+
+=The Cities Reflect the Growth of the Country.=--Passing through Western
+Canada from Winnipeg, and observing the cities and towns along the
+network of railways in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, one feels
+there must be "something of a country" behind them all. Gaze in any
+direction and the same view is presented: field after field of waving
+grain; labourers at work converting the virgin prairie into more fields;
+wide pasture lands where cattle are fattening on grasses rich in both
+milk- and beef-producing properties. Here is the wealth that builds the
+cities.
+
+In thirty years Winnipeg has increased in population from 2,000 to
+200,000; and become an important gateway of commerce. The wheat alone
+grown in the three prairie provinces in 1913 is sufficient to keep a
+steady stream of 1,000 bushels per minute continuously night and day
+going to the head of the lakes for three and a half months, and in
+addition to that, the oats and barley would supply this stream for
+another four months. The value of the grain crop alone would be
+sufficient to build any of our great transcontinental railroads and all
+their equipment, everything connected with them, from ocean to ocean.
+With only 10 per cent of the arable land under cultivation, what will
+the possibilities be when 288 million acres of the best land that the
+sun shines on is brought under the plough? Do you not see the portent of
+a great, vigorous, populous nation living under those sunny skies north
+of the 49th parallel?
+
+=New Railway Mileage Grows at Rapid Rate.=--Every year long stretches of
+new rails are extended into some hitherto untravelled domain, bringing
+into subjugation mountain, plain, and forest. Mighty rivers are being
+bridged, massive mountains are being tunnelled, and real zest is being
+given this work in the exciting race between the rival companies as they
+strive to outstrip each other in surmounting Nature's obstacles. During
+1913, more than 4,000 miles of new road have been built in Canada, the
+bulk of this in Western Canada.
+
+The latest reports give the total railway mileage in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, and Alberta as 12,760 miles, the Canadian Pacific Railway
+having 5,534; the Canadian Northern, 4,187; the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+1,476; the Great Northern Railway, 162. Manitoba has a total mileage of
+4,014; Saskatchewan, 5,679; Alberta, 3,073. The gain over 1912 is about
+3,400 miles.
+
+=Western Canada's Wheat.=--The quality of Western Canada wheat is
+recognized everywhere. Recently a U. S. senator said of the Canadian
+grain fields: "The wheat that Canada raises is the Northwestern hard
+spring wheat. The cost of raising is less in Canada than in the States,
+because the new lands there will produce larger crops than the older
+land on this side of the line, and the land is cheaper than in the
+United States."
+
+According to official figures the total estimated wheat production of
+Western Canada in 1913 was 209,262,000 bushels, an increase of more than
+5 million bushels in 1912. Oats show a total yield of more than
+242,413,000 bushels, barley more than 30 million bushels, rye more than
+2,500,000 bushels, flax more than 14 million bushels, and mixed grains
+more than 17 million bushels. Wheat, oats, barley, and rye are above the
+average quality of the last two years, and potatoes and root crops show
+a good percentage of standard condition during growth. The value of the
+harvest is approximately 209 million dollars as compared with about 200
+million in 1912.
+
+Winnipeg, the grain centre of Western Canada, has received and handled
+more wheat per day than Chicago, Minneapolis, and Duluth combined.
+
+Approximately 191 million bushels of grain were shipped from the
+elevators at Fort William and Port Arthur during the season of
+navigation; from the first of September, 1913, until December 20, 127
+million bushels of grain were shipped to the east--52,000,000 bushels
+more than for the same period last year.
+
+=What Farmers Receive.=--The amount of grain marketed, and the estimated
+receipts, based on an average price for September, October, and
+November, are as follows:
+
+               Bushels        Price per bushel
+
+  Wheat      97,000,000        .73    $70,000,000
+
+  Oats       30,000,000        .30      9,000,000
+
+  Barley      9,500,000        .40      3,800,000
+
+  Flax        6,500,000      $1.10      7,150,000
+
+  Total                               $89,950,000
+
+=A Splendid Fall.=--The fall of 1913 was exceedingly favourable to the
+farmer of Western Canada. The weather made it possible to harvest and
+thresh in the minimum of time, and in some cases permitted a start on
+fall ploughing early in September, in many parts continuing until
+December 1st. Owners of traction engines took advantage of clear nights
+to plough, the powerful headlights throwing a brilliant light across the
+fields. The men worked in relays, and it was frequently midnight before
+the big outfits quit.
+
+[Illustration: Beginning a home in the prairie--house and table "lands"
+are built on cement foundation.]
+
+[Illustration: Sizing up quantity of hay per acre he would get from his
+hayfield.]
+
+[Illustration: Starting from town with loads of posts for pasture
+fence.]
+
+=Mixed Farming.=--Mixed farming is yielding large profits to those who
+work intelligently along the lines of intensive farming. In addition to
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax--alfalfa and other fodder crops are grown,
+and in some places corn.
+
+Every variety of vegetable grows abundantly and sugar beets are a
+moneymaker. Stock-raising is an important branch of mixed farming, and
+hogs and sheep are commanding high prices, the demand greatly exceeding
+the supply.
+
+=Sheep.=--The sheep industry in Western Canada pays exceedingly well. In
+the early days--but a few short years ago--a district south of the
+Canadian Pacific Railway from Swift Current to Maple Creek was stocked
+with sheep, and several large ranches made money, but with the onrush of
+settlement these ranches have been vacated and are now given up to
+successful grain growing. However, the farmers who now cross the
+boundary to purchase the best Montana breeds and take them to their
+farms, in every case report a success as great as that in grain growing.
+Although no country could be better fitted for sheep raising, and
+numerous successes have been made, Western Canada imports much of its
+mutton.
+
+=Profits in Horse Raising.=--The raising of horses is receiving increasing
+attention. Here also a rare opportunity for profit exists, for the
+market is woefully unsupplied.
+
+=Dairying= offers splendid opportunities for profit. In the rapidly
+growing cities and towns there is a demand for milk, cream, and butter.
+Creameries and cheese factories are established at accessible points.
+The feeding of cattle is nominal.
+
+=Poultry Products= can be readily marketed, and poultry raisers have done
+remarkably well. No one knows better than the farmer's wife the saving
+effected by having a flock of hens, some turkeys, geese and ducks, and
+the cost of feed is not noticed.
+
+=Hog Raising.=--Hog-raising has equal advantages with grain growing. A
+large quantity of pork that should be supplied at home is now shipped
+in. Barley, the best staple for hog raising, is easily grown and yields
+heavily. Alfalfa can be grown with little trouble, and with two crops in
+a season, and three tons to the acre to a crop, it will play an
+important part in the hog industry of the future. The Canadian field pea
+and the rape, also are good feed and produce the very best of pork.
+
+Chas. Reid, of Swift Current, who sold a thousand dollars' worth of pork
+last summer, and then had considerable on hand, has demonstrated that
+hogs pay better than straight grain raising. He has an income from his
+farm the whole year round.
+
+A farmer near Moose Jaw sold some hogs for $130.00. To the question,
+"What did they cost?" he answered: "Really nothing. I bought one sow; I
+have kept two, and I have three to kill for my own use. Of course we had
+skim milk and buttermilk, and I fed some chop, but what is left is worth
+all I paid out. I call the $130.00 clear profit."
+
+It is the same story in all parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
+Alberta. A little attention, plenty of such grain as would go to waste,
+some shelter, and that's all. Last year many farmers went into
+hog-raising extensively, and it saved many of them from financial
+embarrassment; for when money was not obtainable at the banks, farmers
+having marketable hogs sold them with handsome profit. Several made from
+$1.00 to $1.20 per bushel for wheat by feeding it to hogs.
+
+=Butter and Eggs.=--Large sums are spent regularly in United States
+markets for butter and eggs to supply the cities and towns of Western
+Canada, and large quantities of butter are imported from New Zealand.
+Not only is the demand in the towns, but many wheat-raisers purchase
+these commodities when they might produce them on their own farms at
+trifling cost.
+
+William Elliott, near Moose Jaw, has eight cows and eighty hens. In less
+than eight months, his butter and eggs sold for more than $500. All the
+groceries and the children's clothing and boots, are paid for with
+butter and egg money.
+
+W. H. Johnston, five miles south of Moose Jaw, has thirty cows and milks
+an average of twenty-five. His gross receipts last summer were from $600
+to $700 per month, of which $300 was profit. He grows his own feed,
+principally oats and hay, and has no worries over harvesting or grain
+prices.
+
+=Truck Gardening.=--Long days of abundant sunshine from May to September,
+and adequate moisture in the spring and early summer permit of a wide
+variety of products. The soil is rich and warm, and easily worked. Close
+attention to cultivation has resulted in record yields of vegetables and
+small fruits, which bring good prices in the cities.
+
+A farmer within five miles of Moose Jaw, who sold vegetables at the city
+market last year realized more than $300 between August 1, and October
+30. He had half an acre in carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes,
+beans, lettuce and onions, and half an acre in potatoes and turnips. His
+own table was supplied all summer and enough vegetables were put in the
+cellar to supply him during the winter and seed potatoes in the spring.
+
+[Illustration: R. P. O. Uwell's old home, Clover Bar, Alberta. This old
+home is now replaced by one of more modern structure.]
+
+[Illustration: A comfortable modern home in Western Canada, the old home
+now used as a granary. William Hamilton--Pioneer.]
+
+[Illustration: Segar Wheeler's residence "Rosthern," Sask. is a fair
+type of many homes in the Canadians.]
+
+=Corn Can Be Grown on Canadian Prairies.=--Manitoba is producing corn,
+chiefly for feed. On September 28, corn nine feet high had developed to
+the dough stage, and the crop would easily exceed twenty tons to the
+acre. There are also scattered fields of corn in Saskatchewan and
+Alberta.
+
+Corn is successfully grown in the northern part of Minnesota in similar
+soil and under the same climatic condition, and there is no apparent
+reason why like results should not be secured in Western Canada. Many
+American farmers of experience believe the corn belt is extending
+northward.
+
+=Alfalfa= is an assured crop in many parts of Western Canada and is
+destined to be the leading forage crop. In a recent competition
+forty-three entries were made, and every field was one of which farmers
+of the older alfalfa countries might be proud. In southern Alberta
+alfalfa is a success; at Edmonton it grows abundantly. Battleford,
+Prince Albert, Regina, Indian Head, Lacombe, Brandon, and in many other
+districts alfalfa is grown.
+
+=Post Offices.=--Throughout the settled portions of Western Canada are
+found post offices at which mails are delivered regularly, thus bringing
+Eastern friends within a few days' reach of those who have gone forward
+to make homes under new but favourable conditions on the fertile lands
+of the West. Last year hundreds of new post offices were established,
+many of them at points remote from the railway, but all demanded by new
+settlements made during the year.
+
+=Roads and Bridges.=--It is said to be the policy of the Canadian
+Government to do everything possible for the welfare of the settler,
+whether in accessible new town or remote hamlet. This solicitude is
+shown in every branch dealing with the organizing of new districts.
+Bridges have been built, roads constructed, the district policed, and a
+dozen other conveniences provided. Is it any wonder that with the
+splendid, high-yielding land, free to the homesteader or open to
+purchase at reasonable prices from railway and land companies, the
+Canadian immigration records for 1913 were so high?
+
+=Land Laws=.--Canada's land laws were formed after the United States had
+applied its methods to the free lands of the West, and embody the best
+United States provisions. They are so framed as not to bear heavily on
+the settler, whose interests are carefully watched, and are liberally
+administered. After several years' trial they have proved satisfactory.
+
+Titles, or patents, come from the Crown, and on being registered in a
+Land Titles Office these patents secure a transfer.
+
+Taxes outside of cities, towns, and the larger municipalities, are
+merely nominal and are devoted entirely to the improvement of roads, to
+educational purposes, to the payment of salaries, and to the erection
+of public buildings. At least 50 per cent of these costs, and in small
+struggling communities, 60 per cent or more, is paid by the Government
+out of the fund produced by the sale of school lands, one-eighth of the
+country having been reserved for that purpose.
+
+=The Banks of Canada.=--The close of 1913 has brought the usual bank
+statements accompanied by the addresses of the presidents and general
+managers of these institutions. They deal with economic matters first
+hand, and show in striking manner the prosperity of the country. Those
+who know anything of Canadian banking methods know the stability of
+these institutions, and the high character of the men in charge of them.
+
+Mr. Coulson, of the Canadian Bank of Commerce says:
+
+     "We have had a good harvest. The yield has been generally
+     good, and the quality on the average has never been
+     surpassed. This has been especially so in the Western
+     Provinces, and the unusually favourable weather and abundant
+     transportation facilities afforded by the railroads enabled
+     the movement of grain to be made rapidly."
+
+=Canada's New Bank Act.=--During 1913 the decennial revision of the Bank
+Act took place. Among important changes were:
+
+The establishment of the Central Gold Reserves. Authority to lend to
+farmers on their threshed grain.
+
+The provision which enables a bank to lend to a farmer on the security
+of his threshed grain is extensively utilized. This class of loan is
+regarded as a moral risk, and banks still depend more upon the character
+of the borrower than upon the security.
+
+=What Bank Managers Have to Say.=--Mr. Balfour, manager of the Union Bank
+of Canada:
+
+     "The railway companies have carried out the grain from the
+     Western Provinces this year in a very satisfactory manner."
+
+Mr. John Galt, president of the Union Bank of Canada:
+
+     "Speaking generally, the crop results have been satisfactory.
+     In the three great wheat growing provinces this has been a
+     banner year. Not only has the yield been large, but the
+     average quality has never been equalled, and the cost of
+     harvesting has been unusually low, owing to the magnificent
+     weather. This has, to some extent, offset the low prices
+     which prevailed. The railways have done splendid work in
+     handling the crop.
+
+     "There is a marked increase in the number of livestock.
+     Farmers are becoming more fully alive to the advantages they
+     derive from this source and are realizing that their
+     borrowing credit is greatly enhanced if they can show a good
+     proportion of cattle in their assets, and banks should look
+     with favour on loans for the purchase and handling of
+     livestock."
+
+Robert Campbell, general manager of the Northern Crown Bank, gives
+strong testimony of the wealth of Western Canada:
+
+     "It is important at a time like the present for every
+     business concern, financial or otherwise, to show by its
+     statement that collections have been good. We may
+     congratulate ourselves upon the showing we have made in this.
+     Notwithstanding that we have made new loans amounting to
+     millions of dollars since the crop was harvested, our old
+     loans have been paid off so rapidly that our liquid assets
+     were not reduced.
+
+     "This state of affairs is attributable to the fine weather we
+     have experienced in the West, which enabled the farmers to
+     harvest their grain early and quickly and to the unusual
+     rapidity with which the crop was moved by the railway
+     companies."
+
+[Illustration: Corn is not generally grown in Western Canada, but this
+320 acres shows a splendid yield, and considerable is now grown for
+fodder.]
+
+
+PROVINCIAL PREMIERS ARE OPTIMISTIC
+
+     =Manitoba is Stronger.=--Sir Rodmond Roblin has no pessimism
+     regarding the outlook in Manitoba. He says: "The improvements
+     upon farm and field excite the admiration of those interested
+     in agriculture, while our population has been very
+     considerably increased by a healthy, intelligent, and
+     industrious class of new-comers. Manitoba, is much stronger
+     financially, numerically, commercially, industrially and
+     educationally than she was in the year 1912. Her progress and
+     development are rapid, healthy, and permanent."
+
+     =Hope and Cheer in Saskatchewan.=--Hon. Walter Scott: "The
+     sheet anchor of Saskatchewan is its soil, which (excluding,
+     of course, the far north) comprises a larger proportion of
+     land capable of sustaining a farming population than any area
+     of similar vastness on the globe. Nothing but inconceivable
+     recklessness and waste can prevent its remaining for all time
+     a great agricultural province, and nothing can seriously
+     check its steady forward movement."
+
+     =Alberta on Sound Footing.=--Hon. A. L. Sifton: "Alberta was
+     never on a sounder footing than it is to-day. It has reaped
+     the best crop in her history, and stands in line for her
+     share of the millions earned by the farmers of Western Canada
+     for their wheat and other grains. Coarse grains for feeding
+     purposes are beginning to predominate with the advent of
+     mixed farming. A gratifying increase in the number of dairy
+     cows and hogs is reported from every district, indicating a
+     new source of wealth, a more constant revenue for the farmer
+     and a new basis of credit for farming operations."
+
+     =Splendid Outlook in British Columbia.=--Sir Richard McBride
+     says: "That British Columbia, judged by the healthy growth in
+     population and in general industries during the past year,
+     and the splendid outlook, may confidently be expected to have
+     increased prosperity in 1914. Mining will show a larger
+     output for the current year and the same may be said of
+     agriculture and other occupations. Generous and wise
+     expenditure for adding to the already extensive road system,
+     the building of necessary public works, as well as the
+     enormous amount of railway construction all conduce to the
+     opening up and settlement of immense areas, hitherto almost
+     dormant."
+
+
+PANAMA CANAL AND CANADA
+
+     =The London Times=, speaking of the Panama Canal, says:
+     "Although there is considerable speculation in trade and
+     political circles as to the effect of the opening of the
+     Panama Canal, enthusiasts in the West predict that Western
+     Canada generally will increase in population and wealth to an
+     extent beyond conception. The Canal will have the effect of
+     bringing the outposts of Empire inside the commercial arena.
+     The new water route, combined with improved railway
+     facilities, will certainly improve the position of Western
+     Canada in the battle for the world's markets."
+
+
+WHAT HAS BEEN SAID ABOUT WESTERN CANADA
+
+     =Mr. James J. Hill.=--"Within a few years the United States
+     will not be exporting any wheat, but it will become a market
+     for the wheat of Canada."
+
+     =Dr. Wm. Saunders=, Director of the Canadian Government
+     Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada: "The Canadian Northwest
+     can supply not only sufficient wheat for a local population
+     of thirty millions, but have left over for export three times
+     as much as the total import of the British Isles. One-fourth
+     of its arable land is devoted to wheat."
+
+     =Professor Shaw.=--"The first foot of soil in the provinces of
+     Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is worth more than all the
+     mines from Alaska to Mexico, and more than all the forests
+     from the boundary to the Arctic ocean. One acre of the
+     average soil in Western Canada is worth more than ten acres
+     of average land in the United States."
+
+     =Professor Tanner.=--"The black earth of Central Russia, the
+     richest soil in the world, has to yield its distinguished
+     position to rich, deep, fertile soil of Western Canada. Here
+     the most fertile soil of the world is to be found. These
+     soils are rich vegetable humus or clay loam with good clay
+     subsoil. To the high percentage of nitrogen is due the high
+     percentage of gluten which gives the 'Canadian No. 1 Hard'
+     the flouring qualities which have spread its fame abroad to
+     the ends of the earth."
+
+     =St. Paul Farmer.=--During a recent trip through Western
+     Canada, the editor of the _St. Paul Farmer_, in referring to
+     Government forces in agriculture, spoke of the interest that
+     the Dominion and the Provincial Governments took in farming
+     and farm education, as "complete and effective."
+
+     =The General Manager= of a Canadian bank is reported to have
+     said that, "owing to the speedy manner in which grain came
+     forward in the fall of 1913, our farmer customers in the
+     prairie provinces paid off about three million dollars of
+     liabilities between September 20, and October 10."
+
+     =Hon. W. T. White=, speaking at a New York meeting, said: "We
+     used to give you good Canadians but now we are getting back
+     good Americans. Ours came from the east, yours are going into
+     our west. Some of the most practical citizens, the best
+     Canada has to-day, are the Americans. We received last year
+     no less than 140,000. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, three
+     provinces, have each a larger territory than modern Germany,
+     less than ten per cent under cultivation. This year they had
+     a crop of over 200 million bushels of wheat. You cannot get
+     any country where contracts are more faithfully regarded or
+     obligations more carefully safeguarded by law than in
+     Canada."
+
+     =Sir Thomas Shaughnessy.=--"Immigration into Canada cannot
+     cease, for it is due to economic conditions which show no
+     signs of changing."
+
+     =David R. Forgan.=--"Nothing can check a country which can
+     raise the amount of wheat which has been raised in Western
+     Canada this year. Any checks which the country may have had
+     as a result of the world-wide money conditions are entirely
+     beneficial to the country. Numbers of young men, the sons of
+     farmers in the States, are now coming to Canada, and are
+     taking up land much cheaper and equally as good as they could
+     get in the States."
+
+     =Lord William Percy= of England: "The possibilities and
+     opportunities offered by the West are infinitely greater than
+     those which exist in England."
+
+     =Colonel Donald Walter Cameron= of Lochiel, Scotland, Chief of
+     the Cameron Clan: "We cannot blame our people for coming out
+     here, where there are so many opportunities as compared with
+     those afforded in Scotland. I thought possibly a trip through
+     Canada would give us some plan as to how to stop the
+     wholesale emigration from Scotland, but, after seeing this
+     wonderful country and the opportunities on every side, where
+     one man has as good chances as his neighbor, I have come to
+     the conclusion that nothing more can be done."
+
+     =Speaker Clark=.--In commenting on Speaker Clark's remarks
+     expressing regret at the number of Americans who had gone to
+     Canada in one week, the _Chicago News_ says: "The appropriate
+     sentiment for the occasion would seem to be a God-speed to
+     the emigrants. They are acting as the American pioneers did
+     before them, and are taking what appears to them to be the
+     most promising step for improving their fortunes. The bait is
+     wild land, and it is not affected by national boundaries."
+
+     =Mayor Deacon,= Winnipeg: "No man who sets foot in Canada is
+     more entirely and heartily welcome than the agriculturist
+     from the South."
+
+An eminent American writer after a recent visit to the Canadian West in
+speaking of the American immigration to Canada, says:
+
+     "Any country that can draw our citizens to it on such a scale
+     must have about it something above the ordinary, and that
+     Canada has in many ways."
+
+[Illustration: Figuring out the result of the year's crop. The yield of
+which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat.]
+
+=Dean Curtiss= of Ames Agricultural College, Iowa, says:
+
+     "We of the United States think we know how to get behind
+     agriculture and push, but the Canadians dare to do even more
+     than we do in some respects. They have wonderful faith in the
+     future: they hesitate at no undertaking that offers prospects
+     of results. More significant still is the wide co-operation
+     for agricultural promotion, including the government, private
+     individuals, and corporations and the railroads.
+
+     "Manitoba has in the last two years provided about as much
+     money for the building of an agricultural plant as Iowa has
+     appropriated in half a century. It has given in two years
+     $2,500,000 for buildings and grounds for its agricultural
+     institutions. Saskatchewan is building a plant for its
+     university and agricultural college on a broader and more
+     substantial plan than has been applied to any similar
+     institution in this country. Yet neither province has more
+     than half a million population.
+
+     "For public schools equally generous provision is made. They
+     are being built up to give vocational and technical training
+     as well as cultural. They fit the needs of the country
+     excellently and should turn out fine types of boys and girls.
+     They do this with a remarkable faith in the value of right
+     education."
+
+Dean Curtiss was much interested in the many ways the Canadian
+Government aids agriculture, aside from appropriations for education. It
+is helping to solve marketing problems; encouraging better breeding of
+livestock by buying sires and reselling them at cost, and doing many
+other things of like character. He says:
+
+     "I found that the Government is advancing from 50 to 85 per
+     cent of the money necessary to build coöperative creameries
+     and elevators. Where cattle need breeding up, the Government
+     buys bulls of dairy, Shorthorn, or special dairy breeds, and
+     sends them in at cost and long time payments."
+
+The words "Canadian wheat" are familiar to all, but many have not yet
+participated in the benefits derived by those who, within the past few
+years, have placed their capital in Canadian wheat lands. They, who,
+through foresight, so invested, they who broke the first furrow, have
+reaped bountifully.
+
+The development of the fertile plains and valleys of Western Canada is
+still in its infancy. The accomplishments of the past few years, while
+truly wonderful, have but proven the great resources and future
+capabilities of this vast country.
+
+The growth of to-day will be insignificant compared with the
+achievements of the next few years.
+
+The homestead shack is now giving place to the comfortable residence,
+large barns are being erected where the improvised log and mud stable
+sheltered a few head of cattle, fields are fenced, roads built, and
+great fields of grain and luxuriant pastures are always in evidence.
+
+=The Climate.=--Owing to the altitude, Western Canada is one of the finest
+and most healthful sections in the world. Speaking generally it is at
+least a thousand feet higher above sea level than the Middle Western
+States, thus giving a dry, bracing air, much like portions of Colorado.
+During a large part of the summer the days are hot and sunny, with more
+than twenty hours of daylight and consequently growing weather, in each
+day. The nights, however, are always cool and restful and are largely
+responsible for the splendid vitality of Western men.
+
+The winters are truly splendid. Usually farming operations on the land
+are stopped by frost from the 12th to the 15th of November although some
+years they have been continued into December. Usually late in November
+snow falls, and with the exception of those districts where Chinook
+winds are frequent, will remain until the following spring, disappearing
+early in March. During this time there is clear, bright, dry, sunny
+weather and an intensely invigorating atmosphere. The average winter
+temperature ranges from zero to twenty-two above zero, according to the
+district. Occasionally severe cold weather will occur, lasting for two
+or three days, but this is not unknown in the Middle Western States. One
+of the greatest advantages is the hard frost, during the winter. This
+freezes the ground to a depth of several feet. In the spring, thawing
+naturally commences at the top. As soon as the top soil is sufficiently
+thawed the land is sown, the cultivation forming a mulch which conserves
+the moisture in the frozen ground underneath. With the increasing warmth
+of early summer, the lower frost gradually thaws out and this moisture
+aids largely in the growth of the young crop.
+
+The heaviest rainfall occurs in June, when it is most needed and does
+the most good to the growing crops. The rainfall of western Canada
+varies from 16 to 28 inches. The farmers are usually working upon the
+land during the first week in April. This gives a long growing season
+and plenty of time to dispose of the crop and get the land prepared,
+ready for the next season's operation.
+
+                METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR JANUARY, 1913
+
+                                             Precipi-
+  Experimental       Degrees of Temperature   tation       Hours of
+  Farm or            Highest  Lowest   Mean     in         Sunshine
+  Station at                                  Inches   Possible  Actual
+
+  Brandon, Man         36.9   -37.6   24.60     .11       268      73.6
+  Indian Head, Sask    40.0   -45.0   -6.51     .80       266      57.9
+  Rosthern, Sask       38.6   -49.5   13.30     .55       252      73.9
+  Scott, Sask          38.8   -48.8   -9.47     .59       255      83.9
+  Lacombe, Alta        45.3   -35.6     .67     .93       257      63.3
+  Lethbridge, Alta     47.0   -30.0    7.49     .80       269      91.9
+
+  DECEMBER, 1912
+
+  Brandon, Man         39.9    27.2    9.30    1.00       254      61.1
+  Indian Head, Sask    39.0    19.0   13.19    1.23       248      53.2
+  Rosthern, Sask       38.8    23.2    8.15     .50       233      62.4
+  Scott, Sask          44.1    19.8   16.86     .27       238      91.3
+  Lacombe, Alta        58.6    10.6   21.98     .03       238      7.42
+  Lethbridge, Alta     50.1     0.9   27.16     .23       254     102.3
+
+[Illustration: A scene showing farming on a large scale in the park
+districts of Western Canada. Water is good and plentiful in this
+district.]
+
+
+SWEEPSTAKE UPON SWEEPSTAKE
+
+A Manitoba Steer Carries Off Honors Similar to Those Won by a
+Half-brother in 1912.
+
+Saskatchewan wins and now owns the Colorado Silver Trophy for best oats
+in the world.
+
+When Glencarnock I, the Aberdeen-Angus steer, owned by Mr. McGregor of
+Brandon, Manitoba, carried off the Sweepstakes at the Chicago Live Stock
+Show in 1912, it was considered a great victory for barley, oats and
+grass, versus corn. That there might be no doubt as to the superiority
+of barley feeding, Manitoba climate, and judgment in selecting the
+animal, in 1913 Mr. McGregor entered another Aberdeen-Angus, a
+half-brother to the winner of 1912, and secured a second victory. In
+other classes also Mr. McGregor had excellent winnings. Glencarnock's
+victory proves not only the superiority of the new feeding, but that the
+climate of the prairie provinces of Western Canada, in combination with
+the rich foods possessed by that country, tends to make cattle raising a
+success at little cost.
+
+Other winnings at the Live Stock Show which placed Western Canada in the
+class of big victories were: three firsts, seven seconds, and five other
+prizes in Clydesdales.
+
+Among recent victories won by Western Canada within the past three
+years:
+
+In February, 1911, Hill & Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, showed a
+peck of oats at the National Corn Exposition in Columbus, Ohio, and
+carried off the Colorado Silver Trophy, valued at $1,500.00. In
+February, 1913, they had a similar victory at Columbia, N. C., the third
+and final winning was at Dallas, Texas, on February 17, 1914, when Hill
+& Son's oats defeated all other entries.
+
+In 1911, Seager Wheeler, of Rosthern, won $1,000 in gold at the New York
+Land Show for best hundred pounds of wheat.
+
+In 1912, at the Dry Farming Congress, Lethbridge, Mr. Holmes of Cardston
+won an engine for best wheat in the world.
+
+In 1913, at Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mr. P. Gerlack, of Allan, Saskatchewan,
+carried off the honors and a threshing machine for the best bushel of
+wheat shown in a world competition. It was the Marquis variety and
+weighed 71 lbs. to the bushel. At this congress, Canada won a majority
+of the world's honours in individual classes, and seven out of the
+sixteen sweepstakes.
+
+Other first prizes taken at the same place were:
+
+Barley, Nicholas Tétinger, Claresholm, Alberta. Oats, E. J. Lanigan,
+Elfross, Saskatchewan. Flax, John Plews, Carnduff, Saskatchewan. Sheaf
+of barley, A. H. Crossman, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of flax, R.
+C. West, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of oats, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. In district exhibits, Swift Current, Saskatchewan,
+won the Board of Trade Award, with Maple Creek second. Red Fife Spring
+Wheat, E. A. Fredrick, Maple Creek. Other variety of Hard Spring Wheat,
+S. Englehart, Abernethy, Saskatchewan. Black Oats, Alex Wooley, Norton,
+Alberta. Oats, any other variety, Wm. S. Simpson, Pambrun, Saskatchewan.
+Western Rye Grass, W. S. Creighton, Stalwart, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of Red
+Fife Wheat, R. H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of
+Marquis Wheat, G. H. Carney, Dysart, Saskatchewan. Two-Rowed Barley, R.
+H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Six-Rowed Barley, R. H.
+Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Western Rye Grass, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. Alsike Clover, Seager Wheeler, Rosthern,
+Saskatchewan.
+
+=Agricultural Education in Western Canada.=--Scientific farming probably
+can be pursued with more profit and advantage in Western Canada than in
+any other portion of the continent. What can be achieved may be judged
+by what has been accomplished by the thousands who with not even a
+theoretical knowledge have made it a success. The various governments
+have provided for the development of a class of farmers who, in the
+possession of the rich soil of the country, with its abundant humus, its
+phosphates, and large endowment of other properties will make of it the
+greatest farming region of the known world.
+
+AREAS OF LAND AND WATER
+
+     According to the latest measurements the land and water areas
+     of the three provinces, as at the Census of 1911, are as
+     follows:
+
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+       Provinces  |    Land     |   Water    |    Total
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+                  |    acres    |   acres    |    acres
+     Manitoba     |  41,169,098 |  6,019,200 |  47,188,298
+     Saskatchewan | 155,764,480 |  5,323,520 | 161,088,000
+     Alberta      | 161,872,000 |  1,510,400 | 163,382,400
+     Total        | 358,805,578 | 12,853,120 | 371,658,698
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+
+     Note--By the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912, the area of
+     Manitoba was increased by 113,984,000 acres, bringing the
+     total to 161,172,298 acres, of which 12,739,600 acres are
+     water. The areas of Manitoba in this article relate solely
+     however to the province as constituted before the Act of
+     1912.
+
+Comparative Areas of wheat, oats, and barley in the three Western
+Provinces: [Transcriber's Note: This table was split into three parts
+for the text version]
+
+  ==============+======================+===========+==========+
+    Provinces   |         1900         |         1910         |
+                |                      |                      |
+  --------------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+                |  Bushels  |   Acres  |  Bushels  |   Acres  |
+                +-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+  Manitoba--    |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 18,352,929| 1,965,193| 34,125,949| 2,760,371|
+    Oats        | 10,952,365|   573,848| 30,378,379| 1,209,173|
+    Barley      |  2,666,567|   139,660|  6,506,634|   416,016|
+  Saskatchewan--|           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |  4,306,091|   487,170| 66,978,996| 4,228,222|
+    Oats        |  2,270,057|   141,517| 58,922,791| 1,888,359|
+    Barley      |    187,211|    11,798|  3,061,007|   129,621|
+  Alberta--     |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |    797,839|    43,103|  9,060,210|   879,301|
+    Oats        |  3,791,259|   118,025| 16,099,223|   783,072|
+    Barley      |    287,343|    11,099|  2,480,165|   121,435|
+  ==============+===========+==========+===========+==========+
+
+  ==============+======================+======================+
+    Provinces   |         1911         |         1912         |
+                |                      |                      |
+  --------------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+                |  Bushels  |   Acres  |  Bushels  |   Acres  |
+                +-----------+----------|-----------+----------+
+  Manitoba--    |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 62,689,000| 3,094,833| 63,017,000| 2,839,000|
+    Oats        | 60,037,000| 1,307,434| 57,154,000| 1,348,000|
+    Barley      | 14,949,000|   448,105| 15,826,000|   481,000|
+  Saskatchewan--|           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |109,075,000| 5,256,474|106,960,000| 5,582,000|
+    Oats        |107,594,000| 2,332,912|117,537,000| 2,556,000|
+    Barley      |  8,661,000|   273,988|  9,595,000|   292,000|
+  Alberta--     |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 36,602,000| 1,639,974| 34,303,000| 1,590,000|
+    Oats        | 59,034,000| 1,221,217| 67,630,000| 1,461,000|
+    Barley      |  4,356,000|   164,132|  6,179,000|   187,000|
+  ==============+===========+==========+===========+==========+
+
+  ==============+=======================+===============
+    Provinces   |          1913         |Average for 5
+                |                       |years 1908-1912
+  --------------+------------+----------+------+--------
+                |  Bushels   |   Acres  | Bush.| Price
+                +------------+----------+------+--------
+  Manitoba--    |            |          |      |
+    Wheat       |  53,331,000| 2,804,000| 18.17| $0.75
+    Oats        |  56,759,000| 1,398,000| 37.40|  0.30
+    Barley      |  14,305,000|   496,000| 27.54|  0.40
+  Saskatchewan--|            |          |      |
+    Wheat       | 121,559,000| 5,720,000| 19.06|  0.65
+    Oats        | 114,112,000| 2,755,000| 40.88|  0.27
+    Barley      |  10,421,000|   332,000| 29.09|  0.38
+  Alberta--     |            |          |      |
+    Wheat       |  34,372,000| 1,512,000| 20.22|  0.61
+    Oats        |  71,542,000| 1,639,000| 41.18|  0.27
+    Barley      |   6,334,000|   197,000| 28.98|  0.35
+  ==============+============+==========+======+========
+
+[Illustration: Cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well
+in all parts of Western Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: Horses range most of the year in many parts of
+Saskatchewan and Alberta.]
+
+
+
+
+MANITOBA
+
+
+The most easterly of the three Central Provinces--lies in the centre of
+the North American continent--midway between the Pacific and Atlantic
+oceans, its southern boundary running down to the 49th parallel, which
+separates it from the United States, its northeasterly boundary being
+Hudson Bay. It may well be termed one of the Maritime Provinces of
+Canada. Manitoba is one-fourth larger than Germany, its area covering
+252,000 square miles or about 161 million acres. If a family were placed
+on every half section of the surveyed land in Manitoba, more than
+600,000 persons would be actually living in the Province.
+
+=Available Homesteads.=--One and a half million acres of land are open for
+free homesteading in Manitoba--east of the Red River, and between lakes
+Winnipeg and Manitoba, also west of Lake Manitoba and in the newly
+opened districts along the railway lines. The wooded areas of these
+districts will make a strong appeal to those who appreciate the
+picturesque. Where the timber is light scrub, it is easily removed,
+while the heavy forest richly repays the cost of clearing. Lakes,
+rivers, and creeks are numerous, and wells of moderate depth furnish
+water for domestic purposes. Homestead lands are easily reached and the
+value of land is steadily advancing. Two hundred and thirty-two
+homesteads were filed in Winnipeg in December, 1913--almost twice the
+number filed during December, 1912.
+
+=Available Farm Lands=, apart from homesteads, can be secured at $12 to
+$15 per acre for raw prairie, while improved farms command $35 to $40.
+
+=Improved Farms= may be secured in all parts of Manitoba from owners who
+have grown wealthy and are in a position to retire.
+
+=Soil and Surface.=--The surface of Manitoba is not a flat, bare stretch,
+a "bald-headed prairie." A large part of the land, especially in the
+south, is, indeed, the flat bed of a wide, prehistoric lake; but even in
+the southwest the land rises into wooded hills, and in the southeast,
+close to the Lake-of-the-Woods country, there is a genuine forest. In
+Western Manitoba are forested areas, and timbered districts exist on the
+Turtle Mountains and the Brandon Hills. The true forest persists in
+Central Manitoba as far as the Duck Mountains. From all these points
+quantities of lumber, fence posts, and firewood are sent to the prairie
+settlers. The rivers and lakes are skirted by a plentiful tree growth.
+Down through the heart of the Province stretch two great lake chains.
+Lake Winnipeg and lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba, which receive the
+waters of the Saskatchewan and Assiniboine from the west, and discharge
+through the Nelson River to Hudson Bay. Sloping to the west from the
+Lake Manitoba plain is a range of gentle hills known as the Duck
+Mountains, Riding Mountains, and the Porcupine Hills. These hills in no
+way alter the fact that almost the whole land surface of Central and
+Southern Manitoba west of its great lakes is ready for cultivation. The
+northern portion of the Province, though not surveyed, is known to
+contain a large area of good agricultural land. Manitoba's soil is a
+deep rich loam, inexhaustible in its productiveness. There are 25-1/2
+million acres of land surveyed, about one-fourth of which was under crop
+in 1913.
+
+=Grain Growing.=--Manitoba is noted for its wheat crops and has already
+an established prestige in yields of oats, rye, and flax; in some parts
+corn is being grown. In certain districts good yields of winter wheat
+are reported.
+
+The grain statistics for the Province reveal an interesting condition.
+In 1901 there were 1,965,200 acres of land under wheat, and in 1910 the
+area had grown to 3,094,833 acres. In 1913, this had increased to
+3,141,218 acres. The land under oats, in 1913, amounted to 1,939,723
+acres; barley, 1,153,834 acres, and flax, 115,054 acres. The average
+yield of wheat in 1913 was 20 bushels; oats, 42 bushels.
+
+The total grain crop in the Province for 1913 was 178,775,946 bushels,
+grown on 6,364,880 acres, compared with 182,357,494 for 1912, the
+decrease being due to a falling off in oats of nearly 7 million bushels
+and in flax of more than 1 million bushels. Of the 1913 grain crop
+spring and fall wheat together occupied an area of 3,141,218 acres and
+yielded 62,755,455 bushels. Oats occupied an area of 1,939,723 acres and
+yielded 81,410,174 bushels. Barley occupied an area of 1,153,834 acres
+and yielded 33,014,693 bushels. Flax, rye, and peas occupied an area of
+130,105 acres and yielded 1,595,624 bushels. The above are Provincial
+Government returns.
+
+=Potatoes and Field Roots.=--The yield of potatoes for 1913 was 9,977,263
+bushels from an area of 55,743 acres, and that of field roots 4,196,612
+bushels from an area of 16,275 acres. The average yield of potatoes was
+about 180 bushels per acre; field roots 257 bushels. Total value, about
+$2,100,000.
+
+=Fodder Crops.=--Brome grass contributed 43,432 tons from an area of
+24,912 acres. Rye grass 33,907 tons from an area of 21,197 acres.
+Timothy 181,407 from an area of 118,812 acres. Clover and alfalfa
+together contributed 20,454 tons from an area of 10,037 acres, and
+fodder corn 119,764 tons from an area of 20,223 acres. Total value about
+2 million dollars. Alfalfa is largely grown at Gilbert Plains, Roblin,
+Swan River and Grand View. The figures given are from Provincial
+Government returns.
+
+=The Season.=--Although spring opened a few days earlier than usual,
+seeding was quite general on well drained land by April 15th. From that
+date until the end of the month the weather was exceptionally
+favourable, and by May 10th, on well prepared land, nearly all the
+seeding was over.
+
+During the first three weeks of May the weather was quite cool, and
+growth was slow; but with warmer weather the last week's growth was more
+rapid. There was an abundance of moisture from the previous fall, and
+despite the low temperature during May, wheat was well advanced by the
+end of the month.
+
+[Illustration: Putting up wild hay in Manitoba, which frequently yields
+from 1-1/2 to 2 tons per acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Central and Southern MANITOBA
+
+For Map of Northern Manitoba see pages 14 and 15]
+
+The early part of June was dry with high temperature; but in the latter
+part of this month rain was more plentiful, especially in the western
+part of the Province. The rainfall in July was below the average, and
+the temperature lower than usual. Harvesting was general by the middle
+of August.
+
+The excellent condition of the land at seeding time, the favourable
+weather during germination and growth, and the ideal harvesting and
+threshing weather, exercised the greatest influence in determining the
+high grade of all grains as well as materially reducing the cost of
+harvesting.
+
+=Mixed Farming= has become quite general in Manitoba, practically every
+farmer now having his herd of cattle or flock of sheep. His fattened
+hogs find a steadily increasing market at good prices, while poultry is
+a source of revenue. The vegetable crop is always a success; wonderful
+yields of potatoes and roots are regularly recorded. Many portions of
+the country, partially wooded and somewhat broken, which were formerly
+overlooked, are now proving desirable for mixed farming. These park
+districts have sufficient area for growing grain, hay, and grasses.
+
+The poplar groves scattered here afford excellent shelter for cattle
+and, in many cases, furnish valuable building material. The district
+lying east and southeast of Winnipeg is rapidly being settled. It is
+well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand Trunk
+Pacific Railways. Rainfall here as elsewhere throughout the Province is
+adequate, and well water easily secured. Much of this land is available
+for homesteads, while other portions may be purchased at a low price
+from the railway and land companies. This applies to Swan River and
+Dauphin districts.
+
+Hon. George Lawrence, Minister of Agriculture, says: "Conditions in
+Manitoba are excellent for livestock of all kinds, and the money-making
+possibilities in producing all manner of food are beyond question.
+
+"The output of the creameries last year was close to 4,000,000 pounds.
+They cannot, however, begin to meet the demand. It is the same with
+eggs, poultry, beef, pork, mutton, vegetables, and all foodstuffs. The
+opportunity for the man who will go in for mixed farming in this
+Province is consequently obvious."
+
+=Dairying= yielded about 3-1/2 million dollars in 1913 for butter, and then
+failed to supply local demand, a quantity of milk, cream, and butter
+being imported. Winnipeg alone used over three-quarters of a million
+dollars' worth of milk and cream in 1913. The demand is increasing with
+the growth of the cities throughout the west, and splendid opportunities
+exist in this field. Cheese sold in 1913 at 12-1/2 cents per pound, dairy
+butter at 23.4 cents, and creamery butter at 27.5 cents.
+
+Dairy schools, under control of the Agricultural College are well
+equipped and under the guidance of professors of high standing.
+
+=Businesslike Farming.=--Nowhere on the continent more than in Manitoba
+has farming advanced to the dignity of a thoroughly businesslike
+occupation. Here the farmer works, not merely for a living, but for a
+handsome profit. Instances are frequent where large areas under wheat
+have given a clear profit of over $12 an acre. All the labour of
+ploughing, seeding, harvesting, and marketing is included at $7.50 per
+acre with hired help. Even allowing $8, it is a poor year that will not
+yield a handsome margin.
+
+The greatest monopoly of the future will be land.
+
+Wheat is the greatest food cereal. Lands suitable to the growth of No. 1
+hard wheat are extremely limited. While the demand for wheat is
+increasing, the wheat belt of the United States is decreasing yearly in
+acreage and yield, with the result that within a few years the United
+States will have to import and scramble for a lion's share of the wheat
+crops of the world.
+
+The following tables give the acreage, average and total yield of wheat
+oats, barley, and flax for the last seven years. Provincial government
+returns,
+
+                         WHEAT                           OATS
+  Year       Acreage   Average     Total       Acreage  Average    Total
+                        Yield      Yield                 Yield     Yield
+  1907      2,789,553  14.22   39,688,266.6  1,213,596  34.8   42,140,744
+  1908      2,850,640  17.23   49,252,539    1,216,632  36.8   44,686,043
+  1909      2,642,111  17.33   45,774,707.7  1,373,683  37.1   50,983,056
+  1910      2,962,187  13.475  39,916,391.7  1,486,436  28.7   42,647,766
+  1911      3,350,000  18.29   61,058,786    1,625,000  45.3   73,786,683
+  1912      2,823,362  20.07   58,433,579    1,939,982  46.0   87,190,677
+  1913      3,141,218  19.30   62,755,455    1,939,723  42.0   81,410,174
+
+                        BARLEY                           FLAX
+  Year       Acreage  Average     Total        Acreage  Average    Total
+                       Yield      Yield                  Yield     Yield
+  1907        649,570  25.7    16,752,724.3     25,915  12.25     317,347
+  1908        658,441  27.54   18,135,757       50,187  11.18     502,206
+  1909        601,008  27.31   16,416,634       20,635  12.26     253,636
+  1910        624,644  20.75   12,960,038.7     41,002   9.97     410,928
+  1911        760,000  31.5    21,000,000       86,000  14.00   1,205,727
+  1912        962,928  35.0    33,795,191      191,315  13.06   2,671,729
+  1913      1,153,834  28.0    33,014,693         --     --         --
+
+=Education.=--Manitobans expend a greater percentage of public funds for
+schools than for any other purpose. Private schools, business colleges
+and public libraries, as numerous and as well equipped as those in
+similar communities anywhere, are established in all important cities
+and towns and these with the excellent public schools afford educational
+facilities equal to those of any country. There are also a number of
+Catholic parochial schools.
+
+The Dominion Experimental Farm at Brandon is doing much to educate the
+farming population of the Province. Accurate records of all practical
+experiments are kept and the information is given to settlers free.
+Dairy schools, farmers' institutes, livestock, fruit growers,
+agricultural, and horticultural associations also furnish free
+instruction as to the most successful methods practised in their
+callings.
+
+=Railways= have anticipated the future, so that few farmers are more than
+eight or ten miles from a railway. Manitoba now has 3,895 miles of
+railway as compared with 1,470 miles in 1893. The Canadian Pacific has
+1,620 miles, Canadian Northern 1,809, and the Grand Trunk 366, and
+extensions will be made by all lines this year. Railway lines being
+built to Hudson Bay will make large mineral deposits available. When
+this territory is surveyed there will be opened up a wonderfully rich
+area, capable of maintaining an immense population. This added territory
+gives a port on Hudson Bay, from which vessels can carry the farm
+produce of the West to old country markets.
+
+=Climate.=--Unlike some other provinces, Manitoba's climatic conditions
+are uniform throughout. There is much sunshine the year round. The
+summer is pleasant, warm, and conducive to rapid and successful growth.
+
+The long autumns are usually agreeable, ploughing weather sometimes
+extending to the end of November.
+
+The winters rarely last more than three or four months, and because of
+the dry atmosphere, the low temperature is not as much felt as in
+countries with more moisture. The snow is never deep, and travel in
+winter by team or rail is rarely impeded by drifts. The annual
+precipitation is 21.4 inches.
+
+The crop season in Manitoba extends from April to October, inclusive.
+Seeding frequently starts early in April, and threshing usually lasts
+through October. The mean temperature for the period, April 1 to
+September 30, in 1913 was 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The mean temperature in
+October was only 34.40 Fahrenheit, but threshing can be done in cold
+weather as readily as in warm, with no injurious effects. The total
+precipitation in the Province was smaller than usual--for the growing
+season 9.67 inches, but rain was well distributed: May 1.04 inches; June
+2.34 inches; July 1.70 inches; August 3.56 inches, and September .68
+inches. The average sunshine was 7.3 hours daily. The mean temperature
+of the country is 32.7; January 5.2; July 66.1.
+
+[Illustration: Here is a usual scene in Western Canada during the
+harvesting season.]
+
+[Illustration: The raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in
+Western Canada. They are easily fattened on barley, oats and alfalfa.]
+
+=Picnicing on December 11, 1913.=--The mild weather of the past few months
+has been general throughout the Province of Manitoba. At Melita, on
+December 11th, the citizens suspended business and had a picnic at River
+Park on the outskirts of the town, and there was no discomfort from heat
+or cold.
+
+=Fruit.=--Small fruits did well in 1913. Apples are not grown extensively,
+but several orchards in the Province were well laden. The orchard of Mr.
+Stephenson, near Morden, was the most notable, and produced a crop of
+several hundred barrels of apples, as well as an abundance of crabs,
+cherries, and other fruits. At the recent Land and Apple Show in
+Winnipeg, native apples compared very favourably with those from
+Provinces which pride themselves on their horticultural possibilities.
+
+=Sugar Beets.=--In growing sugar beet, Manitoba has had success. Syrup
+produced from sugar beets grown at Morden was of good consistency and
+the colour indicated that good sugar could be manufactured from it.
+
+=Game and Fish.=--Manitoba's fishery output represents an annual value of
+over one million dollars. There is plenty of good fishing. Wild ducks,
+geese, and swans haunt the lakes and rivers, while on the prairies are
+flocks of prairie chicken.
+
+=Manitoba Farm Lands Year.=--In addition to circumstances which point to
+next year as an important one to farming interests, there is one great
+factor which will undoubtedly have much to do with the sale and
+development of farms. This is the fact that the people of Manitoba
+realize the necessity for mixed farming. This means the breaking up of
+large tracts of land into smaller farms and therefore a largely
+increased population. Even while the present year has been one of some
+financial stringency the demand for farm lands has steadily increased.
+
+
+WHAT SOME MANITOBA FARMERS HAVE DONE
+
+=Gladstone, Man.=, reports that the wheat crop of 1913 exceeded all
+expectations; 30 bushels per acre was the general yield. The grade was
+never better. One farmer had 400 acres in wheat, which weighed 66 pounds
+to the bushel.
+
+=Portage Plains, Man.=, showed some remarkable yields. Noah Elgert had
+61 bushels of wheat per acre; the government farm, 61 bushels; Geo. E.
+Stacey, 54; T. J. Hall, John Ross and D. W. McCuaig, 50; W. Richardson,
+51; M. Owens, 61-1/2; Anderson and Turnbull, 60; J. Lloyd, 48-1/2; Jas.
+Bell and Robt. Brown, 48; R. S. Tully, 52; J. Wishart, 49-1/4; Philip
+Page, 47; J. Stewart, 45; J. W. Brown, 30; Chester Johnson, 44; E. H.
+Muir, 42; L. A. Bradley, 43; W. Boddy, 40; Albert Davis, 43; E.
+McLenaghen, 37. After farming the same land for forty years, J. Wishart
+secured a crop of 49-1/2 bushels to the acre, the best he ever had. Mr.
+Bradley's yield was on land plowed this spring.
+
+=Marquette, Man.=, September 21. Splendid weather has enabled the farmers
+of this section to make good progress with the cutting and harvesting of
+this season's crop. Wheat is averaging 20 bushels to the acre, with
+barley 45 and oats going 70. There has been no damage of any
+description.
+
+=Binscarth, Man.=, says good reports are coming from the machines of high
+yields and good sample. The elevators are busy shipping cars every day.
+
+=Dauphin, Man.=, September 13. Threshing is general. The grain is in good
+shape and the weather is ideal. The samples are best ever grown here,
+grading No. 1 Northern. The returns are larger than expected in nearly
+every case. E. B. Armstrong's wheat went 34 bushels to the acre; others,
+25 to 27.
+
+=Balmoral.=--John Simpson says: "Very prosperous has been our first year's
+farming in Canada. Shipped two carloads of wheat that graded No. 1
+Northern and sold for eighty-five cents. Weather for the last two weeks
+was perfect--no snow and just enough frost to keep the roads from
+getting muddy."
+
+=Brandon.=--Hard wheats have long been the choice product of Manitoba
+soil, but nothing more significant is required to announce a new
+industry in the Province than that Glencarnock Victor, a
+Manitoba-finished steer, owned by Mr. J. D. McGregor, was last year
+grand champion of America, and his half-brother from the same stables,
+won like honours this year. Neither had ever been fed any corn, but
+fattened on prairie hay, alfalfa, and barley.
+
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS
+
+=Winnipeg=, with a population of about 200,000, is a natural distributing
+point for Western Canada, as well as the shipping point for the
+wonderful crops from the tributary prairie lands. The prosperity of
+Western Canada is here reflected in substantial buildings, wide
+boulevards, quarries, water works, street lighting systems, asphalt
+plants, and a park system of 29 parks, covering 500 acres. There are 40
+modern school buildings with 378 teachers and 21,210 pupils.
+
+Winnipeg has four live daily papers and forty weekly and monthly
+publications. Twenty-four railway tracks radiate from the city, making
+Winnipeg the leading grain centre of the world. A photograph taken at
+any point in the financial centre of the city shows magnificent new
+buildings under construction, representing immense investment and
+indicating the confidence felt in the city's future. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made. The city now has 466 miles of
+sidewalk, 112 miles of boulevard and 162 miles of street pavement. There
+are 115 churches.
+
+St. Boniface, the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of St.
+Boniface, adjoins and is partly surrounded by the business district:
+17,000 population.
+
+=Brandon=--With 18,000 population is the second city in the Province and
+is located on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its
+seven branch railway lines. The Canadian Northern runs through the town
+and has erected a fine new modern hotel. The Great Northern entering
+from the south and the Grand Trunk Pacific completed, there is afforded
+excellent shipping facilities, necessary to the factories, flour mills,
+machine shops, and wholesale houses established here. There are fourteen
+branch banks here with clearings totalling $33,000,000. As an
+educational centre Brandon might be ranked with cities several times
+larger. The high school would be a credit to any city of first rank. A
+Dominion Experimental Farm is located here.
+
+=Portage la Prairie=--Enjoys splendid railway facilities at the junction
+of four lines of railway. This fortunate situation has brought a number
+of industries. The city owns its park and has a fine educational system,
+including a Collegiate Institute. Many churches and fraternal
+organizations are supported by this city of 7,000 population. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made.
+
+=Selkirk= is a distributing point of supplies for points on Lake Winnipeg.
+
+=Carberry and Morden= are flourishing railway towns in the heart of fine
+wheat-growing sections, as are Minnedosa, Neepawa, Dauphin, Carman,
+Virden, and Souris.
+
+Scores of towns now developing afford openings for those desiring
+business opportunities; each has its mills and warehouses for wheat.
+Among these centres may be named Manitou, Birtle, Emerson, Gretna,
+Wawanesa, Rivers, Somerset, Baldur, Deloraine, Melita, Rapid City,
+Hamiota, Gladstone, Killarney, Hartney, Stonewall, Boissevain, Elkhorn,
+Gilbert Plains, Pilot Mound, Winkler and Plum Coulee.
+
+Provincial Government returns.
+
+                                 POPULATION AND LIVESTOCK
+
+                         1891     1908     1909     1911     1912     1913
+  Population           152,506                    455,614
+  Horses                86,735  230,926  237,161  232,725  273,395  304,100
+  Milch cows            82,710  173,546  167,442  146,841           154,400
+  Other horned cattle  147,984  357,988  333,752  397,261  428,274  460,200
+  Sheep                 35,838   29,265   29,074   32,223   42,087  112,500
+  Hogs                  54,177  192,489  172,374  176,212  216,640  176,000
+  Cultivated farms                        45,380            49,755   50,000
+
+Increase in population in ten years was 78.52 per cent.
+
+The exhibit of grains, grasses, clover, fodder crops, vegetables, and
+natural products shown at the 1913 United States Land Show spoke well
+for the soil and climate of Manitoba.
+
+[Illustration: An ordinary threshing scene in Manitoba, where fields of
+wheat, oats and barley pay the farmer well.]
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN MANITOBA]
+
+
+
+
+SASKATCHEWAN
+
+
+Saskatchewan, the central Prairie Province, is a huge rectangle
+extending from the 49th to the 60th parallel, with an area as large as
+France and twice the size of the British Isles.
+
+It comprises 155,092,480 acres, and extends 760 miles north and south
+and 390 miles east and west at the southern boundary bordering on the
+United States. The average altitude is about 1,500 feet above sea level.
+
+Saskatchewan claims to be without a rival in North America as a producer
+of wheat and small grains. Only physical and geographical conditions
+retard even a more phenomenal agricultural development. Its growth and
+acquisition of wealth has been phenomenal. There are four distinct zones
+extending north and south: (a) rolling prairie, (b) prairie and
+woodland, (c) forest, (d) sparsely timbered belt. All the land is
+suitable for cultivation and will yield the highest quality of cereals,
+though less than 13 million acres are now under the plough. The
+population of approximately 550,000 thriving, vigorous people will
+eventually be a million. The increase in ten years was 440 per cent.
+
+The Government forces in Saskatchewan are complete and effective. Every
+branch of agricultural work conducted by the Provincial Government is a
+part of the Department of Agriculture.
+
+=Soil and Surface.=--The soil in all of Saskatchewan is a rich loam,
+running from eight to twenty inches deep over a chocolate clay subsoil.
+Moisture is evaporated from this subsoil so gradually that the fertility
+is almost inexhaustible. With few exceptions the southern portion of the
+Province from a line east and west through Saskatoon is almost flat.
+
+In certain portions the surface is undulating, but in no case so hilly
+as to preclude ploughing every acre; near some of the rivers in the more
+hilly sections the soil becomes lighter with some stone and gravel.
+
+Five reasons may be given for the exceptionally favourable conditions
+awaiting the grower of wheat in Saskatchewan: 1. The soil is of almost
+inexhaustible fertility. 2. The climate brings the plant to fruition
+very quickly. 3. The northern latitude gives the wheat more sunshine
+during the growing period than is had in districts farther south. 4.
+Rust is of infrequent occurrence. 5. Insect foes are unknown.
+
+=Fuel and Water.=--The coal areas to the south, and the partially wooded
+areas in the north, provide an ample supply of fuel, while water can be
+secured anywhere at a reasonable depth.
+
+
+CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=The Available Homesteads= are principally in the northern portion of
+Central Saskatchewan which is watered east and west by the main
+Saskatchewan River and by its chief branch, the North Saskatchewan, a
+great part of whose navigable length lies within this section. The
+surface generally is rolling prairie interspersed with wooded bluffs of
+poplar, spruce, and pine, alternating with intruding portions of the
+great plain from the south. In soil and climate Central Saskatchewan is
+well adapted to the raising of cattle, also wheat and other grains.
+North of township Thirty there is unlimited grazing land, horses, cattle
+and sheep feeding in the open most of the year. There is the necessary
+shelter when extreme cold weather sets in and water is plentiful. Sheep
+do well. Many farmers have from 50 to 100 sheep and lambs. The district
+also possesses everything required for the growing of crops and there
+are satisfactory yields of all the smaller grains. The homesteader may
+add to his holdings by purchasing adjoining land from the Canadian
+Northern, Canadian Pacific Railway and other corporations. These
+unimproved lands range from $15 an acre upwards.
+
+Districts recently opened for settlement are Shellbrook, Beaver River,
+and Green Lake, into which the Canadian Northern Railway is projected.
+Other new districts are Jack Fish Lake and Turtle Lake, north of
+Battleford, into which the same road is built. These districts are
+favourable for grain and cattle raising. North of North Battleford are
+several townships which will not long be without transportation, and to
+the east of these there are available homesteads which can be reached
+through the Prince Albert gateway.
+
+
+SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=Available Farm Land.=--There are but few homesteads available in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan. The land is occupied by an excellent class of
+farmers, and values range from $15 per acre to $25 for unimproved
+prairie, and from $40 to $50 per acre for improved farms. In the
+neighbourhood of Moose Jaw mixed farming and grain raising are carried
+on with success. North and northwest, towards the Saskatchewan, are
+large settlements; but to the south and southwest is a tract of land
+available for homesteading, and a land office at Moose Jaw makes it easy
+to inspect the land and secure speedy entry. These lands are easily
+reached from Moose Jaw, Mortlach, Herbert, Gull Lake, and Swift Current.
+
+Maple Creek district is an important stock centre. Some of the best
+sheep, cattle, and horses in Canada are raised on the succulent grass
+here but the wheat grower and mixed farmer are treading on the heels of
+the ranchman.
+
+West of Swift Current to the Alberta boundary herds of cattle roam and
+largely find for themselves. Snowfall is light and winters so mild that
+hardy animals graze through the whole year. The Chinook winds are felt
+as far east as Swift Current. Grain growing is successful.
+
+[Illustration: In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated
+by steam or gasoline power. This shows its use, and also discing,
+seeding and harrowing.]
+
+Farm land can be purchased from railway and other land companies in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan, which includes that section between Manitoba
+on the east and the third meridian on the west, extending some distance
+north of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It has more
+rainfall than portions farther west and less wood than the portion lying
+north. In character and productiveness of soil, Southeastern
+Saskatchewan is a continuation of Manitoba, but contains more prairie
+area.
+
+
+NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=Available Homesteads.=--Northern Saskatchewan has not yet been opened to
+any extent for settlement. There are approximately 80 million acres
+beyond the railway at Prince Albert which time, zeal, and railway
+enterprise will eventually make accessible. Furs, forest wealth, and
+fisheries are recognized as a national asset, but thousands of acres of
+fertile land lie beyond the existing lines of railway awaiting
+development. Northern Saskatchewan has natural resources sufficient to
+maintain a population equal to that of any European country in
+corresponding latitude.
+
+=Saskatchewan Crops.=--Saskatchewan leads all other provinces in wheat
+production, though only a comparatively small portion of its tillable
+area is under cultivation. In 1898 the area under wheat was 276,253
+acres; 910,359 acres in 1905; 2,703,563 acres in 1908, and in 1913, five
+years' time, it had more than doubled, the area being 5,720,000 acres.
+On this there were grown approximately 121-1/2 million bushels of wheat,
+an average of about 21-1/4 bushels to the acre. The farmers realized
+about 124 million dollars for products apart from field and fodder
+crops, valued at 5 million dollars.
+
+The following figures are from Provincial Government returns.
+Saskatchewan has easily 50,000,000 acres of unbroken prairie to grow
+just such good crops, and another 25,000,000 acres on which to graze
+live stock.
+
+                  Acreage   Yield     Total     Price per        Total
+                             per   Production    Bushel          Value
+                            Acre
+  Wheat          5,760,249   19.5  112,369,405  At   63c   $ 70,792,725.15
+  Oats           2,638,562   41.7  110,210,436  At   23c     25,348,400.28
+  Barley           307,177   30.2    9,279,263  At   26c      2,412,608.38
+  Flax             967,137   12.0   11,654,280  At  $1.00    11,654,280.00
+  Province       9,673,125         243,513,384              110,208,013.81
+
+While the average yield of wheat is shown to be 19.5 bushels per acre,
+thousands of farmers raised 35 bushels and some more than 40.
+Considerable was sown on stubble, and there were many low yields
+occasioned by indifferent farming, and anxiety to secure a crop from
+late seeding, without which the general average would have exceeded 30
+bushels per acre. The same is true of other grains. On the Experimental
+Farm at Indian Head, Marquis wheat produced 48 bushels to the acre, and
+Red Fife on the stubble 28 bushels.
+
+Almost the entire wheat crop was within the contract grades, (none less
+than 3 Northern, the great bulk graded No. 1) and by the end of October
+75 per cent of the crop was threshed. In many instances wheat weighed 64
+and as high as 66 pounds to the bushel. Mr. Paul Gerlach of Allan,
+Saskatchewan, had 71 pounds per bushel, and carried off the honours at
+the International Dry Farming Congress at Tulsa last November.
+
+=Mixed Farming= is so successful in Saskatchewan that only passing comment
+is necessary. The Province is famous for its high-class horses,
+well-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs. At the Live Stock Show in Chicago in
+1913, the Province carried off high premiums. The Department of
+Agriculture secures good breeding stock for the farmers and encourages
+the preservation of females.
+
+=Poultry Raising= is so profitable that many Saskatchewan farmers have
+gone into it extensively. Of 10,000 turkeys marketed at Moose Jaw there
+was not a single "cull." They brought an average of $2.80 each. Chickens
+provide a certain profit and constant income.
+
+=Dairying= is successful. An established market and excellent natural
+facilities favour this branch of mixed farming. 997,000 pounds of
+creamery butter yielded $271,185 in 1912 and private dairies realized
+$189,000 from 700,000 pounds, making a total increase of $177,376.69
+over 1911. With the exception of cream delivery, a government
+superintendent supervises all business transactions of most creameries.
+
+=Fodder Corn.=--At Prince Albert fodder corn has reached a height of eight
+feet with not a poor sample in the lot and there are strong indications
+that before many years corn will be grown here for ensilage with general
+success. At the Experimental Farm, fodder corn yielded about 18 tons of
+green fodder per acre, which went into the silo in good condition.
+
+=Railways.=--About five hundred miles of new road opened in 1912 gives
+Saskatchewan a total mileage of about 5,000 miles as compared with 1,000
+in 1905, of which 1,230 is main line and 3,700 branches. The Province is
+so well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand
+Trunk Pacific that few of the established settlements are more than 10
+to 20 miles from transportation; new settlements do not have to wait
+long for railway advantages. The Hudson Bay Railway will afford a short
+haul to ocean shipping from Saskatchewan grain fields. One and a half
+million dollars have been appropriated by the local government for
+improvements and building highways. From 1905-13 the population has
+doubled, and whole districts which were practically uninhabited but a
+short time ago are now filled with farmers.
+
+=Rivers.=--The chief rivers are the North Saskatchewan, South
+Saskatchewan, Qu'Appelle, and Carrot. The North and South Saskatchewan
+rise in the Rockies and have a general easterly trend. The Red Deer
+flows into the South Saskatchewan, about 150 miles north of the United
+States boundary. The South Saskatchewan runs east nearly half way across
+the Province, then turns north and enters the North Saskatchewan a
+little east of Prince Albert. The South Saskatchewan, with the
+Qu'Appelle, intersects the Province from east to west. The Carrot rises
+south of Prince Albert and runs parallel to the North Saskatchewan, into
+which it flows near "The Pas," and the junction point of the Hudson Bay
+Railway, now under construction.
+
+=Lumbering.=--North and east of Prince Albert, the present centre of the
+lumber industry, lumbering is extensive. In the northern forest the
+timber is black and white spruce, larch or tamarack, jack pine, aspen or
+white poplar, balsam or black poplar, and white birch.
+
+=Game and Fish.=--In the north, furs are secured for the world's markets
+and fishing is carried on extensively.
+
+=Education.=--Schools are sustained by provincial aid and local rates.
+Except in special cases where qualified teachers cannot be obtained, the
+teacher must hold a certificate from the Department of Education. The
+university is supported and controlled by the Province, a department of
+which is a college of agriculture with some of Canada's best educators
+and agricultural specialists on the faculty. Nowhere do agricultural
+authorities give greater attention to the welfare and education of the
+farmer than in the newer districts of this Province.
+
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS
+
+=Regina.=--Capital of Saskatchewan, lies in the heart of a splendid
+agricultural section, and is distributing centre for a large district.
+With a population of about 45,000 it supports a dozen banks which had
+clearings of 116 million dollars in 1912. It has good hotels, is noted
+for its substantial public buildings, wide, well-paved streets, and
+metropolitan spirit. The Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific unite to make it an important railway centre. The
+collegiate institute and provincial normal school add to its educational
+importance. The Northwest Mounted Police headquarters are located here,
+also the judiciary of Saskatchewan.
+
+[Illustration: The sheep industry in Western Canada is one of certain
+profit. There are many large flocks in all parts of the three
+Provinces.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Central Saskatchewan see pages 22 and 23.]
+
+=Saskatoon.=--The seat of the University of Saskatchewan, is a growing
+city beautifully situated on the South Saskatchewan River. It is well
+served by the Canadian Northern's Regina-Prince Albert line which
+passes through an extensive and productive farming district to the
+southwest and joins the main line at Warman, and is also on the route of
+the Canadian Pacific from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Population about 28,000;
+in 1903 it was about 100. There are four bridges crossing the South
+Saskatchewan River, with another in contemplation.
+
+=Moose Jaw= is a divisional point on the Canadian Pacific, is a terminus
+of the Soo Line and is also served by the Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific. Population approximately 23,000. It is noted for its
+schools and churches. Splendid street car facilities exist here. This
+district is well settled by progressive farmers. They have brought raw
+prairie land, which cost from $8 to $10 per acre, to a state of
+cultivation, that makes their farms worth from $25 to $40 per acre.
+
+=Prince Albert= is the northern terminus of the Canadian Northern and is
+delightfully situated on the North Saskatchewan River. It is served by a
+line of the Grand Trunk Pacific built from the main line at Young. The
+Canadian Northern Battleford-Prince Albert line will be completed this
+fall. It has four big sawmills, and several banks, churches, schools,
+and hotels. Population, 12,000. The three flour mills grind about 400
+barrels a day. One mill ships its product largely to Scotland.
+
+=Swift Current= is a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway and
+a busy railway centre. It is said to be the largest initial wheat market
+in America. Population about 2,500. A few years ago the district from a
+point twelve miles west of Moose Jaw to the western boundary of the
+Province, and south to the United States boundary was considered fit
+only for horse ranching, cattle and sheep grazing, but now the land is
+practically all homesteaded in every direction from Swift Current.
+Branch lines extended to the northwest and southeast enter fairly well
+settled districts; other lines are contemplated. It was incorporated as
+a city.
+
+=North Battleford= is wonderfully well situated agriculturally and
+picturesquely. It has a population of over 7,000, and is incorporated as
+a city. Several important industries and large wholesale places are
+established. The Canadian Northern Railway passes through the town,
+having its divisional headquarters here, and during the year will
+complete its line to Prince Albert. There is excellent passenger and
+freight service on the same company's line northwest, which is under
+construction to Athabaska Landing, Alberta. A traffic bridge connects
+North Battleford with Battleford.
+
+=Weyburn= is a prosperous city on the "Soo" Line between Moose Jaw and
+North Portal. Its railway connection with Stoughton furnishes a direct
+route to the east. The Lethbridge line of the Canadian Pacific starts
+here and will be completed this year. Building permits, 1912, $760,000.
+
+=Yorkton= within the last five years has more than doubled its population
+and ships annually over 2 million bushels of grain. It is an up-to-date
+town of about 2,500 inhabitants with creditable municipal buildings,
+eight grain elevators, water works, sewerage system, flour mill, saw
+mill, cement sidewalks, telephone, and a municipal gas plant.
+
+=Battleford.=--Population about 3,000. Has one of the most picturesque
+situations in the west, and was the first capital of the Old
+Territories. During the past year it has made remarkable growth owing to
+the agricultural possibilities of the surrounding country. The Grand
+Trunk Pacific reaches the town from Biggar on the south and is building
+a line west from Saskatoon. The Canadian Northern has a branch entering
+the town. The Canadian Pacific is expected to build from Asquith. A
+number of industries have embraced the encouraging opportunities offered
+by the town, and large wholesale houses have erected distributing
+depots.
+
+=Rosetown=, on the Canadian Northern Saskatoon-Calgary line, is
+progressive. It is of importance to-day, and marked for a good future. A
+splendid agricultural district peopled with excellent settlers surrounds
+it.
+
+=Zealandia=, on the same line of railway, has wonderful physical
+advantages. Although of only a few short years' existence, as the centre
+of a farming country where lands have increased from $8 to $30 per acre,
+its fame has spread and its citizens are warranted in anticipating a
+bright future.
+
+=Kindersley= has been on the map only four or five years. The surrounding
+fertile land that made the Goose Lake district famous in agriculture so
+soon after its discovery, gave to Kindersley a large portion of its
+glory and substance. It is growing rapidly, and confidence in what it
+will do is well bestowed.
+
+=Maple Creek=, for many years the centre of a ranching section, has a
+population of 1,000, and the large surrounding area of free homestead
+land is rapidly being settled. Excellent crops are reported.
+
+=Estevan= is noted for its coal mines and has rail connection with
+Winnipeg.
+
+=Rosthern=, on the Regina-Prince Albert branch of the Canadian Northern,
+is in the centre of a good agricultural district.
+
+=Wolsely=, three hundred miles west of Winnipeg, is the western terminus
+of the Wolsely-Reston branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+=Indian Head=, the largest incorporated town in Saskatchewan, has more
+elevators than any other town in the province. For some time it was the
+largest initial wheat-shipping point in the world. The Dominion
+Government Experimental Farm is here.
+
+=Moosomin=, two hundred and twenty miles west of Winnipeg on the main line
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is a flourishing town surrounded by
+rolling prairie particularly adapted to mixed farming. Population 1,200.
+It has good churches, schools, banks, grain elevators and waterworks.
+
+=Qu'Appelle and Arcola= are enterprising towns. Among the largest
+incorporated villages are Broadview, a divisional point on the Canadian
+Pacific Railway main line, Grenfell, Duck Lake, Alameda, Balgonie,
+Lemberg, Lloydminster, Melfort, Rouleau, and Sintaluta. Portal is the
+point where the "Soo" Line enters Saskatchewan. Yellow Grass, Milestone
+and Drinkwater are newer towns--settled within the past few years by
+progressive farmers from the States. Important and growing towns on the
+Grand Trunk Pacific, are Melville, Watrous, Scott, Nokomis and Young.
+
+
+WHAT SASKATCHEWAN FARMERS ARE DOING
+
+=Regina.=--During the week ending Sept. 21, 5119 cars of No. 1 Northern
+Hard were shipped out of the Province, as compared with 1,497 cars of
+No. 2 Northern and 290 cars of No. 3 Northern in 1912. There were, in
+addition, 111 cars of No. 1 Manitoba Hard shipped during the week.
+
+=Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Nov. 30.=--Since Sept. 1, 19,850,000 bushels of
+grain have been shipped from the Moose Jaw district, against 32,000,000
+for the previous entire crop year. Rouleau heads the list with 1,040,000
+bushels, and Milestone comes second with 910,000 bushels. Vanguard,
+which led last year, is third, with 835,000 bushels.
+
+=Rutan.=--Arthur Brondson, inexperienced in farming, having lived in
+London until eight years ago, last year raised 36 acres of Red Fife
+wheat, of 49 bushels per acre, and 48 acres Marquis wheat, 52 bushels
+per acre.
+
+=Regina.=--James Cranston threshed 1,050 bushels oats from ten acres;
+James Hars's 60 acres yielded 106 bushels; W. J. Crawford's 60 acres
+produced 43 bushels Preston wheat; other yields of Marquis wheat show
+40, 48, 50, and 63 bushels to the acre.
+
+=Esterhazy.=--Esterhazy shared in the abundant harvest of 1913. A
+conservative estimate for the yield is from 25 to 30 bushels per acre
+for wheat, and 40 to 45 for oats. Some fields yielded 40 to 45 bushels
+per acre in wheat.
+
+=Tisdale.=--D. McKibbon threshed 38 bushels wheat to the acre off 40
+acres.
+
+=Wynyard.=--Eggert Bjornson threshed 176 acres, averaging 36 bushels No. 1
+Northern wheat.
+
+=Moose Jaw.=--Chas. White's 80 acres wheat yielded 38 bushels to the acre.
+W. H. Johnston's 90 acres produced 35-1/2 bushels wheat per acre.
+
+[Illustration: A landscape view of Central Saskatchewan.]
+
+[Illustration: This man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen; in a
+year or two they will be replaced by horses. He now farms 320 acres.]
+
+=Pasqua.=--E. S. Patterson, on 230 acres summer-fallow, threshed 31 acres
+Marquis, with a yield of 40-2/3 bushels per acre; 199 acres Red Fyfe
+with a yield of 35-1/2 bushels per acre.
+
+=Caron.=--Archie Dalrymple, 100 acres, 40-1/2 bushels wheat per acre. Geo.
+Clemenshaw, 80 acres, 42-1/2 bushels wheat per acre.
+
+=Boharm.=--Geo. Campbell had 55 acres wheat that yielded 38 bushels per
+acre, and 100 acres that yielded 36 bushels.
+
+=Assiniboia.=--E. Lennard threshed 1200 bushels oats, from a ten-acre
+field. His summer-fallow yielded 40 bushels No. 1 Northern wheat per
+acre.
+
+=Canora.=--Mike Gabora had a yield of 120-1/2 bushels oats per acre. C. R.
+Graham, who has a 3,000 acre farm in this district, for a number of
+years has grown oats that averaged 60 bushels to the acre, and sometimes
+yielded 100 bushels: one year the average was 117 bushels.
+
+=Arcola.=--R. F. Harman, formerly of the County of Cork, Ireland,
+homesteaded in the North Battleford district in 1903, with $50.00
+capital. He now owns 480 acres, clear of encumbrance, raises wheat,
+oats, barley, hay, and is a firm believer in mixed farming. In ten years
+his capital has increased from $50.00 to $25,000.
+
+=Swift Current.=--Ed. K. Leep, of Chicago, homesteaded north of Swift
+Current. He had 30 acres of land in potatoes in June and lifted new
+potatoes on August 15. In the Fall little more than half an acre yielded
+over one hundred bushels. Some had been used in the meantime. Fuel was
+plentiful 8 miles away and good water was reached at twenty-five feet.
+The climate was agreeable, and good crops assured.
+
+=Nokomis.=--J. Keys had oats in 1913 that went 110 bushels to the acre,
+and wheat, 40 bushels. He has paid off the mortgage on his farm, and now
+contemplates a trip to his old home in Denmark, to induce more of his
+people to settle in his neighbourhood.
+
+=W. E. Lewis= of Dayton, Ohio, went to Saskatchewan seven years ago with
+$1,800 in money, a carload of household effects and farm implements,
+four horses and three cows. The first year he got only feed from the
+crops, but the second year threshed over 2,800 bushels of wheat from 100
+acres. He has not had a crop failure and now has 22 horses, 15 cattle,
+35 hogs, and owns 1,120 acres of land, all under cultivation. He has
+been offered $35.00 an acre for his land. Should he care to sell, he
+could pay all his debts, and have $30,000 to the good, but, he says,
+"Where could I go to invest my money and get as good returns?"
+
+=A. T. Smith= of Southern Saskatchewan will grow alfalfa on 3,000 acres of
+land in 1914.
+
+=Mr. S. G. Cowan says=: "I usually thresh from 60 to 65 bushels of oats,
+30 of wheat, and 60 of barley. Vegetables grow well, and it is no
+trouble at all to grow potatoes. My farm has been under crop nine years,
+and has never been frozen, snowed under, or hailed. I have kept 100
+cattle and 100 hogs. I usually give them their growth on green feed,
+wheat, oats, and barley, and fatten them on grain. With a little to
+start on we have cleared $10,000 in a little over four years."
+
+=Chaplin.=--J. R. Lowe has matured two crops of fodder corn, and he says
+there is little difference between it and what he grew in Minnesota.
+
+=Industries.=--The remarkable growth of the several cities and towns is
+but one of many evidences of increasing agricultural prosperity. With
+the coal resources of the southeastern part of the Province utilized,
+and the opportunities in northern parts for getting cheap water,
+Saskatchewan's industrial opportunities are many.
+
+There is a great demand for help of all kinds. With seven cities, thirty
+or more towns, and five hundred villages, many men are constantly
+required for building trades and municipal work. The 90,000 farmers want
+help to put in and farm their crops. Boards of Trade in every city and
+town are ready to give information about openings for investment and
+assistance in locating men. The experimental stage is passed and people
+are developing beautiful homes surrounded by fertile fields.
+
+  Cost of Farm Implements:
+
+  Disc Drill (single to
+  twenty double)                     $   96.00
+  Mowers                                 53.50
+  Twelve in. Gang Plows                  82.00
+  Binders, six-foot cut                 145.00
+  Binders, seven-foot cut               158.00
+  Binders, eight-foot cut               165.00
+  Rakes                                  35.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (Case)            2,480.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (Nicols)          3,665.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (International)   1,800.00
+  Steam Tractors (Case)               2,272.00
+  Steam Tractors (Nicols)             2,895.00
+  Case Separator                      1,202.00
+  Nicols Separator                    1,150.00
+  International Separator             1,280.00
+
+=Agricultural Cooperation.=--The Provincial Government has established
+co-operation in creameries, elevators, telephone, hail insurance,
+agricultural societies and live stock. Five million dollars have been
+set aside for road improvements. The new agricultural college, with its
+1,300 acre farm, costing one million dollars, is an evidence of public
+activity. The college has 100 students.
+
+=Temperatures= and hours' sunshine in Saskatchewan ranged lower, and
+rainfall during the growing season higher, than the average for several
+years.
+
+The average temperatures and precipitation for each of the first nine
+months of 1913:
+
+          Month              Mean   Maximum   Minimum      Precipitation
+  January                   -7.85    37.5     -45.3             .70
+  February                   2.64    37.7     -34.3             .64
+  March                      8.9     44.9     -31.9             .65
+  April                     41.7     78.5      13.4             .31
+  May                       47.2     84.7      20.7            1.00
+  June                      59.2     87.7      30.7            3.00
+  July                      61.1     86.6      37.4            3.18
+  August                    60.8     85.9      38.9            2.80
+  September                 52.1     85.5      32.9             .88
+  January-September, 1913   36.2     69.8       5.9   Total   13.16
+  April-September, 1913     53.6     84.8      27.5     "     11.17
+  April-September, 1912     50.9     79.9      27.5     "     13.92
+
+=Interior Storage Elevators.=--A great advantage and an immense relief for
+the hundreds of elevators of from thirty to forty thousand bushels'
+capacity, will be the two interior storage elevators now under
+construction at Saskatoon and Moose Jaw, each with a capacity of 3
+million bushels.
+
+=Farm Help in 1913.=--Labourers work by the month, for $32 to $41. Servant
+girls were paid from $14 to $22 this year as compared with from $10 to
+$15 in 1907.
+
+=Population and Live Stock.=--(Dominion Census Bureau):
+
+                      1909     1910     1911     1912       1913
+  Population                          492,432           [1]540,000
+  Horses            279,063  332,922  507,400  551,645     580,386
+  Milch cows        124,186  138,455  181,146  184,896     194,843
+  Other cattle      391,789  431,164  452,466  461,244     468,255
+  Sheep             129,630  135,360  114,216  114,810     115,568
+  Swine             131,757  125,788  286,295  344,298     387,684
+
+[1] Estimated.
+
+[Illustration: A healthy family from Nebraska, now living in Western
+Canada. Observe the height of the oats. The crop yielded 70 bushels per
+acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Mr. J. C. Hill & Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, who
+recently became winners for the third time of the Colorado Silver
+Trophy, valued at $1500 for best peck of oats in the world. They now own
+the trophy.]
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
+
+Surveyed land shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Southern Saskatchewan see pages 18 and 19.]
+
+
+
+
+ALBERTA
+
+
+Alberta, the most westerly of the three Prairie Provinces, is twice the
+size of Great Britain and Ireland, much larger than either France or
+Germany, and has a greater area than the states of Maine, New Hampshire,
+Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey
+and Pennsylvania combined. The area of arable land alone in Alberta is
+estimated at 100 million acres, of which less than 3 million acres is
+under cultivation. This provincial empire, with its great wealth in
+agricultural lands, mines, forests, and fisheries, has less than 500,000
+people.
+
+Alberta is a vast plateau from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above sea-level, hung
+by its western edge on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It slopes
+gently toward the east and north. Absolutely level plains form no great
+proportion of the surface. While open, treeless country characterizes
+the southern part of the Province, the greater part is undulating,
+diversified by forest, stream, hill and open country, not unlike Ontario
+or New York State. Beautiful lakes, fringed with forest and abounding in
+whitefish are scattered over its central and northern area. Luxuriant
+grasses cover the open country, which once formed the chief feeding
+grounds of herds of bison.
+
+The Province naturally falls into three divisions, exhibiting marked
+distinctions in climate and topography--Southern, Central and Northern
+Alberta.
+
+=Available Homesteads= are to be found west and north of
+Edmonton--territory made accessible by the Grand Trunk Pacific and the
+Canadian Northern Railways--in an immense stretch of splendid country.
+Wheat and oats are reliable crops. Rainfall is certain. Mixed farming is
+highly successful. The wild grasses and pea vine supply ample feed for
+stock; water is plentiful and easily secured. On into the foothills and
+the mountains are stretches of prairie land, through which the Grand
+Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways are now constructed.
+
+The northern and western portions of Central Alberta have some "brush"
+land with soil equal to that of the open prairie. The cost of clearing
+is slight, and there is the advantage of shelter for cattle, and an
+absolute assurance of splendid water. There is a good market for the
+fuel and timber obtained in clearing. Practically all of the land
+between Edmonton and Athabaska Landing--and between Edmonton and Lac la
+Biche to the northeast has been subdivided for homesteading.
+
+
+NORTHERN ALBERTA
+
+North of the end of steel extends 75 per cent of this rich Province, yet
+unexploited. When the railways push into the Athabaska and the Peace, it
+will be realized that Alberta owns an empire north of the Saskatchewan,
+a country set apart by nature to provide homes for millions of agrarian
+people.
+
+
+SOUTHERN ALBERTA
+
+=Southern Alberta= is open and rolling, and devoid of timber except along
+the streams and the Rocky Mountains' foothills. The soil is a fertile
+loam. The climate is ideal, with pleasing summers and mild winters.
+Stock pasture in the open air during winter, grazing on the nutritive
+sun-dried grasses. The absence of timber in Southern Alberta is
+compensated for by the supply of coal.
+
+[Illustration: Typical school in rural district in Western Canada, which
+will soon be replaced by consolidated school, picture of which appears
+elsewhere.]
+
+Ranching which once was predominant is fast being abandoned and settlers
+are dividing the limitless acres into small, productive holdings. As a
+grazing country, Southern Alberta has had few equals, for the hills and
+valleys, well watered, afford excellent pasturage. Winter wheat sown on
+new breaking, or summer-fallowed land, from the middle of July to the
+end of September is ready for harvest from the 1st to the 15th of August
+in the following year. Climate and soil make this an ideal wheat-growing
+district. Considerable spring wheat is grown, as well as oats, barley
+and flax. The production of sugar-beets compares favourably with that of
+Germany and the world.
+
+The average of winter wheat for the Province in 1913, was 21 bushels an
+acre. The greater portion was grown around Lethbridge, Taber, Grassy
+Lake, Cardston, Spring Coulee, Pincher Creek, Macleod, Stavely, Leavitt,
+Claresholm, Nanton, High River, Okotoks, Carmangay and Calgary.
+
+=Water Supply and Irrigation.=--Water for domestic and farm purposes is
+easily obtained at reasonable depth. In certain sections of the Canadian
+West, as in the American West, the soil is unexcelled for growing
+cereals, but the geographical location and relative position to the rain
+avenues is not advantageous, not only the requisite amount of rain but
+its conservation is essential to the growing of crops, and that is the
+meaning of "dry farming." This is being successfully followed in the
+southern portion of Southern Alberta. Some of the district can also be
+easily and successfully farmed by means of irrigation. Irrigation
+ditches have been constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the
+Southern Alberta Land Company.
+
+[Illustration: Typical school, such as many towns are building in
+Western Canada, where the education of the children is carefully looked
+after.]
+
+A most valuable asset to Southern Alberta is the Lethbridge Experimental
+Station, operated by the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Reports
+from the farm show that on land broken and backset in 1912, spring wheat
+sown April 3, 1913, ripened between July 31 and August 17, and yielded
+from 22 to 41 bushels per acre; oats sown April 13, 1913, ripened from
+July 31 to August 4, and yielded from 54 to 84 bushels per acre; barley
+sown April 15, 1913, ripened from July 28 to Aug. 5, and yielded from 28
+to 40 bushels per acre. On irrigated land the yield of spring wheat was
+from 30 to 54 bushels, and the period of ripening about the same; oats
+yielded from 102 to 132 bushels per acre, same period for ripening;
+barley yield on irrigated land was from 65 to 100 bushels per acre,
+harvested from July 28 to August 11.
+
+
+CENTRAL ALBERTA
+
+=Central Alberta= extends from the Red Deer River northward to the height
+of land between the Saskatchewan and the Athabaska. Its great wealth is
+its deep black humus varying in depth from ten inches to three feet,
+overlying a warm subsoil.
+
+=Mixed Farming.=--None of the three central provinces afford greater
+advantages for mixed farming than Alberta. In the south the great ranges
+of vacant area affords excellent pasturage. The central portion
+furnishes pasturage of equal quality, and the groves and park lands
+provide shelter, making it possible to raise cereals, as well as feed
+for cattle and hogs. Dairying and poultry raising meet with undoubted
+success.
+
+=Dairy Products= have an unlimited market; cattle can be pastured most of
+the year; every variety of grass including clover and alfalfa thrive;
+the climate is healthful and water abundant. More than a million head of
+cattle could have been fed on the wild hay that went to waste last year.
+Hundreds of thousands of acres are literally overrun with rich wild
+grasses and pea vine. The dairy yield approximated $1,250,000 in 1913,
+and 50,000 cows could be added without affecting the price of dairy
+products. The government operates a travelling dairy to instruct new
+settlers, and manages permanent creameries which produced over three
+million pounds of butter last year. Fattening hogs on milk adds to the
+revenue.
+
+=Poultry Raising.=--The winter price of fresh eggs ranges from 50 to 60
+cents a dozen, the summer prices rarely falling below 25 cents.
+Extensive developments along this profitable line cannot be long
+delayed.
+
+=Crops of 1913.=--With an average rainfall of 10.92 inches during the
+growing season in that part of the Province including Edmonton and
+southward, an average daily sunshine record of 10 hours, and a mean
+temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit for the months April to September
+inclusive, good crops were certain. Spring seeding began early in April.
+The season was highly favourable and a big crop was harvested in
+excellent condition. Marquis wheat at one point went as high as 62.5
+bushels per acre as a field crop, and oats and barley relatively as
+high. Yields of all kinds of grain and forage crops have been most
+excellent.
+
+The census bureau of the Dominion Government give the following returns:
+
+                   Area       Area      Average        Total       Total
+                   1912       1913    1912   1913      1912        1913
+  Fall wheat      212,000    202,000  21.83  21.00   4,628,000   4,242,000
+  Spring wheat  1,378,000  1,310,000  21.54  23.00  29,675,000  30,130,000
+  Oats          1,461,000  1,639,000  46.30  43.65  67,630,000  71,542,000
+  Barley          187,000    197,000  33.05  32.15   6,179,000   6,334,000
+  Rye              15,000     16,000  25.56  24.89     377,000     398,000
+  Flax            132,000    105,000  12.83  11.00   1,693,000   1,155,000
+
+The Provincial Department of Agriculture for Alberta placed the total
+yield of all grains at 81,500,000 bushels, but as the acreage is less,
+the average yields are about the same.
+
+The average yield per acre of potatoes from 25,000 acres was about 170
+bushels; turnips and other roots about 250 bushels. Alfalfa yielded
+about 2.77 tons per acre and sugar beets about 9 tons per acre; hay and
+clover 1.56 tons, with a total value of all these products of
+$3,700,000.
+
+=Government and Other Telephones.=--The Government operates the telephone
+system, including about 7,000 miles of long distance wires, pursues an
+active policy of stimulating the organization of rural companies by
+giving as a bonus all poles required. These rural companies are
+connected with local exchanges and toll offices wherever possible.
+
+=Railways.=--During 1913 considerable was added to the railway mileage.
+Besides its main line the Canadian Pacific has two branches from
+Calgary--one north to Strathcona, the other south to Macleod. Two
+running eastward diverge at Lacombe and Wetaskiwin, the latter a through
+line via Saskatoon to Winnipeg. Another leaves the Canadian Pacific near
+Medicine Hat, passes through Lethbridge and Macleod and crosses the
+mountains by the Crow's Nest Pass, a branch connecting with the Great
+Northern at Coutts and extending to Cardston and west. Another branch
+will connect Lethbridge with Weyburn, on the "Soo" line. Provincial
+mileage 1,523. Other branches connecting the system are being built; as
+shown on the maps.
+
+The Canadian Northern enters Alberta from the east at Lloydminster on
+its way to Edmonton. From Edmonton lines are projected and partially
+constructed north and west. One starting at Vegreville connects the main
+line with Calgary, and then extends southeasterly toward Lethbridge and
+Macleod. From this line a branch is being built into the coal fields
+west of Lacombe and will form part of the transcontinental line of that
+system. Its extension from Saskatoon to Calgary is about completed.
+Mileage 593.
+
+The Grand Trunk Pacific serves the territory lying between the Canadian
+Northern and the Canadian Pacific, operating trains through productive
+territory and for some distance into British Columbia. This Company has
+completed its line south from Tofield to Calgary, a part of the
+transcontinental line of that system. Through trains now run from
+Edmonton to Toronto, Provincial mileage, 545.
+
+Another road is now under construction northward from the international
+boundary through Pincher Creek, with Calgary as a northern terminus.
+
+The Provincial government has outlined a policy of railway development
+throughout the Province, particularly in the north, opening vast
+agricultural lands which will attract settlers desirous of taking up
+free homestead.
+
+=Lakes and Rivers.=--The Saskatchewan and the Mackenzie rivers rise in the
+Province. The former is divided into two great arteries, one of which
+with its tributaries, the Bow, Belly, St. Mary's, Old Man and Red Deer,
+waters the south, while the north branch, with the Brazeau, Clearwater,
+Sturgeon, Battle, Blindman and Vermilion as tributaries, waters the
+great central plains. The Peace and the Athabaska drain the north. Lake
+Athabaska, 120 miles long, Lesser Slave, 60 miles long, and many smaller
+bodies of water are chiefly in the northern part.
+
+=Mineral Resources.=--Alberta has enormous coal and lignite areas. The
+production of coal in 1913 was over 3-1/2 million tons, valued at over
+7-1/2 million dollars. The coal supply is practically inexhaustible, and
+underlies much of the whole Province in seams from four to twelve feet
+thick. It is found in all grades, lignite, bituminous and anthracite, on
+the banks of every stream, and in the shafts from 20 to 150 feet deep.
+The total formation contains 12,800 square miles; contents 71 billion
+tons.
+
+Natural gas has been found at Medicine Hat, Tofield, Dunmore Junction,
+and Bow Island on the South Saskatchewan, and at Pelican Rapids on the
+Athabaska. Recently considerable interest has been taken in the oil
+fields south of Calgary and north of Edmonton. Important commercial oil
+fields will soon be located. There is also petroleum, gypsum, salt and
+tar sands. Excellent brick and fireclay.
+
+=Fish and Furs.=--The Great Lakes of the North furnish yearly half a
+million pounds of incomparable whitefish, while the fur wealth of the
+north is important.
+
+[Illustration: This shows that it is not all work in Western Canada.
+There are many spots as beautiful as this, the resort of the sportsman
+and pleasure seeker.]
+
+[Illustration: Coal mining at Tofield, Alberta, where an excellent
+quality is obtained, and where natural gas is abundant.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN ALBERTA
+
+Lands within irregular line along railway in British Columbia are
+administered by the Dominion Government.
+
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Central Alberta see pages 30 and 31.]
+
+=Education.=--The organization of free district schools is optional with
+settlers, the Government liberally supporting them. An expenditure of
+about $700,000 a year brings educational advantages within the reach of
+the most scattered community. One new school a day has been opened in
+Alberta during the last three or four years, an indication of the
+settlement that is going on. School population at end of 1912, over
+70,000; number of schools 2,029. Two hundred and forty-five school
+buildings were erected in 1912.
+
+The dissemination of exact scientific knowledge is carried on by
+farmers' institutes, stock-judging schools, seed fairs and travelling
+dairies. The raising of pure-bred stock is assisted by Government
+grants. Experimental and demonstration farms have been established
+throughout the Province. Agricultural high schools will soon be started,
+and agriculture form part of the public school curriculum.
+
+=A Healthy Product.=--The air of Alberta insures the best of health. The
+whole of Alberta lies above mountain altitude, and the air is
+extraordinarily clear and bracing. Consequently there is comparatively
+little cloudy weather on normal days, either in summer or winter. Bright
+sunshine prevails. Striking testimony as to freedom from consumption is
+provided by Dr. T. H. Whitelaw of Edmonton, according to whose official
+report not one case of this disease has originated in Edmonton since the
+beginning of 1911.
+
+=Stock.=--Alberta's dry and invigorating atmosphere, short, mild winters,
+nutritious grasses, and abundant water supply, make it pre-eminently
+adapted to horse breeding. The Alberta animal is noted for its
+endurance, lung power, and freedom from hereditary and other diseases.
+It winters out at a nominal expense and without even hay or grain
+feeding.
+
+Four-year old steers, which have never been under a roof nor fed a pound
+of grain and have been given less than a ton of hay, weigh about 1,500
+pounds by August 1 and will then gain until October from 2 to 3 pounds a
+day. Experiments made at the Demonstration Farm at Olds show that 100
+steers weighed in November 1, at 127,540 pounds, weighed out May 20,
+less than 7 months later at 143,412 pounds, showing a net gain of $10.12
+per head.
+
+At the Lacombe Experimental Station the gain per day in feeding cattle
+ranged from 1.8 to 1.72 lbs., showing a net profit when sold of $14.35
+to $28.90.
+
+=Good Roads in the Province.=--One of the most important considerations in
+a new country is that of roads. The Alberta government has taken up this
+problem in an intelligent manner, that will eventually greatly enlarge
+the resources of the Province.
+
+The money expended on ferry service, maintenance of bridges, road
+construction, construction of bridges, and the construction of trunk
+roads, was essential to the opening up of vast tracts of fertile land.
+
+As a result, $100,000,000, or more than $200 per capita of the total
+population of the Province, is the estimated farm value of the 1913 crop
+in Alberta.
+
+=Sugar Beets and Alfalfa.=--Operations are now extending north as well as
+south of Lethbridge, where a large factory has been conducted for some
+years. An expert from Colorado has taken up irrigated land in the
+Bassano district to carry on the industry on a large scale. He says:
+"This is going to be a great beet-raising country. My crop averaged
+between 16 and 18 per cent sugar, which is a very high grade." He says
+his new farm produces as much alfalfa per acre as his former more
+expensive land in Colorado.
+
+=Fruit.=--It has not yet been demonstrated that the larger fruits, such as
+apples, can be made commercially attractive in Alberta. All the smaller
+fruits can be grown with little trouble, at a cost that makes their
+culture profitable.
+
+
+WHAT SOME ALBERTA FARMERS ARE DOING
+
+=Macleod.=--Weather conditions were excellent throughout the season.
+Ninety per cent of the wheat up to October 1 graded No. 1, the only No.
+2 being fall wheat. The yield ranged from 20 to 40 bushels per acre,
+with an average of 28. Oats yielded well, and barley about 60 bushels.
+
+=Inverary= is a new district. Wheat graded No. 2 and some of it went 50
+bushels to the acre, oats going about 75 bushels.
+
+=Monarch.=--The yield of wheat on summer-fallow averaged 35 bushels, a
+large percentage No. 1 Northern.
+
+=Milk River.=--All spring grains yielded better than expected. A 300-acre
+field of Marquis wheat gave 41-1/2 bushels.
+
+Experimental farm results on grain sown on irrigated land place "Red
+Fife" wheat in the banner position, with a yield of 59.40 bushels per
+acre. Oats yielded 13 bushels to the acre.
+
+=Calgary.=--The yield of grain was everywhere abnormal, with an increased
+acreage of about 23 per cent.
+
+=Bassano.=--September 25. Individual record crops grown in Alberta include
+a 1,300-acre field of spring wheat, near here, which went 35 bushels to
+the acre and weighed 66 pounds to the bushel.
+
+=Noble.=--Mr. C. S. Noble had 350,000 bushels of grain. The cost of
+production per acre was $9.10 on summer-fallow and the returns were
+$24.93 per acre. Oats averaged 90 bushels on 2,880 acres, wheat 38 on
+300 acres, and barley 61 on 450 acres, all grading top.
+
+Mr. Harris Oium, came from South Dakota twelve years ago and homesteaded
+the first 160 acres in his township, dividing his land between grain and
+pasture. He earned sufficient money to buy a quarter section of railway
+land at $11 an acre. The half section netted proportionate profits and
+he gradually increased his holdings to 1,920 acres, which are devoted to
+mixed farming this year. He values his land at $50 an acre. He has 200
+hogs, mostly pure bred Poland China, 25 head draft horses and 35 head of
+pure bred Hereford cattle. Feeding barley to hogs nets him 80 cents a
+bushel, twice the average market price when delivered to the warehouse.
+His barley averages 40 bushels to the acre; oats average 80 bushels.
+
+=Red Deer.=--John Lamont says that a man on a quarter-section, with a few
+cows, brood sows, and 100 hens, can be as sure of a good living for his
+family as if he were pensioned by the government. His 20 acres of
+Alberta red winter wheat yielded 985 bushels. Last year his wheat went a
+little over 40 bushels per acre, machine measure. He grows alfalfa.
+
+S. D. McConnell has carried on mixed farming for twelve years keeping a
+few cattle and some hogs; makes a dollar a bushel out of his barley by
+feeding it. His fall wheat has gone from 30 to 65 bushels to the acre;
+oats from 40 to 100 bushels, never weighing less than 42 lbs. to the
+bushel.
+
+H. S. Corrigan has averaged at least 30 bushels of spring wheat per
+acre, 40 bushels of barley, and 60 bushels of oats. Twenty-one acres of
+oats ran 90 bushels per acre, and weighed 48 pounds per bushel. Last
+winter he bought nine head of cattle for $420, fed them six weeks on
+hay, green feed, and chop and sold them for $579.60. Two steers, 26
+months old weighed 2,440 lbs. One sow raised 58 pigs in 2-1/2 years, and
+when sold, weighed 550 pounds. Two of her pigs, now a year old, are
+raising 23 pigs. Timothy has yielded a ton and a half on an average, at
+$15 a ton.
+
+=Red Deer.=--J. Northrup has not missed a crop in nine years, and says:
+"This is the best country in the world for small grain, better than Iowa
+and that is good--I love old Iowa. Winter wheat yields as high as 45
+bushels per acre. Potatoes yield 400 bushels per acre at times. Alfalfa
+is a good crop when the soil is inoculated."
+
+C. A. Sharman has the world's champion Jersey cow. He says: "A quarter
+section of land and 100 head of stock mean the maximum of growth from
+every square yard. Any man, woman, or child that uses Alberta rightly
+will be used rightly by Alberta. Farming in Alberta is no gold brick
+proposition, but an industry, which is the basis of all wealth."
+
+[Illustration: One of the comfortable homes in Western Canada, showing
+splendid surrounding of trees.]
+
+[Illustration: Alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in Western
+Canada. Large areas are already planted, and it produces abundant
+yields.]
+
+A. P. Olsen formerly of Minnesota has raised cattle, horses, hogs and
+also milked a few cows. His oats yield 45 bushels to the acre, spring
+wheat, 36 bushels, winter wheat and barley 40 bushels. He won first
+prize at the Calgary Exhibition for a collection of 32 varieties of
+grasses found on his own land.
+
+=Macleod.=--R. McNab has returns which show a yield of 45 bushels of No. 1
+Northern wheat to the acre.
+
+=Gleichen.=--Forty-five bushels of No. 1 Northern wheat per acre was the
+yield on the Blackfoot Indian reserve in 1913.
+
+=Pincher Creek.=--Alfred Pelletier had 130 bushels oats per acre.
+
+=Cities and Towns.=--On the banks of the Saskatchewan and forming the
+portal alike to the Last West and the New North, the capital city of
+=Edmonton= has attractions for the capitalist, the tourist, the
+manufacturer, and the health seeker. At the centre of two great
+transcontinental highways, Edmonton will soon be rated among the world's
+great cities. Traffic from the Pacific to Hudson Bay will go through her
+portals, the south, north and west will contribute. Possessed of
+municipally-owned waterworks, electric-lighting and power systems,
+street railways and telephones, the city is modern, attractive and
+alive. The number of banks is evidence of prosperity. The coal output of
+the district is about 3,000 tons daily. Population, about 60,000. In
+1901, it was 2,626. In 1911, the assessment was a trifle under 47
+million dollars; in 1912, 123-1/2 million dollars. School attendance,
+5,114.
+
+=Calgary= tells its own story in public buildings and in over one hundred
+wholesale establishments, 300 retail stores, 15 chartered banks, half a
+hundred manufacturing establishments, and a $150,000 normal school
+building. The principal streets are paved. There is municipal ownership
+of sewer system, waterworks and electric light and street railway.
+Directly bearing upon the future of Calgary is the irrigation project of
+the Bow River Valley, where 3 million acres are being colonized. One
+thousand two hundred miles of canals and laterals are completed.
+Population in 1911 was 43,736; now claimed 75,000. There are 36 schools,
+146 teachers, and 7,000 pupils. The Canadian Pacific car shops here
+employ 3,000 men. It has the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and
+Grand Trunk Pacific.
+
+=Lethbridge=, with a population of about 13,000, the centre of a splendid
+agricultural district, is also a prosperous coal-mining and commercial
+city. The output of the mines, which in 1912 was about 4,300 tons daily
+and necessitated a monthly pay roll of $145,000, finds a ready market in
+British Columbia, in Montana, and as far east as Winnipeg. A Government
+Experimental Farm is nearby. The several branches of railway diverging
+here make it an important railway centre. It will shortly have the Grand
+Trunk Pacific, and direct Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern lines
+eastward. The municipally-owned street car system affords excellent
+service.
+
+=Medicine Hat=, in the valley of the South Saskatchewan and the centre of
+a magnificent ranching and mixed-farming district, is a division point
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with extensive railway shops operated
+with natural gas for fuel. The light, heat, and power, derived from this
+gas are sold to manufacturers at 5 cents per thousand cubic feet, and
+for domestic purposes at 1 cent. The factories and industries now using
+natural gas pay out about 2-1/2 million dollars annually, which will be
+considerably augmented by factories in course of construction, and to be
+erected. When the new flouring mills are completed, Medicine Hat will be
+the largest milling centre on the continent. Population over 6,000.
+
+=Macleod= is one of the oldest towns in the Province. With the rapid
+settlement of the surrounding agricultural land, this town is showing
+wonderful progress; during 1913 a large amount was spent in new
+buildings.
+
+=Wetaskiwin= is a railway division point from which farms stretch in all
+directions. The city is beautifully located, and owns its electric light
+plant, waterworks, and sewerage system.
+
+=Red Deer= is situated on the Canadian Pacific, half way between Calgary
+and Edmonton. It has a large sawmill, two brick-yards, concrete works,
+creameries, wheat elevators, and a sash-and-door factory. Coal and wood
+are plentiful and cheap. The district has never had a crop failure. It
+showed considerable business activity in 1913. Lines of railway extend
+westward.
+
+=Lacombe=, on the direct line between Calgary and Edmonton, has a flour
+mill, foundry, planing mill, brick-yard, grain elevators, electric
+lights, and telephones. The surrounding country is noted for its
+pure-bred cattle and horses, and a Government Experimental Farm adjoins
+the town.
+
+=Raymond= enjoys a rapid growth, and has one of the largest sugar
+factories in the west. Sugar beets are a great success here. Mr. Henry
+Holmes, who won the big wheat prize at the Dry Farming Congress held at
+Lethbridge in 1912 resides here.
+
+Other prosperous towns are Claresholm, Didsbury, Fort Saskatchewan, High
+River, Innisfail, Olds, Okotoks, Pincher Creek, Ponoka, St. Albert,
+Vermilion, Vegreville, Carmangay, Stettler, Taber, Tofield, Camrose,
+Castor, Cardston, Bassano, Edson, Coronation, Empress, Magrath, Nanton,
+Strathmore, Gleichen, Leduc, Hardisty, Walsh, Daysland, Sedgewick,
+Grassy Lake and Wainwright. Much interest is being taken in Athabaska
+Landing, owing to its increasing agricultural settlement and the
+completion of the Canadian Northern.
+
+
+CONDITIONS IN ALBERTA, 1913
+
+=Agricultural Conditions.=--From the agricultural standpoint the season of
+1913 was perfectly normal. Spring opened favourably for seeding
+operations and at no time from seeding to threshing did unfavourable
+conditions threaten a successful harvest. Copious rains in the growing
+period, and bright dry weather in the cutting and threshing period kept
+the farmer confident from the beginning. It was a season made, as it
+were, to the farmers' order. The quality of grain was extra good. Wheat
+weighed from 61-1/2 to 68 pounds to the bushel, oats 40 to 46, and barley
+52 to 58.
+
+Conditions were equally favourable to pasture and hay crops and live
+stock. The first and second cuttings of alfalfa were especially heavy
+and timothy made a good average yield. Abundant pasture continued
+throughout the season making both beef and dairy cattle profitable
+investments. Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs are worth four
+times the value of grain crops. The value of the former is nearly 120
+millions, while the total value of the grain crop is about 30 millions.
+The income from the former reached 40 million dollars last year, that
+from the latter about 25 million dollars.
+
+=Public Works and Railways.=--About 600 miles of steel were laid last
+year, bringing the railway mileage of the province up to nearly 3,600
+miles. Equal activity is assured for 1914. This year the Government made
+a step to provide transportation facilities for districts sidetracked by
+the railway companies. The means adopted is guaranteeing the interest on
+the securities of light railways up to one-half the estimated cost.
+
+=Financial.=--The income of the farming community exceeds that of all
+former years. It is estimated that the product of this year that will be
+converted into cash for the liquidation of debts, is nearly 65 million
+dollars. The farmer is therefore in a position to pay his machinery
+debts, store debts, and other obligations. Consequently the farmers are
+optimistic and are planning extended operations for the coming season.
+
+Measured by every economical standard, Alberta shows sound prosperity
+and justifies a continuance of the confidence of outside capitalists in
+her established business, and increased investments in the development
+of her vast resources of farms, mines and forests.
+
+=Population and Live Stock.=--(Dominion Census Bureau):
+
+                  1909     1910     1911     1912       1913
+  Population    ......   ......   374,663  ......  [2]500,000
+  Horses        263,713  294,225  407,153  451,573    484,809
+  Milch cows    116,371  124,470  147,687  157,922    168,376
+  Other cattle  910,547  926,937  592,163  587,307    610,917
+  Sheep         171,422  179,067  133,592  135,075    178,015
+  Swine         139,270  143,560  237,510  278,747    350,692
+
+[2] Estimated.
+
+[Illustration: One type of house built of logs in the park districts of
+Central Alberta.]
+
+[Illustration: Marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are
+essential at every station in Western Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL ALBERTA
+
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Southern Alberta see pages 26 and 27.]
+
+
+
+
+BRITISH COLUMBIA
+
+
+Stretching from the Rockies to the sea and from the United States to the
+60th parallel, British Columbia is the largest Province in the Dominion.
+It is big enough to enable one to place in it, side by side at the same
+time, two Englands, three Irelands, and four Scotlands. Looking across
+the water to the millions of British subjects in India, in Hong-Kong, in
+Australia, and the isles of the sea, one catches brief pathetic glimpses
+of the commercial greatness which the Pacific has begun to waft to these
+shores. Nature intended British Columbia to develop a great seaward
+commerce, and substantial trade relations are now established northward
+to the Yukon and southward to Mexico. Population, June, 1911, 392,480.
+
+British Columbia has natural wealth in her forests and her fish, in her
+whales and seals and fruit farms. But it is from her mines, more than
+from aught else, that she will derive her future wealth.
+
+The parallel chains of the Rockies, the Selkirks, and the Coast Ranges
+are a rich dower. They furnish scenery unrivalled in its majesty; they
+are nurseries of great rivers which pour tribute into three oceans; and
+in their rocky embrace they hold a mineral wealth second to none.
+
+British Columbia contains an aggregate of from 16 million to 20 million
+unoccupied arable acres. Sir William Dawson has estimated that in the
+British Columbia section of the Peace River Valley alone, the
+wheat-growing area will amount to 10 million acres. It is a country of
+big things.
+
+=How to get the Land.=--Crown lands in British Columbia are laid off and
+surveyed into townships, containing thirty-six sections of one square
+mile in each. The head of a family, a widow, or single man over the age
+of eighteen years, and a British subject (or any alien upon making a
+declaration of his intention to become a British subject) may for
+agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and unreserved
+crown land (not being an Indian settlement), not exceeding 160 acres in
+extent.
+
+Free homesteads are not granted. The pre-emptor of land must pay $1 an
+acre for it, live upon it for two years, and improve it to the extent of
+$2.50 per acre. Particulars regarding crown lands of this Province,
+their location, and method of pre-emption can be obtained by
+communicating with the sub-joined government agencies for the respective
+districts, or from the Secretary, Bureau of Agriculture, Victoria, B.
+C.:
+
+Alberni, Nanaimo, New Westminster, Golden, Cranbrook, Kaslo, Nelson,
+Revelstoke, Bakersville, Telegraph Creek, Atlin, Prince Rupert,
+Hazleton, Kamloops, Nicola, Vernon, Fairview, Clinton, Ashcroft.
+
+=Agriculture.=--It is not so long ago that agriculture was regarded as a
+quite secondary consideration in British Columbia. The construction of
+railroads, and the settlement of the valleys in the wake of the miner
+and the lumberman, have entirely dissipated that idea. The agricultural
+possibilities of British Columbia are now fully appreciated locally, and
+the outside world is also beginning to realize that the Pacific Province
+has rich assets in its arable and pastoral lands.
+
+Professor Macoun says: "As far north as the fifty-fourth degree it has
+been practically demonstrated that apples will flourish, while in the
+southern belt the more delicate fruits, peaches, grapes, and apricots,
+are an assured crop."
+
+On a trip through the valley one sees apple orchards with the trees
+fairly groaning under their loads of fruit, and pear, plum, and prune
+trees in like manner. In many places between the trees there are rows of
+potatoes, cabbages, and other vegetables, showing that the land is
+really producing a double crop. Grapes, water melons, and musk melons
+also thrive in the valley, and large quantities of each are grown.
+Tomatoes, cherries, and berries of all kinds are grown extensively.
+Wheat, oats, and corn give excellent yields. As an instance, one man's
+wheat crop this season averages 48-1/2 bushels to the acre. Of prunes,
+one orchardist grew a crop of 7,000 boxes. The apples shipped find a
+ready market in Calgary, Regina, and in the other cities in the prairie
+provinces. Prices this year are considerably better than they were a
+year ago. Last year this valley produced 350 carloads of fruit and
+vegetables, and some of the farmers have made net profits of as high as
+$250 an acre.
+
+Those who have turned their attention to mixed farming are exceptionally
+well pleased with the result. A local company is being organized to
+build a cannery and this will be in operation next year. And besides
+this one, another cannery is being talked of.
+
+In the valleys, of which there are many, there are tracts of wonderfully
+rich and, largely of alluvial deposits, that give paying returns.
+
+The Columbia and Kootenay Valleys, comprising the districts of
+Cranbrook, Nelson, Windermere, Slocan, Golden and Revelstoke are very
+rich. The eastern portion requires irrigation; they are well suited to
+fruit farming and all kinds of roots and vegetables. Timber lands are
+said to be the best, when cleared. In the western portion of these
+valleys there are considerable areas of fertile land, suitable for fruit
+growing. The available land is largely held by private individuals.
+
+[Illustration: The fruit industry of British Columbia is making rapid
+development. Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, apples grow to the greatest
+perfection.]
+
+The valleys of the Okanagan, Nicola, Similkameen, Kettle, North and
+South Thompson, and the Boundary are immensely rich in possibilities.
+The advent of the small farmer and fruit grower has driven the cattle
+industry northward into the Central district of the Province. The ranges
+are now divided into small parcels, occupied by fruit growers and small
+farmers. Irrigation is necessary in most places, but water is easy to
+acquire.
+
+The Land Recording District of New Westminster is one of the richest
+agricultural districts of the Province and includes all the fertile
+valley of the Lower Fraser. The climate is mild, with much rain in
+winter. The timber is very heavy and the underbrush thick. Heavy crops
+of hay, grain, and roots are raised, and fruit growing is here brought
+to perfection. The natural precipitation is sufficient for all purposes.
+
+For about seventy miles along the Fraser River there are farms which
+yield their owners revenues from $4,000 to $7,000 a year; this land is
+now worth from $100 to $1,000 an acre. As much as 5 tons of hay, 120
+bushels of oats, 20 tons of potatoes, and 50 tons of roots have been
+raised per acre.
+
+Vancouver Island, with its great wealth of natural resources and its
+commanding position, is fast becoming one of the richest and most
+prosperous portions of the Province. Its large area of agricultural land
+is heavily timbered and costly to clear by individual effort, but the
+railroad companies are clearing, to encourage agricultural development.
+Most farmers raise live stock, do some dairying and grow fruit. Grains,
+grasses, roots, and vegetables grow to perfection and yield heavily.
+Apples, pears, plums, prunes, and cherries grow luxuriantly, while the
+more tender fruits--peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes attain
+perfection in the southern districts when carefully cultivated.
+
+F. A. Starkey, Pres. of the Boards of Trade says that a clear profit of
+66-2/3 per cent can be made in fruit growing.
+
+=Lillooet= is well adapted to dairying, cattle raising, and fruit growing.
+
+=Central British Columbia=, through which the Grand Trunk Pacific is now
+being constructed, comprises the valleys of the Bulkley, Endako,
+Nechaco, Fraser, and Stuart, where there is considerable land inviting
+to the settler. The soil and climate of the valleys extending westward
+to the Bulkley are adapted to grain growing and cattle raising, while
+further westward and to within fifty miles of the west coast belt apple
+culture as well is successful.
+
+Down the Fraser from Fort George there is active development in
+settlement, and wheat, oats, barley and hay are highly productive; the
+climate is good. The soil is a brown silt covered by a layer of
+vegetable mould, and the timber is light and easy to clear.
+
+Along the Nechaco, between Fort George and Fraser Lake, is same
+character of soil and a similar country, there being large tracts well
+fitted for general farming. Native grasses yield abundant food; there is
+ample rainfall, and the winter climate moderates as the coast is
+approached.
+
+North of Fort Fraser there is good grazing and farming land, somewhat
+timbered and covered with rich grasses. The prevailing price is $25 an
+acre; owners are not particularly anxious to sell.
+
+The Bulkley and Endako valleys have a lightly-timbered rich soil, and a
+well-watered country with mixed farming possibilities. There is no
+necessity for irrigation. It would be rash for the inexperienced to
+penetrate this district in search of land before the railway. The
+difficulties and cost are too great. To the hardy pioneer, who has
+knowledge of how to select good land in a timbered country, the future
+is at his feet. Most of the available land within a reasonable distance
+of the railroad is taken up, and the days of the pre-emptor, except in
+remoter parts, are past. Land can be secured at a reasonable figure from
+those who have purchased in large blocks from the Government.
+
+Central British Columbia is lightly timbered from end to end; natural
+open patches are not frequent, and occur mostly on river banks and at
+the ends of lakes. While railroad construction is under way and
+settlement in progress good prices will be obtained for all agricultural
+products. This portion of the Province can now be reached by way of
+Prince Rupert, by rail from Edmonton, or by trail from Ashcroft, B. C.
+
+=Highways.=--One-half million dollars was spent last year in opening up
+first-class wagon and motor roads throughout the Province.
+
+=Education.=--The school system is free and non-sectarian; equally as
+efficient as in any other Province of the Dominion. The Government
+builds a school-house, makes a grant for incidental expenses, and pays a
+teacher in every district where twenty children between the ages of six
+and sixteen can be gathered. High schools are also established in
+cities, where classics and higher mathematics are taught.
+
+=Chief Cities.=--Victoria, the capital, about 60,000; Vancouver, the
+commercial capital, 123,902; New Westminster, 13,199; Nelson, 4,476;
+Nanaimo, 8,168; Rossland, 2,826; Kamloops, 3,772; Grand Forks, 1,577,
+Revelstoke, 3,017; Fernie, 3,146; Cranbrook, 3,090; Ladysmith, 3,295;
+Prince Rupert, 4,184; Fort George and Fort Fraser on the Fraser and
+Nechaco rivers and Grand Trunk Pacific will be important towns in the
+near future.
+
+Hon. W. R. Ross, Provincial Minister of Lands, says that there is a
+total of 93,000,000 acres of land reserved for pre-emption within the
+confines of the Province at the present time. Of the 250,000,000 acres
+of ground estimated to be within the Province only 5,000,000 acres, or
+about 2 per cent, had been sold to date he said, even excluding reserve
+land, available for settlement. As a matter of fact, during the past few
+years between 9,000 and 11,000 pre-emptions had been issued by the
+Government to settlers, and during the last year 3,600 had been issued
+outside of the railway belt and about 1,200 within the area.
+
+The cities afford a splendid reflex of the trade of the country, and
+show the development in mining, fishing, lumbering, shipping,
+manufacturing and agriculture.
+
+=Climate.=--Near the coast the average number of days in the year below
+freezing is fifteen; rainfall varies from 40 to 100 inches. Farther
+inland the average number of days in the year below freezing is
+sixty-five. The northern districts of Hazleton, Pearl River, Cassiar,
+and Atlin are somewhat colder.
+
+Ocean currents and moisture laden winds from the Pacific exercise a
+moderating influence upon the climate of the coast. The westerly winds,
+arrested in their passage east by the Coast Range, create what is known
+as the "dry belt" east of the mountains; the higher air currents carry
+the moisture to the lofty peaks of the Selkirks, and the precipitation
+in the eastern portion of the Province is greater than in the central
+district, thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts is formed. The
+Province offers a choice of a dry or moist climate, an almost total
+absence of extremes of heat and cold, freedom from malaria, and
+conditions most favourable.
+
+=Mineral Resources.=--The precious and useful metals abound in British
+Columbia, and it was the discovery of placer gold in the Cariboo
+District that first attracted attention to the Province. Occurrences of
+copper, gold, silver, and lead ores are widespread, and mining is being
+carried on in those districts convenient to transportation facilities.
+Coal is extensively mined in Vancouver Island, in the Crow's Nest Pass
+district and more recently, in the Nicola Valley region. Miners' wages
+are high, and there is usually a constant demand for workmen. The value
+of the mineral production last year was 32 million dollars, of which
+coal contributed 9 million and copper 8 million dollars.
+
+Much successful prospecting is in progress in the region traversed by
+the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the completion of which will
+undoubtedly be followed by important mining development. Already many
+valuable finds of coal and metal ores have been made. The mineral
+resources are not confined to any one section, although the principal
+metalliferous operations have so far been confined to the southern
+portion of the Province. The various mining camps, employing large
+numbers of men, who are paid high wages, afford a fine home market for
+the products of the farms and orchards.
+
+[Illustration: There is no more profitable industry in British Columbia
+than that of raising cattle. Dairying is carried on extensively.]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH COLUMBIA
+
+Dominion Electoral Divisions shown in Colour. Lands in Peace River
+Block, as well as those along the Canadian Pacific Railway within shaded
+line, are administered by the Dominion Government.]
+
+=Timber.=--Next in importance, at the present time, are the timber
+resources. It is admitted that the largest remaining areas of
+first-class building timbers in the world are in British Columbia. The
+lumber industry has increased enormously of recent years owing to the
+demand from the rapidly growing Prairie Provinces. For many years to
+come it will have to undergo constant expansion to keep pace with the
+ever-growing needs of the untimbered prairie regions. The principal
+woods are Douglas fir, cedar, spruce, tamarac, pine and hemlock.
+
+=Fisheries.=--This Province has risen to the rank of the greatest
+fish-producing Province in the Dominion. Besides its extensive salmon
+fisheries, it has, lying within easy distance of the northern part of
+its coast line, extremely rich halibut grounds, while herring are in
+great abundance all along its shores. These various branches of the
+fishing industry are being rapidly developed, but there is yet room for
+great expansion. The value of the fisheries of the Provinces for 1913
+amounted to about 11 million dollars.
+
+=What Premier McBride says=:
+
+"Millions of British money is finding investment in British Columbia,
+and there is scope for millions more. One of the advantages of British
+Columbia is that all of its industrial and other enterprises are of a
+permanent character. There is room for millions of people. We have the
+resources, the geographical situation, and the climate that will appeal.
+
+"Our elementary school system is free and compulsory, and one of the
+most efficient in the world, making ample provision, as it does, for
+ambitious students to pass on to the universities of Canada, the United
+States, and England. But we are also to have our own University."
+
+Much attention has been attracted to the result of the opening of the
+Panama Canal on the shipping future of the ports at the coast.
+
+=Lakes and Rivers.=--The most important are the Columbia, which has a
+course of 600 miles in British Columbia; the Fraser, 750 miles long; the
+Skeena, 300 miles long; the Thompson, the Kootenay, the Stikine, the
+Liard, and the Peace. These with their tributaries drain an area of
+one-tenth of the whole of the North American continent. The lake area
+aggregates 1-1/2 million acres.
+
+On the lakes and rivers first-class steamers give accommodation to the
+settlements along the banks and in the valleys, and afford excellent
+transportation for tourists. There are lines of steamers in service
+between Vancouver, Japan, and China; between Vancouver and Australia;
+between Vancouver and Mexico, and between Vancouver and England via the
+Suez Canal. These ocean communications of British Columbia are highly
+important. Vancouver is the terminus of the shortest route from
+Liverpool to Yokohama and all important points of the Far East. The
+Province has a considerable coasting fleet, having direct connection
+with Yukon and Alaska. There is not as yet a large Pacific marine of
+Canadian registry. Although in the service of Canadian interests the
+tonnage is largely British.
+
+=A Rich Province.=--British Columbia coal measures are sufficient to
+supply the world for centuries. It possesses the greatest compact area
+of merchantable timber in the world. The mines are in the early stages
+of their development, and have already produced about 400 million
+dollars, of which coal contributed 122 million. The value of the mineral
+production in 1911 was 30 million dollars. The fisheries return an
+average annual yield of nearly 10 million dollars. British Columbia's
+trade, per head of population, is the largest in the world. The chief
+exports are salmon, coal, gold, silver, copper, lead, timber, masts and
+spars, furs and skins, whale-oil, sealskins, hops, and fruit.
+
+=Railways.=--The Canadian Pacific Railway has two main lines and several
+branches making connection with United States railway systems, as well
+as operating on Vancouver Island. With the exception of one or two small
+gaps the Grand Trunk Pacific will have its line completed through
+Central British Columbia this year. This will open up a very large area
+for settlement. At the Pacific terminus in Prince Rupert, splendid
+steamers connect with other portions of the Mainland and with Vancouver
+Island.
+
+The Canadian Northern has secured low grades across the Rockies and,
+making its way down the Fraser and North Thompson, finds an easy outlet
+at Port Mann near Vancouver. The Great Northern enters the Province at
+points in the boundary. The provincial railway mileage is 1,854 miles
+with 1,000 miles under construction.
+
+=Stock.=--Dairying pays handsomely in British Columbia. The local demand
+for butter is constantly increasing and the prices secured are higher
+than in Eastern Canada. The Province possesses many elements necessary
+to constitute it a great dairying country. There are extensive areas of
+pastoral land in the interior, while increased cultivation in the lower
+country will form the necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply
+of good water, and luxuriant and nutritious grasses, there is every
+required facility added. Cattle raising on a large scale was formerly
+one of the chief industries of the Province, and many of the large
+ranches are still making money, but the tendency of late has been for
+smaller herds and the improvement of the stock. Sheep raising is another
+branch of agriculture capable of great expansion. Hogs, in small
+farming, are probably the most profitable of live stock, owing to the
+general demand for pork, bacon, ham, and lard, and much attention is now
+being given to raising them. Over 1 million dollars of hog products are
+imported annually, and prices are always high. The demand for good
+horses, especially heavy draft and working animals, is always
+increasing, and prices are consequently high.
+
+=Dairy Products.=--In 1912 this industry reached a valuation of nearly 4
+million dollars. Poultry raising is a branch of general farming which is
+beginning to receive special attention in British Columbia. The home
+market is nowhere nearly supplied either with eggs or poultry, large
+quantities being imported from Manitoba, Ontario, California,
+Washington, and elsewhere. Good prices prevail at all seasons of the
+year. Every portion of British Columbia is suitable for poultry raising.
+In the Coast districts, hens, ducks, and geese can be raised to great
+advantage, and the dry belts and uplands are particularly well adapted
+to turkeys.
+
+=Grain.=--Wheat is grown principally in the Fraser, Okanagan, and
+Spallumcheen Valleys and in the country around Kamloops. Barley of
+excellent quality is grown in many parts of the Province. Oats are the
+principal grain crop, the quality and yield being good, and the demand
+beyond the quantity grown. Potatoes, turnips, carrots, mangolds, and all
+other roots grow in profusion wherever their cultivation has been
+attempted. Hop culture is carried on in the Okanagan, Agassiz, and
+Chilliwak districts. British Columbia hops command a good price in
+England and recently Eastern Canada and Australia have bid for them.
+Some attention has been given to the cultivation of sugar-beets,
+tobacco, and celery, and in each case with the most gratifying results,
+ensuring an early expansion of operations in all of these lines.
+
+In 1912 there was a total agricultural production in the Province of
+about 14-1/2 million dollars, but there was imported another 15 million
+dollars' worth.
+
+British Columbia agriculturists and fruit growers are particularly
+fortunate in having a splendid home market for their products, and for
+their surplus there is the enormous present and illimitable future
+demand of the Prairie Provinces, assuring always good prices and ready
+sale for everything they produce.
+
+=Game.=--For big-game hunters there are moose, wapiti, sheep, caribou,
+goat, deer, grizzly, black, and brown bear, wolves, panthers, lynx, and
+wild cats; in the way of small game there is the best snipe shooting
+procurable anywhere, and duck and geese, prairie chicken, grouse, and
+quail abound. In addition to sport with rifle and shot gun, salmon
+fishing, unknown elsewhere, trout and grayling fishing, unsurpassed in
+any other country, may be enjoyed at a minimum of cost and
+inconvenience.
+
+[Illustration: In Central British Columbia there is an area of
+agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere. Wonderful yields of all
+small grains are reported.]
+
+
+
+
+WHAT WINS IN CENTRAL CANADA
+
+
+The adaptable and friendly man going into Canada will find a welcome
+awaiting him. There is room for everybody. The man already established,
+the railways, and the Government are equally anxious to secure further
+immigration of the right kind. The new man is not looked upon as an
+intruder but as a producer of new wealth, an enricher of the
+commonwealth. The new man should buy his tools as he needs them. Until
+he has more than thirty acres under crop he can work with a neighbour,
+in exchange for the services of a binder. He may not need to build a
+granary for two or three years. A cow is a good investment, and a
+vegetable garden easily pays its own way.
+
+A few broad general suggestions might be made to the settlers who come
+in with varying capital at their command.
+
+=The Man Who Has Less Than $300.=--This man had better work for wages for
+the first year. He can either hire out to established farmers or find
+employment on railway construction work. During the year, opportunity
+may open up for him to take up his free grant or make the first payment
+on a quarter-section that he would like to purchase.
+
+=The Man Who Has $600.=--Get hold of your 160-acre free homestead at once,
+build your shack, and proceed with your homestead duties. During the six
+months that you are free to absent yourself from your homestead, hire
+out to some successful farmer and get enough to tide you over the other
+half of the year which you must spend in residence upon the land. When
+you have put in six months' residence during each of these years and
+have complied with the improvement conditions required by the Land Act,
+you become the absolute owner.
+
+=The Man Who Has $1,000.=--Either homestead a farm or purchase one on the
+installment plan, and get to work at once. A small house and out
+buildings will be required, with horses or oxen, a plough, a wagon, etc.
+Working out in the harvest season will be needed to bring in money to
+tide over the winter and get the crop sown in good condition. As the
+crop grows, opportunity is given to make the house comfortable, to look
+around and plan ahead.
+
+=What $1,500 Will Buy.=--No farmer should come expecting to make a
+homestead pay its own way the first year. He needs buildings, an
+equipment, and money for the maintenance of himself and family, until
+his first harvest can be garnered. After securing his land and putting
+up his buildings, $1,500 will give him a fairly good equipment to begin
+with. This will probably be expended as under:
+
+  1 team of good horses  $450.00
+  1 harvester             165.00
+  4 milch cows at $65     260.00
+  1 seeder                113.00
+  1 strong wagon           94.00
+  4 hogs at $25           100.00
+  4 sheep at $8            32.00
+  1 set strong harness     35.00
+  1 rough sleigh           37.00
+  1 disc harrow            36.00
+  1 breaking plough        25.00
+  1 mowing machine         60.00
+  1 stubble plough         20.00
+  1 harrow                 20.00
+    Other smaller tools    40.00
+    Barnyard fowls         40.00
+        Total           $1527.00
+
+If the settler locates early in the season he may get in a crop of
+potatoes or oats in May or early June.
+
+=Will a Quarter-Section Pay?=--"Will the tilling of a quarter of a section
+(160 acres) pay?" when asked of those who have tried it provokes the
+invariable answer that "It will and does pay." "We, or those following
+us, will make less than that pay," said one who had proved up on a
+homestead. Another pointed to the fact that many of those who commenced
+on homesteads are now owners of other quarters--and even larger areas,
+showing that they have progressed in obtaining more land, while others
+still have stuck to the homestead quarter and this year are marketing as
+much as $2,000 worth of grain and often nearer $3,000.
+
+=Shall You Buy, Rent or Homestead?=--The question is one that Canadian
+Government officials are frequently asked, especially in the homes of a
+family of boys who have become interested in Central Canada. If the
+young man has grit and inexperience let him homestead. Treating this
+subject in a newspaper article, a correspondent very tersely says, "He
+will survive the ordeal and gain his experience at less cost."
+
+Another has ample knowledge of farming practice, experience in farm
+management, but lacks pluck and staying power and the capacity to
+endure. The food for thought and opportunity for action provided by the
+management of an improved farm would be just the stimulus required to
+make him settle into harness and "work out his own salvation in fear and
+trembling."
+
+Many men make excellent, progressive, broad-gauge farmers, by renting,
+or buying an improved farm in a settled district and keeping in touch
+with more advanced thought and methods. Their immediate financial
+success may not be so great; their ultimate success will be much
+greater, for they have been saved from narrow-gauge ways and withering
+at the top.
+
+Let the boy take the route that appeals to him. Don't force him to
+homestead if he pines to rent. Don't try to keep him at home if
+homesteading looks good to him. The thing to remember is that success
+may be achieved by any one of the three routes. If the foundation is all
+right, hard work the method, and thoroughness the motto, it makes little
+difference what road is taken--whether homesteading, buying, or
+renting--Central Canada is big enough, and good farming profitable
+enough.
+
+[Illustration: Alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the
+Provinces of Western Canada. The above is a Manitoba illustration, but
+will apply to the other Provinces.]
+
+
+
+
+YOUR OPPORTUNITY
+
+
+Contentment is not necessarily achieved by accomplishments that benefit
+the world--the world outside the small sphere in which we move; but when
+accompanied by such accomplishments how the satisfaction broadens! The
+genius whose inventions have been of service to mankind is in a plane
+far above that of the simple-minded individual who finds contentment in
+the little things of life affecting himself alone.
+
+Feeding the world is no mean accomplishment. Nor is it a vain or
+trifling boast to say that this is what the farmer of Western Canada has
+started out to do. He is sure to find contentment. Part of his
+contentment will be the consciousness of doing world-wide good; part of
+it will be the personal enjoyment of an inspiring liberty and
+independence. Afield and abroad his friends will learn what he is doing.
+Soon they too will become partners in a work that not only betters their
+own condition, but ministers to the needs of the whole world in the
+raising of products that go to "feed the world."
+
+It is to those who desire this broad contentment that the Canadian
+Government extends the heartiest welcome, and to such men it offers the
+vast opportunities of a country richer in possibilities than any other
+in the present century. To the man on the farm in other regions, whom
+success has followed with slow tread; to the farmer's son, who has
+watched with unsatisfied eye the unrequited efforts of his forbears,
+seeing the life that has made his mother a "drudge," noting the struggle
+which has stooped his father's shoulders, dimmed his vision, dwarfed his
+spirit, and returned nothing but existence and a meagre bank account--it
+is to these men, father and son, that the opportunities of Western
+Canada are presented. To them an invitation is extended to secure the
+contentment found in personal progress and world-wide benefaction.
+
+The possibilities of Western Canada are no longer new and untried.
+Twelve or fifteen years of cultivation have made it a vital, living
+land, and placed it on the level with the greatest of the food-producing
+countries. That same redundant energy will shortly make it the richly
+laden "bread basket" not of England only, but of the entire world.
+
+Here every condition is a health bringer as well as a wealth bringer. A
+few months in this "New World" to which you are invited and where
+rejuvenating physical and mental changes are wrought; where before hard
+work was drudgery, it is now a delight; where nothing but fresh trouble
+darkened the horizon, the outlook is now a rainbow of promise. Industry
+is seasoned with the compelling spirit of adventure, and the thought of
+the coming harvest constantly lightens the burden of labor.
+
+The crowded city dweller, curbing those natural desires for
+home-building that are as natural as breathing, will find in Western
+Canada a country where nothing is so plentiful as space. And in building
+his home here he is surely laying the foundation for a competence, and
+very often for a fortune. Along with prosperity there is abounding
+happiness and good fellowship in the farming communities. The
+homesteader, beginning in a modest way, rears his first habitation with
+practical and serviceable ends in view. His next-door neighbours are
+ready and willing to help him put a roof over his head. There is a
+splendid lend-a-hand sentiment mixed with the vigorous climate. The
+first harvest, like all succeeding harvests, comes quickly, because the
+soil is a lightning producer. All summer long the settler has dreamed of
+nothing but acres of waving grain; with the autumn the sight of hopes
+fulfilled compensates him for his months of toil. In due time the crop
+is harvested and marketed, the debts are wiped out, and the settler
+proudly opens his bank account.
+
+When he has turned the golden grain into the golden coin of the realm he
+realizes for the first time what it means to be liberally paid for the
+work of his hand and brain. The reward of the farmer in Western Canada
+is sure; and as the soil responds faithfully to his husbandry, year
+after year, he looks back upon the old conditions he has left with
+devout thankfulness that they are past.
+
+After the bumper harvest the happy young farmer can send for the wife or
+the bride-to-be whom he has left "back home." A few years ago "down on
+the farm" was an expression synonymous with isolation, loneliness and
+primitive living. Not so to-day. Whatever his previous outlook, the
+settler in Western Canada cannot go on raising large crops and selling
+his products for high prices without enlarging his view of life in
+general and bettering his material conditions. He needs to practice no
+rigid economy. He can afford to supply his wife and children with all
+the best the markets provide. An up-to-date farm house in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, or Alberta has very much the same conveniences as the
+average home of the well-to-do in any other part of the world. Nine
+times out of ten it is because he feels confident he can increase the
+comfort and happiness of his wife and children that the settler
+emigrates to Western Canada.
+
+Western Canada is no longer a land calling only to the hardy young
+adventurer; it calls to the settler and to his wife and children. And
+with its invitation goes the promise not only of larger financial
+returns, but of domestic happiness in a pure, wholesome environment.
+
+Railroads bring to the doors of the settler the fruits of all countries
+and here is to hand the use of every modern idea and invention. The
+climate is the most health-giving, all-year kind. There is latent riches
+in the soil, produced by centuries of accumulation of decayed
+vegetation, and the fat producing qualities of the native grasses are
+unexcelled in any part of the world.
+
+The soil produces the best qualities of wheat, oats, barley, flax, and
+all kinds of vegetables and roots in less time than many districts
+farther south in the states. There are inexhaustible coal deposits and
+natural gas and oil fields, as yet unknown in extent or production. The
+Canadian Rockies, forming a western boundary to the great agricultural
+area, supply the needed mineral and building materials. In the north and
+west there are immense forests. Lakes and rivers are capable of an
+enormous development for power purposes, besides supplying an abundance
+of food and game fishes, and forests and prairies are full of big and
+small game of all kinds.
+
+But all this is yet undeveloped and unused. All kinds of live stock can
+be raised here for less money than in the more thickly populated
+communities.
+
+One Western Canada farmer in 1912 secured a crop of Marquis wheat,
+yielding 76 bushels per acre. This is spoken of as a record yield, and
+this is doubtless true, but several cases have been brought to notice
+where yields almost as large have been produced, and in different parts
+of the country. During the past year there have been reported many
+yields of from 35 to 45 bushels of wheat to the acre. Oats, too, were a
+successful crop and so was the barley and oat crop. Wheat that would
+yield 40 bushels per acre, would bring on the market 70 cents (a fair
+figure) per bushel, a gross return of $28 per acre. Allow $12 per acre
+(an outside figure) there would be a balance of $16 per acre net profit.
+This figure should satisfy anyone having land that cost less than $100
+per acre.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+
+Owing to the number of questions asked daily, it has been deemed
+advisable to put in condensed form, such questions as most naturally
+occur, giving the answers which experience dictates as appropriate,
+conveying the information commonly asked for. If the reader does not
+find here the answer to his particular difficulty, a letter to the
+Superintendent, or to any Government Agent, will secure full
+particulars.
+
+=1. Where are the lands referred to?=
+
+In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and in British Columbia.
+
+=2. What kind of land is it?=
+
+The land is mostly prairie (except in British Columbia) and can be
+secured free from timber and stones, if desired, the soil being the very
+best alluvial black loam from one to two feet deep, with a clay subsoil.
+It is just rolling enough to give good drainage, and in places there is
+plenty of timber, while some is underlaid with good coal.
+
+=3. If the land is what you say, why is the Government giving it away?=
+
+The Government, knowing that agriculture is the foundation of a
+progressive country, and that large yields of farm produce insure
+prosperity in all other branches of business, is doing everything in its
+power to encourage settlement. It is much better for each man to own his
+own farm, therefore a free grant of 160 acres is given to every man who
+will reside upon and cultivate it.
+
+=4. Is it timber or prairie land?=
+
+The province of Manitoba has considerable open prairie, especially in
+the southwest; towards the centre it is parklike with some timber belts
+in parts.
+
+The southern parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta are chiefly open prairie
+with growths of timber along the streams. As you go north or northwest
+about 20 per cent of the country may be said to be timbered.
+
+=5. Then as to climate?=
+
+The summer days are warm and the nights cool. The fall and spring are
+most delightful, although it may be said that winter breaks almost into
+summer, and the latter lasts until October. Winters are pleasant and
+healthful. There are no pulmonary or other endemic complaints. Snow
+begins to fall about the middle of November and in March there is
+generally very little. Near the Rockies the snowfall is not as heavy as
+farther east, and the chinook winds have a tempering influence. The
+absence of the snowfall would be regretted by the farmer. Nature has
+generously provided for every mile of the country, and there is really
+very little choice with the exception that farther west the climate is
+somewhat milder.
+
+=6. Is there sufficient rainfall?=
+
+A sufficient supply can be relied upon. The most rain falls in May and
+June, when most needed.
+
+=7. What are the roads like?=
+
+Bridges and culverts are built where needed, and roadways are usually
+graded up; but not gravelled or macadamized. The natural prairie road is
+superior to most manufactured roads, and afford good travelling in
+ordinary seasons and every fall and winter.
+
+=8. What sort of people are settled there, and is English generally
+spoken?=
+
+Canadians, English, Scotch, Irish, French, and English-speaking
+Americans (who are going in, in large numbers), with Germans and
+Scandinavians. English is the language of the country, and is spoken
+everywhere.
+
+=9. Will I have to change my citizenship if I go to Canada?=
+
+An alien, before making entry for free homestead land, must declare his
+intention of becoming a British subject and become naturalized before
+obtaining patent for his land. In the meanwhile he can hold possession,
+and exercise right of ownership. If not a British subject he must reside
+three years to become naturalized. To become a British subject a settler
+of foreign birth should make application to anyone authorized to
+administer oaths in a Canadian Court. An alien may purchase land from
+any of the railway or land companies and hold title deed without
+changing his citizenship.
+
+=10. How about American money?=
+
+American money is taken everywhere in Central Canada at its face value.
+
+=11. Can a man who has used his homestead right in the United States take
+a homestead in Canada?=
+
+Yes.
+
+=12. If a British subject has taken out "citizen papers" in the United
+States how does he stand in Canada?=
+
+He must be "repatriated," i.e., take out a certificate of
+naturalization, which can be done after three months' residence in
+Canada.
+
+=13. What grains are raised in Central Canada?=
+
+Wheat (winter and spring), oats, barley, flax, speltz, rye and other
+small grains, and corn is grown chiefly for silo purposes.
+
+=14. How long does it take wheat to mature?=
+
+The average time is from 100 to 118 days. This short time in accounted
+for by the long hours of sunlight which during the growing and ripening
+season, will average 16 hours a day.
+
+=15. Can a man raise a crop on the first breaking of his land?=
+
+Yes, but it is not well to use the land for any other purpose the first
+year than for raising garden vegetables, or perhaps a crop of flax, as
+it is necessarily rough on account of the heavy sod not having had time
+to rot and become workable. Good yields of oats have been reported on
+breaking.
+
+=16. Is there plenty of hay available?=
+
+In many parts there is sufficient wild hay meadow on government or
+vacant land, which may be rented at a very low rental, if you have not
+enough on your own farm. Experience has proven that timothy, brome,
+clover and other cultivated grasses do well. Yields of brome have been
+reported from two to four tons per acre. Alfalfa under proper
+cultivation in many places gives successful yields.
+
+=17. Do vegetables thrive and what kinds are grown?=
+
+Potatoes, turnips, carrots, beets, onions, parsnips, cabbages, peas,
+beans, celery, pumpkins, tomatoes, squash, melons, etc., are unequalled
+anywhere.
+
+=18. Can fruit be raised and what varieties?=
+
+Small fruits grow wild. The cultivated are plums, cranberries,
+strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, currants. In British Columbia
+fruit growing of all kinds is carried on very extensively and
+successfully.
+
+=19. About what time does seeding begin?=
+
+As a rule farmers begin their seeding from the first to the fifteenth of
+April, sometimes continuing well into May. The average yield of all
+grains in Central Canada would be largely increased, did not some
+farmers unwisely do seeding until the middle of June.
+
+=20. How is it for stock raising?=
+
+The country has no equal. In many parts cattle and horses are not housed
+throughout the winter, and so nutritious are the wild grasses that stock
+is marketed without having been fed any grain.
+
+=21. In what way can I secure land in Central Canada?=
+
+By homesteading, or purchasing from railway or land companies. The
+Dominion Government has no land for sale. The British Columbia
+Government sells land to actual settlers at low figures.
+
+=22. Can I get a map or list of lands vacant and open to homestead entry?=
+
+It has been found impracticable to keep a publication of that kind up to
+date, owing to the daily changes. An intending settler on reaching the
+district he selects should enquire of the Dominion Lands Agent what
+lands are vacant in that particular locality, finally narrowing down the
+enquiry to a township or two, diagrams of which, with the vacant lands
+marked, will be supplied free. A competent land guide can be had.
+
+=23. How far are homestead lands from lines of railway?=
+
+They vary, but at present the nearest will be from 15 to 20 miles.
+Railways are being built into the new districts.
+
+=24. In which districts are located the most and best available
+homesteads?=
+
+The character of homestead wanted by the settler will decide this. Very
+few homesteads are vacant in the southern districts; towards the centre
+and north portions of the provinces, homesteads are plentiful. They
+comprise a territory in which wood for building purposes and fuel are
+plentiful.
+
+=25. Is there any good land close to the Rocky Mountains?=
+
+The nearer you approach the mountains the more hilly it becomes, and the
+elevation is too great for grain raising. Cattle and horses do well.
+
+=26. If a man take his family there before he selects a homestead can he
+get temporary accommodation?=
+
+At the following places the Government maintains Immigration halls with
+free temporary accommodation for those desiring such and supplying their
+own provisions. It is always better for the head of the family, or such
+member of it as may be entitled to homestead, to select and make entry
+for lands before moving family:
+
+Biggar, Brandon, Calgary, Caster, Cereal, Edmonton, Edson, Emerson,
+Entwistle, Gravelburg, Herbert, Kerrobert, Lloydminster, Lethbridge,
+Moose Jaw, North Battleford, North Portal, Prince Albert, Regina,
+Saskatoon, Strathcona, South Battleford, Swift Current, Tisdale, Unity,
+Vegreville, Vermilion, Viking, Virden, Wainwright, Wilkie, Yonkers.
+
+=27. Where must I make my homestead entry?=
+
+At the Dominion Lands Office for the district.
+
+=28. Can homestead lands he reserved for a minor?=
+
+An agent of Dominion Lands may reserve a quarter-section for a minor
+over 17 years of age until he is 18, if his father, or other near
+relative live upon homestead or upon farming land owned, not less than
+80 acres, within nine miles of reserved homestead. The minor must make
+entry in person within one month after becoming 18 years of age.
+
+=29. Can a person borrow money on a homestead before receiving patent?=
+
+No; contrary to Dominion Lands Act.
+
+=30. Would the time I was away working for a neighbour, or on the
+railway, or other work count as time on my homestead?=
+
+Only actual residence on your homestead will count, and you must reside
+on homestead six months in each of three years.
+
+=31. Is it permissible to reside with brother, who has filed on adjoining
+land?=
+
+A homesteader may reside with father, mother, son, daughter, brother, or
+sister on farming land owned solely by him or her, not less than 80
+acres, or upon homestead entered for by him or her not more than nine
+miles from entrant's homestead. Fifty acres of homestead must be brought
+under cultivation, instead of 30 acres, as is the case when there is
+direct residence.
+
+=32. How shall I know what to do or where to go when I reach there?=
+
+Make a careful study of this pamphlet and decide in a general way on the
+district in which you wish to settle. Then put yourself in communication
+with your nearest Canadian Government Agent, whose name appears on the
+second page of cover. At Winnipeg, and in the offices of any of the
+Dominion Lands Agents in Central Canada, are maps showing vacant lands.
+Having decided on the district where you will make your home, the
+services of a competent land guide may be secured to assist in locating.
+
+=33. What is the best way to get there?=
+
+Write your nearest Canadian Government Agent for routes, and settlers'
+low railway rate certificate good from the Canadian boundary to
+destination for passengers and freight.
+
+=34. How much baggage will I be allowed on the Canadian railways?=
+
+150 pounds for each full ticket.
+
+=35. Are settlers' effects bonded through to destination, or are they
+examined at the boundary?=
+
+If settler accompanies effects they will be examined at the boundary,
+without any trouble; if effects are unaccompanied they will go through
+to the nearest bonding (or customs) point to destination.
+
+=36. In case settler's family follow him what about railway rates?=
+
+On application to Canadian Government Agent, settlers' low railway rate
+certificate will be forwarded, and they will be given the settlers'
+privilege.
+
+=37. What is the duty on horses and cattle if a settler should want to
+take in more than the number allowed free into Canada?=
+
+When for the improvement of stock free; otherwise, over one year old,
+they will be valued at a minimum of $50 per head, and duty will be 25
+per cent.
+
+=38. How much money must one have to start grain farming and how little
+can he do with if he goes ranching?=
+
+See Chapter "What wins in Central Canada," page 37.
+
+=39. How can I procure lands for ranching?=
+
+They may be leased from the Government at a low rental. Write for full
+particulars to Secretary of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada.
+
+=40. In those parts which are better for cattle and sheep than for grain,
+what does a man do if he has only 160 acres?=
+
+If a settler should desire to go into stock raising and his
+quarter-section of 160 acres should not prove sufficient to furnish
+pasture for his stock, he can make application to the Land Commissioner
+for a lease for grazing lands for a term of twenty-one years, at a very
+low cost.
+
+=41. Where is information to be had about British Columbia?=
+
+Apply to Secretary Provincial Bureau of Information, Victoria, B. C.
+
+=42. Is living expensive?=
+
+Sugar, granulated, 14 to 18 lbs. for $1, according to fluctuation of
+market. Tea, 30 to 50 cents a lb.; coffee, 30 to 45 cents a lb.; flour,
+$2.25 to $3.00 per 98 lbs. Dry goods about Eastern Canada prices. Cotton
+somewhat dearer than in United States, and woollen goods noticeably
+cheaper. Stoves and furniture somewhat higher than eastern prices, owing
+to freight charges.
+
+=43. Are the taxes high?=
+
+No. Having no expensive system of municipal or county organization,
+taxes are necessarily low. Each quarter-section of land, consisting of
+160 acres, owned or occupied, is taxed very low. The only other taxes
+are for schools. In the locations where the settlers have formed school
+districts the total tax for all purposes on a quarter-section amounts to
+from $10 to $14.50 per annum.
+
+=44. Does the Government tax the settler if he lets his cattle run on
+Government lands? If they fence their land, is he obliged to fence his
+also?=
+
+The settler is not required to pay a tax for allowing his cattle to run
+on Government land, but it is advisable to lease land from the
+Government for haying or grazing purposes, when needed. If one fences
+his land, his adjoining neighbour has to stand a proportionate share of
+the cost of the fence adjoining his property, or build one-half of it
+himself.
+
+=45. Where can a settler sell what he raises? Is there any competition
+amongst buyers, or has he got to sell for anything he can get?=
+
+A system of elevators is established by railway companies and others
+throughout the entire West. Grain is bought at these and forwarded to
+the great markets in other parts of Canada, the United States, and
+Europe. Canadian flour mills, oatmeal mills, and breweries use millions
+of bushels of grain annually. To the west and northwest of Central
+Canada lie mining regions, which are dependent upon the prairies for
+supplies and will to a great extent continue to be. Beef is bought on
+the hoof at the home of the farmer or rancher. Buyers scour the country
+in quest of this product.
+
+=46. Where can material for a house and sheds be procured, and about what
+would it cost? What about fuel? Do people suffer from the cold?=
+
+Though there are large tracts of forest in the Canadian West there are
+localities where building timber and material is limited, but this has
+not proven any drawback as the Government has made provision that should
+a man settle on a quarter-section deprived of timber, he can, by making
+application to the Dominion Lands Agent, obtain a permit to cut on
+Government lands free of charge the following, viz.:
+
+1. 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, measuring no more than 12
+inches at the butt, or 9,250 feet board measure. 2. 400 roofing poles.
+3. 2,000 fencing rails and 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not
+exceeding five (5) inches in diameter at the small end. 4. 30 cords of
+dry fuel wood for firewood.
+
+The settler has only the expense of the cutting and hauling to his
+homestead. The principal districts are within easy reach of firewood;
+the settlers of Alberta and Saskatchewan are particularly favoured,
+especially along the various streams, from some of which they get all
+the coal they require, at a trifling cost. No one in the country need
+suffer from the cold on account of scarcity of fuel.
+
+=47. Is it advisable to go into a new country during the winter months
+with uncertain weather conditions?=
+
+A few years ago, when settlement was sparse, settlers were advised to
+wait until March or April. Now that so many have friends in Western
+Canada there need be no hesitation when to start. Lines of railway
+penetrate most of the settled districts, and no one need go far from
+neighbours already settled. There is no longer the dread of pioneering,
+and it is robbed of the romance that once surrounded it. With farm
+already selected, it is perfectly safe, and to the prospective
+homesteader he can get some sort of occupation until early spring, when
+he will be on the ground ready for it.
+
+=48. What does lumber cost?=
+
+Spruce boards and dimensions, about $20 per thousand feet; shiplap, $23
+to $28; flooring and siding, $25 up, according to quality; cedar
+shingles, from $3.50 to $4.25 per thousand. These prices fluctuate.
+
+=49. What chance is there for employment when a man first goes there and
+isn't working on his land?=
+
+There are different industries through the country, outside of farming
+and ranching, such as sawmills, flour mills, brick-yards, railroad
+building in the summer, and lumbering in the winter. The chances for
+employment are good as a large percentage of those going in and those
+already there farm so much that they must have help, and pay good wages.
+During the past two seasons from twenty to thirty thousand farm
+labourers have been brought in each year from the eastern Provinces and
+the United States to assist in caring for the large crops. The capable
+and willing worker is sure to succeed in Canada.
+
+=50. Can I get employment with a farmer so as to become acquainted with
+local conditions?=
+
+This can be done through the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg,
+who is in a position to offer engagements with well established farmers.
+Men experienced in agriculture may expect to receive from $25 up per
+month with board and lodging, engagements, if desired, to extend for
+twelve months. Summer wages are from $30 to $35 per month; winter wages
+$10 to $15. During harvest wages are higher than this.
+
+=51. If I have had no experience and simply desire to learn farming in
+Central Canada before starting on my own account?=
+
+Young men and others unacquainted with farm life, willing to accept from
+$8 up per month, including board and lodging, will find positions
+through the Government officers at Winnipeg. Wages are dependent upon
+experience and qualification. After working for a year in this way, the
+knowledge acquired will be sufficient to justify you in securing and
+farming on your own account.
+
+=52. Are there any schools outside the towns?=
+
+School districts cannot exceed five miles in length or breadth, and must
+contain at least four actual residents, and twelve children between the
+ages of five and sixteen. In almost every locality, where these
+conditions exist, schools have been established.
+
+=53. Are churches numerous?=
+
+The various denominations are well represented and churches are being
+built rapidly even in the most remote districts.
+
+=54. Can water be secured at reasonable depth?=
+
+In most places it can be had at from fifteen to forty feet, while in
+other places wells have been sunk to fifty or sixty feet.
+
+=55. Where are free homesteads to-day, and how far from railway?=
+
+In some well settled districts it may be possible to secure one by
+cancelling, but such chances are few. Between the lakes in Manitoba as
+well as north and southeast of Winnipeg. In the central portions of
+Saskatchewan, Alberta and west of Moose Jaw and Swift Current. A
+splendid homestead area is that lying north of Battleford, and between
+Prince Albert and Edmonton north of the Canadian Northern railway. One
+will have to go at least twelve or fifteen miles from a line of railway
+at present, but extensions will soon make many homesteads available.
+
+
+
+
+VALUABLE HINTS FOR THE MAN ABOUT TO START
+
+
+The newcomer may start for Western Canada during any month in the year.
+Railroads carry him to a short distance of his new home, the country
+roads are good, and there is settlement in all parts, so that shelter is
+easily reached. Temporary provision is required for the family's
+arrival, when better may be made. If going in the winter months, it is
+well to have a pair of good strong sleds. As teams cost $5 a day take
+along your horses and do your own hauling. As they require care, write
+ahead to some livery barn for room. In shipping your horses have them
+loaded by the best shipper in your home town. For feeding on the way,
+put in two-by-four cleats breast high on the horses, and fix to fit the
+end of a stout trough which is dropped in, afterwards nailing on a top
+cleat. If they have been used to corn take along twenty bushels for each
+horse, if possible, not to feed alone along the way, but to use while
+breaking them in to an oat diet. You need both hay and oat straw on the
+cars. The new arrival may have to pay $7 a ton for hay and 40 cents per
+bushel for oats. Railroad construction consumes lots of both, and not
+half the farmers take time in the fall to put up plenty of hay. Bring
+all the horses you can. Five big horses can pull a twelve-inch gang
+through the sod, but six can do it easier, and you can use five on the
+harrow. You can hitch a team to a goat or scrubber, as they call them
+here, and lead them behind the drill, making your ground smooth and
+packing it lightly, as you put in the seed. If you have been intending
+to bring eight horses, bring twelve; if you were going to bring twelve,
+bring sixteen. The first two years on the new land is hard on horses,
+and you will need plenty. If you have any spare time or can get help,
+they bring in money. I know two men who cleared over $600 apiece doing
+outside work this last summer. They worked on the roads, in harvest and
+threshing, and received $5 per day for man and team. One can get all the
+outside breaking one's team can do at $4 per acre, so horse power is the
+main thing.
+
+Take a supply of meat along, also lard, canned goods, and other things
+for your cellar. One settler took a sugar barrel packed with canned
+fruit, and had not a single can broken or frozen, wrapping each in a
+whole newspaper and then packing in between with old rags, worn out
+underwear, old vests, and such goods as might otherwise be thrown away.
+Remember there is no old attic or store-room to go to on the new farm.
+The same settler says: "Cooked goods are also good. In the cold weather
+we kept and used beef that had been roasted two weeks before, and a
+bushel of cookies lasted well into the summer, keeping fresh in a tin
+box. Bring your cows and also your separator. The latter will not sell
+for much at the sale and is useful here, as you have no place to store
+quantities of milk. Bring at least your two best cows with you on the
+journey. We had milk all along the road and furnished the dining car
+cooks (we had a diner on our freight train) for favors they extended.
+Then when we landed we found that milk and cream were scarce, and butter
+of the farm variety out of range.
+
+"We packed two one-gallon jars before we moved and also some to use on
+the way. This lasted fresh and sweet until it was all used and saved us
+the trouble of churning or saving cream, hence we lived high on cream
+for the first few weeks. It came in handy making corn starch, as well as
+on our fruit and in a dozen other ways. We also had a nice big box of
+groceries handy and all selected for emergency. Corn starch, tapioca and
+similar packages are easy to handle while moving, and a big box of such
+things made cooking easy for the first few weeks.
+
+"Do not sell anything that can be used in your new farming. Old belts,
+singletrees, doubletrees, and such goods are worth far more away out on
+the prairies than on the old improved farm, and they will cost more
+here. We even brought our best big rugs and every carpet, even having
+more carpets than we had rooms. Your new home may not be as warm as the
+old one. We laid down a carpet and put a big rug right on top of that on
+the floor, and then we were comfortable in our rough house. Bring all
+sorts of tools and wagon gears with you; you will save money by doing
+so, anvil, drills, old bolts, and screws, etc., come in handy. We
+brought pieces of hardwood for doubletrees and unexpected uses.
+
+"Bring your stock remedies. You will be far from a veterinarian. Boracic
+acid comes in handy, so does a medicine cabinet for the household, with
+carbolic salve, liniments, etc.
+
+"One of the first things you will need is a hayrack, and you will not
+have time to build one before it is needed, so take the old one or build
+a new one and take it with you. It can be used for crating and for
+partitions and other purposes in loading the car. Make the sides of the
+rack quite close and have a solid bottom.
+
+"Bring along your base-burner. I am writing by a hard coal fire in a
+round oak stove, and it makes a splendid heat. Better soft coal than you
+ever burned can be had at $9.50 per ton, and hard coal is $13. Wood is
+plentiful in the parks, chiefly dry poplar and a species of willow.
+
+"So far from town one needs big supplies of kerosene, so bring a steel
+barrel that will not become leaky. You can buy oil cheaper by the barrel
+and it saves trouble. Also bring a good oil stove. It will do the baking
+and save hauling fuel in the long working season.
+
+"One thing we highly appreciated was a small tank we had made to carry
+water in the cars for the horses. It was made to hold two barrels, was
+about three feet in diameter and four high, and had the top soldered on,
+with a lid just large enough to get in a pail. This was the best
+arrangement on the train for hauling water. After we landed we had to
+haul water for our house use and the tank was very useful to draw up a
+couple of barrels and have a big supply on hand and no slopping when
+hauling."
+
+[Illustration: DOMINION OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND 1914]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+Obvious printer's errors, including punctuation have been silently
+corrected. Hyphenated and accented words have been standardized. All
+other inconsistencies have been left as in the original, excepted below.
+
+Customs Regulations: Missing word added "... is also to _be_ reckoned
+as..."
+
+Freight Regulations: "If the carload _weigh_" changed to "If the carload
+_weighs_".
+
+Page 7: familar changed to familiar.
+
+Page 8: Allen, Saskatchewan changed to Allan, Saskatchewan. Verified at
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan,_Saskatchewan
+
+Two different spellings of Gerlack and Gerlach have been left as in the
+original.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Canada West 1914,
+      by Canada Dept. of the Interior.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Canada West 1914
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: March 1, 2011 [EBook #35439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA WEST 1914 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h1>CANADA<br />
+WEST</h1>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="Canada West" title="Canada West" /></div>
+
+<div class="sidenoteb">
+160 ACRE<br />
+FARMS in<br />
+WESTERN<br />
+CANADA<br />
+FREE</div>
+
+<h5>ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF HON. W. J. ROCHE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR, OTTAWA, CANADA. 1914</h5>
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a>
+<div class="trans-note">
+Table of Contents added for convenience.<br /><br />
+<a href="#LAND_REGULATIONS_IN_CANADA"><b>LAND REGULATIONS IN CANADA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ANOTHER_GOOD_YEAR_IN_WESTERN_CANADA"><b>ANOTHER GOOD YEAR IN WESTERN CANADA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MANITOBA"><b>MANITOBA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#SASKATCHEWAN"><b>SASKATCHEWAN</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ALBERTA"><b>ALBERTA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#BRITISH_COLUMBIA"><b>BRITISH COLUMBIA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#WHAT_WINS_IN_CENTRAL_CANADA"><b>WHAT WINS IN CENTRAL CANADA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#YOUR_OPPORTUNITY"><b>YOUR OPPORTUNITY</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GENERAL_INFORMATION"><b>GENERAL INFORMATION</b></a><br />
+<a href="#VALUABLE_HINTS_FOR_THE_MAN_ABOUT_TO_START"><b>VALUABLE HINTS FOR THE MAN ABOUT TO START</b></a><br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="LAND_REGULATIONS_IN_CANADA" id="LAND_REGULATIONS_IN_CANADA"></a>LAND REGULATIONS IN CANADA</h2>
+
+<p>All public lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are controlled
+and administered by the Dominion Government through the Department of
+the Interior. The lands disposed of as free homesteads (Government
+grants) under certain conditions involving residence and improvements,
+are surveyed into square blocks, six miles long by six miles wide,
+called townships. When these improvements are completed and duties
+performed, a patent or crown deed is issued.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FOLLOWING IS A PLAN OF A TOWNSHIP</h4>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 398px;">
+<img src="images/p0004.jpg" width="398" height="400" alt="Showing how the land is divided into square sections and
+square quarter-sections. Also showing how the sections in a township are
+numbered." title="Showing how the land is divided into square sections and
+square quarter-sections. Also showing how the sections in a township are
+numbered." />
+<span class="caption">Showing how the land is divided into square sections and
+square quarter-sections. Also showing how the sections in a township are
+numbered.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Each township is subdivided into 36 square blocks or sections one mile
+square and containing 640 acres and numbered from one to thirty-six.
+Each section is divided into four quarter-sections of 160 acres each.</p>
+
+<p>The four quarters of the section are described, as the northeast, the
+northwest, the southeast and the southwest quarter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Who Is Eligible.</b> The sole head of a family or any male eighteen years of
+age or over, who is a British subject or who declares his intention to
+become a British subject; a widow having minor children of her own
+dependent upon her for support.</p>
+
+<p><b>Acquiring Homestead.</b> To acquire a homestead applicant must make entry in
+person, either at the Dominion Lands Office for the district in which
+the land applied for is situate, or at a sub-agency authorized to
+transact business in such district. At the time of entry a fee of $10
+must be paid. The certificate of entry which is then granted the
+applicant gives him authority to enter upon the land and maintain full
+possession of it as long as he complies with the homestead requirements.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cattle Provision to Secure Homestead.</b> With certain restriction, stock
+may be substituted in lieu of cultivation.</p>
+
+<p><b>Residence.</b> To earn patent for homestead, a person must reside in a
+habitable house upon the land for six months during each of three years.
+Such residence however, need not be commenced before six months after
+the date on which entry for the land was secured.</p>
+
+<p><b>Improvement Duties.</b> Before being eligible to apply for patent, a
+homesteader must break (plough up) thirty acres of the homestead, of
+which twenty acres must be cropped. It is also required that a
+reasonable proportion of this cultivation must be done during each
+homestead year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Application for Patent.</b> When a homesteader has completed his residence
+and cultivation duties he makes application for patent before the Agent
+of Dominion Lands for the district in which the homestead is situate, or
+before a sub-agent authorized to deal with lands in such district. If
+the duties have been satisfactorily performed patent issues to the
+homesteader shortly after without any further action on his part, and
+the land thus becomes his absolute property.</p>
+
+<p><b>Timber and Fuel.</b> An occupant of a homestead quarter-section, having no
+suitable timber of his own, may obtain on payment of a 25-cent fee a
+permit to cut 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, 400 roof poles, 500
+fence posts, 2,000 fence rails. Homesteaders and all bona fide settlers,
+without timber on their own farms, may also obtain permits to cut dry
+timber for their own use on their farms for fuel and fencing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CUSTOMS REGULATIONS</h4>
+
+<p>A settler may bring into Canada, free of duty, live stock for the farm
+on the following basis, if he has actually owned such live stock abroad
+for at least six months before his removal to Canada, and has brought
+them into Canada within one year after his first arrival viz: If horses
+only are brought in, 16 allowed. If cattle are brought in, 16 allowed;
+if sheep are brought in 160 allowed; if swine are brought in, 160
+allowed. If horses, cattle, sheep and swine are brought in together, or
+part of each, the same proportions as above are to be observed.</p>
+
+<p>Duty is to be paid on live stock in excess of the number above provided
+for. For customs entry purposes a mare with a colt under six months old
+is to be reckoned as one animal; a cow with a calf under six months old
+is also to be reckoned as one animal. Cattle and other live stock
+imported into Canada are subject to Quarantine Regulations.</p>
+
+<p>The following articles have free entry:</p>
+
+<p>Settler's effects, free viz: Wearing apparel, household furniture, books,
+implements and tools of trade, occupation, or employment: guns, musical
+instruments, domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live stock,
+bicycles, carts, and other vehicles, and agricultural implements in use
+by the settler for at least six months before his removal to Canada, not
+to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing
+establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or
+furniture, personal effects, and heirlooms left by bequest; provided,
+that any dutiable articles entered as settlers' effects may not be so
+entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall
+not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until after
+twelve months' actual use in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The settler will be required to take oath that all of the articles have
+been owned by himself or herself for at least six months before removal
+to Canada; and that none have been imported as merchandise, for use in a
+manufacturing establishment or as a contractor's outfit, or for sale,
+and that he or she intend becoming a permanent settler within the
+Dominion of Canada, and that the "Live Stock" enumerated is intended for
+his or her own use on the farm which he or she is about to occupy (or
+cultivate), and not for sale or speculative purposes, nor for the use of
+any other person or persons.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FREIGHT REGULATIONS</h4>
+
+<p>1. Carloads of Settlers' Effects, the property of the settler, may be
+made up of the following described property for the benefit of actual
+settlers, viz: Live stock, any number up to but not exceeding ten (10)
+head, all told, viz: Cattle, calves, sheep, hogs, mules, or horses (the
+customs will admit free of duty in numbers referred to in Customs
+paragraph above, but railway regulations only permit ten head in each
+car); Household Goods and personal property (second-hand); Wagons or
+other vehicles for personal use (second-hand); Farm Machinery,
+Implements, and Tools (all second-hand); Soft-wood Lumber (Pine,
+Hemlock, or Spruce&mdash;only) and Shingles, which must not exceed 2,000 feet
+in all, or the equivalent thereof; or in lieu of, not in addition to the
+lumber and shingles, a Portable House may be shipped; Seed Grain, small
+quantity of trees or shrubbery; small lot live poultry or pet animals;
+and sufficient feed for the live stock while on the journey. Settlers'
+Effects rates, however, will not apply on shipments of second-hand
+Wagons, Buggies, Farm Machinery, Implements, or Tools, unless
+accompanied by Household Goods.</p>
+
+<p>2. Should the allotted number of live stock be exceeded, the additional
+animals will be charged for at proportionate rates over and above the
+carload rate for the Settlers' Effects, but the total charge for any one
+such car will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of Live
+Stock.</p>
+
+<p>3. Passes&mdash;One man will be passed free in charge of live stock when
+forming part of carloads, to feed, water, and care for them in transit.
+Agents will use the usual form of Live Stock Contract.</p>
+
+<p>4. Less than carloads will be understood to mean only Household Goods
+(second-hand), Wagons or other vehicles for personal use (second-hand),
+and (second-hand) Farm Machinery, Implements, and Tools. Less than
+carload lots must be plainly addressed. Minimum charge on any shipment
+will be 100 pounds at regular first-class rate.</p>
+
+<p>5. Merchandise, such as groceries, provisions, hardware, etc., also
+implements, machinery, vehicles, etc., if new, will not be regarded as
+Settlers' Effects, and, if shipped, will be charged at the regular
+classified tariff rates. Agents, both at loading and delivering
+stations, therefore, give attention to the prevention of the loading of
+the contraband articles and see that the actual weights are way-billed
+when carloads exceed 24,000 lbs. on lines north of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>6. Top Loads.&mdash;Agents do not permit, under any circumstances, any
+article to be loaded on the top of box or stock cars; such manner of
+loading is dangerous and absolutely forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>7. Settlers' Effects, to be entitled to the carload rates, cannot be
+stopped at any point short of destination for the purpose of unloading
+part. The entire carload must go through to the station to which
+originally consigned.</p>
+
+<p>8. The carload rates on Settlers' Effects apply on any shipment
+occupying a car weighing 24,000 pounds or less. If the carload weighs
+over 24,000 lbs. the additional weight will be charged for. North of St.
+Paul, Minn., 24,000 lbs. constitutes a carload, between Chicago and St.
+Paul and Kansas City or Omaha and St. Paul a carload is 20,000 lbs. From
+Chicago and Kansas City north to St. Paul any amount over this will be
+charged extra. From points South and East of Chicago, only five horses
+or heads of live stock are allowed in carloads, any over this will be
+charged extra; carload 12,000 lbs. minimum.</p>
+
+<p>9. Minimum charge on any shipment will be 100 lbs. at first-class rate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>QUARANTINE OF SETTLERS' CATTLE</h4>
+
+<p>Settlers' cattle must be inspected at the boundary. Inspectors may
+subject any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin
+test before allowing them to enter. Any cattle found tuberculous to be
+returned to the United States or killed without indemnity. Settlers'
+horses are admitted on inspection if accompanied by certificate of
+mallein test signed by a United States Inspector of Bureau of Animal
+Industries, without which they will be inspected at the boundary free of
+charge by a Canadian Officer. Settler should apply to Canadian
+Government Office for name of Inspector nearest him. Certificate of any
+other Veterinarian will not be accepted. Horses found to be affected
+with glanders within six months of entry are slaughtered without
+compensation. Sheep may be admitted subject to inspection at port of
+entry. If disease is discovered to exist in them, they may be returned
+or slaughtered. Swine may be admitted, when forming part of Settlers'
+Effects, but only after a quarantine of thirty days, and when
+accompanied by a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not
+existed in the district whence they came for six months preceding the
+date of shipment; when not accompanied by such certificate, they must be
+subject to inspection at port of entry. If diseased to be slaughtered,
+without compensation.</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNITED STATES AGENTS.</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="UNITED STATES AGENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'><b>M. V. MacINNES</b>, 176 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>J. M. MacLACHLAN</b>, Drawer 197, Watertown, S. D.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><b>C. A. LAURIER</b>, Marquette, Mich.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>W. V. BENNETT</b>, 220 17th St., Room 4, Bee Bldg., Omaha, Neb.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>J. S. CRAWFORD</b>, 301 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>GEO. A. COOK</b>, 125 W. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>W. S. NETHERY</b>, Room 82, Interurban Station Bldg., Columbus, Ohio.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>BENJ. DAVIES</b>, Boom 6, Dunn Block, Great Falls, Mont.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>G. W. AIRD</b>, 215 Traction-Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>J. N. GRIEVE</b>, Cor. 1st and Post Sts., Spokane, Wash.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>C. J. BROUGHTON</b>, Room 412, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>J. E. La FORCE</b>, 29 Weybrosset Street, Providence, R. I.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>GEORGE A. HALL</b>, 123 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>J. B. CARBONNEAU</b>, Jr., Biddeford, Me.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>R. A. GARRETT</b>, 311 Jackson St., St. Paul, Minn.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>MAX A. BOWLBY</b>, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>FRANK H. HEWITT</b>, 5th St., Des Moines, Iowa.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>J. A. LAFERRIERE</b>, 1139 Elm St., Manchester, N. H.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><b>W. E. BLACK</b>, Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. D.</td>
+<td align='left'><b>F. A. HARRISON</b>, 210 North 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/title.jpg" width="500" height="79" alt="THE LAST BEST WEST THE CANADA OF OPPORTUNITY" title="" />
+</div>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The present demand for food stuffs and the expense of their production
+on high-priced lands make it seem that Western Canada, with its
+opportunity for meeting this demand, came into notice at the crucial
+period. Its millions of acres of land, easily cultivable, highly
+productive, accessible to railways, and with unexcelled climatic
+conditions, offer something too great to be overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>The provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have the largest
+area of desirable lands in North America, with but 8 per cent under the
+plough. Their cultivation has practically just begun. A few years ago
+the wheat crop amounted to only 71 million bushels. To-day, with only 4
+per cent of the available area in wheat, the crop is over 209 million
+bushels. What, then, will 44 per cent produce?</p>
+
+<p>Then look at immigration. In 1901 it was 49,149, of which 17,000 were
+from the United States; in 1906 it was 189,064, of which 57,000 were
+Americans; in 1913 it was about 400,000, about 125,000 being Americans.
+Why did these Americans go to Canada? Because the American farmer, like
+his Canadian cousin, is a shrewd business man. When an American can sell
+his farm at from $100 to $200 per acre and homestead in Canada for
+himself and for each of his sons who are of age, 160 acres of fertile
+land, capable of producing several bushels more to the acre than he has
+ever known, he will be certain to make the change.</p>
+
+<p>And then, following the capital of brawn, muscle, and sinew, comes
+American capital, keeping in touch with the industrious farmer with whom
+it has had dealings for many years. These two, with farming experience,
+are no small factors in a country's upbuilding. Nothing is said of the
+great mineral and forest wealth, little of which has been touched.</p>
+
+<p>In so short a time, no country in the world's history has attracted to
+its borders so large a number of settlers prepared to go on the land, or
+so much wealth, as have the Canadian prairies. Never before has
+pioneering been accomplished under conditions so favourable as those in
+Western Canada to-day.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only into the prairie provinces that these people go, but many
+continue westward to the great trees and mountains, and fertile valleys,
+the glory of British Columbia, where can be grown agricultural products
+of almost every kind, and where fruit is of great importance. The vast
+expanse of the plains attracts hundreds of thousands who at once set to
+work to cultivate their large holdings. But man's work, even in the
+cities with their record-breaking building rush, is the smallest part of
+the great panorama that unfolds on a journey through the country. Nature
+is still supreme, and man is still the divine pigmy audaciously seeking
+to impose his will and stamp his mark upon an unconquered half
+continent.</p>
+
+<p><b>THE HOMEMAKING SPIRIT.</b>&mdash;The most commendable feature in Western
+development to-day is the "homemaking spirit." The people are finding
+happiness in planting trees, making gardens, building schools, colleges,
+and universities, and producing an environment so homelike that the
+country cannot be regarded as a temporary abode in which to make a
+"pile" preparatory to returning East.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0005.jpg" width="750" height="239" alt="Confiding to his better half what they will do with the
+proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41&frac12; bushels per acre." title="Confiding to his better half what they will do with the
+proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41&frac12; bushels per acre." />
+<span class="caption">Confiding to his better half what they will do with the
+proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41&frac12; bushels per acre.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>THOUSANDS OF AVAILABLE HOMESTEADS.</b>&mdash;The desire of the American people to
+procure land is strong. Agricultural lands of proved value have so
+advanced in price that for the man with moderate means, who wishes to
+farm, finding a suitable location has become a serious question.
+Fortunately, in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, there are yet
+thousands of free homesteads of 160 acres each, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> may be had by
+the simple means of filing, paying a ten-dollar entrance fee, and living
+on the land for six months each year for three years. No long,
+preliminary journey, tedious, expensive, and hazardous, is necessary.
+This homesteading has been going on in Canada for several years, and
+hundreds of thousands of claims have been taken up, but much good land
+still is unoccupied. Many consider the remaining claims among the best.
+They comprise lands in the park districts of each of the three
+provinces, where natural groves give a beauty to the landscape. Here
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax can be grown successfully, and the
+districts are admirably adapted to mixed farming. Cattle fatten on the
+nutritious grasses; dairying can be carried on successfully; timber for
+building is within reach, and water easy to procure.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the free grant lands, there are lands which may be
+purchased from railways and private companies and individuals. These
+lands have not increased in price as their productivity and location
+might warrant, and may still be had for reasonably low sums and on easy
+terms.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere else in the world are there such splendid opportunities for
+indulgence in the land-passion as in Western Canada. Millions of rich
+acres beckon for occupation and cultivation. Varying soil and climate
+are suited to contrary requirements&mdash;grazing lands for the stock
+breeder; deep-tilling soils for the market gardener; rolling, partly
+wooded districts for the mixed-farming advocate; level prairie for the
+grain farmer; bench lands and hillsides for the cultivator of fruits.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="ANOTHER_GOOD_YEAR_IN_WESTERN_CANADA" id="ANOTHER_GOOD_YEAR_IN_WESTERN_CANADA"></a>ANOTHER GOOD YEAR IN WESTERN CANADA</h2>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<h3>Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta Have Splendid Crops.</h3>
+
+<p>The grain crop of 1913 was harvested and threshed in perfect condition.
+Excepting flax, the average yield was excellent; wheat almost
+universally graded near the top. Wheat from many fields averaged forty
+bushels per acre, weighing sixty-five pounds to the measured bushel.
+Oats ran from fifty to one hundred and fifteen bushels to the acre, and
+barley kept up the reputation of Western Canada as a producer of that
+cereal. In many sections the yield of flax exceeded earlier
+expectations, although in places, winds which blew off the boll caused
+some loss. Hundreds of farmers of small means who have been in the
+country only three or four years, paid up all their indebtedness out of
+the crop of 1913 and put aside something for farm and home improvements.
+Not only for the farmer with limited means and small acreage has the
+year been prosperous; the man able to conduct farming on a large scale
+has been equally successful&mdash;and for such, Western Canada offers many
+opportunities.</p>
+
+<p>A farmer in southern Alberta raised 350,000 bushels of grain last year,
+and made a fortune out of it. In Saskatchewan and in Manitoba is heard
+the same story of the successful working of large areas.</p>
+
+<p>As was to be expected with its unprecedented development, the financial
+stress during 1913 was felt as keenly throughout Western Canada as
+anywhere in the country. The fact is that money could not keep pace with
+the natural demands of 400,000 new people a year. Towns and cities had
+to be built, farming operations were extensive, and capitalists had not
+made sufficient preparation. But last year's crop has restored
+conditions to a normal state, and natural and reasonable development
+will continue.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to a wet fall in 1912 and a heavy snowfall the succeeding winter,
+seeding in some districts was later than usual. But with the favourable
+weather of May, June, and July, wheat sown in May ripened early in
+August. Rains came at the right time, and throughout the season the best
+of weather prevailed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0006.jpg" width="750" height="237" alt="These cattle winter out in Western Canada and do well.
+Shelter and water are abundant." title="These cattle winter out in Western Canada and do well.
+Shelter and water are abundant." />
+<span class="caption">These cattle winter out in Western Canada and do well.
+Shelter and water are abundant.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span><b>The Cities Reflect the Growth of the Country.</b>&mdash;Passing through Western
+Canada from Winnipeg, and observing the cities and towns along the
+network of railways in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, one feels
+there must be "something of a country" behind them all. Gaze in any
+direction and the same view is presented: field after field of waving
+grain; labourers at work converting the virgin prairie into more fields;
+wide pasture lands where cattle are fattening on grasses rich in both
+milk- and beef-producing properties. Here is the wealth that builds the
+cities.</p>
+
+<p>In thirty years Winnipeg has increased in population from 2,000 to
+200,000; and become an important gateway of commerce. The wheat alone
+grown in the three prairie provinces in 1913 is sufficient to keep a
+steady stream of 1,000 bushels per minute continuously night and day
+going to the head of the lakes for three and a half months, and in
+addition to that, the oats and barley would supply this stream for
+another four months. The value of the grain crop alone would be
+sufficient to build any of our great transcontinental railroads and all
+their equipment, everything connected with them, from ocean to ocean.
+With only 10 per cent of the arable land under cultivation, what will
+the possibilities be when 288 million acres of the best land that the
+sun shines on is brought under the plough? Do you not see the portent of
+a great, vigorous, populous nation living under those sunny skies north
+of the 49th parallel?</p>
+
+<p><b>New Railway Mileage Grows at Rapid Rate.</b>&mdash;Every year long stretches of
+new rails are extended into some hitherto untravelled domain, bringing
+into subjugation mountain, plain, and forest. Mighty rivers are being
+bridged, massive mountains are being tunnelled, and real zest is being
+given this work in the exciting race between the rival companies as they
+strive to outstrip each other in surmounting Nature's obstacles. During
+1913, more than 4,000 miles of new road have been built in Canada, the
+bulk of this in Western Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The latest reports give the total railway mileage in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, and Alberta as 12,760 miles, the Canadian Pacific Railway
+having 5,534; the Canadian Northern, 4,187; the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+1,476; the Great Northern Railway, 162. Manitoba has a total mileage of
+4,014; Saskatchewan, 5,679; Alberta, 3,073. The gain over 1912 is about
+3,400 miles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Western Canada's Wheat.</b>&mdash;The quality of Western Canada wheat is
+recognized everywhere. Recently a U. S. senator said of the Canadian
+grain fields: "The wheat that Canada raises is the Northwestern hard
+spring wheat. The cost of raising is less in Canada than in the States,
+because the new lands there will produce larger crops than the older
+land on this side of the line, and the land is cheaper than in the
+United States."</p>
+
+<p>According to official figures the total estimated wheat production of
+Western Canada in 1913 was 209,262,000 bushels, an increase of more than
+5 million bushels in 1912. Oats show a total yield of more than
+242,413,000 bushels, barley more than 30 million bushels, rye more than
+2,500,000 bushels, flax more than 14 million bushels, and mixed grains
+more than 17 million bushels. Wheat, oats, barley, and rye are above the
+average quality of the last two years, and potatoes and root crops show
+a good percentage of standard condition during growth. The value of the
+harvest is approximately 209 million dollars as compared with about 200
+million in 1912.</p>
+
+<p>Winnipeg, the grain centre of Western Canada, has received and handled
+more wheat per day than Chicago, Minneapolis, and Duluth combined.</p>
+
+<p>Approximately 191 million bushels of grain were shipped from the
+elevators at Fort William and Port Arthur during the season of
+navigation; from the first of September, 1913, until December 20, 127
+million bushels of grain were shipped to the east&mdash;52,000,000 bushels
+more than for the same period last year.</p>
+
+<p><b>What Farmers Receive.</b>&mdash;The amount of grain marketed, and the estimated
+receipts, based on an average price for September, October, and
+November, are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="4" summary="What Farmers Receive">
+<tr><td></td><td>Bushels</td><td>Price per<br /> bushel</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wheat</td><td align='right'>97,000,000</td><td align='right'>.73</td><td align='right'>$70,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oats</td><td align='right'>30,000,000</td><td align='right'>.30</td><td align='right'>9,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barley</td><td align='right'>9,500,000</td><td align='right'>.40</td><td align='right'>3,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Flax</td><td align='right'>6,500,000</td><td align='right'>$1.10</td><td align='right'>7,150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td align='right'>$89,950,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><b>A Splendid Fall.</b>&mdash;The fall of 1913 was exceedingly favourable to the
+farmer of Western Canada. The weather made it possible to harvest and
+thresh in the minimum of time, and in some cases permitted a start on
+fall ploughing early in September, in many parts continuing until
+December 1st. Owners of traction engines took advantage of clear nights
+to plough, the powerful headlights throwing a brilliant light across the
+fields. The men worked in relays, and it was frequently midnight before
+the big outfits quit.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="A Splendid Fall" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td><img src="images/p0007a.jpg" width="250" height="261" alt="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." title="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." /></td>
+<td><img src="images/p0007b.jpg" width="250" height="261" alt="Sizing up quantity of hay per acre he would get from his
+hayfield." title="Sizing up quantity of hay per acre he would get from his hayfield." /></td>
+<td><img src="images/p0007c.jpg" width="250" height="261" alt="Starting from town with loads of posts for pasture
+fence." title="Starting from town with loads of posts for pasture fence." /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><small>Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and<br /> table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation.</small></td>
+<td><small>Sizing up quantity of hay per acre<br /> he would get from his hayfield.</small></td>
+<td><small>Starting from town with loads of<br /> posts for pasture fence.</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span><b>Mixed Farming.</b>&mdash;Mixed farming is yielding large profits to those who
+work intelligently along the lines of intensive farming. In addition to
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax&mdash;alfalfa and other fodder crops are grown,
+and in some places corn.</p>
+
+<p>Every variety of vegetable grows abundantly and sugar beets are a
+moneymaker. Stock-raising is an important branch of mixed farming, and
+hogs and sheep are commanding high prices, the demand greatly exceeding
+the supply.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sheep.</b>&mdash;The sheep industry in Western Canada pays exceedingly well. In
+the early days&mdash;but a few short years ago&mdash;a district south of the
+Canadian Pacific Railway from Swift Current to Maple Creek was stocked
+with sheep, and several large ranches made money, but with the onrush of
+settlement these ranches have been vacated and are now given up to
+successful grain growing. However, the farmers who now cross the
+boundary to purchase the best Montana breeds and take them to their
+farms, in every case report a success as great as that in grain growing.
+Although no country could be better fitted for sheep raising, and
+numerous successes have been made, Western Canada imports much of its
+mutton.</p>
+
+<p><b>Profits in Horse Raising.</b>&mdash;The raising of horses is receiving increasing
+attention. Here also a rare opportunity for profit exists, for the
+market is woefully unsupplied.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairying</b> offers splendid opportunities for profit. In the rapidly
+growing cities and towns there is a demand for milk, cream, and butter.
+Creameries and cheese factories are established at accessible points.
+The feeding of cattle is nominal.</p>
+
+<p><b>Poultry Products</b> can be readily marketed, and poultry raisers have done
+remarkably well. No one knows better than the farmer's wife the saving
+effected by having a flock of hens, some turkeys, geese and ducks, and
+the cost of feed is not noticed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hog Raising.</b>&mdash;Hog-raising has equal advantages with grain growing. A
+large quantity of pork that should be supplied at home is now shipped
+in. Barley, the best staple for hog raising, is easily grown and yields
+heavily. Alfalfa can be grown with little trouble, and with two crops in
+a season, and three tons to the acre to a crop, it will play an
+important part in the hog industry of the future. The Canadian field pea
+and the rape, also are good feed and produce the very best of pork.</p>
+
+<p>Chas. Reid, of Swift Current, who sold a thousand dollars' worth of pork
+last summer, and then had considerable on hand, has demonstrated that
+hogs pay better than straight grain raising. He has an income from his
+farm the whole year round.</p>
+
+<p>A farmer near Moose Jaw sold some hogs for $130.00. To the question,
+"What did they cost?" he answered: "Really nothing. I bought one sow; I
+have kept two, and I have three to kill for my own use. Of course we had
+skim milk and buttermilk, and I fed some chop, but what is left is worth
+all I paid out. I call the $130.00 clear profit."</p>
+
+<p>It is the same story in all parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
+Alberta. A little attention, plenty of such grain as would go to waste,
+some shelter, and that's all. Last year many farmers went into
+hog-raising extensively, and it saved many of them from financial
+embarrassment; for when money was not obtainable at the banks, farmers
+having marketable hogs sold them with handsome profit. Several made from
+$1.00 to $1.20 per bushel for wheat by feeding it to hogs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Butter and Eggs.</b>&mdash;Large sums are spent regularly in United States
+markets for butter and eggs to supply the cities and towns of Western
+Canada, and large quantities of butter are imported from New Zealand.
+Not only is the demand in the towns, but many wheat-raisers purchase
+these commodities when they might produce them on their own farms at
+trifling cost.</p>
+
+<p>William Elliott, near Moose Jaw, has eight cows and eighty hens. In less
+than eight months, his butter and eggs sold for more than $500. All the
+groceries and the children's clothing and boots, are paid for with
+butter and egg money.</p>
+
+<p>W. H. Johnston, five miles south of Moose Jaw, has thirty cows and milks
+an average of twenty-five. His gross receipts last summer were from $600
+to $700 per month, of which $300 was profit. He grows his own feed,
+principally oats and hay, and has no worries over harvesting or grain
+prices.</p>
+
+<p><b>Truck Gardening.</b>&mdash;Long days of abundant sunshine from May to September,
+and adequate moisture in the spring and early summer permit of a wide
+variety of products. The soil is rich and warm, and easily worked. Close
+attention to cultivation has resulted in record yields of vegetables and
+small fruits, which bring good prices in the cities.</p>
+
+<p>A farmer within five miles of Moose Jaw, who sold vegetables at the city
+market last year realized more than $300 between August 1, and October
+30. He had half an acre in carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes,
+beans, lettuce and onions, and half an acre in potatoes and turnips. His
+own table was supplied all summer and enough vegetables were put in the
+cellar to supply him during the winter and seed potatoes in the spring.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Truck Gardening" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td><img src="images/p0008a.jpg" width="250" height="261" alt="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." title="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." /></td>
+<td><img src="images/p0008b.jpg" width="250" height="261" alt="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." title="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." /></td>
+<td><img src="images/p0008c.jpg" width="172" height="261" alt="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." title="Beginning a home in the prairie&mdash;house and table &quot;lands&quot;
+are built on cement foundation." /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><small>R. P. O. Uwell's old home, Clover Bar, Alberta.<br /> This old
+home is now replaced by one<br /> of more modern structure.</small></td>
+<td><small>A comfortable modern home in Western<br /> Canada, the old home
+now used as a granary. William Hamilton&mdash;Pioneer.</small></td>
+<td><small>Segar Wheeler's residence<br /> "Rosthern," Sask. is a fair
+type of many homes in the Canadians.</small></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span><b>Corn Can Be Grown on Canadian Prairies.</b>&mdash;Manitoba is producing corn,
+chiefly for feed. On September 28, corn nine feet high had developed to
+the dough stage, and the crop would easily exceed twenty tons to the
+acre. There are also scattered fields of corn in Saskatchewan and
+Alberta.</p>
+
+<p>Corn is successfully grown in the northern part of Minnesota in similar
+soil and under the same climatic condition, and there is no apparent
+reason why like results should not be secured in Western Canada. Many
+American farmers of experience believe the corn belt is extending
+northward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alfalfa</b> is an assured crop in many parts of Western Canada and is
+destined to be the leading forage crop. In a recent competition
+forty-three entries were made, and every field was one of which farmers
+of the older alfalfa countries might be proud. In southern Alberta
+alfalfa is a success; at Edmonton it grows abundantly. Battleford,
+Prince Albert, Regina, Indian Head, Lacombe, Brandon, and in many other
+districts alfalfa is grown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Post Offices.</b>&mdash;Throughout the settled portions of Western Canada are
+found post offices at which mails are delivered regularly, thus bringing
+Eastern friends within a few days' reach of those who have gone forward
+to make homes under new but favourable conditions on the fertile lands
+of the West. Last year hundreds of new post offices were established,
+many of them at points remote from the railway, but all demanded by new
+settlements made during the year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Roads and Bridges.</b>&mdash;It is said to be the policy of the Canadian
+Government to do everything possible for the welfare of the settler,
+whether in accessible new town or remote hamlet. This solicitude is
+shown in every branch dealing with the organizing of new districts.
+Bridges have been built, roads constructed, the district policed, and a
+dozen other conveniences provided. Is it any wonder that with the
+splendid, high-yielding land, free to the homesteader or open to
+purchase at reasonable prices from railway and land companies, the
+Canadian immigration records for 1913 were so high?</p>
+
+<p><b>Land Laws</b>.&mdash;Canada's land laws were formed after the United States had
+applied its methods to the free lands of the West, and embody the best
+United States provisions. They are so framed as not to bear heavily on
+the settler, whose interests are carefully watched, and are liberally
+administered. After several years' trial they have proved satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Titles, or patents, come from the Crown, and on being registered in a
+Land Titles Office these patents secure a transfer.</p>
+
+<p>Taxes outside of cities, towns, and the larger municipalities, are
+merely nominal and are devoted entirely to the improvement of roads, to
+educational purposes, to the payment of salaries, and to the erection
+of public buildings. At least 50 per cent of these costs, and in small
+struggling communities, 60 per cent or more, is paid by the Government
+out of the fund produced by the sale of school lands, one-eighth of the
+country having been reserved for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Banks of Canada.</b>&mdash;The close of 1913 has brought the usual bank
+statements accompanied by the addresses of the presidents and general
+managers of these institutions. They deal with economic matters first
+hand, and show in striking manner the prosperity of the country. Those
+who know anything of Canadian banking methods know the stability of
+these institutions, and the high character of the men in charge of them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Coulson, of the Canadian Bank of Commerce says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have had a good harvest. The yield has been generally
+good, and the quality on the average has never been
+surpassed. This has been especially so in the Western
+Provinces, and the unusually favourable weather and abundant
+transportation facilities afforded by the railroads enabled
+the movement of grain to be made rapidly."</p></div>
+
+<p><b>Canada's New Bank Act.</b>&mdash;During 1913 the decennial revision of the Bank
+Act took place. Among important changes were:</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of the Central Gold Reserves. Authority to lend to
+farmers on their threshed grain.</p>
+
+<p>The provision which enables a bank to lend to a farmer on the security
+of his threshed grain is extensively utilized. This class of loan is
+regarded as a moral risk, and banks still depend more upon the character
+of the borrower than upon the security.</p>
+
+<p><b>What Bank Managers Have to Say.</b>&mdash;Mr. Balfour, manager of the Union Bank
+of Canada:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The railway companies have carried out the grain from the
+Western Provinces this year in a very satisfactory manner."</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. John Galt, president of the Union Bank of Canada:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Speaking generally, the crop results have been satisfactory.
+In the three great wheat growing provinces this has been a
+banner year. Not only has the yield been large, but the
+average quality has never been equalled, and the cost of
+harvesting has been unusually low, owing to the magnificent
+weather. This has, to some extent, offset the low prices
+which prevailed. The railways have done splendid work in
+handling the crop.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a marked increase in the number of livestock.
+Farmers are becoming more fully alive to the advantages they
+derive from this source and are realizing that their
+borrowing credit is greatly enhanced if they can show a good
+proportion of cattle in their assets, and banks should look
+with favour on loans for the purchase and handling of
+livestock."</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Campbell, general manager of the Northern Crown Bank, gives
+strong testimony of the wealth of Western Canada:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is important at a time like the present for every
+business concern, financial or otherwise, to show by its
+statement that collections have been good. We may
+congratulate ourselves upon the showing we have made in this.
+Notwithstanding that we have made new loans amounting to
+millions of dollars since the crop was harvested, our old
+loans have been paid off so rapidly that our liquid assets
+were not reduced.</p>
+
+<p>"This state of affairs is attributable to the fine weather we
+have experienced in the West, which enabled the farmers to
+harvest their grain early and quickly and to the unusual
+rapidity with which the crop was moved by the railway
+companies."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0009.jpg" width="750" height="239" alt="Corn is not generally grown in Western Canada, but this
+320 acres shows a splendid yield, and considerable is now grown for
+fodder." title="Corn is not generally grown in Western Canada, but this
+320 acres shows a splendid yield, and considerable is now grown for fodder." />
+<span class="caption">Corn is not generally grown in Western Canada, but this
+320 acres shows a splendid yield, and considerable is now grown for fodder.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>PROVINCIAL PREMIERS ARE OPTIMISTIC</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Manitoba is Stronger.</b>&mdash;Sir Rodmond Roblin has no pessimism
+regarding the outlook in Manitoba. He says: "The improvements
+upon farm and field excite the admiration of those interested
+in agriculture, while our population has been very
+considerably increased by a healthy, intelligent, and
+industrious class of new-comers. Manitoba, is much stronger
+financially, numerically, commercially, industrially and
+educationally than she was in the year 1912. Her progress and
+development are rapid, healthy, and permanent."</p>
+
+<p><b>Hope and Cheer in Saskatchewan.</b>&mdash;Hon. Walter Scott: "The
+sheet anchor of Saskatchewan is its soil, which (excluding,
+of course, the far north) comprises a larger proportion of
+land capable of sustaining a farming population than any area
+of similar vastness on the globe. Nothing but inconceivable
+recklessness and waste can prevent its remaining for all time
+a great agricultural province, and nothing can seriously
+check its steady forward movement."</p>
+
+<p><b>Alberta on Sound Footing.</b>&mdash;Hon. A. L. Sifton: "Alberta was
+never on a sounder footing than it is to-day. It has reaped
+the best crop in her history, and stands in line for her
+share of the millions earned by the farmers of Western Canada
+for their wheat and other grains. Coarse grains for feeding
+purposes are beginning to predominate with the advent of
+mixed farming. A gratifying increase in the number of dairy
+cows and hogs is reported from every district, indicating a
+new source of wealth, a more constant revenue for the farmer
+and a new basis of credit for farming operations."</p>
+
+<p><b>Splendid Outlook in British Columbia.</b>&mdash;Sir Richard McBride
+says: "That British Columbia, judged by the healthy growth in
+population and in general industries during the past year,
+and the splendid outlook, may confidently be expected to have
+increased prosperity in 1914. Mining will show a larger
+output for the current year and the same may be said of
+agriculture and other occupations. Generous and wise
+expenditure for adding to the already extensive road system,
+the building of necessary public works, as well as the
+enormous amount of railway construction all conduce to the
+opening up and settlement of immense areas, hitherto almost
+dormant."</p></div>
+
+<h4>PANAMA CANAL AND CANADA</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>The London Times</b>, speaking of the Panama Canal, says:
+"Although there is considerable speculation in trade and
+political circles as to the effect of the opening of the
+Panama Canal, enthusiasts in the West predict that Western
+Canada generally will increase in population and wealth to an
+extent beyond conception. The Canal will have the effect of
+bringing the outposts of Empire inside the commercial arena.
+The new water route, combined with improved railway
+facilities, will certainly improve the position of Western
+Canada in the battle for the world's markets."</p></div>
+
+<h4>WHAT HAS BEEN SAID ABOUT WESTERN CANADA</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Mr. James J. Hill.</b>&mdash;"Within a few years the United States
+will not be exporting any wheat, but it will become a market
+for the wheat of Canada."</p>
+
+<p><b>Dr. Wm. Saunders</b>, Director of the Canadian Government
+Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada: "The Canadian Northwest
+can supply not only sufficient wheat for a local population
+of thirty millions, but have left over for export three times
+as much as the total import of the British Isles. One-fourth
+of its arable land is devoted to wheat."</p>
+
+<p><b>Professor Shaw.</b>&mdash;"The first foot of soil in the provinces of
+Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is worth more than all the
+mines from Alaska to Mexico, and more than all the forests
+from the boundary to the Arctic ocean. One acre of the
+average soil in Western Canada is worth more than ten acres
+of average land in the United States."</p>
+
+<p><b>Professor Tanner.</b>&mdash;"The black earth of Central Russia, the
+richest soil in the world, has to yield its distinguished
+position to rich, deep, fertile soil of Western Canada. Here
+the most fertile soil of the world is to be found. These
+soils are rich vegetable humus or clay loam with good clay
+subsoil. To the high percentage of nitrogen is due the high
+percentage of gluten which gives the 'Canadian No. 1 Hard'
+the flouring qualities which have spread its fame abroad to
+the ends of the earth."</p>
+
+<p><b>St. Paul Farmer.</b>&mdash;During a recent trip through Western
+Canada, the editor of the <i>St. Paul Farmer</i>, in referring to
+Government forces in agriculture, spoke of the interest that
+the Dominion and the Provincial Governments took in farming
+and farm education, as "complete and effective."</p>
+
+<p><b>The General Manager</b> of a Canadian bank is reported to have
+said that, "owing to the speedy manner in which grain came
+forward in the fall of 1913, our farmer customers in the
+prairie provinces paid off about three million dollars of
+liabilities between September 20, and October 10."</p>
+
+<p><b>Hon. W. T. White</b>, speaking at a New York meeting, said: "We
+used to give you good Canadians but now we are getting back
+good Americans. Ours came from the east, yours are going into
+our west. Some of the most practical citizens, the best
+Canada has to-day, are the Americans. We received last year
+no less than 140,000. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, three
+provinces, have each a larger territory than modern Germany,
+less than ten per cent under cultivation. This year they had
+a crop of over 200 million bushels of wheat. You cannot get
+any country where contracts are more faithfully regarded or
+obligations more carefully safeguarded by law than in
+Canada."</p>
+
+<p><b>Sir Thomas Shaughnessy.</b>&mdash;"Immigration into Canada cannot
+cease, for it is due to economic conditions which show no
+signs of changing."</p>
+
+<p><b>David R. Forgan.</b>&mdash;"Nothing can check a country which can
+raise the amount of wheat which has been raised in Western
+Canada this year. Any checks which the country may have had
+as a result of the world-wide money conditions are entirely
+beneficial to the country. Numbers of young men, the sons of
+farmers in the States, are now coming to Canada, and are
+taking up land much cheaper and equally as good as they could
+get in the States."</p>
+
+<p><b>Lord William Percy</b> of England: "The possibilities and
+opportunities offered by the West are infinitely greater than
+those which exist in England."</p>
+
+<p><b>Colonel Donald Walter Cameron</b> of Lochiel, Scotland, Chief of
+the Cameron Clan: "We cannot blame our people for coming out
+here, where there are so many opportunities as compared with
+those afforded in Scotland. I thought possibly a trip through
+Canada would give us some plan as to how to stop the
+wholesale emigration from Scotland, but, after seeing this
+wonderful country and the opportunities on every side, where
+one man has as good chances as his neighbor, I have come to
+the conclusion that nothing more can be done."</p>
+
+<p><b>Speaker Clark</b>.&mdash;In commenting on Speaker Clark's remarks
+expressing regret at the number of Americans who had gone to
+Canada in one week, the <i>Chicago News</i> says: "The appropriate
+sentiment for the occasion would seem to be a God-speed to
+the emigrants. They are acting as the American pioneers did
+before them, and are taking what appears to them to be the
+most promising step for improving their fortunes. The bait is
+wild land, and it is not affected by national boundaries."</p>
+
+<p><b>Mayor Deacon,</b> Winnipeg: "No man who sets foot in Canada is
+more entirely and heartily welcome than the agriculturist
+from the South."</p></div>
+
+<p>An eminent American writer after a recent visit to the Canadian West in
+speaking of the American immigration to Canada, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Any country that can draw our citizens to it on such a scale
+must have about it something above the ordinary, and that
+Canada has in many ways."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0010.jpg" width="750" height="233" alt="Figuring out the result of the year&#39;s crop. The yield of
+which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat." title="Figuring out the result of the year&#39;s crop. The yield of
+which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat." />
+<span class="caption">Figuring out the result of the year&#39;s crop. The yield of
+which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><b>Dean Curtiss</b> of Ames Agricultural College, Iowa, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We of the United States think we know how to get behind
+agriculture and push, but the Canadians dare to do even more
+than we do in some respects. They have wonderful faith in the
+future: they hesitate at no undertaking that offers prospects
+of results. More significant still is the wide co-operation
+for agricultural promotion, including the government, private
+individuals, and corporations and the railroads.</p>
+
+<p>"Manitoba has in the last two years provided about as much
+money for the building of an agricultural plant as Iowa has
+appropriated in half a century. It has given in two years
+$2,500,000 for buildings and grounds for its agricultural
+institutions. Saskatchewan is building a plant for its
+university and agricultural college on a broader and more
+substantial plan than has been applied to any similar
+institution in this country. Yet neither province has more
+than half a million population.</p>
+
+<p>"For public schools equally generous provision is made. They
+are being built up to give vocational and technical training
+as well as cultural. They fit the needs of the country
+excellently and should turn out fine types of boys and girls.
+They do this with a remarkable faith in the value of right
+education."</p></div>
+
+<p>Dean Curtiss was much interested in the many ways the Canadian
+Government aids agriculture, aside from appropriations for education. It
+is helping to solve marketing problems; encouraging better breeding of
+livestock by buying sires and reselling them at cost, and doing many
+other things of like character. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I found that the Government is advancing from 50 to 85 per
+cent of the money necessary to build co&ouml;perative creameries
+and elevators. Where cattle need breeding up, the Government
+buys bulls of dairy, Shorthorn, or special dairy breeds, and
+sends them in at cost and long time payments."</p></div>
+
+<p>The words "Canadian wheat" are familiar to all, but many have not yet
+participated in the benefits derived by those who, within the past few
+years, have placed their capital in Canadian wheat lands. They, who,
+through foresight, so invested, they who broke the first furrow, have
+reaped bountifully.</p>
+
+<p>The development of the fertile plains and valleys of Western Canada is
+still in its infancy. The accomplishments of the past few years, while
+truly wonderful, have but proven the great resources and future
+capabilities of this vast country.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of to-day will be insignificant compared with the
+achievements of the next few years.</p>
+
+<p>The homestead shack is now giving place to the comfortable residence,
+large barns are being erected where the improvised log and mud stable
+sheltered a few head of cattle, fields are fenced, roads built, and
+great fields of grain and luxuriant pastures are always in evidence.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Climate.</b>&mdash;Owing to the altitude, Western Canada is one of the finest
+and most healthful sections in the world. Speaking generally it is at
+least a thousand feet higher above sea level than the Middle Western
+States, thus giving a dry, bracing air, much like portions of Colorado.
+During a large part of the summer the days are hot and sunny, with more
+than twenty hours of daylight and consequently growing weather, in each
+day. The nights, however, are always cool and restful and are largely
+responsible for the splendid vitality of Western men.</p>
+
+<p>The winters are truly splendid. Usually farming operations on the land
+are stopped by frost from the 12th to the 15th of November although some
+years they have been continued into December. Usually late in November
+snow falls, and with the exception of those districts where Chinook
+winds are frequent, will remain until the following spring, disappearing
+early in March. During this time there is clear, bright, dry, sunny
+weather and an intensely invigorating atmosphere. The average winter
+temperature ranges from zero to twenty-two above zero, according to the
+district. Occasionally severe cold weather will occur, lasting for two
+or three days, but this is not unknown in the Middle Western States. One
+of the greatest advantages is the hard frost, during the winter. This
+freezes the ground to a depth of several feet. In the spring, thawing
+naturally commences at the top. As soon as the top soil is sufficiently
+thawed the land is sown, the cultivation forming a mulch which conserves
+the moisture in the frozen ground underneath. With the increasing warmth
+of early summer, the lower frost gradually thaws out and this moisture
+aids largely in the growth of the young crop.</p>
+
+<p>The heaviest rainfall occurs in June, when it is most needed and does
+the most good to the growing crops. The rainfall of western Canada
+varies from 16 to 28 inches. The farmers are usually working upon the
+land during the first week in April. This gives a long growing season
+and plenty of time to dispose of the crop and get the land prepared,
+ready for the next season's operation.</p>
+
+<h4>METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR JANUARY, 1913</h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR JANUARY, 1913">
+<tr>
+  <th rowspan="2">Experimental Farm<br /> or Station at</th>
+  <th colspan="3" align='center'>Degrees of Temperature</th>
+  <th rowspan="2">Precipitation<br /> in Inches</th>
+  <th colspan="2" align='center'>Hours of Sunshine</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='center'>Highest</td>
+<td align='center'>Lowest</td>
+<td align='center'>Mean</td>
+<td align='center'>Possible</td>
+<td align='center'>Actual</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Brandon, Man</td>
+<td align='right'>36.9</td>
+<td align='right'>-37.6</td>
+<td align='right'>24.60</td>
+<td align='right'>.11</td>
+<td align='right'>268</td>
+<td align='right'>73.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Indian Head, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>40.0</td>
+<td align='right'>-45.0</td>
+<td align='right'>-6.51</td>
+<td align='right'>.80</td>
+<td align='right'>266</td>
+<td align='right'>57.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Rosthern, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>38.6</td>
+<td align='right'>-49.5</td>
+<td align='right'>13.30</td>
+<td align='right'>.55</td>
+<td align='right'>252</td>
+<td align='right'>73.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Scott, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>38.8</td>
+<td align='right'>-48.8</td>
+<td align='right'>-9.47</td>
+<td align='right'>.59</td>
+<td align='right'>255</td>
+<td align='right'>83.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Lacombe, Alta</td>
+<td align='right'>45.3</td>
+<td align='right'>-35.6</td>
+<td align='right'>.67</td>
+<td align='right'>.93</td>
+<td align='right'>257</td>
+<td align='right'>63.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Lethbridge, Alta</td>
+<td align='right'>47.0</td>
+<td align='right'>-30.0</td>
+<td align='right'>7.49</td>
+<td align='right'>.80</td>
+<td align='right'>269</td>
+<td align='right'>91.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="7" align='center'><b>DECEMBER, 1912</b></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Brandon, Man</td>
+<td align='right'>39.9</td>
+<td align='right'>27.2</td>
+<td align='right'>9.30</td>
+<td align='right'>1.00</td>
+<td align='right'>254</td>
+<td align='right'>61.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Indian Head, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>39.0</td>
+<td align='right'>19.0</td>
+<td align='right'>13.19</td>
+<td align='right'>1.23</td>
+<td align='right'>248</td>
+<td align='right'>53.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Rosthern, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>38.8</td>
+<td align='right'>23.2</td>
+<td align='right'>8.15</td>
+<td align='right'>.50</td>
+<td align='right'>233</td>
+<td align='right'>62.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Scott, Sask</td>
+<td align='right'>44.1</td>
+<td align='right'>19.8</td>
+<td align='right'>16.86</td>
+<td align='right'>.27</td>
+<td align='right'>238</td>
+<td align='right'>91.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Lacombe, Alta</td>
+<td align='right'>58.6</td>
+<td align='right'>10.6</td>
+<td align='right'>21.98</td>
+<td align='right'>.03</td>
+<td align='right'>238</td>
+<td align='right'>7.42</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Lethbridge, Alta</td>
+<td align='right'>50.1</td>
+<td align='right'>0.9</td>
+<td align='right'>27.16</td>
+<td align='right'>.23</td>
+<td align='right'>254</td>
+<td align='right'>102.3</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<br />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0011.jpg" width="750" height="241" alt="A scene showing farming on a large scale in the park
+districts of Western Canada. Water is good and plentiful in this
+district." title="A scene showing farming on a large scale in the park
+districts of Western Canada. Water is good and plentiful in this district." />
+<span class="caption">A scene showing farming on a large scale in the park
+districts of Western Canada. Water is good and plentiful in this district.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>SWEEPSTAKE UPON SWEEPSTAKE</h3>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>A Manitoba Steer Carries Off Honors Similar to Those Won by a
+Half-brother in 1912.</h4>
+
+<p>Saskatchewan wins and now owns the Colorado Silver Trophy for best oats
+in the world.</p>
+
+<p>When Glencarnock I, the Aberdeen-Angus steer, owned by Mr. McGregor of
+Brandon, Manitoba, carried off the Sweepstakes at the Chicago Live Stock
+Show in 1912, it was considered a great victory for barley, oats and
+grass, versus corn. That there might be no doubt as to the superiority
+of barley feeding, Manitoba climate, and judgment in selecting the
+animal, in 1913 Mr. McGregor entered another Aberdeen-Angus, a
+half-brother to the winner of 1912, and secured a second victory. In
+other classes also Mr. McGregor had excellent winnings. Glencarnock's
+victory proves not only the superiority of the new feeding, but that the
+climate of the prairie provinces of Western Canada, in combination with
+the rich foods possessed by that country, tends to make cattle raising a
+success at little cost.</p>
+
+<p>Other winnings at the Live Stock Show which placed Western Canada in the
+class of big victories were: three firsts, seven seconds, and five other
+prizes in Clydesdales.</p>
+
+<p>Among recent victories won by Western Canada within the past three
+years:</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1911, Hill &amp; Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, showed a
+peck of oats at the National Corn Exposition in Columbus, Ohio, and
+carried off the Colorado Silver Trophy, valued at $1,500.00. In
+February, 1913, they had a similar victory at Columbia, N. C., the third
+and final winning was at Dallas, Texas, on February 17, 1914, when Hill
+&amp; Son's oats defeated all other entries.</p>
+
+<p>In 1911, Seager Wheeler, of Rosthern, won $1,000 in gold at the New York
+Land Show for best hundred pounds of wheat.</p>
+
+<p>In 1912, at the Dry Farming Congress, Lethbridge, Mr. Holmes of Cardston
+won an engine for best wheat in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In 1913, at Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mr. P. Gerlack, of Allan, Saskatchewan,
+carried off the honors and a threshing machine for the best bushel of
+wheat shown in a world competition. It was the Marquis variety and
+weighed 71 lbs. to the bushel. At this congress, Canada won a majority
+of the world's honours in individual classes, and seven out of the
+sixteen sweepstakes.</p>
+
+<p>Other first prizes taken at the same place were:</p>
+
+<p>Barley, Nicholas T&eacute;tinger, Claresholm, Alberta. Oats, E. J. Lanigan,
+Elfross, Saskatchewan. Flax, John Plews, Carnduff, Saskatchewan. Sheaf
+of barley, A. H. Crossman, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of flax, R.
+C. West, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of oats, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. In district exhibits, Swift Current, Saskatchewan,
+won the Board of Trade Award, with Maple Creek second. Red Fife Spring
+Wheat, E. A. Fredrick, Maple Creek. Other variety of Hard Spring Wheat,
+S. Englehart, Abernethy, Saskatchewan. Black Oats, Alex Wooley, Norton,
+Alberta. Oats, any other variety, Wm. S. Simpson, Pambrun, Saskatchewan.
+Western Rye Grass, W. S. Creighton, Stalwart, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of Red
+Fife Wheat, R. H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of
+Marquis Wheat, G. H. Carney, Dysart, Saskatchewan. Two-Rowed Barley, R.
+H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Six-Rowed Barley, R. H.
+Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Western Rye Grass, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. Alsike Clover, Seager Wheeler, Rosthern,
+Saskatchewan.</p>
+
+<p><b>Agricultural Education in Western Canada.</b>&mdash;Scientific farming probably
+can be pursued with more profit and advantage in Western Canada than in
+any other portion of the continent. What can be achieved may be judged
+by what has been accomplished by the thousands who with not even a
+theoretical knowledge have made it a success. The various governments
+have provided for the development of a class of farmers who, in the
+possession of the rich soil of the country, with its abundant humus, its
+phosphates, and large endowment of other properties will make of it the
+greatest farming region of the known world.</p>
+
+<h4>AREAS OF LAND AND WATER</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>According to the latest measurements the land and water areas
+of the three provinces, as at the Census of 1911, are as
+follows:</p></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="AREAS OF LAND AND WATER">
+<tr><td>Provinces</td><td>Land</td><td>Water</td><td>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>acres</td><td>acres</td><td>acres</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Manitoba</td><td align='right'>41,169,098</td><td align='right'>6,019,200</td><td align='right'>47,188,298</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Saskatchewan</td><td align='right'>155,764,480</td><td align='right'>5,323,520</td><td align='right'>161,088,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alberta</td><td align='right'>161,872,000</td><td align='right'>1,510,400</td><td align='right'>163,382,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Total</td><td align='right'>358,805,578</td><td align='right'>12,853,120</td><td align='right'>371,658,698</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="block"><p>Note&mdash;By the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912, the area of
+Manitoba was increased by 113,984,000 acres, bringing the
+total to 161,172,298 acres, of which 12,739,600 acres are
+water. The areas of Manitoba in this article relate solely
+however to the province as constituted before the Act of
+1912.</p></div>
+<br />
+<div class="center">Comparative Areas of wheat, oats, and barley in the three Western
+Provinces:</div>
+<br />
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Comparative Areas" style="font-size: 80%;">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Provinces</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>1900</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>1910</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>1911</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>1912</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>1913</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>Average for 5 years 1908-1912</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Bushels</td>
+<td align='right'>Acres</td>
+<td align='right'>Bushels</td>
+<td align='right'>Acres</td>
+<td align='right'>Bushels</td>
+<td align='right'>Acres</td>
+<td align='right'>Bushels</td>
+<td align='right'>Acres</td>
+<td align='right'>Bushels</td>
+<td align='right'>Acres</td>
+<td align='right'>Bush.</td>
+<td align='right'>Price</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="13" align='left'>Manitoba&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>18,352,929</td>
+<td align='right'>1,965,193</td>
+<td align='right'>34,125,949</td>
+<td align='right'>2,760,371</td>
+<td align='right'>62,689,000</td>
+<td align='right'>3,094,833</td>
+<td align='right'>63,017,000</td>
+<td align='right'>2,839,000</td>
+<td align='right'>53,331,000</td>
+<td align='right'>2,804,000</td>
+<td align='right'>18.17</td>
+<td align='right'>$0.75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Oats</td>
+<td align='right'>10,952,365</td>
+<td align='right'>573,848</td>
+<td align='right'>30,378,379</td>
+<td align='right'>1,209,173</td>
+<td align='right'>60,037,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,307,434</td>
+<td align='right'>57,154,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,348,000</td>
+<td align='right'>56,759,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,398,000</td>
+<td align='right'>37.40</td>
+<td align='right'>0.30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Barley</td>
+<td align='right'>2,666,567</td>
+<td align='right'>139,660</td>
+<td align='right'>6,506,634</td>
+<td align='right'>416,016</td>
+<td align='right'>14,949,000</td>
+<td align='right'>448,105</td>
+<td align='right'>15,826,000</td>
+<td align='right'>481,000</td>
+<td align='right'>14,305,000</td>
+<td align='right'>496,000</td>
+<td align='right'>27.54</td>
+<td align='right'>0.40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="13" align='left'>Saskatchewan&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>4,306,091</td>
+<td align='right'>487,170</td>
+<td align='right'>66,978,996</td>
+<td align='right'>4,228,222</td>
+<td align='right'>109,075,000</td>
+<td align='right'>5,256,474</td>
+<td align='right'>106,960,000</td>
+<td align='right'>5,582,000</td>
+<td align='right'>121,559,000</td>
+<td align='right'>5,720,000</td>
+<td align='right'>19.06</td>
+<td align='right'>0.65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Oats</td>
+<td align='right'>2,270,057</td>
+<td align='right'>141,517</td>
+<td align='right'>58,922,791</td>
+<td align='right'>1,888,359</td>
+<td align='right'>107,594,000</td>
+<td align='right'>2,332,912</td>
+<td align='right'>117,537,000</td>
+<td align='right'>2,556,000</td>
+<td align='right'>114,112,000</td>
+<td align='right'>2,755,000</td>
+<td align='right'>40.88</td>
+<td align='right'>0.27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Barley</td>
+<td align='right'>187,211</td>
+<td align='right'>11,798</td>
+<td align='right'>3,061,007</td>
+<td align='right'>129,621</td>
+<td align='right'>8,661,000</td>
+<td align='right'>273,988</td>
+<td align='right'>9,595,000</td>
+<td align='right'>292,000</td>
+<td align='right'>10,421,000</td>
+<td align='right'>332,000</td>
+<td align='right'>29.09</td>
+<td align='right'>0.38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="13" align='left'>Alberta&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>797,839</td>
+<td align='right'>43,103</td>
+<td align='right'>9,060,210</td>
+<td align='right'>879,301</td>
+<td align='right'>36,602,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,639,974</td>
+<td align='right'>34,303,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,590,000</td>
+<td align='right'>34,372,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,512,000</td>
+<td align='right'>20.22</td>
+<td align='right'>0.61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Oats</td>
+<td align='right'>3,791,259</td>
+<td align='right'>118,025</td>
+<td align='right'>16,099,223</td>
+<td align='right'>783,072</td>
+<td align='right'>59,034,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,221,217</td>
+<td align='right'>67,630,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,461,000</td>
+<td align='right'>71,542,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,639,000</td>
+<td align='right'>41.18</td>
+<td align='right'>0.27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>Barley</td>
+<td align='right'>287,343</td>
+<td align='right'>11,099</td>
+<td align='right'>2,480,165</td>
+<td align='right'>121,435</td>
+<td align='right'>4,356,000</td>
+<td align='right'>164,132</td>
+<td align='right'>6,179,000</td>
+<td align='right'>187,000</td>
+<td align='right'>6,334,000</td>
+<td align='right'>197,000</td>
+<td align='right'>28.98</td>
+<td align='right'>0.35</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<br />
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0012a.jpg" width="375" height="246" alt="Cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well
+in all parts of Western Canada." title="Cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well
+in all parts of Western Canada." />
+<span class="caption">Cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well
+in all parts of Western Canada.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0012b.jpg" width="375" height="252" alt="Horses range most of the year in many parts of
+Saskatchewan and Alberta." title="Horses range most of the year in many parts of
+Saskatchewan and Alberta." />
+<span class="caption">Horses range most of the year in many parts of
+Saskatchewan and Alberta.</span>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/manitoba.jpg" width="750" height="92" alt="Manitoba" title="Manitoba" />
+<a name="MANITOBA" id="MANITOBA"></a><big><big><big>MANITOBA</big></big></big></div>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The most easterly of the three Central Provinces&mdash;lies in the centre of
+the North American continent&mdash;midway between the Pacific and Atlantic
+oceans, its southern boundary running down to the 49th parallel, which
+separates it from the United States, its northeasterly boundary being
+Hudson Bay. It may well be termed one of the Maritime Provinces of
+Canada. Manitoba is one-fourth larger than Germany, its area covering
+252,000 square miles or about 161 million acres. If a family were placed
+on every half section of the surveyed land in Manitoba, more than
+600,000 persons would be actually living in the Province.</p>
+
+<p><b>Available Homesteads.</b>&mdash;One and a half million acres of land are open for
+free homesteading in Manitoba&mdash;east of the Red River, and between lakes
+Winnipeg and Manitoba, also west of Lake Manitoba and in the newly
+opened districts along the railway lines. The wooded areas of these
+districts will make a strong appeal to those who appreciate the
+picturesque. Where the timber is light scrub, it is easily removed,
+while the heavy forest richly repays the cost of clearing. Lakes,
+rivers, and creeks are numerous, and wells of moderate depth furnish
+water for domestic purposes. Homestead lands are easily reached and the
+value of land is steadily advancing. Two hundred and thirty-two
+homesteads were filed in Winnipeg in December, 1913&mdash;almost twice the
+number filed during December, 1912.</p>
+
+<p><b>Available Farm Lands</b>, apart from homesteads, can be secured at $12 to
+$15 per acre for raw prairie, while improved farms command $35 to $40.</p>
+
+<p><b>Improved Farms</b> may be secured in all parts of Manitoba from owners who
+have grown wealthy and are in a position to retire.</p>
+
+<p><b>Soil and Surface.</b>&mdash;The surface of Manitoba is not a flat, bare stretch,
+a "bald-headed prairie." A large part of the land, especially in the
+south, is, indeed, the flat bed of a wide, prehistoric lake; but even in
+the southwest the land rises into wooded hills, and in the southeast,
+close to the Lake-of-the-Woods country, there is a genuine forest. In
+Western Manitoba are forested areas, and timbered districts exist on the
+Turtle Mountains and the Brandon Hills. The true forest persists in
+Central Manitoba as far as the Duck Mountains. From all these points
+quantities of lumber, fence posts, and firewood are sent to the prairie
+settlers. The rivers and lakes are skirted by a plentiful tree growth.
+Down through the heart of the Province stretch two great lake chains.
+Lake Winnipeg and lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba, which receive the
+waters of the Saskatchewan and Assiniboine from the west, and discharge
+through the Nelson River to Hudson Bay. Sloping to the west from the
+Lake Manitoba plain is a range of gentle hills known as the Duck
+Mountains, Riding Mountains, and the Porcupine Hills. These hills in no
+way alter the fact that almost the whole land surface of Central and
+Southern Manitoba west of its great lakes is ready for cultivation. The
+northern portion of the Province, though not surveyed, is known to
+contain a large area of good agricultural land. Manitoba's soil is a
+deep rich loam, inexhaustible in its productiveness. There are 25&frac12;
+million acres of land surveyed, about one-fourth of which was under crop
+in 1913.</p>
+
+<p><b>Grain Growing.</b>&mdash;Manitoba is noted for its wheat crops and has already
+an established prestige in yields of oats, rye, and flax; in some parts
+corn is being grown. In certain districts good yields of winter wheat
+are reported.</p>
+
+<p>The grain statistics for the Province reveal an interesting condition.
+In 1901 there were 1,965,200 acres of land under wheat, and in 1910 the
+area had grown to 3,094,833 acres. In 1913, this had increased to
+3,141,218 acres. The land under oats, in 1913, amounted to 1,939,723
+acres; barley, 1,153,834 acres, and flax, 115,054 acres. The average
+yield of wheat in 1913 was 20 bushels; oats, 42 bushels.</p>
+
+<p>The total grain crop in the Province for 1913 was 178,775,946 bushels,
+grown on 6,364,880 acres, compared with 182,357,494 for 1912, the
+decrease being due to a falling off in oats of nearly 7 million bushels
+and in flax of more than 1 million bushels. Of the 1913 grain crop
+spring and fall wheat together occupied an area of 3,141,218 acres and
+yielded 62,755,455 bushels. Oats occupied an area of 1,939,723 acres and
+yielded 81,410,174 bushels. Barley occupied an area of 1,153,834 acres
+and yielded 33,014,693 bushels. Flax, rye, and peas occupied an area of
+130,105 acres and yielded 1,595,624 bushels. The above are Provincial
+Government returns.</p>
+
+<p><b>Potatoes and Field Roots.</b>&mdash;The yield of potatoes for 1913 was 9,977,263
+bushels from an area of 55,743 acres, and that of field roots 4,196,612
+bushels from an area of 16,275 acres. The average yield of potatoes was
+about 180 bushels per acre; field roots 257 bushels. Total value, about
+$2,100,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fodder Crops.</b>&mdash;Brome grass contributed 43,432 tons from an area of
+24,912 acres. Rye grass 33,907 tons from an area of 21,197 acres.
+Timothy 181,407 from an area of 118,812 acres. Clover and alfalfa
+together contributed 20,454 tons from an area of 10,037 acres, and
+fodder corn 119,764 tons from an area of 20,223 acres. Total value about
+2 million dollars. Alfalfa is largely grown at Gilbert Plains, Roblin,
+Swan River and Grand View. The figures given are from Provincial
+Government returns.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Season.</b>&mdash;Although spring opened a few days earlier than usual,
+seeding was quite general on well drained land by April 15th. From that
+date until the end of the month the weather was exceptionally
+favourable, and by May 10th, on well prepared land, nearly all the
+seeding was over.</p>
+
+<p>During the first three weeks of May the weather was quite cool, and
+growth was slow; but with warmer weather the last week's growth was more
+rapid. There was an abundance of moisture from the previous fall, and
+despite the low temperature during May, wheat was well advanced by the
+end of the month.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0013.jpg" width="750" height="299" alt="Putting up wild hay in Manitoba, which frequently yields
+from 1&frac12; to 2 tons per acre." title="Putting up wild hay in Manitoba, which frequently yields
+from 1&frac12; to 2 tons per acre." />
+<span class="caption">Putting up wild hay in Manitoba, which frequently yields
+from 1&frac12; to 2 tons per acre.</span>
+</div>
+<br />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0014.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0014_t.jpg" alt="Central and Southern MANITOBA" title="Central and Southern MANITOBA" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">Central and Southern MANITOBA<br />
+<small>For Map of Northern Manitoba see <a href="#Page_14">pages 14 and 15</a></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>The early part of June was dry with high temperature; but in the latter
+part of this month rain was more plentiful, especially in the western
+part of the Province. The rainfall in July was below the average, and
+the temperature lower than usual. Harvesting was general by the middle
+of August.</p>
+
+<p>The excellent condition of the land at seeding time, the favourable
+weather during germination and growth, and the ideal harvesting and
+threshing weather, exercised the greatest influence in determining the
+high grade of all grains as well as materially reducing the cost of
+harvesting.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mixed Farming</b> has become quite general in Manitoba, practically every
+farmer now having his herd of cattle or flock of sheep. His fattened
+hogs find a steadily increasing market at good prices, while poultry is
+a source of revenue. The vegetable crop is always a success; wonderful
+yields of potatoes and roots are regularly recorded. Many portions of
+the country, partially wooded and somewhat broken, which were formerly
+overlooked, are now proving desirable for mixed farming. These park
+districts have sufficient area for growing grain, hay, and grasses.</p>
+
+<p>The poplar groves scattered here afford excellent shelter for cattle
+and, in many cases, furnish valuable building material. The district
+lying east and southeast of Winnipeg is rapidly being settled. It is
+well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand Trunk
+Pacific Railways. Rainfall here as elsewhere throughout the Province is
+adequate, and well water easily secured. Much of this land is available
+for homesteads, while other portions may be purchased at a low price
+from the railway and land companies. This applies to Swan River and
+Dauphin districts.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. George Lawrence, Minister of Agriculture, says: "Conditions in
+Manitoba are excellent for livestock of all kinds, and the money-making
+possibilities in producing all manner of food are beyond question.</p>
+
+<p>"The output of the creameries last year was close to 4,000,000 pounds.
+They cannot, however, begin to meet the demand. It is the same with
+eggs, poultry, beef, pork, mutton, vegetables, and all foodstuffs. The
+opportunity for the man who will go in for mixed farming in this
+Province is consequently obvious."</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairying</b> yielded about 3&frac12; million dollars in 1913 for butter, and then
+failed to supply local demand, a quantity of milk, cream, and butter
+being imported. Winnipeg alone used over three-quarters of a million
+dollars' worth of milk and cream in 1913. The demand is increasing with
+the growth of the cities throughout the west, and splendid opportunities
+exist in this field. Cheese sold in 1913 at 12&frac12; cents per pound, dairy
+butter at 23.4 cents, and creamery butter at 27.5 cents.</p>
+
+<p>Dairy schools, under control of the Agricultural College are well
+equipped and under the guidance of professors of high standing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Businesslike Farming.</b>&mdash;Nowhere on the continent more than in Manitoba
+has farming advanced to the dignity of a thoroughly businesslike
+occupation. Here the farmer works, not merely for a living, but for a
+handsome profit. Instances are frequent where large areas under wheat
+have given a clear profit of over $12 an acre. All the labour of
+ploughing, seeding, harvesting, and marketing is included at $7.50 per
+acre with hired help. Even allowing $8, it is a poor year that will not
+yield a handsome margin.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest monopoly of the future will be land.</p>
+
+<p>Wheat is the greatest food cereal. Lands suitable to the growth of No. 1
+hard wheat are extremely limited. While the demand for wheat is
+increasing, the wheat belt of the United States is decreasing yearly in
+acreage and yield, with the result that within a few years the United
+States will have to import and scramble for a lion's share of the wheat
+crops of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The following tables give the acreage, average and total yield of wheat
+oats, barley, and flax for the last seven years. Provincial government
+returns,</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Provincial government returns" width="75%">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>WHEAT</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>OATS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Year</td>
+<td>Acreage</td>
+<td>Average</td>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>Acreage</td>
+<td>Average</td>
+<td>Total</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1907</td>
+<td align='right'>2,789,553</td>
+<td align='right'>14.220</td>
+<td align='right'>39,688,266.6</td>
+<td align='right'>1,213,596</td>
+<td align='right'>34.8</td>
+<td align='right'>42,140,744</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1908</td>
+<td align='right'>2,850,640</td>
+<td align='right'>17.230</td>
+<td align='right'>49,252,539.0</td>
+<td align='right'>1,216,632</td>
+<td align='right'>36.8</td>
+<td align='right'>44,686,043</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1909</td>
+<td align='right'>2,642,111</td>
+<td align='right'>17.330</td>
+<td align='right'>45,774,707.7</td>
+<td align='right'>1,373,683</td>
+<td align='right'>37.1</td>
+<td align='right'>50,983,056</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1910</td>
+<td align='right'>2,962,187</td>
+<td align='right'>13.475</td>
+<td align='right'>39,916,391.7</td>
+<td align='right'>1,486,436</td>
+<td align='right'>28.7</td>
+<td align='right'>42,647,766</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1911</td>
+<td align='right'>3,350,000</td>
+<td align='right'>18.290</td>
+<td align='right'>61,058,786.0</td>
+<td align='right'>1,625,000</td>
+<td align='right'>45.3</td>
+<td align='right'>73,786,683</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1912</td>
+<td align='right'>2,823,362</td>
+<td align='right'>20.070</td>
+<td align='right'>58,433,579.0</td>
+<td align='right'>1,939,982</td>
+<td align='right'>46.0</td>
+<td align='right'>87,190,677</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1913</td>
+<td align='right'>3,141,218</td>
+<td align='right'>19.300</td>
+<td align='right'>62,755,455.0</td>
+<td align='right'>1,939,723</td>
+<td align='right'>42.0</td>
+<td align='right'>81,410,174</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>BARLEY</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>FLAX</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Year</td>
+<td>Acreage</td>
+<td>Average</td>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>Acreage</td>
+<td>Average</td>
+<td>Total</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+<td>Yield</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1907</td>
+<td align='right'>649,570</td>
+<td align='right'>25.70</td>
+<td align='right'>16,752,724.3</td>
+<td align='right'>25,915</td>
+<td align='right'>12.25</td>
+<td align='right'>317,347</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1908</td>
+<td align='right'>658,441</td>
+<td align='right'>27.54</td>
+<td align='right'>18,135,757.0</td>
+<td align='right'>50,187</td>
+<td align='right'>11.18</td>
+<td align='right'>502,206</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1909</td>
+<td align='right'>601,008</td>
+<td align='right'>27.31</td>
+<td align='right'>16,416,634.0</td>
+<td align='right'>20,635</td>
+<td align='right'>12.26</td>
+<td align='right'>253,636</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1910</td>
+<td align='right'>624,644</td>
+<td align='right'>20.75</td>
+<td align='right'>12,960,038.7</td>
+<td align='right'>41,002</td>
+<td align='right'>9.97</td>
+<td align='right'>410,928</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1911</td>
+<td align='right'>760,000</td>
+<td align='right'>31.50</td>
+<td align='right'>21,000,000.0</td>
+<td align='right'>86,000</td>
+<td align='right'>14.00</td>
+<td align='right'>1,205,727</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1912</td>
+<td align='right'>962,928</td>
+<td align='right'>35.00</td>
+<td align='right'>33,795,191.0</td>
+<td align='right'>191,315</td>
+<td align='right'>13.06</td>
+<td align='right'>2,671,729</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>1913</td>
+<td align='right'>1,153,834</td>
+<td align='right'>28.00</td>
+<td align='right'>33,014,693.0</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><b>Education.</b>&mdash;Manitobans expend a greater percentage of public funds for
+schools than for any other purpose. Private schools, business colleges
+and public libraries, as numerous and as well equipped as those in
+similar communities anywhere, are established in all important cities
+and towns and these with the excellent public schools afford educational
+facilities equal to those of any country. There are also a number of
+Catholic parochial schools.</p>
+
+<p>The Dominion Experimental Farm at Brandon is doing much to educate the
+farming population of the Province. Accurate records of all practical
+experiments are kept and the information is given to settlers free.
+Dairy schools, farmers' institutes, livestock, fruit growers,
+agricultural, and horticultural associations also furnish free
+instruction as to the most successful methods practised in their
+callings.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railways</b> have anticipated the future, so that few farmers are more than
+eight or ten miles from a railway. Manitoba now has 3,895 miles of
+railway as compared with 1,470 miles in 1893. The Canadian Pacific has
+1,620 miles, Canadian Northern 1,809, and the Grand Trunk 366, and
+extensions will be made by all lines this year. Railway lines being
+built to Hudson Bay will make large mineral deposits available. When
+this territory is surveyed there will be opened up a wonderfully rich
+area, capable of maintaining an immense population. This added territory
+gives a port on Hudson Bay, from which vessels can carry the farm
+produce of the West to old country markets.</p>
+
+<p><b>Climate.</b>&mdash;Unlike some other provinces, Manitoba's climatic conditions
+are uniform throughout. There is much sunshine the year round. The
+summer is pleasant, warm, and conducive to rapid and successful growth.</p>
+
+<p>The long autumns are usually agreeable, ploughing weather sometimes
+extending to the end of November.</p>
+
+<p>The winters rarely last more than three or four months, and because of
+the dry atmosphere, the low temperature is not as much felt as in
+countries with more moisture. The snow is never deep, and travel in
+winter by team or rail is rarely impeded by drifts. The annual
+precipitation is 21.4 inches.</p>
+
+<p>The crop season in Manitoba extends from April to October, inclusive.
+Seeding frequently starts early in April, and threshing usually lasts
+through October. The mean temperature for the period, April 1 to
+September 30, in 1913 was 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The mean temperature in
+October was only 34.40 Fahrenheit, but threshing can be done in cold
+weather as readily as in warm, with no injurious effects. The total
+precipitation in the Province was smaller than usual&mdash;for the growing
+season 9.67 inches, but rain was well distributed: May 1.04 inches; June
+2.34 inches; July 1.70 inches; August 3.56 inches, and September .68
+inches. The average sunshine was 7.3 hours daily. The mean temperature
+of the country is 32.7; January 5.2; July 66.1.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0016a.jpg" width="375" height="250" alt="Here is a usual scene in Western Canada during the
+harvesting season." title="Here is a usual scene in Western Canada during the harvesting season." />
+<span class="caption">Here is a usual scene in Western Canada during the harvesting season.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0016b.jpg" width="375" height="249" alt="The raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in
+Western Canada. They are easily fattened on barley, oats and alfalfa." title="The raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in
+Western Canada. They are easily fattened on barley, oats and alfalfa." />
+<span class="caption">The raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in
+Western Canada. They are easily fattened on barley, oats and alfalfa.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span><b>Picnicing on December 11, 1913.</b>&mdash;The mild weather of the past few months
+has been general throughout the Province of Manitoba. At Melita, on
+December 11th, the citizens suspended business and had a picnic at River
+Park on the outskirts of the town, and there was no discomfort from heat
+or cold.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;Small fruits did well in 1913. Apples are not grown extensively,
+but several orchards in the Province were well laden. The orchard of Mr.
+Stephenson, near Morden, was the most notable, and produced a crop of
+several hundred barrels of apples, as well as an abundance of crabs,
+cherries, and other fruits. At the recent Land and Apple Show in
+Winnipeg, native apples compared very favourably with those from
+Provinces which pride themselves on their horticultural possibilities.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sugar Beets.</b>&mdash;In growing sugar beet, Manitoba has had success. Syrup
+produced from sugar beets grown at Morden was of good consistency and
+the colour indicated that good sugar could be manufactured from it.</p>
+
+<p><b>Game and Fish.</b>&mdash;Manitoba's fishery output represents an annual value of
+over one million dollars. There is plenty of good fishing. Wild ducks,
+geese, and swans haunt the lakes and rivers, while on the prairies are
+flocks of prairie chicken.</p>
+
+<p><b>Manitoba Farm Lands Year.</b>&mdash;In addition to circumstances which point to
+next year as an important one to farming interests, there is one great
+factor which will undoubtedly have much to do with the sale and
+development of farms. This is the fact that the people of Manitoba
+realize the necessity for mixed farming. This means the breaking up of
+large tracts of land into smaller farms and therefore a largely
+increased population. Even while the present year has been one of some
+financial stringency the demand for farm lands has steadily increased.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHAT SOME MANITOBA FARMERS HAVE DONE</h4>
+
+<p><b>Gladstone, Man.</b>, reports that the wheat crop of 1913 exceeded all
+expectations; 30 bushels per acre was the general yield. The grade was
+never better. One farmer had 400 acres in wheat, which weighed 66 pounds
+to the bushel.</p>
+
+<p><b>Portage Plains, Man.</b>, showed some remarkable yields. Noah Elgert had 61
+bushels of wheat per acre; the government farm, 61 bushels; Geo. E.
+Stacey, 54; T. J. Hall, John Ross and D. W. McCuaig, 50; W. Richardson,
+51; M. Owens, 61&frac12;; Anderson and Turnbull, 60; J. Lloyd, 48&frac12;; Jas. Bell
+and Robt. Brown, 48; R. S. Tully, 52; J. Wishart, 49&frac14;; Philip Page, 47;
+J. Stewart, 45; J. W. Brown, 30; Chester Johnson, 44; E. H. Muir, 42; L.
+A. Bradley, 43; W. Boddy, 40; Albert Davis, 43; E. McLenaghen, 37. After
+farming the same land for forty years, J. Wishart secured a crop of 49&frac12;
+bushels to the acre, the best he ever had. Mr. Bradley's yield was on
+land plowed this spring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Marquette, Man.</b>, September 21. Splendid weather has enabled the farmers
+of this section to make good progress with the cutting and harvesting of
+this season's crop. Wheat is averaging 20 bushels to the acre, with
+barley 45 and oats going 70. There has been no damage of any
+description.</p>
+
+<p><b>Binscarth, Man.</b>, says good reports are coming from the machines of high
+yields and good sample. The elevators are busy shipping cars every day.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dauphin, Man.</b>, September 13. Threshing is general. The grain is in good
+shape and the weather is ideal. The samples are best ever grown here,
+grading No. 1 Northern. The returns are larger than expected in nearly
+every case. E. B. Armstrong's wheat went 34 bushels to the acre; others,
+25 to 27.</p>
+
+<p><b>Balmoral.</b>&mdash;John Simpson says: "Very prosperous has been our first year's
+farming in Canada. Shipped two carloads of wheat that graded No. 1
+Northern and sold for eighty-five cents. Weather for the last two weeks
+was perfect&mdash;no snow and just enough frost to keep the roads from
+getting muddy."</p>
+
+<p><b>Brandon.</b>&mdash;Hard wheats have long been the choice product of Manitoba
+soil, but nothing more significant is required to announce a new
+industry in the Province than that Glencarnock Victor, a
+Manitoba-finished steer, owned by Mr. J. D. McGregor, was last year
+grand champion of America, and his half-brother from the same stables,
+won like honours this year. Neither had ever been fed any corn, but
+fattened on prairie hay, alfalfa, and barley.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CITIES AND TOWNS</h4>
+
+<p><b>Winnipeg</b>, with a population of about 200,000, is a natural distributing
+point for Western Canada, as well as the shipping point for the
+wonderful crops from the tributary prairie lands. The prosperity of
+Western Canada is here reflected in substantial buildings, wide
+boulevards, quarries, water works, street lighting systems, asphalt
+plants, and a park system of 29 parks, covering 500 acres. There are 40
+modern school buildings with 378 teachers and 21,210 pupils.</p>
+
+<p>Winnipeg has four live daily papers and forty weekly and monthly
+publications. Twenty-four railway tracks radiate from the city, making
+Winnipeg the leading grain centre of the world. A photograph taken at
+any point in the financial centre of the city shows magnificent new
+buildings under construction, representing immense investment and
+indicating the confidence felt in the city's future. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made. The city now has 466 miles of
+sidewalk, 112 miles of boulevard and 162 miles of street pavement. There
+are 115 churches.</p>
+
+<p>St. Boniface, the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of St.
+Boniface, adjoins and is partly surrounded by the business district:
+17,000 population.</p>
+
+<p><b>Brandon</b>&mdash;With 18,000 population is the second city in the Province and
+is located on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its
+seven branch railway lines. The Canadian Northern runs through the town
+and has erected a fine new modern hotel. The Great Northern entering
+from the south and the Grand Trunk Pacific completed, there is afforded
+excellent shipping facilities, necessary to the factories, flour mills,
+machine shops, and wholesale houses established here. There are fourteen
+branch banks here with clearings totalling $33,000,000. As an
+educational centre Brandon might be ranked with cities several times
+larger. The high school would be a credit to any city of first rank. A
+Dominion Experimental Farm is located here.</p>
+
+<p><b>Portage la Prairie</b>&mdash;Enjoys splendid railway facilities at the junction
+of four lines of railway. This fortunate situation has brought a number
+of industries. The city owns its park and has a fine educational system,
+including a Collegiate Institute. Many churches and fraternal
+organizations are supported by this city of 7,000 population. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made.</p>
+
+<p><b>Selkirk</b> is a distributing point of supplies for points on Lake Winnipeg.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carberry and Morden</b> are flourishing railway towns in the heart of fine
+wheat-growing sections, as are Minnedosa, Neepawa, Dauphin, Carman,
+Virden, and Souris.</p>
+
+<p>Scores of towns now developing afford openings for those desiring
+business opportunities; each has its mills and warehouses for wheat.
+Among these centres may be named Manitou, Birtle, Emerson, Gretna,
+Wawanesa, Rivers, Somerset, Baldur, Deloraine, Melita, Rapid City,
+Hamiota, Gladstone, Killarney, Hartney, Stonewall, Boissevain, Elkhorn,
+Gilbert Plains, Pilot Mound, Winkler and Plum Coulee.</p>
+
+<p>Provincial Government returns.</p>
+
+<h4>POPULATION AND LIVESTOCK</h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="POPULATION AND LIVESTOCK" width="70%">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>1891</td>
+<td>1908</td>
+<td>1909</td>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Population</td>
+<td align='right'>152,506</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>455,614</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Horses</td>
+<td align='right'>86,735</td>
+<td align='right'>230,926</td>
+<td align='right'>237,161</td>
+<td align='right'>232,725</td>
+<td align='right'>273,395</td>
+<td align='right'>304,100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Milch cows</td>
+<td align='right'>82,710</td>
+<td align='right'>173,546</td>
+<td align='right'>167,442</td>
+<td align='right'>146,841</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>154,400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Other horned cattle</td>
+<td align='right'>147,984</td>
+<td align='right'>357,988</td>
+<td align='right'>333,752</td>
+<td align='right'>397,261</td>
+<td align='right'>428,274</td>
+<td align='right'>460,200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Sheep</td>
+<td align='right'>35,838</td>
+<td align='right'>29,265</td>
+<td align='right'>29,074</td>
+<td align='right'>32,223</td>
+<td align='right'>42,087</td>
+<td align='right'>112,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Hogs</td>
+<td align='right'>54,177</td>
+<td align='right'>192,489</td>
+<td align='right'>172,374</td>
+<td align='right'>176,212</td>
+<td align='right'>216,640</td>
+<td align='right'>176,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Cultivated farms</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>45,380</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>49,755</td>
+<td align='right'>50,000</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Increase in population in ten years was 78.52 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibit of grains, grasses, clover, fodder crops, vegetables, and
+natural products shown at the 1913 United States Land Show spoke well
+for the soil and climate of Manitoba.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0017.jpg" width="750" height="241" alt="An ordinary threshing scene in Manitoba, where fields of
+wheat, oats and barley pay the farmer well." title="An ordinary threshing scene in Manitoba, where fields of
+wheat, oats and barley pay the farmer well." />
+<span class="caption">An ordinary threshing scene in Manitoba, where fields of
+wheat, oats and barley pay the farmer well.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0018.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0018_t.jpg" alt="NORTHERN MANITOBA" title="NORTHERN MANITOBA" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">NORTHERN MANITOBA</span>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/saskatchewan.jpg" width="750" height="92" alt="SASKATCHEWAN" title="SASKATCHEWAN" />
+<a name="SASKATCHEWAN" id="SASKATCHEWAN"></a><big><big><big>SASKATCHEWAN</big></big></big></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>Saskatchewan, the central Prairie Province, is a huge rectangle
+extending from the 49th to the 60th parallel, with an area as large as
+France and twice the size of the British Isles.</p>
+
+<p>It comprises 155,092,480 acres, and extends 760 miles north and south
+and 390 miles east and west at the southern boundary bordering on the
+United States. The average altitude is about 1,500 feet above sea level.</p>
+
+<p>Saskatchewan claims to be without a rival in North America as a producer
+of wheat and small grains. Only physical and geographical conditions
+retard even a more phenomenal agricultural development. Its growth and
+acquisition of wealth has been phenomenal. There are four distinct zones
+extending north and south: (a) rolling prairie, (b) prairie and
+woodland, (c) forest, (d) sparsely timbered belt. All the land is
+suitable for cultivation and will yield the highest quality of cereals,
+though less than 13 million acres are now under the plough. The
+population of approximately 550,000 thriving, vigorous people will
+eventually be a million. The increase in ten years was 440 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The Government forces in Saskatchewan are complete and effective. Every
+branch of agricultural work conducted by the Provincial Government is a
+part of the Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><b>Soil and Surface.</b>&mdash;The soil in all of Saskatchewan is a rich loam,
+running from eight to twenty inches deep over a chocolate clay subsoil.
+Moisture is evaporated from this subsoil so gradually that the fertility
+is almost inexhaustible. With few exceptions the southern portion of the
+Province from a line east and west through Saskatoon is almost flat.</p>
+
+<p>In certain portions the surface is undulating, but in no case so hilly
+as to preclude ploughing every acre; near some of the rivers in the more
+hilly sections the soil becomes lighter with some stone and gravel.</p>
+
+<p>Five reasons may be given for the exceptionally favourable conditions
+awaiting the grower of wheat in Saskatchewan: 1. The soil is of almost
+inexhaustible fertility. 2. The climate brings the plant to fruition
+very quickly. 3. The northern latitude gives the wheat more sunshine
+during the growing period than is had in districts farther south. 4.
+Rust is of infrequent occurrence. 5. Insect foes are unknown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fuel and Water.</b>&mdash;The coal areas to the south, and the partially wooded
+areas in the north, provide an ample supply of fuel, while water can be
+secured anywhere at a reasonable depth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN</h4>
+
+<p><b>The Available Homesteads</b> are principally in the northern portion of
+Central Saskatchewan which is watered east and west by the main
+Saskatchewan River and by its chief branch, the North Saskatchewan, a
+great part of whose navigable length lies within this section. The
+surface generally is rolling prairie interspersed with wooded bluffs of
+poplar, spruce, and pine, alternating with intruding portions of the
+great plain from the south. In soil and climate Central Saskatchewan is
+well adapted to the raising of cattle, also wheat and other grains.
+North of township Thirty there is unlimited grazing land, horses, cattle
+and sheep feeding in the open most of the year. There is the necessary
+shelter when extreme cold weather sets in and water is plentiful. Sheep
+do well. Many farmers have from 50 to 100 sheep and lambs. The district
+also possesses everything required for the growing of crops and there
+are satisfactory yields of all the smaller grains. The homesteader may
+add to his holdings by purchasing adjoining land from the Canadian
+Northern, Canadian Pacific Railway and other corporations. These
+unimproved lands range from $15 an acre upwards.</p>
+
+<p>Districts recently opened for settlement are Shellbrook, Beaver River,
+and Green Lake, into which the Canadian Northern Railway is projected.
+Other new districts are Jack Fish Lake and Turtle Lake, north of
+Battleford, into which the same road is built. These districts are
+favourable for grain and cattle raising. North of North Battleford are
+several townships which will not long be without transportation, and to
+the east of these there are available homesteads which can be reached
+through the Prince Albert gateway.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN</h4>
+
+<p><b>Available Farm Land.</b>&mdash;There are but few homesteads available in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan. The land is occupied by an excellent class of
+farmers, and values range from $15 per acre to $25 for unimproved
+prairie, and from $40 to $50 per acre for improved farms. In the
+neighbourhood of Moose Jaw mixed farming and grain raising are carried
+on with success. North and northwest, towards the Saskatchewan, are
+large settlements; but to the south and southwest is a tract of land
+available for homesteading, and a land office at Moose Jaw makes it easy
+to inspect the land and secure speedy entry. These lands are easily
+reached from Moose Jaw, Mortlach, Herbert, Gull Lake, and Swift Current.</p>
+
+<p>Maple Creek district is an important stock centre. Some of the best
+sheep, cattle, and horses in Canada are raised on the succulent grass
+here but the wheat grower and mixed farmer are treading on the heels of
+the ranchman.</p>
+
+<p>West of Swift Current to the Alberta boundary herds of cattle roam and
+largely find for themselves. Snowfall is light and winters so mild that
+hardy animals graze through the whole year. The Chinook winds are felt
+as far east as Swift Current. Grain growing is successful.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0020.jpg" width="750" height="240" alt="In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated
+by steam or gasoline power. This shows its use, and also discing,
+seeding and harrowing." title="In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated
+by steam or gasoline power. This shows its use, and also discing, seeding and harrowing." />
+<span class="caption">In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated
+by steam or gasoline power. This shows its use, and also discing, seeding and harrowing.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Farm land can be purchased from railway and other land companies in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan, which includes that section between Manitoba
+on the east and the third meridian on the west, extending some distance
+north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It has more
+rainfall than portions farther west and less wood than the portion lying
+north. In character and productiveness of soil, Southeastern
+Saskatchewan is a continuation of Manitoba, but contains more prairie
+area.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN</h4>
+
+<p><b>Available Homesteads.</b>&mdash;Northern Saskatchewan has not yet been opened to
+any extent for settlement. There are approximately 80 million acres
+beyond the railway at Prince Albert which time, zeal, and railway
+enterprise will eventually make accessible. Furs, forest wealth, and
+fisheries are recognized as a national asset, but thousands of acres of
+fertile land lie beyond the existing lines of railway awaiting
+development. Northern Saskatchewan has natural resources sufficient to
+maintain a population equal to that of any European country in
+corresponding latitude.</p>
+
+<p><b>Saskatchewan Crops.</b>&mdash;Saskatchewan leads all other provinces in wheat
+production, though only a comparatively small portion of its tillable
+area is under cultivation. In 1898 the area under wheat was 276,253
+acres; 910,359 acres in 1905; 2,703,563 acres in 1908, and in 1913, five
+years' time, it had more than doubled, the area being 5,720,000 acres.
+On this there were grown approximately 121&frac12; million bushels of wheat, an
+average of about 21&frac14; bushels to the acre. The farmers realized about 124
+million dollars for products apart from field and fodder crops, valued
+at 5 million dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The following figures are from Provincial Government returns.
+Saskatchewan has easily 50,000,000 acres of unbroken prairie to grow
+just such good crops, and another 25,000,000 acres on which to graze
+live stock.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Provincial Government returns" width="65%">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>Acreage</td>
+<td>Yield<br />per<br />Acre</td>
+<td>Total<br />Production</td>
+<td>Price per<br />Bushel</td>
+<td>Total<br />Value</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>5,760,249</td>
+<td align='right'>19.5</td>
+<td align='right'>112,369,405</td>
+<td align='right'>At&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;63c</td>
+<td align='right'>$ 70,792,725.15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Oats</td>
+<td align='right'>2,638,562</td>
+<td align='right'>41.7</td>
+<td align='right'>110,210,436</td>
+<td align='right'>At&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23c</td>
+<td align='right'>25,348,400.28</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Barley</td>
+<td align='right'>307,177</td>
+<td align='right'>30.2</td>
+<td align='right'>9,279,263</td>
+<td align='right'>At&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26c</td>
+<td align='right'>2,412,608.38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Flax</td>
+<td align='right'>967,137</td>
+<td align='right'>12.0</td>
+<td align='right'>11,654,280</td>
+<td align='right'>At&nbsp;$1.00</td>
+<td align='right'>11,654,280.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Province</td>
+<td align='right'>9,673,125</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>243,513,384</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>110,208,013.81</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>While the average yield of wheat is shown to be 19.5 bushels per acre,
+thousands of farmers raised 35 bushels and some more than 40.
+Considerable was sown on stubble, and there were many low yields
+occasioned by indifferent farming, and anxiety to secure a crop from
+late seeding, without which the general average would have exceeded 30
+bushels per acre. The same is true of other grains. On the Experimental
+Farm at Indian Head, Marquis wheat produced 48 bushels to the acre, and
+Red Fife on the stubble 28 bushels.</p>
+
+<p>Almost the entire wheat crop was within the contract grades, (none less
+than 3 Northern, the great bulk graded No. 1) and by the end of October
+75 per cent of the crop was threshed. In many instances wheat weighed 64
+and as high as 66 pounds to the bushel. Mr. Paul Gerlach of Allan,
+Saskatchewan, had 71 pounds per bushel, and carried off the honours at
+the International Dry Farming Congress at Tulsa last November.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mixed Farming</b> is so successful in Saskatchewan that only passing comment
+is necessary. The Province is famous for its high-class horses,
+well-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs. At the Live Stock Show in Chicago in
+1913, the Province carried off high premiums. The Department of
+Agriculture secures good breeding stock for the farmers and encourages
+the preservation of females.</p>
+
+<p><b>Poultry Raising</b> is so profitable that many Saskatchewan farmers have
+gone into it extensively. Of 10,000 turkeys marketed at Moose Jaw there
+was not a single "cull." They brought an average of $2.80 each. Chickens
+provide a certain profit and constant income.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairying</b> is successful. An established market and excellent natural
+facilities favour this branch of mixed farming. 997,000 pounds of
+creamery butter yielded $271,185 in 1912 and private dairies realized
+$189,000 from 700,000 pounds, making a total increase of $177,376.69
+over 1911. With the exception of cream delivery, a government
+superintendent supervises all business transactions of most creameries.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fodder Corn.</b>&mdash;At Prince Albert fodder corn has reached a height of eight
+feet with not a poor sample in the lot and there are strong indications
+that before many years corn will be grown here for ensilage with general
+success. At the Experimental Farm, fodder corn yielded about 18 tons of
+green fodder per acre, which went into the silo in good condition.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railways.</b>&mdash;About five hundred miles of new road opened in 1912 gives
+Saskatchewan a total mileage of about 5,000 miles as compared with 1,000
+in 1905, of which 1,230 is main line and 3,700 branches. The Province is
+so well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand
+Trunk Pacific that few of the established settlements are more than 10
+to 20 miles from transportation; new settlements do not have to wait
+long for railway advantages. The Hudson Bay Railway will afford a short
+haul to ocean shipping from Saskatchewan grain fields. One and a half
+million dollars have been appropriated by the local government for
+improvements and building highways. From 1905-13 the population has
+doubled, and whole districts which were practically uninhabited but a
+short time ago are now filled with farmers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rivers.</b>&mdash;The chief rivers are the North Saskatchewan, South
+Saskatchewan, Qu'Appelle, and Carrot. The North and South Saskatchewan
+rise in the Rockies and have a general easterly trend. The Red Deer
+flows into the South Saskatchewan, about 150 miles north of the United
+States boundary. The South Saskatchewan runs east nearly half way across
+the Province, then turns north and enters the North Saskatchewan a
+little east of Prince Albert. The South Saskatchewan, with the
+Qu'Appelle, intersects the Province from east to west. The Carrot rises
+south of Prince Albert and runs parallel to the North Saskatchewan, into
+which it flows near "The Pas," and the junction point of the Hudson Bay
+Railway, now under construction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lumbering.</b>&mdash;North and east of Prince Albert, the present centre of the
+lumber industry, lumbering is extensive. In the northern forest the
+timber is black and white spruce, larch or tamarack, jack pine, aspen or
+white poplar, balsam or black poplar, and white birch.</p>
+
+<p><b>Game and Fish.</b>&mdash;In the north, furs are secured for the world's markets
+and fishing is carried on extensively.</p>
+
+<p><b>Education.</b>&mdash;Schools are sustained by provincial aid and local rates.
+Except in special cases where qualified teachers cannot be obtained, the
+teacher must hold a certificate from the Department of Education. The
+university is supported and controlled by the Province, a department of
+which is a college of agriculture with some of Canada's best educators
+and agricultural specialists on the faculty. Nowhere do agricultural
+authorities give greater attention to the welfare and education of the
+farmer than in the newer districts of this Province.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CITIES AND TOWNS</h4>
+
+<p><b>Regina.</b>&mdash;Capital of Saskatchewan, lies in the heart of a splendid
+agricultural section, and is distributing centre for a large district.
+With a population of about 45,000 it supports a dozen banks which had
+clearings of 116 million dollars in 1912. It has good hotels, is noted
+for its substantial public buildings, wide, well-paved streets, and
+metropolitan spirit. The Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific unite to make it an important railway centre. The
+collegiate institute and provincial normal school add to its educational
+importance. The Northwest Mounted Police headquarters are located here,
+also the judiciary of Saskatchewan.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0021.jpg" width="750" height="239" alt="The sheep industry in Western Canada is one of certain
+profit. There are many large flocks in all parts of the three
+Provinces." title="The sheep industry in Western Canada is one of certain
+profit. There are many large flocks in all parts of the three Provinces." />
+<span class="caption">The sheep industry in Western Canada is one of certain
+profit. There are many large flocks in all parts of the three Provinces.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0022.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0022_t.jpg" alt="SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Surveyed lands shown in colour." title="SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Surveyed lands shown in colour." /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Surveyed lands shown in colour.<br />
+<small>For Map of Central Saskatchewan see <a href="#Page_22">pages 22 and 23.</a></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Saskatoon.</b>&mdash;The seat of the University of Saskatchewan, is a growing
+city beautifully situated on the South Saskatchewan River. It is well
+served<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> by the Canadian Northern's Regina-Prince Albert line which
+passes through an extensive and productive farming district to the
+southwest and joins the main line at Warman, and is also on the route of
+the Canadian Pacific from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Population about 28,000;
+in 1903 it was about 100. There are four bridges crossing the South
+Saskatchewan River, with another in contemplation.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moose Jaw</b> is a divisional point on the Canadian Pacific, is a terminus
+of the Soo Line and is also served by the Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific. Population approximately 23,000. It is noted for its
+schools and churches. Splendid street car facilities exist here. This
+district is well settled by progressive farmers. They have brought raw
+prairie land, which cost from $8 to $10 per acre, to a state of
+cultivation, that makes their farms worth from $25 to $40 per acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Prince Albert</b> is the northern terminus of the Canadian Northern and is
+delightfully situated on the North Saskatchewan River. It is served by a
+line of the Grand Trunk Pacific built from the main line at Young. The
+Canadian Northern Battleford-Prince Albert line will be completed this
+fall. It has four big sawmills, and several banks, churches, schools,
+and hotels. Population, 12,000. The three flour mills grind about 400
+barrels a day. One mill ships its product largely to Scotland.</p>
+
+<p><b>Swift Current</b> is a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway and
+a busy railway centre. It is said to be the largest initial wheat market
+in America. Population about 2,500. A few years ago the district from a
+point twelve miles west of Moose Jaw to the western boundary of the
+Province, and south to the United States boundary was considered fit
+only for horse ranching, cattle and sheep grazing, but now the land is
+practically all homesteaded in every direction from Swift Current.
+Branch lines extended to the northwest and southeast enter fairly well
+settled districts; other lines are contemplated. It was incorporated as
+a city.</p>
+
+<p><b>North Battleford</b> is wonderfully well situated agriculturally and
+picturesquely. It has a population of over 7,000, and is incorporated as
+a city. Several important industries and large wholesale places are
+established. The Canadian Northern Railway passes through the town,
+having its divisional headquarters here, and during the year will
+complete its line to Prince Albert. There is excellent passenger and
+freight service on the same company's line northwest, which is under
+construction to Athabaska Landing, Alberta. A traffic bridge connects
+North Battleford with Battleford.</p>
+
+<p><b>Weyburn</b> is a prosperous city on the "Soo" Line between Moose Jaw and
+North Portal. Its railway connection with Stoughton furnishes a direct
+route to the east. The Lethbridge line of the Canadian Pacific starts
+here and will be completed this year. Building permits, 1912, $760,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Yorkton</b> within the last five years has more than doubled its population
+and ships annually over 2 million bushels of grain. It is an up-to-date
+town of about 2,500 inhabitants with creditable municipal buildings,
+eight grain elevators, water works, sewerage system, flour mill, saw
+mill, cement sidewalks, telephone, and a municipal gas plant.</p>
+
+<p><b>Battleford.</b>&mdash;Population about 3,000. Has one of the most picturesque
+situations in the west, and was the first capital of the Old
+Territories. During the past year it has made remarkable growth owing to
+the agricultural possibilities of the surrounding country. The Grand
+Trunk Pacific reaches the town from Biggar on the south and is building
+a line west from Saskatoon. The Canadian Northern has a branch entering
+the town. The Canadian Pacific is expected to build from Asquith. A
+number of industries have embraced the encouraging opportunities offered
+by the town, and large wholesale houses have erected distributing
+depots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rosetown</b>, on the Canadian Northern Saskatoon-Calgary line, is
+progressive. It is of importance to-day, and marked for a good future. A
+splendid agricultural district peopled with excellent settlers surrounds
+it.</p>
+
+<p><b>Zealandia</b>, on the same line of railway, has wonderful physical
+advantages. Although of only a few short years' existence, as the centre
+of a farming country where lands have increased from $8 to $30 per acre,
+its fame has spread and its citizens are warranted in anticipating a
+bright future.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kindersley</b> has been on the map only four or five years. The surrounding
+fertile land that made the Goose Lake district famous in agriculture so
+soon after its discovery, gave to Kindersley a large portion of its
+glory and substance. It is growing rapidly, and confidence in what it
+will do is well bestowed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Maple Creek</b>, for many years the centre of a ranching section, has a
+population of 1,000, and the large surrounding area of free homestead
+land is rapidly being settled. Excellent crops are reported.</p>
+
+<p><b>Estevan</b> is noted for its coal mines and has rail connection with
+Winnipeg.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rosthern</b>, on the Regina-Prince Albert branch of the Canadian Northern,
+is in the centre of a good agricultural district.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wolsely</b>, three hundred miles west of Winnipeg, is the western terminus
+of the Wolsely-Reston branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
+
+<p><b>Indian Head</b>, the largest incorporated town in Saskatchewan, has more
+elevators than any other town in the province. For some time it was the
+largest initial wheat-shipping point in the world. The Dominion
+Government Experimental Farm is here.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moosomin</b>, two hundred and twenty miles west of Winnipeg on the main line
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is a flourishing town surrounded by
+rolling prairie particularly adapted to mixed farming. Population 1,200.
+It has good churches, schools, banks, grain elevators and waterworks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Qu'Appelle and Arcola</b> are enterprising towns. Among the largest
+incorporated villages are Broadview, a divisional point on the Canadian
+Pacific Railway main line, Grenfell, Duck Lake, Alameda, Balgonie,
+Lemberg, Lloydminster, Melfort, Rouleau, and Sintaluta. Portal is the
+point where the "Soo" Line enters Saskatchewan. Yellow Grass, Milestone
+and Drinkwater are newer towns&mdash;settled within the past few years by
+progressive farmers from the States. Important and growing towns on the
+Grand Trunk Pacific, are Melville, Watrous, Scott, Nokomis and Young.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHAT SASKATCHEWAN FARMERS ARE DOING</h4>
+
+<p><b>Regina.</b>&mdash;During the week ending Sept. 21, 5119 cars of No. 1 Northern
+Hard were shipped out of the Province, as compared with 1,497 cars of
+No. 2 Northern and 290 cars of No. 3 Northern in 1912. There were, in
+addition, 111 cars of No. 1 Manitoba Hard shipped during the week.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Nov. 30.</b>&mdash;Since Sept. 1, 19,850,000 bushels of
+grain have been shipped from the Moose Jaw district, against 32,000,000
+for the previous entire crop year. Rouleau heads the list with 1,040,000
+bushels, and Milestone comes second with 910,000 bushels. Vanguard,
+which led last year, is third, with 835,000 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rutan.</b>&mdash;Arthur Brondson, inexperienced in farming, having lived in
+London until eight years ago, last year raised 36 acres of Red Fife
+wheat, of 49 bushels per acre, and 48 acres Marquis wheat, 52 bushels
+per acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Regina.</b>&mdash;James Cranston threshed 1,050 bushels oats from ten acres;
+James Hars's 60 acres yielded 106 bushels; W. J. Crawford's 60 acres
+produced 43 bushels Preston wheat; other yields of Marquis wheat show
+40, 48, 50, and 63 bushels to the acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Esterhazy.</b>&mdash;Esterhazy shared in the abundant harvest of 1913. A
+conservative estimate for the yield is from 25 to 30 bushels per acre
+for wheat, and 40 to 45 for oats. Some fields yielded 40 to 45 bushels
+per acre in wheat.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tisdale.</b>&mdash;D. McKibbon threshed 38 bushels wheat to the acre off 40
+acres.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wynyard.</b>&mdash;Eggert Bjornson threshed 176 acres, averaging 36 bushels No. 1
+Northern wheat.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moose Jaw.</b>&mdash;Chas. White's 80 acres wheat yielded 38 bushels to the acre.
+W. H. Johnston's 90 acres produced 35&frac12; bushels wheat per acre.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0024a.jpg" width="375" height="220" alt="A landscape view of Central Saskatchewan." title="" />
+<span class="caption">A landscape view of Central Saskatchewan.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0024b.jpg" width="375" height="221" alt="This man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen; in a
+year or two they will be replaced by horses. He now farms 320 acres." title="This man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen; in a
+year or two they will be replaced by horses. He now farms 320 acres." />
+<span class="caption">This man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen; in a
+year or two they will be replaced by horses. He now farms 320 acres.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span><b>Pasqua.</b>&mdash;E. S. Patterson, on 230 acres summer-fallow, threshed 31 acres
+Marquis, with a yield of 40-2/3 bushels per acre; 199 acres Red Fyfe
+with a yield of 35&frac12; bushels per acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caron.</b>&mdash;Archie Dalrymple, 100 acres, 40&frac12; bushels wheat per acre. Geo.
+Clemenshaw, 80 acres, 42&frac12; bushels wheat per acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Boharm.</b>&mdash;Geo. Campbell had 55 acres wheat that yielded 38 bushels per
+acre, and 100 acres that yielded 36 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Assiniboia.</b>&mdash;E. Lennard threshed 1200 bushels oats, from a ten-acre
+field. His summer-fallow yielded 40 bushels No. 1 Northern wheat per
+acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canora.</b>&mdash;Mike Gabora had a yield of 120&frac12; bushels oats per acre. C. R.
+Graham, who has a 3,000 acre farm in this district, for a number of
+years has grown oats that averaged 60 bushels to the acre, and sometimes
+yielded 100 bushels: one year the average was 117 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Arcola.</b>&mdash;R. F. Harman, formerly of the County of Cork, Ireland,
+homesteaded in the North Battleford district in 1903, with $50.00
+capital. He now owns 480 acres, clear of encumbrance, raises wheat,
+oats, barley, hay, and is a firm believer in mixed farming. In ten years
+his capital has increased from $50.00 to $25,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Swift Current.</b>&mdash;Ed. K. Leep, of Chicago, homesteaded north of Swift
+Current. He had 30 acres of land in potatoes in June and lifted new
+potatoes on August 15. In the Fall little more than half an acre yielded
+over one hundred bushels. Some had been used in the meantime. Fuel was
+plentiful 8 miles away and good water was reached at twenty-five feet.
+The climate was agreeable, and good crops assured.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nokomis.</b>&mdash;J. Keys had oats in 1913 that went 110 bushels to the acre,
+and wheat, 40 bushels. He has paid off the mortgage on his farm, and now
+contemplates a trip to his old home in Denmark, to induce more of his
+people to settle in his neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p><b>W. E. Lewis</b> of Dayton, Ohio, went to Saskatchewan seven years ago with
+$1,800 in money, a carload of household effects and farm implements,
+four horses and three cows. The first year he got only feed from the
+crops, but the second year threshed over 2,800 bushels of wheat from 100
+acres. He has not had a crop failure and now has 22 horses, 15 cattle,
+35 hogs, and owns 1,120 acres of land, all under cultivation. He has
+been offered $35.00 an acre for his land. Should he care to sell, he
+could pay all his debts, and have $30,000 to the good, but, he says,
+"Where could I go to invest my money and get as good returns?"</p>
+
+<p><b>A. T. Smith</b> of Southern Saskatchewan will grow alfalfa on 3,000 acres of
+land in 1914.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mr. S. G. Cowan says</b>: "I usually thresh from 60 to 65 bushels of oats,
+30 of wheat, and 60 of barley. Vegetables grow well, and it is no
+trouble at all to grow potatoes. My farm has been under crop nine years,
+and has never been frozen, snowed under, or hailed. I have kept 100
+cattle and 100 hogs. I usually give them their growth on green feed,
+wheat, oats, and barley, and fatten them on grain. With a little to
+start on we have cleared $10,000 in a little over four years."</p>
+
+<p><b>Chaplin.</b>&mdash;J. R. Lowe has matured two crops of fodder corn, and he says
+there is little difference between it and what he grew in Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><b>Industries.</b>&mdash;The remarkable growth of the several cities and towns is
+but one of many evidences of increasing agricultural prosperity. With
+the coal resources of the southeastern part of the Province utilized,
+and the opportunities in northern parts for getting cheap water,
+Saskatchewan's industrial opportunities are many.</p>
+
+<p>There is a great demand for help of all kinds. With seven cities, thirty
+or more towns, and five hundred villages, many men are constantly
+required for building trades and municipal work. The 90,000 farmers want
+help to put in and farm their crops. Boards of Trade in every city and
+town are ready to give information about openings for investment and
+assistance in locating men. The experimental stage is passed and people
+are developing beautiful homes surrounded by fertile fields.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0025a.jpg" width="500" height="298" alt="A healthy family from Nebraska, now living in Western
+Canada. Observe the height of the oats. The crop yielded 70 bushels per
+acre." title="A healthy family from Nebraska, now living in Western
+Canada. Observe the height of the oats. The crop yielded 70 bushels per acre." />
+<span class="caption">A healthy family from Nebraska, now living in Western
+Canada. Observe the height of the oats. The crop yielded 70 bushels per acre.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Cost of Farm Implements:</b></p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Farm Implements" width="50%">
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Disc Drill (single to twenty double)</td>
+<td align='right'>$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;96.00</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Mowers</td>
+<td align='right'>53.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Twelve in. Gang Plows</td>
+<td align='right'>82.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Binders, six-foot cut</td>
+<td align='right'>145.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Binders, seven-foot cut</td>
+<td align='right'>158.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Binders, eight-foot cut</td>
+<td align='right'>165.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Rakes</td>
+<td align='right'>35.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Gasoline Tractors (Case)</td>
+<td align='right'>2,480.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Gasoline Tractors (Nicols)</td>
+<td align='right'>3,665.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Gasoline Tractors (International)</td>
+<td align='right'>1,800.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Steam Tractors (Case)</td>
+<td align='right'>2,272.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Steam Tractors (Nicols)</td>
+<td align='right'>2,895.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Case Separator</td>
+<td align='right'>1,202.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Nicols Separator</td>
+<td align='right'>1,150.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>International Separator</td>
+<td align='right'>1,280.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><b>Agricultural Cooperation.</b>&mdash;The Provincial Government has established
+co-operation in creameries, elevators, telephone, hail insurance,
+agricultural societies and live stock. Five million dollars have been
+set aside for road improvements. The new agricultural college, with its
+1,300 acre farm, costing one million dollars, is an evidence of public
+activity. The college has 100 students.</p>
+
+<p><b>Temperatures</b> and hours' sunshine in Saskatchewan ranged lower, and
+rainfall during the growing season higher, than the average for several
+years.</p>
+
+<p>The average temperatures and precipitation for each of the first nine
+months of 1913:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Average temperatures and precipitation">
+<tr>
+<td>Month</td>
+<td>Mean</td>
+<td>Maximum</td>
+<td>Minimum</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Precipitation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>January</td>
+<td align='right'>-7.85</td>
+<td align='right'>37.50</td>
+<td align='right'>-45.30</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>.70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>February</td>
+<td align='right'>2.64</td>
+<td align='right'>37.70</td>
+<td align='right'>-34.30</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>.64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>March</td>
+<td align='right'>8.90</td>
+<td align='right'>44.90</td>
+<td align='right'>-31.90</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>.65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>April</td>
+<td align='right'>41.70</td>
+<td align='right'>78.50</td>
+<td align='right'>13.40</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>.31</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>May</td>
+<td align='right'>47.20</td>
+<td align='right'>84.70</td>
+<td align='right'>20.70</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>1.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>June</td>
+<td align='right'>59.20</td>
+<td align='right'>87.70</td>
+<td align='right'>30.70</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>3.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>July</td>
+<td align='right'>61.10</td>
+<td align='right'>86.60</td>
+<td align='right'>37.40</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>3.18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>August</td>
+<td align='right'>60.80</td>
+<td align='right'>85.90</td>
+<td align='right'>38.90</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>2.80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>September</td>
+<td align='right'>52.10</td>
+<td align='right'>85.50</td>
+<td align='right'>32.90</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>.88</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>January-September, 1913</td>
+<td align='right'>36.20</td>
+<td align='right'>69.80</td>
+<td align='right'>5.90</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td>
+<td align='right'>13.16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>April-September, 1913</td>
+<td align='right'>53.60</td>
+<td align='right'>84.80</td>
+<td align='right'>27.50</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td align='right'>11.17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>April-September, 1912</td>
+<td align='right'>50.90</td>
+<td align='right'>79.90</td>
+<td align='right'>27.50</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td align='right'>13.92</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><b>Interior Storage Elevators.</b>&mdash;A great advantage and an immense relief for
+the hundreds of elevators of from thirty to forty thousand bushels'
+capacity, will be the two interior storage elevators now under
+construction at Saskatoon and Moose Jaw, each with a capacity of 3
+million bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Farm Help in 1913.</b>&mdash;Labourers work by the month, for $32 to $41. Servant
+girls were paid from $14 to $22 this year as compared with from $10 to
+$15 in 1907.</p>
+
+<p><b>Population and Live Stock.</b>&mdash;(Dominion Census Bureau):</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" summary="Population and Live Stock">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>1909</td>
+<td>1910</td>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Population</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'>492,432</td>
+<td></td>
+<td align='right'><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>540,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Horses</td>
+<td align='right'>279,063</td>
+<td align='right'>332,922</td>
+<td align='right'>507,400</td>
+<td align='right'>551,645</td>
+<td align='right'>580,386</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Milch cows</td>
+<td align='right'>124,186</td>
+<td align='right'>138,455</td>
+<td align='right'>181,146</td>
+<td align='right'>184,896</td>
+<td align='right'>194,843</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Other cattle</td>
+<td align='right'>391,789</td>
+<td align='right'>431,164</td>
+<td align='right'>452,466</td>
+<td align='right'>461,244</td>
+<td align='right'>468,255</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Sheep</td>
+<td align='right'>129,630</td>
+<td align='right'>135,360</td>
+<td align='right'>114,216</td>
+<td align='right'>114,810</td>
+<td align='right'>115,568</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Swine</td>
+<td align='right'>131,757</td>
+<td align='right'>125,788</td>
+<td align='right'>286,295</td>
+<td align='right'>344,298</td>
+<td align='right'>387,684</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Estimated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0025b.jpg" width="500" height="497" alt="Mr. J. C. Hill &amp; Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, who
+recently became winners for the third time of the Colorado Silver
+Trophy, valued at $1500 for best peck of oats in the world. They now own
+the trophy." title="Mr. J. C. Hill &amp; Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, who
+recently became winners for the third time of the Colorado Silver
+Trophy, valued at $1500 for best peck of oats in the world. They now own the trophy." />
+<span class="caption">Mr. J. C. Hill &amp; Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, who
+recently became winners for the third time of the Colorado Silver
+Trophy, valued at $1500 for best peck of oats in the world. They now own the trophy.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0026.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0026_t.jpg" alt="CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN" title="CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN<br />
+Surveyed land shown in colour.<br />
+<small>For Map of Southern Saskatchewan see <a href="#Page_18">pages 18 and 19</a></small></span>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/alberta.jpg" width="750" height="92" alt="Alberta" title="Alberta" />
+<a name="ALBERTA" id="ALBERTA"></a><big><big><big>ALBERTA</big></big></big></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>Alberta, the most westerly of the three Prairie Provinces, is twice the
+size of Great Britain and Ireland, much larger than either France or
+Germany, and has a greater area than the states of Maine, New Hampshire,
+Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey
+and Pennsylvania combined. The area of arable land alone in Alberta is
+estimated at 100 million acres, of which less than 3 million acres is
+under cultivation. This provincial empire, with its great wealth in
+agricultural lands, mines, forests, and fisheries, has less than 500,000
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Alberta is a vast plateau from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above sea-level, hung
+by its western edge on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It slopes
+gently toward the east and north. Absolutely level plains form no great
+proportion of the surface. While open, treeless country characterizes
+the southern part of the Province, the greater part is undulating,
+diversified by forest, stream, hill and open country, not unlike Ontario
+or New York State. Beautiful lakes, fringed with forest and abounding in
+whitefish are scattered over its central and northern area. Luxuriant
+grasses cover the open country, which once formed the chief feeding
+grounds of herds of bison.</p>
+
+<p>The Province naturally falls into three divisions, exhibiting marked
+distinctions in climate and topography&mdash;Southern, Central and Northern
+Alberta.</p>
+
+<p><b>Available Homesteads</b> are to be found west and north of
+Edmonton&mdash;territory made accessible by the Grand Trunk Pacific and the
+Canadian Northern Railways&mdash;in an immense stretch of splendid country.
+Wheat and oats are reliable crops. Rainfall is certain. Mixed farming is
+highly successful. The wild grasses and pea vine supply ample feed for
+stock; water is plentiful and easily secured. On into the foothills and
+the mountains are stretches of prairie land, through which the Grand
+Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways are now constructed.</p>
+
+<p>The northern and western portions of Central Alberta have some "brush"
+land with soil equal to that of the open prairie. The cost of clearing
+is slight, and there is the advantage of shelter for cattle, and an
+absolute assurance of splendid water. There is a good market for the
+fuel and timber obtained in clearing. Practically all of the land
+between Edmonton and Athabaska Landing&mdash;and between Edmonton and Lac la
+Biche to the northeast has been subdivided for homesteading.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTHERN ALBERTA</h4>
+
+<p>North of the end of steel extends 75 per cent of this rich Province, yet
+unexploited. When the railways push into the Athabaska and the Peace, it
+will be realized that Alberta owns an empire north of the Saskatchewan,
+a country set apart by nature to provide homes for millions of agrarian
+people.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTHERN ALBERTA</h4>
+
+<p><b>Southern Alberta</b> is open and rolling, and devoid of timber except along
+the streams and the Rocky Mountains' foothills. The soil is a fertile
+loam. The climate is ideal, with pleasing summers and mild winters.
+Stock pasture in the open air during winter, grazing on the nutritive
+sun-dried grasses. The absence of timber in Southern Alberta is
+compensated for by the supply of coal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0028a.jpg" width="500" height="336" alt="Typical school in rural district in Western Canada, which
+will soon be replaced by consolidated school, picture of which appears
+elsewhere." title="Typical school in rural district in Western Canada, which
+will soon be replaced by consolidated school, picture of which appears elsewhere." />
+<span class="caption">Typical school in rural district in Western Canada, which
+will soon be replaced by consolidated school, picture of which appears elsewhere.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ranching which once was predominant is fast being abandoned and settlers
+are dividing the limitless acres into small, productive holdings. As a
+grazing country, Southern Alberta has had few equals, for the hills and
+valleys, well watered, afford excellent pasturage. Winter wheat sown on
+new breaking, or summer-fallowed land, from the middle of July to the
+end of September is ready for harvest from the 1st to the 15th of August
+in the following year. Climate and soil make this an ideal wheat-growing
+district. Considerable spring wheat is grown, as well as oats, barley
+and flax. The production of sugar-beets compares favourably with that of
+Germany and the world.</p>
+
+<p>The average of winter wheat for the Province in 1913, was 21 bushels an
+acre. The greater portion was grown around Lethbridge, Taber, Grassy
+Lake, Cardston, Spring Coulee, Pincher Creek, Macleod, Stavely, Leavitt,
+Claresholm, Nanton, High River, Okotoks, Carmangay and Calgary.</p>
+
+<p><b>Water Supply and Irrigation.</b>&mdash;Water for domestic and farm purposes is
+easily obtained at reasonable depth. In certain sections of the Canadian
+West, as in the American West, the soil is unexcelled for growing
+cereals, but the geographical location and relative position to the rain
+avenues is not advantageous, not only the requisite amount of rain but
+its conservation is essential to the growing of crops, and that is the
+meaning of "dry farming." This is being successfully followed in the
+southern portion of Southern Alberta. Some of the district can also be
+easily and successfully farmed by means of irrigation. Irrigation
+ditches have been constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the
+Southern Alberta Land Company.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0028b.jpg" width="500" height="388" alt="Typical school, such as many towns are building in
+Western Canada, where the education of the children is carefully looked
+after." title="Typical school, such as many towns are building in
+Western Canada, where the education of the children is carefully looked after." />
+<span class="caption">Typical school, such as many towns are building in
+Western Canada, where the education of the children is carefully looked after.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A most valuable asset to Southern Alberta is the Lethbridge Experimental
+Station, operated by the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Reports
+from the farm show that on land broken and backset in 1912, spring wheat
+sown April 3, 1913, ripened between July 31 and August 17, and yielded
+from 22 to 41 bushels per acre; oats sown April 13, 1913, ripened from
+July 31 to August 4, and yielded from 54 to 84 bushels per acre; barley
+sown April 15, 1913, ripened from July 28 to Aug. 5, and yielded from 28
+to 40 bushels per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> acre. On irrigated land the yield of spring wheat was
+from 30 to 54 bushels, and the period of ripening about the same; oats
+yielded from 102 to 132 bushels per acre, same period for ripening;
+barley yield on irrigated land was from 65 to 100 bushels per acre,
+harvested from July 28 to August 11.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTRAL ALBERTA</h4>
+
+<p><b>Central Alberta</b> extends from the Red Deer River northward to the height
+of land between the Saskatchewan and the Athabaska. Its great wealth is
+its deep black humus varying in depth from ten inches to three feet,
+overlying a warm subsoil.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mixed Farming.</b>&mdash;None of the three central provinces afford greater
+advantages for mixed farming than Alberta. In the south the great ranges
+of vacant area affords excellent pasturage. The central portion
+furnishes pasturage of equal quality, and the groves and park lands
+provide shelter, making it possible to raise cereals, as well as feed
+for cattle and hogs. Dairying and poultry raising meet with undoubted
+success.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Products</b> have an unlimited market; cattle can be pastured most of
+the year; every variety of grass including clover and alfalfa thrive;
+the climate is healthful and water abundant. More than a million head of
+cattle could have been fed on the wild hay that went to waste last year.
+Hundreds of thousands of acres are literally overrun with rich wild
+grasses and pea vine. The dairy yield approximated $1,250,000 in 1913,
+and 50,000 cows could be added without affecting the price of dairy
+products. The government operates a travelling dairy to instruct new
+settlers, and manages permanent creameries which produced over three
+million pounds of butter last year. Fattening hogs on milk adds to the
+revenue.</p>
+
+<p><b>Poultry Raising.</b>&mdash;The winter price of fresh eggs ranges from 50 to 60
+cents a dozen, the summer prices rarely falling below 25 cents.
+Extensive developments along this profitable line cannot be long
+delayed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crops of 1913.</b>&mdash;With an average rainfall of 10.92 inches during the
+growing season in that part of the Province including Edmonton and
+southward, an average daily sunshine record of 10 hours, and a mean
+temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit for the months April to September
+inclusive, good crops were certain. Spring seeding began early in April.
+The season was highly favourable and a big crop was harvested in
+excellent condition. Marquis wheat at one point went as high as 62.5
+bushels per acre as a field crop, and oats and barley relatively as
+high. Yields of all kinds of grain and forage crops have been most
+excellent.</p>
+
+<p>The census bureau of the Dominion Government give the following returns:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="2" summary="Census Bureau">
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th>Area</th>
+<th>Area</th>
+<th colspan="2" align='center'>Average</th>
+<th>Total</th>
+<th>Total</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Fall wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>212,000</td>
+<td align='right'>202,000</td>
+<td align='right'>21.83</td>
+<td align='right'>21.00</td>
+<td align='right'>4,628,000</td>
+<td align='right'>4,242,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Spring wheat</td>
+<td align='right'>1,378,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,310,000</td>
+<td align='right'>21.54</td>
+<td align='right'>23.00</td>
+<td align='right'>29,675,000</td>
+<td align='right'>30,130,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Oats</td>
+<td align='right'>1,461,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,639,000</td>
+<td align='right'>46.30</td>
+<td align='right'>43.65</td>
+<td align='right'>67,630,000</td>
+<td align='right'>71,542,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Barley</td>
+<td align='right'>187,000</td>
+<td align='right'>197,000</td>
+<td align='right'>33.05</td>
+<td align='right'>32.15</td>
+<td align='right'>6,179,000</td>
+<td align='right'>6,334,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Rye</td>
+<td align='right'>15,000</td>
+<td align='right'>16,000</td>
+<td align='right'>25.56</td>
+<td align='right'>24.89</td>
+<td align='right'>377,000</td>
+<td align='right'>398,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Flax</td>
+<td align='right'>132,000</td>
+<td align='right'>105,000</td>
+<td align='right'>12.83</td>
+<td align='right'>11.00</td>
+<td align='right'>1,693,000</td>
+<td align='right'>1,155,000</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Provincial Department of Agriculture for Alberta placed the total
+yield of all grains at 81,500,000 bushels, but as the acreage is less,
+the average yields are about the same.</p>
+
+<p>The average yield per acre of potatoes from 25,000 acres was about 170
+bushels; turnips and other roots about 250 bushels. Alfalfa yielded
+about 2.77 tons per acre and sugar beets about 9 tons per acre; hay and
+clover 1.56 tons, with a total value of all these products of
+$3,700,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Government and Other Telephones.</b>&mdash;The Government operates the telephone
+system, including about 7,000 miles of long distance wires, pursues an
+active policy of stimulating the organization of rural companies by
+giving as a bonus all poles required. These rural companies are
+connected with local exchanges and toll offices wherever possible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railways.</b>&mdash;During 1913 considerable was added to the railway mileage.
+Besides its main line the Canadian Pacific has two branches from
+Calgary&mdash;one north to Strathcona, the other south to Macleod. Two
+running eastward diverge at Lacombe and Wetaskiwin, the latter a through
+line via Saskatoon to Winnipeg. Another leaves the Canadian Pacific near
+Medicine Hat, passes through Lethbridge and Macleod and crosses the
+mountains by the Crow's Nest Pass, a branch connecting with the Great
+Northern at Coutts and extending to Cardston and west. Another branch
+will connect Lethbridge with Weyburn, on the "Soo" line. Provincial
+mileage 1,523. Other branches connecting the system are being built; as
+shown on the maps.</p>
+
+<p>The Canadian Northern enters Alberta from the east at Lloydminster on
+its way to Edmonton. From Edmonton lines are projected and partially
+constructed north and west. One starting at Vegreville connects the main
+line with Calgary, and then extends southeasterly toward Lethbridge and
+Macleod. From this line a branch is being built into the coal fields
+west of Lacombe and will form part of the transcontinental line of that
+system. Its extension from Saskatoon to Calgary is about completed.
+Mileage 593.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Trunk Pacific serves the territory lying between the Canadian
+Northern and the Canadian Pacific, operating trains through productive
+territory and for some distance into British Columbia. This Company has
+completed its line south from Tofield to Calgary, a part of the
+transcontinental line of that system. Through trains now run from
+Edmonton to Toronto, Provincial mileage, 545.</p>
+
+<p>Another road is now under construction northward from the international
+boundary through Pincher Creek, with Calgary as a northern terminus.</p>
+
+<p>The Provincial government has outlined a policy of railway development
+throughout the Province, particularly in the north, opening vast
+agricultural lands which will attract settlers desirous of taking up
+free homestead.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lakes and Rivers.</b>&mdash;The Saskatchewan and the Mackenzie rivers rise in the
+Province. The former is divided into two great arteries, one of which
+with its tributaries, the Bow, Belly, St. Mary's, Old Man and Red Deer,
+waters the south, while the north branch, with the Brazeau, Clearwater,
+Sturgeon, Battle, Blindman and Vermilion as tributaries, waters the
+great central plains. The Peace and the Athabaska drain the north. Lake
+Athabaska, 120 miles long, Lesser Slave, 60 miles long, and many smaller
+bodies of water are chiefly in the northern part.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mineral Resources.</b>&mdash;Alberta has enormous coal and lignite areas. The
+production of coal in 1913 was over 3&frac12; million tons, valued at over 7&frac12;
+million dollars. The coal supply is practically inexhaustible, and
+underlies much of the whole Province in seams from four to twelve feet
+thick. It is found in all grades, lignite, bituminous and anthracite, on
+the banks of every stream, and in the shafts from 20 to 150 feet deep.
+The total formation contains 12,800 square miles; contents 71 billion
+tons.</p>
+
+<p>Natural gas has been found at Medicine Hat, Tofield, Dunmore Junction,
+and Bow Island on the South Saskatchewan, and at Pelican Rapids on the
+Athabaska. Recently considerable interest has been taken in the oil
+fields south of Calgary and north of Edmonton. Important commercial oil
+fields will soon be located. There is also petroleum, gypsum, salt and
+tar sands. Excellent brick and fireclay.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fish and Furs.</b>&mdash;The Great Lakes of the North furnish yearly half a
+million pounds of incomparable whitefish, while the fur wealth of the
+north is important.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0029a.jpg" width="375" height="253" alt="This shows that it is not all work in Western Canada.
+There are many spots as beautiful as this, the resort of the sportsman
+and pleasure seeker." title="This shows that it is not all work in Western Canada.
+There are many spots as beautiful as this, the resort of the sportsman
+and pleasure seeker." />
+<span class="caption">This shows that it is not all work in Western Canada.
+There are many spots as beautiful as this, the resort of the sportsman
+and pleasure seeker.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0029b.jpg" width="375" height="252" alt="Coal mining at Tofield, Alberta, where an excellent
+quality is obtained, and where natural gas is abundant." title="Coal mining at Tofield, Alberta, where an excellent
+quality is obtained, and where natural gas is abundant." />
+<span class="caption">Coal mining at Tofield, Alberta, where an excellent
+quality is obtained, and where natural gas is abundant.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0030.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0030_t.jpg" alt="SOUTHERN ALBERTA" title="SOUTHERN ALBERTA" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">SOUTHERN ALBERTA<br />
+Lands within irregular line along railway in British Columbia are<br />
+administered by the Dominion Government.<br />
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.<br />
+
+<small>For Map of Central Alberta see <a href="#Page_30">pages 30 and 31</a></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span><b>Education.</b>&mdash;The organization of free district schools is optional with
+settlers, the Government liberally supporting them. An expenditure of
+about $700,000 a year brings educational advantages within the reach of
+the most scattered community. One new school a day has been opened in
+Alberta during the last three or four years, an indication of the
+settlement that is going on. School population at end of 1912, over
+70,000; number of schools 2,029. Two hundred and forty-five school
+buildings were erected in 1912.</p>
+
+<p>The dissemination of exact scientific knowledge is carried on by
+farmers' institutes, stock-judging schools, seed fairs and travelling
+dairies. The raising of pure-bred stock is assisted by Government
+grants. Experimental and demonstration farms have been established
+throughout the Province. Agricultural high schools will soon be started,
+and agriculture form part of the public school curriculum.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Healthy Product.</b>&mdash;The air of Alberta insures the best of health. The
+whole of Alberta lies above mountain altitude, and the air is
+extraordinarily clear and bracing. Consequently there is comparatively
+little cloudy weather on normal days, either in summer or winter. Bright
+sunshine prevails. Striking testimony as to freedom from consumption is
+provided by Dr. T. H. Whitelaw of Edmonton, according to whose official
+report not one case of this disease has originated in Edmonton since the
+beginning of 1911.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stock.</b>&mdash;Alberta's dry and invigorating atmosphere, short, mild winters,
+nutritious grasses, and abundant water supply, make it pre-eminently
+adapted to horse breeding. The Alberta animal is noted for its
+endurance, lung power, and freedom from hereditary and other diseases.
+It winters out at a nominal expense and without even hay or grain
+feeding.</p>
+
+<p>Four-year old steers, which have never been under a roof nor fed a pound
+of grain and have been given less than a ton of hay, weigh about 1,500
+pounds by August 1 and will then gain until October from 2 to 3 pounds a
+day. Experiments made at the Demonstration Farm at Olds show that 100
+steers weighed in November 1, at 127,540 pounds, weighed out May 20,
+less than 7 months later at 143,412 pounds, showing a net gain of $10.12
+per head.</p>
+
+<p>At the Lacombe Experimental Station the gain per day in feeding cattle
+ranged from 1.8 to 1.72 lbs., showing a net profit when sold of $14.35
+to $28.90.</p>
+
+<p><b>Good Roads in the Province.</b>&mdash;One of the most important considerations in
+a new country is that of roads. The Alberta government has taken up this
+problem in an intelligent manner, that will eventually greatly enlarge
+the resources of the Province.</p>
+
+<p>The money expended on ferry service, maintenance of bridges, road
+construction, construction of bridges, and the construction of trunk
+roads, was essential to the opening up of vast tracts of fertile land.</p>
+
+<p>As a result, $100,000,000, or more than $200 per capita of the total
+population of the Province, is the estimated farm value of the 1913 crop
+in Alberta.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sugar Beets and Alfalfa.</b>&mdash;Operations are now extending north as well as
+south of Lethbridge, where a large factory has been conducted for some
+years. An expert from Colorado has taken up irrigated land in the
+Bassano district to carry on the industry on a large scale. He says:
+"This is going to be a great beet-raising country. My crop averaged
+between 16 and 18 per cent sugar, which is a very high grade." He says
+his new farm produces as much alfalfa per acre as his former more
+expensive land in Colorado.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fruit.</b>&mdash;It has not yet been demonstrated that the larger fruits, such as
+apples, can be made commercially attractive in Alberta. All the smaller
+fruits can be grown with little trouble, at a cost that makes their
+culture profitable.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHAT SOME ALBERTA FARMERS ARE DOING</h4>
+
+<p><b>Macleod.</b>&mdash;Weather conditions were excellent throughout the season.
+Ninety per cent of the wheat up to October 1 graded No. 1, the only No.
+2 being fall wheat. The yield ranged from 20 to 40 bushels per acre,
+with an average of 28. Oats yielded well, and barley about 60 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inverary</b> is a new district. Wheat graded No. 2 and some of it went 50
+bushels to the acre, oats going about 75 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Monarch.</b>&mdash;The yield of wheat on summer-fallow averaged 35 bushels, a
+large percentage No. 1 Northern.</p>
+
+<p><b>Milk River.</b>&mdash;All spring grains yielded better than expected. A 300-acre
+field of Marquis wheat gave 41&frac12; bushels.</p>
+
+<p>Experimental farm results on grain sown on irrigated land place "Red
+Fife" wheat in the banner position, with a yield of 59.40 bushels per
+acre. Oats yielded 13 bushels to the acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calgary.</b>&mdash;The yield of grain was everywhere abnormal, with an increased
+acreage of about 23 per cent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bassano.</b>&mdash;September 25. Individual record crops grown in Alberta include
+a 1,300-acre field of spring wheat, near here, which went 35 bushels to
+the acre and weighed 66 pounds to the bushel.</p>
+
+<p><b>Noble.</b>&mdash;Mr. C. S. Noble had 350,000 bushels of grain. The cost of
+production per acre was $9.10 on summer-fallow and the returns were
+$24.93 per acre. Oats averaged 90 bushels on 2,880 acres, wheat 38 on
+300 acres, and barley 61 on 450 acres, all grading top.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harris Oium, came from South Dakota twelve years ago and homesteaded
+the first 160 acres in his township, dividing his land between grain and
+pasture. He earned sufficient money to buy a quarter section of railway
+land at $11 an acre. The half section netted proportionate profits and
+he gradually increased his holdings to 1,920 acres, which are devoted to
+mixed farming this year. He values his land at $50 an acre. He has 200
+hogs, mostly pure bred Poland China, 25 head draft horses and 35 head of
+pure bred Hereford cattle. Feeding barley to hogs nets him 80 cents a
+bushel, twice the average market price when delivered to the warehouse.
+His barley averages 40 bushels to the acre; oats average 80 bushels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Red Deer.</b>&mdash;John Lamont says that a man on a quarter-section, with a few
+cows, brood sows, and 100 hens, can be as sure of a good living for his
+family as if he were pensioned by the government. His 20 acres of
+Alberta red winter wheat yielded 985 bushels. Last year his wheat went a
+little over 40 bushels per acre, machine measure. He grows alfalfa.</p>
+
+<p>S. D. McConnell has carried on mixed farming for twelve years keeping a
+few cattle and some hogs; makes a dollar a bushel out of his barley by
+feeding it. His fall wheat has gone from 30 to 65 bushels to the acre;
+oats from 40 to 100 bushels, never weighing less than 42 lbs. to the
+bushel.</p>
+
+<p>H. S. Corrigan has averaged at least 30 bushels of spring wheat per
+acre, 40 bushels of barley, and 60 bushels of oats. Twenty-one acres of
+oats ran 90 bushels per acre, and weighed 48 pounds per bushel. Last
+winter he bought nine head of cattle for $420, fed them six weeks on
+hay, green feed, and chop and sold them for $579.60. Two steers, 26
+months old weighed 2,440 lbs. One sow raised 58 pigs in 2&frac12; years, and
+when sold, weighed 550 pounds. Two of her pigs, now a year old, are
+raising 23 pigs. Timothy has yielded a ton and a half on an average, at
+$15 a ton.</p>
+
+<p><b>Red Deer.</b>&mdash;J. Northrup has not missed a crop in nine years, and says:
+"This is the best country in the world for small grain, better than Iowa
+and that is good&mdash;I love old Iowa. Winter wheat yields as high as 45
+bushels per acre. Potatoes yield 400 bushels per acre at times. Alfalfa
+is a good crop when the soil is inoculated."</p>
+
+<p>C. A. Sharman has the world's champion Jersey cow. He says: "A quarter
+section of land and 100 head of stock mean the maximum of growth from
+every square yard. Any man, woman, or child that uses Alberta rightly
+will be used rightly by Alberta. Farming in Alberta is no gold brick
+proposition, but an industry, which is the basis of all wealth."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0032a.jpg" width="375" height="256" alt="One of the comfortable homes in Western Canada, showing
+splendid surrounding of trees." title="One of the comfortable homes in Western Canada, showing
+splendid surrounding of trees." />
+<span class="caption">One of the comfortable homes in Western Canada, showing
+splendid surrounding of trees.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0032b.jpg" width="375" height="254" alt="Alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in Western
+Canada. Large areas are already planted, and it produces abundant
+yields." title="Alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in Western
+Canada. Large areas are already planted, and it produces abundant yields." />
+<span class="caption">Alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in Western
+Canada. Large areas are already planted, and it produces abundant yields.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p>A. P. Olsen formerly of Minnesota has raised cattle, horses, hogs and
+also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> milked a few cows. His oats yield 45 bushels to the acre, spring
+wheat, 36 bushels, winter wheat and barley 40 bushels. He won first
+prize at the Calgary Exhibition for a collection of 32 varieties of
+grasses found on his own land.</p>
+
+<p><b>Macleod.</b>&mdash;R. McNab has returns which show a yield of 45 bushels of No. 1
+Northern wheat to the acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gleichen.</b>&mdash;Forty-five bushels of No. 1 Northern wheat per acre was the
+yield on the Blackfoot Indian reserve in 1913.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pincher Creek.</b>&mdash;Alfred Pelletier had 130 bushels oats per acre.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cities and Towns.</b>&mdash;On the banks of the Saskatchewan and forming the
+portal alike to the Last West and the New North, the capital city of
+<b>Edmonton</b> has attractions for the capitalist, the tourist, the
+manufacturer, and the health seeker. At the centre of two great
+transcontinental highways, Edmonton will soon be rated among the world's
+great cities. Traffic from the Pacific to Hudson Bay will go through her
+portals, the south, north and west will contribute. Possessed of
+municipally-owned waterworks, electric-lighting and power systems,
+street railways and telephones, the city is modern, attractive and
+alive. The number of banks is evidence of prosperity. The coal output of
+the district is about 3,000 tons daily. Population, about 60,000. In
+1901, it was 2,626. In 1911, the assessment was a trifle under 47
+million dollars; in 1912, 123&frac12; million dollars. School attendance,
+5,114.</p>
+
+<p><b>Calgary</b> tells its own story in public buildings and in over one hundred
+wholesale establishments, 300 retail stores, 15 chartered banks, half a
+hundred manufacturing establishments, and a $150,000 normal school
+building. The principal streets are paved. There is municipal ownership
+of sewer system, waterworks and electric light and street railway.
+Directly bearing upon the future of Calgary is the irrigation project of
+the Bow River Valley, where 3 million acres are being colonized. One
+thousand two hundred miles of canals and laterals are completed.
+Population in 1911 was 43,736; now claimed 75,000. There are 36 schools,
+146 teachers, and 7,000 pupils. The Canadian Pacific car shops here
+employ 3,000 men. It has the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and
+Grand Trunk Pacific.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lethbridge</b>, with a population of about 13,000, the centre of a splendid
+agricultural district, is also a prosperous coal-mining and commercial
+city. The output of the mines, which in 1912 was about 4,300 tons daily
+and necessitated a monthly pay roll of $145,000, finds a ready market in
+British Columbia, in Montana, and as far east as Winnipeg. A Government
+Experimental Farm is nearby. The several branches of railway diverging
+here make it an important railway centre. It will shortly have the Grand
+Trunk Pacific, and direct Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern lines
+eastward. The municipally-owned street car system affords excellent
+service.</p>
+
+<p><b>Medicine Hat</b>, in the valley of the South Saskatchewan and the centre of
+a magnificent ranching and mixed-farming district, is a division point
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with extensive railway shops operated
+with natural gas for fuel. The light, heat, and power, derived from this
+gas are sold to manufacturers at 5 cents per thousand cubic feet, and
+for domestic purposes at 1 cent. The factories and industries now using
+natural gas pay out about 2&frac12; million dollars annually, which will be
+considerably augmented by factories in course of construction, and to be
+erected. When the new flouring mills are completed, Medicine Hat will be
+the largest milling centre on the continent. Population over 6,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Macleod</b> is one of the oldest towns in the Province. With the rapid
+settlement of the surrounding agricultural land, this town is showing
+wonderful progress; during 1913 a large amount was spent in new
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wetaskiwin</b> is a railway division point from which farms stretch in all
+directions. The city is beautifully located, and owns its electric light
+plant, waterworks, and sewerage system.</p>
+
+<p><b>Red Deer</b> is situated on the Canadian Pacific, half way between Calgary
+and Edmonton. It has a large sawmill, two brick-yards, concrete works,
+creameries, wheat elevators, and a sash-and-door factory. Coal and wood
+are plentiful and cheap. The district has never had a crop failure. It
+showed considerable business activity in 1913. Lines of railway extend
+westward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lacombe</b>, on the direct line between Calgary and Edmonton, has a flour
+mill, foundry, planing mill, brick-yard, grain elevators, electric
+lights, and telephones. The surrounding country is noted for its
+pure-bred cattle and horses, and a Government Experimental Farm adjoins
+the town.</p>
+
+<p><b>Raymond</b> enjoys a rapid growth, and has one of the largest sugar
+factories in the west. Sugar beets are a great success here. Mr. Henry
+Holmes, who won the big wheat prize at the Dry Farming Congress held at
+Lethbridge in 1912 resides here.</p>
+
+<p>Other prosperous towns are Claresholm, Didsbury, Fort Saskatchewan, High
+River, Innisfail, Olds, Okotoks, Pincher Creek, Ponoka, St. Albert,
+Vermilion, Vegreville, Carmangay, Stettler, Taber, Tofield, Camrose,
+Castor, Cardston, Bassano, Edson, Coronation, Empress, Magrath, Nanton,
+Strathmore, Gleichen, Leduc, Hardisty, Walsh, Daysland, Sedgewick,
+Grassy Lake and Wainwright. Much interest is being taken in Athabaska
+Landing, owing to its increasing agricultural settlement and the
+completion of the Canadian Northern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CONDITIONS IN ALBERTA, 1913</h4>
+
+<p><b>Agricultural Conditions.</b>&mdash;From the agricultural standpoint the season of
+1913 was perfectly normal. Spring opened favourably for seeding
+operations and at no time from seeding to threshing did unfavourable
+conditions threaten a successful harvest. Copious rains in the growing
+period, and bright dry weather in the cutting and threshing period kept
+the farmer confident from the beginning. It was a season made, as it
+were, to the farmers' order. The quality of grain was extra good. Wheat
+weighed from 61&frac12; to 68 pounds to the bushel, oats 40 to 46, and barley
+52 to 58.</p>
+
+<p>Conditions were equally favourable to pasture and hay crops and live
+stock. The first and second cuttings of alfalfa were especially heavy
+and timothy made a good average yield. Abundant pasture continued
+throughout the season making both beef and dairy cattle profitable
+investments. Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs are worth four
+times the value of grain crops. The value of the former is nearly 120
+millions, while the total value of the grain crop is about 30 millions.
+The income from the former reached 40 million dollars last year, that
+from the latter about 25 million dollars.</p>
+
+<p><b>Public Works and Railways.</b>&mdash;About 600 miles of steel were laid last
+year, bringing the railway mileage of the province up to nearly 3,600
+miles. Equal activity is assured for 1914. This year the Government made
+a step to provide transportation facilities for districts sidetracked by
+the railway companies. The means adopted is guaranteeing the interest on
+the securities of light railways up to one-half the estimated cost.</p>
+
+<p><b>Financial.</b>&mdash;The income of the farming community exceeds that of all
+former years. It is estimated that the product of this year that will be
+converted into cash for the liquidation of debts, is nearly 65 million
+dollars. The farmer is therefore in a position to pay his machinery
+debts, store debts, and other obligations. Consequently the farmers are
+optimistic and are planning extended operations for the coming season.</p>
+
+<p>Measured by every economical standard, Alberta shows sound prosperity
+and justifies a continuance of the confidence of outside capitalists in
+her established business, and increased investments in the development
+of her vast resources of farms, mines and forests.</p>
+
+<p><b>Population and Live Stock.</b>&mdash;(Dominion Census Bureau):</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Population and Live Stock">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>1909</td>
+<td>1910</td>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Population</td>
+<td>......</td>
+<td>......</td>
+<td align='right'>374,663</td>
+<td>......</td>
+<td align='right'><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Horses</td>
+<td align='right'>263,713</td>
+<td align='right'>294,225</td>
+<td align='right'>407,153</td>
+<td align='right'>451,573</td>
+<td align='right'>484,809</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Milch cows</td>
+<td align='right'>116,371</td>
+<td align='right'>124,470</td>
+<td align='right'>147,687</td>
+<td align='right'>157,922</td>
+<td align='right'>168,376</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Other cattle</td>
+<td align='right'>910,547</td>
+<td align='right'>926,937</td>
+<td align='right'>592,163</td>
+<td align='right'>587,307</td>
+<td align='right'>610,917</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Sheep</td>
+<td align='right'>171,422</td>
+<td align='right'>179,067</td>
+<td align='right'>133,592</td>
+<td align='right'>135,075</td>
+<td align='right'>178,015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Swine</td>
+<td align='right'>139,270</td>
+<td align='right'>143,560</td>
+<td align='right'>237,510</td>
+<td align='right'>278,747</td>
+<td align='right'>350,692</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Estimated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0033a.jpg" width="375" height="253" alt="One type of house built of logs in the park districts of
+Central Alberta." title="One type of house built of logs in the park districts of
+Central Alberta." />
+<span class="caption">One type of house built of logs in the park districts of Central Alberta.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/p0033b.jpg" width="375" height="250" alt="Marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are
+essential at every station in Western Canada." title="Marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are
+essential at every station in Western Canada." />
+<span class="caption">Marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are
+essential at every station in Western Canada.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0034.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0034_t.jpg" alt="CENTRAL ALBERTA" title="CENTRAL ALBERTA" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">CENTRAL ALBERTA<br />
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.<br />
+<small>For Map of Southern Alberta see <a href="#Page_26">pages 26 and 27</a></small></span>
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/british.jpg" width="750" height="92" alt="British Columbia" title="British Columbia" />
+<a name="BRITISH_COLUMBIA" id="BRITISH_COLUMBIA"></a><big><big><big>BRITISH COLUMBIA</big></big></big></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>Stretching from the Rockies to the sea and from the United States to the
+60th parallel, British Columbia is the largest Province in the Dominion.
+It is big enough to enable one to place in it, side by side at the same
+time, two Englands, three Irelands, and four Scotlands. Looking across
+the water to the millions of British subjects in India, in Hong-Kong, in
+Australia, and the isles of the sea, one catches brief pathetic glimpses
+of the commercial greatness which the Pacific has begun to waft to these
+shores. Nature intended British Columbia to develop a great seaward
+commerce, and substantial trade relations are now established northward
+to the Yukon and southward to Mexico. Population, June, 1911, 392,480.</p>
+
+<p>British Columbia has natural wealth in her forests and her fish, in her
+whales and seals and fruit farms. But it is from her mines, more than
+from aught else, that she will derive her future wealth.</p>
+
+<p>The parallel chains of the Rockies, the Selkirks, and the Coast Ranges
+are a rich dower. They furnish scenery unrivalled in its majesty; they
+are nurseries of great rivers which pour tribute into three oceans; and
+in their rocky embrace they hold a mineral wealth second to none.</p>
+
+<p>British Columbia contains an aggregate of from 16 million to 20 million
+unoccupied arable acres. Sir William Dawson has estimated that in the
+British Columbia section of the Peace River Valley alone, the
+wheat-growing area will amount to 10 million acres. It is a country of
+big things.</p>
+
+<p><b>How to get the Land.</b>&mdash;Crown lands in British Columbia are laid off and
+surveyed into townships, containing thirty-six sections of one square
+mile in each. The head of a family, a widow, or single man over the age
+of eighteen years, and a British subject (or any alien upon making a
+declaration of his intention to become a British subject) may for
+agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and unreserved
+crown land (not being an Indian settlement), not exceeding 160 acres in
+extent.</p>
+
+<p>Free homesteads are not granted. The pre-emptor of land must pay $1 an
+acre for it, live upon it for two years, and improve it to the extent of
+$2.50 per acre. Particulars regarding crown lands of this Province,
+their location, and method of pre-emption can be obtained by
+communicating with the sub-joined government agencies for the respective
+districts, or from the Secretary, Bureau of Agriculture, Victoria, B.
+C.:</p>
+
+<p>Alberni, Nanaimo, New Westminster, Golden, Cranbrook, Kaslo, Nelson,
+Revelstoke, Bakersville, Telegraph Creek, Atlin, Prince Rupert,
+Hazleton, Kamloops, Nicola, Vernon, Fairview, Clinton, Ashcroft.</p>
+
+<p><b>Agriculture.</b>&mdash;It is not so long ago that agriculture was regarded as a
+quite secondary consideration in British Columbia. The construction of
+railroads, and the settlement of the valleys in the wake of the miner
+and the lumberman, have entirely dissipated that idea. The agricultural
+possibilities of British Columbia are now fully appreciated locally, and
+the outside world is also beginning to realize that the Pacific Province
+has rich assets in its arable and pastoral lands.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Macoun says: "As far north as the fifty-fourth degree it has
+been practically demonstrated that apples will flourish, while in the
+southern belt the more delicate fruits, peaches, grapes, and apricots,
+are an assured crop."</p>
+
+<p>On a trip through the valley one sees apple orchards with the trees
+fairly groaning under their loads of fruit, and pear, plum, and prune
+trees in like manner. In many places between the trees there are rows of
+potatoes, cabbages, and other vegetables, showing that the land is
+really producing a double crop. Grapes, water melons, and musk melons
+also thrive in the valley, and large quantities of each are grown.
+Tomatoes, cherries, and berries of all kinds are grown extensively.
+Wheat, oats, and corn give excellent yields. As an instance, one man's
+wheat crop this season averages 48&frac12; bushels to the acre. Of prunes, one
+orchardist grew a crop of 7,000 boxes. The apples shipped find a ready
+market in Calgary, Regina, and in the other cities in the prairie
+provinces. Prices this year are considerably better than they were a
+year ago. Last year this valley produced 350 carloads of fruit and
+vegetables, and some of the farmers have made net profits of as high as
+$250 an acre.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have turned their attention to mixed farming are exceptionally
+well pleased with the result. A local company is being organized to
+build a cannery and this will be in operation next year. And besides
+this one, another cannery is being talked of.</p>
+
+<p>In the valleys, of which there are many, there are tracts of wonderfully
+rich and, largely of alluvial deposits, that give paying returns.</p>
+
+<p>The Columbia and Kootenay Valleys, comprising the districts of
+Cranbrook, Nelson, Windermere, Slocan, Golden and Revelstoke are very
+rich. The eastern portion requires irrigation; they are well suited to
+fruit farming and all kinds of roots and vegetables. Timber lands are
+said to be the best, when cleared. In the western portion of these
+valleys there are considerable areas of fertile land, suitable for fruit
+growing. The available land is largely held by private individuals.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0036.jpg" width="750" height="259" alt="The fruit industry of British Columbia is making rapid
+development. Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, apples grow to the greatest
+perfection." title="The fruit industry of British Columbia is making rapid
+development. Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, apples grow to the greatest perfection." />
+<span class="caption">The fruit industry of British Columbia is making rapid
+development. Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, apples grow to the greatest perfection.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The valleys of the Okanagan, Nicola, Similkameen, Kettle, North and
+South Thompson, and the Boundary are immensely rich in possibilities.
+The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> advent of the small farmer and fruit grower has driven the cattle
+industry northward into the Central district of the Province. The ranges
+are now divided into small parcels, occupied by fruit growers and small
+farmers. Irrigation is necessary in most places, but water is easy to
+acquire.</p>
+
+<p>The Land Recording District of New Westminster is one of the richest
+agricultural districts of the Province and includes all the fertile
+valley of the Lower Fraser. The climate is mild, with much rain in
+winter. The timber is very heavy and the underbrush thick. Heavy crops
+of hay, grain, and roots are raised, and fruit growing is here brought
+to perfection. The natural precipitation is sufficient for all purposes.</p>
+
+<p>For about seventy miles along the Fraser River there are farms which
+yield their owners revenues from $4,000 to $7,000 a year; this land is
+now worth from $100 to $1,000 an acre. As much as 5 tons of hay, 120
+bushels of oats, 20 tons of potatoes, and 50 tons of roots have been
+raised per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Vancouver Island, with its great wealth of natural resources and its
+commanding position, is fast becoming one of the richest and most
+prosperous portions of the Province. Its large area of agricultural land
+is heavily timbered and costly to clear by individual effort, but the
+railroad companies are clearing, to encourage agricultural development.
+Most farmers raise live stock, do some dairying and grow fruit. Grains,
+grasses, roots, and vegetables grow to perfection and yield heavily.
+Apples, pears, plums, prunes, and cherries grow luxuriantly, while the
+more tender fruits&mdash;peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes attain
+perfection in the southern districts when carefully cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>F. A. Starkey, Pres. of the Boards of Trade says that a clear profit of
+66-2/3 per cent can be made in fruit growing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lillooet</b> is well adapted to dairying, cattle raising, and fruit growing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Central British Columbia</b>, through which the Grand Trunk Pacific is now
+being constructed, comprises the valleys of the Bulkley, Endako,
+Nechaco, Fraser, and Stuart, where there is considerable land inviting
+to the settler. The soil and climate of the valleys extending westward
+to the Bulkley are adapted to grain growing and cattle raising, while
+further westward and to within fifty miles of the west coast belt apple
+culture as well is successful.</p>
+
+<p>Down the Fraser from Fort George there is active development in
+settlement, and wheat, oats, barley and hay are highly productive; the
+climate is good. The soil is a brown silt covered by a layer of
+vegetable mould, and the timber is light and easy to clear.</p>
+
+<p>Along the Nechaco, between Fort George and Fraser Lake, is same
+character of soil and a similar country, there being large tracts well
+fitted for general farming. Native grasses yield abundant food; there is
+ample rainfall, and the winter climate moderates as the coast is
+approached.</p>
+
+<p>North of Fort Fraser there is good grazing and farming land, somewhat
+timbered and covered with rich grasses. The prevailing price is $25 an
+acre; owners are not particularly anxious to sell.</p>
+
+<p>The Bulkley and Endako valleys have a lightly-timbered rich soil, and a
+well-watered country with mixed farming possibilities. There is no
+necessity for irrigation. It would be rash for the inexperienced to
+penetrate this district in search of land before the railway. The
+difficulties and cost are too great. To the hardy pioneer, who has
+knowledge of how to select good land in a timbered country, the future
+is at his feet. Most of the available land within a reasonable distance
+of the railroad is taken up, and the days of the pre-emptor, except in
+remoter parts, are past. Land can be secured at a reasonable figure from
+those who have purchased in large blocks from the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Central British Columbia is lightly timbered from end to end; natural
+open patches are not frequent, and occur mostly on river banks and at
+the ends of lakes. While railroad construction is under way and
+settlement in progress good prices will be obtained for all agricultural
+products. This portion of the Province can now be reached by way of
+Prince Rupert, by rail from Edmonton, or by trail from Ashcroft, B. C.</p>
+
+<p><b>Highways.</b>&mdash;One-half million dollars was spent last year in opening up
+first-class wagon and motor roads throughout the Province.</p>
+
+<p><b>Education.</b>&mdash;The school system is free and non-sectarian; equally as
+efficient as in any other Province of the Dominion. The Government
+builds a school-house, makes a grant for incidental expenses, and pays a
+teacher in every district where twenty children between the ages of six
+and sixteen can be gathered. High schools are also established in
+cities, where classics and higher mathematics are taught.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chief Cities.</b>&mdash;Victoria, the capital, about 60,000; Vancouver, the
+commercial capital, 123,902; New Westminster, 13,199; Nelson, 4,476;
+Nanaimo, 8,168; Rossland, 2,826; Kamloops, 3,772; Grand Forks, 1,577,
+Revelstoke, 3,017; Fernie, 3,146; Cranbrook, 3,090; Ladysmith, 3,295;
+Prince Rupert, 4,184; Fort George and Fort Fraser on the Fraser and
+Nechaco rivers and Grand Trunk Pacific will be important towns in the
+near future.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. W. R. Ross, Provincial Minister of Lands, says that there is a
+total of 93,000,000 acres of land reserved for pre-emption within the
+confines of the Province at the present time. Of the 250,000,000 acres
+of ground estimated to be within the Province only 5,000,000 acres, or
+about 2 per cent, had been sold to date he said, even excluding reserve
+land, available for settlement. As a matter of fact, during the past few
+years between 9,000 and 11,000 pre-emptions had been issued by the
+Government to settlers, and during the last year 3,600 had been issued
+outside of the railway belt and about 1,200 within the area.</p>
+
+<p>The cities afford a splendid reflex of the trade of the country, and
+show the development in mining, fishing, lumbering, shipping,
+manufacturing and agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><b>Climate.</b>&mdash;Near the coast the average number of days in the year below
+freezing is fifteen; rainfall varies from 40 to 100 inches. Farther
+inland the average number of days in the year below freezing is
+sixty-five. The northern districts of Hazleton, Pearl River, Cassiar,
+and Atlin are somewhat colder.</p>
+
+<p>Ocean currents and moisture laden winds from the Pacific exercise a
+moderating influence upon the climate of the coast. The westerly winds,
+arrested in their passage east by the Coast Range, create what is known
+as the "dry belt" east of the mountains; the higher air currents carry
+the moisture to the lofty peaks of the Selkirks, and the precipitation
+in the eastern portion of the Province is greater than in the central
+district, thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts is formed. The
+Province offers a choice of a dry or moist climate, an almost total
+absence of extremes of heat and cold, freedom from malaria, and
+conditions most favourable.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mineral Resources.</b>&mdash;The precious and useful metals abound in British
+Columbia, and it was the discovery of placer gold in the Cariboo
+District that first attracted attention to the Province. Occurrences of
+copper, gold, silver, and lead ores are widespread, and mining is being
+carried on in those districts convenient to transportation facilities.
+Coal is extensively mined in Vancouver Island, in the Crow's Nest Pass
+district and more recently, in the Nicola Valley region. Miners' wages
+are high, and there is usually a constant demand for workmen. The value
+of the mineral production last year was 32 million dollars, of which
+coal contributed 9 million and copper 8 million dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Much successful prospecting is in progress in the region traversed by
+the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the completion of which will
+undoubtedly be followed by important mining development. Already many
+valuable finds of coal and metal ores have been made. The mineral
+resources are not confined to any one section, although the principal
+metalliferous operations have so far been confined to the southern
+portion of the Province. The various mining camps, employing large
+numbers of men, who are paid high wages, afford a fine home market for
+the products of the farms and orchards.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0037.jpg" width="750" height="236" alt="There is no more profitable industry in British Columbia
+than that of raising cattle. Dairying is carried on extensively." title="There is no more profitable industry in British Columbia
+than that of raising cattle. Dairying is carried on extensively." />
+<span class="caption">There is no more profitable industry in British Columbia
+than that of raising cattle. Dairying is carried on extensively.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/map0038.jpg">
+<img src="images/map0038_t.jpg" alt="BRITISH COLUMBIA" title="BRITISH COLUMBIA" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"><span class="caption">BRITISH COLUMBIA<br />
+Dominion Electoral Divisions shown in Colour.<br /> Lands in Peace River
+Block, as well as those along<br /> the Canadian Pacific Railway within shaded
+line,<br /> are administered by the Dominion Government.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span><b>Timber.</b>&mdash;Next in importance, at the present time, are the timber
+resources. It is admitted that the largest remaining areas of
+first-class building timbers in the world are in British Columbia. The
+lumber industry has increased enormously of recent years owing to the
+demand from the rapidly growing Prairie Provinces. For many years to
+come it will have to undergo constant expansion to keep pace with the
+ever-growing needs of the untimbered prairie regions. The principal
+woods are Douglas fir, cedar, spruce, tamarac, pine and hemlock.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fisheries.</b>&mdash;This Province has risen to the rank of the greatest
+fish-producing Province in the Dominion. Besides its extensive salmon
+fisheries, it has, lying within easy distance of the northern part of
+its coast line, extremely rich halibut grounds, while herring are in
+great abundance all along its shores. These various branches of the
+fishing industry are being rapidly developed, but there is yet room for
+great expansion. The value of the fisheries of the Provinces for 1913
+amounted to about 11 million dollars.</p>
+
+<p><b>What Premier McBride says</b>:</p>
+
+<p>"Millions of British money is finding investment in British Columbia,
+and there is scope for millions more. One of the advantages of British
+Columbia is that all of its industrial and other enterprises are of a
+permanent character. There is room for millions of people. We have the
+resources, the geographical situation, and the climate that will appeal.</p>
+
+<p>"Our elementary school system is free and compulsory, and one of the
+most efficient in the world, making ample provision, as it does, for
+ambitious students to pass on to the universities of Canada, the United
+States, and England. But we are also to have our own University."</p>
+
+<p>Much attention has been attracted to the result of the opening of the
+Panama Canal on the shipping future of the ports at the coast.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lakes and Rivers.</b>&mdash;The most important are the Columbia, which has a
+course of 600 miles in British Columbia; the Fraser, 750 miles long; the
+Skeena, 300 miles long; the Thompson, the Kootenay, the Stikine, the
+Liard, and the Peace. These with their tributaries drain an area of
+one-tenth of the whole of the North American continent. The lake area
+aggregates 1&frac12; million acres.</p>
+
+<p>On the lakes and rivers first-class steamers give accommodation to the
+settlements along the banks and in the valleys, and afford excellent
+transportation for tourists. There are lines of steamers in service
+between Vancouver, Japan, and China; between Vancouver and Australia;
+between Vancouver and Mexico, and between Vancouver and England via the
+Suez Canal. These ocean communications of British Columbia are highly
+important. Vancouver is the terminus of the shortest route from
+Liverpool to Yokohama and all important points of the Far East. The
+Province has a considerable coasting fleet, having direct connection
+with Yukon and Alaska. There is not as yet a large Pacific marine of
+Canadian registry. Although in the service of Canadian interests the
+tonnage is largely British.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Rich Province.</b>&mdash;British Columbia coal measures are sufficient to
+supply the world for centuries. It possesses the greatest compact area
+of merchantable timber in the world. The mines are in the early stages
+of their development, and have already produced about 400 million
+dollars, of which coal contributed 122 million. The value of the mineral
+production in 1911 was 30 million dollars. The fisheries return an
+average annual yield of nearly 10 million dollars. British Columbia's
+trade, per head of population, is the largest in the world. The chief
+exports are salmon, coal, gold, silver, copper, lead, timber, masts and
+spars, furs and skins, whale-oil, sealskins, hops, and fruit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Railways.</b>&mdash;The Canadian Pacific Railway has two main lines and several
+branches making connection with United States railway systems, as well
+as operating on Vancouver Island. With the exception of one or two small
+gaps the Grand Trunk Pacific will have its line completed through
+Central British Columbia this year. This will open up a very large area
+for settlement. At the Pacific terminus in Prince Rupert, splendid
+steamers connect with other portions of the Mainland and with Vancouver
+Island.</p>
+
+<p>The Canadian Northern has secured low grades across the Rockies and,
+making its way down the Fraser and North Thompson, finds an easy outlet
+at Port Mann near Vancouver. The Great Northern enters the Province at
+points in the boundary. The provincial railway mileage is 1,854 miles
+with 1,000 miles under construction.</p>
+
+<p><b>Stock.</b>&mdash;Dairying pays handsomely in British Columbia. The local demand
+for butter is constantly increasing and the prices secured are higher
+than in Eastern Canada. The Province possesses many elements necessary
+to constitute it a great dairying country. There are extensive areas of
+pastoral land in the interior, while increased cultivation in the lower
+country will form the necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply
+of good water, and luxuriant and nutritious grasses, there is every
+required facility added. Cattle raising on a large scale was formerly
+one of the chief industries of the Province, and many of the large
+ranches are still making money, but the tendency of late has been for
+smaller herds and the improvement of the stock. Sheep raising is another
+branch of agriculture capable of great expansion. Hogs, in small
+farming, are probably the most profitable of live stock, owing to the
+general demand for pork, bacon, ham, and lard, and much attention is now
+being given to raising them. Over 1 million dollars of hog products are
+imported annually, and prices are always high. The demand for good
+horses, especially heavy draft and working animals, is always
+increasing, and prices are consequently high.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dairy Products.</b>&mdash;In 1912 this industry reached a valuation of nearly 4
+million dollars. Poultry raising is a branch of general farming which is
+beginning to receive special attention in British Columbia. The home
+market is nowhere nearly supplied either with eggs or poultry, large
+quantities being imported from Manitoba, Ontario, California,
+Washington, and elsewhere. Good prices prevail at all seasons of the
+year. Every portion of British Columbia is suitable for poultry raising.
+In the Coast districts, hens, ducks, and geese can be raised to great
+advantage, and the dry belts and uplands are particularly well adapted
+to turkeys.</p>
+
+<p><b>Grain.</b>&mdash;Wheat is grown principally in the Fraser, Okanagan, and
+Spallumcheen Valleys and in the country around Kamloops. Barley of
+excellent quality is grown in many parts of the Province. Oats are the
+principal grain crop, the quality and yield being good, and the demand
+beyond the quantity grown. Potatoes, turnips, carrots, mangolds, and all
+other roots grow in profusion wherever their cultivation has been
+attempted. Hop culture is carried on in the Okanagan, Agassiz, and
+Chilliwak districts. British Columbia hops command a good price in
+England and recently Eastern Canada and Australia have bid for them.
+Some attention has been given to the cultivation of sugar-beets,
+tobacco, and celery, and in each case with the most gratifying results,
+ensuring an early expansion of operations in all of these lines.</p>
+
+<p>In 1912 there was a total agricultural production in the Province of
+about 14&frac12; million dollars, but there was imported another 15 million
+dollars' worth.</p>
+
+<p>British Columbia agriculturists and fruit growers are particularly
+fortunate in having a splendid home market for their products, and for
+their surplus there is the enormous present and illimitable future
+demand of the Prairie Provinces, assuring always good prices and ready
+sale for everything they produce.</p>
+
+<p><b>Game.</b>&mdash;For big-game hunters there are moose, wapiti, sheep, caribou,
+goat, deer, grizzly, black, and brown bear, wolves, panthers, lynx, and
+wild cats; in the way of small game there is the best snipe shooting
+procurable anywhere, and duck and geese, prairie chicken, grouse, and
+quail abound. In addition to sport with rifle and shot gun, salmon
+fishing, unknown elsewhere, trout and grayling fishing, unsurpassed in
+any other country, may be enjoyed at a minimum of cost and
+inconvenience.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0040.jpg" width="750" height="240" alt="In Central British Columbia there is an area of
+agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere. Wonderful yields of all
+small grains are reported." title="In Central British Columbia there is an area of
+agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere. Wonderful yields of all
+small grains are reported." />
+<span class="caption">In Central British Columbia there is an area of
+agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere. Wonderful yields of all
+small grains are reported.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="WHAT_WINS_IN_CENTRAL_CANADA" id="WHAT_WINS_IN_CENTRAL_CANADA"></a>WHAT WINS IN CENTRAL CANADA</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>The adaptable and friendly man going into Canada will find a welcome
+awaiting him. There is room for everybody. The man already established,
+the railways, and the Government are equally anxious to secure further
+immigration of the right kind. The new man is not looked upon as an
+intruder but as a producer of new wealth, an enricher of the
+commonwealth. The new man should buy his tools as he needs them. Until
+he has more than thirty acres under crop he can work with a neighbour,
+in exchange for the services of a binder. He may not need to build a
+granary for two or three years. A cow is a good investment, and a
+vegetable garden easily pays its own way.</p>
+
+<p>A few broad general suggestions might be made to the settlers who come
+in with varying capital at their command.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Man Who Has Less Than $300.</b>&mdash;This man had better work for wages for
+the first year. He can either hire out to established farmers or find
+employment on railway construction work. During the year, opportunity
+may open up for him to take up his free grant or make the first payment
+on a quarter-section that he would like to purchase.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Man Who Has $600.</b>&mdash;Get hold of your 160-acre free homestead at once,
+build your shack, and proceed with your homestead duties. During the six
+months that you are free to absent yourself from your homestead, hire
+out to some successful farmer and get enough to tide you over the other
+half of the year which you must spend in residence upon the land. When
+you have put in six months' residence during each of these years and
+have complied with the improvement conditions required by the Land Act,
+you become the absolute owner.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Man Who Has $1,000.</b>&mdash;Either homestead a farm or purchase one on the
+installment plan, and get to work at once. A small house and out
+buildings will be required, with horses or oxen, a plough, a wagon, etc.
+Working out in the harvest season will be needed to bring in money to
+tide over the winter and get the crop sown in good condition. As the
+crop grows, opportunity is given to make the house comfortable, to look
+around and plan ahead.</p>
+
+<p><b>What $1,500 Will Buy.</b>&mdash;No farmer should come expecting to make a
+homestead pay its own way the first year. He needs buildings, an
+equipment, and money for the maintenance of himself and family, until
+his first harvest can be garnered. After securing his land and putting
+up his buildings, $1,500 will give him a fairly good equipment to begin
+with. This will probably be expended as under:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="What $1,500 Will Buy">
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>team of good horses</td>
+<td align='right'>$&nbsp;450.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>harvester</td>
+<td align='right'>165.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>4</td>
+<td align='left'>milch cows at $65</td>
+<td align='right'>260.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>seeder</td>
+<td align='right'>113.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>strong wagon</td>
+<td align='right'>94.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>4</td>
+<td align='left'>hogs at $25</td>
+<td align='right'>100.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>4</td>
+<td align='left'>sheep at $8</td>
+<td align='right'>32.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>set strong harness</td>
+<td align='right'>35.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>rough sleigh</td>
+<td align='right'>37.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>disc harrow</td>
+<td align='right'>36.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>breaking plough</td>
+<td align='right'>25.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>mowing machine</td>
+<td align='right'>60.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>stubble plough</td>
+<td align='right'>20.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>1</td>
+<td align='left'>harrow</td>
+<td align='right'>20.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'></td>
+<td align='left'>Other smaller tools</td>
+<td align='right'>40.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'></td>
+<td align='left'>Barnyard fowls</td>
+<td align='right'>40.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'></td>
+<td align='left'>Total</td>
+<td align='right'>$1527.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>If the settler locates early in the season he may get in a crop of
+potatoes or oats in May or early June.</p>
+
+<p><b>Will a Quarter-Section Pay?</b>&mdash;"Will the tilling of a quarter of a section
+(160 acres) pay?" when asked of those who have tried it provokes the
+invariable answer that "It will and does pay." "We, or those following
+us, will make less than that pay," said one who had proved up on a
+homestead. Another pointed to the fact that many of those who commenced
+on homesteads are now owners of other quarters&mdash;and even larger areas,
+showing that they have progressed in obtaining more land, while others
+still have stuck to the homestead quarter and this year are marketing as
+much as $2,000 worth of grain and often nearer $3,000.</p>
+
+<p><b>Shall You Buy, Rent or Homestead?</b>&mdash;The question is one that Canadian
+Government officials are frequently asked, especially in the homes of a
+family of boys who have become interested in Central Canada. If the
+young man has grit and inexperience let him homestead. Treating this
+subject in a newspaper article, a correspondent very tersely says, "He
+will survive the ordeal and gain his experience at less cost."</p>
+
+<p>Another has ample knowledge of farming practice, experience in farm
+management, but lacks pluck and staying power and the capacity to
+endure. The food for thought and opportunity for action provided by the
+management of an improved farm would be just the stimulus required to
+make him settle into harness and "work out his own salvation in fear and
+trembling."</p>
+
+<p>Many men make excellent, progressive, broad-gauge farmers, by renting,
+or buying an improved farm in a settled district and keeping in touch
+with more advanced thought and methods. Their immediate financial
+success may not be so great; their ultimate success will be much
+greater, for they have been saved from narrow-gauge ways and withering
+at the top.</p>
+
+<p>Let the boy take the route that appeals to him. Don't force him to
+homestead if he pines to rent. Don't try to keep him at home if
+homesteading looks good to him. The thing to remember is that success
+may be achieved by any one of the three routes. If the foundation is all
+right, hard work the method, and thoroughness the motto, it makes little
+difference what road is taken&mdash;whether homesteading, buying, or
+renting&mdash;Central Canada is big enough, and good farming profitable
+enough.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/p0041.jpg" width="750" height="355" alt="Alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the
+Provinces of Western Canada. The above is a Manitoba illustration, but
+will apply to the other Provinces." title="Alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the
+Provinces of Western Canada. The above is a Manitoba illustration, but
+will apply to the other Provinces." />
+<span class="caption">Alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the
+Provinces of Western Canada. The above is a Manitoba illustration, but
+will apply to the other Provinces.</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/pageheader.jpg" width="750" height="95" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" />
+</div>
+<h2><a name="YOUR_OPPORTUNITY" id="YOUR_OPPORTUNITY"></a>YOUR OPPORTUNITY</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>Contentment is not necessarily achieved by accomplishments that benefit
+the world&mdash;the world outside the small sphere in which we move; but when
+accompanied by such accomplishments how the satisfaction broadens! The
+genius whose inventions have been of service to mankind is in a plane
+far above that of the simple-minded individual who finds contentment in
+the little things of life affecting himself alone.</p>
+
+<p>Feeding the world is no mean accomplishment. Nor is it a vain or
+trifling boast to say that this is what the farmer of Western Canada has
+started out to do. He is sure to find contentment. Part of his
+contentment will be the consciousness of doing world-wide good; part of
+it will be the personal enjoyment of an inspiring liberty and
+independence. Afield and abroad his friends will learn what he is doing.
+Soon they too will become partners in a work that not only betters their
+own condition, but ministers to the needs of the whole world in the
+raising of products that go to "feed the world."</p>
+
+<p>It is to those who desire this broad contentment that the Canadian
+Government extends the heartiest welcome, and to such men it offers the
+vast opportunities of a country richer in possibilities than any other
+in the present century. To the man on the farm in other regions, whom
+success has followed with slow tread; to the farmer's son, who has
+watched with unsatisfied eye the unrequited efforts of his forbears,
+seeing the life that has made his mother a "drudge," noting the struggle
+which has stooped his father's shoulders, dimmed his vision, dwarfed his
+spirit, and returned nothing but existence and a meagre bank account&mdash;it
+is to these men, father and son, that the opportunities of Western
+Canada are presented. To them an invitation is extended to secure the
+contentment found in personal progress and world-wide benefaction.</p>
+
+<p>The possibilities of Western Canada are no longer new and untried.
+Twelve or fifteen years of cultivation have made it a vital, living
+land, and placed it on the level with the greatest of the food-producing
+countries. That same redundant energy will shortly make it the richly
+laden "bread basket" not of England only, but of the entire world.</p>
+
+<p>Here every condition is a health bringer as well as a wealth bringer. A
+few months in this "New World" to which you are invited and where
+rejuvenating physical and mental changes are wrought; where before hard
+work was drudgery, it is now a delight; where nothing but fresh trouble
+darkened the horizon, the outlook is now a rainbow of promise. Industry
+is seasoned with the compelling spirit of adventure, and the thought of
+the coming harvest constantly lightens the burden of labor.</p>
+
+<p>The crowded city dweller, curbing those natural desires for
+home-building that are as natural as breathing, will find in Western
+Canada a country where nothing is so plentiful as space. And in building
+his home here he is surely laying the foundation for a competence, and
+very often for a fortune. Along with prosperity there is abounding
+happiness and good fellowship in the farming communities. The
+homesteader, beginning in a modest way, rears his first habitation with
+practical and serviceable ends in view. His next-door neighbours are
+ready and willing to help him put a roof over his head. There is a
+splendid lend-a-hand sentiment mixed with the vigorous climate. The
+first harvest, like all succeeding harvests, comes quickly, because the
+soil is a lightning producer. All summer long the settler has dreamed of
+nothing but acres of waving grain; with the autumn the sight of hopes
+fulfilled compensates him for his months of toil. In due time the crop
+is harvested and marketed, the debts are wiped out, and the settler
+proudly opens his bank account.</p>
+
+<p>When he has turned the golden grain into the golden coin of the realm he
+realizes for the first time what it means to be liberally paid for the
+work of his hand and brain. The reward of the farmer in Western Canada
+is sure; and as the soil responds faithfully to his husbandry, year
+after year, he looks back upon the old conditions he has left with
+devout thankfulness that they are past.</p>
+
+<p>After the bumper harvest the happy young farmer can send for the wife or
+the bride-to-be whom he has left "back home." A few years ago "down on
+the farm" was an expression synonymous with isolation, loneliness and
+primitive living. Not so to-day. Whatever his previous outlook, the
+settler in Western Canada cannot go on raising large crops and selling
+his products for high prices without enlarging his view of life in
+general and bettering his material conditions. He needs to practice no
+rigid economy. He can afford to supply his wife and children with all
+the best the markets provide. An up-to-date farm house in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, or Alberta has very much the same conveniences as the
+average home of the well-to-do in any other part of the world. Nine
+times out of ten it is because he feels confident he can increase the
+comfort and happiness of his wife and children that the settler
+emigrates to Western Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Western Canada is no longer a land calling only to the hardy young
+adventurer; it calls to the settler and to his wife and children. And
+with its invitation goes the promise not only of larger financial
+returns, but of domestic happiness in a pure, wholesome environment.</p>
+
+<p>Railroads bring to the doors of the settler the fruits of all countries
+and here is to hand the use of every modern idea and invention. The
+climate is the most health-giving, all-year kind. There is latent riches
+in the soil, produced by centuries of accumulation of decayed
+vegetation, and the fat producing qualities of the native grasses are
+unexcelled in any part of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The soil produces the best qualities of wheat, oats, barley, flax, and
+all kinds of vegetables and roots in less time than many districts
+farther south in the states. There are inexhaustible coal deposits and
+natural gas and oil fields, as yet unknown in extent or production. The
+Canadian Rockies, forming a western boundary to the great agricultural
+area, supply the needed mineral and building materials. In the north and
+west there are immense forests. Lakes and rivers are capable of an
+enormous development for power purposes, besides supplying an abundance
+of food and game fishes, and forests and prairies are full of big and
+small game of all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>But all this is yet undeveloped and unused. All kinds of live stock can
+be raised here for less money than in the more thickly populated
+communities.</p>
+
+<p>One Western Canada farmer in 1912 secured a crop of Marquis wheat,
+yielding 76 bushels per acre. This is spoken of as a record yield, and
+this is doubtless true, but several cases have been brought to notice
+where yields almost as large have been produced, and in different parts
+of the country. During the past year there have been reported many
+yields of from 35 to 45 bushels of wheat to the acre. Oats, too, were a
+successful crop and so was the barley and oat crop. Wheat that would
+yield 40 bushels per acre, would bring on the market 70 cents (a fair
+figure) per bushel, a gross return of $28 per acre. Allow $12 per acre
+(an outside figure) there would be a balance of $16 per acre net profit.
+This figure should satisfy anyone having land that cost less than $100
+per acre.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="GENERAL_INFORMATION" id="GENERAL_INFORMATION"></a>GENERAL INFORMATION</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>Owing to the number of questions asked daily, it has been deemed
+advisable to put in condensed form, such questions as most naturally
+occur, giving the answers which experience dictates as appropriate,
+conveying the information commonly asked for. If the reader does not
+find here the answer to his particular difficulty, a letter to the
+Superintendent, or to any Government Agent, will secure full
+particulars.</p>
+
+<p><b>1. Where are the lands referred to?</b></p>
+
+<p>In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and in British Columbia.</p>
+
+<p><b>2. What kind of land is it?</b></p>
+
+<p>The land is mostly prairie (except in British Columbia) and can be
+secured free from timber and stones, if desired, the soil being the very
+best alluvial black loam from one to two feet deep, with a clay subsoil.
+It is just rolling enough to give good drainage, and in places there is
+plenty of timber, while some is underlaid with good coal.</p>
+
+<p><b>3. If the land is what you say, why is the Government giving it away?</b></p>
+
+<p>The Government, knowing that agriculture is the foundation of a
+progressive country, and that large yields of farm produce insure
+prosperity in all other branches of business, is doing everything in its
+power to encourage settlement. It is much better for each man to own his
+own farm, therefore a free grant of 160 acres is given to every man who
+will reside upon and cultivate it.</p>
+
+<p><b>4. Is it timber or prairie land?</b></p>
+
+<p>The province of Manitoba has considerable open prairie, especially in
+the southwest; towards the centre it is parklike with some timber belts
+in parts.</p>
+
+<p>The southern parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta are chiefly open prairie
+with growths of timber along the streams. As you go north or northwest
+about 20 per cent of the country may be said to be timbered.</p>
+
+<p><b>5. Then as to climate?</b></p>
+
+<p>The summer days are warm and the nights cool. The fall and spring are
+most delightful, although it may be said that winter breaks almost into
+summer, and the latter lasts until October. Winters are pleasant and
+healthful. There are no pulmonary or other endemic complaints. Snow
+begins to fall about the middle of November and in March there is
+generally very little. Near the Rockies the snowfall is not as heavy as
+farther east, and the chinook winds have a tempering influence. The
+absence of the snowfall would be regretted by the farmer. Nature has
+generously provided for every mile of the country, and there is really
+very little choice with the exception that farther west the climate is
+somewhat milder.</p>
+
+<p><b>6. Is there sufficient rainfall?</b></p>
+
+<p>A sufficient supply can be relied upon. The most rain falls in May and
+June, when most needed.</p>
+
+<p><b>7. What are the roads like?</b></p>
+
+<p>Bridges and culverts are built where needed, and roadways are usually
+graded up; but not gravelled or macadamized. The natural prairie road is
+superior to most manufactured roads, and afford good travelling in
+ordinary seasons and every fall and winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>8. What sort of people are settled there, and is English generally
+spoken?</b></p>
+
+<p>Canadians, English, Scotch, Irish, French, and English-speaking
+Americans (who are going in, in large numbers), with Germans and
+Scandinavians. English is the language of the country, and is spoken
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p><b>9. Will I have to change my citizenship if I go to Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>An alien, before making entry for free homestead land, must declare his
+intention of becoming a British subject and become naturalized before
+obtaining patent for his land. In the meanwhile he can hold possession,
+and exercise right of ownership. If not a British subject he must reside
+three years to become naturalized. To become a British subject a settler
+of foreign birth should make application to anyone authorized to
+administer oaths in a Canadian Court. An alien may purchase land from
+any of the railway or land companies and hold title deed without
+changing his citizenship.</p>
+
+<p><b>10. How about American money?</b></p>
+
+<p>American money is taken everywhere in Central Canada at its face value.</p>
+
+<p><b>11. Can a man who has used his homestead right in the United States take
+a homestead in Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>Yes.</p>
+
+<p><b>12. If a British subject has taken out "citizen papers" in the United
+States how does he stand in Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>He must be "repatriated," i.e., take out a certificate of
+naturalization, which can be done after three months' residence in
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p><b>13. What grains are raised in Central Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>Wheat (winter and spring), oats, barley, flax, speltz, rye and other
+small grains, and corn is grown chiefly for silo purposes.</p>
+
+<p><b>14. How long does it take wheat to mature?</b></p>
+
+<p>The average time is from 100 to 118 days. This short time in accounted
+for by the long hours of sunlight which during the growing and ripening
+season, will average 16 hours a day.</p>
+
+<p><b>15. Can a man raise a crop on the first breaking of his land?</b></p>
+
+<p>Yes, but it is not well to use the land for any other purpose the first
+year than for raising garden vegetables, or perhaps a crop of flax, as
+it is necessarily rough on account of the heavy sod not having had time
+to rot and become workable. Good yields of oats have been reported on
+breaking.</p>
+
+<p><b>16. Is there plenty of hay available?</b></p>
+
+<p>In many parts there is sufficient wild hay meadow on government or
+vacant land, which may be rented at a very low rental, if you have not
+enough on your own farm. Experience has proven that timothy, brome,
+clover and other cultivated grasses do well. Yields of brome have been
+reported from two to four tons per acre. Alfalfa under proper
+cultivation in many places gives successful yields.</p>
+
+<p><b>17. Do vegetables thrive and what kinds are grown?</b></p>
+
+<p>Potatoes, turnips, carrots, beets, onions, parsnips, cabbages, peas,
+beans, celery, pumpkins, tomatoes, squash, melons, etc., are unequalled
+anywhere.</p>
+
+<p><b>18. Can fruit be raised and what varieties?</b></p>
+
+<p>Small fruits grow wild. The cultivated are plums, cranberries,
+strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, currants. In British Columbia
+fruit growing of all kinds is carried on very extensively and
+successfully.</p>
+
+<p><b>19. About what time does seeding begin?</b></p>
+
+<p>As a rule farmers begin their seeding from the first to the fifteenth of
+April, sometimes continuing well into May. The average yield of all
+grains in Central Canada would be largely increased, did not some
+farmers unwisely do seeding until the middle of June.</p>
+
+<p><b>20. How is it for stock raising?</b></p>
+
+<p>The country has no equal. In many parts cattle and horses are not housed
+throughout the winter, and so nutritious are the wild grasses that stock
+is marketed without having been fed any grain.</p>
+
+<p><b>21. In what way can I secure land in Central Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>By homesteading, or purchasing from railway or land companies. The
+Dominion Government has no land for sale. The British Columbia
+Government sells land to actual settlers at low figures.</p>
+
+<p><b>22. Can I get a map or list of lands vacant and open to homestead entry?</b></p>
+
+<p>It has been found impracticable to keep a publication of that kind up to
+date, owing to the daily changes. An intending settler on reaching the
+district he selects should enquire of the Dominion Lands Agent what
+lands are vacant in that particular locality, finally narrowing down the
+enquiry to a township or two, diagrams of which, with the vacant lands
+marked, will be supplied free. A competent land guide can be had.</p>
+
+<p><b>23. How far are homestead lands from lines of railway?</b></p>
+
+<p>They vary, but at present the nearest will be from 15 to 20 miles.
+Railways are being built into the new districts.</p>
+
+<p><b>24. In which districts are located the most and best available
+homesteads?</b></p>
+
+<p>The character of homestead wanted by the settler will decide this. Very
+few homesteads are vacant in the southern districts; towards the centre
+and north portions of the provinces, homesteads are plentiful. They
+comprise a territory in which wood for building purposes and fuel are
+plentiful.</p>
+
+<p><b>25. Is there any good land close to the Rocky Mountains?</b></p>
+
+<p>The nearer you approach the mountains the more hilly it becomes, and the
+elevation is too great for grain raising. Cattle and horses do well.</p>
+
+<p><b>26. If a man take his family there before he selects a homestead can he
+get temporary accommodation?</b></p>
+
+<p>At the following places the Government maintains Immigration halls with
+free temporary accommodation for those desiring such and supplying their
+own provisions. It is always better for the head of the family, or such
+member of it as may be entitled to homestead, to select and make entry
+for lands before moving family:</p>
+
+<p>Biggar, Brandon, Calgary, Caster, Cereal, Edmonton, Edson, Emerson,
+Entwistle, Gravelburg, Herbert, Kerrobert, Lloydminster, Lethbridge,
+Moose Jaw, North Battleford, North Portal, Prince Albert, Regina,
+Saskatoon, Strathcona, South Battleford, Swift Current, Tisdale, Unity,
+Vegreville, Vermilion, Viking, Virden, Wainwright, Wilkie, Yonkers.</p>
+
+<p><b>27. Where must I make my homestead entry?</b></p>
+
+<p>At the Dominion Lands Office for the district.</p>
+
+<p><b>28. Can homestead lands he reserved for a minor?</b></p>
+
+<p>An agent of Dominion Lands may reserve a quarter-section for a minor
+over 17 years of age until he is 18, if his father, or other near
+relative live upon homestead or upon farming land owned, not less than
+80 acres, within nine miles of reserved homestead. The minor must make
+entry in person within one month after becoming 18 years of age.</p>
+
+<p><b>29. Can a person borrow money on a homestead before receiving patent?</b></p>
+
+<p>No; contrary to Dominion Lands Act.</p>
+
+<p><b>30. Would the time I was away working for a neighbour, or on the
+railway, or other work count as time on my homestead?</b></p>
+
+<p>Only actual residence on your homestead will count, and you must reside
+on homestead six months in each of three years.</p>
+
+<p><b>31. Is it permissible to reside with brother, who has filed on adjoining
+land?</b></p>
+
+<p>A homesteader may reside with father, mother, son, daughter, brother, or
+sister on farming land owned solely by him or her, not less than 80
+acres, or upon homestead entered for by him or her not more than nine
+miles from entrant's homestead. Fifty acres of homestead must be brought
+under cultivation, instead of 30 acres, as is the case when there is
+direct residence.</p>
+
+<p><b>32. How shall I know what to do or where to go when I reach there?</b></p>
+
+<p>Make a careful study of this pamphlet and decide in a general way on the
+district in which you wish to settle. Then put yourself in communication
+with your nearest Canadian Government Agent, whose name appears on the
+second page of cover. At Winnipeg, and in the offices of any of the
+Dominion Lands Agents in Central Canada, are maps showing vacant lands.
+Having decided on the district where you will make your home, the
+services of a competent land guide may be secured to assist in locating.</p>
+
+<p><b>33. What is the best way to get there?</b></p>
+
+<p>Write your nearest Canadian Government Agent for routes, and settlers'
+low railway rate certificate good from the Canadian boundary to
+destination for passengers and freight.</p>
+
+<p><b>34. How much baggage will I be allowed on the Canadian railways?</b></p>
+
+<p>150 pounds for each full ticket.</p>
+
+<p><b>35. Are settlers' effects bonded through to destination, or are they
+examined at the boundary?</b></p>
+
+<p>If settler accompanies effects they will be examined at the boundary,
+without any trouble; if effects are unaccompanied they will go through
+to the nearest bonding (or customs) point to destination.</p>
+
+<p><b>36. In case settler's family follow him what about railway rates?</b></p>
+
+<p>On application to Canadian Government Agent, settlers' low railway rate
+certificate will be forwarded, and they will be given the settlers'
+privilege.</p>
+
+<p><b>37. What is the duty on horses and cattle if a settler should want to
+take in more than the number allowed free into Canada?</b></p>
+
+<p>When for the improvement of stock free; otherwise, over one year old,
+they will be valued at a minimum of $50 per head, and duty will be 25
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p><b>38. How much money must one have to start grain farming and how little
+can he do with if he goes ranching?</b></p>
+
+<p>See Chapter "What wins in Central Canada," page 37.</p>
+
+<p><b>39. How can I procure lands for ranching?</b></p>
+
+<p>They may be leased from the Government at a low rental. Write for full
+particulars to Secretary of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada.</p>
+
+<p><b>40. In those parts which are better for cattle and sheep than for grain,
+what does a man do if he has only 160 acres?</b></p>
+
+<p>If a settler should desire to go into stock raising and his
+quarter-section of 160 acres should not prove sufficient to furnish
+pasture for his stock, he can make application to the Land Commissioner
+for a lease for grazing lands for a term of twenty-one years, at a very
+low cost.</p>
+
+<p><b>41. Where is information to be had about British Columbia?</b></p>
+
+<p>Apply to Secretary Provincial Bureau of Information, Victoria, B. C.</p>
+
+<p><b>42. Is living expensive?</b></p>
+
+<p>Sugar, granulated, 14 to 18 lbs. for $1, according to fluctuation of
+market. Tea, 30 to 50 cents a lb.; coffee, 30 to 45 cents a lb.; flour,
+$2.25 to $3.00 per 98 lbs. Dry goods about Eastern Canada prices. Cotton
+somewhat dearer than in United States, and woollen goods noticeably
+cheaper. Stoves and furniture somewhat higher than eastern prices, owing
+to freight charges.</p>
+
+<p><b>43. Are the taxes high?</b></p>
+
+<p>No. Having no expensive system of municipal or county organization,
+taxes are necessarily low. Each quarter-section of land, consisting of
+160 acres, owned or occupied, is taxed very low. The only other taxes
+are for schools. In the locations where the settlers have formed school
+districts the total tax for all purposes on a quarter-section amounts to
+from $10 to $14.50 per annum.</p>
+
+<p><b>44. Does the Government tax the settler if he lets his cattle run on
+Government lands? If they fence their land, is he obliged to fence his
+also?</b></p>
+
+<p>The settler is not required to pay a tax for allowing his cattle to run
+on Government land, but it is advisable to lease land from the
+Government for haying or grazing purposes, when needed. If one fences
+his land, his adjoining neighbour has to stand a proportionate share of
+the cost of the fence adjoining his property, or build one-half of it
+himself.</p>
+
+<p><b>45. Where can a settler sell what he raises? Is there any competition
+amongst buyers, or has he got to sell for anything he can get?</b></p>
+
+<p>A system of elevators is established by railway companies and others
+throughout the entire West. Grain is bought at these and forwarded to
+the great markets in other parts of Canada, the United States, and
+Europe. Canadian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> flour mills, oatmeal mills, and breweries use millions
+of bushels of grain annually. To the west and northwest of Central
+Canada lie mining regions, which are dependent upon the prairies for
+supplies and will to a great extent continue to be. Beef is bought on
+the hoof at the home of the farmer or rancher. Buyers scour the country
+in quest of this product.</p>
+
+<p><b>46. Where can material for a house and sheds be procured, and about what
+would it cost? What about fuel? Do people suffer from the cold?</b></p>
+
+<p>Though there are large tracts of forest in the Canadian West there are
+localities where building timber and material is limited, but this has
+not proven any drawback as the Government has made provision that should
+a man settle on a quarter-section deprived of timber, he can, by making
+application to the Dominion Lands Agent, obtain a permit to cut on
+Government lands free of charge the following, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>1. 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, measuring no more than 12
+inches at the butt, or 9,250 feet board measure. 2. 400 roofing poles.
+3. 2,000 fencing rails and 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not
+exceeding five (5) inches in diameter at the small end. 4. 30 cords of
+dry fuel wood for firewood.</p>
+
+<p>The settler has only the expense of the cutting and hauling to his
+homestead. The principal districts are within easy reach of firewood;
+the settlers of Alberta and Saskatchewan are particularly favoured,
+especially along the various streams, from some of which they get all
+the coal they require, at a trifling cost. No one in the country need
+suffer from the cold on account of scarcity of fuel.</p>
+
+<p><b>47. Is it advisable to go into a new country during the winter months
+with uncertain weather conditions?</b></p>
+
+<p>A few years ago, when settlement was sparse, settlers were advised to
+wait until March or April. Now that so many have friends in Western
+Canada there need be no hesitation when to start. Lines of railway
+penetrate most of the settled districts, and no one need go far from
+neighbours already settled. There is no longer the dread of pioneering,
+and it is robbed of the romance that once surrounded it. With farm
+already selected, it is perfectly safe, and to the prospective
+homesteader he can get some sort of occupation until early spring, when
+he will be on the ground ready for it.</p>
+
+<p><b>48. What does lumber cost?</b></p>
+
+<p>Spruce boards and dimensions, about $20 per thousand feet; shiplap, $23
+to $28; flooring and siding, $25 up, according to quality; cedar
+shingles, from $3.50 to $4.25 per thousand. These prices fluctuate.</p>
+
+<p><b>49. What chance is there for employment when a man first goes there and
+isn't working on his land?</b></p>
+
+<p>There are different industries through the country, outside of farming
+and ranching, such as sawmills, flour mills, brick-yards, railroad
+building in the summer, and lumbering in the winter. The chances for
+employment are good as a large percentage of those going in and those
+already there farm so much that they must have help, and pay good wages.
+During the past two seasons from twenty to thirty thousand farm
+labourers have been brought in each year from the eastern Provinces and
+the United States to assist in caring for the large crops. The capable
+and willing worker is sure to succeed in Canada.</p>
+
+<p><b>50. Can I get employment with a farmer so as to become acquainted with
+local conditions?</b></p>
+
+<p>This can be done through the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg,
+who is in a position to offer engagements with well established farmers.
+Men experienced in agriculture may expect to receive from $25 up per
+month with board and lodging, engagements, if desired, to extend for
+twelve months. Summer wages are from $30 to $35 per month; winter wages
+$10 to $15. During harvest wages are higher than this.</p>
+
+<p><b>51. If I have had no experience and simply desire to learn farming in
+Central Canada before starting on my own account?</b></p>
+
+<p>Young men and others unacquainted with farm life, willing to accept from
+$8 up per month, including board and lodging, will find positions
+through the Government officers at Winnipeg. Wages are dependent upon
+experience and qualification. After working for a year in this way, the
+knowledge acquired will be sufficient to justify you in securing and
+farming on your own account.</p>
+
+<p><b>52. Are there any schools outside the towns?</b></p>
+
+<p>School districts cannot exceed five miles in length or breadth, and must
+contain at least four actual residents, and twelve children between the
+ages of five and sixteen. In almost every locality, where these
+conditions exist, schools have been established.</p>
+
+<p><b>53. Are churches numerous?</b></p>
+
+<p>The various denominations are well represented and churches are being
+built rapidly even in the most remote districts.</p>
+
+<p><b>54. Can water be secured at reasonable depth?</b></p>
+
+<p>In most places it can be had at from fifteen to forty feet, while in
+other places wells have been sunk to fifty or sixty feet.</p>
+
+<p><b>55. Where are free homesteads to-day, and how far from railway?</b></p>
+
+<p>In some well settled districts it may be possible to secure one by
+cancelling, but such chances are few. Between the lakes in Manitoba as
+well as north and southeast of Winnipeg. In the central portions of
+Saskatchewan, Alberta and west of Moose Jaw and Swift Current. A
+splendid homestead area is that lying north of Battleford, and between
+Prince Albert and Edmonton north of the Canadian Northern railway. One
+will have to go at least twelve or fifteen miles from a line of railway
+at present, but extensions will soon make many homesteads available.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="VALUABLE_HINTS_FOR_THE_MAN_ABOUT_TO_START" id="VALUABLE_HINTS_FOR_THE_MAN_ABOUT_TO_START"></a>VALUABLE HINTS FOR THE MAN ABOUT TO START</h2>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+
+<p>The newcomer may start for Western Canada during any month in the year.
+Railroads carry him to a short distance of his new home, the country
+roads are good, and there is settlement in all parts, so that shelter is
+easily reached. Temporary provision is required for the family's
+arrival, when better may be made. If going in the winter months, it is
+well to have a pair of good strong sleds. As teams cost $5 a day take
+along your horses and do your own hauling. As they require care, write
+ahead to some livery barn for room. In shipping your horses have them
+loaded by the best shipper in your home town. For feeding on the way,
+put in two-by-four cleats breast high on the horses, and fix to fit the
+end of a stout trough which is dropped in, afterwards nailing on a top
+cleat. If they have been used to corn take along twenty bushels for each
+horse, if possible, not to feed alone along the way, but to use while
+breaking them in to an oat diet. You need both hay and oat straw on the
+cars. The new arrival may have to pay $7 a ton for hay and 40 cents per
+bushel for oats. Railroad construction consumes lots of both, and not
+half the farmers take time in the fall to put up plenty of hay. Bring
+all the horses you can. Five big horses can pull a twelve-inch gang
+through the sod, but six can do it easier, and you can use five on the
+harrow. You can hitch a team to a goat or scrubber, as they call them
+here, and lead them behind the drill, making your ground smooth and
+packing it lightly, as you put in the seed. If you have been intending
+to bring eight horses, bring twelve; if you were going to bring twelve,
+bring sixteen. The first two years on the new land is hard on horses,
+and you will need plenty. If you have any spare time or can get help,
+they bring in money. I know two men who cleared over $600 apiece doing
+outside work this last summer. They worked on the roads, in harvest and
+threshing, and received $5 per day for man and team. One can get all the
+outside breaking one's team can do at $4 per acre, so horse power is the
+main thing.</p>
+
+<p>Take a supply of meat along, also lard, canned goods, and other things
+for your cellar. One settler took a sugar barrel packed with canned
+fruit, and had not a single can broken or frozen, wrapping each in a
+whole newspaper and then packing in between with old rags, worn out
+underwear, old vests, and such goods as might otherwise be thrown away.
+Remember there is no old attic or store-room to go to on the new farm.
+The same settler says: "Cooked goods are also good. In the cold weather
+we kept and used beef that had been roasted two weeks before, and a
+bushel of cookies lasted well into the summer, keeping fresh in a tin
+box. Bring your cows and also your separator. The latter will not sell
+for much at the sale and is useful here, as you have no place to store
+quantities of milk. Bring at least your two best cows with you on the
+journey. We had milk all along the road and furnished the dining car
+cooks (we had a diner on our freight train) for favors they extended.
+Then when we landed we found that milk and cream were scarce, and butter
+of the farm variety out of range.</p>
+
+<p>"We packed two one-gallon jars before we moved and also some to use on
+the way. This lasted fresh and sweet until it was all used and saved us
+the trouble of churning or saving cream, hence we lived high on cream
+for the first few weeks. It came in handy making corn starch, as well as
+on our fruit and in a dozen other ways. We also had a nice big box of
+groceries handy and all selected for emergency. Corn starch, tapioca and
+similar packages are easy to handle while moving, and a big box of such
+things made cooking easy for the first few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>"Do not sell anything that can be used in your new farming. Old belts,
+singletrees, doubletrees, and such goods are worth far more away out on
+the prairies than on the old improved farm, and they will cost more
+here. We even brought our best big rugs and every carpet, even having
+more carpets than we had rooms. Your new home may not be as warm as the
+old one. We laid down a carpet and put a big rug right on top of that on
+the floor, and then we were comfortable in our rough house. Bring all
+sorts of tools and wagon gears with you; you will save money by doing
+so, anvil, drills, old bolts, and screws, etc., come in handy. We
+brought pieces of hardwood for doubletrees and unexpected uses.</p>
+
+<p>"Bring your stock remedies. You will be far from a veterinarian. Boracic
+acid comes in handy, so does a medicine cabinet for the household, with
+carbolic salve, liniments, etc.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the first things you will need is a hayrack, and you will not
+have time to build one before it is needed, so take the old one or build
+a new one and take it with you. It can be used for crating and for
+partitions and other purposes in loading the car. Make the sides of the
+rack quite close and have a solid bottom.</p>
+
+<p>"Bring along your base-burner. I am writing by a hard coal fire in a
+round oak stove, and it makes a splendid heat. Better soft coal than you
+ever burned can be had at $9.50 per ton, and hard coal is $13. Wood is
+plentiful in the parks, chiefly dry poplar and a species of willow.</p>
+
+<p>"So far from town one needs big supplies of kerosene, so bring a steel
+barrel that will not become leaky. You can buy oil cheaper by the barrel
+and it saves trouble. Also bring a good oil stove. It will do the baking
+and save hauling fuel in the long working season.</p>
+
+<p>"One thing we highly appreciated was a small tank we had made to carry
+water in the cars for the horses. It was made to hold two barrels, was
+about three feet in diameter and four high, and had the top soldered on,
+with a lid just large enough to get in a pail. This was the best
+arrangement on the train for hauling water. After we landed we had to
+haul water for our house use and the tank was very useful to draw up a
+couple of barrels and have a big supply on hand and no slopping when
+hauling."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 750px;">
+<img src="images/map0045.jpg" width="750" height="556" alt="DOMINION of CANADA and NEWFOUNDLAND 1914" title="DOMINION of CANADA and NEWFOUNDLAND 1914" />
+<span class="caption">DOMINION <span class="smcap">of</span> CANADA <span class="smcap">and</span> NEWFOUNDLAND 1914</span>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+<img src="images/backcover.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="Back Cover" title="" /></div>
+
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+<h5><span class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</span></h5>
+
+<p>Obvious printer's errors, including punctuation have been silently
+corrected. Hyphenated and accented words have been standardized. All
+other inconsistencies have been left as in the original, excepted below.</p>
+
+<p>Customs Regulations: Missing word added "... is also to <i>be</i> reckoned
+as..."</p>
+
+<p>Freight Regulations: "If the carload <i>weigh</i>" changed to "If the carload
+<i>weighs</i>".</p>
+
+<p>Page 7: familar changed to familiar.</p>
+
+<p>Page 8: Allen, Saskatchewan changed to Allan, Saskatchewan. Verified at
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan,_Saskatchewan</p>
+
+<p>Two different spellings of Gerlack and Gerlach have been left as in the
+original.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
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+  </body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Canada West 1914
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: March 1, 2011 [EBook #35439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA WEST 1914 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+WEST
+
+
+160 ACRE
+FARMS in
+WESTERN
+CANADA
+FREE
+
+ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF HON. W. J. ROCHE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR,
+OTTAWA, CANADA. 1914
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LAND REGULATIONS IN CANADA
+
+
+All public lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are controlled
+and administered by the Dominion Government through the Department of
+the Interior. The lands disposed of as free homesteads (Government
+grants) under certain conditions involving residence and improvements,
+are surveyed into square blocks, six miles long by six miles wide,
+called townships. When these improvements are completed and duties
+performed, a patent or crown deed is issued.
+
+
+THE FOLLOWING IS A PLAN OF A TOWNSHIP
+
+                          N
+                  SIX MILES SQUARE
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+  W |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | E
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+                          S
+
+[Illustration: Showing how the land is divided into square sections and
+square quarter-sections. Also showing how the sections in a township are
+numbered.]
+
+Each township is subdivided into 36 square blocks or sections one mile
+square and containing 640 acres and numbered from one to thirty-six.
+Each section is divided into four quarter-sections of 160 acres each.
+
+The four quarters of the section are described, as the northeast, the
+northwest, the southeast and the southwest quarter.
+
+=Who Is Eligible.= The sole head of a family or any male eighteen years of
+age or over, who is a British subject or who declares his intention to
+become a British subject; a widow having minor children of her own
+dependent upon her for support.
+
+=Acquiring Homestead.= To acquire a homestead applicant must make entry in
+person, either at the Dominion Lands Office for the district in which
+the land applied for is situate, or at a sub-agency authorized to
+transact business in such district. At the time of entry a fee of $10
+must be paid. The certificate of entry which is then granted the
+applicant gives him authority to enter upon the land and maintain full
+possession of it as long as he complies with the homestead requirements.
+
+=Cattle Provision to Secure Homestead.= With certain restriction, stock
+may be substituted in lieu of cultivation.
+
+=Residence.= To earn patent for homestead, a person must reside in a
+habitable house upon the land for six months during each of three years.
+Such residence however, need not be commenced before six months after
+the date on which entry for the land was secured.
+
+=Improvement Duties.= Before being eligible to apply for patent, a
+homesteader must break (plough up) thirty acres of the homestead, of
+which twenty acres must be cropped. It is also required that a
+reasonable proportion of this cultivation must be done during each
+homestead year.
+
+=Application for Patent.= When a homesteader has completed his residence
+and cultivation duties he makes application for patent before the Agent
+of Dominion Lands for the district in which the homestead is situate, or
+before a sub-agent authorized to deal with lands in such district. If
+the duties have been satisfactorily performed patent issues to the
+homesteader shortly after without any further action on his part, and
+the land thus becomes his absolute property.
+
+=Timber and Fuel.= An occupant of a homestead quarter-section, having no
+suitable timber of his own, may obtain on payment of a 25-cent fee a
+permit to cut 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, 400 roof poles, 500
+fence posts, 2,000 fence rails. Homesteaders and all bona fide settlers,
+without timber on their own farms, may also obtain permits to cut dry
+timber for their own use on their farms for fuel and fencing.
+
+
+CUSTOMS REGULATIONS
+
+A settler may bring into Canada, free of duty, live stock for the farm
+on the following basis, if he has actually owned such live stock abroad
+for at least six months before his removal to Canada, and has brought
+them into Canada within one year after his first arrival viz: If horses
+only are brought in, 16 allowed. If cattle are brought in, 16 allowed;
+if sheep are brought in 160 allowed; if swine are brought in, 160
+allowed. If horses, cattle, sheep and swine are brought in together, or
+part of each, the same proportions as above are to be observed.
+
+Duty is to be paid on live stock in excess of the number above provided
+for. For customs entry purposes a mare with a colt under six months old
+is to be reckoned as one animal; a cow with a calf under six months old
+is also to be reckoned as one animal. Cattle and other live stock
+imported into Canada are subject to Quarantine Regulations.
+
+The following articles have free entry:
+
+Settler' effects, free viz: Wearing apparel, household furniture, books,
+implements and tools of trade, occupation, or employment: guns, musical
+instruments, domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live stock,
+bicycles, carts, and other vehicles, and agricultural implements in use
+by the settler for at least six months before his removal to Canada, not
+to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing
+establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or
+furniture, personal effects, and heirlooms left by bequest; provided,
+that any dutiable articles entered as settlers' effects may not be so
+entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall
+not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until after
+twelve months' actual use in Canada.
+
+The settler will be required to take oath that all of the articles have
+been owned by himself or herself for at least six months before removal
+to Canada; and that none have been imported as merchandise, for use in a
+manufacturing establishment or as a contractor's outfit, or for sale,
+and that he or she intend becoming a permanent settler within the
+Dominion of Canada, and that the "Live Stock" enumerated is intended for
+his or her own use on the farm which he or she is about to occupy (or
+cultivate), and not for sale or speculative purposes, nor for the use of
+any other person or persons.
+
+
+FREIGHT REGULATIONS
+
+1. Carloads of Settlers' Effects, the property of the settler, may be
+made up of the following described property for the benefit of actual
+settlers, viz: Live stock, any number up to but not exceeding ten (10)
+head, all told, viz: Cattle, calves, sheep, hogs, mules, or horses (the
+customs will admit free of duty in numbers referred to in Customs
+paragraph above, but railway regulations only permit ten head in each
+car); Household Goods and personal property (second-hand); Wagons or
+other vehicles for personal use (second-hand); Farm Machinery,
+Implements, and Tools (all second-hand); Soft-wood Lumber (Pine,
+Hemlock, or Spruce--only) and Shingles, which must not exceed 2,000 feet
+in all, or the equivalent thereof; or in lieu of, not in addition to the
+lumber and shingles, a Portable House may be shipped; Seed Grain, small
+quantity of trees or shrubbery; small lot live poultry or pet animals;
+and sufficient feed for the live stock while on the journey. Settlers'
+Effects rates, however, will not apply on shipments of second-hand
+Wagons, Buggies, Farm Machinery, Implements, or Tools, unless
+accompanied by Household Goods.
+
+2. Should the allotted number of live stock be exceeded, the additional
+animals will be charged for at proportionate rates over and above the
+carload rate for the Settlers' Effects, but the total charge for any one
+such car will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of Live
+Stock.
+
+3. Passes--One man will be passed free in charge of live stock when
+forming part of carloads, to feed, water, and care for them in transit.
+Agents will use the usual form of Live Stock Contract.
+
+4. Less than carloads will be understood to mean only Household Goods
+(second-hand), Wagons or other vehicles for personal use (second-hand),
+and (second-hand) Farm Machinery, Implements, and Tools. Less than
+carload lots must be plainly addressed. Minimum charge on any shipment
+will be 100 pounds at regular first-class rate.
+
+5. Merchandise, such as groceries, provisions, hardware, etc., also
+implements, machinery, vehicles, etc., if new, will not be regarded as
+Settlers' Effects, and, if shipped, will be charged at the regular
+classified tariff rates. Agents, both at loading and delivering
+stations, therefore, give attention to the prevention of the loading of
+the contraband articles and see that the actual weights are way-billed
+when carloads exceed 24,000 lbs. on lines north of St. Paul.
+
+6. Top Loads.--Agents do not permit, under any circumstances, any
+article to be loaded on the top of box or stock cars; such manner of
+loading is dangerous and absolutely forbidden.
+
+7. Settlers' Effects, to be entitled to the carload rates, cannot be
+stopped at any point short of destination for the purpose of unloading
+part. The entire carload must go through to the station to which
+originally consigned.
+
+8. The carload rates on Settlers' Effects apply on any shipment
+occupying a car weighing 24,000 pounds or less. If the carload weighs
+over 24,000 lbs. the additional weight will be charged for. North of St.
+Paul, Minn., 24,000 lbs. constitutes a carload, between Chicago and St.
+Paul and Kansas City or Omaha and St. Paul a carload is 20,000 lbs. From
+Chicago and Kansas City north to St. Paul any amount over this will be
+charged extra. From points South and East of Chicago, only five horses
+or heads of live stock are allowed in carloads, any over this will be
+charged extra; carload 12,000 lbs. minimum.
+
+9. Minimum charge on any shipment will be 100 lbs. at first-class rate.
+
+
+QUARANTINE OF SETTLERS' CATTLE
+
+Settlers' cattle must be inspected at the boundary. Inspectors may
+subject any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin
+test before allowing them to enter. Any cattle found tuberculous to be
+returned to the United States or killed without indemnity. Settlers'
+horses are admitted on inspection if accompanied by certificate of
+mallein test signed by a United States Inspector of Bureau of Animal
+Industries, without which they will be inspected at the boundary free of
+charge by a Canadian Officer. Settler should apply to Canadian
+Government Office for name of Inspector nearest him. Certificate of any
+other Veterinarian will not be accepted. Horses found to be affected
+with glanders within six months of entry are slaughtered without
+compensation. Sheep may be admitted subject to inspection at port of
+entry. If disease is discovered to exist in them, they may be returned
+or slaughtered. Swine may be admitted, when forming part of Settlers'
+Effects, but only after a quarantine of thirty days, and when
+accompanied by a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not
+existed in the district whence they came for six months preceding the
+date of shipment; when not accompanied by such certificate, they must be
+subject to inspection at port of entry. If diseased to be slaughtered,
+without compensation.
+
+
+UNITED STATES AGENTS.
+
+     =M. V. MacINNES=, 176 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich.
+
+     =C. A. LAURIER=, Marquette, Mich.
+
+     =J. S. CRAWFORD=, 301 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y.
+
+     =W. S. NETHERY=, Room 82, Interurban Station Bldg., Columbus, Ohio.
+
+     =G. W. AIRD=, 215 Traction-Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind.
+
+     =C. J. BROUGHTON=, Room 412, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill.
+
+     =GEORGE A. HALL=, 123 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.
+
+     =R. A. GARRETT=, 311 Jackson St., St. Paul, Minn.
+
+     =FRANK H. HEWITT=, 5th St., Des Moines, Iowa.
+
+     =W. E. BLACK=, Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. D.
+
+     =J. M. MacLACHLAN=, Drawer 197, Watertown, S. D.
+
+     =W. V. BENNETT=, 220 17th St., Room 4, Bee Bldg., Omaha, Neb.
+
+     =GEO. A. COOK=, 125 W. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo.
+
+     =BENJ. DAVIES=, Boom 6, Dunn Block, Great Falls, Mont.
+
+     =J. N. GRIEVE=, Cor. 1st and Post Sts., Spokane, Wash.
+
+     =J. E. La FORCE=, 29 Weybrosset Street, Providence, R. I.
+
+     =J. B. CARBONNEAU=, Jr., Biddeford, Me.
+
+     =MAX A. BOWLBY=, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
+
+     =J. A. LAFERRIERE=, 1139 Elm St., Manchester, N. H.
+
+     =F. A. HARRISON=, 210 North 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE LAST BEST WEST
+
+THE CANADA OF OPPORTUNITY]
+
+
+The present demand for food stuffs and the expense of their production
+on high-priced lands make it seem that Western Canada, with its
+opportunity for meeting this demand, came into notice at the crucial
+period. Its millions of acres of land, easily cultivable, highly
+productive, accessible to railways, and with unexcelled climatic
+conditions, offer something too great to be overlooked.
+
+The provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have the largest
+area of desirable lands in North America, with but 8 per cent under the
+plough. Their cultivation has practically just begun. A few years ago
+the wheat crop amounted to only 71 million bushels. To-day, with only 4
+per cent of the available area in wheat, the crop is over 209 million
+bushels. What, then, will 44 per cent produce?
+
+Then look at immigration. In 1901 it was 49,149, of which 17,000 were
+from the United States; in 1906 it was 189,064, of which 57,000 were
+Americans; in 1913 it was about 400,000, about 125,000 being Americans.
+Why did these Americans go to Canada? Because the American farmer, like
+his Canadian cousin, is a shrewd business man. When an American can sell
+his farm at from $100 to $200 per acre and homestead in Canada for
+himself and for each of his sons who are of age, 160 acres of fertile
+land, capable of producing several bushels more to the acre than he has
+ever known, he will be certain to make the change.
+
+And then, following the capital of brawn, muscle, and sinew, comes
+American capital, keeping in touch with the industrious farmer with whom
+it has had dealings for many years. These two, with farming experience,
+are no small factors in a country's upbuilding. Nothing is said of the
+great mineral and forest wealth, little of which has been touched.
+
+In so short a time, no country in the world's history has attracted to
+its borders so large a number of settlers prepared to go on the land, or
+so much wealth, as have the Canadian prairies. Never before has
+pioneering been accomplished under conditions so favourable as those in
+Western Canada to-day.
+
+It is not only into the prairie provinces that these people go, but many
+continue westward to the great trees and mountains, and fertile valleys,
+the glory of British Columbia, where can be grown agricultural products
+of almost every kind, and where fruit is of great importance. The vast
+expanse of the plains attracts hundreds of thousands who at once set to
+work to cultivate their large holdings. But man's work, even in the
+cities with their record-breaking building rush, is the smallest part of
+the great panorama that unfolds on a journey through the country. Nature
+is still supreme, and man is still the divine pigmy audaciously seeking
+to impose his will and stamp his mark upon an unconquered half
+continent.
+
+=THE HOMEMAKING SPIRIT.=--The most commendable feature in Western
+development to-day is the "homemaking spirit." The people are finding
+happiness in planting trees, making gardens, building schools, colleges,
+and universities, and producing an environment so homelike that the
+country cannot be regarded as a temporary abode in which to make a
+"pile" preparatory to returning East.
+
+[Illustration: Confiding to his better half what they will do with the
+proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41-1/2 bushels per acre.]
+
+=THOUSANDS OF AVAILABLE HOMESTEADS.=--The desire of the American people to
+procure land is strong. Agricultural lands of proved value have so
+advanced in price that for the man with moderate means, who wishes to
+farm, finding a suitable location has become a serious question.
+Fortunately, in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, there are yet
+thousands of free homesteads of 160 acres each, which may be had by
+the simple means of filing, paying a ten-dollar entrance fee, and living
+on the land for six months each year for three years. No long,
+preliminary journey, tedious, expensive, and hazardous, is necessary.
+This homesteading has been going on in Canada for several years, and
+hundreds of thousands of claims have been taken up, but much good land
+still is unoccupied. Many consider the remaining claims among the best.
+They comprise lands in the park districts of each of the three
+provinces, where natural groves give a beauty to the landscape. Here
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax can be grown successfully, and the
+districts are admirably adapted to mixed farming. Cattle fatten on the
+nutritious grasses; dairying can be carried on successfully; timber for
+building is within reach, and water easy to procure.
+
+In addition to the free grant lands, there are lands which may be
+purchased from railways and private companies and individuals. These
+lands have not increased in price as their productivity and location
+might warrant, and may still be had for reasonably low sums and on easy
+terms.
+
+Nowhere else in the world are there such splendid opportunities for
+indulgence in the land-passion as in Western Canada. Millions of rich
+acres beckon for occupation and cultivation. Varying soil and climate
+are suited to contrary requirements--grazing lands for the stock
+breeder; deep-tilling soils for the market gardener; rolling, partly
+wooded districts for the mixed-farming advocate; level prairie for the
+grain farmer; bench lands and hillsides for the cultivator of fruits.
+
+
+
+
+ANOTHER GOOD YEAR IN WESTERN CANADA
+
+Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta Have Splendid Crops.
+
+
+The grain crop of 1913 was harvested and threshed in perfect condition.
+Excepting flax, the average yield was excellent; wheat almost
+universally graded near the top. Wheat from many fields averaged forty
+bushels per acre, weighing sixty-five pounds to the measured bushel.
+Oats ran from fifty to one hundred and fifteen bushels to the acre, and
+barley kept up the reputation of Western Canada as a producer of that
+cereal. In many sections the yield of flax exceeded earlier
+expectations, although in places, winds which blew off the boll caused
+some loss. Hundreds of farmers of small means who have been in the
+country only three or four years, paid up all their indebtedness out of
+the crop of 1913 and put aside something for farm and home improvements.
+Not only for the farmer with limited means and small acreage has the
+year been prosperous; the man able to conduct farming on a large scale
+has been equally successful--and for such, Western Canada offers many
+opportunities.
+
+A farmer in southern Alberta raised 350,000 bushels of grain last year,
+and made a fortune out of it. In Saskatchewan and in Manitoba is heard
+the same story of the successful working of large areas.
+
+As was to be expected with its unprecedented development, the financial
+stress during 1913 was felt as keenly throughout Western Canada as
+anywhere in the country. The fact is that money could not keep pace with
+the natural demands of 400,000 new people a year. Towns and cities had
+to be built, farming operations were extensive, and capitalists had not
+made sufficient preparation. But last year's crop has restored
+conditions to a normal state, and natural and reasonable development
+will continue.
+
+Owing to a wet fall in 1912 and a heavy snowfall the succeeding winter,
+seeding in some districts was later than usual. But with the favourable
+weather of May, June, and July, wheat sown in May ripened early in
+August. Rains came at the right time, and throughout the season the best
+of weather prevailed.
+
+[Illustration: These cattle winter out in Western Canada and do well.
+Shelter and water are abundant.]
+
+=The Cities Reflect the Growth of the Country.=--Passing through Western
+Canada from Winnipeg, and observing the cities and towns along the
+network of railways in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, one feels
+there must be "something of a country" behind them all. Gaze in any
+direction and the same view is presented: field after field of waving
+grain; labourers at work converting the virgin prairie into more fields;
+wide pasture lands where cattle are fattening on grasses rich in both
+milk- and beef-producing properties. Here is the wealth that builds the
+cities.
+
+In thirty years Winnipeg has increased in population from 2,000 to
+200,000; and become an important gateway of commerce. The wheat alone
+grown in the three prairie provinces in 1913 is sufficient to keep a
+steady stream of 1,000 bushels per minute continuously night and day
+going to the head of the lakes for three and a half months, and in
+addition to that, the oats and barley would supply this stream for
+another four months. The value of the grain crop alone would be
+sufficient to build any of our great transcontinental railroads and all
+their equipment, everything connected with them, from ocean to ocean.
+With only 10 per cent of the arable land under cultivation, what will
+the possibilities be when 288 million acres of the best land that the
+sun shines on is brought under the plough? Do you not see the portent of
+a great, vigorous, populous nation living under those sunny skies north
+of the 49th parallel?
+
+=New Railway Mileage Grows at Rapid Rate.=--Every year long stretches of
+new rails are extended into some hitherto untravelled domain, bringing
+into subjugation mountain, plain, and forest. Mighty rivers are being
+bridged, massive mountains are being tunnelled, and real zest is being
+given this work in the exciting race between the rival companies as they
+strive to outstrip each other in surmounting Nature's obstacles. During
+1913, more than 4,000 miles of new road have been built in Canada, the
+bulk of this in Western Canada.
+
+The latest reports give the total railway mileage in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, and Alberta as 12,760 miles, the Canadian Pacific Railway
+having 5,534; the Canadian Northern, 4,187; the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+1,476; the Great Northern Railway, 162. Manitoba has a total mileage of
+4,014; Saskatchewan, 5,679; Alberta, 3,073. The gain over 1912 is about
+3,400 miles.
+
+=Western Canada's Wheat.=--The quality of Western Canada wheat is
+recognized everywhere. Recently a U. S. senator said of the Canadian
+grain fields: "The wheat that Canada raises is the Northwestern hard
+spring wheat. The cost of raising is less in Canada than in the States,
+because the new lands there will produce larger crops than the older
+land on this side of the line, and the land is cheaper than in the
+United States."
+
+According to official figures the total estimated wheat production of
+Western Canada in 1913 was 209,262,000 bushels, an increase of more than
+5 million bushels in 1912. Oats show a total yield of more than
+242,413,000 bushels, barley more than 30 million bushels, rye more than
+2,500,000 bushels, flax more than 14 million bushels, and mixed grains
+more than 17 million bushels. Wheat, oats, barley, and rye are above the
+average quality of the last two years, and potatoes and root crops show
+a good percentage of standard condition during growth. The value of the
+harvest is approximately 209 million dollars as compared with about 200
+million in 1912.
+
+Winnipeg, the grain centre of Western Canada, has received and handled
+more wheat per day than Chicago, Minneapolis, and Duluth combined.
+
+Approximately 191 million bushels of grain were shipped from the
+elevators at Fort William and Port Arthur during the season of
+navigation; from the first of September, 1913, until December 20, 127
+million bushels of grain were shipped to the east--52,000,000 bushels
+more than for the same period last year.
+
+=What Farmers Receive.=--The amount of grain marketed, and the estimated
+receipts, based on an average price for September, October, and
+November, are as follows:
+
+               Bushels        Price per bushel
+
+  Wheat      97,000,000        .73    $70,000,000
+
+  Oats       30,000,000        .30      9,000,000
+
+  Barley      9,500,000        .40      3,800,000
+
+  Flax        6,500,000      $1.10      7,150,000
+
+  Total                               $89,950,000
+
+=A Splendid Fall.=--The fall of 1913 was exceedingly favourable to the
+farmer of Western Canada. The weather made it possible to harvest and
+thresh in the minimum of time, and in some cases permitted a start on
+fall ploughing early in September, in many parts continuing until
+December 1st. Owners of traction engines took advantage of clear nights
+to plough, the powerful headlights throwing a brilliant light across the
+fields. The men worked in relays, and it was frequently midnight before
+the big outfits quit.
+
+[Illustration: Beginning a home in the prairie--house and table "lands"
+are built on cement foundation.]
+
+[Illustration: Sizing up quantity of hay per acre he would get from his
+hayfield.]
+
+[Illustration: Starting from town with loads of posts for pasture
+fence.]
+
+=Mixed Farming.=--Mixed farming is yielding large profits to those who
+work intelligently along the lines of intensive farming. In addition to
+wheat, oats, barley, and flax--alfalfa and other fodder crops are grown,
+and in some places corn.
+
+Every variety of vegetable grows abundantly and sugar beets are a
+moneymaker. Stock-raising is an important branch of mixed farming, and
+hogs and sheep are commanding high prices, the demand greatly exceeding
+the supply.
+
+=Sheep.=--The sheep industry in Western Canada pays exceedingly well. In
+the early days--but a few short years ago--a district south of the
+Canadian Pacific Railway from Swift Current to Maple Creek was stocked
+with sheep, and several large ranches made money, but with the onrush of
+settlement these ranches have been vacated and are now given up to
+successful grain growing. However, the farmers who now cross the
+boundary to purchase the best Montana breeds and take them to their
+farms, in every case report a success as great as that in grain growing.
+Although no country could be better fitted for sheep raising, and
+numerous successes have been made, Western Canada imports much of its
+mutton.
+
+=Profits in Horse Raising.=--The raising of horses is receiving increasing
+attention. Here also a rare opportunity for profit exists, for the
+market is woefully unsupplied.
+
+=Dairying= offers splendid opportunities for profit. In the rapidly
+growing cities and towns there is a demand for milk, cream, and butter.
+Creameries and cheese factories are established at accessible points.
+The feeding of cattle is nominal.
+
+=Poultry Products= can be readily marketed, and poultry raisers have done
+remarkably well. No one knows better than the farmer's wife the saving
+effected by having a flock of hens, some turkeys, geese and ducks, and
+the cost of feed is not noticed.
+
+=Hog Raising.=--Hog-raising has equal advantages with grain growing. A
+large quantity of pork that should be supplied at home is now shipped
+in. Barley, the best staple for hog raising, is easily grown and yields
+heavily. Alfalfa can be grown with little trouble, and with two crops in
+a season, and three tons to the acre to a crop, it will play an
+important part in the hog industry of the future. The Canadian field pea
+and the rape, also are good feed and produce the very best of pork.
+
+Chas. Reid, of Swift Current, who sold a thousand dollars' worth of pork
+last summer, and then had considerable on hand, has demonstrated that
+hogs pay better than straight grain raising. He has an income from his
+farm the whole year round.
+
+A farmer near Moose Jaw sold some hogs for $130.00. To the question,
+"What did they cost?" he answered: "Really nothing. I bought one sow; I
+have kept two, and I have three to kill for my own use. Of course we had
+skim milk and buttermilk, and I fed some chop, but what is left is worth
+all I paid out. I call the $130.00 clear profit."
+
+It is the same story in all parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
+Alberta. A little attention, plenty of such grain as would go to waste,
+some shelter, and that's all. Last year many farmers went into
+hog-raising extensively, and it saved many of them from financial
+embarrassment; for when money was not obtainable at the banks, farmers
+having marketable hogs sold them with handsome profit. Several made from
+$1.00 to $1.20 per bushel for wheat by feeding it to hogs.
+
+=Butter and Eggs.=--Large sums are spent regularly in United States
+markets for butter and eggs to supply the cities and towns of Western
+Canada, and large quantities of butter are imported from New Zealand.
+Not only is the demand in the towns, but many wheat-raisers purchase
+these commodities when they might produce them on their own farms at
+trifling cost.
+
+William Elliott, near Moose Jaw, has eight cows and eighty hens. In less
+than eight months, his butter and eggs sold for more than $500. All the
+groceries and the children's clothing and boots, are paid for with
+butter and egg money.
+
+W. H. Johnston, five miles south of Moose Jaw, has thirty cows and milks
+an average of twenty-five. His gross receipts last summer were from $600
+to $700 per month, of which $300 was profit. He grows his own feed,
+principally oats and hay, and has no worries over harvesting or grain
+prices.
+
+=Truck Gardening.=--Long days of abundant sunshine from May to September,
+and adequate moisture in the spring and early summer permit of a wide
+variety of products. The soil is rich and warm, and easily worked. Close
+attention to cultivation has resulted in record yields of vegetables and
+small fruits, which bring good prices in the cities.
+
+A farmer within five miles of Moose Jaw, who sold vegetables at the city
+market last year realized more than $300 between August 1, and October
+30. He had half an acre in carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes,
+beans, lettuce and onions, and half an acre in potatoes and turnips. His
+own table was supplied all summer and enough vegetables were put in the
+cellar to supply him during the winter and seed potatoes in the spring.
+
+[Illustration: R. P. O. Uwell's old home, Clover Bar, Alberta. This old
+home is now replaced by one of more modern structure.]
+
+[Illustration: A comfortable modern home in Western Canada, the old home
+now used as a granary. William Hamilton--Pioneer.]
+
+[Illustration: Segar Wheeler's residence "Rosthern," Sask. is a fair
+type of many homes in the Canadians.]
+
+=Corn Can Be Grown on Canadian Prairies.=--Manitoba is producing corn,
+chiefly for feed. On September 28, corn nine feet high had developed to
+the dough stage, and the crop would easily exceed twenty tons to the
+acre. There are also scattered fields of corn in Saskatchewan and
+Alberta.
+
+Corn is successfully grown in the northern part of Minnesota in similar
+soil and under the same climatic condition, and there is no apparent
+reason why like results should not be secured in Western Canada. Many
+American farmers of experience believe the corn belt is extending
+northward.
+
+=Alfalfa= is an assured crop in many parts of Western Canada and is
+destined to be the leading forage crop. In a recent competition
+forty-three entries were made, and every field was one of which farmers
+of the older alfalfa countries might be proud. In southern Alberta
+alfalfa is a success; at Edmonton it grows abundantly. Battleford,
+Prince Albert, Regina, Indian Head, Lacombe, Brandon, and in many other
+districts alfalfa is grown.
+
+=Post Offices.=--Throughout the settled portions of Western Canada are
+found post offices at which mails are delivered regularly, thus bringing
+Eastern friends within a few days' reach of those who have gone forward
+to make homes under new but favourable conditions on the fertile lands
+of the West. Last year hundreds of new post offices were established,
+many of them at points remote from the railway, but all demanded by new
+settlements made during the year.
+
+=Roads and Bridges.=--It is said to be the policy of the Canadian
+Government to do everything possible for the welfare of the settler,
+whether in accessible new town or remote hamlet. This solicitude is
+shown in every branch dealing with the organizing of new districts.
+Bridges have been built, roads constructed, the district policed, and a
+dozen other conveniences provided. Is it any wonder that with the
+splendid, high-yielding land, free to the homesteader or open to
+purchase at reasonable prices from railway and land companies, the
+Canadian immigration records for 1913 were so high?
+
+=Land Laws=.--Canada's land laws were formed after the United States had
+applied its methods to the free lands of the West, and embody the best
+United States provisions. They are so framed as not to bear heavily on
+the settler, whose interests are carefully watched, and are liberally
+administered. After several years' trial they have proved satisfactory.
+
+Titles, or patents, come from the Crown, and on being registered in a
+Land Titles Office these patents secure a transfer.
+
+Taxes outside of cities, towns, and the larger municipalities, are
+merely nominal and are devoted entirely to the improvement of roads, to
+educational purposes, to the payment of salaries, and to the erection
+of public buildings. At least 50 per cent of these costs, and in small
+struggling communities, 60 per cent or more, is paid by the Government
+out of the fund produced by the sale of school lands, one-eighth of the
+country having been reserved for that purpose.
+
+=The Banks of Canada.=--The close of 1913 has brought the usual bank
+statements accompanied by the addresses of the presidents and general
+managers of these institutions. They deal with economic matters first
+hand, and show in striking manner the prosperity of the country. Those
+who know anything of Canadian banking methods know the stability of
+these institutions, and the high character of the men in charge of them.
+
+Mr. Coulson, of the Canadian Bank of Commerce says:
+
+     "We have had a good harvest. The yield has been generally
+     good, and the quality on the average has never been
+     surpassed. This has been especially so in the Western
+     Provinces, and the unusually favourable weather and abundant
+     transportation facilities afforded by the railroads enabled
+     the movement of grain to be made rapidly."
+
+=Canada's New Bank Act.=--During 1913 the decennial revision of the Bank
+Act took place. Among important changes were:
+
+The establishment of the Central Gold Reserves. Authority to lend to
+farmers on their threshed grain.
+
+The provision which enables a bank to lend to a farmer on the security
+of his threshed grain is extensively utilized. This class of loan is
+regarded as a moral risk, and banks still depend more upon the character
+of the borrower than upon the security.
+
+=What Bank Managers Have to Say.=--Mr. Balfour, manager of the Union Bank
+of Canada:
+
+     "The railway companies have carried out the grain from the
+     Western Provinces this year in a very satisfactory manner."
+
+Mr. John Galt, president of the Union Bank of Canada:
+
+     "Speaking generally, the crop results have been satisfactory.
+     In the three great wheat growing provinces this has been a
+     banner year. Not only has the yield been large, but the
+     average quality has never been equalled, and the cost of
+     harvesting has been unusually low, owing to the magnificent
+     weather. This has, to some extent, offset the low prices
+     which prevailed. The railways have done splendid work in
+     handling the crop.
+
+     "There is a marked increase in the number of livestock.
+     Farmers are becoming more fully alive to the advantages they
+     derive from this source and are realizing that their
+     borrowing credit is greatly enhanced if they can show a good
+     proportion of cattle in their assets, and banks should look
+     with favour on loans for the purchase and handling of
+     livestock."
+
+Robert Campbell, general manager of the Northern Crown Bank, gives
+strong testimony of the wealth of Western Canada:
+
+     "It is important at a time like the present for every
+     business concern, financial or otherwise, to show by its
+     statement that collections have been good. We may
+     congratulate ourselves upon the showing we have made in this.
+     Notwithstanding that we have made new loans amounting to
+     millions of dollars since the crop was harvested, our old
+     loans have been paid off so rapidly that our liquid assets
+     were not reduced.
+
+     "This state of affairs is attributable to the fine weather we
+     have experienced in the West, which enabled the farmers to
+     harvest their grain early and quickly and to the unusual
+     rapidity with which the crop was moved by the railway
+     companies."
+
+[Illustration: Corn is not generally grown in Western Canada, but this
+320 acres shows a splendid yield, and considerable is now grown for
+fodder.]
+
+
+PROVINCIAL PREMIERS ARE OPTIMISTIC
+
+     =Manitoba is Stronger.=--Sir Rodmond Roblin has no pessimism
+     regarding the outlook in Manitoba. He says: "The improvements
+     upon farm and field excite the admiration of those interested
+     in agriculture, while our population has been very
+     considerably increased by a healthy, intelligent, and
+     industrious class of new-comers. Manitoba, is much stronger
+     financially, numerically, commercially, industrially and
+     educationally than she was in the year 1912. Her progress and
+     development are rapid, healthy, and permanent."
+
+     =Hope and Cheer in Saskatchewan.=--Hon. Walter Scott: "The
+     sheet anchor of Saskatchewan is its soil, which (excluding,
+     of course, the far north) comprises a larger proportion of
+     land capable of sustaining a farming population than any area
+     of similar vastness on the globe. Nothing but inconceivable
+     recklessness and waste can prevent its remaining for all time
+     a great agricultural province, and nothing can seriously
+     check its steady forward movement."
+
+     =Alberta on Sound Footing.=--Hon. A. L. Sifton: "Alberta was
+     never on a sounder footing than it is to-day. It has reaped
+     the best crop in her history, and stands in line for her
+     share of the millions earned by the farmers of Western Canada
+     for their wheat and other grains. Coarse grains for feeding
+     purposes are beginning to predominate with the advent of
+     mixed farming. A gratifying increase in the number of dairy
+     cows and hogs is reported from every district, indicating a
+     new source of wealth, a more constant revenue for the farmer
+     and a new basis of credit for farming operations."
+
+     =Splendid Outlook in British Columbia.=--Sir Richard McBride
+     says: "That British Columbia, judged by the healthy growth in
+     population and in general industries during the past year,
+     and the splendid outlook, may confidently be expected to have
+     increased prosperity in 1914. Mining will show a larger
+     output for the current year and the same may be said of
+     agriculture and other occupations. Generous and wise
+     expenditure for adding to the already extensive road system,
+     the building of necessary public works, as well as the
+     enormous amount of railway construction all conduce to the
+     opening up and settlement of immense areas, hitherto almost
+     dormant."
+
+
+PANAMA CANAL AND CANADA
+
+     =The London Times=, speaking of the Panama Canal, says:
+     "Although there is considerable speculation in trade and
+     political circles as to the effect of the opening of the
+     Panama Canal, enthusiasts in the West predict that Western
+     Canada generally will increase in population and wealth to an
+     extent beyond conception. The Canal will have the effect of
+     bringing the outposts of Empire inside the commercial arena.
+     The new water route, combined with improved railway
+     facilities, will certainly improve the position of Western
+     Canada in the battle for the world's markets."
+
+
+WHAT HAS BEEN SAID ABOUT WESTERN CANADA
+
+     =Mr. James J. Hill.=--"Within a few years the United States
+     will not be exporting any wheat, but it will become a market
+     for the wheat of Canada."
+
+     =Dr. Wm. Saunders=, Director of the Canadian Government
+     Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada: "The Canadian Northwest
+     can supply not only sufficient wheat for a local population
+     of thirty millions, but have left over for export three times
+     as much as the total import of the British Isles. One-fourth
+     of its arable land is devoted to wheat."
+
+     =Professor Shaw.=--"The first foot of soil in the provinces of
+     Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is worth more than all the
+     mines from Alaska to Mexico, and more than all the forests
+     from the boundary to the Arctic ocean. One acre of the
+     average soil in Western Canada is worth more than ten acres
+     of average land in the United States."
+
+     =Professor Tanner.=--"The black earth of Central Russia, the
+     richest soil in the world, has to yield its distinguished
+     position to rich, deep, fertile soil of Western Canada. Here
+     the most fertile soil of the world is to be found. These
+     soils are rich vegetable humus or clay loam with good clay
+     subsoil. To the high percentage of nitrogen is due the high
+     percentage of gluten which gives the 'Canadian No. 1 Hard'
+     the flouring qualities which have spread its fame abroad to
+     the ends of the earth."
+
+     =St. Paul Farmer.=--During a recent trip through Western
+     Canada, the editor of the _St. Paul Farmer_, in referring to
+     Government forces in agriculture, spoke of the interest that
+     the Dominion and the Provincial Governments took in farming
+     and farm education, as "complete and effective."
+
+     =The General Manager= of a Canadian bank is reported to have
+     said that, "owing to the speedy manner in which grain came
+     forward in the fall of 1913, our farmer customers in the
+     prairie provinces paid off about three million dollars of
+     liabilities between September 20, and October 10."
+
+     =Hon. W. T. White=, speaking at a New York meeting, said: "We
+     used to give you good Canadians but now we are getting back
+     good Americans. Ours came from the east, yours are going into
+     our west. Some of the most practical citizens, the best
+     Canada has to-day, are the Americans. We received last year
+     no less than 140,000. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, three
+     provinces, have each a larger territory than modern Germany,
+     less than ten per cent under cultivation. This year they had
+     a crop of over 200 million bushels of wheat. You cannot get
+     any country where contracts are more faithfully regarded or
+     obligations more carefully safeguarded by law than in
+     Canada."
+
+     =Sir Thomas Shaughnessy.=--"Immigration into Canada cannot
+     cease, for it is due to economic conditions which show no
+     signs of changing."
+
+     =David R. Forgan.=--"Nothing can check a country which can
+     raise the amount of wheat which has been raised in Western
+     Canada this year. Any checks which the country may have had
+     as a result of the world-wide money conditions are entirely
+     beneficial to the country. Numbers of young men, the sons of
+     farmers in the States, are now coming to Canada, and are
+     taking up land much cheaper and equally as good as they could
+     get in the States."
+
+     =Lord William Percy= of England: "The possibilities and
+     opportunities offered by the West are infinitely greater than
+     those which exist in England."
+
+     =Colonel Donald Walter Cameron= of Lochiel, Scotland, Chief of
+     the Cameron Clan: "We cannot blame our people for coming out
+     here, where there are so many opportunities as compared with
+     those afforded in Scotland. I thought possibly a trip through
+     Canada would give us some plan as to how to stop the
+     wholesale emigration from Scotland, but, after seeing this
+     wonderful country and the opportunities on every side, where
+     one man has as good chances as his neighbor, I have come to
+     the conclusion that nothing more can be done."
+
+     =Speaker Clark=.--In commenting on Speaker Clark's remarks
+     expressing regret at the number of Americans who had gone to
+     Canada in one week, the _Chicago News_ says: "The appropriate
+     sentiment for the occasion would seem to be a God-speed to
+     the emigrants. They are acting as the American pioneers did
+     before them, and are taking what appears to them to be the
+     most promising step for improving their fortunes. The bait is
+     wild land, and it is not affected by national boundaries."
+
+     =Mayor Deacon,= Winnipeg: "No man who sets foot in Canada is
+     more entirely and heartily welcome than the agriculturist
+     from the South."
+
+An eminent American writer after a recent visit to the Canadian West in
+speaking of the American immigration to Canada, says:
+
+     "Any country that can draw our citizens to it on such a scale
+     must have about it something above the ordinary, and that
+     Canada has in many ways."
+
+[Illustration: Figuring out the result of the year's crop. The yield of
+which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat.]
+
+=Dean Curtiss= of Ames Agricultural College, Iowa, says:
+
+     "We of the United States think we know how to get behind
+     agriculture and push, but the Canadians dare to do even more
+     than we do in some respects. They have wonderful faith in the
+     future: they hesitate at no undertaking that offers prospects
+     of results. More significant still is the wide co-operation
+     for agricultural promotion, including the government, private
+     individuals, and corporations and the railroads.
+
+     "Manitoba has in the last two years provided about as much
+     money for the building of an agricultural plant as Iowa has
+     appropriated in half a century. It has given in two years
+     $2,500,000 for buildings and grounds for its agricultural
+     institutions. Saskatchewan is building a plant for its
+     university and agricultural college on a broader and more
+     substantial plan than has been applied to any similar
+     institution in this country. Yet neither province has more
+     than half a million population.
+
+     "For public schools equally generous provision is made. They
+     are being built up to give vocational and technical training
+     as well as cultural. They fit the needs of the country
+     excellently and should turn out fine types of boys and girls.
+     They do this with a remarkable faith in the value of right
+     education."
+
+Dean Curtiss was much interested in the many ways the Canadian
+Government aids agriculture, aside from appropriations for education. It
+is helping to solve marketing problems; encouraging better breeding of
+livestock by buying sires and reselling them at cost, and doing many
+other things of like character. He says:
+
+     "I found that the Government is advancing from 50 to 85 per
+     cent of the money necessary to build cooeperative creameries
+     and elevators. Where cattle need breeding up, the Government
+     buys bulls of dairy, Shorthorn, or special dairy breeds, and
+     sends them in at cost and long time payments."
+
+The words "Canadian wheat" are familiar to all, but many have not yet
+participated in the benefits derived by those who, within the past few
+years, have placed their capital in Canadian wheat lands. They, who,
+through foresight, so invested, they who broke the first furrow, have
+reaped bountifully.
+
+The development of the fertile plains and valleys of Western Canada is
+still in its infancy. The accomplishments of the past few years, while
+truly wonderful, have but proven the great resources and future
+capabilities of this vast country.
+
+The growth of to-day will be insignificant compared with the
+achievements of the next few years.
+
+The homestead shack is now giving place to the comfortable residence,
+large barns are being erected where the improvised log and mud stable
+sheltered a few head of cattle, fields are fenced, roads built, and
+great fields of grain and luxuriant pastures are always in evidence.
+
+=The Climate.=--Owing to the altitude, Western Canada is one of the finest
+and most healthful sections in the world. Speaking generally it is at
+least a thousand feet higher above sea level than the Middle Western
+States, thus giving a dry, bracing air, much like portions of Colorado.
+During a large part of the summer the days are hot and sunny, with more
+than twenty hours of daylight and consequently growing weather, in each
+day. The nights, however, are always cool and restful and are largely
+responsible for the splendid vitality of Western men.
+
+The winters are truly splendid. Usually farming operations on the land
+are stopped by frost from the 12th to the 15th of November although some
+years they have been continued into December. Usually late in November
+snow falls, and with the exception of those districts where Chinook
+winds are frequent, will remain until the following spring, disappearing
+early in March. During this time there is clear, bright, dry, sunny
+weather and an intensely invigorating atmosphere. The average winter
+temperature ranges from zero to twenty-two above zero, according to the
+district. Occasionally severe cold weather will occur, lasting for two
+or three days, but this is not unknown in the Middle Western States. One
+of the greatest advantages is the hard frost, during the winter. This
+freezes the ground to a depth of several feet. In the spring, thawing
+naturally commences at the top. As soon as the top soil is sufficiently
+thawed the land is sown, the cultivation forming a mulch which conserves
+the moisture in the frozen ground underneath. With the increasing warmth
+of early summer, the lower frost gradually thaws out and this moisture
+aids largely in the growth of the young crop.
+
+The heaviest rainfall occurs in June, when it is most needed and does
+the most good to the growing crops. The rainfall of western Canada
+varies from 16 to 28 inches. The farmers are usually working upon the
+land during the first week in April. This gives a long growing season
+and plenty of time to dispose of the crop and get the land prepared,
+ready for the next season's operation.
+
+                METEOROLOGICAL RECORD FOR JANUARY, 1913
+
+                                             Precipi-
+  Experimental       Degrees of Temperature   tation       Hours of
+  Farm or            Highest  Lowest   Mean     in         Sunshine
+  Station at                                  Inches   Possible  Actual
+
+  Brandon, Man         36.9   -37.6   24.60     .11       268      73.6
+  Indian Head, Sask    40.0   -45.0   -6.51     .80       266      57.9
+  Rosthern, Sask       38.6   -49.5   13.30     .55       252      73.9
+  Scott, Sask          38.8   -48.8   -9.47     .59       255      83.9
+  Lacombe, Alta        45.3   -35.6     .67     .93       257      63.3
+  Lethbridge, Alta     47.0   -30.0    7.49     .80       269      91.9
+
+  DECEMBER, 1912
+
+  Brandon, Man         39.9    27.2    9.30    1.00       254      61.1
+  Indian Head, Sask    39.0    19.0   13.19    1.23       248      53.2
+  Rosthern, Sask       38.8    23.2    8.15     .50       233      62.4
+  Scott, Sask          44.1    19.8   16.86     .27       238      91.3
+  Lacombe, Alta        58.6    10.6   21.98     .03       238      7.42
+  Lethbridge, Alta     50.1     0.9   27.16     .23       254     102.3
+
+[Illustration: A scene showing farming on a large scale in the park
+districts of Western Canada. Water is good and plentiful in this
+district.]
+
+
+SWEEPSTAKE UPON SWEEPSTAKE
+
+A Manitoba Steer Carries Off Honors Similar to Those Won by a
+Half-brother in 1912.
+
+Saskatchewan wins and now owns the Colorado Silver Trophy for best oats
+in the world.
+
+When Glencarnock I, the Aberdeen-Angus steer, owned by Mr. McGregor of
+Brandon, Manitoba, carried off the Sweepstakes at the Chicago Live Stock
+Show in 1912, it was considered a great victory for barley, oats and
+grass, versus corn. That there might be no doubt as to the superiority
+of barley feeding, Manitoba climate, and judgment in selecting the
+animal, in 1913 Mr. McGregor entered another Aberdeen-Angus, a
+half-brother to the winner of 1912, and secured a second victory. In
+other classes also Mr. McGregor had excellent winnings. Glencarnock's
+victory proves not only the superiority of the new feeding, but that the
+climate of the prairie provinces of Western Canada, in combination with
+the rich foods possessed by that country, tends to make cattle raising a
+success at little cost.
+
+Other winnings at the Live Stock Show which placed Western Canada in the
+class of big victories were: three firsts, seven seconds, and five other
+prizes in Clydesdales.
+
+Among recent victories won by Western Canada within the past three
+years:
+
+In February, 1911, Hill & Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, showed a
+peck of oats at the National Corn Exposition in Columbus, Ohio, and
+carried off the Colorado Silver Trophy, valued at $1,500.00. In
+February, 1913, they had a similar victory at Columbia, N. C., the third
+and final winning was at Dallas, Texas, on February 17, 1914, when Hill
+& Son's oats defeated all other entries.
+
+In 1911, Seager Wheeler, of Rosthern, won $1,000 in gold at the New York
+Land Show for best hundred pounds of wheat.
+
+In 1912, at the Dry Farming Congress, Lethbridge, Mr. Holmes of Cardston
+won an engine for best wheat in the world.
+
+In 1913, at Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mr. P. Gerlack, of Allan, Saskatchewan,
+carried off the honors and a threshing machine for the best bushel of
+wheat shown in a world competition. It was the Marquis variety and
+weighed 71 lbs. to the bushel. At this congress, Canada won a majority
+of the world's honours in individual classes, and seven out of the
+sixteen sweepstakes.
+
+Other first prizes taken at the same place were:
+
+Barley, Nicholas Tetinger, Claresholm, Alberta. Oats, E. J. Lanigan,
+Elfross, Saskatchewan. Flax, John Plews, Carnduff, Saskatchewan. Sheaf
+of barley, A. H. Crossman, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of flax, R.
+C. West, Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of oats, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. In district exhibits, Swift Current, Saskatchewan,
+won the Board of Trade Award, with Maple Creek second. Red Fife Spring
+Wheat, E. A. Fredrick, Maple Creek. Other variety of Hard Spring Wheat,
+S. Englehart, Abernethy, Saskatchewan. Black Oats, Alex Wooley, Norton,
+Alberta. Oats, any other variety, Wm. S. Simpson, Pambrun, Saskatchewan.
+Western Rye Grass, W. S. Creighton, Stalwart, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of Red
+Fife Wheat, R. H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Sheaf of
+Marquis Wheat, G. H. Carney, Dysart, Saskatchewan. Two-Rowed Barley, R.
+H. Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Six-Rowed Barley, R. H.
+Carter, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Western Rye Grass, Arthur Perry,
+Cardston, Alberta. Alsike Clover, Seager Wheeler, Rosthern,
+Saskatchewan.
+
+=Agricultural Education in Western Canada.=--Scientific farming probably
+can be pursued with more profit and advantage in Western Canada than in
+any other portion of the continent. What can be achieved may be judged
+by what has been accomplished by the thousands who with not even a
+theoretical knowledge have made it a success. The various governments
+have provided for the development of a class of farmers who, in the
+possession of the rich soil of the country, with its abundant humus, its
+phosphates, and large endowment of other properties will make of it the
+greatest farming region of the known world.
+
+AREAS OF LAND AND WATER
+
+     According to the latest measurements the land and water areas
+     of the three provinces, as at the Census of 1911, are as
+     follows:
+
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+       Provinces  |    Land     |   Water    |    Total
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+                  |    acres    |   acres    |    acres
+     Manitoba     |  41,169,098 |  6,019,200 |  47,188,298
+     Saskatchewan | 155,764,480 |  5,323,520 | 161,088,000
+     Alberta      | 161,872,000 |  1,510,400 | 163,382,400
+     Total        | 358,805,578 | 12,853,120 | 371,658,698
+     -------------+-------------+------------+------------
+
+     Note--By the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912, the area of
+     Manitoba was increased by 113,984,000 acres, bringing the
+     total to 161,172,298 acres, of which 12,739,600 acres are
+     water. The areas of Manitoba in this article relate solely
+     however to the province as constituted before the Act of
+     1912.
+
+Comparative Areas of wheat, oats, and barley in the three Western
+Provinces: [Transcriber's Note: This table was split into three parts
+for the text version]
+
+  ==============+======================+===========+==========+
+    Provinces   |         1900         |         1910         |
+                |                      |                      |
+  --------------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+                |  Bushels  |   Acres  |  Bushels  |   Acres  |
+                +-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+  Manitoba--    |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 18,352,929| 1,965,193| 34,125,949| 2,760,371|
+    Oats        | 10,952,365|   573,848| 30,378,379| 1,209,173|
+    Barley      |  2,666,567|   139,660|  6,506,634|   416,016|
+  Saskatchewan--|           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |  4,306,091|   487,170| 66,978,996| 4,228,222|
+    Oats        |  2,270,057|   141,517| 58,922,791| 1,888,359|
+    Barley      |    187,211|    11,798|  3,061,007|   129,621|
+  Alberta--     |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |    797,839|    43,103|  9,060,210|   879,301|
+    Oats        |  3,791,259|   118,025| 16,099,223|   783,072|
+    Barley      |    287,343|    11,099|  2,480,165|   121,435|
+  ==============+===========+==========+===========+==========+
+
+  ==============+======================+======================+
+    Provinces   |         1911         |         1912         |
+                |                      |                      |
+  --------------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
+                |  Bushels  |   Acres  |  Bushels  |   Acres  |
+                +-----------+----------|-----------+----------+
+  Manitoba--    |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 62,689,000| 3,094,833| 63,017,000| 2,839,000|
+    Oats        | 60,037,000| 1,307,434| 57,154,000| 1,348,000|
+    Barley      | 14,949,000|   448,105| 15,826,000|   481,000|
+  Saskatchewan--|           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       |109,075,000| 5,256,474|106,960,000| 5,582,000|
+    Oats        |107,594,000| 2,332,912|117,537,000| 2,556,000|
+    Barley      |  8,661,000|   273,988|  9,595,000|   292,000|
+  Alberta--     |           |          |           |          |
+    Wheat       | 36,602,000| 1,639,974| 34,303,000| 1,590,000|
+    Oats        | 59,034,000| 1,221,217| 67,630,000| 1,461,000|
+    Barley      |  4,356,000|   164,132|  6,179,000|   187,000|
+  ==============+===========+==========+===========+==========+
+
+  ==============+=======================+===============
+    Provinces   |          1913         |Average for 5
+                |                       |years 1908-1912
+  --------------+------------+----------+------+--------
+                |  Bushels   |   Acres  | Bush.| Price
+                +------------+----------+------+--------
+  Manitoba--    |            |          |      |
+    Wheat       |  53,331,000| 2,804,000| 18.17| $0.75
+    Oats        |  56,759,000| 1,398,000| 37.40|  0.30
+    Barley      |  14,305,000|   496,000| 27.54|  0.40
+  Saskatchewan--|            |          |      |
+    Wheat       | 121,559,000| 5,720,000| 19.06|  0.65
+    Oats        | 114,112,000| 2,755,000| 40.88|  0.27
+    Barley      |  10,421,000|   332,000| 29.09|  0.38
+  Alberta--     |            |          |      |
+    Wheat       |  34,372,000| 1,512,000| 20.22|  0.61
+    Oats        |  71,542,000| 1,639,000| 41.18|  0.27
+    Barley      |   6,334,000|   197,000| 28.98|  0.35
+  ==============+============+==========+======+========
+
+[Illustration: Cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well
+in all parts of Western Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: Horses range most of the year in many parts of
+Saskatchewan and Alberta.]
+
+
+
+
+MANITOBA
+
+
+The most easterly of the three Central Provinces--lies in the centre of
+the North American continent--midway between the Pacific and Atlantic
+oceans, its southern boundary running down to the 49th parallel, which
+separates it from the United States, its northeasterly boundary being
+Hudson Bay. It may well be termed one of the Maritime Provinces of
+Canada. Manitoba is one-fourth larger than Germany, its area covering
+252,000 square miles or about 161 million acres. If a family were placed
+on every half section of the surveyed land in Manitoba, more than
+600,000 persons would be actually living in the Province.
+
+=Available Homesteads.=--One and a half million acres of land are open for
+free homesteading in Manitoba--east of the Red River, and between lakes
+Winnipeg and Manitoba, also west of Lake Manitoba and in the newly
+opened districts along the railway lines. The wooded areas of these
+districts will make a strong appeal to those who appreciate the
+picturesque. Where the timber is light scrub, it is easily removed,
+while the heavy forest richly repays the cost of clearing. Lakes,
+rivers, and creeks are numerous, and wells of moderate depth furnish
+water for domestic purposes. Homestead lands are easily reached and the
+value of land is steadily advancing. Two hundred and thirty-two
+homesteads were filed in Winnipeg in December, 1913--almost twice the
+number filed during December, 1912.
+
+=Available Farm Lands=, apart from homesteads, can be secured at $12 to
+$15 per acre for raw prairie, while improved farms command $35 to $40.
+
+=Improved Farms= may be secured in all parts of Manitoba from owners who
+have grown wealthy and are in a position to retire.
+
+=Soil and Surface.=--The surface of Manitoba is not a flat, bare stretch,
+a "bald-headed prairie." A large part of the land, especially in the
+south, is, indeed, the flat bed of a wide, prehistoric lake; but even in
+the southwest the land rises into wooded hills, and in the southeast,
+close to the Lake-of-the-Woods country, there is a genuine forest. In
+Western Manitoba are forested areas, and timbered districts exist on the
+Turtle Mountains and the Brandon Hills. The true forest persists in
+Central Manitoba as far as the Duck Mountains. From all these points
+quantities of lumber, fence posts, and firewood are sent to the prairie
+settlers. The rivers and lakes are skirted by a plentiful tree growth.
+Down through the heart of the Province stretch two great lake chains.
+Lake Winnipeg and lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba, which receive the
+waters of the Saskatchewan and Assiniboine from the west, and discharge
+through the Nelson River to Hudson Bay. Sloping to the west from the
+Lake Manitoba plain is a range of gentle hills known as the Duck
+Mountains, Riding Mountains, and the Porcupine Hills. These hills in no
+way alter the fact that almost the whole land surface of Central and
+Southern Manitoba west of its great lakes is ready for cultivation. The
+northern portion of the Province, though not surveyed, is known to
+contain a large area of good agricultural land. Manitoba's soil is a
+deep rich loam, inexhaustible in its productiveness. There are 25-1/2
+million acres of land surveyed, about one-fourth of which was under crop
+in 1913.
+
+=Grain Growing.=--Manitoba is noted for its wheat crops and has already
+an established prestige in yields of oats, rye, and flax; in some parts
+corn is being grown. In certain districts good yields of winter wheat
+are reported.
+
+The grain statistics for the Province reveal an interesting condition.
+In 1901 there were 1,965,200 acres of land under wheat, and in 1910 the
+area had grown to 3,094,833 acres. In 1913, this had increased to
+3,141,218 acres. The land under oats, in 1913, amounted to 1,939,723
+acres; barley, 1,153,834 acres, and flax, 115,054 acres. The average
+yield of wheat in 1913 was 20 bushels; oats, 42 bushels.
+
+The total grain crop in the Province for 1913 was 178,775,946 bushels,
+grown on 6,364,880 acres, compared with 182,357,494 for 1912, the
+decrease being due to a falling off in oats of nearly 7 million bushels
+and in flax of more than 1 million bushels. Of the 1913 grain crop
+spring and fall wheat together occupied an area of 3,141,218 acres and
+yielded 62,755,455 bushels. Oats occupied an area of 1,939,723 acres and
+yielded 81,410,174 bushels. Barley occupied an area of 1,153,834 acres
+and yielded 33,014,693 bushels. Flax, rye, and peas occupied an area of
+130,105 acres and yielded 1,595,624 bushels. The above are Provincial
+Government returns.
+
+=Potatoes and Field Roots.=--The yield of potatoes for 1913 was 9,977,263
+bushels from an area of 55,743 acres, and that of field roots 4,196,612
+bushels from an area of 16,275 acres. The average yield of potatoes was
+about 180 bushels per acre; field roots 257 bushels. Total value, about
+$2,100,000.
+
+=Fodder Crops.=--Brome grass contributed 43,432 tons from an area of
+24,912 acres. Rye grass 33,907 tons from an area of 21,197 acres.
+Timothy 181,407 from an area of 118,812 acres. Clover and alfalfa
+together contributed 20,454 tons from an area of 10,037 acres, and
+fodder corn 119,764 tons from an area of 20,223 acres. Total value about
+2 million dollars. Alfalfa is largely grown at Gilbert Plains, Roblin,
+Swan River and Grand View. The figures given are from Provincial
+Government returns.
+
+=The Season.=--Although spring opened a few days earlier than usual,
+seeding was quite general on well drained land by April 15th. From that
+date until the end of the month the weather was exceptionally
+favourable, and by May 10th, on well prepared land, nearly all the
+seeding was over.
+
+During the first three weeks of May the weather was quite cool, and
+growth was slow; but with warmer weather the last week's growth was more
+rapid. There was an abundance of moisture from the previous fall, and
+despite the low temperature during May, wheat was well advanced by the
+end of the month.
+
+[Illustration: Putting up wild hay in Manitoba, which frequently yields
+from 1-1/2 to 2 tons per acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Central and Southern MANITOBA
+
+For Map of Northern Manitoba see pages 14 and 15]
+
+The early part of June was dry with high temperature; but in the latter
+part of this month rain was more plentiful, especially in the western
+part of the Province. The rainfall in July was below the average, and
+the temperature lower than usual. Harvesting was general by the middle
+of August.
+
+The excellent condition of the land at seeding time, the favourable
+weather during germination and growth, and the ideal harvesting and
+threshing weather, exercised the greatest influence in determining the
+high grade of all grains as well as materially reducing the cost of
+harvesting.
+
+=Mixed Farming= has become quite general in Manitoba, practically every
+farmer now having his herd of cattle or flock of sheep. His fattened
+hogs find a steadily increasing market at good prices, while poultry is
+a source of revenue. The vegetable crop is always a success; wonderful
+yields of potatoes and roots are regularly recorded. Many portions of
+the country, partially wooded and somewhat broken, which were formerly
+overlooked, are now proving desirable for mixed farming. These park
+districts have sufficient area for growing grain, hay, and grasses.
+
+The poplar groves scattered here afford excellent shelter for cattle
+and, in many cases, furnish valuable building material. The district
+lying east and southeast of Winnipeg is rapidly being settled. It is
+well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand Trunk
+Pacific Railways. Rainfall here as elsewhere throughout the Province is
+adequate, and well water easily secured. Much of this land is available
+for homesteads, while other portions may be purchased at a low price
+from the railway and land companies. This applies to Swan River and
+Dauphin districts.
+
+Hon. George Lawrence, Minister of Agriculture, says: "Conditions in
+Manitoba are excellent for livestock of all kinds, and the money-making
+possibilities in producing all manner of food are beyond question.
+
+"The output of the creameries last year was close to 4,000,000 pounds.
+They cannot, however, begin to meet the demand. It is the same with
+eggs, poultry, beef, pork, mutton, vegetables, and all foodstuffs. The
+opportunity for the man who will go in for mixed farming in this
+Province is consequently obvious."
+
+=Dairying= yielded about 3-1/2 million dollars in 1913 for butter, and then
+failed to supply local demand, a quantity of milk, cream, and butter
+being imported. Winnipeg alone used over three-quarters of a million
+dollars' worth of milk and cream in 1913. The demand is increasing with
+the growth of the cities throughout the west, and splendid opportunities
+exist in this field. Cheese sold in 1913 at 12-1/2 cents per pound, dairy
+butter at 23.4 cents, and creamery butter at 27.5 cents.
+
+Dairy schools, under control of the Agricultural College are well
+equipped and under the guidance of professors of high standing.
+
+=Businesslike Farming.=--Nowhere on the continent more than in Manitoba
+has farming advanced to the dignity of a thoroughly businesslike
+occupation. Here the farmer works, not merely for a living, but for a
+handsome profit. Instances are frequent where large areas under wheat
+have given a clear profit of over $12 an acre. All the labour of
+ploughing, seeding, harvesting, and marketing is included at $7.50 per
+acre with hired help. Even allowing $8, it is a poor year that will not
+yield a handsome margin.
+
+The greatest monopoly of the future will be land.
+
+Wheat is the greatest food cereal. Lands suitable to the growth of No. 1
+hard wheat are extremely limited. While the demand for wheat is
+increasing, the wheat belt of the United States is decreasing yearly in
+acreage and yield, with the result that within a few years the United
+States will have to import and scramble for a lion's share of the wheat
+crops of the world.
+
+The following tables give the acreage, average and total yield of wheat
+oats, barley, and flax for the last seven years. Provincial government
+returns,
+
+                         WHEAT                           OATS
+  Year       Acreage   Average     Total       Acreage  Average    Total
+                        Yield      Yield                 Yield     Yield
+  1907      2,789,553  14.22   39,688,266.6  1,213,596  34.8   42,140,744
+  1908      2,850,640  17.23   49,252,539    1,216,632  36.8   44,686,043
+  1909      2,642,111  17.33   45,774,707.7  1,373,683  37.1   50,983,056
+  1910      2,962,187  13.475  39,916,391.7  1,486,436  28.7   42,647,766
+  1911      3,350,000  18.29   61,058,786    1,625,000  45.3   73,786,683
+  1912      2,823,362  20.07   58,433,579    1,939,982  46.0   87,190,677
+  1913      3,141,218  19.30   62,755,455    1,939,723  42.0   81,410,174
+
+                        BARLEY                           FLAX
+  Year       Acreage  Average     Total        Acreage  Average    Total
+                       Yield      Yield                  Yield     Yield
+  1907        649,570  25.7    16,752,724.3     25,915  12.25     317,347
+  1908        658,441  27.54   18,135,757       50,187  11.18     502,206
+  1909        601,008  27.31   16,416,634       20,635  12.26     253,636
+  1910        624,644  20.75   12,960,038.7     41,002   9.97     410,928
+  1911        760,000  31.5    21,000,000       86,000  14.00   1,205,727
+  1912        962,928  35.0    33,795,191      191,315  13.06   2,671,729
+  1913      1,153,834  28.0    33,014,693         --     --         --
+
+=Education.=--Manitobans expend a greater percentage of public funds for
+schools than for any other purpose. Private schools, business colleges
+and public libraries, as numerous and as well equipped as those in
+similar communities anywhere, are established in all important cities
+and towns and these with the excellent public schools afford educational
+facilities equal to those of any country. There are also a number of
+Catholic parochial schools.
+
+The Dominion Experimental Farm at Brandon is doing much to educate the
+farming population of the Province. Accurate records of all practical
+experiments are kept and the information is given to settlers free.
+Dairy schools, farmers' institutes, livestock, fruit growers,
+agricultural, and horticultural associations also furnish free
+instruction as to the most successful methods practised in their
+callings.
+
+=Railways= have anticipated the future, so that few farmers are more than
+eight or ten miles from a railway. Manitoba now has 3,895 miles of
+railway as compared with 1,470 miles in 1893. The Canadian Pacific has
+1,620 miles, Canadian Northern 1,809, and the Grand Trunk 366, and
+extensions will be made by all lines this year. Railway lines being
+built to Hudson Bay will make large mineral deposits available. When
+this territory is surveyed there will be opened up a wonderfully rich
+area, capable of maintaining an immense population. This added territory
+gives a port on Hudson Bay, from which vessels can carry the farm
+produce of the West to old country markets.
+
+=Climate.=--Unlike some other provinces, Manitoba's climatic conditions
+are uniform throughout. There is much sunshine the year round. The
+summer is pleasant, warm, and conducive to rapid and successful growth.
+
+The long autumns are usually agreeable, ploughing weather sometimes
+extending to the end of November.
+
+The winters rarely last more than three or four months, and because of
+the dry atmosphere, the low temperature is not as much felt as in
+countries with more moisture. The snow is never deep, and travel in
+winter by team or rail is rarely impeded by drifts. The annual
+precipitation is 21.4 inches.
+
+The crop season in Manitoba extends from April to October, inclusive.
+Seeding frequently starts early in April, and threshing usually lasts
+through October. The mean temperature for the period, April 1 to
+September 30, in 1913 was 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The mean temperature in
+October was only 34.40 Fahrenheit, but threshing can be done in cold
+weather as readily as in warm, with no injurious effects. The total
+precipitation in the Province was smaller than usual--for the growing
+season 9.67 inches, but rain was well distributed: May 1.04 inches; June
+2.34 inches; July 1.70 inches; August 3.56 inches, and September .68
+inches. The average sunshine was 7.3 hours daily. The mean temperature
+of the country is 32.7; January 5.2; July 66.1.
+
+[Illustration: Here is a usual scene in Western Canada during the
+harvesting season.]
+
+[Illustration: The raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in
+Western Canada. They are easily fattened on barley, oats and alfalfa.]
+
+=Picnicing on December 11, 1913.=--The mild weather of the past few months
+has been general throughout the Province of Manitoba. At Melita, on
+December 11th, the citizens suspended business and had a picnic at River
+Park on the outskirts of the town, and there was no discomfort from heat
+or cold.
+
+=Fruit.=--Small fruits did well in 1913. Apples are not grown extensively,
+but several orchards in the Province were well laden. The orchard of Mr.
+Stephenson, near Morden, was the most notable, and produced a crop of
+several hundred barrels of apples, as well as an abundance of crabs,
+cherries, and other fruits. At the recent Land and Apple Show in
+Winnipeg, native apples compared very favourably with those from
+Provinces which pride themselves on their horticultural possibilities.
+
+=Sugar Beets.=--In growing sugar beet, Manitoba has had success. Syrup
+produced from sugar beets grown at Morden was of good consistency and
+the colour indicated that good sugar could be manufactured from it.
+
+=Game and Fish.=--Manitoba's fishery output represents an annual value of
+over one million dollars. There is plenty of good fishing. Wild ducks,
+geese, and swans haunt the lakes and rivers, while on the prairies are
+flocks of prairie chicken.
+
+=Manitoba Farm Lands Year.=--In addition to circumstances which point to
+next year as an important one to farming interests, there is one great
+factor which will undoubtedly have much to do with the sale and
+development of farms. This is the fact that the people of Manitoba
+realize the necessity for mixed farming. This means the breaking up of
+large tracts of land into smaller farms and therefore a largely
+increased population. Even while the present year has been one of some
+financial stringency the demand for farm lands has steadily increased.
+
+
+WHAT SOME MANITOBA FARMERS HAVE DONE
+
+=Gladstone, Man.=, reports that the wheat crop of 1913 exceeded all
+expectations; 30 bushels per acre was the general yield. The grade was
+never better. One farmer had 400 acres in wheat, which weighed 66 pounds
+to the bushel.
+
+=Portage Plains, Man.=, showed some remarkable yields. Noah Elgert had
+61 bushels of wheat per acre; the government farm, 61 bushels; Geo. E.
+Stacey, 54; T. J. Hall, John Ross and D. W. McCuaig, 50; W. Richardson,
+51; M. Owens, 61-1/2; Anderson and Turnbull, 60; J. Lloyd, 48-1/2; Jas.
+Bell and Robt. Brown, 48; R. S. Tully, 52; J. Wishart, 49-1/4; Philip
+Page, 47; J. Stewart, 45; J. W. Brown, 30; Chester Johnson, 44; E. H.
+Muir, 42; L. A. Bradley, 43; W. Boddy, 40; Albert Davis, 43; E.
+McLenaghen, 37. After farming the same land for forty years, J. Wishart
+secured a crop of 49-1/2 bushels to the acre, the best he ever had. Mr.
+Bradley's yield was on land plowed this spring.
+
+=Marquette, Man.=, September 21. Splendid weather has enabled the farmers
+of this section to make good progress with the cutting and harvesting of
+this season's crop. Wheat is averaging 20 bushels to the acre, with
+barley 45 and oats going 70. There has been no damage of any
+description.
+
+=Binscarth, Man.=, says good reports are coming from the machines of high
+yields and good sample. The elevators are busy shipping cars every day.
+
+=Dauphin, Man.=, September 13. Threshing is general. The grain is in good
+shape and the weather is ideal. The samples are best ever grown here,
+grading No. 1 Northern. The returns are larger than expected in nearly
+every case. E. B. Armstrong's wheat went 34 bushels to the acre; others,
+25 to 27.
+
+=Balmoral.=--John Simpson says: "Very prosperous has been our first year's
+farming in Canada. Shipped two carloads of wheat that graded No. 1
+Northern and sold for eighty-five cents. Weather for the last two weeks
+was perfect--no snow and just enough frost to keep the roads from
+getting muddy."
+
+=Brandon.=--Hard wheats have long been the choice product of Manitoba
+soil, but nothing more significant is required to announce a new
+industry in the Province than that Glencarnock Victor, a
+Manitoba-finished steer, owned by Mr. J. D. McGregor, was last year
+grand champion of America, and his half-brother from the same stables,
+won like honours this year. Neither had ever been fed any corn, but
+fattened on prairie hay, alfalfa, and barley.
+
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS
+
+=Winnipeg=, with a population of about 200,000, is a natural distributing
+point for Western Canada, as well as the shipping point for the
+wonderful crops from the tributary prairie lands. The prosperity of
+Western Canada is here reflected in substantial buildings, wide
+boulevards, quarries, water works, street lighting systems, asphalt
+plants, and a park system of 29 parks, covering 500 acres. There are 40
+modern school buildings with 378 teachers and 21,210 pupils.
+
+Winnipeg has four live daily papers and forty weekly and monthly
+publications. Twenty-four railway tracks radiate from the city, making
+Winnipeg the leading grain centre of the world. A photograph taken at
+any point in the financial centre of the city shows magnificent new
+buildings under construction, representing immense investment and
+indicating the confidence felt in the city's future. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made. The city now has 466 miles of
+sidewalk, 112 miles of boulevard and 162 miles of street pavement. There
+are 115 churches.
+
+St. Boniface, the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of St.
+Boniface, adjoins and is partly surrounded by the business district:
+17,000 population.
+
+=Brandon=--With 18,000 population is the second city in the Province and
+is located on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its
+seven branch railway lines. The Canadian Northern runs through the town
+and has erected a fine new modern hotel. The Great Northern entering
+from the south and the Grand Trunk Pacific completed, there is afforded
+excellent shipping facilities, necessary to the factories, flour mills,
+machine shops, and wholesale houses established here. There are fourteen
+branch banks here with clearings totalling $33,000,000. As an
+educational centre Brandon might be ranked with cities several times
+larger. The high school would be a credit to any city of first rank. A
+Dominion Experimental Farm is located here.
+
+=Portage la Prairie=--Enjoys splendid railway facilities at the junction
+of four lines of railway. This fortunate situation has brought a number
+of industries. The city owns its park and has a fine educational system,
+including a Collegiate Institute. Many churches and fraternal
+organizations are supported by this city of 7,000 population. Municipal
+improvements are constantly being made.
+
+=Selkirk= is a distributing point of supplies for points on Lake Winnipeg.
+
+=Carberry and Morden= are flourishing railway towns in the heart of fine
+wheat-growing sections, as are Minnedosa, Neepawa, Dauphin, Carman,
+Virden, and Souris.
+
+Scores of towns now developing afford openings for those desiring
+business opportunities; each has its mills and warehouses for wheat.
+Among these centres may be named Manitou, Birtle, Emerson, Gretna,
+Wawanesa, Rivers, Somerset, Baldur, Deloraine, Melita, Rapid City,
+Hamiota, Gladstone, Killarney, Hartney, Stonewall, Boissevain, Elkhorn,
+Gilbert Plains, Pilot Mound, Winkler and Plum Coulee.
+
+Provincial Government returns.
+
+                                 POPULATION AND LIVESTOCK
+
+                         1891     1908     1909     1911     1912     1913
+  Population           152,506                    455,614
+  Horses                86,735  230,926  237,161  232,725  273,395  304,100
+  Milch cows            82,710  173,546  167,442  146,841           154,400
+  Other horned cattle  147,984  357,988  333,752  397,261  428,274  460,200
+  Sheep                 35,838   29,265   29,074   32,223   42,087  112,500
+  Hogs                  54,177  192,489  172,374  176,212  216,640  176,000
+  Cultivated farms                        45,380            49,755   50,000
+
+Increase in population in ten years was 78.52 per cent.
+
+The exhibit of grains, grasses, clover, fodder crops, vegetables, and
+natural products shown at the 1913 United States Land Show spoke well
+for the soil and climate of Manitoba.
+
+[Illustration: An ordinary threshing scene in Manitoba, where fields of
+wheat, oats and barley pay the farmer well.]
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN MANITOBA]
+
+
+
+
+SASKATCHEWAN
+
+
+Saskatchewan, the central Prairie Province, is a huge rectangle
+extending from the 49th to the 60th parallel, with an area as large as
+France and twice the size of the British Isles.
+
+It comprises 155,092,480 acres, and extends 760 miles north and south
+and 390 miles east and west at the southern boundary bordering on the
+United States. The average altitude is about 1,500 feet above sea level.
+
+Saskatchewan claims to be without a rival in North America as a producer
+of wheat and small grains. Only physical and geographical conditions
+retard even a more phenomenal agricultural development. Its growth and
+acquisition of wealth has been phenomenal. There are four distinct zones
+extending north and south: (a) rolling prairie, (b) prairie and
+woodland, (c) forest, (d) sparsely timbered belt. All the land is
+suitable for cultivation and will yield the highest quality of cereals,
+though less than 13 million acres are now under the plough. The
+population of approximately 550,000 thriving, vigorous people will
+eventually be a million. The increase in ten years was 440 per cent.
+
+The Government forces in Saskatchewan are complete and effective. Every
+branch of agricultural work conducted by the Provincial Government is a
+part of the Department of Agriculture.
+
+=Soil and Surface.=--The soil in all of Saskatchewan is a rich loam,
+running from eight to twenty inches deep over a chocolate clay subsoil.
+Moisture is evaporated from this subsoil so gradually that the fertility
+is almost inexhaustible. With few exceptions the southern portion of the
+Province from a line east and west through Saskatoon is almost flat.
+
+In certain portions the surface is undulating, but in no case so hilly
+as to preclude ploughing every acre; near some of the rivers in the more
+hilly sections the soil becomes lighter with some stone and gravel.
+
+Five reasons may be given for the exceptionally favourable conditions
+awaiting the grower of wheat in Saskatchewan: 1. The soil is of almost
+inexhaustible fertility. 2. The climate brings the plant to fruition
+very quickly. 3. The northern latitude gives the wheat more sunshine
+during the growing period than is had in districts farther south. 4.
+Rust is of infrequent occurrence. 5. Insect foes are unknown.
+
+=Fuel and Water.=--The coal areas to the south, and the partially wooded
+areas in the north, provide an ample supply of fuel, while water can be
+secured anywhere at a reasonable depth.
+
+
+CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=The Available Homesteads= are principally in the northern portion of
+Central Saskatchewan which is watered east and west by the main
+Saskatchewan River and by its chief branch, the North Saskatchewan, a
+great part of whose navigable length lies within this section. The
+surface generally is rolling prairie interspersed with wooded bluffs of
+poplar, spruce, and pine, alternating with intruding portions of the
+great plain from the south. In soil and climate Central Saskatchewan is
+well adapted to the raising of cattle, also wheat and other grains.
+North of township Thirty there is unlimited grazing land, horses, cattle
+and sheep feeding in the open most of the year. There is the necessary
+shelter when extreme cold weather sets in and water is plentiful. Sheep
+do well. Many farmers have from 50 to 100 sheep and lambs. The district
+also possesses everything required for the growing of crops and there
+are satisfactory yields of all the smaller grains. The homesteader may
+add to his holdings by purchasing adjoining land from the Canadian
+Northern, Canadian Pacific Railway and other corporations. These
+unimproved lands range from $15 an acre upwards.
+
+Districts recently opened for settlement are Shellbrook, Beaver River,
+and Green Lake, into which the Canadian Northern Railway is projected.
+Other new districts are Jack Fish Lake and Turtle Lake, north of
+Battleford, into which the same road is built. These districts are
+favourable for grain and cattle raising. North of North Battleford are
+several townships which will not long be without transportation, and to
+the east of these there are available homesteads which can be reached
+through the Prince Albert gateway.
+
+
+SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=Available Farm Land.=--There are but few homesteads available in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan. The land is occupied by an excellent class of
+farmers, and values range from $15 per acre to $25 for unimproved
+prairie, and from $40 to $50 per acre for improved farms. In the
+neighbourhood of Moose Jaw mixed farming and grain raising are carried
+on with success. North and northwest, towards the Saskatchewan, are
+large settlements; but to the south and southwest is a tract of land
+available for homesteading, and a land office at Moose Jaw makes it easy
+to inspect the land and secure speedy entry. These lands are easily
+reached from Moose Jaw, Mortlach, Herbert, Gull Lake, and Swift Current.
+
+Maple Creek district is an important stock centre. Some of the best
+sheep, cattle, and horses in Canada are raised on the succulent grass
+here but the wheat grower and mixed farmer are treading on the heels of
+the ranchman.
+
+West of Swift Current to the Alberta boundary herds of cattle roam and
+largely find for themselves. Snowfall is light and winters so mild that
+hardy animals graze through the whole year. The Chinook winds are felt
+as far east as Swift Current. Grain growing is successful.
+
+[Illustration: In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated
+by steam or gasoline power. This shows its use, and also discing,
+seeding and harrowing.]
+
+Farm land can be purchased from railway and other land companies in
+Southeastern Saskatchewan, which includes that section between Manitoba
+on the east and the third meridian on the west, extending some distance
+north of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It has more
+rainfall than portions farther west and less wood than the portion lying
+north. In character and productiveness of soil, Southeastern
+Saskatchewan is a continuation of Manitoba, but contains more prairie
+area.
+
+
+NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
+
+=Available Homesteads.=--Northern Saskatchewan has not yet been opened to
+any extent for settlement. There are approximately 80 million acres
+beyond the railway at Prince Albert which time, zeal, and railway
+enterprise will eventually make accessible. Furs, forest wealth, and
+fisheries are recognized as a national asset, but thousands of acres of
+fertile land lie beyond the existing lines of railway awaiting
+development. Northern Saskatchewan has natural resources sufficient to
+maintain a population equal to that of any European country in
+corresponding latitude.
+
+=Saskatchewan Crops.=--Saskatchewan leads all other provinces in wheat
+production, though only a comparatively small portion of its tillable
+area is under cultivation. In 1898 the area under wheat was 276,253
+acres; 910,359 acres in 1905; 2,703,563 acres in 1908, and in 1913, five
+years' time, it had more than doubled, the area being 5,720,000 acres.
+On this there were grown approximately 121-1/2 million bushels of wheat,
+an average of about 21-1/4 bushels to the acre. The farmers realized
+about 124 million dollars for products apart from field and fodder
+crops, valued at 5 million dollars.
+
+The following figures are from Provincial Government returns.
+Saskatchewan has easily 50,000,000 acres of unbroken prairie to grow
+just such good crops, and another 25,000,000 acres on which to graze
+live stock.
+
+                  Acreage   Yield     Total     Price per        Total
+                             per   Production    Bushel          Value
+                            Acre
+  Wheat          5,760,249   19.5  112,369,405  At   63c   $ 70,792,725.15
+  Oats           2,638,562   41.7  110,210,436  At   23c     25,348,400.28
+  Barley           307,177   30.2    9,279,263  At   26c      2,412,608.38
+  Flax             967,137   12.0   11,654,280  At  $1.00    11,654,280.00
+  Province       9,673,125         243,513,384              110,208,013.81
+
+While the average yield of wheat is shown to be 19.5 bushels per acre,
+thousands of farmers raised 35 bushels and some more than 40.
+Considerable was sown on stubble, and there were many low yields
+occasioned by indifferent farming, and anxiety to secure a crop from
+late seeding, without which the general average would have exceeded 30
+bushels per acre. The same is true of other grains. On the Experimental
+Farm at Indian Head, Marquis wheat produced 48 bushels to the acre, and
+Red Fife on the stubble 28 bushels.
+
+Almost the entire wheat crop was within the contract grades, (none less
+than 3 Northern, the great bulk graded No. 1) and by the end of October
+75 per cent of the crop was threshed. In many instances wheat weighed 64
+and as high as 66 pounds to the bushel. Mr. Paul Gerlach of Allan,
+Saskatchewan, had 71 pounds per bushel, and carried off the honours at
+the International Dry Farming Congress at Tulsa last November.
+
+=Mixed Farming= is so successful in Saskatchewan that only passing comment
+is necessary. The Province is famous for its high-class horses,
+well-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs. At the Live Stock Show in Chicago in
+1913, the Province carried off high premiums. The Department of
+Agriculture secures good breeding stock for the farmers and encourages
+the preservation of females.
+
+=Poultry Raising= is so profitable that many Saskatchewan farmers have
+gone into it extensively. Of 10,000 turkeys marketed at Moose Jaw there
+was not a single "cull." They brought an average of $2.80 each. Chickens
+provide a certain profit and constant income.
+
+=Dairying= is successful. An established market and excellent natural
+facilities favour this branch of mixed farming. 997,000 pounds of
+creamery butter yielded $271,185 in 1912 and private dairies realized
+$189,000 from 700,000 pounds, making a total increase of $177,376.69
+over 1911. With the exception of cream delivery, a government
+superintendent supervises all business transactions of most creameries.
+
+=Fodder Corn.=--At Prince Albert fodder corn has reached a height of eight
+feet with not a poor sample in the lot and there are strong indications
+that before many years corn will be grown here for ensilage with general
+success. At the Experimental Farm, fodder corn yielded about 18 tons of
+green fodder per acre, which went into the silo in good condition.
+
+=Railways.=--About five hundred miles of new road opened in 1912 gives
+Saskatchewan a total mileage of about 5,000 miles as compared with 1,000
+in 1905, of which 1,230 is main line and 3,700 branches. The Province is
+so well served by the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and Grand
+Trunk Pacific that few of the established settlements are more than 10
+to 20 miles from transportation; new settlements do not have to wait
+long for railway advantages. The Hudson Bay Railway will afford a short
+haul to ocean shipping from Saskatchewan grain fields. One and a half
+million dollars have been appropriated by the local government for
+improvements and building highways. From 1905-13 the population has
+doubled, and whole districts which were practically uninhabited but a
+short time ago are now filled with farmers.
+
+=Rivers.=--The chief rivers are the North Saskatchewan, South
+Saskatchewan, Qu'Appelle, and Carrot. The North and South Saskatchewan
+rise in the Rockies and have a general easterly trend. The Red Deer
+flows into the South Saskatchewan, about 150 miles north of the United
+States boundary. The South Saskatchewan runs east nearly half way across
+the Province, then turns north and enters the North Saskatchewan a
+little east of Prince Albert. The South Saskatchewan, with the
+Qu'Appelle, intersects the Province from east to west. The Carrot rises
+south of Prince Albert and runs parallel to the North Saskatchewan, into
+which it flows near "The Pas," and the junction point of the Hudson Bay
+Railway, now under construction.
+
+=Lumbering.=--North and east of Prince Albert, the present centre of the
+lumber industry, lumbering is extensive. In the northern forest the
+timber is black and white spruce, larch or tamarack, jack pine, aspen or
+white poplar, balsam or black poplar, and white birch.
+
+=Game and Fish.=--In the north, furs are secured for the world's markets
+and fishing is carried on extensively.
+
+=Education.=--Schools are sustained by provincial aid and local rates.
+Except in special cases where qualified teachers cannot be obtained, the
+teacher must hold a certificate from the Department of Education. The
+university is supported and controlled by the Province, a department of
+which is a college of agriculture with some of Canada's best educators
+and agricultural specialists on the faculty. Nowhere do agricultural
+authorities give greater attention to the welfare and education of the
+farmer than in the newer districts of this Province.
+
+
+CITIES AND TOWNS
+
+=Regina.=--Capital of Saskatchewan, lies in the heart of a splendid
+agricultural section, and is distributing centre for a large district.
+With a population of about 45,000 it supports a dozen banks which had
+clearings of 116 million dollars in 1912. It has good hotels, is noted
+for its substantial public buildings, wide, well-paved streets, and
+metropolitan spirit. The Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific unite to make it an important railway centre. The
+collegiate institute and provincial normal school add to its educational
+importance. The Northwest Mounted Police headquarters are located here,
+also the judiciary of Saskatchewan.
+
+[Illustration: The sheep industry in Western Canada is one of certain
+profit. There are many large flocks in all parts of the three
+Provinces.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Central Saskatchewan see pages 22 and 23.]
+
+=Saskatoon.=--The seat of the University of Saskatchewan, is a growing
+city beautifully situated on the South Saskatchewan River. It is well
+served by the Canadian Northern's Regina-Prince Albert line which
+passes through an extensive and productive farming district to the
+southwest and joins the main line at Warman, and is also on the route of
+the Canadian Pacific from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Population about 28,000;
+in 1903 it was about 100. There are four bridges crossing the South
+Saskatchewan River, with another in contemplation.
+
+=Moose Jaw= is a divisional point on the Canadian Pacific, is a terminus
+of the Soo Line and is also served by the Canadian Northern and Grand
+Trunk Pacific. Population approximately 23,000. It is noted for its
+schools and churches. Splendid street car facilities exist here. This
+district is well settled by progressive farmers. They have brought raw
+prairie land, which cost from $8 to $10 per acre, to a state of
+cultivation, that makes their farms worth from $25 to $40 per acre.
+
+=Prince Albert= is the northern terminus of the Canadian Northern and is
+delightfully situated on the North Saskatchewan River. It is served by a
+line of the Grand Trunk Pacific built from the main line at Young. The
+Canadian Northern Battleford-Prince Albert line will be completed this
+fall. It has four big sawmills, and several banks, churches, schools,
+and hotels. Population, 12,000. The three flour mills grind about 400
+barrels a day. One mill ships its product largely to Scotland.
+
+=Swift Current= is a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway and
+a busy railway centre. It is said to be the largest initial wheat market
+in America. Population about 2,500. A few years ago the district from a
+point twelve miles west of Moose Jaw to the western boundary of the
+Province, and south to the United States boundary was considered fit
+only for horse ranching, cattle and sheep grazing, but now the land is
+practically all homesteaded in every direction from Swift Current.
+Branch lines extended to the northwest and southeast enter fairly well
+settled districts; other lines are contemplated. It was incorporated as
+a city.
+
+=North Battleford= is wonderfully well situated agriculturally and
+picturesquely. It has a population of over 7,000, and is incorporated as
+a city. Several important industries and large wholesale places are
+established. The Canadian Northern Railway passes through the town,
+having its divisional headquarters here, and during the year will
+complete its line to Prince Albert. There is excellent passenger and
+freight service on the same company's line northwest, which is under
+construction to Athabaska Landing, Alberta. A traffic bridge connects
+North Battleford with Battleford.
+
+=Weyburn= is a prosperous city on the "Soo" Line between Moose Jaw and
+North Portal. Its railway connection with Stoughton furnishes a direct
+route to the east. The Lethbridge line of the Canadian Pacific starts
+here and will be completed this year. Building permits, 1912, $760,000.
+
+=Yorkton= within the last five years has more than doubled its population
+and ships annually over 2 million bushels of grain. It is an up-to-date
+town of about 2,500 inhabitants with creditable municipal buildings,
+eight grain elevators, water works, sewerage system, flour mill, saw
+mill, cement sidewalks, telephone, and a municipal gas plant.
+
+=Battleford.=--Population about 3,000. Has one of the most picturesque
+situations in the west, and was the first capital of the Old
+Territories. During the past year it has made remarkable growth owing to
+the agricultural possibilities of the surrounding country. The Grand
+Trunk Pacific reaches the town from Biggar on the south and is building
+a line west from Saskatoon. The Canadian Northern has a branch entering
+the town. The Canadian Pacific is expected to build from Asquith. A
+number of industries have embraced the encouraging opportunities offered
+by the town, and large wholesale houses have erected distributing
+depots.
+
+=Rosetown=, on the Canadian Northern Saskatoon-Calgary line, is
+progressive. It is of importance to-day, and marked for a good future. A
+splendid agricultural district peopled with excellent settlers surrounds
+it.
+
+=Zealandia=, on the same line of railway, has wonderful physical
+advantages. Although of only a few short years' existence, as the centre
+of a farming country where lands have increased from $8 to $30 per acre,
+its fame has spread and its citizens are warranted in anticipating a
+bright future.
+
+=Kindersley= has been on the map only four or five years. The surrounding
+fertile land that made the Goose Lake district famous in agriculture so
+soon after its discovery, gave to Kindersley a large portion of its
+glory and substance. It is growing rapidly, and confidence in what it
+will do is well bestowed.
+
+=Maple Creek=, for many years the centre of a ranching section, has a
+population of 1,000, and the large surrounding area of free homestead
+land is rapidly being settled. Excellent crops are reported.
+
+=Estevan= is noted for its coal mines and has rail connection with
+Winnipeg.
+
+=Rosthern=, on the Regina-Prince Albert branch of the Canadian Northern,
+is in the centre of a good agricultural district.
+
+=Wolsely=, three hundred miles west of Winnipeg, is the western terminus
+of the Wolsely-Reston branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+=Indian Head=, the largest incorporated town in Saskatchewan, has more
+elevators than any other town in the province. For some time it was the
+largest initial wheat-shipping point in the world. The Dominion
+Government Experimental Farm is here.
+
+=Moosomin=, two hundred and twenty miles west of Winnipeg on the main line
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is a flourishing town surrounded by
+rolling prairie particularly adapted to mixed farming. Population 1,200.
+It has good churches, schools, banks, grain elevators and waterworks.
+
+=Qu'Appelle and Arcola= are enterprising towns. Among the largest
+incorporated villages are Broadview, a divisional point on the Canadian
+Pacific Railway main line, Grenfell, Duck Lake, Alameda, Balgonie,
+Lemberg, Lloydminster, Melfort, Rouleau, and Sintaluta. Portal is the
+point where the "Soo" Line enters Saskatchewan. Yellow Grass, Milestone
+and Drinkwater are newer towns--settled within the past few years by
+progressive farmers from the States. Important and growing towns on the
+Grand Trunk Pacific, are Melville, Watrous, Scott, Nokomis and Young.
+
+
+WHAT SASKATCHEWAN FARMERS ARE DOING
+
+=Regina.=--During the week ending Sept. 21, 5119 cars of No. 1 Northern
+Hard were shipped out of the Province, as compared with 1,497 cars of
+No. 2 Northern and 290 cars of No. 3 Northern in 1912. There were, in
+addition, 111 cars of No. 1 Manitoba Hard shipped during the week.
+
+=Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Nov. 30.=--Since Sept. 1, 19,850,000 bushels of
+grain have been shipped from the Moose Jaw district, against 32,000,000
+for the previous entire crop year. Rouleau heads the list with 1,040,000
+bushels, and Milestone comes second with 910,000 bushels. Vanguard,
+which led last year, is third, with 835,000 bushels.
+
+=Rutan.=--Arthur Brondson, inexperienced in farming, having lived in
+London until eight years ago, last year raised 36 acres of Red Fife
+wheat, of 49 bushels per acre, and 48 acres Marquis wheat, 52 bushels
+per acre.
+
+=Regina.=--James Cranston threshed 1,050 bushels oats from ten acres;
+James Hars's 60 acres yielded 106 bushels; W. J. Crawford's 60 acres
+produced 43 bushels Preston wheat; other yields of Marquis wheat show
+40, 48, 50, and 63 bushels to the acre.
+
+=Esterhazy.=--Esterhazy shared in the abundant harvest of 1913. A
+conservative estimate for the yield is from 25 to 30 bushels per acre
+for wheat, and 40 to 45 for oats. Some fields yielded 40 to 45 bushels
+per acre in wheat.
+
+=Tisdale.=--D. McKibbon threshed 38 bushels wheat to the acre off 40
+acres.
+
+=Wynyard.=--Eggert Bjornson threshed 176 acres, averaging 36 bushels No. 1
+Northern wheat.
+
+=Moose Jaw.=--Chas. White's 80 acres wheat yielded 38 bushels to the acre.
+W. H. Johnston's 90 acres produced 35-1/2 bushels wheat per acre.
+
+[Illustration: A landscape view of Central Saskatchewan.]
+
+[Illustration: This man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen; in a
+year or two they will be replaced by horses. He now farms 320 acres.]
+
+=Pasqua.=--E. S. Patterson, on 230 acres summer-fallow, threshed 31 acres
+Marquis, with a yield of 40-2/3 bushels per acre; 199 acres Red Fyfe
+with a yield of 35-1/2 bushels per acre.
+
+=Caron.=--Archie Dalrymple, 100 acres, 40-1/2 bushels wheat per acre. Geo.
+Clemenshaw, 80 acres, 42-1/2 bushels wheat per acre.
+
+=Boharm.=--Geo. Campbell had 55 acres wheat that yielded 38 bushels per
+acre, and 100 acres that yielded 36 bushels.
+
+=Assiniboia.=--E. Lennard threshed 1200 bushels oats, from a ten-acre
+field. His summer-fallow yielded 40 bushels No. 1 Northern wheat per
+acre.
+
+=Canora.=--Mike Gabora had a yield of 120-1/2 bushels oats per acre. C. R.
+Graham, who has a 3,000 acre farm in this district, for a number of
+years has grown oats that averaged 60 bushels to the acre, and sometimes
+yielded 100 bushels: one year the average was 117 bushels.
+
+=Arcola.=--R. F. Harman, formerly of the County of Cork, Ireland,
+homesteaded in the North Battleford district in 1903, with $50.00
+capital. He now owns 480 acres, clear of encumbrance, raises wheat,
+oats, barley, hay, and is a firm believer in mixed farming. In ten years
+his capital has increased from $50.00 to $25,000.
+
+=Swift Current.=--Ed. K. Leep, of Chicago, homesteaded north of Swift
+Current. He had 30 acres of land in potatoes in June and lifted new
+potatoes on August 15. In the Fall little more than half an acre yielded
+over one hundred bushels. Some had been used in the meantime. Fuel was
+plentiful 8 miles away and good water was reached at twenty-five feet.
+The climate was agreeable, and good crops assured.
+
+=Nokomis.=--J. Keys had oats in 1913 that went 110 bushels to the acre,
+and wheat, 40 bushels. He has paid off the mortgage on his farm, and now
+contemplates a trip to his old home in Denmark, to induce more of his
+people to settle in his neighbourhood.
+
+=W. E. Lewis= of Dayton, Ohio, went to Saskatchewan seven years ago with
+$1,800 in money, a carload of household effects and farm implements,
+four horses and three cows. The first year he got only feed from the
+crops, but the second year threshed over 2,800 bushels of wheat from 100
+acres. He has not had a crop failure and now has 22 horses, 15 cattle,
+35 hogs, and owns 1,120 acres of land, all under cultivation. He has
+been offered $35.00 an acre for his land. Should he care to sell, he
+could pay all his debts, and have $30,000 to the good, but, he says,
+"Where could I go to invest my money and get as good returns?"
+
+=A. T. Smith= of Southern Saskatchewan will grow alfalfa on 3,000 acres of
+land in 1914.
+
+=Mr. S. G. Cowan says=: "I usually thresh from 60 to 65 bushels of oats,
+30 of wheat, and 60 of barley. Vegetables grow well, and it is no
+trouble at all to grow potatoes. My farm has been under crop nine years,
+and has never been frozen, snowed under, or hailed. I have kept 100
+cattle and 100 hogs. I usually give them their growth on green feed,
+wheat, oats, and barley, and fatten them on grain. With a little to
+start on we have cleared $10,000 in a little over four years."
+
+=Chaplin.=--J. R. Lowe has matured two crops of fodder corn, and he says
+there is little difference between it and what he grew in Minnesota.
+
+=Industries.=--The remarkable growth of the several cities and towns is
+but one of many evidences of increasing agricultural prosperity. With
+the coal resources of the southeastern part of the Province utilized,
+and the opportunities in northern parts for getting cheap water,
+Saskatchewan's industrial opportunities are many.
+
+There is a great demand for help of all kinds. With seven cities, thirty
+or more towns, and five hundred villages, many men are constantly
+required for building trades and municipal work. The 90,000 farmers want
+help to put in and farm their crops. Boards of Trade in every city and
+town are ready to give information about openings for investment and
+assistance in locating men. The experimental stage is passed and people
+are developing beautiful homes surrounded by fertile fields.
+
+  Cost of Farm Implements:
+
+  Disc Drill (single to
+  twenty double)                     $   96.00
+  Mowers                                 53.50
+  Twelve in. Gang Plows                  82.00
+  Binders, six-foot cut                 145.00
+  Binders, seven-foot cut               158.00
+  Binders, eight-foot cut               165.00
+  Rakes                                  35.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (Case)            2,480.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (Nicols)          3,665.00
+  Gasoline Tractors (International)   1,800.00
+  Steam Tractors (Case)               2,272.00
+  Steam Tractors (Nicols)             2,895.00
+  Case Separator                      1,202.00
+  Nicols Separator                    1,150.00
+  International Separator             1,280.00
+
+=Agricultural Cooperation.=--The Provincial Government has established
+co-operation in creameries, elevators, telephone, hail insurance,
+agricultural societies and live stock. Five million dollars have been
+set aside for road improvements. The new agricultural college, with its
+1,300 acre farm, costing one million dollars, is an evidence of public
+activity. The college has 100 students.
+
+=Temperatures= and hours' sunshine in Saskatchewan ranged lower, and
+rainfall during the growing season higher, than the average for several
+years.
+
+The average temperatures and precipitation for each of the first nine
+months of 1913:
+
+          Month              Mean   Maximum   Minimum      Precipitation
+  January                   -7.85    37.5     -45.3             .70
+  February                   2.64    37.7     -34.3             .64
+  March                      8.9     44.9     -31.9             .65
+  April                     41.7     78.5      13.4             .31
+  May                       47.2     84.7      20.7            1.00
+  June                      59.2     87.7      30.7            3.00
+  July                      61.1     86.6      37.4            3.18
+  August                    60.8     85.9      38.9            2.80
+  September                 52.1     85.5      32.9             .88
+  January-September, 1913   36.2     69.8       5.9   Total   13.16
+  April-September, 1913     53.6     84.8      27.5     "     11.17
+  April-September, 1912     50.9     79.9      27.5     "     13.92
+
+=Interior Storage Elevators.=--A great advantage and an immense relief for
+the hundreds of elevators of from thirty to forty thousand bushels'
+capacity, will be the two interior storage elevators now under
+construction at Saskatoon and Moose Jaw, each with a capacity of 3
+million bushels.
+
+=Farm Help in 1913.=--Labourers work by the month, for $32 to $41. Servant
+girls were paid from $14 to $22 this year as compared with from $10 to
+$15 in 1907.
+
+=Population and Live Stock.=--(Dominion Census Bureau):
+
+                      1909     1910     1911     1912       1913
+  Population                          492,432           [1]540,000
+  Horses            279,063  332,922  507,400  551,645     580,386
+  Milch cows        124,186  138,455  181,146  184,896     194,843
+  Other cattle      391,789  431,164  452,466  461,244     468,255
+  Sheep             129,630  135,360  114,216  114,810     115,568
+  Swine             131,757  125,788  286,295  344,298     387,684
+
+[1] Estimated.
+
+[Illustration: A healthy family from Nebraska, now living in Western
+Canada. Observe the height of the oats. The crop yielded 70 bushels per
+acre.]
+
+[Illustration: Mr. J. C. Hill & Sons, of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, who
+recently became winners for the third time of the Colorado Silver
+Trophy, valued at $1500 for best peck of oats in the world. They now own
+the trophy.]
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
+
+Surveyed land shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Southern Saskatchewan see pages 18 and 19.]
+
+
+
+
+ALBERTA
+
+
+Alberta, the most westerly of the three Prairie Provinces, is twice the
+size of Great Britain and Ireland, much larger than either France or
+Germany, and has a greater area than the states of Maine, New Hampshire,
+Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey
+and Pennsylvania combined. The area of arable land alone in Alberta is
+estimated at 100 million acres, of which less than 3 million acres is
+under cultivation. This provincial empire, with its great wealth in
+agricultural lands, mines, forests, and fisheries, has less than 500,000
+people.
+
+Alberta is a vast plateau from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above sea-level, hung
+by its western edge on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It slopes
+gently toward the east and north. Absolutely level plains form no great
+proportion of the surface. While open, treeless country characterizes
+the southern part of the Province, the greater part is undulating,
+diversified by forest, stream, hill and open country, not unlike Ontario
+or New York State. Beautiful lakes, fringed with forest and abounding in
+whitefish are scattered over its central and northern area. Luxuriant
+grasses cover the open country, which once formed the chief feeding
+grounds of herds of bison.
+
+The Province naturally falls into three divisions, exhibiting marked
+distinctions in climate and topography--Southern, Central and Northern
+Alberta.
+
+=Available Homesteads= are to be found west and north of
+Edmonton--territory made accessible by the Grand Trunk Pacific and the
+Canadian Northern Railways--in an immense stretch of splendid country.
+Wheat and oats are reliable crops. Rainfall is certain. Mixed farming is
+highly successful. The wild grasses and pea vine supply ample feed for
+stock; water is plentiful and easily secured. On into the foothills and
+the mountains are stretches of prairie land, through which the Grand
+Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways are now constructed.
+
+The northern and western portions of Central Alberta have some "brush"
+land with soil equal to that of the open prairie. The cost of clearing
+is slight, and there is the advantage of shelter for cattle, and an
+absolute assurance of splendid water. There is a good market for the
+fuel and timber obtained in clearing. Practically all of the land
+between Edmonton and Athabaska Landing--and between Edmonton and Lac la
+Biche to the northeast has been subdivided for homesteading.
+
+
+NORTHERN ALBERTA
+
+North of the end of steel extends 75 per cent of this rich Province, yet
+unexploited. When the railways push into the Athabaska and the Peace, it
+will be realized that Alberta owns an empire north of the Saskatchewan,
+a country set apart by nature to provide homes for millions of agrarian
+people.
+
+
+SOUTHERN ALBERTA
+
+=Southern Alberta= is open and rolling, and devoid of timber except along
+the streams and the Rocky Mountains' foothills. The soil is a fertile
+loam. The climate is ideal, with pleasing summers and mild winters.
+Stock pasture in the open air during winter, grazing on the nutritive
+sun-dried grasses. The absence of timber in Southern Alberta is
+compensated for by the supply of coal.
+
+[Illustration: Typical school in rural district in Western Canada, which
+will soon be replaced by consolidated school, picture of which appears
+elsewhere.]
+
+Ranching which once was predominant is fast being abandoned and settlers
+are dividing the limitless acres into small, productive holdings. As a
+grazing country, Southern Alberta has had few equals, for the hills and
+valleys, well watered, afford excellent pasturage. Winter wheat sown on
+new breaking, or summer-fallowed land, from the middle of July to the
+end of September is ready for harvest from the 1st to the 15th of August
+in the following year. Climate and soil make this an ideal wheat-growing
+district. Considerable spring wheat is grown, as well as oats, barley
+and flax. The production of sugar-beets compares favourably with that of
+Germany and the world.
+
+The average of winter wheat for the Province in 1913, was 21 bushels an
+acre. The greater portion was grown around Lethbridge, Taber, Grassy
+Lake, Cardston, Spring Coulee, Pincher Creek, Macleod, Stavely, Leavitt,
+Claresholm, Nanton, High River, Okotoks, Carmangay and Calgary.
+
+=Water Supply and Irrigation.=--Water for domestic and farm purposes is
+easily obtained at reasonable depth. In certain sections of the Canadian
+West, as in the American West, the soil is unexcelled for growing
+cereals, but the geographical location and relative position to the rain
+avenues is not advantageous, not only the requisite amount of rain but
+its conservation is essential to the growing of crops, and that is the
+meaning of "dry farming." This is being successfully followed in the
+southern portion of Southern Alberta. Some of the district can also be
+easily and successfully farmed by means of irrigation. Irrigation
+ditches have been constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the
+Southern Alberta Land Company.
+
+[Illustration: Typical school, such as many towns are building in
+Western Canada, where the education of the children is carefully looked
+after.]
+
+A most valuable asset to Southern Alberta is the Lethbridge Experimental
+Station, operated by the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Reports
+from the farm show that on land broken and backset in 1912, spring wheat
+sown April 3, 1913, ripened between July 31 and August 17, and yielded
+from 22 to 41 bushels per acre; oats sown April 13, 1913, ripened from
+July 31 to August 4, and yielded from 54 to 84 bushels per acre; barley
+sown April 15, 1913, ripened from July 28 to Aug. 5, and yielded from 28
+to 40 bushels per acre. On irrigated land the yield of spring wheat was
+from 30 to 54 bushels, and the period of ripening about the same; oats
+yielded from 102 to 132 bushels per acre, same period for ripening;
+barley yield on irrigated land was from 65 to 100 bushels per acre,
+harvested from July 28 to August 11.
+
+
+CENTRAL ALBERTA
+
+=Central Alberta= extends from the Red Deer River northward to the height
+of land between the Saskatchewan and the Athabaska. Its great wealth is
+its deep black humus varying in depth from ten inches to three feet,
+overlying a warm subsoil.
+
+=Mixed Farming.=--None of the three central provinces afford greater
+advantages for mixed farming than Alberta. In the south the great ranges
+of vacant area affords excellent pasturage. The central portion
+furnishes pasturage of equal quality, and the groves and park lands
+provide shelter, making it possible to raise cereals, as well as feed
+for cattle and hogs. Dairying and poultry raising meet with undoubted
+success.
+
+=Dairy Products= have an unlimited market; cattle can be pastured most of
+the year; every variety of grass including clover and alfalfa thrive;
+the climate is healthful and water abundant. More than a million head of
+cattle could have been fed on the wild hay that went to waste last year.
+Hundreds of thousands of acres are literally overrun with rich wild
+grasses and pea vine. The dairy yield approximated $1,250,000 in 1913,
+and 50,000 cows could be added without affecting the price of dairy
+products. The government operates a travelling dairy to instruct new
+settlers, and manages permanent creameries which produced over three
+million pounds of butter last year. Fattening hogs on milk adds to the
+revenue.
+
+=Poultry Raising.=--The winter price of fresh eggs ranges from 50 to 60
+cents a dozen, the summer prices rarely falling below 25 cents.
+Extensive developments along this profitable line cannot be long
+delayed.
+
+=Crops of 1913.=--With an average rainfall of 10.92 inches during the
+growing season in that part of the Province including Edmonton and
+southward, an average daily sunshine record of 10 hours, and a mean
+temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit for the months April to September
+inclusive, good crops were certain. Spring seeding began early in April.
+The season was highly favourable and a big crop was harvested in
+excellent condition. Marquis wheat at one point went as high as 62.5
+bushels per acre as a field crop, and oats and barley relatively as
+high. Yields of all kinds of grain and forage crops have been most
+excellent.
+
+The census bureau of the Dominion Government give the following returns:
+
+                   Area       Area      Average        Total       Total
+                   1912       1913    1912   1913      1912        1913
+  Fall wheat      212,000    202,000  21.83  21.00   4,628,000   4,242,000
+  Spring wheat  1,378,000  1,310,000  21.54  23.00  29,675,000  30,130,000
+  Oats          1,461,000  1,639,000  46.30  43.65  67,630,000  71,542,000
+  Barley          187,000    197,000  33.05  32.15   6,179,000   6,334,000
+  Rye              15,000     16,000  25.56  24.89     377,000     398,000
+  Flax            132,000    105,000  12.83  11.00   1,693,000   1,155,000
+
+The Provincial Department of Agriculture for Alberta placed the total
+yield of all grains at 81,500,000 bushels, but as the acreage is less,
+the average yields are about the same.
+
+The average yield per acre of potatoes from 25,000 acres was about 170
+bushels; turnips and other roots about 250 bushels. Alfalfa yielded
+about 2.77 tons per acre and sugar beets about 9 tons per acre; hay and
+clover 1.56 tons, with a total value of all these products of
+$3,700,000.
+
+=Government and Other Telephones.=--The Government operates the telephone
+system, including about 7,000 miles of long distance wires, pursues an
+active policy of stimulating the organization of rural companies by
+giving as a bonus all poles required. These rural companies are
+connected with local exchanges and toll offices wherever possible.
+
+=Railways.=--During 1913 considerable was added to the railway mileage.
+Besides its main line the Canadian Pacific has two branches from
+Calgary--one north to Strathcona, the other south to Macleod. Two
+running eastward diverge at Lacombe and Wetaskiwin, the latter a through
+line via Saskatoon to Winnipeg. Another leaves the Canadian Pacific near
+Medicine Hat, passes through Lethbridge and Macleod and crosses the
+mountains by the Crow's Nest Pass, a branch connecting with the Great
+Northern at Coutts and extending to Cardston and west. Another branch
+will connect Lethbridge with Weyburn, on the "Soo" line. Provincial
+mileage 1,523. Other branches connecting the system are being built; as
+shown on the maps.
+
+The Canadian Northern enters Alberta from the east at Lloydminster on
+its way to Edmonton. From Edmonton lines are projected and partially
+constructed north and west. One starting at Vegreville connects the main
+line with Calgary, and then extends southeasterly toward Lethbridge and
+Macleod. From this line a branch is being built into the coal fields
+west of Lacombe and will form part of the transcontinental line of that
+system. Its extension from Saskatoon to Calgary is about completed.
+Mileage 593.
+
+The Grand Trunk Pacific serves the territory lying between the Canadian
+Northern and the Canadian Pacific, operating trains through productive
+territory and for some distance into British Columbia. This Company has
+completed its line south from Tofield to Calgary, a part of the
+transcontinental line of that system. Through trains now run from
+Edmonton to Toronto, Provincial mileage, 545.
+
+Another road is now under construction northward from the international
+boundary through Pincher Creek, with Calgary as a northern terminus.
+
+The Provincial government has outlined a policy of railway development
+throughout the Province, particularly in the north, opening vast
+agricultural lands which will attract settlers desirous of taking up
+free homestead.
+
+=Lakes and Rivers.=--The Saskatchewan and the Mackenzie rivers rise in the
+Province. The former is divided into two great arteries, one of which
+with its tributaries, the Bow, Belly, St. Mary's, Old Man and Red Deer,
+waters the south, while the north branch, with the Brazeau, Clearwater,
+Sturgeon, Battle, Blindman and Vermilion as tributaries, waters the
+great central plains. The Peace and the Athabaska drain the north. Lake
+Athabaska, 120 miles long, Lesser Slave, 60 miles long, and many smaller
+bodies of water are chiefly in the northern part.
+
+=Mineral Resources.=--Alberta has enormous coal and lignite areas. The
+production of coal in 1913 was over 3-1/2 million tons, valued at over
+7-1/2 million dollars. The coal supply is practically inexhaustible, and
+underlies much of the whole Province in seams from four to twelve feet
+thick. It is found in all grades, lignite, bituminous and anthracite, on
+the banks of every stream, and in the shafts from 20 to 150 feet deep.
+The total formation contains 12,800 square miles; contents 71 billion
+tons.
+
+Natural gas has been found at Medicine Hat, Tofield, Dunmore Junction,
+and Bow Island on the South Saskatchewan, and at Pelican Rapids on the
+Athabaska. Recently considerable interest has been taken in the oil
+fields south of Calgary and north of Edmonton. Important commercial oil
+fields will soon be located. There is also petroleum, gypsum, salt and
+tar sands. Excellent brick and fireclay.
+
+=Fish and Furs.=--The Great Lakes of the North furnish yearly half a
+million pounds of incomparable whitefish, while the fur wealth of the
+north is important.
+
+[Illustration: This shows that it is not all work in Western Canada.
+There are many spots as beautiful as this, the resort of the sportsman
+and pleasure seeker.]
+
+[Illustration: Coal mining at Tofield, Alberta, where an excellent
+quality is obtained, and where natural gas is abundant.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHERN ALBERTA
+
+Lands within irregular line along railway in British Columbia are
+administered by the Dominion Government.
+
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Central Alberta see pages 30 and 31.]
+
+=Education.=--The organization of free district schools is optional with
+settlers, the Government liberally supporting them. An expenditure of
+about $700,000 a year brings educational advantages within the reach of
+the most scattered community. One new school a day has been opened in
+Alberta during the last three or four years, an indication of the
+settlement that is going on. School population at end of 1912, over
+70,000; number of schools 2,029. Two hundred and forty-five school
+buildings were erected in 1912.
+
+The dissemination of exact scientific knowledge is carried on by
+farmers' institutes, stock-judging schools, seed fairs and travelling
+dairies. The raising of pure-bred stock is assisted by Government
+grants. Experimental and demonstration farms have been established
+throughout the Province. Agricultural high schools will soon be started,
+and agriculture form part of the public school curriculum.
+
+=A Healthy Product.=--The air of Alberta insures the best of health. The
+whole of Alberta lies above mountain altitude, and the air is
+extraordinarily clear and bracing. Consequently there is comparatively
+little cloudy weather on normal days, either in summer or winter. Bright
+sunshine prevails. Striking testimony as to freedom from consumption is
+provided by Dr. T. H. Whitelaw of Edmonton, according to whose official
+report not one case of this disease has originated in Edmonton since the
+beginning of 1911.
+
+=Stock.=--Alberta's dry and invigorating atmosphere, short, mild winters,
+nutritious grasses, and abundant water supply, make it pre-eminently
+adapted to horse breeding. The Alberta animal is noted for its
+endurance, lung power, and freedom from hereditary and other diseases.
+It winters out at a nominal expense and without even hay or grain
+feeding.
+
+Four-year old steers, which have never been under a roof nor fed a pound
+of grain and have been given less than a ton of hay, weigh about 1,500
+pounds by August 1 and will then gain until October from 2 to 3 pounds a
+day. Experiments made at the Demonstration Farm at Olds show that 100
+steers weighed in November 1, at 127,540 pounds, weighed out May 20,
+less than 7 months later at 143,412 pounds, showing a net gain of $10.12
+per head.
+
+At the Lacombe Experimental Station the gain per day in feeding cattle
+ranged from 1.8 to 1.72 lbs., showing a net profit when sold of $14.35
+to $28.90.
+
+=Good Roads in the Province.=--One of the most important considerations in
+a new country is that of roads. The Alberta government has taken up this
+problem in an intelligent manner, that will eventually greatly enlarge
+the resources of the Province.
+
+The money expended on ferry service, maintenance of bridges, road
+construction, construction of bridges, and the construction of trunk
+roads, was essential to the opening up of vast tracts of fertile land.
+
+As a result, $100,000,000, or more than $200 per capita of the total
+population of the Province, is the estimated farm value of the 1913 crop
+in Alberta.
+
+=Sugar Beets and Alfalfa.=--Operations are now extending north as well as
+south of Lethbridge, where a large factory has been conducted for some
+years. An expert from Colorado has taken up irrigated land in the
+Bassano district to carry on the industry on a large scale. He says:
+"This is going to be a great beet-raising country. My crop averaged
+between 16 and 18 per cent sugar, which is a very high grade." He says
+his new farm produces as much alfalfa per acre as his former more
+expensive land in Colorado.
+
+=Fruit.=--It has not yet been demonstrated that the larger fruits, such as
+apples, can be made commercially attractive in Alberta. All the smaller
+fruits can be grown with little trouble, at a cost that makes their
+culture profitable.
+
+
+WHAT SOME ALBERTA FARMERS ARE DOING
+
+=Macleod.=--Weather conditions were excellent throughout the season.
+Ninety per cent of the wheat up to October 1 graded No. 1, the only No.
+2 being fall wheat. The yield ranged from 20 to 40 bushels per acre,
+with an average of 28. Oats yielded well, and barley about 60 bushels.
+
+=Inverary= is a new district. Wheat graded No. 2 and some of it went 50
+bushels to the acre, oats going about 75 bushels.
+
+=Monarch.=--The yield of wheat on summer-fallow averaged 35 bushels, a
+large percentage No. 1 Northern.
+
+=Milk River.=--All spring grains yielded better than expected. A 300-acre
+field of Marquis wheat gave 41-1/2 bushels.
+
+Experimental farm results on grain sown on irrigated land place "Red
+Fife" wheat in the banner position, with a yield of 59.40 bushels per
+acre. Oats yielded 13 bushels to the acre.
+
+=Calgary.=--The yield of grain was everywhere abnormal, with an increased
+acreage of about 23 per cent.
+
+=Bassano.=--September 25. Individual record crops grown in Alberta include
+a 1,300-acre field of spring wheat, near here, which went 35 bushels to
+the acre and weighed 66 pounds to the bushel.
+
+=Noble.=--Mr. C. S. Noble had 350,000 bushels of grain. The cost of
+production per acre was $9.10 on summer-fallow and the returns were
+$24.93 per acre. Oats averaged 90 bushels on 2,880 acres, wheat 38 on
+300 acres, and barley 61 on 450 acres, all grading top.
+
+Mr. Harris Oium, came from South Dakota twelve years ago and homesteaded
+the first 160 acres in his township, dividing his land between grain and
+pasture. He earned sufficient money to buy a quarter section of railway
+land at $11 an acre. The half section netted proportionate profits and
+he gradually increased his holdings to 1,920 acres, which are devoted to
+mixed farming this year. He values his land at $50 an acre. He has 200
+hogs, mostly pure bred Poland China, 25 head draft horses and 35 head of
+pure bred Hereford cattle. Feeding barley to hogs nets him 80 cents a
+bushel, twice the average market price when delivered to the warehouse.
+His barley averages 40 bushels to the acre; oats average 80 bushels.
+
+=Red Deer.=--John Lamont says that a man on a quarter-section, with a few
+cows, brood sows, and 100 hens, can be as sure of a good living for his
+family as if he were pensioned by the government. His 20 acres of
+Alberta red winter wheat yielded 985 bushels. Last year his wheat went a
+little over 40 bushels per acre, machine measure. He grows alfalfa.
+
+S. D. McConnell has carried on mixed farming for twelve years keeping a
+few cattle and some hogs; makes a dollar a bushel out of his barley by
+feeding it. His fall wheat has gone from 30 to 65 bushels to the acre;
+oats from 40 to 100 bushels, never weighing less than 42 lbs. to the
+bushel.
+
+H. S. Corrigan has averaged at least 30 bushels of spring wheat per
+acre, 40 bushels of barley, and 60 bushels of oats. Twenty-one acres of
+oats ran 90 bushels per acre, and weighed 48 pounds per bushel. Last
+winter he bought nine head of cattle for $420, fed them six weeks on
+hay, green feed, and chop and sold them for $579.60. Two steers, 26
+months old weighed 2,440 lbs. One sow raised 58 pigs in 2-1/2 years, and
+when sold, weighed 550 pounds. Two of her pigs, now a year old, are
+raising 23 pigs. Timothy has yielded a ton and a half on an average, at
+$15 a ton.
+
+=Red Deer.=--J. Northrup has not missed a crop in nine years, and says:
+"This is the best country in the world for small grain, better than Iowa
+and that is good--I love old Iowa. Winter wheat yields as high as 45
+bushels per acre. Potatoes yield 400 bushels per acre at times. Alfalfa
+is a good crop when the soil is inoculated."
+
+C. A. Sharman has the world's champion Jersey cow. He says: "A quarter
+section of land and 100 head of stock mean the maximum of growth from
+every square yard. Any man, woman, or child that uses Alberta rightly
+will be used rightly by Alberta. Farming in Alberta is no gold brick
+proposition, but an industry, which is the basis of all wealth."
+
+[Illustration: One of the comfortable homes in Western Canada, showing
+splendid surrounding of trees.]
+
+[Illustration: Alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in Western
+Canada. Large areas are already planted, and it produces abundant
+yields.]
+
+A. P. Olsen formerly of Minnesota has raised cattle, horses, hogs and
+also milked a few cows. His oats yield 45 bushels to the acre, spring
+wheat, 36 bushels, winter wheat and barley 40 bushels. He won first
+prize at the Calgary Exhibition for a collection of 32 varieties of
+grasses found on his own land.
+
+=Macleod.=--R. McNab has returns which show a yield of 45 bushels of No. 1
+Northern wheat to the acre.
+
+=Gleichen.=--Forty-five bushels of No. 1 Northern wheat per acre was the
+yield on the Blackfoot Indian reserve in 1913.
+
+=Pincher Creek.=--Alfred Pelletier had 130 bushels oats per acre.
+
+=Cities and Towns.=--On the banks of the Saskatchewan and forming the
+portal alike to the Last West and the New North, the capital city of
+=Edmonton= has attractions for the capitalist, the tourist, the
+manufacturer, and the health seeker. At the centre of two great
+transcontinental highways, Edmonton will soon be rated among the world's
+great cities. Traffic from the Pacific to Hudson Bay will go through her
+portals, the south, north and west will contribute. Possessed of
+municipally-owned waterworks, electric-lighting and power systems,
+street railways and telephones, the city is modern, attractive and
+alive. The number of banks is evidence of prosperity. The coal output of
+the district is about 3,000 tons daily. Population, about 60,000. In
+1901, it was 2,626. In 1911, the assessment was a trifle under 47
+million dollars; in 1912, 123-1/2 million dollars. School attendance,
+5,114.
+
+=Calgary= tells its own story in public buildings and in over one hundred
+wholesale establishments, 300 retail stores, 15 chartered banks, half a
+hundred manufacturing establishments, and a $150,000 normal school
+building. The principal streets are paved. There is municipal ownership
+of sewer system, waterworks and electric light and street railway.
+Directly bearing upon the future of Calgary is the irrigation project of
+the Bow River Valley, where 3 million acres are being colonized. One
+thousand two hundred miles of canals and laterals are completed.
+Population in 1911 was 43,736; now claimed 75,000. There are 36 schools,
+146 teachers, and 7,000 pupils. The Canadian Pacific car shops here
+employ 3,000 men. It has the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, and
+Grand Trunk Pacific.
+
+=Lethbridge=, with a population of about 13,000, the centre of a splendid
+agricultural district, is also a prosperous coal-mining and commercial
+city. The output of the mines, which in 1912 was about 4,300 tons daily
+and necessitated a monthly pay roll of $145,000, finds a ready market in
+British Columbia, in Montana, and as far east as Winnipeg. A Government
+Experimental Farm is nearby. The several branches of railway diverging
+here make it an important railway centre. It will shortly have the Grand
+Trunk Pacific, and direct Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern lines
+eastward. The municipally-owned street car system affords excellent
+service.
+
+=Medicine Hat=, in the valley of the South Saskatchewan and the centre of
+a magnificent ranching and mixed-farming district, is a division point
+of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with extensive railway shops operated
+with natural gas for fuel. The light, heat, and power, derived from this
+gas are sold to manufacturers at 5 cents per thousand cubic feet, and
+for domestic purposes at 1 cent. The factories and industries now using
+natural gas pay out about 2-1/2 million dollars annually, which will be
+considerably augmented by factories in course of construction, and to be
+erected. When the new flouring mills are completed, Medicine Hat will be
+the largest milling centre on the continent. Population over 6,000.
+
+=Macleod= is one of the oldest towns in the Province. With the rapid
+settlement of the surrounding agricultural land, this town is showing
+wonderful progress; during 1913 a large amount was spent in new
+buildings.
+
+=Wetaskiwin= is a railway division point from which farms stretch in all
+directions. The city is beautifully located, and owns its electric light
+plant, waterworks, and sewerage system.
+
+=Red Deer= is situated on the Canadian Pacific, half way between Calgary
+and Edmonton. It has a large sawmill, two brick-yards, concrete works,
+creameries, wheat elevators, and a sash-and-door factory. Coal and wood
+are plentiful and cheap. The district has never had a crop failure. It
+showed considerable business activity in 1913. Lines of railway extend
+westward.
+
+=Lacombe=, on the direct line between Calgary and Edmonton, has a flour
+mill, foundry, planing mill, brick-yard, grain elevators, electric
+lights, and telephones. The surrounding country is noted for its
+pure-bred cattle and horses, and a Government Experimental Farm adjoins
+the town.
+
+=Raymond= enjoys a rapid growth, and has one of the largest sugar
+factories in the west. Sugar beets are a great success here. Mr. Henry
+Holmes, who won the big wheat prize at the Dry Farming Congress held at
+Lethbridge in 1912 resides here.
+
+Other prosperous towns are Claresholm, Didsbury, Fort Saskatchewan, High
+River, Innisfail, Olds, Okotoks, Pincher Creek, Ponoka, St. Albert,
+Vermilion, Vegreville, Carmangay, Stettler, Taber, Tofield, Camrose,
+Castor, Cardston, Bassano, Edson, Coronation, Empress, Magrath, Nanton,
+Strathmore, Gleichen, Leduc, Hardisty, Walsh, Daysland, Sedgewick,
+Grassy Lake and Wainwright. Much interest is being taken in Athabaska
+Landing, owing to its increasing agricultural settlement and the
+completion of the Canadian Northern.
+
+
+CONDITIONS IN ALBERTA, 1913
+
+=Agricultural Conditions.=--From the agricultural standpoint the season of
+1913 was perfectly normal. Spring opened favourably for seeding
+operations and at no time from seeding to threshing did unfavourable
+conditions threaten a successful harvest. Copious rains in the growing
+period, and bright dry weather in the cutting and threshing period kept
+the farmer confident from the beginning. It was a season made, as it
+were, to the farmers' order. The quality of grain was extra good. Wheat
+weighed from 61-1/2 to 68 pounds to the bushel, oats 40 to 46, and barley
+52 to 58.
+
+Conditions were equally favourable to pasture and hay crops and live
+stock. The first and second cuttings of alfalfa were especially heavy
+and timothy made a good average yield. Abundant pasture continued
+throughout the season making both beef and dairy cattle profitable
+investments. Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs are worth four
+times the value of grain crops. The value of the former is nearly 120
+millions, while the total value of the grain crop is about 30 millions.
+The income from the former reached 40 million dollars last year, that
+from the latter about 25 million dollars.
+
+=Public Works and Railways.=--About 600 miles of steel were laid last
+year, bringing the railway mileage of the province up to nearly 3,600
+miles. Equal activity is assured for 1914. This year the Government made
+a step to provide transportation facilities for districts sidetracked by
+the railway companies. The means adopted is guaranteeing the interest on
+the securities of light railways up to one-half the estimated cost.
+
+=Financial.=--The income of the farming community exceeds that of all
+former years. It is estimated that the product of this year that will be
+converted into cash for the liquidation of debts, is nearly 65 million
+dollars. The farmer is therefore in a position to pay his machinery
+debts, store debts, and other obligations. Consequently the farmers are
+optimistic and are planning extended operations for the coming season.
+
+Measured by every economical standard, Alberta shows sound prosperity
+and justifies a continuance of the confidence of outside capitalists in
+her established business, and increased investments in the development
+of her vast resources of farms, mines and forests.
+
+=Population and Live Stock.=--(Dominion Census Bureau):
+
+                  1909     1910     1911     1912       1913
+  Population    ......   ......   374,663  ......  [2]500,000
+  Horses        263,713  294,225  407,153  451,573    484,809
+  Milch cows    116,371  124,470  147,687  157,922    168,376
+  Other cattle  910,547  926,937  592,163  587,307    610,917
+  Sheep         171,422  179,067  133,592  135,075    178,015
+  Swine         139,270  143,560  237,510  278,747    350,692
+
+[2] Estimated.
+
+[Illustration: One type of house built of logs in the park districts of
+Central Alberta.]
+
+[Illustration: Marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are
+essential at every station in Western Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL ALBERTA
+
+Surveyed lands shown in colour.
+
+For Map of Southern Alberta see pages 26 and 27.]
+
+
+
+
+BRITISH COLUMBIA
+
+
+Stretching from the Rockies to the sea and from the United States to the
+60th parallel, British Columbia is the largest Province in the Dominion.
+It is big enough to enable one to place in it, side by side at the same
+time, two Englands, three Irelands, and four Scotlands. Looking across
+the water to the millions of British subjects in India, in Hong-Kong, in
+Australia, and the isles of the sea, one catches brief pathetic glimpses
+of the commercial greatness which the Pacific has begun to waft to these
+shores. Nature intended British Columbia to develop a great seaward
+commerce, and substantial trade relations are now established northward
+to the Yukon and southward to Mexico. Population, June, 1911, 392,480.
+
+British Columbia has natural wealth in her forests and her fish, in her
+whales and seals and fruit farms. But it is from her mines, more than
+from aught else, that she will derive her future wealth.
+
+The parallel chains of the Rockies, the Selkirks, and the Coast Ranges
+are a rich dower. They furnish scenery unrivalled in its majesty; they
+are nurseries of great rivers which pour tribute into three oceans; and
+in their rocky embrace they hold a mineral wealth second to none.
+
+British Columbia contains an aggregate of from 16 million to 20 million
+unoccupied arable acres. Sir William Dawson has estimated that in the
+British Columbia section of the Peace River Valley alone, the
+wheat-growing area will amount to 10 million acres. It is a country of
+big things.
+
+=How to get the Land.=--Crown lands in British Columbia are laid off and
+surveyed into townships, containing thirty-six sections of one square
+mile in each. The head of a family, a widow, or single man over the age
+of eighteen years, and a British subject (or any alien upon making a
+declaration of his intention to become a British subject) may for
+agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and unreserved
+crown land (not being an Indian settlement), not exceeding 160 acres in
+extent.
+
+Free homesteads are not granted. The pre-emptor of land must pay $1 an
+acre for it, live upon it for two years, and improve it to the extent of
+$2.50 per acre. Particulars regarding crown lands of this Province,
+their location, and method of pre-emption can be obtained by
+communicating with the sub-joined government agencies for the respective
+districts, or from the Secretary, Bureau of Agriculture, Victoria, B.
+C.:
+
+Alberni, Nanaimo, New Westminster, Golden, Cranbrook, Kaslo, Nelson,
+Revelstoke, Bakersville, Telegraph Creek, Atlin, Prince Rupert,
+Hazleton, Kamloops, Nicola, Vernon, Fairview, Clinton, Ashcroft.
+
+=Agriculture.=--It is not so long ago that agriculture was regarded as a
+quite secondary consideration in British Columbia. The construction of
+railroads, and the settlement of the valleys in the wake of the miner
+and the lumberman, have entirely dissipated that idea. The agricultural
+possibilities of British Columbia are now fully appreciated locally, and
+the outside world is also beginning to realize that the Pacific Province
+has rich assets in its arable and pastoral lands.
+
+Professor Macoun says: "As far north as the fifty-fourth degree it has
+been practically demonstrated that apples will flourish, while in the
+southern belt the more delicate fruits, peaches, grapes, and apricots,
+are an assured crop."
+
+On a trip through the valley one sees apple orchards with the trees
+fairly groaning under their loads of fruit, and pear, plum, and prune
+trees in like manner. In many places between the trees there are rows of
+potatoes, cabbages, and other vegetables, showing that the land is
+really producing a double crop. Grapes, water melons, and musk melons
+also thrive in the valley, and large quantities of each are grown.
+Tomatoes, cherries, and berries of all kinds are grown extensively.
+Wheat, oats, and corn give excellent yields. As an instance, one man's
+wheat crop this season averages 48-1/2 bushels to the acre. Of prunes,
+one orchardist grew a crop of 7,000 boxes. The apples shipped find a
+ready market in Calgary, Regina, and in the other cities in the prairie
+provinces. Prices this year are considerably better than they were a
+year ago. Last year this valley produced 350 carloads of fruit and
+vegetables, and some of the farmers have made net profits of as high as
+$250 an acre.
+
+Those who have turned their attention to mixed farming are exceptionally
+well pleased with the result. A local company is being organized to
+build a cannery and this will be in operation next year. And besides
+this one, another cannery is being talked of.
+
+In the valleys, of which there are many, there are tracts of wonderfully
+rich and, largely of alluvial deposits, that give paying returns.
+
+The Columbia and Kootenay Valleys, comprising the districts of
+Cranbrook, Nelson, Windermere, Slocan, Golden and Revelstoke are very
+rich. The eastern portion requires irrigation; they are well suited to
+fruit farming and all kinds of roots and vegetables. Timber lands are
+said to be the best, when cleared. In the western portion of these
+valleys there are considerable areas of fertile land, suitable for fruit
+growing. The available land is largely held by private individuals.
+
+[Illustration: The fruit industry of British Columbia is making rapid
+development. Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, apples grow to the greatest
+perfection.]
+
+The valleys of the Okanagan, Nicola, Similkameen, Kettle, North and
+South Thompson, and the Boundary are immensely rich in possibilities.
+The advent of the small farmer and fruit grower has driven the cattle
+industry northward into the Central district of the Province. The ranges
+are now divided into small parcels, occupied by fruit growers and small
+farmers. Irrigation is necessary in most places, but water is easy to
+acquire.
+
+The Land Recording District of New Westminster is one of the richest
+agricultural districts of the Province and includes all the fertile
+valley of the Lower Fraser. The climate is mild, with much rain in
+winter. The timber is very heavy and the underbrush thick. Heavy crops
+of hay, grain, and roots are raised, and fruit growing is here brought
+to perfection. The natural precipitation is sufficient for all purposes.
+
+For about seventy miles along the Fraser River there are farms which
+yield their owners revenues from $4,000 to $7,000 a year; this land is
+now worth from $100 to $1,000 an acre. As much as 5 tons of hay, 120
+bushels of oats, 20 tons of potatoes, and 50 tons of roots have been
+raised per acre.
+
+Vancouver Island, with its great wealth of natural resources and its
+commanding position, is fast becoming one of the richest and most
+prosperous portions of the Province. Its large area of agricultural land
+is heavily timbered and costly to clear by individual effort, but the
+railroad companies are clearing, to encourage agricultural development.
+Most farmers raise live stock, do some dairying and grow fruit. Grains,
+grasses, roots, and vegetables grow to perfection and yield heavily.
+Apples, pears, plums, prunes, and cherries grow luxuriantly, while the
+more tender fruits--peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes attain
+perfection in the southern districts when carefully cultivated.
+
+F. A. Starkey, Pres. of the Boards of Trade says that a clear profit of
+66-2/3 per cent can be made in fruit growing.
+
+=Lillooet= is well adapted to dairying, cattle raising, and fruit growing.
+
+=Central British Columbia=, through which the Grand Trunk Pacific is now
+being constructed, comprises the valleys of the Bulkley, Endako,
+Nechaco, Fraser, and Stuart, where there is considerable land inviting
+to the settler. The soil and climate of the valleys extending westward
+to the Bulkley are adapted to grain growing and cattle raising, while
+further westward and to within fifty miles of the west coast belt apple
+culture as well is successful.
+
+Down the Fraser from Fort George there is active development in
+settlement, and wheat, oats, barley and hay are highly productive; the
+climate is good. The soil is a brown silt covered by a layer of
+vegetable mould, and the timber is light and easy to clear.
+
+Along the Nechaco, between Fort George and Fraser Lake, is same
+character of soil and a similar country, there being large tracts well
+fitted for general farming. Native grasses yield abundant food; there is
+ample rainfall, and the winter climate moderates as the coast is
+approached.
+
+North of Fort Fraser there is good grazing and farming land, somewhat
+timbered and covered with rich grasses. The prevailing price is $25 an
+acre; owners are not particularly anxious to sell.
+
+The Bulkley and Endako valleys have a lightly-timbered rich soil, and a
+well-watered country with mixed farming possibilities. There is no
+necessity for irrigation. It would be rash for the inexperienced to
+penetrate this district in search of land before the railway. The
+difficulties and cost are too great. To the hardy pioneer, who has
+knowledge of how to select good land in a timbered country, the future
+is at his feet. Most of the available land within a reasonable distance
+of the railroad is taken up, and the days of the pre-emptor, except in
+remoter parts, are past. Land can be secured at a reasonable figure from
+those who have purchased in large blocks from the Government.
+
+Central British Columbia is lightly timbered from end to end; natural
+open patches are not frequent, and occur mostly on river banks and at
+the ends of lakes. While railroad construction is under way and
+settlement in progress good prices will be obtained for all agricultural
+products. This portion of the Province can now be reached by way of
+Prince Rupert, by rail from Edmonton, or by trail from Ashcroft, B. C.
+
+=Highways.=--One-half million dollars was spent last year in opening up
+first-class wagon and motor roads throughout the Province.
+
+=Education.=--The school system is free and non-sectarian; equally as
+efficient as in any other Province of the Dominion. The Government
+builds a school-house, makes a grant for incidental expenses, and pays a
+teacher in every district where twenty children between the ages of six
+and sixteen can be gathered. High schools are also established in
+cities, where classics and higher mathematics are taught.
+
+=Chief Cities.=--Victoria, the capital, about 60,000; Vancouver, the
+commercial capital, 123,902; New Westminster, 13,199; Nelson, 4,476;
+Nanaimo, 8,168; Rossland, 2,826; Kamloops, 3,772; Grand Forks, 1,577,
+Revelstoke, 3,017; Fernie, 3,146; Cranbrook, 3,090; Ladysmith, 3,295;
+Prince Rupert, 4,184; Fort George and Fort Fraser on the Fraser and
+Nechaco rivers and Grand Trunk Pacific will be important towns in the
+near future.
+
+Hon. W. R. Ross, Provincial Minister of Lands, says that there is a
+total of 93,000,000 acres of land reserved for pre-emption within the
+confines of the Province at the present time. Of the 250,000,000 acres
+of ground estimated to be within the Province only 5,000,000 acres, or
+about 2 per cent, had been sold to date he said, even excluding reserve
+land, available for settlement. As a matter of fact, during the past few
+years between 9,000 and 11,000 pre-emptions had been issued by the
+Government to settlers, and during the last year 3,600 had been issued
+outside of the railway belt and about 1,200 within the area.
+
+The cities afford a splendid reflex of the trade of the country, and
+show the development in mining, fishing, lumbering, shipping,
+manufacturing and agriculture.
+
+=Climate.=--Near the coast the average number of days in the year below
+freezing is fifteen; rainfall varies from 40 to 100 inches. Farther
+inland the average number of days in the year below freezing is
+sixty-five. The northern districts of Hazleton, Pearl River, Cassiar,
+and Atlin are somewhat colder.
+
+Ocean currents and moisture laden winds from the Pacific exercise a
+moderating influence upon the climate of the coast. The westerly winds,
+arrested in their passage east by the Coast Range, create what is known
+as the "dry belt" east of the mountains; the higher air currents carry
+the moisture to the lofty peaks of the Selkirks, and the precipitation
+in the eastern portion of the Province is greater than in the central
+district, thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts is formed. The
+Province offers a choice of a dry or moist climate, an almost total
+absence of extremes of heat and cold, freedom from malaria, and
+conditions most favourable.
+
+=Mineral Resources.=--The precious and useful metals abound in British
+Columbia, and it was the discovery of placer gold in the Cariboo
+District that first attracted attention to the Province. Occurrences of
+copper, gold, silver, and lead ores are widespread, and mining is being
+carried on in those districts convenient to transportation facilities.
+Coal is extensively mined in Vancouver Island, in the Crow's Nest Pass
+district and more recently, in the Nicola Valley region. Miners' wages
+are high, and there is usually a constant demand for workmen. The value
+of the mineral production last year was 32 million dollars, of which
+coal contributed 9 million and copper 8 million dollars.
+
+Much successful prospecting is in progress in the region traversed by
+the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the completion of which will
+undoubtedly be followed by important mining development. Already many
+valuable finds of coal and metal ores have been made. The mineral
+resources are not confined to any one section, although the principal
+metalliferous operations have so far been confined to the southern
+portion of the Province. The various mining camps, employing large
+numbers of men, who are paid high wages, afford a fine home market for
+the products of the farms and orchards.
+
+[Illustration: There is no more profitable industry in British Columbia
+than that of raising cattle. Dairying is carried on extensively.]
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH COLUMBIA
+
+Dominion Electoral Divisions shown in Colour. Lands in Peace River
+Block, as well as those along the Canadian Pacific Railway within shaded
+line, are administered by the Dominion Government.]
+
+=Timber.=--Next in importance, at the present time, are the timber
+resources. It is admitted that the largest remaining areas of
+first-class building timbers in the world are in British Columbia. The
+lumber industry has increased enormously of recent years owing to the
+demand from the rapidly growing Prairie Provinces. For many years to
+come it will have to undergo constant expansion to keep pace with the
+ever-growing needs of the untimbered prairie regions. The principal
+woods are Douglas fir, cedar, spruce, tamarac, pine and hemlock.
+
+=Fisheries.=--This Province has risen to the rank of the greatest
+fish-producing Province in the Dominion. Besides its extensive salmon
+fisheries, it has, lying within easy distance of the northern part of
+its coast line, extremely rich halibut grounds, while herring are in
+great abundance all along its shores. These various branches of the
+fishing industry are being rapidly developed, but there is yet room for
+great expansion. The value of the fisheries of the Provinces for 1913
+amounted to about 11 million dollars.
+
+=What Premier McBride says=:
+
+"Millions of British money is finding investment in British Columbia,
+and there is scope for millions more. One of the advantages of British
+Columbia is that all of its industrial and other enterprises are of a
+permanent character. There is room for millions of people. We have the
+resources, the geographical situation, and the climate that will appeal.
+
+"Our elementary school system is free and compulsory, and one of the
+most efficient in the world, making ample provision, as it does, for
+ambitious students to pass on to the universities of Canada, the United
+States, and England. But we are also to have our own University."
+
+Much attention has been attracted to the result of the opening of the
+Panama Canal on the shipping future of the ports at the coast.
+
+=Lakes and Rivers.=--The most important are the Columbia, which has a
+course of 600 miles in British Columbia; the Fraser, 750 miles long; the
+Skeena, 300 miles long; the Thompson, the Kootenay, the Stikine, the
+Liard, and the Peace. These with their tributaries drain an area of
+one-tenth of the whole of the North American continent. The lake area
+aggregates 1-1/2 million acres.
+
+On the lakes and rivers first-class steamers give accommodation to the
+settlements along the banks and in the valleys, and afford excellent
+transportation for tourists. There are lines of steamers in service
+between Vancouver, Japan, and China; between Vancouver and Australia;
+between Vancouver and Mexico, and between Vancouver and England via the
+Suez Canal. These ocean communications of British Columbia are highly
+important. Vancouver is the terminus of the shortest route from
+Liverpool to Yokohama and all important points of the Far East. The
+Province has a considerable coasting fleet, having direct connection
+with Yukon and Alaska. There is not as yet a large Pacific marine of
+Canadian registry. Although in the service of Canadian interests the
+tonnage is largely British.
+
+=A Rich Province.=--British Columbia coal measures are sufficient to
+supply the world for centuries. It possesses the greatest compact area
+of merchantable timber in the world. The mines are in the early stages
+of their development, and have already produced about 400 million
+dollars, of which coal contributed 122 million. The value of the mineral
+production in 1911 was 30 million dollars. The fisheries return an
+average annual yield of nearly 10 million dollars. British Columbia's
+trade, per head of population, is the largest in the world. The chief
+exports are salmon, coal, gold, silver, copper, lead, timber, masts and
+spars, furs and skins, whale-oil, sealskins, hops, and fruit.
+
+=Railways.=--The Canadian Pacific Railway has two main lines and several
+branches making connection with United States railway systems, as well
+as operating on Vancouver Island. With the exception of one or two small
+gaps the Grand Trunk Pacific will have its line completed through
+Central British Columbia this year. This will open up a very large area
+for settlement. At the Pacific terminus in Prince Rupert, splendid
+steamers connect with other portions of the Mainland and with Vancouver
+Island.
+
+The Canadian Northern has secured low grades across the Rockies and,
+making its way down the Fraser and North Thompson, finds an easy outlet
+at Port Mann near Vancouver. The Great Northern enters the Province at
+points in the boundary. The provincial railway mileage is 1,854 miles
+with 1,000 miles under construction.
+
+=Stock.=--Dairying pays handsomely in British Columbia. The local demand
+for butter is constantly increasing and the prices secured are higher
+than in Eastern Canada. The Province possesses many elements necessary
+to constitute it a great dairying country. There are extensive areas of
+pastoral land in the interior, while increased cultivation in the lower
+country will form the necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply
+of good water, and luxuriant and nutritious grasses, there is every
+required facility added. Cattle raising on a large scale was formerly
+one of the chief industries of the Province, and many of the large
+ranches are still making money, but the tendency of late has been for
+smaller herds and the improvement of the stock. Sheep raising is another
+branch of agriculture capable of great expansion. Hogs, in small
+farming, are probably the most profitable of live stock, owing to the
+general demand for pork, bacon, ham, and lard, and much attention is now
+being given to raising them. Over 1 million dollars of hog products are
+imported annually, and prices are always high. The demand for good
+horses, especially heavy draft and working animals, is always
+increasing, and prices are consequently high.
+
+=Dairy Products.=--In 1912 this industry reached a valuation of nearly 4
+million dollars. Poultry raising is a branch of general farming which is
+beginning to receive special attention in British Columbia. The home
+market is nowhere nearly supplied either with eggs or poultry, large
+quantities being imported from Manitoba, Ontario, California,
+Washington, and elsewhere. Good prices prevail at all seasons of the
+year. Every portion of British Columbia is suitable for poultry raising.
+In the Coast districts, hens, ducks, and geese can be raised to great
+advantage, and the dry belts and uplands are particularly well adapted
+to turkeys.
+
+=Grain.=--Wheat is grown principally in the Fraser, Okanagan, and
+Spallumcheen Valleys and in the country around Kamloops. Barley of
+excellent quality is grown in many parts of the Province. Oats are the
+principal grain crop, the quality and yield being good, and the demand
+beyond the quantity grown. Potatoes, turnips, carrots, mangolds, and all
+other roots grow in profusion wherever their cultivation has been
+attempted. Hop culture is carried on in the Okanagan, Agassiz, and
+Chilliwak districts. British Columbia hops command a good price in
+England and recently Eastern Canada and Australia have bid for them.
+Some attention has been given to the cultivation of sugar-beets,
+tobacco, and celery, and in each case with the most gratifying results,
+ensuring an early expansion of operations in all of these lines.
+
+In 1912 there was a total agricultural production in the Province of
+about 14-1/2 million dollars, but there was imported another 15 million
+dollars' worth.
+
+British Columbia agriculturists and fruit growers are particularly
+fortunate in having a splendid home market for their products, and for
+their surplus there is the enormous present and illimitable future
+demand of the Prairie Provinces, assuring always good prices and ready
+sale for everything they produce.
+
+=Game.=--For big-game hunters there are moose, wapiti, sheep, caribou,
+goat, deer, grizzly, black, and brown bear, wolves, panthers, lynx, and
+wild cats; in the way of small game there is the best snipe shooting
+procurable anywhere, and duck and geese, prairie chicken, grouse, and
+quail abound. In addition to sport with rifle and shot gun, salmon
+fishing, unknown elsewhere, trout and grayling fishing, unsurpassed in
+any other country, may be enjoyed at a minimum of cost and
+inconvenience.
+
+[Illustration: In Central British Columbia there is an area of
+agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere. Wonderful yields of all
+small grains are reported.]
+
+
+
+
+WHAT WINS IN CENTRAL CANADA
+
+
+The adaptable and friendly man going into Canada will find a welcome
+awaiting him. There is room for everybody. The man already established,
+the railways, and the Government are equally anxious to secure further
+immigration of the right kind. The new man is not looked upon as an
+intruder but as a producer of new wealth, an enricher of the
+commonwealth. The new man should buy his tools as he needs them. Until
+he has more than thirty acres under crop he can work with a neighbour,
+in exchange for the services of a binder. He may not need to build a
+granary for two or three years. A cow is a good investment, and a
+vegetable garden easily pays its own way.
+
+A few broad general suggestions might be made to the settlers who come
+in with varying capital at their command.
+
+=The Man Who Has Less Than $300.=--This man had better work for wages for
+the first year. He can either hire out to established farmers or find
+employment on railway construction work. During the year, opportunity
+may open up for him to take up his free grant or make the first payment
+on a quarter-section that he would like to purchase.
+
+=The Man Who Has $600.=--Get hold of your 160-acre free homestead at once,
+build your shack, and proceed with your homestead duties. During the six
+months that you are free to absent yourself from your homestead, hire
+out to some successful farmer and get enough to tide you over the other
+half of the year which you must spend in residence upon the land. When
+you have put in six months' residence during each of these years and
+have complied with the improvement conditions required by the Land Act,
+you become the absolute owner.
+
+=The Man Who Has $1,000.=--Either homestead a farm or purchase one on the
+installment plan, and get to work at once. A small house and out
+buildings will be required, with horses or oxen, a plough, a wagon, etc.
+Working out in the harvest season will be needed to bring in money to
+tide over the winter and get the crop sown in good condition. As the
+crop grows, opportunity is given to make the house comfortable, to look
+around and plan ahead.
+
+=What $1,500 Will Buy.=--No farmer should come expecting to make a
+homestead pay its own way the first year. He needs buildings, an
+equipment, and money for the maintenance of himself and family, until
+his first harvest can be garnered. After securing his land and putting
+up his buildings, $1,500 will give him a fairly good equipment to begin
+with. This will probably be expended as under:
+
+  1 team of good horses  $450.00
+  1 harvester             165.00
+  4 milch cows at $65     260.00
+  1 seeder                113.00
+  1 strong wagon           94.00
+  4 hogs at $25           100.00
+  4 sheep at $8            32.00
+  1 set strong harness     35.00
+  1 rough sleigh           37.00
+  1 disc harrow            36.00
+  1 breaking plough        25.00
+  1 mowing machine         60.00
+  1 stubble plough         20.00
+  1 harrow                 20.00
+    Other smaller tools    40.00
+    Barnyard fowls         40.00
+        Total           $1527.00
+
+If the settler locates early in the season he may get in a crop of
+potatoes or oats in May or early June.
+
+=Will a Quarter-Section Pay?=--"Will the tilling of a quarter of a section
+(160 acres) pay?" when asked of those who have tried it provokes the
+invariable answer that "It will and does pay." "We, or those following
+us, will make less than that pay," said one who had proved up on a
+homestead. Another pointed to the fact that many of those who commenced
+on homesteads are now owners of other quarters--and even larger areas,
+showing that they have progressed in obtaining more land, while others
+still have stuck to the homestead quarter and this year are marketing as
+much as $2,000 worth of grain and often nearer $3,000.
+
+=Shall You Buy, Rent or Homestead?=--The question is one that Canadian
+Government officials are frequently asked, especially in the homes of a
+family of boys who have become interested in Central Canada. If the
+young man has grit and inexperience let him homestead. Treating this
+subject in a newspaper article, a correspondent very tersely says, "He
+will survive the ordeal and gain his experience at less cost."
+
+Another has ample knowledge of farming practice, experience in farm
+management, but lacks pluck and staying power and the capacity to
+endure. The food for thought and opportunity for action provided by the
+management of an improved farm would be just the stimulus required to
+make him settle into harness and "work out his own salvation in fear and
+trembling."
+
+Many men make excellent, progressive, broad-gauge farmers, by renting,
+or buying an improved farm in a settled district and keeping in touch
+with more advanced thought and methods. Their immediate financial
+success may not be so great; their ultimate success will be much
+greater, for they have been saved from narrow-gauge ways and withering
+at the top.
+
+Let the boy take the route that appeals to him. Don't force him to
+homestead if he pines to rent. Don't try to keep him at home if
+homesteading looks good to him. The thing to remember is that success
+may be achieved by any one of the three routes. If the foundation is all
+right, hard work the method, and thoroughness the motto, it makes little
+difference what road is taken--whether homesteading, buying, or
+renting--Central Canada is big enough, and good farming profitable
+enough.
+
+[Illustration: Alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the
+Provinces of Western Canada. The above is a Manitoba illustration, but
+will apply to the other Provinces.]
+
+
+
+
+YOUR OPPORTUNITY
+
+
+Contentment is not necessarily achieved by accomplishments that benefit
+the world--the world outside the small sphere in which we move; but when
+accompanied by such accomplishments how the satisfaction broadens! The
+genius whose inventions have been of service to mankind is in a plane
+far above that of the simple-minded individual who finds contentment in
+the little things of life affecting himself alone.
+
+Feeding the world is no mean accomplishment. Nor is it a vain or
+trifling boast to say that this is what the farmer of Western Canada has
+started out to do. He is sure to find contentment. Part of his
+contentment will be the consciousness of doing world-wide good; part of
+it will be the personal enjoyment of an inspiring liberty and
+independence. Afield and abroad his friends will learn what he is doing.
+Soon they too will become partners in a work that not only betters their
+own condition, but ministers to the needs of the whole world in the
+raising of products that go to "feed the world."
+
+It is to those who desire this broad contentment that the Canadian
+Government extends the heartiest welcome, and to such men it offers the
+vast opportunities of a country richer in possibilities than any other
+in the present century. To the man on the farm in other regions, whom
+success has followed with slow tread; to the farmer's son, who has
+watched with unsatisfied eye the unrequited efforts of his forbears,
+seeing the life that has made his mother a "drudge," noting the struggle
+which has stooped his father's shoulders, dimmed his vision, dwarfed his
+spirit, and returned nothing but existence and a meagre bank account--it
+is to these men, father and son, that the opportunities of Western
+Canada are presented. To them an invitation is extended to secure the
+contentment found in personal progress and world-wide benefaction.
+
+The possibilities of Western Canada are no longer new and untried.
+Twelve or fifteen years of cultivation have made it a vital, living
+land, and placed it on the level with the greatest of the food-producing
+countries. That same redundant energy will shortly make it the richly
+laden "bread basket" not of England only, but of the entire world.
+
+Here every condition is a health bringer as well as a wealth bringer. A
+few months in this "New World" to which you are invited and where
+rejuvenating physical and mental changes are wrought; where before hard
+work was drudgery, it is now a delight; where nothing but fresh trouble
+darkened the horizon, the outlook is now a rainbow of promise. Industry
+is seasoned with the compelling spirit of adventure, and the thought of
+the coming harvest constantly lightens the burden of labor.
+
+The crowded city dweller, curbing those natural desires for
+home-building that are as natural as breathing, will find in Western
+Canada a country where nothing is so plentiful as space. And in building
+his home here he is surely laying the foundation for a competence, and
+very often for a fortune. Along with prosperity there is abounding
+happiness and good fellowship in the farming communities. The
+homesteader, beginning in a modest way, rears his first habitation with
+practical and serviceable ends in view. His next-door neighbours are
+ready and willing to help him put a roof over his head. There is a
+splendid lend-a-hand sentiment mixed with the vigorous climate. The
+first harvest, like all succeeding harvests, comes quickly, because the
+soil is a lightning producer. All summer long the settler has dreamed of
+nothing but acres of waving grain; with the autumn the sight of hopes
+fulfilled compensates him for his months of toil. In due time the crop
+is harvested and marketed, the debts are wiped out, and the settler
+proudly opens his bank account.
+
+When he has turned the golden grain into the golden coin of the realm he
+realizes for the first time what it means to be liberally paid for the
+work of his hand and brain. The reward of the farmer in Western Canada
+is sure; and as the soil responds faithfully to his husbandry, year
+after year, he looks back upon the old conditions he has left with
+devout thankfulness that they are past.
+
+After the bumper harvest the happy young farmer can send for the wife or
+the bride-to-be whom he has left "back home." A few years ago "down on
+the farm" was an expression synonymous with isolation, loneliness and
+primitive living. Not so to-day. Whatever his previous outlook, the
+settler in Western Canada cannot go on raising large crops and selling
+his products for high prices without enlarging his view of life in
+general and bettering his material conditions. He needs to practice no
+rigid economy. He can afford to supply his wife and children with all
+the best the markets provide. An up-to-date farm house in Manitoba,
+Saskatchewan, or Alberta has very much the same conveniences as the
+average home of the well-to-do in any other part of the world. Nine
+times out of ten it is because he feels confident he can increase the
+comfort and happiness of his wife and children that the settler
+emigrates to Western Canada.
+
+Western Canada is no longer a land calling only to the hardy young
+adventurer; it calls to the settler and to his wife and children. And
+with its invitation goes the promise not only of larger financial
+returns, but of domestic happiness in a pure, wholesome environment.
+
+Railroads bring to the doors of the settler the fruits of all countries
+and here is to hand the use of every modern idea and invention. The
+climate is the most health-giving, all-year kind. There is latent riches
+in the soil, produced by centuries of accumulation of decayed
+vegetation, and the fat producing qualities of the native grasses are
+unexcelled in any part of the world.
+
+The soil produces the best qualities of wheat, oats, barley, flax, and
+all kinds of vegetables and roots in less time than many districts
+farther south in the states. There are inexhaustible coal deposits and
+natural gas and oil fields, as yet unknown in extent or production. The
+Canadian Rockies, forming a western boundary to the great agricultural
+area, supply the needed mineral and building materials. In the north and
+west there are immense forests. Lakes and rivers are capable of an
+enormous development for power purposes, besides supplying an abundance
+of food and game fishes, and forests and prairies are full of big and
+small game of all kinds.
+
+But all this is yet undeveloped and unused. All kinds of live stock can
+be raised here for less money than in the more thickly populated
+communities.
+
+One Western Canada farmer in 1912 secured a crop of Marquis wheat,
+yielding 76 bushels per acre. This is spoken of as a record yield, and
+this is doubtless true, but several cases have been brought to notice
+where yields almost as large have been produced, and in different parts
+of the country. During the past year there have been reported many
+yields of from 35 to 45 bushels of wheat to the acre. Oats, too, were a
+successful crop and so was the barley and oat crop. Wheat that would
+yield 40 bushels per acre, would bring on the market 70 cents (a fair
+figure) per bushel, a gross return of $28 per acre. Allow $12 per acre
+(an outside figure) there would be a balance of $16 per acre net profit.
+This figure should satisfy anyone having land that cost less than $100
+per acre.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+
+Owing to the number of questions asked daily, it has been deemed
+advisable to put in condensed form, such questions as most naturally
+occur, giving the answers which experience dictates as appropriate,
+conveying the information commonly asked for. If the reader does not
+find here the answer to his particular difficulty, a letter to the
+Superintendent, or to any Government Agent, will secure full
+particulars.
+
+=1. Where are the lands referred to?=
+
+In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and in British Columbia.
+
+=2. What kind of land is it?=
+
+The land is mostly prairie (except in British Columbia) and can be
+secured free from timber and stones, if desired, the soil being the very
+best alluvial black loam from one to two feet deep, with a clay subsoil.
+It is just rolling enough to give good drainage, and in places there is
+plenty of timber, while some is underlaid with good coal.
+
+=3. If the land is what you say, why is the Government giving it away?=
+
+The Government, knowing that agriculture is the foundation of a
+progressive country, and that large yields of farm produce insure
+prosperity in all other branches of business, is doing everything in its
+power to encourage settlement. It is much better for each man to own his
+own farm, therefore a free grant of 160 acres is given to every man who
+will reside upon and cultivate it.
+
+=4. Is it timber or prairie land?=
+
+The province of Manitoba has considerable open prairie, especially in
+the southwest; towards the centre it is parklike with some timber belts
+in parts.
+
+The southern parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta are chiefly open prairie
+with growths of timber along the streams. As you go north or northwest
+about 20 per cent of the country may be said to be timbered.
+
+=5. Then as to climate?=
+
+The summer days are warm and the nights cool. The fall and spring are
+most delightful, although it may be said that winter breaks almost into
+summer, and the latter lasts until October. Winters are pleasant and
+healthful. There are no pulmonary or other endemic complaints. Snow
+begins to fall about the middle of November and in March there is
+generally very little. Near the Rockies the snowfall is not as heavy as
+farther east, and the chinook winds have a tempering influence. The
+absence of the snowfall would be regretted by the farmer. Nature has
+generously provided for every mile of the country, and there is really
+very little choice with the exception that farther west the climate is
+somewhat milder.
+
+=6. Is there sufficient rainfall?=
+
+A sufficient supply can be relied upon. The most rain falls in May and
+June, when most needed.
+
+=7. What are the roads like?=
+
+Bridges and culverts are built where needed, and roadways are usually
+graded up; but not gravelled or macadamized. The natural prairie road is
+superior to most manufactured roads, and afford good travelling in
+ordinary seasons and every fall and winter.
+
+=8. What sort of people are settled there, and is English generally
+spoken?=
+
+Canadians, English, Scotch, Irish, French, and English-speaking
+Americans (who are going in, in large numbers), with Germans and
+Scandinavians. English is the language of the country, and is spoken
+everywhere.
+
+=9. Will I have to change my citizenship if I go to Canada?=
+
+An alien, before making entry for free homestead land, must declare his
+intention of becoming a British subject and become naturalized before
+obtaining patent for his land. In the meanwhile he can hold possession,
+and exercise right of ownership. If not a British subject he must reside
+three years to become naturalized. To become a British subject a settler
+of foreign birth should make application to anyone authorized to
+administer oaths in a Canadian Court. An alien may purchase land from
+any of the railway or land companies and hold title deed without
+changing his citizenship.
+
+=10. How about American money?=
+
+American money is taken everywhere in Central Canada at its face value.
+
+=11. Can a man who has used his homestead right in the United States take
+a homestead in Canada?=
+
+Yes.
+
+=12. If a British subject has taken out "citizen papers" in the United
+States how does he stand in Canada?=
+
+He must be "repatriated," i.e., take out a certificate of
+naturalization, which can be done after three months' residence in
+Canada.
+
+=13. What grains are raised in Central Canada?=
+
+Wheat (winter and spring), oats, barley, flax, speltz, rye and other
+small grains, and corn is grown chiefly for silo purposes.
+
+=14. How long does it take wheat to mature?=
+
+The average time is from 100 to 118 days. This short time in accounted
+for by the long hours of sunlight which during the growing and ripening
+season, will average 16 hours a day.
+
+=15. Can a man raise a crop on the first breaking of his land?=
+
+Yes, but it is not well to use the land for any other purpose the first
+year than for raising garden vegetables, or perhaps a crop of flax, as
+it is necessarily rough on account of the heavy sod not having had time
+to rot and become workable. Good yields of oats have been reported on
+breaking.
+
+=16. Is there plenty of hay available?=
+
+In many parts there is sufficient wild hay meadow on government or
+vacant land, which may be rented at a very low rental, if you have not
+enough on your own farm. Experience has proven that timothy, brome,
+clover and other cultivated grasses do well. Yields of brome have been
+reported from two to four tons per acre. Alfalfa under proper
+cultivation in many places gives successful yields.
+
+=17. Do vegetables thrive and what kinds are grown?=
+
+Potatoes, turnips, carrots, beets, onions, parsnips, cabbages, peas,
+beans, celery, pumpkins, tomatoes, squash, melons, etc., are unequalled
+anywhere.
+
+=18. Can fruit be raised and what varieties?=
+
+Small fruits grow wild. The cultivated are plums, cranberries,
+strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, currants. In British Columbia
+fruit growing of all kinds is carried on very extensively and
+successfully.
+
+=19. About what time does seeding begin?=
+
+As a rule farmers begin their seeding from the first to the fifteenth of
+April, sometimes continuing well into May. The average yield of all
+grains in Central Canada would be largely increased, did not some
+farmers unwisely do seeding until the middle of June.
+
+=20. How is it for stock raising?=
+
+The country has no equal. In many parts cattle and horses are not housed
+throughout the winter, and so nutritious are the wild grasses that stock
+is marketed without having been fed any grain.
+
+=21. In what way can I secure land in Central Canada?=
+
+By homesteading, or purchasing from railway or land companies. The
+Dominion Government has no land for sale. The British Columbia
+Government sells land to actual settlers at low figures.
+
+=22. Can I get a map or list of lands vacant and open to homestead entry?=
+
+It has been found impracticable to keep a publication of that kind up to
+date, owing to the daily changes. An intending settler on reaching the
+district he selects should enquire of the Dominion Lands Agent what
+lands are vacant in that particular locality, finally narrowing down the
+enquiry to a township or two, diagrams of which, with the vacant lands
+marked, will be supplied free. A competent land guide can be had.
+
+=23. How far are homestead lands from lines of railway?=
+
+They vary, but at present the nearest will be from 15 to 20 miles.
+Railways are being built into the new districts.
+
+=24. In which districts are located the most and best available
+homesteads?=
+
+The character of homestead wanted by the settler will decide this. Very
+few homesteads are vacant in the southern districts; towards the centre
+and north portions of the provinces, homesteads are plentiful. They
+comprise a territory in which wood for building purposes and fuel are
+plentiful.
+
+=25. Is there any good land close to the Rocky Mountains?=
+
+The nearer you approach the mountains the more hilly it becomes, and the
+elevation is too great for grain raising. Cattle and horses do well.
+
+=26. If a man take his family there before he selects a homestead can he
+get temporary accommodation?=
+
+At the following places the Government maintains Immigration halls with
+free temporary accommodation for those desiring such and supplying their
+own provisions. It is always better for the head of the family, or such
+member of it as may be entitled to homestead, to select and make entry
+for lands before moving family:
+
+Biggar, Brandon, Calgary, Caster, Cereal, Edmonton, Edson, Emerson,
+Entwistle, Gravelburg, Herbert, Kerrobert, Lloydminster, Lethbridge,
+Moose Jaw, North Battleford, North Portal, Prince Albert, Regina,
+Saskatoon, Strathcona, South Battleford, Swift Current, Tisdale, Unity,
+Vegreville, Vermilion, Viking, Virden, Wainwright, Wilkie, Yonkers.
+
+=27. Where must I make my homestead entry?=
+
+At the Dominion Lands Office for the district.
+
+=28. Can homestead lands he reserved for a minor?=
+
+An agent of Dominion Lands may reserve a quarter-section for a minor
+over 17 years of age until he is 18, if his father, or other near
+relative live upon homestead or upon farming land owned, not less than
+80 acres, within nine miles of reserved homestead. The minor must make
+entry in person within one month after becoming 18 years of age.
+
+=29. Can a person borrow money on a homestead before receiving patent?=
+
+No; contrary to Dominion Lands Act.
+
+=30. Would the time I was away working for a neighbour, or on the
+railway, or other work count as time on my homestead?=
+
+Only actual residence on your homestead will count, and you must reside
+on homestead six months in each of three years.
+
+=31. Is it permissible to reside with brother, who has filed on adjoining
+land?=
+
+A homesteader may reside with father, mother, son, daughter, brother, or
+sister on farming land owned solely by him or her, not less than 80
+acres, or upon homestead entered for by him or her not more than nine
+miles from entrant's homestead. Fifty acres of homestead must be brought
+under cultivation, instead of 30 acres, as is the case when there is
+direct residence.
+
+=32. How shall I know what to do or where to go when I reach there?=
+
+Make a careful study of this pamphlet and decide in a general way on the
+district in which you wish to settle. Then put yourself in communication
+with your nearest Canadian Government Agent, whose name appears on the
+second page of cover. At Winnipeg, and in the offices of any of the
+Dominion Lands Agents in Central Canada, are maps showing vacant lands.
+Having decided on the district where you will make your home, the
+services of a competent land guide may be secured to assist in locating.
+
+=33. What is the best way to get there?=
+
+Write your nearest Canadian Government Agent for routes, and settlers'
+low railway rate certificate good from the Canadian boundary to
+destination for passengers and freight.
+
+=34. How much baggage will I be allowed on the Canadian railways?=
+
+150 pounds for each full ticket.
+
+=35. Are settlers' effects bonded through to destination, or are they
+examined at the boundary?=
+
+If settler accompanies effects they will be examined at the boundary,
+without any trouble; if effects are unaccompanied they will go through
+to the nearest bonding (or customs) point to destination.
+
+=36. In case settler's family follow him what about railway rates?=
+
+On application to Canadian Government Agent, settlers' low railway rate
+certificate will be forwarded, and they will be given the settlers'
+privilege.
+
+=37. What is the duty on horses and cattle if a settler should want to
+take in more than the number allowed free into Canada?=
+
+When for the improvement of stock free; otherwise, over one year old,
+they will be valued at a minimum of $50 per head, and duty will be 25
+per cent.
+
+=38. How much money must one have to start grain farming and how little
+can he do with if he goes ranching?=
+
+See Chapter "What wins in Central Canada," page 37.
+
+=39. How can I procure lands for ranching?=
+
+They may be leased from the Government at a low rental. Write for full
+particulars to Secretary of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada.
+
+=40. In those parts which are better for cattle and sheep than for grain,
+what does a man do if he has only 160 acres?=
+
+If a settler should desire to go into stock raising and his
+quarter-section of 160 acres should not prove sufficient to furnish
+pasture for his stock, he can make application to the Land Commissioner
+for a lease for grazing lands for a term of twenty-one years, at a very
+low cost.
+
+=41. Where is information to be had about British Columbia?=
+
+Apply to Secretary Provincial Bureau of Information, Victoria, B. C.
+
+=42. Is living expensive?=
+
+Sugar, granulated, 14 to 18 lbs. for $1, according to fluctuation of
+market. Tea, 30 to 50 cents a lb.; coffee, 30 to 45 cents a lb.; flour,
+$2.25 to $3.00 per 98 lbs. Dry goods about Eastern Canada prices. Cotton
+somewhat dearer than in United States, and woollen goods noticeably
+cheaper. Stoves and furniture somewhat higher than eastern prices, owing
+to freight charges.
+
+=43. Are the taxes high?=
+
+No. Having no expensive system of municipal or county organization,
+taxes are necessarily low. Each quarter-section of land, consisting of
+160 acres, owned or occupied, is taxed very low. The only other taxes
+are for schools. In the locations where the settlers have formed school
+districts the total tax for all purposes on a quarter-section amounts to
+from $10 to $14.50 per annum.
+
+=44. Does the Government tax the settler if he lets his cattle run on
+Government lands? If they fence their land, is he obliged to fence his
+also?=
+
+The settler is not required to pay a tax for allowing his cattle to run
+on Government land, but it is advisable to lease land from the
+Government for haying or grazing purposes, when needed. If one fences
+his land, his adjoining neighbour has to stand a proportionate share of
+the cost of the fence adjoining his property, or build one-half of it
+himself.
+
+=45. Where can a settler sell what he raises? Is there any competition
+amongst buyers, or has he got to sell for anything he can get?=
+
+A system of elevators is established by railway companies and others
+throughout the entire West. Grain is bought at these and forwarded to
+the great markets in other parts of Canada, the United States, and
+Europe. Canadian flour mills, oatmeal mills, and breweries use millions
+of bushels of grain annually. To the west and northwest of Central
+Canada lie mining regions, which are dependent upon the prairies for
+supplies and will to a great extent continue to be. Beef is bought on
+the hoof at the home of the farmer or rancher. Buyers scour the country
+in quest of this product.
+
+=46. Where can material for a house and sheds be procured, and about what
+would it cost? What about fuel? Do people suffer from the cold?=
+
+Though there are large tracts of forest in the Canadian West there are
+localities where building timber and material is limited, but this has
+not proven any drawback as the Government has made provision that should
+a man settle on a quarter-section deprived of timber, he can, by making
+application to the Dominion Lands Agent, obtain a permit to cut on
+Government lands free of charge the following, viz.:
+
+1. 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, measuring no more than 12
+inches at the butt, or 9,250 feet board measure. 2. 400 roofing poles.
+3. 2,000 fencing rails and 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not
+exceeding five (5) inches in diameter at the small end. 4. 30 cords of
+dry fuel wood for firewood.
+
+The settler has only the expense of the cutting and hauling to his
+homestead. The principal districts are within easy reach of firewood;
+the settlers of Alberta and Saskatchewan are particularly favoured,
+especially along the various streams, from some of which they get all
+the coal they require, at a trifling cost. No one in the country need
+suffer from the cold on account of scarcity of fuel.
+
+=47. Is it advisable to go into a new country during the winter months
+with uncertain weather conditions?=
+
+A few years ago, when settlement was sparse, settlers were advised to
+wait until March or April. Now that so many have friends in Western
+Canada there need be no hesitation when to start. Lines of railway
+penetrate most of the settled districts, and no one need go far from
+neighbours already settled. There is no longer the dread of pioneering,
+and it is robbed of the romance that once surrounded it. With farm
+already selected, it is perfectly safe, and to the prospective
+homesteader he can get some sort of occupation until early spring, when
+he will be on the ground ready for it.
+
+=48. What does lumber cost?=
+
+Spruce boards and dimensions, about $20 per thousand feet; shiplap, $23
+to $28; flooring and siding, $25 up, according to quality; cedar
+shingles, from $3.50 to $4.25 per thousand. These prices fluctuate.
+
+=49. What chance is there for employment when a man first goes there and
+isn't working on his land?=
+
+There are different industries through the country, outside of farming
+and ranching, such as sawmills, flour mills, brick-yards, railroad
+building in the summer, and lumbering in the winter. The chances for
+employment are good as a large percentage of those going in and those
+already there farm so much that they must have help, and pay good wages.
+During the past two seasons from twenty to thirty thousand farm
+labourers have been brought in each year from the eastern Provinces and
+the United States to assist in caring for the large crops. The capable
+and willing worker is sure to succeed in Canada.
+
+=50. Can I get employment with a farmer so as to become acquainted with
+local conditions?=
+
+This can be done through the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg,
+who is in a position to offer engagements with well established farmers.
+Men experienced in agriculture may expect to receive from $25 up per
+month with board and lodging, engagements, if desired, to extend for
+twelve months. Summer wages are from $30 to $35 per month; winter wages
+$10 to $15. During harvest wages are higher than this.
+
+=51. If I have had no experience and simply desire to learn farming in
+Central Canada before starting on my own account?=
+
+Young men and others unacquainted with farm life, willing to accept from
+$8 up per month, including board and lodging, will find positions
+through the Government officers at Winnipeg. Wages are dependent upon
+experience and qualification. After working for a year in this way, the
+knowledge acquired will be sufficient to justify you in securing and
+farming on your own account.
+
+=52. Are there any schools outside the towns?=
+
+School districts cannot exceed five miles in length or breadth, and must
+contain at least four actual residents, and twelve children between the
+ages of five and sixteen. In almost every locality, where these
+conditions exist, schools have been established.
+
+=53. Are churches numerous?=
+
+The various denominations are well represented and churches are being
+built rapidly even in the most remote districts.
+
+=54. Can water be secured at reasonable depth?=
+
+In most places it can be had at from fifteen to forty feet, while in
+other places wells have been sunk to fifty or sixty feet.
+
+=55. Where are free homesteads to-day, and how far from railway?=
+
+In some well settled districts it may be possible to secure one by
+cancelling, but such chances are few. Between the lakes in Manitoba as
+well as north and southeast of Winnipeg. In the central portions of
+Saskatchewan, Alberta and west of Moose Jaw and Swift Current. A
+splendid homestead area is that lying north of Battleford, and between
+Prince Albert and Edmonton north of the Canadian Northern railway. One
+will have to go at least twelve or fifteen miles from a line of railway
+at present, but extensions will soon make many homesteads available.
+
+
+
+
+VALUABLE HINTS FOR THE MAN ABOUT TO START
+
+
+The newcomer may start for Western Canada during any month in the year.
+Railroads carry him to a short distance of his new home, the country
+roads are good, and there is settlement in all parts, so that shelter is
+easily reached. Temporary provision is required for the family's
+arrival, when better may be made. If going in the winter months, it is
+well to have a pair of good strong sleds. As teams cost $5 a day take
+along your horses and do your own hauling. As they require care, write
+ahead to some livery barn for room. In shipping your horses have them
+loaded by the best shipper in your home town. For feeding on the way,
+put in two-by-four cleats breast high on the horses, and fix to fit the
+end of a stout trough which is dropped in, afterwards nailing on a top
+cleat. If they have been used to corn take along twenty bushels for each
+horse, if possible, not to feed alone along the way, but to use while
+breaking them in to an oat diet. You need both hay and oat straw on the
+cars. The new arrival may have to pay $7 a ton for hay and 40 cents per
+bushel for oats. Railroad construction consumes lots of both, and not
+half the farmers take time in the fall to put up plenty of hay. Bring
+all the horses you can. Five big horses can pull a twelve-inch gang
+through the sod, but six can do it easier, and you can use five on the
+harrow. You can hitch a team to a goat or scrubber, as they call them
+here, and lead them behind the drill, making your ground smooth and
+packing it lightly, as you put in the seed. If you have been intending
+to bring eight horses, bring twelve; if you were going to bring twelve,
+bring sixteen. The first two years on the new land is hard on horses,
+and you will need plenty. If you have any spare time or can get help,
+they bring in money. I know two men who cleared over $600 apiece doing
+outside work this last summer. They worked on the roads, in harvest and
+threshing, and received $5 per day for man and team. One can get all the
+outside breaking one's team can do at $4 per acre, so horse power is the
+main thing.
+
+Take a supply of meat along, also lard, canned goods, and other things
+for your cellar. One settler took a sugar barrel packed with canned
+fruit, and had not a single can broken or frozen, wrapping each in a
+whole newspaper and then packing in between with old rags, worn out
+underwear, old vests, and such goods as might otherwise be thrown away.
+Remember there is no old attic or store-room to go to on the new farm.
+The same settler says: "Cooked goods are also good. In the cold weather
+we kept and used beef that had been roasted two weeks before, and a
+bushel of cookies lasted well into the summer, keeping fresh in a tin
+box. Bring your cows and also your separator. The latter will not sell
+for much at the sale and is useful here, as you have no place to store
+quantities of milk. Bring at least your two best cows with you on the
+journey. We had milk all along the road and furnished the dining car
+cooks (we had a diner on our freight train) for favors they extended.
+Then when we landed we found that milk and cream were scarce, and butter
+of the farm variety out of range.
+
+"We packed two one-gallon jars before we moved and also some to use on
+the way. This lasted fresh and sweet until it was all used and saved us
+the trouble of churning or saving cream, hence we lived high on cream
+for the first few weeks. It came in handy making corn starch, as well as
+on our fruit and in a dozen other ways. We also had a nice big box of
+groceries handy and all selected for emergency. Corn starch, tapioca and
+similar packages are easy to handle while moving, and a big box of such
+things made cooking easy for the first few weeks.
+
+"Do not sell anything that can be used in your new farming. Old belts,
+singletrees, doubletrees, and such goods are worth far more away out on
+the prairies than on the old improved farm, and they will cost more
+here. We even brought our best big rugs and every carpet, even having
+more carpets than we had rooms. Your new home may not be as warm as the
+old one. We laid down a carpet and put a big rug right on top of that on
+the floor, and then we were comfortable in our rough house. Bring all
+sorts of tools and wagon gears with you; you will save money by doing
+so, anvil, drills, old bolts, and screws, etc., come in handy. We
+brought pieces of hardwood for doubletrees and unexpected uses.
+
+"Bring your stock remedies. You will be far from a veterinarian. Boracic
+acid comes in handy, so does a medicine cabinet for the household, with
+carbolic salve, liniments, etc.
+
+"One of the first things you will need is a hayrack, and you will not
+have time to build one before it is needed, so take the old one or build
+a new one and take it with you. It can be used for crating and for
+partitions and other purposes in loading the car. Make the sides of the
+rack quite close and have a solid bottom.
+
+"Bring along your base-burner. I am writing by a hard coal fire in a
+round oak stove, and it makes a splendid heat. Better soft coal than you
+ever burned can be had at $9.50 per ton, and hard coal is $13. Wood is
+plentiful in the parks, chiefly dry poplar and a species of willow.
+
+"So far from town one needs big supplies of kerosene, so bring a steel
+barrel that will not become leaky. You can buy oil cheaper by the barrel
+and it saves trouble. Also bring a good oil stove. It will do the baking
+and save hauling fuel in the long working season.
+
+"One thing we highly appreciated was a small tank we had made to carry
+water in the cars for the horses. It was made to hold two barrels, was
+about three feet in diameter and four high, and had the top soldered on,
+with a lid just large enough to get in a pail. This was the best
+arrangement on the train for hauling water. After we landed we had to
+haul water for our house use and the tank was very useful to draw up a
+couple of barrels and have a big supply on hand and no slopping when
+hauling."
+
+[Illustration: DOMINION OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND 1914]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+Obvious printer's errors, including punctuation have been silently
+corrected. Hyphenated and accented words have been standardized. All
+other inconsistencies have been left as in the original, excepted below.
+
+Customs Regulations: Missing word added "... is also to _be_ reckoned
+as..."
+
+Freight Regulations: "If the carload _weigh_" changed to "If the carload
+_weighs_".
+
+Page 7: familar changed to familiar.
+
+Page 8: Allen, Saskatchewan changed to Allan, Saskatchewan. Verified at
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan,_Saskatchewan
+
+Two different spellings of Gerlack and Gerlach have been left as in the
+original.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada West 1914, by Unknown
+
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